Datasets:

GEM

/

wiki_cat_sum

like 4

[ "discovery of four natural clones in a crayfish species procambarus clarkii. - pubmed - ncbi\nglobal invasive species database. 2014. procambarus clarkii. [ accessed 1st september 2014 ] urltoken\ntrophic ecology and biotic relationships of procambarus clarkii regarding food items, predators, pathogens and parasites .\ninformations on procambarus clarkii has been recorded for the following locations. click on the name for additional informations .\nprocambarus clarkii (red swamp crayfish); adult, from a lake. gironde, france. june 2007 .\nestimating population size of the red swamp crayfish (procambarus clarkii) in fish - ponds (brenne, ...\npopulation dynamics of procambarus clarkii (girard, 1852) (decapoda, astacidea, cambaridae) from sou ...\nunited states geological survey, 2011. procambarus clarkii. usgs nonindigenous aquatic species database. gainesville, fl: usgs. urltoken\nprocambarus clarkii (red swamp crayfish); adult, from a small lake. nr kobe city, japan. october 2014 .\nrecommended citation: global invasive species database (2018) species profile: procambarus clarkii. downloaded from urltoken on 10 - 07 - 2018 .\nprocambarus clarkii (red swamp crayfish); adult, in defence posture. ellis lake wetlands, fairfield, ohio, usa. july 2014 .\nstudies regarding procambarus clarkii genetics evidencing the locality investigated, number of populations, whereas this populations are native or invasive, genetic marker used and authors .\nhuner jv, 2002. procambarus. biology of freshwater crayfish, 541 - 584 .\nunited states geological survey. 2011. procambarus clarkii. usgs nonindigenous aquatic species database, gainesville, fl. summary: available from: urltoken [ accessed 7 january 2011 ]\nto cite this page: rogers, j. 2000 .\nprocambarus clarkii\n( on - line), animal diversity web. accessed july 10, 2018 at urltoken\nfrutiger, a. and müller, r. 2002. controlling unwanted procambarus clarkii populations by fish predation. freshwater crayfish, 13: 309 - 315. [ links ]\ngaudé, p. 1986. ecology and production of louisiana red swamp crawfish procambarus clarkii in southern spain. freshwater crayfish, 6: 111 - 130. [ links ]\nin europe the clarkii is an invasive species and thus subject to wildlife regulators .\nprocambarus clarkii invasion management options include the elimination or reduction of populations employing physical, chemical or biological methods and the use of legislation to prohibit the transport and release of specimens .\ngherardi, f. 2006. crayfish invading europe: the case study of procambarus clarkii. marine and freshwater behaviour and physiology, 39: 175 - 191. [ links ]\nsommer, t. r. 1984. the biological response of the crayfish procambarus clarkii to transplantation into california ricefields. aquaculture, 41: 373 - 384. [ links ]\nameyaw - akumfi, c. 1981. courtship in the crayfish procambarus clarkii (girard) (decapoda, astacidea). crustaceana, 40: 57 - 64. [ links ]\nameyaw - akumfi, c. and hazlett, b. a. 1975. sex recognition in the crayfish procambarus clarkii. science, 190: 1225 - 1226. [ links ]\nmoreira et al. (in press) modelling the risk of invasion by the red swamp crayfish (procambarus clarkii): incorporating local variables to better inform management decisions. biol invasions\ncruz mj & rebelo r. 2007. colonization of freshwater habitats by an introduced crayfish, procambarus clarkii, in southwest iberian peninsula. hydrobiologia. 575, 191 - 201. urltoken\ngherardi, francesca, 2006. crayfish invading europe: the case study of procambarus clarkii marine & freshwater behaviour & physiology. 39 (3). sep 2006. 175 - 191 .\nel zein, g. 2005. introduction and impact of the crayfish procambarus clarkii in the egyptian nile. l' astaciculteur de france, 84: 1 - 12. [ links ]\ncruz mj & rebelo r. 2005. vulnerability of southwest iberian amphibians to an introduced crayfish, procambarus clarkii. amphibia - reptilia. 26 (3), 293 - 303. urltoken\nmarmorkrebs (procambarus fallax f. virginalis) are the most popular crayfish in the north american pet trade\ngherardi, francesca, 2006. crayfish invading europe: the case study of procambarus clarkii. marine and freshwatre behaviour and physiology. 39 (3). sep 2006. 175 - 191 .\ngherardi, francesca and vadim panov, 2006. data sheet procambarus clarkii. daisie (delivering alien invasive species inventories for europe) summary: available from: urltoken [ accessed 7 january 2011 ]\noluoch, a. o. 1990. breeding biology of the louisiana red swamp crayfish procambarus clarkii girard in lake naivasha, kenya. hydrobiologia, 208: 85 - 92. [ links ]\n1. a trypsin - like enzyme was purified from the hepatopancreas of louisiana swamp crayfish, procambarus clarkii, by a combination of hydrophobic interaction chromatography, molecular sieving and ion - exchange chromatography .\n6. belfiore nm, may b. variable microsatellite loci in red swamp crayfish, procambarus clarkii, and their characterization in other crayfish taxa. mol ecol. 2000; 9: 2231 - 2234\npeña, j. c. 1994. morphometric relationships and yield in costa rican procambarus clarkii (decapoda: cambaridae). revista de biología tropical, 42: 743 - 744. [ links ]\ngherardi f & acquistapace p. 2007. invasive crayfish in europe: the impact of procambarus clarkii on the littoral community of a mediterranean lake. freshwater biology (2007) 52, 1249–1259. urltoken\nlutz cg, wolters wr, 1999. mixed model estimation of genetic and environmental correlations in red swamp crawfish procambarus clarkii (girard). aquaculture research, 30 (3): 153 - 163 .\nhome » guide » arthropods (arthropoda) » crustaceans (crustacea) » malacostracans (malacostraca) » eucarida (crabs, crayfish, shrimp, etc .) (eucarida) » crabs, crayfishes, lobsters, prawns, and shrimp (decapoda) » crayfishes and lobsters (astacidea) » crayfishes (astacoidea) » cambaridae » procambarus » subgenus scapulicambarus (procambarus subgenus scapulicambarus) » red swamp crayfish (procambarus clarkii )\ncruz, maria j. ; rebelo, rui, 2007. colonization of freshwater habitats by an introduced crayfish, procambarus clarkii, in southwest iberian peninsula. hydrobiologia. 575 jan 2007. 191 - 201 .\ngherardi, francesca; barbaresi, silvia, 2007. feeding preferences of the invasive crayfish, procambarus clarkii. bfpp - connaissance et gestion du patrimoine aquatique. (387). 2007. 7 - 20 .\ncruz, m. j. and rebelo, r. 2005. vulnerability of southwest iberian amphibians to an introduced crayfish, procambarus clarkii. amphibia - reptilia, 26: 293 - 303. [ links ]\ncruz, maria joao; rebelo, rui, 2005. vulnerability of southwest iberian amphibians to an introduced crayfish, procambarus clarkii. amphibia - reptilia. 26 (3). sep 2005. 293 - 303 .\nbarbaresi, s. and gherardi, f. 2000. the invasion of the alien crayfish procambarus clarkii in europe, with particular reference to italy. biological invasions, 2: 259 - 264. [ links ]\nyamamoto, y. 2010. contribution of bioturbation by the red swamp crayfish procambarus clarkii to the recruitment of bloom - forming cyanobacteria from sediment. journal of limnology, 69: 102 - 111. [ links ]\nscalici, massimiliano; gherardi, francesca, 2007. structure and dynamics of an invasive population of the red swamp crayfish (procambarus clarkii) in a mediterranean wetland. hydrobiologia. 583 jun 2007. 309 - 319 .\nkawai, t. and kobayashi, y. 2005. origin and current distribution of the alien crayfish, procambarus clarkii (girard, 1852) in japan. crustaceana, 78: 1143 - 1149. [ links ]\nyamamoto, yoshimasa, 2010. contribution of bioturbation by the red swamp crayfish procambarus clarkii to the recruitment of bloom - forming cyanobacteria from sediment. journal of limnology. 69 (1). 2010. 102 - 111 .\nbosworth bg, wolters wr, saxton am, 1994. analysis of a diallel cross to estimate effects of crossing on performance of red swamp crawfish, procambarus clarkii. aquaculture, 121 (4): 301 - 312 .\ncraig rj, wolters wr, 1988. sources of variation in body size traits, dressout percentage and their correlations for the crayfish, procambarus clarkii. . aquaculture, 72 (1 - 2): 49 - 58 .\nlutz cg, wolters wr, 1989. estimation of heritabilities for growth, body size, and processing traits in red swamp crawfish, procambarus clarkii (girard). aquaculture, 78 (1): 21 - 33 .\nchucholl, c. 2011. population ecology of an alien\nwarm water\ncrayfish (procambarus clarkii) in a new cold habitat. knowledge and management of aquatic ecosystems, 401: 29p1 - 29p21. [ links ]\ndümpelmann, c. ; bonacker, f. and häckl, m. 2009. erstnachweis des roten amerikanischen sumpfkrebses procambarus clarkii (decapoda: cambaridae) in hessen. lauterbornia, 67: 39 - 47. [ links ]\ngherardi, f. and acquistapace, p. 2007. invasive crayfish in europe: the impact of procambarus clarkii on the littoral community of a mediterranean lake. freshwater biology, 52: 1249 - 1259. [ links ]\ntaketomi, y. ; murata, m. and miyawaki, m. 1990. androgenic gland and secondary sexual characters in the crayfish procambarus clarkii. journal of crustacean biology, 10: 492 - 497. [ links ]\nupgma dendrogram of 37 p. clarkii populations based on nei’s (1972) genetic distance (d) .\ngherardi, francesca; barbaresi, silvia; salvi, gabriele, 2000. spatial and temporal patterns in the movement of procambarus clarkii, an invasive crayfish. aquatic sciences. 62 (2). 2000. 179 - 193 .\nbusack ca, 1988. electrophoretic variation in the red swamp (procambarus clarkii) and white river crayfish (p. acutus) (decapoda: cambaridae). aquaculture, 69 (3 - 4): 211 - 226 .\nfishar, d. m. r. 2006. red swamp crayfish (procambarus clarkii) in river nile, egypt. biodiversity monitoring and assessment project. cairo, ministry of state for egyptian environmental affairs agency. [ links ]\ngherardi, f. ; barbaresi, s. and salvi, g. 2000. spatial and temporal patterns in the movement of procambarus clarkii, an invasive crayfish. aquatic science, 62: 179 - 193. [ links ]\nilhéu, m. and bernardo, j. m. 1995. trophic ecology of red swamp crayfish procambarus clarkii (girard) - preferences and digestibility of plantfoods. freshwater crayfish, 10: 132 - 139. [ links ]\nturner, h. m. 2004. seven - month survey of allocorrigia filiformis (trematoda: dicrocoeliidae) infection in the crayfish procambarus clarkii. the southwestern naturalist, 49 (2): 256 - 257. [ links ]\ngherardi, francesca; acquistapace, patrizia, 2007. invasive crayfish in europe: the impact of procambarus clarkii on the littoral community of a mediterranean lake. freshwater biology. 52 (7). jul 2007. 1249 - 1259 .\nbarbaresi, s. and gherardi, f. 2006. experimental evidence for homing in the red swamp crayfish, procambarus clarkii. bulletin francais de la peche et la pisciculture, 380 - 381: 1145 - 1154. [ links ]\ncopp, n. h. 1986. dominance hierarchies in the crayfish procambarus clarkii (girard, 1852) and the question of learned individual recognition (decapoda, astacidea). crustaceana, 51: 9 - 23. [ links ]\ngherardi, f. and barbaresi, s. 2000. invasive crayfish: activity patterns of procambarus clarkii in the rice fields of the lower guadalquivir (spain). archiv für hydrobiologie, 150: 153 - 168. [ links ]\ncorreia, a. m. and ferreira, ó. 1995. burrowing behavior of the introduced red swamp crayfish procambarus clarkii (decapoda: cambaridae) in portugal. journal of crustacean biology, 15: 248 - 257. [ links ]\nprocambarus clarkii is considered an opportunistic omnivore with a primarily plant based diet (rodreguez et al, 2005). the results of one study showed that p. clarkii is selective when offered fresh plants, consuming a relatively larger biomass of green algae (urtica sp .) in spring, and polygonum sp. in summer and autumn. p. clarkii did not exhibit preference for any animal and preferred urtica sp. over earthworms (gherardi & barbaresi, 2007) .\nthis paper describes the breeding biology of the louisiana red swamp crayfish (procambarus clarkii girard) that has been introduced in a tropical lake, naivasha. notable differences in crayfish biology are found between the place of origin in louisiana and lake naivasha .\nrelative contribution of fathers to broods sired by multiple paternity in 30 broods of red swamp crayfish (procambarus clarkii). f1: the first father; f2: the second father; f3: the third father and f4: the fourth father .\nissa, f. a. ; adamson, d. j. and edwards, d. h. 1999. dominance hierarchy formation in juvenile crayfish procambarus clarkii. the journal of experimental biology, 202: 3497 - 3506. [ links ]\nrisk analysis of the louisiana crayfish procambarus clarkii (girard, 1852). - risk analysis report of non - native organisms in belgium from the royal belgian institute of natural sciences for the federal public service health, food chain safety and environment .\ncruz mj, rebelo r & crespo eg. 2006a. effects of an introduced crayfish, procambarus clarkii, on the distribution of south - western iberian amphibians in their breeding habitats. ecography. 29 (3). 329 - 338. urltoken\nin conclusion, the p. clarkii founder population in china might have been derived from japan. p. clarkii populations in china have relatively high genetic diversity. numerous factors likely facilitated invasion success of p. clarkii, such as high genetic diversity, adaptive variation, aquaculture activity and some ecological factors, and the absence of predators in china .\ngherardi, f. and panov, v. 2006. procambarus clarkia, delivering alien invasive species inventories for europe, 3pp. urltoken\nbarbaresi, s. ; santini, g. ; tricarico, e. and gherardi, f. 2004. ranging behaviour of the invasive crayfish procambarus clarkii (girard). journal of natural history, 38: 2821 - 2832. [ links ]\npaulson, e. l. and martin, a. p. 2013. discerning invasion history in an ephemerally connected system: landscape genetics of procambarus clarkii in ash meadows, nevada. biological invasions, 16: 1719 - 1734. [ links ]\nstatistical parsimony networks of mtdna coi (a) and 16s rrna (b) sequences for p. clarkii samples .\nin this study, we aim to clarify the issues including: (i) whether the p. clarkii populations in china have relatively high genetic diversity, which would likely facilitate its invasion success to some extent, (ii) whether nanjing was the initial point of entry of p. clarkii in china, (iii) whether the introduction of p. clarkii in china was derived from a single or multiple event (s). here we used both mitochondrial gene sequences (coi and 16s rrna) and 12 nuclear microsatellites to clarify dispersal pattern, genetic diversity and genetic structure of procambarus clarkii in china .\ngherardi, f. ; tricarico, e. and ilhéu, m. 2002b. movement patterns of an invasive crayfish, procambarus clarkii, in a temporary stream of southern portugal. ethology ecology & evolution, 14: 183 - 197. [ links ]\nturner, h. m. 1984. orientation and pathology of allocorrigia filiformis (trematoda: dicrocoeliidae) from the antennal glands of the crayfish procambarus clarkii. transactions of the american microscopical society, 103 (4): 434 - 437. [ links ]\nedited by holdich dm, lowery rs. portland: timber press; 1988. procambarus in north america and elsewhere; pp. 239–261 .\nkawai, t. ; kobayashi, y. , 2005. origin and current distribution of the alien crayfish, procambarus clarkii (girard, 1852) in japan. crustaceana (leiden). 78 (part 9). oct 2005. 1143 - 1149 .\nperez - bote, j. l. , 2004. feeding ecology of the exotic red swamp crayfish, procambarus clarkii (girard, 1852) in the guadiana river (swiberian peninsula). crustaceana (leiden). 77 dec 04. 1375 - 1387 .\nalcorlo, p. ; geiger, w. and otero, m. 2004. feeding preferences and food selection of the red swamp crayfish, procambarus clarkii, in habitats differing in food item diversity. crustaceana, 77: 435 - 453. [ links ]\nanastácio, p. m. and marques, j. c. 1997. crayfish, procambarus clarkii, effects on initial stages of rice growth in the lower mondego river valley (portugal). freshwater crayfish, 11: 608 - 617. [ links ]\nclark, w. h. and wroten, j. w. 1978. first record of the crayfish, procambarus clarkii, from idaho, u. s. a (decapoda, cambaridae). crustaceana, 35: 317 - 319. [ links ]\nseveral spatial measures have been taken that helps to control the abundance and dispersion of p. clarkii. between those are :\nself - cloning is quite rare in shrimp, lobsters, crayfish and crabs. here we report the discovery of four natural clones of red swamp crayfish (procambarus clarkii), each containing 2 - 6 genetically identical individuals, during the genotyping of 120 individuals with five microsatellites. the four clones were heterozygote at most of the five microsatellite loci. phylogenetic analysis using microsatellite genotypes suggests recent origin of the four clones. sequencing a part of the mitochondrial gene cox i confirmed that the four clones were from the species procambarus clarkii .\nself - cloning is quite rare in shrimp, lobsters, crayfish and crabs. here we report the discovery of four natural clones of red swamp crayfish (procambarus clarkii), each containing 2 - 6 genetically identical individuals, during the genotyping of 120 individuals with five microsatellites. the four clones were heterozygote at most of the five microsatellite loci. phylogenetic analysis using microsatellite genotypes suggests recent origin of the four clones. sequencing a part of the mitochondrial gene cox i confirmed that the four clones were from the species procambarus clarkii .\naquiloni, laura; ilheu, maria; gherardi, francesca, 2005. habitat use and dispersal of the invasive crayfish procambarus clarkii in ephemeral water bodies of portugal. marine and freshwater behaviour and physiology. 38 (4). dec 2005. 225 - 236 .\naquiloni, laura; ilheu, maria; gherardi, francesca, 2005. habitat use and dispersal of the invasive crayfish procambarus clarkii in ephemeral water bodies of portugal. marine & freshwater behaviour & physiology. 38 (4). dec 2005. 225 - 236 .\ncorreia, a. m. 2002. niche breadth and trophic diversity: feeding behavior of the red swamp crayfish (procambarus clarkii) towards environmental availability of aquatic macroinvertebrates in a rice field (portugal). acta oecologica, 23: 421 - 429. [ links ]\ncitation: li y, guo x, cao x, deng w, luo w, wang w (2012) population genetic structure and post - establishment dispersal patterns of the red swamp crayfish procambarus clarkii in china. plos one 7 (7): e40652. urltoken\ncruz, maria joao; andrade, pedro; pascoal, sandra; rebelo, rui, 2004. colonization of temporary ponds by the red swamp crayfish, procambarus clarkii. revista de biologia (lisbon). 22 (1 - 4). 2004. 79 - 90 .\nanastácio, p. m. and marques, j. c. 1995. population biology and production of the red swamp crayfish procambarus clarkii (girard) in the lower mondego river valley, portugal. journal of crustacean biology, 15: 156 - 168. [ links ]\naquiloni, l. ; ilhéu, m. and gherardi, f. 2005. habitat use and dispersal of the invasive crayfish procambarus clarkii in ephemeral water bodies of portugal. marine and freshwater behaviour and physiology, 38 (4): 225 - 236. [ links ]\nitis (integrated taxonomic information system), 2005. online database procambarus clarkii summary: an online database that provides taxonomic information, common names, synonyms and geographical jurisdiction of a species. in addition links are provided to retrieve biological records and collection information from the global biodiversity information facility (gbif) data portal and bioscience articles from bioone journals. available from: urltoken; _ action = containing & taxa; = procambarus + clarkii & p; _ format = & p; _ ifx = plglt & p; _ lang = [ accessed march 2005 ]\ncampos, e. and rodríguez - almaraz, g. a. 1992. distribution of the red swamp crayfish procambarus clarkii (girard, 1852) (decapoda: cambaridae) in mexico: an update. journal of crustacean biology, 12: 627 - 630. [ links ]\ndiéguez - uribeondo, j. ; huang, t. s. ; cerenius, l. and söderhäll, k. 1995. physiological adaptation of an aphanomyces astaci strain isolated from the warm - water crayfish procambarus clarkii. mycological research, 99: 574 - 578. [ links ]\n... alleni hybrids is not. procambarus clarkii is renowned as a successful non - indigenous invasive species (ellis et al. , 2012; holdich et al. , 2009; moreira et al. , 2014), so it is conceivable that p. clarkii / p. alleni hybrids may have characteristics that might also make the hybrids successful at establishing themselves if they are released into natural ecosystems... .\np. clarkii can persist in habitats and climates far different from those associated with its natural range. this species thrives now in tropical regions such as ecuador and uganda and cold temperate regions such as germany. therefore, p. clarkii must be classified as highly invasive .\ncruz, maria j. ; rebelo, rui; crespo, eduardo g. , 2006a. effects of an introduced crayfish, procambarus clarkii, on the distribution of south - western iberian amphibians in their breeding habitats. ecography. 29 (3). jun 2006. 329 - 338 .\nwashington department of fish and wildlife. 2003. prohibited aquatic animal species: procambarus clarkii. washington department of fish and wildlife s aquatic nuisance species classification. summary: brief summary of introduction into washington state and of how the species is spread. available from: urltoken [ accessed 09 august 2004 ]\ngil - sanchez, jose m. ; alba - tercedor, javier, 2002. ecology of the native and introduced crayfishes austropotamobius pallipes and procambarus clarkii in southern spain and implications for conservation of the native species. biological conservation. 105 (1). may, 2002. 75 - 80 .\nilhéu, m. and bernardo, j. m. 1993. aspects of trophic ecology of red swamp crayfish (procambarus clarkii, girard) in alentejo, south of portugal. p. 417 - 423. in: actas vi congreso español de limnologia, granada, spain. [ links ]\nmueller, karl w. , 2001. first record of the red swamp crayfish, procambarus clarkii (girard, 1852) (decapoda, cambaridae), from washington state, u. s. a. crustaceana (leiden). 74 (9). october, 2001. 1003 - 1007 .\njunta de andalucía. 1999. orden de 26 de enero de 1999, por la que se amplían las zonas de pesca del cangrejo rojo (procambarus clarkii) en las provincias de cádiz y huelva, y se establecen medidas adicionales de protección. consejería de medio ambiente. boja num. 29. urltoken\ndörr, a. j. m. ; la porta, g. ; pedicillo, g. and lorenzoni, m. 2006. biology of procambarus clarkii (girard, 1852) in lake trasimeno. bulletin français de la pêche et de la pisciculture, 380: 1155 - 1167. [ links ]\nhuner, j. v. 1981. information about the biology and culture of the red swamp crawfish, procambarus clarkii (girard, 1852) (decapoda, cambaridae) for fisheries managers in latin america. anales del instituto de ciencias del mar y limnología, 8: 43 - 50. [ links ]\nrodríguez, c. f. ; bécares, e. and fernández - aláez, m. 2003. shift from clear to turbid phase in lake chozas (nw spain) due to the introduction of american red swamp crayfish (procambarus clarkii). hydrobiologia, 506: 421 - 26. [ links ]\ntorres, e. and álvarez, f. 2012. genetic variation in native and introduced populations of the red swamp crayfish procambarus clarkii (girard, 1852) (crustacea, decapoda, cambaridae) in mexico and costa rica. aquatic invasions, 7 (2): 235 - 241. [ links ]\nbison (biota information system of new mexico). 2000. red swamp crayfish: procambarus clarkii. new mexico department of game & fish, and the fish & wildlife information exchange. summary: information on description, economic importance, distribution, habitat, history, growth, and impacts and management of species .\nrodriguez, carlos f. ; becares, eloy; fernandez - alaez, margarita, 2003. shift from clear to turbid phase in lake chozas (nw spain) due to the introduction of american red swamp crayfish (procambarus clarkii). hydrobiologia. 506 - 509 15 november, 2003. 421 - 426 .\nthe red swamp crayfish, procambarus clarkii, was discovered in 2007 in the “parc naturel régional (pnr) de la brenne” (france). ten colonized sites have been identified in the park to date, including two new sites discovered in 2011. the present study aims at establishing a protocol suitable for estimating the population size of p. clarkii by the use of a capture - mark - recapture (cmr) technique... [ show full abstract ]\nhuner, j. v. and avault, j. w. 1979. introductions of procambarus spp. freshwater crayfish, 4: 191 - 194. [ links ]\ncampos, ernesto and gabino a. rodr�guez - almaraz, 1992. distribution of the red swamp crayfish procambarus clarkii (girard, 1852) (decapoda: cambaridae) in mexico: an update. journal of crustacean biology vol. 12, no. 4 (nov. , 1992), pp. 627 - 630\nalcorlo, p. ; geiger, w. and otero, m. 2008. reproductive biology and life cycle of the invasive crayfish procambarus clarkii (crustacea: decapoda) in diverse aquatic habitats of south - western spain: implications for population. fundamental and applied limnology, 173: 197 - 212. [ links ]\nangeler, d. g. ; sánchez - carrillo, s. ; garcía, g. and alvarez - cobelas, m. 2001. the influence of procambarus clarkii (cambaridae, decapoda) on water quality and sediment characteristics in a spanish floodplain wetland. hydrobiologia, 464: 89 - 98. [ links ]\ncruz mj, pascoal s, tejedo m & rebelo r. 2006b. predation by an exotic crayfish, procambarus clarkii, on natterjack toad, bufo calamita, embryos: its role on the exclusion of this amphibian from its breeding ponds. copeia. (2). may 26 2006. 274 - 280. urltoken\nangeler, david g. ; sanchez - carrillo, salvador; garcia, gregorio; alvarez - cobelas, miguel, 2001. the influence of procambarus clarkii (cambaridae, decapoda) on water quality and sediment characteristics in a spanish floodplain wetland. hydrobiologia. (464). 15 november, 2001. 89 - 98 .\nquaglio, f. ; malvisi, j. ; maxia, m. ; morolli, c. ; della rocca, g. and di salvo, a. 2002. toxicity of the synthetic pyrethroid ciflutrin to the red swamp crayfish (procambarus clarkii). freshwater crayfish, 13: 431 - 436. [ links ]\ncano e & ocete me. 1997. population biology of red swamp crayfish, procambarus clarki, in the guadalquivir river marshes, spain. crustaceana 70 (5). urltoken\noliveira, j, and a. fabiao. 1998. growth responses of juvenile red swamp crayfish, procambarus clarkii girard, to several diets under controlled conditions. aquaculture research 29: 123 - 129. summary: information on description, economic importance, distribution, habitat, history, growth, and impacts and management of species .\nboets, pieter; lock, koen; cammaerts, roger; plu, dieder; goethals, peter l. m. , 2009. occurrence of the invasive crayfish procambarus clarkii (girard, 1852) in belgium (crustacea: cambaridae) belgian journal of zoology. 139 (2). jul 2009. 173 - 175 .\nthe neighbour - joining tree consisted of two major clades. one major clade included the populations of p. clarkii collected in japan and the usa (lo and sa), and some chinese populations. the other big clade included all the remaining p. clarkii populations collected in china (figure 1) .\nkerby, jacob l. ; riley, seth p. d. ; kats, lee b. ; wilson, paul, 2005. barriers and flow as limiting factors in the spread of an invasive crayfish (procambarus clarkii) in southern california streams. biological conservation. 126 (3). dec 2005. 402 - 409 .\nsmart c. andrew, david m. harper, fran�ois malaisse, sophie schmitz, stephanie coley & anne - christine gouder de beauregard, 2002. feeding of the exotic louisiana red swamp crayfish, procambarus clarkii (crustacea, decapoda), in an african tropical lake: lake naivasha, kenya. hydrobiologia 488: 129�142, 2002 .\nhernández l, maeda - martínez am, ruiz - campos g, rodríguez - almaraz g, alonzo - rojo f, sainz jc, 2008. geographic expansion of the invasive red crayfish procambarus clarkii (girard, 1852) (crustacea: decapoda) in mexico. biological invasions, 10 (7): 977 - 984. urltoken\ncecchinelli, e. ; aquiloni, l. ; maltagliati, g. ; orioli, g. ; tricarico, e. and gherardi, f. 2012. use of natural pyrethrum to control the red swamp crayfish procambarus clarkii in a rural district of italy. pest management science, 68: 839 - 844. [ links ]\ncruz, m. j. ; segurado, p. ; sousa, m. and rebelo, r. 2008. collapse of the amphibian community of the paul do boquilobo natural reserve (central portugal) after the arrival of the exotic american crayfish procambarus clarkii. journal of herpetology, 18: 197 - 204. [ links ]\nfoster, j. and harper, d. 2007. status and ecosystem interactions of the invasive louisianan red swamp crayfish procambarus clarkii in east africa. p. 91 - 101. in: f. gherardi (ed), biological invaders in inland waters: profiles, distribution, and threats. rotterdam, springer. [ links ]\nkerby, j. l. ; riley, s. p. d. ; kats, l. b. and wilson, p. 2005. barriers and flow as limiting factors in the spread of an invasive crayfish (procambarus clarkii) in southern california streams. biological conservation, 126: 402 - 409. [ links ]\nit is believed that p. clarkii may have been introduced only once from japan to nanjing in 1929 [ 9 ], [ 22 ]. however, our genetic analyses supported that p. clarkii was likely introduced from multiple events. so, we speculated that unobserved multiple introduction events or cryptic invasions might exist .\nsilva, h. l. m. and bueno, s. l. s. 2005. population size estimation of the exotic crayfish procambarus clarkii (girard) (crustacea, decapoda, cambaridae) in the alfredo volpi city park, são paulo, brazil. revista brasileira de zoologia, 22: 93 - 98. [ links ]\nwizen, g. ; galil, b. s. ; shlagman, a. and gasith, a. 2008. first record of red swamp crayfish, procambarus clarkii (girard, 1852) (crustacea: decapoda: cambaridae) in israel - too late to eradicate? aquatic invasions, 3: 181 - 185. [ links ]\ncruz, maria j. ; pascoal, sandra; tejedo, miguel; rebelo, rui, 2006b. predation by an exotic crayfish, procambarus clarkii, on natterjack toad, bufo calamita, embryos: its role on the exclusion of this amphibian from its breeding ponds. copeia. (2). may 26 2006. 274 - 280 .\nhow to cite this article: yue gh, wang gl, zhu bq, wang cm, zhu zy, lo lc. discovery of four natural clones in a crayfish species procambarus clarkii. int j biol sci 2008; 4 (5): 279 - 282. doi: 10. 7150 / ijbs. 4. 279. available from urltoken\nthe impacts of p. clarkii introductions or invasions are characterized in detail in the following references ackefors (1999), holdich (1999), and holdich et al. (1999). hobbs et al. (1989) address the issue prior to the rapid expansion of p. clarkii ’s range throughout europe and elsewhere .\ndata on p. clarkii abundance do not exist (tablado et al. 2010), and the status of the stock is currently unknown. nevertheless, it is accepted that the population of p. clarkii is healthy and especially abundant in the southern part of the iberian peninsula (gutiérrez - yurrita et al. 1999) .\nbarbaresi, s. , g. santini, e. tricarico, and f. gherardi. 2004. ranging behaviour of the invasive crayfish, procambarus clarkii (girard). journal of natural history 38: 2821 - 2832. summary: information on description, economic importance, distribution, habitat, history, growth, and impacts and management of species .\ngherardi, f. , and barbaresi, s. 2000. invasive crayfish: activity patterns of procambarus clarkii in the rice fields of the lower guadalquivir (spain). archiv fuer hydrobiologie 150 (1): 153 - 168 summary: information on description, economic importance, distribution, habitat, history, growth, and impacts and management of species .\nfigler, m. h. ; finkelstein, j. e. ; twum, m. and peeke, h. v. s. 1995. intruding male red swamp crayfish, procambarus clarkii, immediately dominate members of established communities of smaller, mixed - sex conspecifics. aggressive behavior, 21 (3): 225 - 236. [ links ]\nbusack c, 1989. biochemical systematics of crayfishes of the genus procambarus, subgenus scapulicambarus (decapoda: cambaridae). journal of the north american benthological society, 8: 180 - 186 .\n... procambarus clarkii is usually considered as a\nwarm water\nspecies (henttonen and huner, 1999). optimal temperatures are 21 - 27°c and growth inhibition occurs at temperatures below 12 °c (espina et al. , 1993; ackefors, 1999; mazlum, 2007 in ellis et al. , 2012). moreover, the activity of p. clarkii is greatly reduced at temperatures below 10°c and the species could hardly move at temperatures below 4°c (vletter 2008 in soes and koese 2010)... .\nfigler, m. h. ; twum, m. ; finkelstein, j. e. and peeke, h. v. s. 1995. maternal aggression in red swamp crayfish (procambarus clarkii, girard): the relation between reproductive status and outcome of aggressive encounters with male and female conspecifics. behaviour, 132: 107 - 125. [ links ]\ngutiérrez - yurrita, p. j. ; sancho, g. ; bravo, m. á. ; baltanás, á. and montes, c. 1998. diet of the red swamp crayfish procambarus clarkii in natural ecosystems of the doñana national park temporary freshwater marsh (spain). journal of crustacean biology, 18: 120 - 127. [ links ]\nnoblitt, s. b. ; payne, j. f. and delong, m. 1995. a comparative study of selected physical aspects of the eggs of the crayfish procambarus clarkii (girard, 1852) and p. zonangulus hobbs & hobbs, 1990 (decapoda, cambaridae). crustaceana, 68 (5): 575 - 582. [ links ]\np. clarkii is omnivorous, causing significant destruction of macrophyes and preying heavily of insects and molluscs, thus reducing resources available for native species. it is a vector for a number of helminth species and has been implicated in transmitting crayfish plague (aphanomyces astaci) to native european crayfish, although p. clarkii is highly resistant to this disease .\naquiloni, l. ; brusconi, s. ; cecchinelli, e. ; tricarico, e. ; mazza, g. ; paglianti, a. and gherardi, f. 2010. biological control of invasive populations of crayfish: the european eel (anguilla anguilla) as a predator of procambarus clarkii. biological invasions, 12: 3817 - 3824. [ links ]\nfigler, m. h. ; blank, g. s. and peeke, h. v. s. 1997. maternal aggression and post - hatch care in red swamp crayfish, procambarus clarkii (girard): the influences of presence of offspring, fostering and maternal molting. marine and freshwater behaviour and physiology, 30: 173 - 194. [ links ]\ncorreia, a. m. 2002. niche breadth and trophic diversity: feeding behaviour of the red swamp crayfish (procambarus clarkii) towards environmental availability of aquatic macroinvertebrates in a rice field (portugal). acta oecologica 23: 421 - 429. summary: information on description, economic importance, distribution, habitat, history, growth, and impacts and management of species .\ngherardi, francesca and acquistapace patrizia. 2004. biological invasions in european inland waters: a case study of the red swamp crayfish, procambarus clarkii. in abstracts: 13th international conference on aquatic invasive species, september 20 - 24, 2004. lynch west county hotel, ennis, county clare, ireland. summary: study into the ecology of the introduced red swamp crayfish .\nli, y. ; guo, x. ; cao, x. ; deng, w. ; luo, w. and wang, w. 2012. population genetic structure and post - establishment dispersal patterns of the red swamp crayfish procambarus clarkii in china. plos one 7 (7): e40652. doi: 10. 1371 / journal. pone. 0040652 [ links ]\nbaumgartner, w. a; hawke, j. p. ; bowles, k. ; varner, p. w. and hasson, k. w. 2009. primary diagnosis and surveillance of white spot syndrome virus in wild and farmed crawfish (procambarus clarkii, p. zonangulus) in louisiana, usa. diseases of aquatic organisms, 85: 15 - 22. [ links ]\nilhéu, m. ; bernardo, j. m. and fernandes, s. 2007. predation of invasive crayfish on aquatic vertebrates: the effect of procambarus clarkii on fish assemblages in mediterranean temporary streams. p. 543 - 558. in: f. gherardi (ed), biological invaders in inland waters: profiles, distribution, and threats. rotterdam, springer. [ links ]\nmartínez jm, vara m, díaz y, otero m, baltanás a, montes c & cobos j. 1999. evaluación del recurso, ordenación pesquera y cultivo del cangrejo rojo (procambarus clarkii) en el bajo guadalquivir. informe de proyecto. martinez _ etal _ 1999 _ evaluacion _ recurso _ ordenacion _ pesquera _ cultivo _ cangrejo _ rojo _ pc _ bajo _ guadalquivir. pdf\nrosenthal k. sadie, david m lodge, kenneth m mavuti, wairimu muohi, philip ochieng, benjamin n mungai and gerald m mkoji, 2005. comparing macrophyte herbivory by introduced louisiana crayfish (procambarus clarkii) (crustacea: cambaridae) and native dytiscid beetles (cybister tripunctatus) (coleoptera: dytiscidae), in kenya. african journal of aquatic science 2005, 30 (2): 157�162\nspecies comes from the target species itself, not from the fishery, as the red swamp crawfish p. clarkii is known to have contributed to the decline of the local european crawfish (\ngutierrez - yurrita, p. j. , and c. montes. 1999. bioenergetics and phenology of reproduction of the introduced red swamp crayfish, procambarus clarkii, in donana national park, spain, and implications for species management. freshwater biology 42: 561 - 574. summary: information on description, economic importance, distribution, habitat, history, growth, and impacts and management of species .\nhuner, j. v. 2002. procambarus. p. 541 - 574. in: d. m. holdich (ed), biology of freshwater crayfish. oxford, blackwell scientific press. [ links ]\ncano e & ocete me. 1994. datos sobre la capacidad de carga de las marismas del bajo guadalquivir, respecto de procambarus clarkia. bol. san. veg. plagas, 20: 145 - 149. urltoken\nbarbaresi, s. ; gherardi, f. ; mengoni, a. and souty - grosset, c. 2007. genetics and invasion biology in fresh waters: a pilot study of procambarus clarkii in europe. p 381 - 400. in: f. gherardi (ed), biological invaders in inland waters: profiles, distribution, and threats. dordrecht, the netherlands, springer. [ links ]\nmontes c. 2001. informe del proyecto “evaluación de impactos ecológicos y ordenación pesquera del cangrejo rojo americano (procambarus clarkii) en los ecosistemas acuáticos del parque nacional y parque natural de doñana” (ip carlos montes del olmo). resultados de estudios 1998 - 2001. oficina de coordinación de la investigación, estación biológica de doñana, csic. montes _ 2001 _ informe _ proyectos _ pndo _ ana. pdf\ntaking into consideration all the issues mentioned above, the fishery may have a positive effect in the rice fields and marshes since it helps to regulate the abundance and spread of p. clarkii .\nsmart, c. a. ; harper, d. m. ; malaisse, f. ; schmitz, s. ; coley, s. and beauregard, a. c. g. 2002. feeding of the exotic louisiana red swamp crayfish, procambarus clarkii (crustacea, decapoda), in an african tropical lake: lake naivasha, kenya. hydrobiologia, 488: 129 - 142. [ links ]\nin this study the annual reproductive biology of a procambarus clarkii (girard, 1852) population living in an atypical habitat with cold spring waters is investigated by monitoring gonado - somatic and hepato - somatic indexes (gsi and hsi) and by performing cytology on ovaries. despite its known preference for habitats with water temperature from 21 to 30 °c, our results clearly confirm the... [ show full abstract ]\nlodge, d. m. ; mungai, b. n. ; rosenthal, s. k. ; mkoji, g. m. and mavuti, k. m. 2005. louisiana crayfish (procambarus clarkii) (crustacea: cambaridae) in kenyan ponds: non - target effects of a potential biological control agent for schistosomiasis. african journal of aquatic science, 30: 119 - 124. [ links ]\nmartínez jm, vara m, díaz y, otero m, baltanás a, montes c & cobos j. 2001. evaluación del recurso, ordenación pesquera y cultivo del cangrejo rojo (procambarus clarkii) en el bajo guadalquivir. iii congreso forestal español. granada, españa. martinez _ etal _ 2001 _ evaluacion _ recurso _ ordenacion _ pesquera _ cultivo _ cangrejo _ rojo _ pc _ bajo _ guadalquivir. pdf\nfoster, john and david harper, 2007. chapter four: status and ecosystem interactions of the invasive louisianan red swamp crayfish procambarus clarkii in east africa. in francesca gherardi, biological invaders in inland waters: profiles, distribution, and threats, 91�101. biological invaders in inland waters: profiles, distribution, and threats invading nature - springer series in invasion ecology, 2007, volume 2, part 2, 91 - 101\nharper, david m. ; smart, andrew c. ; coley, stephanie; schmitz, sophie; de beauregard, anne - christine gouder; north, rick; adams, chris; obade, paul; kamau, mbogo, 2002. distribution and abundance of the louisiana red swamp crayfish procambarus clarkii girard at lake naivasha, kenya between 1987 and 1999. hydrobiologia. 488 15 november, 2002. 143 - 151 .\nthe behavior most characteristic of the red swamp crayfish is burrowing to find moisture, food, warmth, and for protection during the molting process. the burrowing activity has damaged levees, dams, and water control structures in some areas where they have been introduced. in addition, procambarus clarkii is an intermediate host for many parasitic helminths of vertebrates, which may create new health problems in areas where the species is successfully established .\nventral view of procambarus clarkii individuals. a: morphotype i male (reproductive form) showing the more calcified copulatory organ and the copulatory hooks on the 3 rd and 4 th pereiopods' ischia. b: morphotype ii male (non - reproductive form) without the copulatory hooks and softener copulatory organ. c: female showing the first pair of abdominal appendages which is vestigial and the annulus ventralis. scale bars = 2 cm\n3. huner jv. procambarus in north america and elsewhere. in: (ed .) holdich dm, lowery rs. freshwater crayfish: biology, management and exploitation. timber press: portland. 1988: 239 - 261\nwe describe the ultrasound examination of the cephalothorax and pleon in red swamp crayfish. real - time b - mode, color and power doppler examinations were performed on 10 crayfish, procambarus clarkii (girard, 1852). we envisage that use of this technique will provide baseline information for further imaging studies to investigate the cardiovascular and digestive physiology and can be applied to identify disorders in crayfish, to say nothing of use in other crustaceans .\nconsiderable controversy always follows the introduction of any aggressive plant or animal species. those concerned with the impact on native floras and faunas express considerable concern over the changes that are caused by introduced species. although the literature is sparse, it is clear that considerable controversy was associated with the introductions of p. clarkii in japan and china during the first half of the twentieth century. the situation quieted in both areas in the last half of the twentieth century because as the species became acclimatized, ecosystem changes took place with p. clarkii being an integral component of those ecosystems. the facts that p. clarkii was accepted as a food and became an important commercial species in china mitigated social conflicts there. the situation in europe is evolving as p. clarkii continues to expand its range since primary introductions in the 1970s .\n[ mohammad a. amer, awaad, a. m. el - sayed, samir, a. zaakouk, khalid a. al - damhougy and mohammed h. ghanem (2015); egg incubation and post - embryonic development in the red swamp crayfish procambarus clarkii from the river nile, egypt int. j. of adv. res. 3 (8). 281 - 289 ] (issn 2320 - 5407). urltoken\npenn, g. h. 1943. a study of the life history of the louisiana red - crawfish, cambarus clarkii girard. ecology, 24 (1): 1 - 18. [ links ]\nits presence in irrigation reservoirs, channels, and in rice fields poses a problem to rice culture. the galleries excavated by p. clarkii alter soil hydrology, causing water loss from reservoirs and rice ponds .\nbanci, k. r. s. ; torello - viera, n. f. ; marinho, o. s. ; calixto, p. o. and marques, o. a. v. 2013. predation of rhinella ornata (anura, bufonidae) by the alien crayfish (crustacea, astacidae) procambarus clarkii (girard, 1852) in são paulo, brazil. herpetology notes, 6: 339 - 341. [ links ]\nharper, d. m. ; smart, a. c. ; coley, s. ; schmitz, s. ; de beauregard, a. g. ; north, r. ; adams, c. ; obade, p. and kamau, m. 2002. distribution and abundance of the louisiana red swamp crayfish procambarus clarkii girard at lake naivasha, kenya between 1987 and 1999. hydrobiologia, 488: 143 - 151. [ links ]\ncrayfish species have social, economic and ecological significance in several regions around the world, favouring their introduction into allochthonous areas (reynolds and souty - grosset, 2012). procambarus clarkii is among these successfully and widely translocated species, and its importance is mainly associated with aquaculture and the aquarium trade, being the most harvested crayfish species in the world and thus, the most intentionally introduced (hobs and lodge, 2010; lodge et al. , 2012) .\nsagittal scan. a, 1 = cardiac muscle; 2 = pericardial sinus; 3 = dorsal pleonal artery; 4 = sternal artery; 5 = ventriculus. b, 1 = ophthalmic artery; 2 = hepatopancreas. c, images illustrate cardiac cycle of procambarus clarkii (color doppler); c2, arrows indicate the ostii; c4, arrow indicates the artery to hindgut. d, doppler waveforms of ventriculus heart. 1 = hepatic artery; 2 = antennary artery .\nthe knowledge of the reproductive strategy of invasive species is central to the understanding of its invasion ecology as it determines the potential for population increase and range expansion. in procambarus clarkii, mating period, as well as recruitment and sexual maturation, vary according to hydrographic period and environmental conditions (sommer, 1984; alcorlo et al. , 2008) and therefore, due to the combined effects of these factors, reproduction may change after the species is introduced into different regions .\nloureiro, t. g. ; anastácio, p. m. s. g. ; bueno, s. l. s. ; araujo, p. b. ; souty - grosset, c. and almerão, m. p. distribution, introduction pathway and invasion risk analysis of the north american crayfish procambarus clarkii (crustacea, decapoda, cambaridae) in southeast brazil. journal of crustacean biology, 35 (1): 88 - 96. [ links ]\nlist of the populations of p. clarkii studied indicating the location, their country of origin, geographical position of sampling sites, genetic diversity at 12 microsatellite loci, and haplotype diversity at mtdna coi and 16s rrna sequences .\nilheu, maria, joao manuel bernardo, and silvia fernandes, 2007. chapter twenty - nine: predation of invasive crayfish on aquatic vertebrates: the effect of procambarus clarkii on fish assemblages in mediterranean temporary streams. in francesca gherardi, biological invaders in inland waters: profiles, distribution, and threats, 91�101. biological invaders in inland waters: profiles, distribution, and threats invading nature - springer series in invasion ecology, 2007, volume 2, part 2, 91 - 101\nlodge, david m. ; rosenthal, sadie k. ; mavuti, kenneth m. ; muohi, wairimu; ochieng, philip; stevens, samantha s. ; mungai, benjamin n. ; mkoji, gerald m. , 2005. louisiana crayfish (procambarus clarkii) (crustacea: cambaridae) in kenyan ponds: non - target effects of a potential biological control agent for schistosomiasis. african journal of aquatic science. 30 (2). 2005. 119 - 124 .\nhuner jv (1988) procambarus in north america and elsewhere. in: freshwater crayfish: biology, management and exploitation (eds holdich, d. m. , r. s. lowery), timber press, portland, oregon. pp. 239–261 .\nthe different spatial restrictions to the p. clarkii fishery in place have been introduced to reduce the ecological impacts of the fishery and deter any further spreading of this species. these measures are described in the section on marine reserves .\nsome exotic invasions succeed despite founder effects, and consequent low genetic diversity was often due to the invasive populations experiencing bottlenecks and genetic drift [ 31 ]. however, the p. clarkii populations in china had very high diversity as shown in the present study. other studies on p. clarkii in china have also showed similar results [ 5 ], [ 10 ]. moreover, similar cases of high diversity and structure of introduced populations in europe have been documented [ 23 ] .\na minimum - evolution phylogenetic tree showing the relationships of crayfish species. the tree was constructed by a comparison of partial sequences of the mitochondrial cox i gene. genbank accession numbers, ay151515 - ay151525 and dq919058 for the self - cloning crayfish in china. bootstrap values (> 66 %) created by 1000 replicates are indicated on branches. scale bar, 0. 02 nucleotide substitutions / site. parsimony and neighbor - joining analyses yielded the same topology. the phylogenetic analysis indicated the self - cloning crayfish was really the species procambarus clarkii .\nhuner, j. v. 1988. procambarus in north america and elsewhere. p. 239 - 261. in: d. m. holdich and r. s. lowery (eds), freshwater crayfish: biology, management and exploitation, london, croom helm. [ links ]\nprocambarus clarkii occupies an important position in the trophic structure of invaded environments, interacting with different trophic levels and changing the whole ecosystem functioning (angeler et al. , 2001; dorn and wojdak, 2004; gherardi and acquistapace, 2007; cruz et al. , 2008). its flexible feeding strategy affects both lower and higher trophic levels by grazing on macrophytes and algae and preying on macroinvertebrates, fish fingerlings and tadpoles (rodriguez et al. , 2003; rodriguez et al. , 2005; gherardi, 2006; gherardi and acquistapace, 2007) .\nthe intensity of coloration is dependent on the habitat. colours are darkest in clear, acid - stained waters and lightest in opaque, muddy waters. the common name for p. clarkii is red swamp crawfish. this common name derives from the red coloration associated with the lateral body surfaces and the appendages. prior to reaching maturity, the dominant coloration of p. clarkii is greenish - brown with intensity dictated by water clarity. however, red pigment can generally be detected on appendages, especially where walking legs join the body .\nfinal photo: right at about the 6 week mark since collection, the crayfish has a distinct juvenile clarkii appearance, including tubercle growth on the chelae. unfortunately no more recent photos. i was planning to shoot some today, but instead discovered the crayfish deceased .\nde moor, i. , potential impacts of alien freshwater crayfish in south africa. summary: the habitat preferences and life history characteristics of four alien species of freshwater crayfish (cherax tenuimanus, c. destructor, c. quadricarinatus and procambarus clarkii) are reviewed. the potential impact of these species on south african freshwater ecosystems is assessed and the desirability of allowing their importation evaluated. on the basis of principles espoused in the european inland fisheries advisory council s code of practice on aquatic introductions, it is recommended that importation permits should not be granted for any of these species." ]

{ "text": [ "procambarus clarkii is a species of cambarid freshwater crayfish , native to northern mexico , and southern and southeastern united states , but also introduced elsewhere ( both in north america and other continents ) , where it is often an invasive pest .", "it is known variously as the red swamp crawfish , red swamp crayfish , louisiana crawfish , louisiana crayfish or mudbug . " ], "topic": [ 13, 23 ] }

[ "procambarus clarkii is a species of cambarid freshwater crayfish, native to northern mexico, and southern and southeastern united states, but also introduced elsewhere (both in north america and other continents), where it is often an invasive pest. it is known variously as the red swamp crawfish, red swamp crayfish, louisiana crawfish, louisiana crayfish or mudbug." ]

[ "classification phylogenetic position uncertain; williams et al. (2007) suggested some relationship with angariidae but concluded that\nplacement of areneidae into a superfamily awaits further work\n. [ details ]\n[ new species, eggs, new genera, females, new subfamily, gastropoda, males, dredging, colloniidae, areneidae n. fam, islands, coral reefs, indo - pacific, liotipomatinae n. subfam, sexual dimorphism ]\necies from sea horse shoal, south china sea. although live - collected specimens are still unknown, sexual dimorphism in liotipoma was reported for the type species when the genus was described. here it is reported from four of the eight known species of that genus, expressed in expansion of the umbilical cavity as a brood chamber in the female shell, as previously reported in the families liotiidae and colloniidae. in two species the worn female shell shows an irregular degradation of the umbilical cavity, which is considered the effect of bearing a large egg mass and brood. for reasons unknown, female shells of most species of liotipoma are much less frequent than male shells. formal validation of areneidae n. fam. is provided in an addendum to this paper .\nworms - world register of marine species - arene h. adams & a. adams, 1854\nliotia (arene) h. adams & a. adams, 1854 (original rank )\nspecies arene lucasensis (a. m. strong, 1934) accepted as haplocochlias lucasensis (a. m. strong, 1934 )\n( of liotia (arene) h. adams & a. adams, 1854) adams h. & adams a. (1853 - 1858). the genera of recent mollusca; arranged according to their organization. london, van voorst. vol. 1: xl + 484 pp. ; vol. 2: 661 pp. ; vol. 3: 138 pls. [ published in parts: vol. 1: i - xl (1858), 1 - 256 (1853), 257 - 484 (1854). vol. 2: 1 - 92 (1854), 93 - 284 (1855), 285 - 412 (1856), 413 - 540 (1857), 541 - 661 (1858). vol. 3: pl. 1 - 32 (1853), 33 - 96 (1855), 97 - 112 (1856), 113 - 128 (1857), 129 - 138 (1858) ]. , available online at urltoken page (s): 1: 404 - 405 [ details ]\n( of marevalvata olsson & harbison, 1953) olsson a. a. & harbison a. (1953). pliocene mollusca of southern florida with special reference to those from north saint petersburg. monographs of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 8: 1 - 457, pl. 1 - 65 page (s): 348 [ details ]\nwilliams s. t. , karube s. & ozawa t. (2008) molecular systematics of vetigastropoda: trochidae, turbinidae and trochoidea redefined. zoologica scripta 37: 483–506. [ details ]\ngenus marevalvata olsson & harbison, 1953 accepted as arene h. adams & a. adams, 1854\nmclean j. h. (2012) new species and genera of colloniids from indo - pacific coral reefs, with the definition of a new subfamily liotipomatinae n. subfam. (turbinoidea, colloniidae). zoosystema 34 (2): 343 - 376. [ 29 june 2012 ] [ details ]\nbouchet p. , rocroi j. p. , hausdorf b. , kaim a. , kano y. , nützel a. , parkhaev p. , schrödl m. & strong e. e. (2017). revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. malacologia. 61 (1 - 2): 1 - 526. [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nscientists aim to describe a single' tree of life' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things. however, evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery, and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named. eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific' classifications'. some species have been named more than once. such duplicates are listed under synonyms. eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology, inc. in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only, as we handle very few foreign shells in general. as time goes, the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nclick on an image to view all the information: family, species, author, date, and full locality .\n© 1996 - 2018 guido t. poppe & philippe poppe - conchology, inc. (0. 012 seconds. )\n© 1996 - 2018 guido t. poppe & philippe poppe - conchology, inc. (0. 436 seconds. )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site. please turn it on before proceeding .\nparent taxon: angarioidea according to b. m. landau et al. 2016\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\narene cruentata (von mühlfeld, 1829) se. florida, w. indies dominican republic 9mm\narene cruentata (von mühlfeld, 1829) se. florida, w. indies antigua 10mm\narene cruentata (von mühlfeld, 1829) se. florida, w. indies e. honduras 11mm\narene cruentata (von mühlfeld, 1829) se. florida, w. indies barbuda 8mm\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance. if your browser does not accept cookies, you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly. below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser. you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined. to accept cookies from this site, use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies. try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past. if your computer' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970, the browser will automatically forget the cookie. to fix this, set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set. you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page. to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit, which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie; no other information is captured .\nin general, only the information that you provide, or the choices you make while visiting a web site, can be stored in a cookie. for example, the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it. allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer, and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nnew species and genera of colloniids from indo - pacific coral reefs, with the definition of a new subfamily liotipomatinae n. subfam. (turbinoidea, colloniidae )\nthis translation tool is powered by google. fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .\nnew species and genera of colloniids from indo - pacific coral reefs, with the definition of a new subfamily liotipomatinae n. subfam. (turbinoidea, colloniidae) [ 2012 ]\nnew species and genera of colloniids from indo - pacific coral reefs, with the definition of a new subfamily liotipomatinae n. subfam. (turbinoidea, colloniidae )\nthis article is about sea snails. for the family of fishes, see chilodontidae (fishes) .\nchilodontidae is a taxonomic family of mostly small deepwater sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade vetigastropoda (according to the taxonomy of the gastropoda by bouchet & rocroi, 2005) .\nthe family was previously in the superfamily neritoidea in the order neritopsina and the superorder neritaemorphi .\nthe subfamilies calliotropinae hickman & mclean, 1990 and cataeginae mclean & quinn, 1987 were raised to family levels as the calliotropidae and the cataegidae .\nkano y. (2007) .\nvetigastropod phylogeny and a new concept of seguenzioidea: independent evolution of copulatory organs in the deep - sea habitats\n. zoologica scripta 37 (1): 1 - 21. doi: 10. 1111 / j. 1463 - 6409. 2007. 00316. x\nherbert, d. g. 2012. a revision of the chilodontidae (gastropoda: vetigastropoda: seguenzioidea) of southern africa and the south - western indian ocean. african invertebrates 53 (2): 381 - 502. [ 1 ]\npoppe g. t. , tagaro s. p. & dekker h. (2006) the seguenziidae, chilodontidae, trochidae, calliostomatidae and solariellidae of the philippine islands. visaya supplement 2: 1 - 228\nkento furui added the japanese common name\nキロダス科\nto\nchilodontidae\n.\njennifer hammock split the classifications by nmnh invertebrate zoology resource from turcica to their own page .\njennifer hammock split the classifications by bhl: biodivlibrary' s photostream from herpetopoma helix (barnard, 1964) to their own page .\nkatja schulz selected\nchilodontidae (gastropods )\nto show in overview on\nchilodontidae\n.\ncopyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons, inc. all rights reserved\nenter your email address below. if your address has been previously registered, you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password. if you don' t receive an email, you should register as a new user\nenter the appropriate information from the publication citation (author, year, title) that you wish to find and then click on\nsearch now\n.\ndodatkowe przykłady dopasowywane są do haseł w zautomatyzowany sposób - nie gwarantujemy ich poprawności .\nare a monophyletic group, the fact that only some species in the group lost a feature adds to the controversy .\n( family araneidae) are the most common group of builders of spiral wheel - shaped webs often found in gardens, fields and forests .\nuse elaborate, ultraviolet coloured web ornaments to attract bees that specialize in taking nectar from similarly coloured flowers .\n, a census of australian araneidae, listing 1102 species, was produced in 1911; it is noted as a significant advancement in the much ignored spiders of australia .\nfamily is cosmopolitan, including many well - known large or brightly colored garden spiders .\nto theridiidae between 2002 and 2005, based mainly on characteristics of the male palp." ]

{ "text": [ "areneidae is a family of sea snails , marine gastropod mollusks in the clade vetigastropoda .", "areneidae is not officially described as a taxon name .", "areneidae is provisionally placed within the superfamily angarioidea according to williams et al. ( 2008 ) . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 26 ] }

[ "areneidae is a family of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade vetigastropoda. areneidae is not officially described as a taxon name. areneidae is provisionally placed within the superfamily angarioidea according to williams et al. (2008)." ]

[ "buff - browed foliage - gleaner syndactyla rufosuperciliata though unimpressive to look at, the buff - browed foliage - gleaner is an adept inhabitant of the humid forest undergrowth, where it skips acrobatically through the foliage in search of its prey. they are secretive birds, difficult to observe, but their loud churring calls help with their location. click on the images to enlarge them .\nthe buff - browed foliage - gleaner is uncommon in montane forests of the east slope of the andes at elevations ranging between 700 - 3300 m. it also occurs in\n. the buff - browed foliage - gleaner has rufous - brown upperparts and a contrastingly rufous tail. the sides of the head and underparts are heavily streaked with buff. it has distinctive long and rufous superciliary from the base of the bill. it forages in the understory of montane forest. it is similar to the\na very distinctive foliage - gleaner endemic to se brazil, where it inhabits bamboo thickets in the atlantic rainforest. (s8 )\na common and widespread foliage - gleaner, occuring all the way from costa rica to northeastern argentina. it is usually seen following mixed species flocks. (s8 )\na distinctive foliage - gleaner endemic to the atlantic forest of brazil. it is not closely related to the other treehunters. it feeds almost entirely in bromeliads. (s8 )\nthis is a neat monotypic genus of foliage - gleaner, found widely in the eastern and southern amazon region. it stays mainly in the subcanopy, so tough to photograph well; this shot is a personal favorite. (s6 )\na brazilian endemic, and the only regularly - occurring cinclodes in brazil. buff - winged is only a winter visitor to the far south. (d3 )\na locally common species in high andean puna from peru to argentina and chile. plain - breasted and buff - breasted earthcreepers were recently lumped; this race was formerly included with plain - breasted. (s6 )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nsacc. 2005 and updates. a classification of the bird species of south america. available at: urltoken .\njustification: this species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified, but this species is described as' common' (stotz et al. (1996). trend justification: this population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nindividuo registrado en el estrato bajo a menos de dos metros de altura, sector de cobertura vegetal espesa y con mucha humedad, al este del club refugio ombú en un sector de selva ribereña en la costa del río paraná .\nsonogram images © xeno - canto foundation. sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nthere are many ways to contribute—we need species information, photographs, audio, video, translations, maps, distribution data, and bird sightings. there' s a role for everyone !\n), in neotropical birds online (t. s. schulenberg, editor). cornell lab of ornithology, ithaca, ny, usa. retrieved from neotropical birds online :\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists, and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12, 000 regional checklists in avibase, offered in 9 different taxonomies, including synonyms more than 175 languages. each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community, and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page, such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition (incl. corrigenda vol. 1 - 2) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details. to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263, 339, 335 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others. more information! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey' s business dictionary (german - english). thanks on that account! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome! questions and answers\n: l. rufus = rufous and supercilium, superciliatus = eyebrow, superciliated .\nschulenberg, t. s. , d. f. stotz, and l. rico. 2006. distribution maps of the birds of peru, version 1. 0. environment, culture & conservation (ecco). the field museum .\nmaterial published in urltoken belongs to the author (s) and is protected by copyright laws. contributor (s )\ncontribute to the knowledge and undertanding of bird distribution in peru. report your rare and unusual sightings :\ncorbidi is a peruvian non - profit organization, whose goal is to develop foundations that support biodiversity conservation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\ndesigned by paul smith 2006. this website is copyrighted by law. material contained herewith may not be used without the prior written permission of fauna paraguay. material on this page was provided by paul smith and is used with permission .\nfigure 1 - adult, procosara, pn san rafael (paul smith february 2005). figure 2 - same individual upperwing (paul smith february 2005). video - adult, hotel tirol, departamento itapúa (paul smith augsut 2006) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nstreamcreepers are found in mountainous regions in much of tropical south america and extreme eastern panama. the nominate race from southern brazil and surrounding coutries (shown here), tends to be a lot more common and easier to see than other races. (s7 )\na well - named species. it only inhabits talls, dense reedbeds both around high andean lakes and in lowland marshes from peru to argentina. (s6 )\na marsh - loving species found in southern brazil, uruguay, and argentina. (d4 )\nan earthcreeper of dry, rocky areas from southern bolivia all the way to tierra del fuego. (s6 )\nthe earthcreeper with the most restricted range, occurring only in southern peru and extreme northern chile. it is very similar to plain - breasted earthcreeper, and they can be hard to tell apart except for voice. this particular bird was vocalizing and responding to playback. (s5 )\nfields east of são francisco de paula, rio grande de sul state, brazil .\nthe widespread bar - winged cinclodes, which occurs from venezuela all the way south to tierra del fuego, has now been split into three species .\nthis the southernmost species, breeding mainly in patagonia. it is migratory, moving north as far as southern brazil and paraguay during the austral winter. this bird was clearing bringing food to nestlings, but i didn' t locate the nest (24 jan 2015). (s8 )\nrestricted to southern tierra del fuego and nearby smaller islands, as well as the falklands. it is often called\ntussock - bird\non the falklands. (s8 )\nthis is the northernmost species of the bar - winged cinclodes complex, occuring from venezuela south to extreme northern peru, with a chestnut patch in the wing. (s3 )\nthe central species of what was formerly bar - winged cinclodes. it is found from northern peru south to northern chile and northwestern argentina. (s6 )\nthis cinclodes is found only in the high andes of ecuador and southern colombia. the bill is typically longer, thicker, and more decurved than that of the smaller and more widespread chestnut - winged cinclodes. (s8 )\nthe prettiest of all the cinclodes, and also one of the rarest. it' s found only in very high elevation bogs in central peru, and the total population is thought to be only a few hundred birds. (s8 )\nthis species is always found near fresh water, usually streams or upland bogs. (s8 )\na bird sitting at the opening of its nest, 22 sep 2014. (s8 )\nendemic to chile, restricted to rocky costs. very similar to the surf cinclodes of peru, and maybe should be lumped with it. (s5 )\na poor shot, but photos of this species are quite scarce, and practically nonexistant from ecuador. this is at the southernmost point of its known range. (s8 )\na very common flock species in andean cloudforest in many areas, though it is absent from some regions, such as the west slope of the andes in ecuador. (s7 )\nrestricted to the atlantic rainforest region, where it is reasonably common, and frequently encountered with mixed species flocks. (s8 )\nthis bird was searching in dead leaves for prey. this species inhabits cloudforest from mexico to western ecuador, where it is usually seen following mixed species flocks. (s8 )\noccurs in the andes south of the equator as well as cool forests in southeastern south america. this is the subspecies found in the yungas of southern bolivia and northwestern argentina. it has an olivaceous tinge to the underparts. (s8 )\na scarce tumbesian endemic, found in dry forests of sw ecuador and nw peru. (s8 )\nstrong sunlight and shadows made this a poor shot of what is tough - to - photograph species. i' ll have to try again. it' s a scarce tumbesian endemic, found in dry forest of w ecuador and nw peru. (s6 )\na shy, scarce, and local species found in dry forest from central brazil to paraguay. a poor photo, but there are not many out there for this bird. (s8 )\na widespread neotropical rainforest species that occurs from mexico to bolivia. it has many races. i am unsure about the racial allocation of this bird. by range, one would expect\nis known to occur in ne ecuador near the colombian border, and the dull brown underparts suggest it could be that race. lightings conditions and the angle make that a hard call. note the pale auriculars, a feature often visible on this species but rarely mentioned in field guides. the white patch on the wing is not typical and is an aberrant feature of this particular individual. (s7\n, with which it never should have been lumped to begin with. it, along with the very similar\n) group that will likely be split from the cis - andean nominate subspecies. plumage differences are subtle, but they differ dramatically in voice. (s8 )\nthis subspecies, found from panama to western ecuador, has a white throat. (s7 )\na very scarce and skulky bird in the western amazon. it' s even showing a brown rump in this photo. (s6 )" ]

{ "text": [ "the buff-browed foliage-gleaner ( syndactyla rufosuperciliata ) is a species of bird in the furnariidae family .", "it is found in argentina , bolivia , brazil , ecuador , paraguay , peru , and uruguay .", "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests . " ], "topic": [ 12, 20, 24 ] }

[ "the buff-browed foliage-gleaner (syndactyla rufosuperciliata) is a species of bird in the furnariidae family. it is found in argentina, bolivia, brazil, ecuador, paraguay, peru, and uruguay. its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests." ]

[ "the four - spotted barb (barbus quadripunctatus) is a species of ray - finned fish in the family cyprinidae .\nthe four - spotted skimmer is characterized by having a medium size, broad abdomen, forewings that have small dark spots on the leading edge at the end and in the middle, and hind wings that have the same spots as well as a dark triangular spot at the base. comparison with the descriptions and illustrations in the books listed below is recommended as some other species are rather similar .\nthe board of directors for jj collett natural area would like to thank chris & keith meyers for all the volunteer work with trail maintenance at jj collett. we would also like to thank barb & dale olsen for volunteering their time with tree removal on trail one and looking after the washrooms. thank you all so much. april 24, 2017\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\neschmeyer, w. n. , fricke, r. and van der laan, r. (eds .). 2018. catalog of fishes: genera, species, references. updated 02 march 2018. available at: urltoken .\nthe genus barbus (cyprinidae) is restricted to a small number of species mainly inhabiting the european ichthyographic region including northeast africa. most of the african species that are currently included in the genus, taxonomically do not appear to be closely related to the genus barbus sensu strictu. yang et al. (2015) placed barbus quadripunctatus in enteromius .\nsnoeks, j. (freshwater fish red list authority) & darwall, w. (freshwater biodiversity assessment programme )\njustification: no data on population abundance. may have a limited distribution but more survey is required to confirm this .\nthis amended version of the 2006 assessment was created to update the scientific name; previously included under barbus on the red list, this species has now been moved to enteromius .\n( amended version of 2006 assessment). the iucn red list of threatened species 2018: e. t61255a127155603 .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\ncfm script by eagbayani, 28. 08. 01, php script by cmilitante, 04 / 03 / 10, last modified by cmilitante, 11 / 12 / 12\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence, the centroid of all ...\nbarcode of life data systems (bolds) stats public records: 2 specimens ...\nthis species is widely distributed throughout sub - saharan africa, from the upper ...\ni had a great hike this morning at the j. j. collett natural area, ne of lacombe. as usual, i carried my camera, a point and shoot canon power shot sx240 hs, a well as my butterfly net in the hope of coming across an interesting insect or two. i am an honorary member of the board that looks after the area and i am interested in adding to lists of the various insects, especially butterflies and moths, of the area. these lists are maintained on the area website. eleven butterfly species were seen on the hike: erynnis icelus, erynnis persius, carterocephalus mandan, cupido amyntula, papilio canadensis, aglais milberti, polygonia satyrus, boloria bellona, coenonympha inornata, erebia epipsodea and oeneis macounii .\ni am also interested in dragonflies. dragonflies are wary and seldom let one get close enough for a decent photograph. my technique with them is to catch them with my net, then hold them by their legs with my left hand and photograph them in macro mode with my camera held in my right hand. i take several shots in order to get dorsal, lateral and head on views. i then release the dragonfly. catching them is easier said than done as they move very quickly and avoid a swinging net. i must have seen a hundred this morning and never caught one. i finally did catch two by flopping the net down on top of them as they were perched on vegetation. both turned out to be the present species .\naccording to paulson, the present species ranges across canada to newfoundland and is also found in eurasia and japan .\ndragonflies are our friends as mosquitoes are one of their major food sources. this applies to both their aquatic immature stages which are carnivorous and feed on mosquito wrigglers as well as other prey and to the dragonflies that catch the adult mosquitoes on the wing .\ndragonflies and damselflies are in the odonata. dragonflies are large and have their two pairs of wings spread wide like an airplane, damselflies are much smaller and have wings that, at rest, extend back over the abdomen. john acorn has written an excellent book on alberta damselflies .\nthree books that cover the dragonflies of alberta and adjoining area are the following. all are good .\ncannings, r. a. 2002. introducing the dragonflies of british columbia and the yukon. royal british columbia museum .\nhutchings, g. and d. halstead. 2011. dragonflies and damselflies in the hand. nature saskatchewan .\npaulson, d. 2009. dragonflies and damselflies of the west. princeton field guides .\na huge thank you goes to\nember resources\nfor sponsoring our education program for 2017. the program would not be possible without the support of the community .\nongoing notices a friendly reminder to keep dogs on leashes so they don' t surprise other canines, people or resident wildlife. your continued respect for others is appreciated ensuring safety for all .\nit' s the responsibility of all to keep our trails free of garbage and waste. please pick up after your dog, this ensures a pleasant experience for other canines, members and the grooming crew. with respect, please take your\ndoggie droppings\nhome with you .\nfor any questions or concerns about the natural area, please call the red deer district office at 403 - 748 - 3939. to report wildlife sightings, hunting violations, vandalism, public safety concerns, or any other matter that may require a conservation officer, please call the alberta parks enforcement line 24 / 7 at 403 - 350 - 5066” .\nplease provide description of problem canine, handler, date, time and a license plate number, as this information is essential to correct any issues that may arise .\nwe have had a reported encounter with a cow moose. she is very protective of her twin calves. as a result we suggest that if you see her and / or her calves you should not approach, instead change your course .\nshe has also been seen during the course of the winter, 2015 / 16 .\nlots of wind and rain recently. mother nature is beautiful, yet unpredictable. for your safety, please do not walk the trails during high winds. trees may fall and cause serious injury to yourself, canines and wildlife. in the event you do head out, be careful. may 25, 17 .\nwe now have a facebook page. search jj collett natural area foundation. it is up and running. if you have any interesting information, comments, or photos please feel free to post .\nthe area is used year round with many people jogging, walking, exercising their canines, bird watching, snow - shoeing, cross - country skiing and simply enjoying the area daily. we have approximately 15, 000 visitors yearly. the calgary field naturalists, red deer river naturalists, edmonton orienteering club, 1st parlby scouts, lacombe 4h outdoor club, and red deer ramblers have been some of our known guests. the area is open to the general public .\nthere is no charge to use the area. however, a suggested donation of $ 100 would be greatly appreciated from groups such as orienteering and special events. donations go towards the costs of maintaining the area .\njj collett is not a dog park. lacombe and ponoka both have off leash dog parks. blackfalds now has one and red deer hosts a couple. we encourage you to keep your dogs on leash while at jj collett. (ongoing )\nthanks to\nlittle jon' s\nfor the port - a - potty they have placed at the main staging area, jj collett. the donation is appreciated. thank you! !\nplease advise the board of directors of any events you plan on having at jj collett. requests can be made via email at contact @ urltoken\nplease contact us if you are interested in grooming trails. it is necessary for the comfort and safety of everyone using the area. trails and projects are maintained and improved year round by volunteers through your\nmemberships & donations\n. become a\nfriend of j. j. collett natural area\n& help support a unique & beautiful area in our own backyard .\nthanks to the spring clean up crew at jj collett. ron, your countless hours of help is appreciated. thank you for your time .\nthanks to gary h. a neighbour of jj collett, who volunteers his time clearing the parking lot for us. give him a big hello and thank you if you see him volunteering. he has a really nice dog named teddy who is often seen in the area helping out the grooming unit .\nthe reason he is often seen in the area\noff leash\nduring the spring, summer and fall, is that he lives up the road and he is obviously bored. so he wanders down to be with other dogs and people. if you see teddy, please tell teddy\ngo home\n, and he will. if you look in the gallery section, i will post pics of\nteddy\n. thank you for your cooperation .\ndonations! ! donations can now be made online. atb financial has teamed up with jj collett natural area and each dollar donated to this cause will be matched 15% by atb financial. please find the link to donate in the\nlinks\nsection on the left hand side of the page. thank you atb. june 13, 2016\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 / / en\n- a project to provide indexing and links for all known species as the baseline dataset for studies of global biodiversity. all links below take you to pages on the urltoken site .\npage created by: eli, 15. 08. 07, last modified by: lei, 20. 11. 08\nwhat' s new | tropical fish home | rainforests | news | search | about | contact copyright rhett butler 1994 - 2013 the copy for urltoken was written in 1994 - 1995. therefore some information such as scientific names may be out of date. for this, i apologize. feel free to send corrections to me." ]

{ "text": [ "the four-spotted barb ( enteromius quadripunctatus ) is a species of ray-finned fish in the family cyprinidae .", "it is found in kenya and tanzania .", "its natural habitat is rivers .", "its status is insufficiently known . " ], "topic": [ 22, 20, 24, 17 ] }

[ "the four-spotted barb (enteromius quadripunctatus) is a species of ray-finned fish in the family cyprinidae. it is found in kenya and tanzania. its natural habitat is rivers. its status is insufficiently known." ]

[ "the above specimen data are provided by antweb. please see myrmecia harderi for further details\nsenior synonym of myrmecia maloni, myrmecia scabra: brown, 1953j pdf: 16; of myrmecia celaena: ogata & taylor, 1991 pdf: 1661 .\nmyrmecia harderi: syntype, 1 worker, gundah, new south wales, australia, froggatt, w. w. , anic32 - 015336, australian national insect collection .\ncelaena. promyrmecia celaena clark, 1943: 120, pl. 14, fig. 42 (w .) australia. combination in myrmecia: brown, 1953j: 17. junior synonym of harderi: ogata & taylor, 1991: 1661 .\nbrown, w. l. , jr. 1953j. revisionary notes on the ant genus myrmecia of australia. bull. mus. comp. zool. 111: 1 - 35 (page 16, combination in myrmecia )\ncombination in promyrmecia: clark, 1943 pdf: 118; in myrmecia: brown, 1953j pdf: 16 .\nmaloni. promyrmecia maloni clark, 1943: 121, pl. 14, fig. 43 (w .) australia. junior synonym of harderi: brown, 1953j: 16 .\nscabra. promyrmecia scabra clark, 1943: 118, pl. 14, figs. 40, 41 (w. q .) australia. junior synonym of harderi: brown, 1953j: 16 .\nbrown, w. l. jr. 1953a. 1953 132 revisionary notes on the ant genus myrmecia of australia. bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology 111: 1 - 35 .\nbrown, w. l. jr 1953 ,\nrevisionary notes on the ant genus myrmecia of australia\n, bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology, harvard, vol. 111, pp. 1 - 35\nbrown, w. l. , jr. 1953j. revisionary notes on the ant genus myrmecia of australia. bull. mus. comp. zool. 111: 1 - 35 (page 16, senior synonym of maloni and scabra )\nogata, k and taylor, r. w. 1991. 1991 6354 ants of the genus myrmecia fabricius: a preliminary review and key to the named species. (hymenoptera: formicidae: myrmeciinae). journal of natural history 25: 1623 - 1673. (31 xii 1991 )\nogata, k. ; taylor, r. w. 1991. ants of the genus myrmecia fabricius: a preliminary review and key to the named species (hymenoptera: formicidae: myrmeciinae). j. nat. hist. 2 25: 1623 - 1673 (page 1661, senior synonym of celaena )\nthe following information is derived from barry bolton' s new general catalogue, a catalogue of the world' s ants .\n: ogata & taylor, 1991: 1661. see also: clark, 1951: 215 .\npromyrmecia celaena: syntype, 1 worker, pilliga, new south wales, australia, froggatt, w. w. , anic32 - 015337, australian national insect collection .\npromyrmecia celaena: syntype, worker (s), pilliga and narrabri, new south wales and millmerran, queensland, australia, museum victoria, melbourne .\npromyrmecia maloni: syntype, 1 worker, inglewood, victoria, australia, clark, j. , anic32 - 015339, museum victoria, melbourne .\npromyrmecia scabra: syntype, 1 worker, 1 queen, leighs creek, south australia, australia, < collector unknown >, anic32 - 015338, australian national insect collection .\npromyrmecia scabra: syntype, worker (s), queen (s), leighs creek, south australia, australia, museum victoria, melbourne .\nclark, j. 1943. a revision of the genus promyrmecia emery (formicidae). mem. natl. mus. vic. 13: 83 - 149 (page 118, combination in promyrmecia )\nclark, j. 1951. the formicidae of australia. 1. subfamily myrmeciinae: 230 pp. csiro, melbourne. [ (31. xii). 1951. ] pdf\nforel, a. 1910b. formicides australiens reçus de mm. froggatt et rowland turner. rev. suisse zool. 18: 1 - 94 (page 8, worker described )\nwheeler, g. c. ; wheeler, j. 1971d. ant larvae of the subfamily myrmeciinae (hymenoptera: formicidae). pan - pac. entomol. 47: 245 - 256 (page 250, larva described )\nthis page was last modified on 19 august 2015, at 14: 31 .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nclark, j. 1943 ,\na revision of the genus promyrmecia emery (formicidae )\n, memoirs of the national museum of victoria, melbourne, vol. 13, pp. 83 - 149 pls 12 - 17\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 19fe4c15 - df86 - 4625 - b168 - b3c8bb58b7b2\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 63225abb - d4c3 - 4b21 - 8bb5 - dd5c5ffa2d91\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 75ffc89b - 93ee - 4f99 - 93da - 81c8d1e58b33\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: c49de4d3 - 593d - 4c58 - 89ca - 1661c77b846f\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: cceb670b - a8d4 - 4133 - a88d - a3ee0dc7a5fc\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: df2d5a70 - f8c8 - 41b0 - 889d - 062df2cbdee7\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: e414e4d0 - 0d48 - 4271 - 997d - 0244d7fbcfaf\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: ff168a17 - 66d0 - 42ff - 90a8 - 2729cc58164d\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: c35007d7 - 4702 - 44c7 - 8820 - 0bf991bf4cd9\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 315220\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nyou must log in to access this functionality. you may create an account, or log in anonymously, here .\nclark, 1943 pdf: 118 (q .); wheeler & wheeler, 1971d pdf: 250 (l .) .\n0 times found in callytris forest, 0 times found in callytris forest, pine forest, in red soil, 0 times found in callytris forest, reddish soil, 1 times found in chenopod shrubland on floodplain, 1 times found in collytris forest, 0 times found in collytris forest, in red soil, 0 times found in flat, pure callytris forest, red soil, 0 times found in red soil plain, savanna woodland, 0 times found in relict callitris forest, red soil, 0 times found in callitris forest, red soil, ...\n0 times whole nest, 1 times usual spout, in red soil, 1 times turret 1. 5cm dia x 7. 5cm tall at base of shrub, 0 times reddish soil, small spout, typical smell, 0 times nest in soil, 0 times large spout - like apperture in soil. 1\nhigh. 1\nin diameter, 0 times foraging at base of pine, 2pm, 0 times 1pm, on base of callytris, 0 times 11am, foraging 3ft up bole of pine .\nantweb content is licensed under a creative commons attribution license. we encourage use of antweb images. in print, each image must include attribution to its photographer and\nfrom urltoken\nin the figure caption. for websites, images must be clearly identified as coming from urltoken, with a backward link to the respective source page. see how to cite antweb .\nantweb is funded from private donations and from grants from the national science foundation, deb - 0344731, ef - 0431330 and deb - 0842395. c: 0\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\n: 8 - worker; type locality: gundah [ 31 / 149 ], new south wales .\n): 118 - worker, queen; type locality: leigh creek [ 30 / 138 ], south australia (promyrmecia scabra) (synonymy: w. l. brown; 1953a\n): 120 - worker; original localities: pilliga [ 30 / 148 ] et al. , new south wales, queensland (promyrmecia celaena) (synonymy: ogata and taylor ;\n): 121 - worker; type locality: inglewood [ 36 / 143 ], victoria (promyrmecia maloni) (synonymy: w. l. brown; 1953a\nclark, j. 1943. 1943 302 a revision of the genus promyrmecia emery (formicidae). memoirs of the national museum of victoria 13: 83 - 149 pls 12 - 17 .\nforel, a. 1910. 1910 761 formicides australiens re _ us de mm. froggatt et rowland turner. revue suisse de zoologie 18: 1 - 94 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nformat summary genbank genbank (full) fasta asn. 1 xml insdseq xml tinyseq xml feature table accession list gi list gff3\nopens the highlight feature bar and highlights feature annotations from the features table of the record. the highlight feature bar can be used to navigate to and highlight other features and provides links to display the highlighted region separately. links in the features table will also highlight the corresponding region of the sequence. more ...\nfinds sub - sequences or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching regions. the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences. more ...\nfinds sub - sequence or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching region. the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences. more ...\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more" ]

{ "text": [ "myrmecia harderi is an australian bull ant species which is a part of the myrmecia genus .", "they are native to australia .", "they are mainly distributed in new south wales , and some parts of victoria , south australia , and queensland .", "the average length of myrmecia harderi is 14.5 millimetres .", "the head , thorax and gaster are black , mandibles are yellow , antennae and tarsi are a reddish-yellow , and legs are brown . " ], "topic": [ 25, 0, 6, 0, 19 ] }

[ "myrmecia harderi is an australian bull ant species which is a part of the myrmecia genus. they are native to australia. they are mainly distributed in new south wales, and some parts of victoria, south australia, and queensland. the average length of myrmecia harderi is 14.5 millimetres. the head, thorax and gaster are black, mandibles are yellow, antennae and tarsi are a reddish-yellow, and legs are brown." ]

[ "nototachys alluaud, 1930 is a small but distinctive group whose name has been considered a subjective synonym of elaphropus (erwin 1974) or the elaphropus subgenus sphaerotachys (sciaky and vigna - taglianti 2003), as a subgenus of elaphropus (bousquet 2012) or tachyura (kópecky 2003), or as a separate genus (lorenz 2005). the newly described south american species, elaphropus (nototachys) occidentalis, expands the known distribution of this previously old world - restricted subgenus. elaphropus occidentalis shares aspects of its overall form with elaphropus comptus (andrewes 1922), the type species of nototachys, and its aberrant discal elytral chaetotaxy with elaphropus (nototachys) comptus borealis (andrewes 1925) .\nillustrations of left elytron, lateral view, showing variation in the form of the 8 th elytral interneur (other interneurs not shown) among newly described taxa. a stigmatachys uvea (holotype, ♀) b polyderidius sp. c nothoderis sp. d meotachys (scolistichus) riparius; e meotachys (hylotachys) ballorum; f elaphropus (ammotachys) marchantarius g elaphropus (idiotachys) acutifrons h elaphropus (nototachys) occidentalis i tachyxysta howdenorum. scale bars = 0. 25 mm .\nbased on its afoveate mentum and apicolaterally notched protibiae, the only known species of idiotachys is considered to be part of the greater elaphropus complex. the overall proportions, reduced and punctate elytral strial interneurs, reduced 8th interneur, and arrangement of humeral elytral ombilicate setae diagnostic for the species described below preclude its placement in any existing elaphropus subgenus .\namong the “non - bifoveate’ tachyina (ortuño and arillo 2015), the speciose and morphologically diverse genus elaphropus is defined by a lack of features diagnostic for other genera (e. g. , micratopus, lymnastis, anomotachys, tachyta, etc .) rather than by a convincing set of synapomorphies. despite the suspect monophyly of elaphropus, previous authors have indicated with varying degrees of certainty that its relatively well - defined subgeneric level groups belong to a “phyletic line” (sciaky and vigna - taglianti 2003). assignment of several new species described below to elaphropus is done so according to historical precedent and is somewhat tentative, as these taxa may represent separate genera pending further study. the development of a molecular phylogeny of the subtribe is in progress; with a focus on deep taxon sampling in elaphropus (tachyura) and allies, molecular data should help illuminate natural groups among this group’s numerous and disparate species .\nmesepisternal pits of new tachyina. a elaphropus (nototachys) occidentalis (paratype, ♂) perú, loreto b meotachys (hylotachys) ballorum (paratype, ♀), brazil, amazonas, rio demiti. scale bars = 0. 25 mm .\nbasic characters for generic and subgeneric level identification of tachyina. a–b left elytron, lateral view, illustrating positions of elytral ombilicate setae and form of the 8 th elytral interneur (other interneurs omitted) a paratachys fulvicollis; b tachys vittiger c–f elytral apex c paratachys fulvicollis d tachys vittiger. scale bar 0. 25 mm e elaphropus (ammotachys) marchantarius f tachyxysta howdenorum g–h head, ventral view, illustrated to show mentum g meotachys (scolistichus) riparius h elaphropus (barytachys) nebulosus. scale bars = 0. 25 mm .\nnew tachyina. a stigmatachys uvea (holotype, ♀), perú, loreto, campamento san jacinto b polyderidius sp. , méxico, san luis potosí; c nothoderis rufotestacea, usa, arizona, cochise co. d meotachys (hylotachys) ballorum (paratype, ♀), brazil, amazonas, tapurucuara e elaphropus (ammotachys) marchantarius (paratype, ♂), venezuela, san carlos de rio negro f meotachys (scolistichus) riparius (paratype, ♀), brazil, amazonas, rio solimões, ilha de marchantaria; g elaphropus (idiotachys) acutifrons (holotype, ♀), brazil, santarem h elaphropus (nototachys) occidentalis (paratype, ♂), perú, madre de dios, pakitza i tachyxysta howdenorum (holotype, ♂), méxico, chiapas, el aguacero. scale bars = 0. 5 mm .\npronotum, dorsal aspect. a stigmatachys uvea (holotype, ♀), perú, loreto, campamento san jacinto b polyderidius sp. , méxico, san luis potosí c nothoderis rufotestacea, usa, arizona, cochise co. d meotachys (hylotachys) ballorum (paratype, ♀), brazil, amazonas, tapurucuara e elaphropus (ammotachys) marchantarius (paratype, ♂), venezuela, san carlos de rio negro f meotachys (scolistichus) riparius (paratype, ♀), brazil, amazonas, rio solimões, ilha de marchantaria; g elaphropus (idiotachys) acutifrons (holotype, ♀), brazil, santarem h elaphropus (nototachys) occidentalis (paratype, ♂), perú, madre de dios, pakitza i tachyxysta howdenorum (holotype, ♂), méxico, chiapas, el aguacero. scale bars = 0. 25 mm .\nelytral apex, left dorsal oblique view. a stigmatachys uvea (holotype, ♀), perú, loreto, campamento san jacinto b polyderidius sp. , méxico: san luis potosí c nothoderis rufotestacea, usa: az: cochise co. d meotachys (hylotachys) ballorum (paratype, ♀), brazil, amazonas, tapurucuara e elaphropus (ammotachys) marchantarius (paratype, ♂), venezuela, san carlos de rio negro f meotachys (scolistichus) riparius (paratype, ♀), brazil, amazonas, rio solimões, ilha de marchantaria g elaphropus (idiotachys) acutifrons (paratype, ♀), brazil, santarem h elaphropus (nototachys) occidentalis (paratype, ♂), perú, madre de dios, pakitza i tachyxysta howdenorum (holotype, ♂), méxico, chiapas, el aguacero. scale bars = 0. 25 mm .\na classificação da subtribo tachyina (carabidae: trechitae: bembidiini) está revisto à luz da diversidade recém - descrita da américa central e do sul. aqui são descritos três novos gêneros (tachyxysta novo gênero, stigmatachys novo gênero, nothoderis novo gênero), dois novos subgêneros de meotachys (scolistichus novo subgênero, hylotachys novo subgênero), e dois novos subgêneros de elaphropus (ammotachys novo subgênero, idiotachys novo subgênero). dois nomes taxonômicos anteriormente sinonimizadas com polyderis (polyderidius jeannel, 1962) e elaphropus (nototachys alluaud, 1930) são elevada aos níveis de gênero e subgênero, respectivamente. oito espécies são reconhecidas: tachyxysta howdenorum (localidade tipo: méxico: chiapas: el aguacero, 680m); elaphropus marchantarius (localidade tipo: brazil, amazonas, rio solimões, ilha de marchantaria), elaphropus acutifrons (localidade tipo: brazil: pará, santarém) and elaphropus occidentalis (localidade tipo: perú: loreto, pithecia, 74°45' w 05°28' s); stigmatachys uvea (localidade tipo: perú: loreto: campamento san jacinto, 2°18. 75' s, 75°51. 77' w, 175–215m); and meotachys riparius (localidade tipo: colombia: amazonas: leticia, 700 ft), meotachys ballorum (localidade tipo: brazil: amazonas, rio negro cucui), and meotachys rubrum (localidade tipo: perú: madre de dios: rio manu, pakitza, 11°56°47' s 071°17°00' w, 356m). também está incluída uma chave atualizada com ilustrações dos gêneros e subgêneros de tachyina que ocorrem no novo mundo .\nelaphropus parvulus (dejean, 1831) family: carabidae size: 1, 7 - 2, 4 mm distribution: mediterranean europe ecology: on shores with little vegetation location: germany, upper bavaria, eching leg. det. a. skale, 8. viii. 2001 photo: u. schmidt, 2008\nla clasificación de la subtribu tachyina (carabidae: trechitae: bembidiini) se revisa luego de diversidad que ha sido nuevamente descrita del centro y sur américa. aquí se describen tres géneros nuevos (tachyxysta género nuevo, stigmatachys género nuevo, nothoderis género nuevo), dos subgéneros nuevos del meotachys (scolistichus subgénero nuevo, hylotachys subgénero nuevo), y dos subgéneros nuevos del elaphropus (ammotachys subgénero nuevo, idiotachys subgénero nuevo). dos nombres taxonómicos previamente sinonimizados con polyderis (polyderidius jeannel, 1962) y elaphropus (nototachys alluaud, 1930) aquí son elevados a los niveles de género y subgénero, respectivamente. se reconocen ochos espécies nuevos: tachyxysta howdenorum (localidad tipo: méxico: chiapas: el aguacero, 680m); elaphropus marchantarius (localidad tipo: brazil, amazonas, rio solimões, ilha de marchantaria), elaphropus acutifrons (localidad tipo: brazil: pará, santarém) and elaphropus occidentalis (localidad tipo: perú: loreto, pithecia, 74°45' w 05°28' s); stigmatachys uvea (localidad tipo: perú: loreto: campamento san jacinto, 2°18. 75' s, 75°51. 77' w, 175–215m); and meotachys riparius (localidad tipo: colombia: amazonas: leticia, 700 ft), meotachys ballorum (localidad tipo: brazil: amazonas, rio negro cucui), and meotachys rubrum (localidad tipo: perú: madre de dios: rio manu, pakitza, 11°56°47' s 071°17°00' w, 356m). una clave actualizada con illustraciones de los géneros y subgéneros del tachyina que ocurren en el nuevo mundo está incluída .\nthe classification of the carabid subtribe tachyina (trechitae: bembidiini) is reviewed in light of newly discovered diversity from central and south america. described herein are three new genera (tachyxysta gen. n. , stigmatachys gen. n. , nothoderis gen. n .), two new subgenera of meotachys (scolistichus subgen. n. , hylotachys subgen. n .), and two new subgenera of elaphropus (ammotachys subgen. n. , idiotachys subgen. n .). two names previously synonymized under polyderis (polyderidius jeannel, 1962) and elaphropus (nototachys alluaud, 1930) are elevated to generic and subgeneric status, respectively. eight new species are recognized: tachyxysta howdenorum (type locality: méxico: chiapas: el aguacero, 680m); elaphropus marchantarius (type locality: brazil, amazonas, rio solimões, ilha de marchantaria), elaphropus acutifrons (type locality: brazil: pará, santarém) and elaphropus occidentalis (type locality: perú: loreto, pithecia, 74°45' w 05°28' s); stigmatachys uvea (type locality: perú: loreto: campamento san jacinto, 2°18. 75' s, 75°51. 77' w, 175–215m); and meotachys riparius (type locality: colombia: amazonas: leticia, 700 ft), meotachys ballorum (type locality: brazil: amazonas, rio negro cucui), and meotachys rubrum (type locality: perú: madre de dios: rio manu, pakitza, 11°56°47' s 071°17°00' w, 356m). an updated key to the genera and subgenera of tachyina occurring in the new world is provided, with accompanying illustrations .\nrelationships among groups within the subtribe tachyina, in particular elaphropus, remain a subject of contention and have been reviewed by several authors in recent decades. the conflicting taxonomic concepts proposed in previous reviews, classifications, and checklists (lindroth 1966, erwin 1974b, shilenkov 2002, kopecký 2003, sciaky and vigna - taglianti 2003, lorenz 2005, bousquet 2012) represent alternative hypotheses waiting to be tested in a molecular context .\ni8 impressed from base to apex, subparallel to elytral margin, inserted anteriorly between eo2 and eo3; humeral series of elytral ombilicate setal insertions asymmetrically distributed, with eo4 removed from closely grouped eo1–3 such that d (3, 4) > d (1, 2) and d (3, 4) > d (2, 3); arg short, straight to medially arcuate or elongate, straight, and parallel to elytral margin (elaphropus yunax) .\nthough these beetles are tentatively placed within elaphropus due to the afoveate mentum, their remarkable (though perhaps homoplasious) resemblance to the foveae - bearing species meotachys (scolistichus) riparius, calls into question the long - assumed taxonomic value and phylogenetic distribution of this character. these two species have similarly broad, pan - amazonian, apparently overlapping distributions. molecular data should help to clarify whether their shared morphologies are due to convergence of separate lineages or the loss or gain of foveae within a lineage .\nboth species of the meotachys subgenus hylotachys described above are the first “bifoveate’ (ortuño and arillo 2015) tachyines discovered to possess mesepisternal pits. these structures are highly varied in form and are found in “non - bifoveate” species throughout elaphropus (tachyura) and allied subgenera (incl. tachylopha, barytachys, nototachys, and sphaerotachys) (erwin 1970), as well as a small subgenus of south american bembidion (maddison 2014) and certain oodini (spence 1982). nearly all species known to possess these structures are hygrophilous. the waxy substance noted by maddison (2014) in ethanol - preserved specimens was not observed in any of the specimens of hylotachys examined, which were likely not ethanol - killed .\ndue to their small size and a lack of resources for their identification, tachyines are easy to overlook or misidentify. a good deal of undescribed tachyine diversity is likely hidden in uncurated material, stored bycatch, and existing collections (baehr 2016). in the amazon basin, ecosystem level processes are thought to have generated the rapid diversification apparent in this and other groups (erwin and adis 1978). detailed collection data and large sample sizes exist for a number of new world species discovered through long term, bulk collecting efforts employing passive traps, leaf litter sampling, and canopy fogging (erwin 1983, 1984, 1991). much less is understood of the way of life, intraspecific diversity, and distribution of species described from small series and with limited representation in collections. conservation status is difficult to estimate for such rarely collected taxa as costitachys and tachyxysta, especially for those known only from unique collecting events (e. g. , stigmatachys and elaphropus (idiotachys) ). moreover, anthropogenic impact to rapidly developing regions such as the atlantic coast of south america has likely already affected the distribution and abundance of both described and undiscovered tachyine species .\nmaintaining and updating the site requires a lot of time and effort. therefore, we are forced to introduce a partially paid access. we expect that the costs will not be too burdensome for you, and your money will help us in the development of interactive keys, and more dynamic updates of the site .\nyour subscription will be activated when payment clears. view the status of your subscription in your account .\nthis project help increase the availability of scientific knowledge worldwide. contributions at any level help sustain our work. thank you for your support .\n© carabidae of the world, 2007 - 2018 © a team of authors, in in: anichtchenko a. et al. , (editors) 2007 - 2018\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\n~ 30 spp. in 2 subgenera in our area (all but one adventive sp. are in the subg .\ncatalogue of geadephaga (coleoptera, adephaga) of america, north of mexico bousquet y. 2012. zookeys 245: 1–1722 .\ntaxonomic review of new world tachyina (coleoptera, carabidae): descriptions of new genera, subgenera, and species, with... olivia f. boyd, terry l. erwin. 2016. zookeys 626: 87 - 123 .\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for. the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard. e. g.' papilio *'. keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature. unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nmuseum für naturkunde leibniz - institut für evolutions - und biodiversitätsforschung invalidenstr. 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail: fauna - eu (at) mfn - berlin. de website: urltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance. if your browser does not accept cookies, you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly. below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser. you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined. to accept cookies from this site, use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies. try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past. if your computer' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970, the browser will automatically forget the cookie. to fix this, set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set. you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page. to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit, which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie; no other information is captured .\nin general, only the information that you provide, or the choices you make while visiting a web site, can be stored in a cookie. for example, the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it. allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer, and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\n2 department of entomology, national museum of natural history, smithsonian institution, p. o. box 37012, washington, d. c. 20013–7012 usa\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license (cc by 4. 0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited .\nthe cosmopolitan carabid subtribe tachyina includes about 800 described species. in the americas, tachyine diversity is greatest in the tropics, with species documented from a wide variety of habitats (riparian, hypogean, arboreal, corticolous, myrmecophilous, etc .). detailed accounts of new world tachyine natural history are provided in previous publications by erwin (1974b, 1991) and adis et al. (1986) .\n, tachyines are well - defined morphologically. all but a few tachyines have at least a trace of an elytral apical recurrent groove, which can vary in form (fig .\n). the mentum of a tachyine beetle may either bear paired foveae (fig .\n), it is unlikely to be phylogenetically informative. the scope of this review is limited to the\nof the new world, including brief diagnoses of all new world genera, as well as descriptions of new genera and new taxa that serve to clarify the boundaries and definitions of existing genera. many additional species await description. the genus\nerwin, 1974 includes a small number of undescribed species (including the largest tachyine known from the new world) in addition to those representing the two new subgenera described below. this genus is of special interest due to its diversity, its potential key phylogenetic position, and the discovery of several unique external characters. known species of\nis unusually heterogeneous for a group of its size; alternatively, the species richness and diversity of this group may be much larger than that which is currently represented in collections. distributed from méxico to central brazil ,\n), and the seasonal white water (várzea) and black water (igapó) inundation forests that occur throughout the amazon basin .\namnh american museum of natural history, new york city, n. y. , usa; lee herman, curator\ncas california academy of sciences, san francisco, ca, usa; david h. kavanaugh, curator\nnmnh national museum of natural history, washington, d. c. , usa; terry l. erwin, curator\ndna voucher specimens representing some of the taxa described were available from a separate project. males were dissected following dna extraction. genitalia were cleared in koh and mounted in euparal following the procedure described by maddison (2014). photo references for illustrations of genitalia were obtained using a jvc ky - f75u camera - equipped leica dm5500 b compound microscope in bright field illumination .\nexternal structures were examined using a leica m165 c dissecting microscope. measurements were taken digitally using a camera - equipped leica z6 and the software cartograph (microvision). measurements represent a range from the smallest to largest specimen examined. abbreviations and definitions of measurements provided are listed below. photomicrographs obtained with this system were compiled into stacked images using the photomontage software zerene stacker (zerene systems). digital illustrations were prepared from reference photos using adobe creative cloud software tools (adobe systems 2015) .\nmorphological terms generally follow the conventions established by erwin (1974a). elytral ombilicate (eo) setae are named by position according to erwin’s (1974a) chaetotaxy system. elytral discal (ed) setae are simply counted and referred to in ascending order from base to apex, beginning with the scutellary seta (ed1). arrangement of humeral setal insertions is discussed in the key as either symmetric (with notation d (1, 2) = d (3, 4) indicating a distance between the first and second setae which is more or less equal to the distance between setae three and four), or asymmetric (with notation d (3, 4) > d (1, 2) and d (3, 4) > d (2, 3) indicating unequal spacing among humeral setae). several commonly used terms are abbreviated in the key and text as follows :\nlabel data are listed verbatim, with label breaks denoted as follows: “label data” / “begin new line on label” / / “begin second label” .\ndorsal surface without microsculpture, except for labrum; arg sinuate, slightly hooked anteriorly; form robust, convex (fig .\n); color piceous to black; basal section of pronotum with deep excavation opposite scutellum and deep, basolateral indentations (fig .\nhumeral series of elytral ombilicate punctures evenly spaced or symmetrically distributed, with d (1, 2) = d (3, 4) (fig .\nhumeral series of eo punctures asymmetrically distributed, with eo4 removed from closely grouped eo1–3 such that d (3, 4) > d (1, 2) and d (3, 4) > d (2, 3) (fig .\n); arg arcuate, continuous with i3; i8 nearly complete, with basal part parallel to elytral margin, meeting or just short of reaching humeral series of setae (fig .\n), i2 effaced near apex and i3 only very faintly impressed; pronotum wider than long, with sinuate margins (fig .\n); elytron with 5 discal setae, 1–3 closely grouped in basal third, 4th at apical third; apical half of antennae lighter than basal half, almost white (fig .\narg elongate, very close to and parallel with elytral margin (see fig .\n), if effaced, specimen from sea coast and with granulate microsculpture; i8 subsulcate, not incurved at eo5–6 (fig .\n); width across eyes at widest point less than greatest width of pronotum; i8 subsulcate posterior to midpoint of elytron (fig .\npronotum with punctate or subsulcate transverse impressions converging at medial furrow, forming triangular basal section (see fig .\nelytral humeri obliquely rounded (possibly brachypterous), margins serrate; elytron with at most 6 deeply punctate interneurs (fig .\n); i8 at least visible apically, medially incurved at eo5–6 (fig .\npronotum transversely cordate, margins sinuate, posterior angles prominent and slightly acute (fig .\n); i1 deeply impressed basally at level of scutellum; arg short, faintly impressed, not connected to i3 (fig .\npronotum transversely quadrate, margins subparallel to slightly sinuate, posterior angles approximately square (fig .\n); mesepisternum without pit; i1 without deep basal impression; arg continuous with i3 (see fig .\nelytral margin partially to entirely serrate; i8 feebly to moderately impressed from eo5 to apex, separated from elytral margin by eo5–8 but not markedly curved in apical half (fig .\n); i8 curvy and deeply impressed in apical half, abruptly bent at eo5–6 and around eo7 (fig .\nmentum without foveae; eyes reduced and pubescent, with a few large facets; labrum not covering mandibles; foretibia notched apicolaterally; elytron entire, with serrate humeral margin; arg absent; body subdepressed, pubescent. abl = 1. 0 mm .\nknown from várzea white water inundation forests of the upper to middle amazon river drainage (erwin 1984) .\nmentum without foveae; labrum bilobed, covering mandibles; head with single pair of supraorbital setae; elytra truncate; terminal abdominal ventrite of both male and female with four long setae, the lateral pair sickle - shaped. abl = 1. 2–3. 0 mm .\noften abundant at lights, this speciose and underdescribed genus is known from southern north america to northern south america and the caribbean (erwin 1991, erwin et al. 2002) .\nmentum without foveae; labrum bilobed, covering mandibles; head with two pairs of supraorbital setae; elytra slightly truncate; terminal abdominal ventrite of male with two long, straight setae, female with four long, straight setae; body densely to sparsely setose .\nthis old world genus is adventive in hawaii and the caribbean (erwin et al. 2002) .\nmentum without foveae; foretibia with apicolateral notch; body subdepressed, flavotestaceous, shiny; head with single pair of supraorbital setae; basal protarsomere of male dilated, medially dentiform; head (3), pronotum (5), and elytron (8) with prominent longitudinal carinae; abl = 1. 7–2. 6 mm .\nknown from sandy riparian habitats throughout the amazon basin, from the eastern andes of ecuador and perú to the atlantic coast of south america (erwin 1974; erwin and kavanaugh 1999, 2007) .\nelongate, subdepressed; mentum lacking foveae; dorsal surface (excluding old world taxa) with coarse, isodiametric microsculpture; prosternum plurisetose; tarsal claws denticulate; basal two protarsomeres of male dilated, medially dentiform; arg elongate, slightly hooked anteriorly, close and subparallel to lateral margin of elytron. abl = 1. 8–3. 3 mm .\nwidely distributed from the boreal nearctic to central america and the caribbean, associated with fallen logs (erwin 1975) .\npronotum with distinctly inflated basal section separated from pronotal disc by subsulcate transverse impression; basal section interrupted at midpoint by prominent, deep excavation opposite scutellum; overall form robust, convex .\n); antennae and legs lighter, rufotestaceous except for darker basal half of coxae; dorsally glabrous and without microsculpture except for labrum .\nhead. two pairs of supraorbital setae within channeled longitudinal frontal furrows; frons not raised between furrows, often with subtle transverse wrinkles (fig .\n) with deep lateral depression near posterior angle; posterior angle of pronotum raised, prominent; basal section of pronotum convex, interrupted by deep medial excavation opposite scutellum; male without dilated basal protarsomere (s); protibia notched apicolaterally (fig .\npterothorax. elytral margin reflexed; i1 entire, subsulcate or faintly impressed; i2–i7 not visible; i8 striatiopunctate from humerus to eo5, apically subsulcate (fig .\n); recurrent groove elongate, slightly sinuate, subparallel to elytral margin, and recurved anteriorly (fig .\n); surface without spots; elytral ombilicate setae 2, 6, and 8 more than twice as long as next longest seta .\ngenitalia. male aedeagus robust, elongate, with unequally sized, apically 3 - or 4 - setose parameres (fig .\nillustrations of aedeagus, left lateral aspect, with parameres (left and right) shown below median lobe. a meotachys (hylotachys) ballorum, drm voucher dna2854 b nothoderis sp. , drm voucher dna2870 c nothoderis sp. , drm voucher dna2935 d polyderis laeva, drm voucher dna2913 e tachyxysta howdenorum, drm voucher 4881 f nothoderis rufotestacea, drm voucher dna0718. scale bars = 0. 1 mm .\nthe mexican specimens were collected near or in el ocote preserve; the honduran specimen was collected in an area near comayagua national park. based on collection data from a limited number of specimens, tachyxysta howdenorum may be restricted to higher altitudes .\nfeminine. derived from tachys, the nominate genus of the subtribe tachyina, and the greek xustos (= “smooth / polished”), in reference to this species’ unmicrosculptured, glabrous dorsal surface and alluding to its general resemblance to some members of the subtribe xystosomina, particularly those of the genus erwiniana .\nholotype: male (uasm) with following label data: “mexico. chiapas, / el aguacero, 16 km / w ocozocoautla / 680m 5. [? ] 13. vi. 1990 / h. & a. howden fit”. paratypes: 6 (2 male, 4 female) in cnc, fsca, uasm, from type locality [ 1♀, uasm ], “ mex. , jnct. rts. / 190 & 195, chis. / vi - 6 - 1969 / j. m. campbell” [ 2♂, one with second label, “at black / light”, cnc ], “honduras / comayagua dept. / rancho chiquito / km 64 / 29 may 1964 / / blanton, broce, / & woodruff coll. / light: uv, trap” [ 1♀, fsca ], “jct. hwys 190 - 195, / chis. mex. vi. 6, / 1969 h. f. howden” [ 2♀, uasm ] .\nsize, form, color, head, prothorax, pterothorax, abdomen, genitalia, and distribution as in description of the genus .\nthe patronym howdenorum honors henry and anne howden, collectors of the holotype. the howdens collected several examples included in the type series of tachyxysta howdenorum two decades apart in different locations .\ndespite its superficial resemblance to the genus xystosomus, tachyxysta howdenorum possesses a combination of characters that support its placement among the tachyina but discourage its membership in any previously described tachyine genus; tachyxysta howdenorum has an apicolaterally notched protibia and an apical recurrent groove reminiscent of tachyta, but lacks the denticulate tarsal claws diagnostic for that genus (erwin, 1975) .\nmentum lacking foveae; claws simple; prosternum glabrous; elytron with 2 to 8 visible interneurs, complete or not, and variable in form; i8 impressed entirely or effaced at midpoint or visible only near apex; arg short, straight or medially arcuate or if elongate and parallel to elytral margin, not recurved anteriorly .\ni8 visible near base and apex, middle section effaced; humeral series of elytral ombilicate setal insertions asymmetrically distributed, with eo4 removed from closely grouped eo1–3 such that d (3, 4) > d (1, 2) and d (3, 4) > d (2, 3); arg short, straight or medially arcuate .\n) with 8 micropunctulate interneurs; elytral humeral margin serrate; basal half of i8 (fig .\n) parallel to elytral margin, meeting or nearly reaching humeral series of setal insertions; humeral setae symmetrically distributed; apical half of i8 curvy, abruptly bent around eo5 + 6 and eo7; apical recurrent groove (fig .\nmicrosculpture. head and anteromedial part of pronotum with coarse, scaly, isodiametric microsculpture; remainder of pronotum and elytron with linear, transverse microsculpture .\n) triangular, rugose, with basal transverse impressions not well - defined; pronotum with dark, medial furrow that does not reach anterior margin; pronotal furrow with shallow basal excavation; convergent transverse impressions barely visible along anterior margin of pronotum; basal protarsomere of male with prominent medial dentiform expansion .\n) with four symmetrically spaced setal insertions; elytron with 8 micropunctulate interneurs; i4–7 not reaching apex and i4–5 converging apically (fig .\n); basal half of i8 parallel to elytral margin, meeting or nearly reaching humeral series of setae; apical half of i8 deeply impressed, abruptly curved around eo5 + 6 and eo7 and somewhat deviated medially from elytral margin; arg (fig .\nwidely distributed in the amazon basin. known from several localities along the rio negro (s. venezuela), rio solimões (s. colombia and pará, brazil), and their confluence, and the rio xingu (ne mato grosso, brazil) .\nmasculine. greek noun, ammos (= “sand”), in reference to the habitat and coloration of the known species of this genus, and tachys, the nominate genus of the subtribe tachyina .\nholotype: male (nmnh) with following label data: “brazil / am - (rio solimões) / ilha de marchantaria / 59°58' w 3°15' s; várzea / j. adis leg. 22 i 1982”. paratypes: 8 (6 male, 2 female) in nmnh, zsm from “brazil / am - (rio solimões) / ilha de marchantaria / 59°58' w 3°15' s; várzea / j. adis leg. 1. 10. 81” [ 1♂, nmnh ], “brazil / am - (rio solimões) / ilha de marchantaria / 59°58' w 3°15' s; várzea / j. adis leg 20 - 2. [? ] [ handwritten ] 1989a” / / lago camaleão: light trap / 3. 60 m above ground on / macrolobium acaciifolium / leg. c martius / a rebello” [ 1♂, nmnh ], handwritten label: “jacareacanga / para brasie / xii - 1968 / m. alvarenga” [ 1♂, nmnh ], “venezuela, t. f. amaz. / san carlos de rio / negro, 23 jan. 1985 / p. & p. spangler, / r. faitoute, w. steiner” [ 1♂, nmnh ], “leticia, amazonas / colombia 700 ft. / feb. 23 - mar. 2 / 74 / h. & a. howden” [ 2♂, uasm ], “brazil / am - (rio solimões) / ilha de marchantaria / 59°58' w 3°15' s; várzea / j. adis leg. 22. xii 1981 [? ] ” [ 1♀, nmnh ], “jacaré p. n. xingu / m. grosso - bras. / xi. 1961 / leg. m. alvarenga” [ 1♀, zsm ] .\nbrazil: amazonas: rio solimões, ilha de marchantaria, 59°58' w 3°15' s .\nsize, form, color, microsculpture, head, prothorax, mesothorax, and distribution as in description of the subgenus .\nthe specific epithet marchantarius is a toponym referring to ilha de marchantaria, the collection locality of the majority of type material, located near manaus, brazil .\nmentum without foveae; head with prominent keel - like frontoclypeal carina; elytral interneurs punctate, incomplete in length, and reduced in number; i8 visible only in apical half, interrupted and reduced .\nhead. mentum without deep foveae but with very faint, shallow impressions at base; frons (fig .\n) without longitudinal furrows but with keel - like medial carina between deep lateral depressions at clypeus; margin above antennal insertion prominent, with deep sinuate groove extending to midpoint of eye; labrum coarsely microsculptured; gula densely pitted .\n) transversely cordiform with sinuate, somewhat reflexed margins; pronotum nearly twice as wide as long at widest point; basal section sculpted with deep longitudinal wrinkles; posterior angles prominent, square, upturned; transverse impression dividing basal section from pronotal disc punctate, interrupted medially by deep, narrow excavation; medial furrow emerging from basal excavation, not reaching anterior margin; anterior transverse impressions lightly impressed, medially convergent; prosternum sulcate, with pair of prominent longitudinal ovoid bumps; procoxae separated by broad, apically rounded prosternal process; protibial apicolateral notch (fig .\n) interrupted, partially impressed, just visible near (but not passing through) eo5 and 6, and between eo7 and 8; elytron with 9 ombilicate and 4 discal setae; humeral setal insertions widely spaced along basal third of elytral margin .\nmasculine. from the greek adjective ídios (= “self / peculiar”), in reference to its unique combination of characters, and tachys, the nominate genus of the subtribe tachyina .\nthese, along with unique external characters, support idiotachys as a lineage distinct from either tachyura or barytachys, the two subgenera it most closely resembles .\nholotype: female (amnh) with following label data: “santarem”. paratypes: 1 female in nmnh, from type locality .\nform, size, color, head, prothorax, pterothorax, and distribution as in description of the subgenus .\nderived from the latin acutus (= “sharp”) and frons (= “front”), in reference to this species’ distinctive raised frons .\n) narrowed at base, with posterior angle approximately square or projecting slightly laterad and produced slightly anterior to base of pronotum; foretibia with apicolateral notch; elytron with two pale maculae; i8 inserted basally into deep pit between eo2 and eo3; i8 (if complete) distant from elytral margin at midpoint, or (if interrupted) (fig .\n) with one or two deep pits; elytron with 4 or 5 discal setae (if 5, 2 basal setae positioned close together); only i1 and i8 visibly impressed; eo4 distant from eo3; arg short, simple .\nmentum without foveae; elytron smooth, with two pale maculae and 5 discal setae, ed1–3 closely grouped in basal third (fig .\nhead. mentum without foveae; frons without longitudinal depressions; frontoclypeal suture with very short lateral subfoveate grooves extending posteriad; apical half of antennae abruptly lighter that basal half, nearly white in many specimens .\n) narrowed at base, margins sinuate; posterior angle approximately square; lateral margin of pronotum narrowly explanate, with flange about 2× wider at midpoint than at base or apex and bordered by lateral groove; lateral groove extending to posterior angle; shallow, transverse basal impressions reduced to a series of several small, shallow punctules; basal two protarsomeres of male dilated, medially dentiform .\n) very deeply impressed from eo2–4, completely effaced between eo4 and eo5, deeply impressed from eo5 to apex; dorsal surface glabrous and without microsculpture; elytral margin smooth; elytra apically narrowed after eo5 + 6; each elytron with two pale spots; i1 subsulcate, 2–7 only visible as subcuticular dots; elytron with 5 discal setae, ed1–4 in basal ⅔, ed5 near tip of arg (fig .\n) asymmetrically distributed, with 4th removed from 1–3; elytral ombilicate setae 2, 6, and 8 very long, 2–3× the length of the next longest ombilicate seta; arg (fig .\nknown from perú, brazil, and argentina. widespread and apparently abundant in—though not restricted to—riparian habitats .\nderived from the latin occidens (= “west”), in reference to the new world precinctiveness of this species. this subgenus was previously only described from the old world .\nlarge in size (> 4 mm); mentum bearing paired foveae; pronotum quadrate, with square to acute hind angles; base of elytra wider than pronotum; elytra round, convex, with width across elytra conspicuously greatest at midpoint; arg elongate, straight, very close to and subparallel with lateral margin of elytron .\nvery small (< 2 mm), mentum bearing paired foveae; pronotum convex, posterior angles squarely rounded or slightly obtuse; antennae short, submoniliform; i8 reduced, barely impressed, visible apically; arg very short .\nold world and australia, with a single species (polyderis laeva) in the americas .\noverall form “ant - like”; antennae lighter apically than at base; pronotum pedunculate, slender at base and lacking produced hind angles; mentum bearing paired foveae; elytron smooth, with only i1 visible (subsulcate); i8 not visible; arg short and arcuate .\nmentum bearing paired foveae; anterior tibia with apicolateral notch; dorsal surface dull, with coarse, granulate microsculpture; head and eyes large; head and pronotum subequal in greatest width; pronotum round, subcordiform; pronotal hind angles tiny, laterally produced; i8 slightly bent around eo5–6; arg elongate, anterior hook laterally remote from 4 th discal seta. abl = 3. 3–3. 9 mm .\nknown from shoreline habitats along the pacific coast of costa rica (erwin 2004) and undescribed species from méxico to colombia (erwin in prep) .\nmentum bearing paired foveae; protibia with apicolateral notch; dorsal surface typically with isodiametric microsculpture; pronotum subquadrate; i8 not markedly diverted around eo5–6 (fig .\n); arg elongate, hooked anteriorly into or effaced laterad of ed4 (fig .\nmentum bearing paired foveae; protibia with apicolateral notch; dorsal surface typically with transverse linear microsculpture and slight iridescence; pronotum subquadrate; i8 conspicuously bent around eo5–6 (fig .\nmentum with paired, circular foveae; head with three pairs of supraorbital setae (fig .\nmicrosculpture. varied, from coarse / scaly / isodiametric to fine / linear / transverse .\n); mentum with paired circular or oval - shaped foveae, or with pair of shallow impressions; eyes reduced in most members; antennae submoniliform and densely setose; subapical labial palpomere conspicuously large and bulbous .\n) basal section of pronotum triangular; posterior angles of pronotum bluntly square to rounded and slightly obtuse; procoxae narrowly separated by apically pointed prosternal process; male without dilated basal protarsomere (s) .\npterothorax. elytral interneurs (if visible) punctate to striatiopunctate and very faintly impressed; i1 often entire, striatiopunctate; no trace of i8; apical recurrent groove (fig .\n) thin, well - impressed, and hooked anteriorly; elytral apex (fig .\n) rounded and truncate; flight wing with fringed margin, or reduced to a minute pad .\nabdomen. terminal ventrite with two (male) or four (female) elongated setae .\nknown from across south and central america, méxico, the southeast united states (alabama, mississippi), hawaii, and islands of the caribbean (puerto rico, cuba) with the greatest species diversity in the amazon basin (adis et al. 1986) .\nmentum bifoveate; antennae submoniliform; eyes reduced; labial subulate palpomere absent or reduced; lateral margin of pronotum sinuate; elytral humerus rounded; elytral interneurs punctate and reduced in number, with punctures becoming irregular near apex; abdominal sclerites densely and irregularly punctate .\nmicrosculpture. mostly absent, with local patches of isodiametric microsculpture at base of head and around eyes .\n) antennae submoniliform; mentum with shallow foveae; head with two pairs of supraorbital setae; eyes reduced, each with about 12 large facets; frontoclypeal suture with small lateral subfoveate depressions; frons without longitudinal depressions; margin above antennal insertion prominent, with longitudinal bead; small dark puncture between gular sutures; labial palps very small, with subulate palpomere reduced or absent .\n) pronotum markedly cordiform; posterior lateral margin slightly crenulate; basal section triangular and shallowly pitted / sculptured; basal transverse impressions and medial furrow sulcate, meeting at a point to form triangular basal section; prosternal process very narrow .\npterothorax. mesepisternum without pits or foveae; humeral angles obliquely rounded; elytra oval, convex, each elytron (fig .\n) with 9 ombilicate and 4 discal setae and 6 visible punctate interneurs, with punctures scattered near apex; lateral channel lined with evenly spaced punctures; i8 not visible (fig .\n) short and deeply engraved, slightly curved medially near apex, directed toward i3 .\nmasculine. derived from the greek noun stigma (= “mark” or “puncture”), in reference to the coarsely punctate elytra of the lone representative of this genus, and tachys, the nominate genus of the subtribe tachyina .\nholotype: female (nmnh) with following label data: “peru: dept. loreto / campamento san jacinto / 2°18. 75' s, 75°51. 77' w / 6 july 1993, 175 - 215 m / richard leschen # 39 / ex. rainforest berlese”. paratypes: none .\nperú: loreto: campamento san jacinto, 2°18. 75' s, 75°51. 77' w, 175–215m .\nsize, form, color, microsculpture, head, prothorax, pterothorax, abdomen, and distribution as in description of the genus .\nderived from the latin noun uvea (= “grape”), referring to the ovate shape of the elytra of the holotype in dorsal view .\nmentum with paired circular foveae; posterior angles of pronotum square to slightly acute (fig .\n); elytral interneurs striatiopunctate to micropunctulate, number visible varied; elytral margin partially to entirely serrate; i8 effaced anteriad of eo5, separated from elytral margin by eo5–8 (fig .\nmicrosculpture. varied; head and pronotum usually with isodiametric microsculpture; elytra with linear / transverse microsculpture or (rarely) glabrous .\n) pronotum with prominent, square to slightly acute posterior angles; basal section of pronotum triangular, with straight or curved transverse impressions meeting at base of median furrow; basal protarsomere of male dilated, medially dentiform .\n) elytron with one or more striatiopunctate to micropunctulate interneurs; eo1 at sharpest point of humeral angle; i8 (fig .\n) effaced anteriad of eo5, medially curved and moderately impressed near apex, separated from margin by eo5–8; elytral margin partially to entirely serrate, serrations inconspicuous to prominent and individually setigerous; apical recurrent groove slightly arcuate, moderately impressed, continuous with or directed toward i3; elytral apex with raised interval between i8 and arg .\ngenitalia. (based on male genitalia dissected and examined from single individuals of four different species) male (fig .\n): overall form varied, median lobe with comb - like internal sclerites; both right and left parameres wedge - shaped, stout at base; left paramere large and broad with dark, sclerotized basal hook and 5 apical setae; right paramere smaller, with 4 or 5 apical setae. female genitalia not examined .\nfeminine. greek adjective nothos (= “false / spurious”), in reference to this diverse and new world - restricted group’s misleading taxonomic history, and deris (= “fight” (bousquet 2012) ), from the name polyderis. members of this genus were previously classified within polyderis based on a lack of useful and distinctive characters owing to their diminutive size; species of nothoderis are restricted to the new world and are morphologically distinct from polyderis (an old world genus with one species, polyderis laeva, widely distributed in north america) .\nare united by the shape of the pronotum, course of the eighth elytral interneur, features of male genitalia, form of the elytral apical recurrent groove, and preliminary molecular evidence. male genitalia of\nin the form of the internal sclerite (s) and parameres (fig .\nsubdepressed to dorsally convex; testaceous to rufous; mentum bearing paired circular foveae; foretibia notched apicolaterally; basal protarsomere of male dilated, medially dentiform; mesepisternum with or without small fovea; elytral strial interneurs varied in form, punctate to striatiopunctate; i8 apically curvy, diverted medially at eo5–6 and eo7; arg short and arcuate or rudimentary and continuous with i3. abl = 1. 2–4. 6 mm .\nmeotachys species occupy diverse habitats and are described from méxico to southern brazil (erwin 1974, 1991) .\npronotum and elytra with fine, linear, transverse microsculpture; pronotum quadrate; mesepisternum without fovea (e); elytron with smooth margin and 8 micropunctulate interneurs, 4–7 not extended to apex; apical recurrent groove rudimentary, continuous with i3 .\nmicrosculpture. microsculpture of anterior part of head coarse, scaly, isodiametric; pronotal and elytral microsculpture transverse, linear; elytral surface with slight iridescence .\nhead. mentum bifoveate; frontoclypeal suture very faint, with shallow lateral impressions .\n) pronotum quadrate; basal section triangular, posterior margin with short rugae; basal transverse impressions well - defined, punctate, interrupted by shallow basal excavation; thin medial furrow emerging from basal excavation not reaching anterior margin of pronotum; anterior convergent impressions short, thin, effaced medially; basal protarsomere of male with prominent dentiform medial expansion .\n) with 8 micropunctulate interneurs; i4–7 not reaching apex; i8 (fig .\n) curvy and deeply impressed in apical half, abruptly bent around eo5 + 6 and eo7; arg (see fig .\n) rudimentary, continuous with i3; elytral apex with raised interval between i8 and arg .\nknown from localities across the amazon basin, from the upper rio negro system to the rio napo in ecuador and northeastern perú, and the lower solimões river near manaus .\nmasculine. from the greek skolios (= “crooked”), and stíchos (= “line” / “row”), in reference to the diagnostic curved 8 th interneur .\nholotype: male (uasm) with following label data: “leticia, amazonas / colombia 700 ft. / feb. 23 - mar. 2 / 74 / h. & a. howden”. paratypes: 5 (1 male, 4 female) in nmnh, uasm, from same locality as holotype [ 1♀, uasm ], “brasil amazonas / rio demiti, ca. / 0°37' n 66°48' w / below “highland / camp” varzea for. / sept. 11, 1978 / / brasil exp. / 1978 / g. e. & k. e. ball / collectors” [ 1♂, uasm ], “brasil amazonas / rio demiti, near / little homestead / 0°35' n 66°41' w / varzea for. loc. 1 / sept. 4, 1978 / / brasil exp. / 1978 / g. e. & k. e. ball / collectors” [ 1♀, uasm ], brasil / am - (rio solimões) / ilha de marchantaria / 59°58' w 3°15' s; várzea / j. adis leg 13 - 17. 5 [ handwritten ] 1991 / / lago camaleão: light trap / 3. 60 m above ground on / macrolobium acaciifolium / leg. c martius / a rebello” [ 1♀, nmnh ], “ecuador napo prov. / laguna jatuncocha / 20 km s nuevo roca - / fuerte on rio yasuni / sweep, 8. ii. 1986 / a. t. finnamore” [ 1♀, uasm ]." ]

{ "text": [ "elaphropus is a genus of beetles in the family carabidae , containing the following species : elaphropus abimva ( burgeon , 1935 ) elaphropus aeneus ( putzeys , 1875 ) elaphropus aethiopicus chaudoir , 1876 elaphropus afer alluaud , 1933 elaphropus amabilis ( dejean , 1831 ) elaphropus ambiguus ( andrewes , 1925 ) elaphropus amplians ( bates , 1886 ) elaphropus amplipennis ( w.j.macleay , 1871 ) elaphropus anatolica ( jedlicka , 1965 ) elaphropus anceps ( leconte , 1848 ) elaphropus andrewesi jedlicka , 1932 elaphropus angolanus ( bruneau de mire , 1966 ) elaphropus annae ( burgeon , 1935 ) elaphropus anomala kolenati , 1845 elaphropus anthrax ( leconte , 1852 ) elaphropus apicalis ( boheman , 1848 ) elaphropus arcuatus ( putzeys , 1875 ) elaphropus ascendens ( alluaud , 1917 ) elaphropus asthenes ( andrewes , 1925 ) elaphropus auberti ( bruneau de mire , 1964 ) elaphropus axillaris ( bruneau de mire , 1952 ) elaphropus babaulti andrewes , 1924 elaphropus badius ( minowa , 1932 ) elaphropus banksi ( sloane , 1921 ) elaphropus barringtoni ( andrewes , 1925 ) elaphropus basilewskyi ( bruneau de mire , 1966 ) elaphropus bechynei ( basilewsky , 1956 ) elaphropus belli ( andrewes , 1925 ) elaphropus bembidiiformis ( jordan , 1894 ) elaphropus biblis ( britton , 1948 ) elaphropus bibulus ( coquerel , 1866 ) elaphropus biby ( alluaud , 1918 ) elaphropus bicolor ( andrewes , 1925 ) elaphropus biplagiatus ( dejean , 1831 ) elaphropus bipustulatus ( w.j.macleay , 1871 ) elaphropus bisbimaculatus ( chevrolat , 1860 ) elaphropus bisignatus ( boheman , 1848 ) elaphropus blandus ( andrewes , 1924 ) elaphropus bodemeyeri a. fleischer , 1915 elaphropus bombycinus ( andrewes , 1925 ) elaphropus boninensis nakane , 1979 elaphropus borealis ( andrewes , 1925 ) elaphropus borneensis ( andrewes , 1925 ) elaphropus brevis ( casey , 1918 ) elaphropus brittoni baehr , 1987 elaphropus brunnicollis ( motschulsky , 1862 ) elaphropus buprestioides ( sloane , 1896 ) elaphropus burgeoni ( alluaud , 1933 ) elaphropus buxans ( andrewes , 1925 ) elaphropus callispilotus ( bates , 1892 ) elaphropus capax ( leconte , 1863 ) elaphropus capicola ( peringuey , 1896 ) elaphropus caraboides motschulsky , 1839 elaphropus carvalhoi ( bruneau de mire , 1966 ) elaphropus castaneus ( andrewes , 1925 ) elaphropus cautus ( peringuey , 1899 ) elaphropus ceylanica nietner , 1858 elaphropus chalceus ( andrewes , 1925 ) elaphropus championi andrewes , 1925 elaphropus chappuisi ( bruneau de mire , 1963 ) elaphropus characta andrewes , 1925 elaphropus charis ( andrewes , 1925 ) elaphropus chimbu ( darlington , 1962 ) elaphropus chujoi ( jedlicka , 1965 ) elaphropus cockerelli ( fall , 1907 ) elaphropus collarti ( burgeon , 1935 ) elaphropus compactus ( andrewes , 1925 ) elaphropus comptus ( andrewes , 1922 ) elaphropus congener ( casey , 1918 ) elaphropus congoanus ( basilewsky , 1948 ) elaphropus conjugens ( notman , 1919 ) elaphropus conspicuus ( schaum , 1863 ) elaphropus constrictus ( andrewes , 1925 ) elaphropus convexicollis ( jeannel , 1946 ) elaphropus convexulus ( darlington , 1963 ) elaphropus convexus ( w.j.macleay , 1871 ) elaphropus corax ( basilewsky , 1948 ) elaphropus cordatus ( bruneau de mire , 1966 ) elaphropus cordicollis ( bruneau de mire , 1966 ) elaphropus crassus ( darlington , 1962 ) elaphropus cruciatus ( chaudoir , 1868 ) elaphropus curticollis ( sloane , 1896 ) elaphropus curvimana ( wollaston , 1854 ) elaphropus debilis ( peringuey , 1908 ) elaphropus decolorata chaudoir , 1850 elaphropus decoratus ( andrewes , 1925 ) elaphropus denticollis baehr , 1987 elaphropus derbendensis jedlicka , 1967 elaphropus diabrachys ( kolenati , 1845 ) elaphropus didymus baehr , 1987 elaphropus diversus ( andrewes , 1925 ) elaphropus divisus ( darlington , 1962 ) elaphropus dolosus ( leconte , 1848 ) elaphropus donaldi ( alluaud , 1916 ) elaphropus drimostomoides ( fairmaire , 1869 ) elaphropus dubia minowa , 1932 elaphropus dulcis ( andrewes , 1925 ) elaphropus efflatouni ( schatzmayr & koch , 1934 ) elaphropus elegans ( andrewes , 1925 ) elaphropus elutus ( andrewes , 1935 ) elaphropus emellen ( bruneau de mire , 1990 ) elaphropus emerita peringuey , 1898 elaphropus erotyloides ( andrewes , 1925 ) elaphropus ethmoides ( alluaud , 1933 ) elaphropus eueides ( bates , 1886 ) elaphropus eumorphus ( alluaud , 1930 ) elaphropus euphratica ( reitter , 1885 ) elaphropus eurynotus ( andrewes , 1929 ) elaphropus exaratus ( bates , 1873 ) elaphropus expansicollis ( bates , 1892 ) elaphropus expunctus ( bruneau de mire , 1966 ) elaphropus fartus ( peringuey , 1896 ) elaphropus fascicauda bates , 1873 elaphropus fatuus ( casey , 1918 ) elaphropus faustus ( peringuey , 1896 ) elaphropus feai ( alluaud , 1930 ) elaphropus ferroa kopecky in lobl & smetana , 2003 elaphropus ferrugata reitter , 1895 elaphropus ferrugineus ( dejean , 1831 ) elaphropus finitimus ( walker , 1858 ) elaphropus flavicornis ( sloane , 1921 ) elaphropus florus ( andrewes , 1925 ) elaphropus fluviatilis ( bruneau de mire , 1964 ) elaphropus fordi ( darlington , 1962 ) elaphropus formosana jedlicka , 1932 elaphropus formosus ( alluaud , 1939 ) elaphropus fukiensis jedlicka , 1965 elaphropus fumatus ( darlington , 1962 ) elaphropus fumigatoides ( minowa , 1932 ) elaphropus fumigatus ( motschulsky , 1851 ) elaphropus fur ( basilewsky , 1954 ) elaphropus fuscicauda ( bates , 1873 ) elaphropus fuscicornis ( chaudoir , 1868 ) elaphropus fuscula schaum , 1860 elaphropus fusiformis ( andrewes , 1925 ) elaphropus gerardi ( burgeon , 1935 ) elaphropus gerardianus ( burgeon , 1935 ) elaphropus germanus ( chaudoir , 1876 ) elaphropus gestroi ( andrewes , 1925 ) elaphropus ghesquierei ( burgeon , 1935 ) elaphropus glis ( andrewes , 1925 ) elaphropus globulus ( dejean , 1831 ) elaphropus gongyla andrewes , 1925 elaphropus gradata bates , 1873 elaphropus granarius ( dejean , 1831 ) elaphropus granum ( alluaud , 1936 ) elaphropus haliploides bates , 1892 elaphropus hamoni ( jeannel , 1953 ) elaphropus hoemorroidalis ( ponza , 1805 ) elaphropus horni ( andrewes , 1935 ) elaphropus humeralis ( peringuey , 1896 ) elaphropus hydraenoides ( alluaud , 1936 ) elaphropus iaspideus ( sloane , 1896 ) elaphropus imadatei ( jedlicka , 1966 ) elaphropus imerinae basilewsky , 1968 elaphropus imitans ( peringuey , 1896 ) elaphropus imperfectus ( andrewes , 1925 ) elaphropus inaequalis ( kolenati , 1845 ) elaphropus incilis ( andrewes , 1929 ) elaphropus incurvus ( say , 1830 ) elaphropus interpunctatus ( putzeys , 1875 ) elaphropus iranicus ( jedlicka , 1963 ) elaphropus javanicus ( andrewes , 1925 ) elaphropus jeanneli ( alluaud , 1930 ) elaphropus klapperichi jedlicka , 1953 elaphropus klugii ( nietner , 1858 ) elaphropus krueperi ( apfelbeck , 1904 ) elaphropus laetifica bates , 1873 elaphropus laevissimus ( bruneau de mire , 1963 ) elaphropus lamottei ( basilewsky , 1954 ) elaphropus laotinus ( andrewes , 1925 ) elaphropus latissimus ( motschulsky , 1851 ) elaphropus latus ( peyron , 1858 ) elaphropus leleupi ( basilewsky in basilewsky & straneo , 1950 ) elaphropus lembodes ( andrewes , 1936 ) elaphropus leptothorax baehr , 1987 elaphropus levipes ( casey , 1918 ) elaphropus liebecki ( hayward , 1900 ) elaphropus lindemannae ( jedlicka , 1963 ) elaphropus loma ( basilewsky , 1972 ) elaphropus longior ( burgeon , 1935 ) elaphropus loriae ( andrewes , 1925 ) elaphropus lucasi ( jacquelin da val , 1852 ) elaphropus lusindoi ( burgeon , 1935 ) elaphropus luteus ( andrewes , 1925 ) elaphropus madagascariensis ( fairmaire , 1869 ) elaphropus madecassus alluaud , 1933 elaphropus majusculus ( chaudoir , 1876 ) elaphropus malabaricus ( andrewes , 1925 ) elaphropus marani jedlicka , 1932 elaphropus massarti ( bruneau de mire , 1966 ) elaphropus maximus ( bruneau de mire , 1966 ) elaphropus mediopunctatus ( bruneau de mire , 1966 ) elaphropus mellitus ( casey , 1918 ) elaphropus meridionalis ( jeannel , 1955 ) elaphropus micraulax ( andrewes , 1924 ) elaphropus microspilus ( bates , 1882 ) elaphropus milneanus ( darlington , 1962 ) elaphropus moestus ( peringuey , 1926 ) elaphropus momvu ( burgeon , 1935 ) elaphropus monticola ( casey , 1918 ) elaphropus morphnus ( alluaud , 1930 ) elaphropus mundulus ( bates , 1882 ) elaphropus mutatus ( darlington , 1962 ) elaphropus nadzab ( darlington , 1962 ) elaphropus nalandae ( andrewes , 1925 ) elaphropus nannodes ( andrewes , 1925 ) elaphropus nanophyes andrewes , 1925 elaphropus natalicus basilewsky , 1958 elaphropus nebulosus ( chaudoir , 1868 ) elaphropus nepos ( darlington , 1962 ) elaphropus nervosus ( sloane , 1903 ) elaphropus nigellus ( andrewes , 1935 ) elaphropus nigninus andrewes , 1925 elaphropus nigritulus ( burgeon , 1935 ) elaphropus nigrolimbatus ( peringuey , 1908 ) elaphropus nilgiricus ( andrewes , 1925 ) elaphropus nipponicus ( habu & baba , 1967 ) elaphropus nitens ( andrewes , 1925 ) elaphropus notaphoides ( bates , 1886 ) elaphropus numatai ( jedlicka & chujo , 1966 ) elaphropus obesulus ( leconte , 1852 ) elaphropus obliteratus ( andrewes , 1925 ) elaphropus obtusellus ( bates , 1882 ) elaphropus occultus ( leconte , 1848 ) elaphropus ocellatus ( bates , 1892 ) elaphropus octostriatus ( netolitzky , 1929 ) elaphropus opacus andrewes , 1925 elaphropus optimus ( peringuey , 1899 ) elaphropus ordensis baehr , 1987 elaphropus orphnaeus andrewes , 1935 elaphropus ovatus ( motschulsky , 1851 ) elaphropus ovensensis ( blackburn , 1891 ) elaphropus ovoideus jeannel , 1946 elaphropus pachys ( alluaud , 1936 ) elaphropus pakistanus ( jedlicka , 1963 ) elaphropus pallidicauda ( burgeon , 1935 ) elaphropus pallidicornis ( andrewes , 1925 ) elaphropus papuae ( andrewes , 1925 ) elaphropus par ( darlington , 1962 ) elaphropus parapictus ( darlington , 1962 ) elaphropus parasenarius ( darlington , 1971 ) elaphropus parvula ( dejean , 1831 ) elaphropus pauliani bruneau de mire , 1965 elaphropus pericallis ( bates , 1882 ) elaphropus peryphinus ( bates , 1886 ) elaphropus pictus ( andrewes , 1925 ) elaphropus plumbeus basilewsky , 1953 elaphropus pluripunctus ( andrewes , 1925 ) elaphropus poeciloptera ( bates , 1873 ) elaphropus polita motschulsky , 1851 elaphropus polypora andrewes , 1925 elaphropus porosus ( andrewes , 1925 ) elaphropus pseudocomptus ( g.muller , 1942 ) elaphropus pseudoconvexulus baehr , 1987 elaphropus pseudofeai ( bruneau de mire , 1966 ) elaphropus psiloides ( darlington , 1962 ) elaphropus psilus ( andrewes , 1925 ) elaphropus pulcher ( andrewes , 1925 ) elaphropus punctus ( andrewes , 1925 ) elaphropus purgatus ( bates , 1882 ) elaphropus pwetoensis ( burgeon , 1935 ) elaphropus quadrisignata ( duftschmid , 1812 ) elaphropus radjabii morvan , 1973 elaphropus renoicus ( casey , 1918 ) elaphropus reticulatus ( andrewes , 1925 ) elaphropus reticuloides ( darlington , 1962 ) elaphropus rhombophorus ( andrewes , 1925 ) elaphropus rubescens ( andrewes , 1925 ) elaphropus rubricauda ( casey , 1918 ) elaphropus rubronitens ( bruneau de mire , 1966 ) elaphropus sabulosus ( bruneau de mire , 1990 ) elaphropus salemus ( andrewes , 1933 ) elaphropus saturatus ( casey , 1918 ) elaphropus saundersi andrewes , 1925 elaphropus sebakwensis ( peringuey , 1926 ) elaphropus sectator ( casey , 1918 ) elaphropus secutorius ( peringuey , 1908 ) elaphropus sedulus ( casey , 1918 ) elaphropus senarius ( darlington , 1962 ) elaphropus senegalensis ( alluaud , 1934 ) elaphropus serrulatus ( jeannel , 1946 ) elaphropus sexstriata ( dufischmid , 1812 ) elaphropus seydeli ( bruneau de mire , 1966 ) elaphropus shunichii saito , 1995 elaphropus sinaitica schatzmayr , 1936 elaphropus singularis ( andrewes , 1925 ) elaphropus solidus ( sloane , 1921 ) elaphropus spenceri ( sloane , 1896 ) elaphropus sphaeroidalis bruneau de mire , 1952 elaphropus spurcus ( andrewes , 1925 ) elaphropus spurius ( peringuey , 1896 ) elaphropus stenoderus ( andrewes , 1935 ) elaphropus stevensi andrewes , 1925 elaphropus straneoi ( basilewsky , 1962 ) elaphropus striatifrons ( andrewes , 1925 ) elaphropus striatulus ( andrewes , 1925 ) elaphropus striolatus ( w.j.macleay , 1871 ) elaphropus strongylus ( alluaud , 1930 ) elaphropus subfumatus ( darlington , 1962 ) elaphropus submutatus ( darlington , 1962 ) elaphropus subopacus baehr , 1987 elaphropus surdus ( basilewsky , 1953 ) elaphropus suturalis ( motschulsky , 1851 ) elaphropus tagax andrewes , 1925 elaphropus tahoensis ( casey , 1918 ) elaphropus tatei ( darlington , 1971 ) elaphropus tecospilus ( basilewsky , 1948 ) elaphropus tetradymus ( fairmaire , 1893 ) elaphropus tetraspilus ( solsky , 1874 ) elaphropus thlibodes ( andrewes , 1935 ) elaphropus thoracica kolenati , 1845 elaphropus tor ( darlington , 1971 ) elaphropus tosta andrewes , 1925 elaphropus transversalis ( bruneau de mire , 1952 ) elaphropus triloris ( andrewes , 1925 ) elaphropus trinervis ( darlington , 1962 ) elaphropus tripunctatus ( say , 1830 ) elaphropus trisulcatus ( emden , 1937 ) elaphropus tritax ( darlington , 1935 ) elaphropus tshibindensis ( burgeon , 1935 ) elaphropus tshuapanus ( bruneau de mire , 1966 ) elaphropus ubangiensis ( basilewsky , 1952 ) elaphropus unistriatus ( bilimek , 1867 ) elaphropus unitarius ( bates , 1892 ) elaphropus vadoni ( jeannel , 1946 ) elaphropus vafra andrewes , 1935 elaphropus vagabunda andrewes , 1935 elaphropus vagans ( peringuey , 1896 ) elaphropus vandenberghei ( basilewsky in basilewsky & straneo , 1950 ) elaphropus vangelei ( basilewsky , 1952 ) elaphropus variabilis ( chaudoir , 1876 ) elaphropus vernicatus ( casey , 1918 ) elaphropus victoriensis ( blackburn , 1891 ) elaphropus vigens ( andrewes , 1925 ) elaphropus virgatus ( andrewes , 1925 ) elaphropus vivax ( leconte , 1848 ) elaphropus vixmaculatus ( andrewes , 1925 ) elaphropus walkeriana ( sharp , 1913 ) elaphropus xanthopus ( dejean , 1831 ) elaphropus yunax ( darlington , 1939 ) elaphropus zoster ( andrewes , 1937 ) elaphropus zouhari jedlicka , 1961" ], "topic": [ 11 ] }

[ "elaphropus is a genus of beetles in the family carabidae, containing the following species: elaphropus abimva (burgeon, 1935) elaphropus aeneus (putzeys, 1875) elaphropus aethiopicus chaudoir, 1876 elaphropus afer alluaud, 1933 elaphropus amabilis (dejean, 1831) elaphropus ambiguus (andrewes, 1925) elaphropus amplians (bates, 1886) elaphropus amplipennis (w.j.macleay, 1871) elaphropus anatolica (jedlicka, 1965) elaphropus anceps (leconte, 1848) elaphropus andrewesi jedlicka, 1932 elaphropus angolanus (bruneau de mire, 1966) elaphropus annae (burgeon, 1935) elaphropus anomala kolenati, 1845 elaphropus anthrax (leconte, 1852) elaphropus apicalis (boheman, 1848) elaphropus arcuatus (putzeys, 1875) elaphropus ascendens (alluaud, 1917) elaphropus asthenes (andrewes, 1925) elaphropus auberti (bruneau de mire, 1964) elaphropus axillaris (bruneau de mire, 1952) elaphropus babaulti andrewes, 1924 elaphropus badius (minowa, 1932) elaphropus banksi (sloane, 1921) elaphropus barringtoni (andrewes, 1925) elaphropus basilewskyi (bruneau de mire, 1966) elaphropus bechynei (basilewsky, 1956) elaphropus belli (andrewes, 1925) elaphropus bembidiiformis (jordan, 1894) elaphropus biblis (britton, 1948) elaphropus bibulus (coquerel, 1866) elaphropus biby (alluaud, 1918) elaphropus bicolor (andrewes, 1925) elaphropus biplagiatus (dejean, 1831) elaphropus bipustulatus (w.j.macleay, 1871) elaphropus bisbimaculatus (chevrolat, 1860) elaphropus bisignatus (boheman, 1848) elaphropus blandus (andrewes, 1924) elaphropus bodemeyeri a. fleischer, 1915 elaphropus bombycinus (andrewes, 1925) elaphropus boninensis nakane, 1979 elaphropus borealis (andrewes, 1925) elaphropus borneensis (andrewes, 1925) elaphropus brevis (casey, 1918) elaphropus brittoni baehr, 1987 elaphropus brunnicollis (motschulsky, 1862) elaphropus buprestioides (sloane, 1896) elaphropus burgeoni (alluaud, 1933) elaphropus buxans (andrewes, 1925) elaphropus callispilotus (bates, 1892) elaphropus capax (leconte, 1863) elaphropus capicola (peringuey, 1896) elaphropus caraboides motschulsky, 1839 elaphropus carvalhoi (bruneau de mire, 1966) elaphropus castaneus (andrewes, 1925) elaphropus cautus (peringuey, 1899) elaphropus ceylanica nietner, 1858 elaphropus chalceus (andrewes, 1925) elaphropus championi andrewes, 1925 elaphropus chappuisi (bruneau de mire, 1963) elaphropus characta andrewes, 1925 elaphropus charis (andrewes, 1925) elaphropus chimbu (darlington, 1962) elaphropus chujoi (jedlicka, 1965) elaphropus cockerelli (fall, 1907) elaphropus collarti (burgeon, 1935) elaphropus compactus (andrewes, 1925) elaphropus comptus (andrewes, 1922) elaphropus congener (casey, 1918) elaphropus congoanus (basilewsky, 1948) elaphropus conjugens (notman, 1919) elaphropus conspicuus (schaum, 1863) elaphropus constrictus (andrewes, 1925) elaphropus convexicollis (jeannel, 1946) elaphropus convexulus (darlington, 1963) elaphropus convexus (w.j.macleay, 1871) elaphropus corax (basilewsky, 1948) elaphropus cordatus (bruneau de mire, 1966) elaphropus cordicollis (bruneau de mire, 1966) elaphropus crassus (darlington, 1962) elaphropus cruciatus (chaudoir, 1868) elaphropus curticollis (sloane, 1896) elaphropus curvimana (wollaston, 1854) elaphropus debilis (peringuey, 1908) elaphropus decolorata chaudoir, 1850 elaphropus decoratus (andrewes, 1925) elaphropus denticollis baehr, 1987 elaphropus derbendensis jedlicka, 1967 elaphropus diabrachys (kolenati, 1845) elaphropus didymus baehr, 1987 elaphropus diversus (andrewes, 1925) elaphropus divisus (darlington, 1962) elaphropus dolosus (leconte, 1848) elaphropus donaldi (alluaud, 1916) elaphropus drimostomoides (fairmaire, 1869) elaphropus dubia minowa, 1932 elaphropus dulcis (andrewes, 1925) elaphropus efflatouni (schatzmayr & koch, 1934) elaphropus elegans (andrewes, 1925) elaphropus elutus (andrewes, 1935) elaphropus emellen (bruneau de mire, 1990) elaphropus emerita peringuey, 1898 elaphropus erotyloides (andrewes, 1925) elaphropus ethmoides (alluaud, 1933) elaphropus eueides (bates, 1886) elaphropus eumorphus (alluaud, 1930) elaphropus euphratica (reitter, 1885) elaphropus eurynotus (andrewes, 1929) elaphropus exaratus (bates, 1873) elaphropus expansicollis (bates, 1892) elaphropus expunctus (bruneau de mire, 1966) elaphropus fartus (peringuey, 1896) elaphropus fascicauda bates, 1873 elaphropus fatuus (casey, 1918) elaphropus faustus (peringuey, 1896) elaphropus feai (alluaud, 1930) elaphropus ferroa kopecky in lobl & smetana, 2003 elaphropus ferrugata reitter, 1895 elaphropus ferrugineus (dejean, 1831) elaphropus finitimus (walker, 1858) elaphropus flavicornis (sloane, 1921) elaphropus florus (andrewes, 1925) elaphropus fluviatilis (bruneau de mire, 1964) elaphropus fordi (darlington, 1962) elaphropus formosana jedlicka, 1932 elaphropus formosus (alluaud, 1939) elaphropus fukiensis jedlicka, 1965 elaphropus fumatus (darlington, 1962) elaphropus fumigatoides (minowa, 1932) elaphropus fumigatus (motschulsky, 1851) elaphropus fur (basilewsky, 1954) elaphropus fuscicauda (bates, 1873) elaphropus fuscicornis (chaudoir, 1868) elaphropus fuscula schaum, 1860 elaphropus fusiformis (andrewes, 1925) elaphropus gerardi (burgeon, 1935) elaphropus gerardianus (burgeon, 1935) elaphropus germanus (chaudoir, 1876) elaphropus gestroi (andrewes, 1925) elaphropus ghesquierei (burgeon, 1935) elaphropus glis (andrewes, 1925) elaphropus globulus (dejean, 1831) elaphropus gongyla andrewes, 1925 elaphropus gradata bates, 1873 elaphropus granarius (dejean, 1831) elaphropus granum (alluaud, 1936) elaphropus haliploides bates, 1892 elaphropus hamoni (jeannel, 1953) elaphropus hoemorroidalis (ponza, 1805) elaphropus horni (andrewes, 1935) elaphropus humeralis (peringuey, 1896) elaphropus hydraenoides (alluaud, 1936) elaphropus iaspideus (sloane, 1896) elaphropus imadatei (jedlicka, 1966) elaphropus imerinae basilewsky, 1968 elaphropus imitans (peringuey, 1896) elaphropus imperfectus (andrewes, 1925) elaphropus inaequalis (kolenati, 1845) elaphropus incilis (andrewes, 1929) elaphropus incurvus (say, 1830) elaphropus interpunctatus (putzeys, 1875) elaphropus iranicus (jedlicka, 1963) elaphropus javanicus (andrewes, 1925) elaphropus jeanneli (alluaud, 1930) elaphropus klapperichi jedlicka, 1953 elaphropus klugii (nietner, 1858) elaphropus krueperi (apfelbeck, 1904) elaphropus laetifica bates, 1873 elaphropus laevissimus (bruneau de mire, 1963) elaphropus lamottei (basilewsky, 1954) elaphropus laotinus (andrewes, 1925) elaphropus latissimus (motschulsky, 1851) elaphropus latus (peyron, 1858) elaphropus leleupi (basilewsky in basilewsky & straneo, 1950) elaphropus lembodes (andrewes, 1936) elaphropus leptothorax baehr, 1987 elaphropus levipes (casey, 1918) elaphropus liebecki (hayward, 1900) elaphropus lindemannae (jedlicka, 1963) elaphropus loma (basilewsky, 1972) elaphropus longior (burgeon, 1935) elaphropus loriae (andrewes, 1925) elaphropus lucasi (jacquelin da val, 1852) elaphropus lusindoi (burgeon, 1935) elaphropus luteus (andrewes, 1925) elaphropus madagascariensis (fairmaire, 1869) elaphropus madecassus alluaud, 1933 elaphropus majusculus (chaudoir, 1876) elaphropus malabaricus (andrewes, 1925) elaphropus marani jedlicka, 1932 elaphropus massarti (bruneau de mire, 1966) elaphropus maximus (bruneau de mire, 1966) elaphropus mediopunctatus (bruneau de mire, 1966) elaphropus mellitus (casey, 1918) elaphropus meridionalis (jeannel, 1955) elaphropus micraulax (andrewes, 1924) elaphropus microspilus (bates, 1882) elaphropus milneanus (darlington, 1962) elaphropus moestus (peringuey, 1926) elaphropus momvu (burgeon, 1935) elaphropus monticola (casey, 1918) elaphropus morphnus (alluaud, 1930) elaphropus mundulus (bates, 1882) elaphropus mutatus (darlington, 1962) elaphropus nadzab (darlington, 1962) elaphropus nalandae (andrewes, 1925) elaphropus nannodes (andrewes, 1925) elaphropus nanophyes andrewes, 1925 elaphropus natalicus basilewsky, 1958 elaphropus nebulosus (chaudoir, 1868) elaphropus nepos (darlington, 1962) elaphropus nervosus (sloane, 1903) elaphropus nigellus (andrewes, 1935) elaphropus nigninus andrewes, 1925 elaphropus nigritulus (burgeon, 1935) elaphropus nigrolimbatus (peringuey, 1908) elaphropus nilgiricus (andrewes, 1925) elaphropus nipponicus (habu & baba, 1967) elaphropus nitens (andrewes, 1925) elaphropus notaphoides (bates, 1886) elaphropus numatai (jedlicka & chujo, 1966) elaphropus obesulus (leconte, 1852) elaphropus obliteratus (andrewes, 1925) elaphropus obtusellus (bates, 1882) elaphropus occultus (leconte, 1848) elaphropus ocellatus (bates, 1892) elaphropus octostriatus (netolitzky, 1929) elaphropus opacus andrewes, 1925 elaphropus optimus (peringuey, 1899) elaphropus ordensis baehr, 1987 elaphropus orphnaeus andrewes, 1935 elaphropus ovatus (motschulsky, 1851) elaphropus ovensensis (blackburn, 1891) elaphropus ovoideus jeannel, 1946 elaphropus pachys (alluaud, 1936) elaphropus pakistanus (jedlicka, 1963) elaphropus pallidicauda (burgeon, 1935) elaphropus pallidicornis (andrewes, 1925) elaphropus papuae (andrewes, 1925) elaphropus par (darlington, 1962) elaphropus parapictus (darlington, 1962) elaphropus parasenarius (darlington, 1971) elaphropus parvula (dejean, 1831) elaphropus pauliani bruneau de mire, 1965 elaphropus pericallis (bates, 1882) elaphropus peryphinus (bates, 1886) elaphropus pictus (andrewes, 1925) elaphropus plumbeus basilewsky, 1953 elaphropus pluripunctus (andrewes, 1925) elaphropus poeciloptera (bates, 1873) elaphropus polita motschulsky, 1851 elaphropus polypora andrewes, 1925 elaphropus porosus (andrewes, 1925) elaphropus pseudocomptus (g.muller, 1942) elaphropus pseudoconvexulus baehr, 1987 elaphropus pseudofeai (bruneau de mire, 1966) elaphropus psiloides (darlington, 1962) elaphropus psilus (andrewes, 1925) elaphropus pulcher (andrewes, 1925) elaphropus punctus (andrewes, 1925) elaphropus purgatus (bates, 1882) elaphropus pwetoensis (burgeon, 1935) elaphropus quadrisignata (duftschmid, 1812) elaphropus radjabii morvan, 1973 elaphropus renoicus (casey, 1918) elaphropus reticulatus (andrewes, 1925) elaphropus reticuloides (darlington, 1962) elaphropus rhombophorus (andrewes, 1925) elaphropus rubescens (andrewes, 1925) elaphropus rubricauda (casey, 1918) elaphropus rubronitens (bruneau de mire, 1966) elaphropus sabulosus (bruneau de mire, 1990) elaphropus salemus (andrewes, 1933) elaphropus saturatus (casey, 1918) elaphropus saundersi andrewes, 1925 elaphropus sebakwensis (peringuey, 1926) elaphropus sectator (casey, 1918) elaphropus secutorius (peringuey, 1908) elaphropus sedulus (casey, 1918) elaphropus senarius (darlington, 1962) elaphropus senegalensis (alluaud, 1934) elaphropus serrulatus (jeannel, 1946) elaphropus sexstriata (dufischmid, 1812) elaphropus seydeli (bruneau de mire, 1966) elaphropus shunichii saito, 1995 elaphropus sinaitica schatzmayr, 1936 elaphropus singularis (andrewes, 1925) elaphropus solidus (sloane, 1921) elaphropus spenceri (sloane, 1896) elaphropus sphaeroidalis bruneau de mire, 1952 elaphropus spurcus (andrewes, 1925) elaphropus spurius (peringuey, 1896) elaphropus stenoderus (andrewes, 1935) elaphropus stevensi andrewes, 1925 elaphropus straneoi (basilewsky, 1962) elaphropus striatifrons (andrewes, 1925) elaphropus striatulus (andrewes, 1925) elaphropus striolatus (w.j.macleay, 1871) elaphropus strongylus (alluaud, 1930) elaphropus subfumatus (darlington, 1962) elaphropus submutatus (darlington, 1962) elaphropus subopacus baehr, 1987 elaphropus surdus (basilewsky, 1953) elaphropus suturalis (motschulsky, 1851) elaphropus tagax andrewes, 1925 elaphropus tahoensis (casey, 1918) elaphropus tatei (darlington, 1971) elaphropus tecospilus (basilewsky, 1948) elaphropus tetradymus (fairmaire, 1893) elaphropus tetraspilus (solsky, 1874) elaphropus thlibodes (andrewes, 1935) elaphropus thoracica kolenati, 1845 elaphropus tor (darlington, 1971) elaphropus tosta andrewes, 1925 elaphropus transversalis (bruneau de mire, 1952) elaphropus triloris (andrewes, 1925) elaphropus trinervis (darlington, 1962) elaphropus tripunctatus (say, 1830) elaphropus trisulcatus (emden, 1937) elaphropus tritax (darlington, 1935) elaphropus tshibindensis (burgeon, 1935) elaphropus tshuapanus (bruneau de mire, 1966) elaphropus ubangiensis (basilewsky, 1952) elaphropus unistriatus (bilimek, 1867) elaphropus unitarius (bates, 1892) elaphropus vadoni (jeannel, 1946) elaphropus vafra andrewes, 1935 elaphropus vagabunda andrewes, 1935 elaphropus vagans (peringuey, 1896) elaphropus vandenberghei (basilewsky in basilewsky & straneo, 1950) elaphropus vangelei (basilewsky, 1952) elaphropus variabilis (chaudoir, 1876) elaphropus vernicatus (casey, 1918) elaphropus victoriensis (blackburn, 1891) elaphropus vigens (andrewes, 1925) elaphropus virgatus (andrewes, 1925) elaphropus vivax (leconte, 1848) elaphropus vixmaculatus (andrewes, 1925) elaphropus walkeriana (sharp, 1913) elaphropus xanthopus (dejean, 1831) elaphropus yunax (darlington, 1939) elaphropus zoster (andrewes, 1937) elaphropus zouhari jedlicka, 1961" ]

[ "[ the biology of aenetus cohici viette (lepidoptera hepialidae) ]. [ french ]\n[ the biology of aenetus cohici viette (lepidoptera hepialidae) ]. [ french ]\n[ the biology of aenetus cohici viette (lepidoptera hepialidae) ]. [ french ] [ 1991 ]\n. description of the male of the endemic new caledonian species aenetus cohici (lepidoptera: hepialidae) .\naenetus cohici; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 855 (list )\nhi thierry, thankyou for article, i had been looked for photos of undersides of aenetus cohici, but no luck. very few photos of aenetus cohici in urltoken, usually uppersides. can you send me photos of aenetus cohici both undersides and uppersides, both sexes and all variates, please both new zealand and new caledonia were part of zealandiae, 60 million years ago before it sunk, left new caledonia and new zealand apart, with aenetus virescens in new zealand and aenetus cohici in new caledonia. before zealandiae sunk, these aenetus moths were common in forest in zealandiae, with northern moths were green and orange, like aenetus cohici while southernmost moths were green and white patterned, like springtime variate of aenetus virescens. long - tailed cuckoos and shining cuckoos still migrating between new zealand and new caledonia today. i been to new caledonia jan 1991. cheers clinton .\ncol de mouirange: example of relictual rainforest patch with hibbertia lucens trees and a small a. cohici population - altitude 260m .\ncohici (viette, 1961) (oenetus); bull. soc. ent. fr. 66: 106; tl: new caledonia\n. the host range of aenetus virescens (lepidoptera: hepialidae) and its evolution .\n. evolution of arboreal tunneling by the larvae of aenetus (lepidoptera: hepialidae) .\n. life cycle of the wood - borer aenetus virescens (lepidoptera: hepialidae) .\nbulletin de la société entomologique de france 66: 106 - 108. november 1980. odonatologist bill winstanley (right), victoria university of wellington expedition), and orstom staff (claude ihily, center) with necessary tools of the trade for finding aenetus cohici larvae and dragonflies .\n. larval establishment behaviour of the borer aenetus virescens (lepidoptera: hepialidae) in live trees .\n. fungal and vascular plant polysaccharide digestion by larvae of aenetus virescens (lepidoptera: hepialidae) .\n. morphological changes in the three - phase development of aenetus virescens larvae (lepidoptera: hepialidae) .\naenetus marginatus; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 854 (list )\naenetus hampsoni; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 855 (list )\naenetus crameri; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 855 (list )\naenetus wollastoni; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 855 (list )\naenetus toxopeusi; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 855 (list )\naenetus arfaki; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 855 (list )\naenetus eugyna; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 855 (list )\naenetus sordida; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 855 (list )\naenetus ligniveren; [ aucl ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 854 (list )\naenetus lewinii; [ aucl ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 854 (list )\naenetus astathes; [ aucl ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 854 (list )\naenetus splendens; [ aucl ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 854 (list )\naenetus ombraloma; [ aucl ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 854 (list )\naenetus montanus; [ aucl ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 854 (list )\naenetus scotti; [ aucl ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 854 (list )\naenetus blackburnii; [ aucl ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 854 (list )\naenetus eximia; [ aucl ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 854 (list )\naenetus tegulatus; [ aucl ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 854 (list )\naenetus ramsayi; [ aucl ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 854 (list )\naenetus scripta; [ aucl ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 854 (list )\naenetus tephroptilus; [ aucl ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 855 (list )\naenetus dulcis; [ aucl ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 855 (list )\naenetus mirabilis; [ aucl ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 855 (list )\nspp. preferred hosts are nothofagus codonandra, n. balansae, n. aequalateralis, and hibbertia lucens. a. cohici is more abundant in gullies, forest edges and opened forest roads where the hosts are present, especially young pioneer populations). densities relatively low with one or two tunnels on any one tree or shrub .\naenetus virescens; dugdale, 1994, fauna of new zealand 30: 38; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 855 (list )\nhi, wow, such variations are fantastic, especially the yellow form. here in new caledonia our aenetus cohici do not shows such variations, just nice variations on males sometimes. i just found some spotted males on altitude spots, just a few times, and this is the only location known where we can find them... . normal forms are green and blue, the females are always green and orange, just shows small variations on small dots on hw. have a look on this article i wrote a few time ago, you will see the pictures with variations: urltoken best. thierry\naenetus (hepialidae); [ aucl ]; dugdale, 1994, fauna of new zealand 30: 37; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 854 (list )\nregistered in england & wales no. 3099067 5 howick place | london | sw1p 1wg\nwe use cookies to improve your website experience. to learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our cookie policy. by closing this message, you are consenting to our use of cookies .\nopen 7 days a week mon. - tues. : 10am - 4pm wed. : 10am - 9pm thurs. - sun. : 10am - 4pm\nthe programs of the buffalo society of natural sciences are supported in part by public funds from the county of erie; city of buffalo; new york state office of parks, recreation and historic preservation; and our members and friends. you are inspiring and we are most grateful .\nfounded in 1861, the buffalo society of natural sciences governs both the buffalo museum of science and tifft nature preserve .\nnew caledonia (to date only reported from the southern half of the island) .\nfirst described from female (viette, 1961), and later for the male (grehan, 1983). at least two male morphs, one yellow - green, the other grayish - blue .\nis currently the subject of investigation by thierry salesne. early instar larvae feed on polypore fungi or dead decaying wood (grehan, 1988 )\nthe flight period is from september through march. adults were initially thought to be infrequently attracted to lights (grehan, 1987; boudinot, 1991), but thierry salesne recorded many specimens at light traps. he found that the light must be placed within their biotope, near hosts and tunnels. the light intensity must also not be too strong when placed into the forest habitat, and a maximum of 80 - 125w. better results are also obtained by combining a mercury vapor lamp and an actinic tube (salesne, 2010) .\nin: j. jazeau and s. tiller (eds .), zoologia neocaledonica, volume 2 .\ndécoverte de la famille des hepialidae en nouvelle - calédonie (34éme note) (lep) .\nrivière bleue :\nsentier de la haute rivière bleue\n- altitude 247 m - hibbertia lucens pioneer population along the edges of rainforest. new caledonia. image © thierry salasne .\nbois du sud: rainforest edges with pioneer population of hibbertia lucens - altitude 200m .\nthis translation tool is powered by google. fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .\nboudinot, j. (museum national d' histoire naturelle, paris (france). laboratoire d' entomologie )\nmuseum national d' histoire naturelle, paris (france). laboratoire d' entomologie [ corporate author ]\nalexandria univ. (egypt). faculty of agriculture. [ corporate author ]\n[ memoires du museum national d' histoire naturelle serie a zoologie (france). no. 149. ]\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnielsen, e. s. , g. s. robinson, d. l. wagner. 2000. ghost - moths of the world: a global inventory and bibliography of the exoporia (mnesarchaeoidea and hepialoidea) (lepidoptera). journal of natural history 34 (6): 823 - 878 .\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license, and they may or may not be available for reuse. click on an image or a media link to access the media data window, which provides the relevant licensing information. for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution, please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life. the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches, that is, subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types, have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright © 1995 - 2004 tree of life project. all rights reserved .\n=; dugdale, 1994, fauna of new zealand 30: 37; [ aucl ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 854 (list )\n=; [ aucl ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 854 (list )\n=; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 854 (list )\nhepialus astathes turner, 1915; proc. r. soc. qd 27 (1): 56; tl: w. a. , albany; waroona\noenetus [ sic ] montanus tindale, 1953; trans. r. soc. s. aust. 76: 79\nhepialus blackburnii lower, 1892; trans. r. soc. s. austr. 15: 5; tl: s. australia\n: newcastle, ash island, hunter river, n. s. w .\n=; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 854 (list )\nhepialus tephroptilus turner, 1915; proc. r. soc. qd 27 (1): 57; tl: w. a. , albany\n=; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 855 (list )\n=; [ aucl ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 855 (list )\noenetus [ sic ] mirabilis rothschild, 1894; ann. mag. nat. hist. (6) 13 (77): 440; tl: cedar bay, north queensland\ncharagia hampsoni joicey & noakes, 1914; ann. mag. nat. hist. (8) 14: 282, pl. 14; tl: angi laks, arfak mts, dutch new guinea, 6000ft\ncrameri viette, 1956; nova guinea (n. s .) 7: 42; tl: new guinea\noenetus [ sic ] wollastoni rothschild, 1915; in rothschild & durrant, lep. b. o. u. exp. new guinea: 146; tl: utakwa river, new guinea\ntoxopeusi viette, 1956; nova guinea (n. s .) 7: 44; tl: new guinea\n=; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 855 (list )\n=; [ nhm card ]; dugdale, 1994, fauna of new zealand 30: 38; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 855 (list )\n=; dugdale, 1994, fauna of new zealand 30: 38; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 855 (list )\ncharagia sordida rothschild & jordan, 1905; novit. zool. 12 (2): 478; tl: new guinea\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nreise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857, 1858, 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b. von wüllerstorf - urbair. zoologischer theil. band 2. abtheilung 2. lepidoptera. rhopalocera\n- 120, (inhalts - verz .) 1 - 9 (pl. 1 - 74), (felder & rogenhofer, 1874), (5): pl .\nsystematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa, zugleich als text, revision und supplement zu j. hübner' s sammlung europäischer schmetterlinge, sechter un letzter band, 1843 - 1856\n( 1): (i) pl. i (1843), (3): (i) i - ii, pl. ii - iv (1844), (6): (i) pl. v (1844), (7): (i) pl. vi (1844), (8): (i) iii - x, pl. vii - viii (1844), (9): (i) pl. ix - xi (1844), (11): (i) pl. xii (1845), (13): (i) xi - xiv, pl. xiii - xiv (1846), (17): (i) pl. xvi (1846), (22): (ii) pl. i - iii (1847), (35): (i) pl. xv (1848), (36): (i) pl. xvii - xix (1848), (37): (i) pl. xx (1849), (? 38): (i) xv - xviii (1849), (38): (i) pl. xxi - xxii (1849), (40): (ii) i - ii - iv, pl. iv - ix (1849), (48): [\n- 36 (1852), (60): (ii) v - viii, pl. x - xiv (iv) 37 - 40 (1853), (65): (iv )\nbeiträge zur lepidopterenfauna des malayischen archipels. (5) verzeichniss der schmetterlinge von amboina\non some new lepidoptera discovered by a. s. meek in british new guinea\ncontribution à l' étude des hepialidae (32ème note). hepialidae de nouvelle guinée\nwalker, 1856 list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 1: 1 - 278 (1854), 2: 279 - 581 (1854), 3: 583 - 775 (1855), 4: 777 - 976 (1855), 5: 977 - 1258 (1855), 6: 1259 - 1508 (1855), 7: 1509 - 1808 (1856 )\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nresearch activities and interests: biology of ghost moths biogeographic, phylogenetic and evolutionary relationships of ghost moths (hepialidae). panbiogeography spatial relationships of animal and plant distributions and their correlation with earth history processes. exploration of biogeography as a foundation for evolutionary theory. hominoid systematics exploration of morphology as independent phylogenetic evidence for resolving human - great ape relationships. photograph left: hunting\n. record of wiseana signata (walker) (lepidoptera: hepialidae) larvae in sand dunes .\n. observations on trioxycanus enysii (butler) (sensu meyrick, 1880) (lepidoptera: hepialidae) on kapiti island, new zealand, with a description of larval chaetotaxy .\n. root damage by the conifer swift moth: a mortality factor in montane red spruce regeneration .\n. first instar descriptions of korscheltellus gracilis (grote) and sthenopis auratus (grote) (lepidoptera: hepialidae) with a consideration of cladistic relationships between setae .\n. review of the ecological and economic significance of forest hepialidae (insecta: lepidoptera) .\n. survey of semiothisa fraserata) (geometridae) and gazoryctra sciophanes (hepialidae) in the southern appalachians .\n. larval description of the new world ghost moth phassus and the evolutionary biogeograph of wood boring hepialidae (lepidoptera: exoporia: hepialoidea) .\n. ghost moth (lepidoptera: hepialidae) research and discovery in the southwest pacific .\n. structural variants in the morphology of the first abdominal tergite supporting the monophyly of the latin american genera cibyra, druceiella, pfitzneriella, and trichophassus (lepidoptera: hepialidae) .\n. notes on the biogeography of eastern asian ghost moths (lepidoptera: hepialidae) .\n. evidence for the generic placement of the ghost moth korschelellus fusconebulosa (de geeer, 1778) (lepidoptera: hepialidae) and comments on the monophyly of korscheltellus börner 1920 .\nhi members, this is last topic of five topics. male with white hindwings. male with white patterns. this may be springtime form. male with yellowish orange spot on forewing. colour variates of males, from true blue (top), through blue - green, normal green, yellow green, to true yellow." ]

{ "text": [ "aenetus cohici is a moth of the hepialidae family .", "it is endemic to new caledonia .", "the wingspan is 107 – 121 mm .", "there are two colour morphs .", "the first has a background colour of yellowish-green with pastel violet spots .", "the second morph has a greyish-green background colour with yellowish-green patches faintly visible as transverse rows and pastel violet spots on the costal margin .", "the hindwings are pale orange in the basal area , blending into orange-white over the remainder of the hindwing .", "the larvae have been recorded feeding on dead wood and polypore fungi .", "later instars bore the wood of nothofagus and hibbertia species .", "they enter their host plant above ground level and construct a tunnel which extends into and then down the stem .", "the tunnel entrance is covered by a silken web containing frass . " ], "topic": [ 2, 0, 9, 19, 1, 1, 1, 8, 21, 28, 4 ] }

[ "aenetus cohici is a moth of the hepialidae family. it is endemic to new caledonia. the wingspan is 107 – 121 mm. there are two colour morphs. the first has a background colour of yellowish-green with pastel violet spots. the second morph has a greyish-green background colour with yellowish-green patches faintly visible as transverse rows and pastel violet spots on the costal margin. the hindwings are pale orange in the basal area, blending into orange-white over the remainder of the hindwing. the larvae have been recorded feeding on dead wood and polypore fungi. later instars bore the wood of nothofagus and hibbertia species. they enter their host plant above ground level and construct a tunnel which extends into and then down the stem. the tunnel entrance is covered by a silken web containing frass." ]

[ "a genetic cross between two xiphophorus species that leads to the development of melanomas .\nwalter rb, kazianis s. xiphophorus interspecies hybrids as models of induced neoplasia .\nx. couchianus and x. hellerii genome models provide genomic variation insight among xiphophorus species\ndiagnosis of melanoma in the tuxedo swordtail (xiphophorus helleri (x. maculatus, poecillidae )\nx. couchianus and x. hellerii genome models provide genomic variation insight among xiphophorus species (pdf )\nxiphophorus species are regularly used in genetic studies and scientists have developed many interspecific hybrids. the xiphophorus genetic stock center, founded by dr. myron gordon in 1939 is an important source of these fish for research .\nx. couchianus and x. hellerii genome models provide genomic variation insight among xiphophorus species | bmc genomics | full text\ncurrently located at texas state university, the xiphophorus genetic stock center has been serving the scientific community for over 80 years .\nhabitat of xiphophorus helleri; the irwin river, located in the indian ocean (pilbara) drainage division of western australia .\nactfr, 2009. pest fish profiles - xiphophorus hellerii. townsville, australia: australian centre for tropical freshwater research. urltoken\nnico l, fuller p, 2008. xiphophorus hellerii. usgs nonindigenous aquatic species database. gainesville, florida, usa .\nidentification of transcriptome snps between xiphophorus lines and species for assessing allele specific gene expression within f (1) interspecies hybrids .\ninhabits fast flowing river with an average depth of 2 m. occurs with other livebearers, xiphophorus hellerii and heterandria jonesi .\nxiphophorus species are regularly used in genetic studies, and scientists have developed many interspecific hybrids. [ 2 ] the xiphophorus genetic stock center, founded by myron gordon in 1939, is an important source of these fish for research. [ 3 ]\nherein, we review the results of research that has used the xiphophorus genetic system as an experimental model to study melanoma formation and tumorigenesis in general. although the xiphophorus system is well suited to investigate the genetics of carcinogenesis, the attributes and variability between xiphophorus species make this system equally valuable to investigate multifactorial genetic inheritance of any complex trait (e. g. , behavior and optic or auditory sensing). thus, we first outline below the availability of strains and describe the xiphophorus genetic stock center .\nfroese, rainer, and daniel pauly, eds. (2012). species of xiphophorus in fishbase. august 2012 version .\nfroese, rainer, and daniel pauly, eds. (2012). xiphophorus species of in fishbase. august 2012 version .\nquestions and / or feedback regarding this webpage should go here; all other inquiries regarding xiphophorus should be directed to the stock center .\ncomprehensive phylogenetic analysis of all species of swordtails and platies (pisces: genus xiphophorus) uncovers a hybrid origin of a swordtail fish, xiphophorus monticolus, and demonstrates that the sexually selected sword originated in the ancestral lineage of the genus, but was lost again secondarily .\nhere is my current xiphophorus collection: birchmanni montezumae andersi xiphidium pygmeus malinche cortezi alvarezi nezahualcoyotl clemenciae couchianus evelynae getting nigrensis next week. steve\nfemale x. helleri collected from the irwin river in western australia. note the melanic caudal fin of the upper specimen typical of xiphophorus hybrids .\nthe traditional strength of the xiphophorus experimental model involves the non - biased assessment of genetic inheritance patterns associated with complex phenotypes within intact animals. the high genetic variability among xiphophorus species and capability of producing fertile interspecies hybrids allows inheritance of any observable trait to be followed into individual backcross hybrid progeny .\nxiphophorus is a genus of euryhaline and freshwater fishes in the family poeciliidae of order cyprinodontiformes. the many xiphophorus species are all called either platyfish (or platies) or swordtails. the type species is x. hellerii, the green swordtail. platyfish and swordtails are live - bearers, meaning that they reproduce via internal fertilization. the name xiphophorus derives from the greek words ξίφος (dagger) and φόρος (bearer), referring to the gonopodium .\ncomment on the “compatibility”: i don’t believe that xiphophorus x poecilia hybrids (swordtail x guppy) are possible and have never heard or seen any .\nkazianis, s. , 2006 - zebrafish 3 (1): 9 - 10 historical, present, and future use of xiphophorus fishes for research .\nkallman, k. d. and steven kazianis, 2006 - zebrafish 3 (3): 271 - 285 the genus xiphophorus in mexico and central america .\nkang hyoun, j. , schartl, m. , walter, r. b. , and a. meyer (2013) comprehensive phylogenetic analyses of all species of swordtails and platies (genus xiphophorus) uncover a hybrid origin of a swordtail fish, xiphophorus monticolus. bmc evolutionary biology, 13: 25 - 44 .\ncomprehensive phylogenetic analysis of all species of swordtails and platies (pisces: genus xiphophorus) uncovers a hybrid origin of a swordtail fi... - pubmed - ncbi\nlike other members of the viviparous family poeciliidae, male xiphophorus have a gonopodium, essentially a modified anal - fin, which is used for internal fertilisation of females .\nbutler ap, trono d, coletta ld, beard r, fraijo r, kazianis s, nairn rs. regulation of cdkn2a / b p13 and retinoblastoma in xiphophorus melanoma .\nnairn rs, kazianis s, della coletta l, trono d, butler ap, walter rb, morizot dc. genetic analysis of spontaneous and uv carcinogenesis in xiphophorus hybrid fish .\nkang jh, schartl m, walter rb, meyer a. comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of all species of swordtails and platies (pisces: genus xiphophorus) uncovers a hybrid origin of a swordtail fish, xiphophorus monticolus, and demonstrates that the sexually selected sword originated in the ancestral lineage of the genus, but was lost again secondarily. bmc evol biol. 2013; 13 .\nmclennan, d. a. and m. j. ryan, 2008 - animal behaviour 75: 1731 - 1737 female swordtails, xiphophorus continens, prefer the scent of heterospecific males .\nrosen, d. e. , 1960 - bulletin of the florida state museum biological sciences 5 (4): 57 - 242 middle - american poeciliid fishes of the genus xiphophorus .\nrosenthal, g. g, and f. j. garcía de león, 2006 - zebrafish 3 (1): 85 - 90 sexual behavior, genes, and evolution in xiphophorus .\nxiphophorus fishes are represented by 26 live - bearing species of tropical fish that express many attributes (e. g. , viviparity, genetic and phenotypic variation, ecological adaptation, varied sexual developmental mechanisms, ability to produce fertile interspecies hybrids) that have made attractive research models for over 85 years. use of various interspecies hybrids to investigate the genetics underlying spontaneous and induced tumorigenesis has resulted in the development and maintenance of pedigreed xiphophorus lines specifically bred for research. the recent availability of the x. maculatus reference genome assembly now provides unprecedented opportunities for novel and exciting comparative research studies among xiphophorus species .\nuse of xiphophorus fishes as a research model resulted in establishment of the xiphophorus genetic stock center (xgsc). the xgsc has operated within the united states since the 1930s providing pedigreed and consistent species, lines and crosses to scientists worldwide (www. xiphophorus. org). the traditional strength of the xiphophorus model involves the non - biased assessment of genetic inheritance patterns associated with complex (multi - genetic) phenotypes within intact animals. the extreme genetic variability among the 26 xiphophorus species and capability of producing fertile interspecies hybrids allows chromosomal / marker inheritance to be followed in individual backcross hybrid progeny. statistical analyses involving hundreds of animals in a cohort can then be used to identify markers linked to any trait of interest, so long as the phenotype can be discerned between two parental lines / species and in the hybrid progeny. recent development of bac, transcriptome, and genomic resources continue to enhance the experimental power of this model system. see the sequences and maps link to find a bac fingerprint map and bac end sequences for interrogation .\nstatistics of transposable elements in xiphophorus genomes. left panels: genomes without filtration. right panels: genomes after removing small (less than 80 bp) and divergent (less than 80% identify) te elements\nkang, j. h. , m. schartl, r. b. walter, and a. meyer, 2013 - bmc evolutionary biology: 25 comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of all species of swordtails and platies (pisces: genus xiphophorus) uncovers a hybrid origin of a swordtail fish, xiphophorus monticolus, and demonstrates that the sexually selected sword originated in the ancestral lineage of the genus, but was lost again secondarily .\njones clw, kaiser h, webb ga, hecht t, 1998. filial cannibalism in the swordtail xiphophorus helleri (poeciliidae). aquarium sciences and conservation, 2 (( 2) ): 79 - 88 .\nthe various xiphophorus species are native to areas of belize, guatemala, honduras, and especially mexico. all small fishes, they reach maximum lengths of 2. 5–14 cm (1. 0–5. 5 in) .\nmorgan d, gill hs, 2001. the green swordtail xiphophorus helleri heckel (poeciliidae): another aquarium fish established in the wild in western australia. records of the western australian museum, 20: 349 - 352 .\niucn lists two xiphophorus species, the marbled swordtail (x. meyeri) and the northern platyfish (x. gordoni), as endangered, while the monterrey platyfish (x. couchianus) is listed as critically endangered .\nthe xiphophorus genetic stock center provides fish from more than 70 genetic strains to scientists and aquarists around the world. scientists in more than 30 laboratories in the united states, canada, mexico, japan and germany work on xiphophorus genetics and depend on strains available from the stock center. in addition to supplying strains and consultation on husbandry and genetic questions, the stock center makes custom hybrids for a variety of projects, producing hundreds of such fish each year at very affordable costs. unlike most mammals, where fertile hybrids between species are difficult or often impossible to produce, xiphophorus hybrids are almost always fertile and are extremely valuable for their genetic variability and their very specific susceptibilities for many different cancers. extensive use of these hybrids for gene mapping has made the xiphophorus gene map the fifth - largest among vertebrates, exceeded only by maps of man, mouse, rat and cow in numbers of genes assigned .\ndr. gordon realized that precise identification of genes responsible for development of cancer would require genetically inbred platyfish and swordtails. therefore in 1939, he established the xiphophorus genetic stock center and maintained it until his death in 1959. for the ensuing 30 yr, the stock center was maintained and expanded by dr. klaus kallman at the new york aquarium. upon dr. kallman’s retirement in 1993, the xiphophorus genetic stock center was transferred to southwest texas state university in san marcos, texas. several of the original strains of platyfish and swordtails developed by dr. gordon in the 1930s are still available today. these strains comprise the products, in some cases, of more than 94 generations of brother - to - sister matings. this animal resource has enabled scientists to use defined genetic lines across the globe and has greatly facilitated genetic understanding of both the genus and the expansion in number and variety of interspecies tumor models. the stock center maintains more than 60 pedigreed xiphophorus lines that represent 21 of the 22 species. models of both spontaneous and induced carcinogenesis for several tumor varieties can be produced by select backcross matings between pairs of the 22 described xiphophorus species. examples of a few of these appear in table 1. information regarding xiphophorus and availability of fish can be obtained online by accessing < www. xiphophorus. org > and using the links provided .\nearley, r. l. and l. a. dugatkin, 2006 - behavioural processes 73 (3): 290 - 298 merging social hierarchies: effects on dominance rank in male green swordtail fish (xiphophorus helleri) .\nmeyer, a. , w. salzburger, and m. schartl, 2006 - molecular ecology 15 (3): 721 - 730 hybrid origin of a swordtail species (teleostei: xiphophorus clemenciae) driven by sexual selection .\ntamaru cs, cole b, bailey r, brown c, ako h, 2001. a manual for the commercial production of the swordtail, xiphophorus hellerii. ctsa publication. honolulu, hawaii: university of hawaii sea grant extension service .\nin the work presented a variety of genomic and transcriptomic resources and methods were employed to sequence, assemble and compare genomes of two new xiphophorus species, x. couchnianus and x. hellerii, with that of x. maculatus jp 163a .\nxiphophorus: from the ancient greek ξίφος (ksíphos), meaning ‘a kind of double - edged sword’, and - φóρος (- phóros), meaning ‘bearing’, in allusion to the presence of a gonopodium in males of this genus .\nwe estimated the evolutionary relationships among all known species of the genus xiphophorus based on the largest set of dna markers so far. the phylogeny indicates that one of the newly described swordtail species, xiphophorus monticolus, is likely to have arisen through hybridization since it is placed with the southern platyfish in the mitochondrial phylogeny, but with the southern swordtails in the nuclear phylogeny. such discordance between these two types of markers is a strong indication for a hybrid origin. additionally, by using a maximum likelihood approach the possession of the sexually selected sword trait is shown to be the most likely ancestral state for the genus xiphophorus. further, we provide a well supported estimation of the phylogenetic relationships between the previously unresolved northern swordtail groups .\narthington ah, 1989. diet of gambusia affinis holbrooki, xiphophorus helleri, x. maculatus and p. reticulata (pisces: poeciliidae) in streams of south - eastern queensland, australia. asian fisheries science, 2: 192 - 212 .\nmap of the distributions of xiphophorus species. (a) geographical distributions of all described 26 species in the genus xiphophorus including the four newly described species – x. monticolus, x. mixei, x. kallmani and x. mayae (colored in blue) and two species of a putatively hybrid origin, x. monticolus and x. clemenciae (in bold). (b) geographical distributions of three species in the clemenciae clade (maps are modified from [, ]) .\nmaddern mg, gill hs, morgan dl, 2011. biology and invasive potential of the introduced swordtail xiphophorus hellerii heckel (poeciliidae) in western australia. aquatic conservation: marine and freshwater ecosystems, 21 (3): 282 - 291. urltoken\nthe southern platyfish (xiphophorus maculatus) grows to a maximum overall length of 7. 0 cm (2. 4 in). sexual dimorphism is slight, the male' s caudal fin being more pointed. the anal fin of the male fish has evolved into a gonopodium, a stick - shaped organ used for reproduction. the female southern platyfish' s anal fin is fan - shaped. wild varieties are drab in coloration, lacking the distinctive dark lateral line common to many xiphophorus species .\nfranck, d. , b. klamroth, a. taebel - hellwig, and m. schartl, 1998 - behavioural processes 43 (2): 115 - 123 home ranges and satellite tactics of male green swordtails (< i > xiphophorus helleri\nthe traditional strength of the xiphophorus experimental model involves the non - biased assessment of genetic inheritance patterns associated with complex phenotypes within intact animals. the high genetic variability among xiphophorus species and capability of producing fertile interspecies hybrids allows inheritance of any observable trait to be followed into individual backcross hybrid progeny. the xgsc has served to enhance the resources available to the scientific community and promote this model system in high impact research studies. the xgsc is unique as a national research center, and a true scientific treasure .\ncui, r. , m. schumer, k. kruesi, r. walter, p. andolfatto, and g. g. rosenthal, 2013 - evolution 67 (8): 2166 - 2179 phylogenomics reveals extensive reticulate evolution in xiphophorus fishes .\nrauchenberger, m. , k. d. kallman, and d. c. morizot, 1990 - american museum novitates 2975: 1 - 41 monophyly and geography of the río pánuco basin swordtails (genus xiphophorus) with descriptions of four new species .\nschwab and colleagues (1978a) were the first to indicate that chemically induced tumorigenesis in xiphophorus possesses a strong genetic component. scientists have shown that mnu treatment of 64 independent nonhybrid species / strains and derived hybrids induces neuroblastomas exclusively in bc 1 animals derived from one particular hybrid cross involving xiphophorus variatus and carrying the lineatus (li) pigment pattern hybridized with x. helleri (schwab et al. 1978a, b, 1979). however, these studies have not been developed past the initial description of tumor types and treatments .\nthe foregoing discussion highlights progress toward understanding the molecular basis of the two - gene hypothesis for segregation of melanoma in the gordon - kosswig model. however, researchers have also documented several tumor types that are not associated with inheritance of cdkn2x (or lg v) among the variety of xiphophorus hybrid model crosses. many of these model crosses require pretreatment of bc 1 animals with dna - damaging agents (ultraviolet light [ uv 1 ] or n - methyl - n - nitrosourea [ mnu 1 ]) soon after birth to express tumor development. depending on the cross and the inducing agent used, treated bc 1 hybrids exhibit from 2 to 30% tumor incidence at 6 to 8 mo of age (see below). investigation of the genetics underlying these inducible xiphophorus tumor models is a major focus of current xiphophorus research .\nthe purpose of this site is to provide information to both the research community and the general public about the xiphophorus genetic stock center. as a national resource for research animals, we welcome opportunities to share fish with the research community for further research, development, and application .\nthe xiphophorus genetic stock center has operated within the united states since the 1930' s making it one of the oldest live animal resource centers worldwide. in 1992, due to the retirement of its past director dr. klaus kallman, the xgsc moved to texas state university .\ncui, r. , schumer, m. , kruesi, k. , walter, r. , andolfatto, p. , and g. rosenthal (2013) phylogenomics reveals extensive reticulate evolution in xiphophorus fishes. evolution, 67 (8): 216 - 2179 .\nwalter, r. b. and s. kazianis (2001 )\nxiphophorus interspecies hybrids as genetic models of induced neoplasia\n, j. inst. for lab. animal res. (ilar j), national academy press, 42 (4): 299 - 322 .\nwarburton k, madden c, 2003. behavioural responses of two native australian fish species (melanotaenia duboulayi and pseudomugil signifer) to introduced poeciliids (gambusia holbrooki and xiphophorus helleri) in controlled conditions. proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales, 124: 115 - 123 .\nmilton da, arthington ah, 1983. reproductive biology of gambusia affinis holbrooki baird and girard, xiphophorus helleri (gunther) and x. maculatus (heckel) (pisces; poeciliidae) in queensland, australia. journal of fish biology, 23 (1): 23 - 41 .\nxiphophorus is a freshwater fish genus comprised of 26 species. these fishes live in drainages in eastern mexico, guatemala, belize and honduras, with most of the described species living in mexico. the taxa make up three groups: the northern swordtails, the southern swordtails, and the platyfish .\njones, j. c. , s. fan, p. franchini, m. schartl, and a. meyer, 2013 - molecular ecology 22 (11): 2986 - 3001 the evolutionary history of xiphophorus fish and their sexually selected sword: a genome‐wide approach using restriction site‐associated dna sequencing .\nmeyer, m. k. and m. schartl, 2003. xiphophorus kallmani sp. n. - - a new species of swordtail from mexico (teleostei, cyprinodontiformes, poeciliidade). zool. abh. , staat. mus. tierk. dresden 53: 57 - 64. (ref. 57689 )\nbased on the abundance of genetic differences among inbred strains of xiphophorus species and the fact that interspecies hybrids are fertile, classical genetic analysis of xiphophorus backcross hybrids has revealed linkage of genetic markers with phenotypic traits that includes hyperplastic pigment cell proliferation and tumor formation. more than two decades before the isolation of the xmrk gene (wittbrodt et al. 1989; zechel et al. 1988) and the more recent isolation of the cdkn2x gene (kazianis et al. 1999; nairn et al. 1996b), pioneering investigator dr. fritz anders had documented the hypothetical existence of both loci (anders 1967). with a multitude of tumor models, proven tumor inducibility resulting from physical or chemical treatment regimens, and differing genetic causality leading to phenotypically identical neoplasia, the small aquarium fishes of the genus xiphophorus offer the scientific community a valuable tool. undoubtedly, these genetic models will be further exploited by researchers and should contribute toward the general understanding of neoplasia .\nwe present sequencing, assembly and annotation of two new genomes representing xiphophorus couchianus and xiphophorus hellerii. the final x. couchianus and x. hellerii assemblies have total sizes of 708 mb and 734 mb and correspond to 98% and 102% of the x. maculatus jp 163 a genome size, respectively. the rates of single nucleotide change range from 1 per 52 bp to 1 per 69 bp among the three genomes and the impact of putatively damaging variants are presented. in addition, a survey of transposable elements allowed us to deduce an ancestral te landscape, uncovered potential active tes and document a recent burst of tes during evolution of this genus .\nmitochondrial and nuclear phylogenies of all 26 xiphophorus species. the phylogenetic trees were constructed from (a) combined sequences of two mtdna loci (1239 bp) (complete control region and a segment of the cytochrome b gene) and (b) combined sequences of eleven nuclear loci (7276 bp). we indicate with (*) and (#) the supporting values of monophyly and paraphyly of the southern swordtails respectively. numbers indicate bayesian posterior probabilities, maximum - likelihood, neighbor - joining and maximum - parsimony bootstrap values, respectively. the values of the branch length that was truncated are 0. 447 (a) and 0. 038 (b). the two hybrid origin species – xiphophorus monticolus, one of the four newly described species, and x. clemenciae are highlighted in red and the three remaining new species, x. mixei, x. kallmani and x. mayae in blue. some fish images were obtained from the xiphophorus genetic stock center (texas) with permission .\none of the oldest and best defined groups of established inbred strains consists of internally fertilized and livebearing platyfishes and swordtails of the genus xiphophorus (teleostei: poeciliidae). these fishes are small (typically < 50 mm standard length) and are derived from freshwater habitats in mexico, guatemala, belize, and honduras. use of these fishes as a research model to study the genetic components of carcinogenesis has a history encompassing more than 70 yr. in the 1920s and early 1930s, the american biologist myron gordon and german scientists g. haussler and c. kosswig independently discovered that interspecies hybrids between strains of the southern platyfish xiphophorus maculatus and the green swordtail xiphophorus helleri develop melanomas spontaneously (gordon 1931; haussler 1928; kosswig 1927, 1928). these neoplasms develop exclusively after interspecific crossing and originate from the extreme phenotypic enhancement of melanistic “macromelanophore” (gordon 1927) pigment patterns derived from the southern platyfish. pigment patterns in xiphophorus are typically polymorphic and are composed of terminally differentiated micro - or macromelanophores and their precursors (melanoblasts and melanocytes) (gordon 1927, 1959; kallman and atz 1966). melanomas, which arise from phenotypic overexpression of macromelanophore pigment patterns and interspecific crossing, typically exhibit a disproportionate number of melanocytes that actively proliferate without sufficient regulation (anders 1991; gordon 1959; schartl 1995; vielkind 1976; vielkind et al. 1989) .\nthe various xiphophorus species are native to areas of belize, guatemala, honduras, and especially mexico. all small fishes, which reach maximum lengths of 3. 5–16 cm (1. 4–6. 3 in) depending on the exact species. [ 1 ] three species and their hybrids are common in the aquarium trade: the green swordtail (x. hellerii), the southern platyfish (x. maculatus) and the variable platyfish (x. variatus). iucn lists two xiphophorus species, the marbled swordtail (x. meyeri) and the northern platyfish (x. gordoni), as endangered, while the monterrey platyfish (x. couchianus) is listed as critically endangered .\nkallman, k. d. , r. b. walter, d. c. morizot, and s. kazianis, 2004 - american museum novitates 3441: 1 - 34 two new species of xiphophorus (poeciliidae) from the isthmus of tehuantepec, oaxaca, mexico, with a discussion of the distribution of the x. clemenciae clade .\ntwo papers in this volume investigate quantitative changes in expression of selected genes in xiphophorus (platyfish and swordtail) interspecies hybrids which may be associated with tumor formation in these fish. using real - time pcr methodology, butler et al. (2006) measured mrna and protein levels of the xiphophorus homolog cdkn2ab and retinoblastoma (rb) genes in melanized skin and melanomas. a significant, positive correlation between overexpression of the xmrk oncogene and overexpression of the cdkn2ab putative tumor suppressor was observed, but rb expression did not exhibit the inverse correlation with cdkn2ab often seen in mammalian tumors. such comparative studies have the potential to reveal common and distinctive pathogenic pathways in aquatic vs. mammalian disease models. focusing on other genes of potential importance in tumorigenesis in these models, heater et al. (2006) report significant increases in expression of several dna repair genes in f1 hybrids of several xiphophorus species which may be associated with processes leading to melanoma development in backcrosses involving these species. these studies are representative of the breadth of scientific issues being made accessible in aquatic animal models through the application of gene expression technologies .\nfish used in this study. approximate geographical distributions of three xiphophorus species. the swordtail, x. hellerii is a male fish showing an extended caudal fin ray, while x. maculatus and x. couchianus are platyfish and do not exhibit this caudal fin extension. the stars are the locations where fishes were collected and the red stars are the location of sequenced fish originally derived\nit was realized as early as the 1920' s that one could make hybrids between the different species of xiphophorus. these hybrids were normally viable and could produce subsequent generations of offspring. in some cases, one simply had to place one xiphophorus species next to another in an aquarium, and they would reproduce. in many situations, the resulting hybrid fish would show traits from both parent species, and were intermediate in appearance. for example, several dominant pigment patterns derived from two fish strains would appear within f 1 hybrids giving them characteristics of both species. in other cases, the hybrid fish were quite different from either parent, such as when fish developed beautiful red or yellow colors. in such situations, pigment patterns were derived from one of the species and became enhanced in the hybrid offspring. scientists in germany and the united states also discovered that hybrid fish sometimes also developed melanoma, one of deadliest skin cancers. these melanomas were derived from improperly regulated melanistic pigment patterns. scientists immediately began to study xiphophorus hybrids, since they realized that they had discovered an animal model that could be useful in the study of cancer .\nkallman, k. d. , walter, r. b. , morizot, d. c. , and s. kazianis (2004 )\ntwo new species of xiphophorus (poeciliidae), from the isthmus of tehuantepec, oaxaca, mexicio, with a discussion of the distribution of the x. clemenciae clade .\namerican museum novitates, 3441: 1 - 34 .\nalthough humans do not possess a cell type equivalent to xiphophorus macromelanophores, human melanomas are similarly composed of improperly regulated melanocytes (kraehn et al. 1995; sauter and herlyn 1998; welch and goldberg 1997). additionally, in both human and xiphophorus, melanocytes of these distantly related vertebrates are derived from the embryonic neural crest (gordon 1959; humm and young 1956). melanomas from fish and mammals also exhibit similar histopathological characteristics (ishikawa et al. 1975; sobel et al. 1975; vielkind and vielkind 1970; vielkind et al. 1971; yanar et al. 1996). tumor similarity is underscored by the observation that fish melanoma cells proliferate in a manner virtually identical to those from humans after transplantion into thymus - aplastic nude mice (schartl and peter 1988). fish melanoma cells are able to undergo serial passage, whereas xenografts from other nonmammalian vertebrates (reptiles and amphibians) generally exhibit rapid degeneration (reed and manning 1978). melanomas from diverse vertebrates reveal a similar expression of extracellular gangliosides (felding - habermann et al. 1988). these studies clearly document the similarity between melanoma tumors from xiphophorus and those from humans .\nin addition to melanoma models induced by hybrid crossing, xiphophorus fish also provide several relatively unexploited models of melanoma formation that do not involve interspecies hybridization (borowsky 1973; kallman 1971; schartl et al. 1995). for example, x. cortezi fish with the sc macromelanophore pattern can develop melanomas that are associated with aging (kallman 1971; schartl et al. 1995). the development of melanosis and melanoma also appears to be influenced by androgens, inasmuch as dominant males appear to develop the most extreme manifestations of melanosis and melanoma (schartl et al. 1995). at the time of this writing, this model and several others that are associated with aging in xiphophorus have not been studied extensively or with the benefit of modern applied research techniques and technologies .\nthis comprehensive molecular phylogeny of the entire genus xiphophorus provides evidence that a second swordtail species, x. monticolus, arose through hybridization. previously, we demonstrated that x. clemenciae, another southern swordtail species, arose via hybridization. these findings highlight the potential key role of hybridization in the evolution of this genus and suggest the need for further investigations into how hybridization contributes to speciation more generally .\nfishes of the genus xiphophorus (platyfishes and swordtails) are small, internally fertilizing, livebearing, and derived from freshwater habitats in mexico, guatemala, belize, and honduras. scientists have used these fishes in cancer research studies for more than 70 yr. the genus is presently composed of 22 species that are quite divergent in their external morphology. most cancer studies using xiphophorus use hybrids, which can be easily produced by artificial insemination. phenotypic traits, such as macromelanophore pigment patterns, are often drastically altered as a result of lack of gene regulation within hybrid fishes. these fish can develop large exophytic melanomas as a result of upregulated expression of these pigment patterns. because backcross hybrid fish are susceptible to the development of melanoma and other neoplasms, they can be subjected to potentially deleterious chemical and physical agents. it is thus possible to use gene mapping and cloning methodologies to identify and characterize oncogenes and tumor suppressors implicated in spontaneous or induced neoplasia. this article reviews the history of cancer research using xiphophorus and recent developments regarding dna repair capabilities, mapping, and cloning of candidate genes involved in neoplastic phenotypes. the particular genetic complexity of melanoma in these fishes is analyzed and reviewed .\nthe results reviewed herein and other unpublished studies clearly indicate that mnu - induced melanomas can arise through genetic mechanisms distinct from those identified for uvb - induced tumorigensis, even within a specific xiphophorus model crossing scheme in which both parental lines are extensively inbred. it is our hope that continued study of these various models will allow identification and isolation of genes implicated in mnu - induced melanomas and other cancers .\nxiphophorus species are naturally distributed throughout the atlantic slope of mexico and adjacent portions of central america, although a number of members have been introduced to and become established in other countries and territories. in english they are commonly referred to as ‘platyfishes’ and ‘swordtails’, and are considered important in several fields of scientific research, including behavioural, genetic, and biomedical (including the cause and genetics of cancers) studies .\nconserved syntenies between xiphophorus species. a the x. couchianus orthologs of chromosome 13 tend to lie on x. maculatus chromosome 13 (y - axis) and show conserved syntenic relationship in two species. some orthologs are mapped to other chromosomes of x. maculatus mostly notable chromosome 3, suggesting paralogous chromosomes arising from genome duplication. b the x. hellerii orthologs of chromosome 13 behave similarly as x. couchianus orthologs\nmales in some species of the genus xiphophorus, small freshwater fishes from meso - america, have an extended caudal fin, or sword - hence their common name\nswordtails\n. longer swords are preferred by females from both sworded and - surprisingly also, non - sworded (platyfish) species that belong to the same genus. swordtails have been studied widely as models in research on sexual selection. specifically, the pre - existing bias hypothesis was interpreted to best explain the observed bias of females in presumed ancestral lineages of swordless species that show a preference for assumed derived males with swords over their conspecific swordless males. however, many of the phylogenetic relationships within this genus still remained unresolved. here we construct a comprehensive molecular phylogeny of all 26 known xiphophorus species, including the four recently described species (x. kallmani, x. mayae, x. mixei and x. monticolus). we use two mitochondrial and six new nuclear markers in an effort to increase the understanding of the evolutionary relationships among the species in this genus. based on the phylogeny, the evolutionary history and character state evolution of the sword was reconstructed and found to have originated in the common ancestral lineage of the genus xiphophorus and that it was lost again secondarily .\nin the 1920s, the american biologist dr. myron gordon and german biologists haussler and kosswig independently discovered that inter - species hybrids of a particular strain of the platyfish, xiphophorus maculatus, and the swordtail, xiphophorus hellerii, developed cancers virtually identical to malignant melanomas in man (reviewed here). they traced the origin of these tumors to pigment cells of a platyfish color pattern consisting of black spots on the dorsal fin. genetic studies demonstrated that melanomas developed only in hybrids that had replaced both copies of a platyfish regulatory gene with swordtail forms that could not control proliferation of the platyfish pigment cells (reviewed here). this animal model was one of the first to prove that some cancers were inherited diseases; after 65 years, these fish are still used in cancer research in the united states, germany, canada and japan .\nwalter, r. b. , kazianis, s. , hazlewood, l. , johnston, d. , kumar, j. (2005 )\nthe xiphophorus genetic stock center .\nin: viviparous fishes, m. c. uribe and h. grier (eds .), new life publications (isbn # 0 - 9645058 - 5 - 1), homestead, fl. pp. 343 - 350 .\nhybrid strains (i. e. , interspecies crosses) of xiphophorus fishes can produce highly ornamental strains that are popular among many hobbyists. hybridization can also lead to abnormalities such as spontaneously developed malignant melanoma tumors which were discovered over 75 years ago and have been the focus of numerous research studies since that time. the genetic system of these fish has been well studied making them valuable tools for research investigations among varied scientific disciplines .\nwe thank the xiphophorus genetic stock center, texas state university, for maintaining the pedigreed fish lines, helping with dissections, and caring for the animals used in this study. this work was supported by the national institutes of health, division of comparative medicine, r24 od - 011120 and r24 od - 011198, r24 od - 011199, r24 od - 018555 and natural science foundation of fujian province of china (no. 2015j05074) .\ntwo new xiphophorus genomes and their corresponding transcriptomes were efficiently assembled, the former using a novel guided assembly approach. three assembled genome sequences within this single vertebrate order of new world live - bearing fishes will accelerate our understanding of relationship between environmental adaptation and genome evolution. in addition, these genome resources provide capability to determine allele specific gene regulation among interspecies hybrids produced by crossing any of the three species that are known to produce progeny predisposed to tumor development .\nthe variability of pigment patterns and the modification of their expression after selective interspecies hybridization among xiphophorus species present many interesting models for examining induced tumorigenesis of cells derived from the neural crest. an example of differences in pigment pattern expression on interspecies hybridization is shown in plate 2. because they have been derived from a single female, the x. maculatus lines jp 163 a and jp 163 b are very closely related; however, they are separated and maintained as inbred lines (94 and 89 generations, respectively) based on their distinct macromelanophore pigment patterns. when x. maculatus harboring the spotted dorsal (sd 1; strain jp 163 a) or spotted side (sp 1; strain jp 163 b) macromelanophore pigment pattern are hybridized with another platyfish xiphophorus couchianus (inbred 63 generations), the sp pattern becomes enhanced in sp - inheriting bc 1 hybrids and resembles the melanotic enhancement observed for sd in the gordon - kosswig cross (plates 1 and 2). however, when x. maculatus carrying the sd pattern (i. e. , jp 163 a) are crossed with x. couchianus, the sd character becomes largely suppressed (plate 2a). this example illustrates that among xiphophorus crosses, variability of pigment pattern expression in bc 1 hybrids can be experimentally manipulated to test comparative hypotheses regarding the nature of gene association in a wide array of tumor types (see table 1) .\nhistory of transposable element superfamilies in the three xiphophorus genomes and potential respective current activity. a kimura distances of the different superfamily copies (recent copies on the left, ancient copies on the right). b focus on first kimura distances highlighting recent copies specific to each species. c spider graph representing the te superfamilies content in the genome (log10 [% of the genome ], orange) and in the transcriptome (log10 [% of the transcriptome ], blue )\nmuch of the historical work on tumor development in xiphophorus pertains to the gordon - kosswig melanoma model wherein melanomas develop spontaneously in a predictable proportion of bc 1 hybrids due to the allelic segregation at two specific loci in the particular interspecific cross (anders 1991; schartl 1995). more recently, additional xiphophorus backcross hybrid models have been developed wherein bc 1 animals normally develop tumors at a very low incidence (7 %) but in which high incidence of melanoma can be induced readily by subjecting young fish (5 days after birth) to uv (nairn et al. 1996c; setlow and woodhead 1994; setlow et al. 1989, 1993). researchers have used these uv - inducible tumor models to help define specific wavelengths that are melanomagenic and for use as comparative genetic models vis - à - vis the gordon - kosswig cross (nairn et al. 1996c; setlow and woodhead 1994; setlow et al. 1989, 1993) .\nthe reproductive behaviour of xiphophorus is well - studied, and females are known to exhibit preferences for numerous physical and behavioural traits such as sword length (long, short, or without), colour pattern, body size, vertical barring on the body, chemical cues and specific nuptial behaviours. in some cases females show preferences for male traits of other species. male behaviour is designed to both attract mates and drive away rivals, while some individuals, known as ‘sneakers’ ,\ncolour is highly variable due to i) the large number and variability of natural habitats, and ii) the propensity for xiphophorus spp. to hybridise. captive - bred ornamental fish typically exhibit bright coloration, usually orange or red, though there are also yellow and black (and other) varieties. fish from wild populations are usually light greenish in colour with a red or brown mid - lateral stripe and the male’s sword may be black edged. dark spots, or speckling, may also be present on the sides and on the dorsal and caudal fins. xiphophorus spp. commonly hybridise and most ornamental varieties have resulted from hybridisation and artificial selection of three species; i. e. x. hellerii, x. maculatus and x. variatus. thus, ornamental populations (and introduced populations with ornamental heritage) may have characteristics not commonly observed in native populations, e. g. melanic pigmentation on the caudal fin and peduncle which is more commonly associated with x. maculatus .\ngenetic analyses of the above - mentioned hybrid model and others indicate independent molecular genetic mechanisms leading to melanomas induced by uv wavelengths, as opposed to those arising spontaneously (or induced by 405 nm of light; nairn et al. 1996c). the use and future exploitation of these and other xiphophorus melanoma models for uv carcinogenesis is an exciting prospect, both for determination of the melanoma action spectrum and for continued genetic analysis of the hereditary factors involved in uv - induced melanoma formation and progression .\nwhen dr. gordon began his genetic studies and field work in mexico and central america, only a half - dozen species of xiphophorus fishes were known to science. today some 26 species have been described; representatives of all but two are maintained at the stock center. ongoing field studies continue to discover new species, and are critical to the preservation of the increasingly valuable genetic resources of the genus. no fewer than eight species are confined to extremely small geographic areas and are threatened by human habitat destruction; several species have already been listed as endangered, and another was thought to be extinct until recently. by providing fish to the international scientific community for study, the xiphophorus genetic stock center reduces collecting pressure on wild populations, and may ultimately preserve the only living representatives of some species. as the science of conservation genetics has evolved, so have the breeding strategies of the stock center, away from generation of new inbred strains to maintenance of maximal natural variability in newly originated genetic stocks .\nthe dna repair studies conducted to date have not assessed repair capability in individual bc 1 hybrid animals that do or do not develop induced tumors. however, scaling down these dna repair assays so that dna repair capability can be treated as a quantitative trait may provide valuable data to document the relations between dna repair and tumorigenicity. the xiphophorus tumor models may then be uniquely positioned to provide insight into both the evolution of dna repair and the relations between dna damage, dna repair, and latent tumorigenesis .\nthe xiphophorus genetic stock center is located at: texas state university, 419 centennial hall, 601 university drive, san marcos, texas 78666. the center as well as the bac resource were / are supported by: noaa national ocean service (grants na04 - nos42602002, na05 - nos4261162, and na06 - nos4260118); the nih - national center for research resources (p40 - rr17072 and r24 - rr024790), and the mitte foundation. questions regarding these resources can be addressed to dr. ron walter .\nunlike uv exposure, treating cells with monofunctional alkylating agents (mnu) induces dna damage that is principally processed by base excision repair (ber 1). one of us with colleagues (walter et al. 2001a, b) have used two distinct oligonucleotide - based assays—the first for uracil - n glycosylase - initiated base excision repair and the second specifically for repair by o 6 - methylguanine - dnamethyltransferase (0 6 - mgmt) —to begin assessing dna repair capability among xiphophorus parental fish lines exposed to alkylating agents .\nxiphophorus maculatus are small freshwater fish that range from the coastal plains of southern mexico near veracruz, eastwards to the small streams of british honduras that drain the maya mountains. platyfish can be found in streams and drainages as well as in stagnant ponds and shallow temporary pools. they are found in water under dense tree canopies as well as areas that have little to no shade from the sun. substrate in these locations is typically mud and gravel accompanied by aquatic vegetation. water temperature for their natural habitat is around 23°c .\nless well developed than the spontaneous and uv - induced xiphophorus tumor models, but no less important, are induced tumor models that use chemical (e. g. , mnu) treatment as a tumor - inducing stimulus (kazianis et al. 2001a; schwab et al. 1978a, b, 1979). mnu is an alkylating agent that methylates dna bases primarily at nucleophilic sites (n 7 and n 3 alkylpurines). the primary mutagenic lesion of mnu exposure is believed to be o 6 methylguanine (friedberg et al. 1995). mnu induces numerous cancers in rodents, including mammary carcinomas and thyroid tumors in rats (ohshima and ward 1984; zarbl et al. 1985) as well as thymic lymphomas in mice (frei and lawley 1980; richie et al. 1996). this carcinogen also has been shown to induce a wide variety of tumors in xiphophorus hybrids, including neuroblastomas, melanomas, fibrosarcomas, rhabdomyosarcomas at high incidence, and various carcinomas at a greatly reduced incidence (schwab et al. 1978a, b, 1979) .\nseveral of the original genetic strains of platyfish and swordtails developed by dr. gordon in the 1930s are still available today; they are virtual genetic clones, the products in some cases of more than 100 generations of brother - to - sister matings. the xgsc is one of the oldest live - animal resource centers in the world. it surprises even many scientists that one of the oldest and best - defined groups of model organisms are livebearing fishes of the genus xiphophorus, the platyfishes and swordtails familiar to the tropical fish hobbyist .\nwhile the specific ecological impacts of x. hellerii may be unclear, research from locations including australia (mckay, 1978; arthington et al. , 1983), hawaii (englund, 1999), hong kong (dudgeon and corlett, 1994), israel (goren and galil, 2005) and the usa (courtenay et al. , 1988) suggests that when x. hellerii occurs in high numbers, and particularly in sympatry with other introduced poeciliids (gambusia, poecilia or xiphophorus spp .), impacts are observed on aquatic ecosystems .\nboth ber and o 6 methylguanine - dna - methyltransferase (0 6 - mgmt 1) assays in xiphophorus fishes and f 1 interspecies hybrids have indicated that various tissues exhibit different levels of repair capability. for example, brain extracts generally exhibited greater ber and o 6 - mgmt repair activity than gill and liver extracts. although we did not observe differences between species in the ability of a given tissue to repair the o 6 - methylguanine dna lesion (o 6 - mgmt repair), we did observe species - specific differences in ber capabilities .\npreparation of this manuscript was supported by grants rr 12253, from the national center for research resources, and ca75137, from the national cancer center. we appreciate the assistance of our collaborators, including drs. irma gimenez - conti, dennis johnston, david mitchell, donald morizot, rodney nairn, manfred schartl, richard setlow, juergen vielkind, and avril woodhead. we also thank the staff of the xiphophorus genetic stock center for their work in producing many of the fish crosses described herein and for maintaining the 60 + pedigreed lines for the scientific community’s use." ]

{ "text": [ "xiphophorus is a genus of euryhaline and freshwater fishes in the family poeciliidae of order cyprinodontiformes .", "the many xiphophorus species are all called either platyfish ( or platies ) or swordtails .", "the type species is x. hellerii , the green swordtail .", "platyfish and swordtails are live-bearers , meaning that they reproduce via internal fertilization .", "the name xiphophorus derives from the greek words ξίφος ( dagger ) and φόρος ( bearer ) , referring to the gonopodium .", "the various xiphophorus species are native to areas of belize , guatemala , honduras , and especially mexico .", "all small fishes , which reach maximum lengths of 3.5 – 16 cm ( 1.4 – 6.3 in ) depending on the exact species .", "three species and their hybrids are common in the aquarium trade : the green swordtail ( x. hellerii ) , the southern platyfish ( x. maculatus ) and the variable platyfish ( x. variatus ) .", "iucn lists two xiphophorus species , the marbled swordtail ( x. meyeri ) and the northern platyfish ( x. gordoni ) , as endangered , while the monterrey platyfish ( x. couchianus ) is listed as critically endangered . " ], "topic": [ 26, 26, 3, 28, 25, 26, 0, 3, 26 ] }

[ "xiphophorus is a genus of euryhaline and freshwater fishes in the family poeciliidae of order cyprinodontiformes. the many xiphophorus species are all called either platyfish (or platies) or swordtails. the type species is x. hellerii, the green swordtail. platyfish and swordtails are live-bearers, meaning that they reproduce via internal fertilization. the name xiphophorus derives from the greek words ξίφος (dagger) and φόρος (bearer), referring to the gonopodium. the various xiphophorus species are native to areas of belize, guatemala, honduras, and especially mexico. all small fishes, which reach maximum lengths of 3.5 – 16 cm (1.4 – 6.3 in) depending on the exact species. three species and their hybrids are common in the aquarium trade: the green swordtail (x. hellerii), the southern platyfish (x. maculatus) and the variable platyfish (x. variatus). iucn lists two xiphophorus species, the marbled swordtail (x. meyeri) and the northern platyfish (x. gordoni), as endangered, while the monterrey platyfish (x. couchianus) is listed as critically endangered." ]

[ "gelechia sonorensis walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 69, pl. 2, f. 26; tl: mexico, sonora\ngelechia (gelechia) rhombella (denis & schiffermuller, 1775) = tinea axilella thunberg 1794 = gelechia cinereoradicica szent - ivany 1948 = recurvaria rhombea haworth, 1828 .\nchionodes, hübner, [ 1825 ] chionoda hübner, [ 1826 ], missp. oxycryptis meyrick, 1912 argosema (meyrick, 1917) (gelechia) consona (meyrick, 1917) (gelechia) dryobathra (meyrick, 1917) (gelechia) eburata (meyrick, 1917) (gelechia) icriodes (meyrick, 1931) (gelechia) lacticoma (meyrick, 1917) (gelechia) litigiosa (meyrick, 1917) (gelechia) mediofuscella (clemens, 1863) (gelechia) vagella (walter, 1864) (gelechia) fuscoochrella (chambers, 1872) (gelechia) liturosella (zeller, 1873) (gelechia) rhedaria (meyrick, 1923) (gelechia) pentadora (meyrick, 1917) (gelechia) perissosema (meyrick, 1932) (gelechia) salva (meyrick, 1925) (phthorimaea), repl. name leucocephala (walsingham, 1897) (gelechia), preocc. (not lower, 1893) spiridoxa (meyrick, 1931) (gelechia )\nfriseria busck, 1939 acaciella (busck, 1906) (telphusa) caieta hodges, 1966 cockerelli (busck, 1903) (gelechia) lindenella (busck, 1903) (gelechia) malindella (busck, 1910) (gelechia) sarcochlora (meyrick, 1929) (gelechia) infracta (walsingham, 1911) (gelechia) lacticaput (walsingham, 1911) (gelechia) lacticeps (meyrick, 1925) (gelechia), emend. nona hoges, 1966 paphlactis (meyrick, 1912) (gelechia) repentina (walsingham, 1911) (gelechia )\ngelechia ochrocorys meyrick, 1936; exotic microlep. 5 (2): 43\ngelechia rescissella zeller, 1852; k. vetenskakad. handl. 1852: 110\nfaculta busck, 1939 inaequalis (busck, 1910) (gelechia) inaequalis (walsingham, 1911) (gelechia) preocc. by busck, 1910 anisectis (meyrick, 1923) (gelechia) clistrodoma (meyrick, 1923) (gelechia) stegasta meyrick, 1904 biniveipunctata (walsingham, 1897) (gelechia) bosqueella (chambers, 1875) (oecophora) basqueella (chambers, 1875) (oecophora), missp. bosquella (chambers, 1878) (gelechia), emend. costipunctella (moschler, 1890) (gelechia) capitella (fabricius, 1794) (alucita) capitatus (fabricius, 1798) (ypsolophus), repl. name robustella (walker, 1864) (gelechia) rivulella (moschler, 1890) (gelechia) comissata meyrick, 1923 donatella (walker, 1864) (gelechia) phalacra (walsingham, 1911) (gelechia) postpallescens (walsingham, 1897) (gelechia) scoteropis meyrick, 1931 zygotoma meyrick, 1917\ngelechia allomima meyrick, 1938; inst. parcs nat. congo belge 14: 12\ngelechia wacoella chambers, 1874; can. ent. 6 (12): 237\ngelechia sirotina omelko, 1986; proc. zool. inst. leningr. 145: 107\ngelechia albomaculata omelko, 1986; proc. zool. inst. leningr. 145: 93\ngelechia capiteochrella chambers, 1875; cincinnati q. j. sci. 2 (3): 252\ngelechia discostrigella chambers, 1875; cincinnati q. j. sci. 2 (3): 248\ngelechia flexurella clemens, 1860; proc. acad. nat. sci. philad. 12: 163\ngelechia maculatusella chambers, 1875; cincinnati q. j. sci. 2 (3): 245\ngelechia mimella clemens, 1860; proc. acad. nat. sci. philad. 12: 163\ngelechia packardella chambers, 1877; bull. u. s. geol. surv. 3: 143\ngelechia palpialbella chambers, 1875; cincinnati q. j. sci. 2 (3): 253\ngelechia ribesella chambers, 1875; cincinnati q. j. sci. 2 (4): 290\ngelechia amorphella chambers, 1877; bull. u. s. geol. surv. 3: 124\ngelechia badiomaculella chambers, 1872; can. ent. 4 (10): 192; tl: kentucky\ngelechia (mesogelechia) teleiodella omelko, 1986; proc. zool. inst. leningr. 145: 105\ngelechia unistrigella chambers, 1873; can. ent. 5 (9): 176; tl: kentucky\ngelechia anthracopa meyrick, 1922; exotic microlep. 2 (16): 501; tl: china, shanghai\ngelechia grisseochrella; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14 (ident. uncert. )\ngelechia griseella; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14 (ident. uncert. )\ngelechia dujardini huemer, 1991; nota lepid. 14: 127; tl: yugoslavia, krk i. , punat\ngelechia mediterranea huemer, 1991; nota lepid. 14: 125; tl: hellas, lakonia, 7km sw monemvasia\ngelechia chionomima meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (16): 488; tl: natal, weenen\ngelechia epiphloea meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 292; tl: barberton\ngelechia overhaldensis strand, 1920; archiv naturg. 85 a (4): 63; tl: overhalden, norway\ngelechia resecta meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 288; tl: pretoria\ngelechia anarsiella chambers, 1877; bull. u. s. geol. surv. 3: 126; tl: edgerton\ngelechia arotrias meyrick, 1908; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1908: 725; tl: natal, weenen\ngelechia grisseochrella chambers, 1875; cincinnati q. j. sci. 2 (3): 247; tl: california\ngelechia horiaula meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (5): 133; tl: nw. india, abbottabad\ngelechia thoracestrigella chambers, 1875; cincinnati q. j. sci. 2 (3): 245; tl: california\ngelechia discoanulella chambers, 1875; cincinnati q. j. sci. 2 (3): 254; tl: texas\ngelechia amorphella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 891\nphthorimaea meyrick, 1902 phtyrimaea turner, 1919, missp. phthorimoea povolny´ & zakopal, 1951, missp. pthorimaea issiki, 1957, missp. phthorimea diakonoff, [ 1968 ], missp. phtorimea oei - dharma, 1969, missp. argentinae povolny´, 1989 euchthonia meyrick, 1939 ferella (berg, 1875) (gelechia) impudica walsingham, 1911 interjuncta meyrick, 1931 jamaicensis (walsingham, 1897) (gelechia) operculella (zeller, 1873) (gelechia) terrella walker, 1864, preocc. by d. & s. , 1775 solanella boisduval, 1874 tabacella (ragonot, 1879) (gelechia) sedate (butler, 1880) (gelechia) epicentra meyrick, 1909 robusta povolny´, 1989 sphenophora (walsingham, 1897) (gelechia )\ngelechia rhombelliformis staudinger, 1871; berl. ent. z. 14 (3 / 4): 303; tl: sarepta\ngelechia abjunctella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 629; tl: cape\ngelechia albatella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 636; tl: ceylon\ngelechia angustella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 637; tl: ceylon\ngelechia anomorcta meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (9): 277; tl: e. siberia, khaborowsk\ngelechia desiliens meyrick, 1923; exot. microlep. 3 (1 - 2): 23; tl: california, venice\ngelechia fecunda meyrick, 1918; ann. transv. mus. 6 (2): 17; tl: natal, umkomaas\ngelechia griseaella; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14 (ident. uncert. , incertae sedis )\ngelechia liberata meyrick, 1910; ann. s. afr. mus. 5: 414; tl: cape colony, capetown\ngelechia marmoratella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 646; tl: sydney\ngelechia pallidegrisseella [ = pallidagriseella ] chambers, 1875; can. ent. 7 (3): 53 (emend. )\ngelechia suspensa meyrick, 1923; exot. microlep. 3 (1 - 2): 19; tl: brazil, teffé\ngelechia tetraleuca meyrick, 1918; ann. transv. mus. 6 (2): 18; tl: zululand, eshowe\ngelechia anagramma meyrick, 1921; ann. transv. mus. 8 (2): 72; tl: cape colony, middelburg\nclandestina omelko, 1986; proc. zool. inst. leningr. 145: 96 (preocc. gelechia clandestina meyrick, 1923 )\ngelechia junctipunctella caradja, 1920; dt. ent. z. iris 34 (1 / 2): 100; tl: biskra\ngelechia omphalopis meyrick, 1926; ann. s. afr. mus. 23: 330; tl: sw. africa, otjiwarongo\ngelechia veneranda walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 62; tl: mexico, sonora\nanthistarcha meyrick, 1925 antistarcha costa lima, 1945, missp. binocularis meyrick, 1929 geniatella (busck, 1914) (gelechia )\ngelechia dyariella busck, 1903; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 877; tl: colorado\ngelechia gammanella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 638; tl: sarawak, borneo\ngelechia lactiflora meyrick, 1921; ann. transv. mus. 8 (2): 71; tl: portuguese east africa, magude\ngelechia cuneatella douglas, 1852; trans. ent. soc. lond. (n. s .) 1: 242; tl: london\ngelechia anthochra lower, 1896; trans. proc. r. soc. s. austr. 20: 168; tl: rockhampton, queensland\ngelechia platydoxa meyrick, 1923; exot. microlep. 3 (1 - 2): 20; tl: french guiana, r. maroni\ngelechia versutella zeller, 1873; verh. zool. - bot. ges. wien 23 (abh .): 253; tl: texas\ngelechia adapterella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 890; [ nhm card ]\ngelechia dromicella busck, 1910; proc. ent. soc. wash. 11 (4): 177; tl: placer co. , california\ngelechia panella busck, 1903; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 889; tl: arizona; california\ngelechia hübner, [ 1825 ] guinea bruand, 1850 galechia desmarest, [ 1857 ], missp. cirrha chambers, 1872 oeseis chambers, 1875 mesogelechia omelko, 1986 gelecia watt, 1920, missp. bathrochlora meyrick, 1932 bufo walsingham, 1911 cacoderma walsingham, 1911 caespitella zeller, 1877 cerussata walsingham, 1911 chlorocephala meyrick, 1932 clopica meyrick, 1931 concinna walsingham, 1911 creberrima walsingham, 1911 cuneifera walsingham, 1911 delapsa meyrick, 1931 diacmota meyrick, 1932 dolbyi (walsingham, 1911) (dichomeris) elephantopis meyrick, 1936 exclarella möschler, 1890 flammulella walsingham, 1897 gnathodoxa meyrick, 1926 goniospila meyrick, 1931 hetaeria walsingham, 1911 impurgata walsingham, 1911 lapidescens meyrick, 1916, repl. name lithodes walsingham, 1911, preocc. (not meyrick, 1886) leptospora meyrick, 1932 nephelophracta meyrick, 1932 neptica walsingham, 1911 nigripectus walsingham, 1911 nucifer walsingham, 1911 nucifera meyrick, 1925, emend. ophiaula meyrick, 1931 ophiomorpha meyrick, 1935 pertinens meyrick, 1931 petraea walsingham, 1911 picrogramma meyrick, 1929 platydoxa meyrick, 1923 pleroma walsingham, 1911 protozona meyrick, 1926 rhypodes walsingham, 1911 scotodes walsingham, 1911 sonorensis walsingham, 1911 suspensa meyrick, 1923 synthetica walsingham, 1911 tannuolella rebel, 1917 thymiata (meyrick, 1929) (nothris) traducella busck, 1914 veneranda walsingham, 1911 xylobathra meyrick, 1936\ngelechia caudatae clarke, 1934; can. ent. 66: 175, pl. 9, f. 3 - 4; tl: washington, pullman\ngelechia cuneifera walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 64; tl: mexico, guerrero, amula, 6000ft\ngelechia mandella busck, 1904; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 27 (1375): 759; tl: kaslo, british columbia\ngelechia monella busck, 1904; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 27 (1375): 759; tl: kaslo, british columbia\ngelechia picrogramma meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (16): 489; tl: brazil, teffé; british guiana, bartica, mallali\ngelechia traducella busck, 1914; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 47 (2043): 12; tl: la chorrera, panama\ngelechia albomaculata; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, park & bae, 2006, j. asia - pacif. ent. 9 (2): 110\ngelechia invenustella berg, 1876; bull. soc. imp. nat. moscou 49 (4): 240; tl: cerro de caballada, rio negro\ngelechia teleiodella; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, park & bae, 2006, j. asia - pacif. ent. 9 (2): 110\ngelechia flavipalpella walsingham, 1881; trans. ent. soc. 1881 (2): 262, pl. 12, f. 31; tl: spring vale\ngelechia intermedia braun, 1923; proc. calif. acad. sci. (4) 12 (10): 120; tl: angeles bay, lower california\ngelechia benitella barnes & busck, 1920; contr. nat. hist. lepid. n. am. 4 (3): 229; tl: san benito, texas\ngelechia impurgata walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 67, pl. 2, f. 23; tl: mexico, sonora\nhelcystogramma zeller, 1877 ceratophora heinemann, 1870 chambersella (murtfeldt, 1874) (gelechia) subalusella (chambers, 1874) (gelechia) parvipulvella (chamber, 1874) (gelechia) inaequepulvella (chambers, 1875) (gelechia) subalbella (walsingham, 1911) (dichomeris), emend. subalbella meyrick, 1925, emend. convolvuli (walsingham, 1908) (trichotaphe) crypsilychna meyrick, 1914 dryadopa meyrick, 1918 effera (meyrick, 1918) (lecithocera) emigrans (meyrick, 1921) (lecithocera) cornuta (busck, 1914) (dichomeris) n. comb. luminosa (busck, 1914) (dichomeris) n. comb. leucopleura meyrick, 1914 perceptella (busck, 1914) (dichomeris) n. comb .\naristotelia hübner, [ 1825 ] ergatis heinemann, 1870, preocc. by blackwall, 1870 isochasta meyrick, 1886 eucatoptus walsingham, 1897 aphiltra meyrick, 1917 argyractis meyrick, 1923 calculatrix meyrick, 1923 chalybeichroa (walsingham, 1897) (eucatoptus) chalybochroa meyrick, 1925, emend. corallina walsingham, 1909 cosmographa meyrick, 1917 crassicornis walsingham, 1897 cynthia meyrick, 1917 cytherae meyrick, 1917 dasypoda walsingham, 1910 diolcella forbes, 1931 elachistella (zeller, 1877) (gelechia) erycina meyrick, 1917 eupatoriella busck, [ 1934 ] hieroglyphica walsingham, 1909 howardi walsingham, 1909 lignicolora forbes, 1931 naxia meyrick, 1926 oribatis meyrick, 1917 pantalaena (walsingham, 1911) (untomia) paphia meyrick, 1917 parephoria clarke, 1951 paterata meyrick, 1914 penicillata (walsingham, 1897) (eucatoptus) perfossa meyrick, 1917 radicata meyrick, 1917 perplexa clarke, 1951 probolopis meyrick, 1923 pudibundella (zeller, 1873) (gelechia) intermediella (chambers, 1879) (gelechia) pulicella walsingham, 1897) pyrodercia walsingham, 1910 roseosuffusella (clemens, 1860) (gelechia) belella (walter, 1864) (gelechia) rubidella (clemens, 1860) (gelechia) rubensella (chambers, 1872) (gelechia) pudibundella (chambers, 1877) (gelechia), misid. (not zeller, 1873) sarcodes walsingham, 1910 saturnina meyrick, 1917 squamigera walsingham, 1909 subrosea meyrick, 1914 trossulella walsingham, 1897 vagabundella forbes, 1931 veteranella (zeller, 1877) (tachyptilia) vicana meyrick, 1917\ngelechia sestertiella herrich - schäffer, 1854; syst. bearb. schmett. europ. 5 (65): 186, (58) (ii) pl. 66, f. 487\ngelechia hetaeria walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 68, pl. 2, f. 24; tl: mexico, vera cruz, orizaba\ngelechia petraea walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 63, pl. 2, f. 20; tl: guatemala, las mercedes, 3000ft\ngelechia adapterella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 590; tl: st. martin' s falls, albany river, hudson' s bay\ngelechia discoanulella; hodges, 1986, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 126 (unrecognized); lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14 (ident. uncert. )\nmegacraspedus zeller, 1839 neda chambers, 1874, preocc. by mulsant, 1850 pycnobathra lower, 1901 autoneda busck, 1903, repl. name toxoceras chrétien, 1915 megacraspedas in barnes & mcdunnough, 1917, missp. exilis walsingham, 1909 isophrictis meyrick, 1917 actiella barners & busck, 1920 monochroa heinemann, 1870 catabrachmia rebel, 1909 absconditella (walker, 1864) (gelechia) palpiannulella (chambers, 1872) (gelechia )\ngelechia versutella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 878; [ nacl ], # 1966; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\ncommatica meyrick, 1909 apopira walsingham, 1911 acropelta meyrick, 1914 bifuscella (forbes, 1931) (anacampsis) chionura meyrick, 1914 crossotorna meyrick, 1929 cryptina (walsingham, 1911) (untomia) cyanorrhoa meyrick, 1914 emplasta meyrick, 1914 eremna meyrick, 1909 extremella (walker, 1864) (gelechia) falcatella (walker, 1864) (gelechia) rostella (r. felder & rogenhofer, 1875) (gelechia) hexacentra meyrick, 1922 lupata meyrick, 1914 metochra meyrick, 1914 nerterodes meyrick, 1914 palirrhoa meyrick, 1922 parmulata meyrick, 1914 phanocrossa meyrick, 1922 placoterma meyrick, 1918 pterygota meyrick, 1929 servula meyrick, 1922 stygia meyrick, 1922 xanthocarpa meyrick, 1922\ngelechia albisparsella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 877; [ nacl ], # 1929; [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 13\ngelechia anarsiella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 874; [ nacl ], # 1930; [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14\ngelechia bianulella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 873; [ nacl ], # 1933; [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14\ngelechia lynceella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 879; [ nacl ], # 1946; [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14\ngelechia ribesella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 860; [ nacl ], # 1960; [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14\ngelechia rileyella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 887; [ nacl ], # 1961; [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nsitotroga heinemann, 1870 silotroga kirby, 1871, missp. nesolechia meyrick, 1921 syngenomictis meyrick, 1927 sitotrogus matsumura, 1931, missp. sitotrega borg, 1932, missp. sititroga costa lima, 1945, missp. cerealella (olivier, 1789) (alucita) hordei (kirby, 1815) (tinea) arctella (walker, 1864) (gelechia) melanarthra (lower, 1900) (gelechia) palearis (meyrick, 1913) (epithectis) ochrescens (meyrick, 1938) (aristotelia) coarctella zeller, 1877\nbattaristis meyrick, 1914 duvita busck, 1916 acroglypta meyrick, 1929 amphiscolia meyrick, 1914 ardiophora meyrick, 1914 atelesta meyrick, 1914 bistrigella (buskc, 1914) (anacampsis) concisa meyrick, 1929 coniosema meyrick, 1922 curtella (busck, 1914) (anacampsis) emissurella (walker, 1864) (gelechia) severella (walker, 1864) (cryptolechia) fuliginosa (r. felder & rogenhofer, 1875) (gelechia) dorsalis (busck, 1914) (anacampsis) astroconis (meyrick, 1918) (compsolechia) ichnota meyrick, 1914 melanamba meyrick, 1914 nigratomella (clemens, 1863) (gelechia) apicilinella (clemens, 1863) (gelechia) apicistrigella (chambers, 1872) (parasia) orthocampta meyrick, 1914 parazela meyrick, 1929 perinaeta (walsingham, 1910) (anacampsis) prismatopa meyrick, 1914 rhythmodes meyrick, 1929 sphenodelta meyrick, 1922 stereogramma meyrick, 1914 symphora (walsingham, 1911) (untomia) syngraphopa meyrick, 1922 syngraphora meyrick, 1925, missp. synocha meyrick, 1922 tricentrota meyrick, 1931 unistrigella (busck, 1914) (anacampsis )\ngelechia badiomaculella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 892; [ nacl ], # 1931 (ident. uncert .); [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14\ngelechia bistrigella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 892; [ nacl ], # 1934 (ident. uncert .); [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14\ngelechia capiteochrella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 893; [ nacl ], # 1936 (ident. uncert .); [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14\ngelechia flexurella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 895; [ nacl ], # 1942 (ident. uncert .); [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14\ngelechia ocherfuscella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 899; [ nacl ], # 1954 (ident. uncert .); [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14\ngelechia wacoella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 902; [ nacl ], # 1967 (ident. uncert .); [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\ngelechia palpialbella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 899; [ nacl ], # 1957 (ident. uncert .); lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14 (ident. uncert. )\ngelechia discostrigella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 894; [ nacl ], # 1939 (ident. uncert .); [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14 (incertae sedis )\ngelechia - species dictionary - global: ispot nature - your place to share nature. ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature. once you' ve registered, you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .\ngelechia maculatusella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 897; [ nacl ], # 1947 (ident. uncert .); [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14 (ident. uncert. )\ngelechia mimella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 898; [ nacl ], # 1949 (ident. uncert .); [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14 (ident. uncert. )\ngelechia obscurella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 898; [ nacl ], # 1952 (ident. uncert .); [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14 (ident. uncert. )\ngelechia packardella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 866; [ nacl ], # 1955 (ident. uncert .); [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14 (ident. uncert. )\ngelechia pallidagriseella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 899; [ nacl ], # 1956 (ident. uncert .); [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14 (ident. uncert. )\ngelechia thoracestrigella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 901; [ nacl ], # 1963 (ident. uncert .); [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15 (ident. uncert. )\ngelechia unistrigella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 901; [ nacl ], # 1965 (ident. uncert .); [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15 (ident. uncert. )\ntelphusa chambers, 1872 adrasteia chambers, 1872 adrastia kirby, 1874, missp. geniadophora walsingham, 1897 auxoptila meyrick, 1926 callitechna meyrick, 1914 praefinita (meyrick, 1917) (mompha) delatrix meyrick, 1923 distictella forbes, 1931 extranea (walsingham, 1892) (poecilia) hemicycla meyrick, 1932 latebricola meyrick, 1932 medulella busck, 1914 melanoleuca walsingham, 1911 obligata busck, 1914 ochrifoliata walsingham, 1911 orgilopis meyrick, 1923 penetratrix meyrick, 1931 perspicua (walsingham, 1911) (gelechia) quinquedentata (walsingham, 1911) (gelechia) ripula walsingham, 1911 smaragdopis meyrick, 1926 translucida (walsingham, 1892) (bryotropha )\nholophysis walsingham, 1910 hoplophysis mcd. , 1939, missp. anoma walsingham, 1910 autodesma (meyrick, 1918) (zalithia) auxiliaris (meyrick, 1918) (zalithia) barydescma (meyrick, 1918) (zalithia) quadrimaculata walsingham, 1910 stagmatophoria walsingham 1910 tentatella (walker, 1864) (gelechia) xanthostoma walsingham, 1910\nthiotricha meyrick, 1886 reuttia hofmann, 1898 thiotrica inoue, 1954, missp. thiothricha hartig, 1956, missp. argoxantha meyrick, 1914 aucupatrix meyrick, 1929 cleodorella (zeller, 1877) (gelechia) godmani (walsingham, 1892) (polyhymno) laterestriata (walsingham, 1897) (polyhymno) sciurella (walsingham, 1897) (polyhymno) argoxantha meyrick, 1914\nagnippe chambers, 1872 evippe chambers, 1873 phaetusa chambers, 1875, preocc. by wagler, 1832 aganippe chamber, 1880, missp. tholerostola meyrick, 1917 aequorea (meyrick, 1917) (recurvaria) aulonota (meyrick, 1917) (aristotelia) evippeella busck, 1906 leuconota (zeller, 1873) (gelechia) plutella (chambers, 1875) (phaetusa) omphalopa (meyrick, 1917) (tholerostola) plumata (meyrick, 1917) (aristotelia )\ngnorimoschmea busck, 1900 lerupsia riedl, 1965 neoschema povolny´, 1967 atriplicella keifer & jörgensen, 1910 borsaniella köhler, 1939 cestrivora clarke, 1950 cestivora hayward, 1969, missp. dudiella busck, 1903 euchthonia (meyrick, 1939) (phthorimaea) exacta (meyrick, 1917) (phthorimaea) involuta (meyrick, 1917) (phthorimaea) motasi povolny´, 1976 perfidiosa (meyrick, 1917) (phthorimaea) saphirinella (chambers, 1875) (gelechia) urosema (meyrick, 1917) (phthorimaea )\ncoleotechnites chambers, 1880 evagora clemens, 1860, preocc. by péron & lesueur, 1810 eidothea chambers, 1873, preocc. by risso, 1826 eidothoa chambers, 1873, missp. eucordylea dietz, 1900 pulicalvaria freeman, 1963 hapalosaris meyrick, 1917 coleotechnistes in busck, [ 1903 ], missp. elucidella (barnes & busck, 1920) (eucordylea) petulans (meyrick, 1917) (hapalosaris) vagatioella (chambers, 1873) (eidothoa [ sic ]) dorsivittella (zeller, 1873) (gelechia) schistophila chrétien, 1899 fuscella forbes, 1931\nkeiferia busck, 1939 tildenia povolny´, 1967 brunnea povolny´, 1973 chloroneura (meyrick, 1923) colombiana povolny´, 1975 elmorei (keifer, 1936) (gnorimoschema) funebrella povolny´, 1984 griseofusca povolny´, 1984 gudmanella (walsingham, 1897) (gelechia) n. comb. keiferioides (povolny´, 1987) (scrobipalpula) lobata povolny´, 1990 lycopersicella (walsingham, 1897) (eucatoptus) lenta (meyrick, 1917) (phthorimaea) lycopersicella (busck, 1928) (phthorimaea) preocc. by walsingham, 1897 propria povolny´, 1990 rusposoria povolny´, 1979 subtilis povolny´, 1984 vitalis povolny´, 1990\nscrobipalpula povolny´, 1964 acuta povolny´, 1990 albolineata povolny´, 1987 atra povolny´, 1987 chiquitella (busck, 1909) (gnorimoschema) conifera (meyrick, 1916) (chelaria) crustaria (meyrick, 1917) (phthorimaea) daturae (zeller, 1877) (doryphora) densata (meyrick, 1917) (gnorimoschema) laciniosa (meyrick, 1931) (phthorimaea) ephoria (meyrick, 1917) (aristotelia) falcate povolny´, 1987 fjeldsai povolny´, 1990 flava povolny´, 1987 gregalis (meyrick, 1917) (phthorimaea) gregariella (zeller, 1877) (lita) hastata povolny´, 1987 henshawiella (busck, 1903) (gnorimoschema) ochreostrigella (chambers, 1877) (gelechia), preocc. (not chambers, 1875) incerta povolny´, 1989 ilyella (zeller, 1877) (lita) incerta povolny´, 1989 isochlora (meyrick, 1931) (phthorimaea) latisaccula povolny´, 1987 latiuncula povolny´, 1987 megaloander povolny´, 1987 melanolepis (clarke, 1965) (gnorimoschema) motasi povolny´, 1976 omicron povolny´, 1987 pallens povolny´, 1987 patagonica povolny´, 1977 psilella (herrich - schäffer, 1855) (gelechia) quinoae povolny´, 1997 radiata povolny´, 1987 rosariensis povolny´, 1987 stirodes (meyrick, 1931) (phthorimaea) subtenera povolny´, 1987 tenera povolny´, 1987 transiens povolny´, 1987 trichinaspis (meyrick, 1931) (phthorimaea )\nbrachmia hübner, [ 1825 ] braclunia stephens, 1834, missp. cladodes heinemann, 1870, preocc. by solier, 1849 [ coleoptera ] ceratophora heinemann, 1870, preocc. by gray, [ 1835 ] [ reptilia ] eudodacles snellen, 1889, repl. name aulacomima meyrick, 1904 apethistis meyrick, 1908 lyrella (walsingham, 1911) (dichomeris) virescens walsingham, 1911 brachyacma meyrick, 1886 lathontogenes walsingham, 1897 paraspistes meyrick, 1905 lipatia busck, 1910 paraspistis busck, 1914, missp. brachyaema povolny´, 1964, missp. lathontogonus diakonoff, [ 1968 ], missp. brachiacma common, 1970, missp. lathontogenes hodges, 1983, missp. palpigera (walsingham, 1891) (gelechia) adustipennis (walsingham, 1897) (lathontogenus) iolocha (meyrick, 1905) (paraspistes) crotalariella (busck, 1910) (lipatia) epichorda turner, 1919\nonebala walker, 1864 helcystogramma zeller, 1877 dectobathra meyrick, 1914 adaequata (meyrick, 1914) (helcystogramma) adequate clarke, 1969, missp. anisopa (meyrick, 1918) (anacampsis) archigrapha meyrick, 1929 carycastis (meyrick, 1922) (helcystogramma) cerinura (meyrick, 1923) (brachmia) chalyburga (meyrick, 1922) (helcystogramma) daedalea (walsingham, 1911) (dichomeris) elliptica (forbes, 1931) (trichotaphe) meconitis (meyrick, 1913) (trichotaphe) ribeella (zeller, 1877) (helcystogramma) rusticella (walker, 1864) (gelechia) sertigera (meyrick, 1923) (helcystogramma) stellatella (busck, 1914) (dichomeris) symbolica (meyrick, 1914) (helcystogramma) tegulella (walsingham, 1897) (trichotaphe) servilis (walsingham, 1911) (dichomeris) trichocyma (meyrick, 1923) (brachmia )\nneu, ceu, caucasus, transcaucasia, china (gansu, qinghai, jilin), korea. see [ maps ]\nlarva on prunus spp. , p. spinosa, p. domestica [ me3 ], 108\nmorocco, austria, bosnia, seu, asia minor. see [ maps ]\nlarva on juniperus sabina, j. oxycedrus, j. phoenicea [ me3 ], 109\ntinea sororculella hübner, [ 1817 ]; samml. eur. schmett. [ 8 ]: pl. 66, f. 440\nlarva on salix spp. , s. caprea, s. cinerea, s. aurita, s. viminalis, s. purpurea [ me3 ], 111\nneu, ceu, russia, china (xinjiang, jilin), japan. see [ maps ]\nlarva on salix ssp. , s. alba, s. caprea [ me3 ], 113\nlarva on salix spp. , populus spp. , p. tremula, p. alba, p. nigra, populus canescens [ me3 ], 117\nlarva on populus nigra, populus pyramidalis, p. balsamifera, p. laurifolia [ me3 ], 118\nlarva on populus nigra, populus pyramidalis, p. balsamifera [ me3 ], 119\ns. finland, austria, poland, schweden, .... see [ maps ]\nlarva on acer campestre, a. platanoides huemer, 1991, nota lepid. 14: 124\nalpes maritimes, croatia, macedonia, greece, italy, turkey. see [ maps ]\natlanticella (amsel, 1955) (nothris); bull. inst. sci. nat. belg. 31 (83): 59\nlarva on platanus occidentalis busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 878\natrofusca omelko, 1986; proc. zool. inst. leningr. 145: 103\ndepressaria bistrigella chambers, 1872; can. ent. 4 (5): 92\nclopica meyrick, 1931; an. mus. nac. hist. nat. buenos aires 36: 384\nconditor omelko, 1986; proc. zool. inst. leningr. 145: 91\ncuspidatella turati, 1934; atti soc. ital. sci. nat. 73: 197\ndelapsa meyrick, 1931; exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 60\ndelodectis meyrick, 1938; dt. ent. z. iris 52: 3\ndichomeris dolbyi walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 98, pl. 3, f. 22; tl: panama, la chorrera\nepistolica meyrick, 1931; exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 59\ntelphusa exposita meyrick, 1926; sarawak mus. j. 3: 152; tl: mt murud, 6500 - 7200ft\nfarinosa teich, 1899; arb. naturfr. ges. riga 42: 75\nphthorimaea frequens meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (14): 426; tl: queensland, brisbane\nfuscooculata omelko, 1986; proc. zool. inst. leningr. 145: 93\ngoniospila meyrick, 1931; an. mus. nac. hist. nat. buenos aires 36: 385\nparasia griseaella chambers, 1872; can. ent. 4 (5): 88; tl: ontario [? ]\nhaifella amsel, 1935; mitt. zool. mus. berl. 20 (2): 300\nteleia hyoscyamella rebel, 1912; dt. ent. z. iris 26 (1): 89; tl: heluan\ninconspicua omelko, 1986; proc. zool. inst. leningr. 145: 99\ntelphusa inferialis meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (5): 133; tl: bengal, chapra\nlongipalpella teich, 1899; arb. naturfr. ges. riga 42: 75\ntelphusa machinata meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (16): 488; tl: assam, khasis\npsoricoptera melanoptila lower, 1897; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 22 (2): 272; tl: broken hill, new south wales\nnothris mundata meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (16): 495; tl: new mexico, mescalero, 7000ft\nnotabilis omelko, 1986; proc. zool. inst. leningr. 145: 99\nophiaula meyrick, 1931; exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 60\ntelphusa paraula meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (18): 568; tl: ceylon, maskeliya and madulsima; s. india, nilgiris\nparoxynta meyrick, 1931; exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 59\npistaciae filipjev, 1934; trav. inst. zool. acad. sci. urrs 2: 17\npraestantella lucas, 1956; bull. soc. sci. nat. maroc 35: 256\nrepetitrix meyrick, 1931; exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 60\ndepressaria rileyella chambers, 1872; can. ent. 4 (6): 106; tl: kentucky\nsachalinensis matsumura, 1931; 6000 illust. insects japan. - empire: 1083\nsattleri piskunov, 1982; dokl. akad. nauk. armyan. ssr 74 (3): 138\ntelphusa sematica meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 286; tl: barberton\nstenacma meyrick, 1935; exotic microlep. 4 (18 - 19): 585\nnothris thymiata meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (16): 497; tl: arizona, nogales\nchelaria trachydyta meyrick, 1920; exotic microlep. 2 (10): 304; tl: bombay, dharwar\ntribalanota meyrick, 1935; mat. microlep. fauna chin. prov. : 67\nnothris griseella chambers, 1874; can. ent. 6 (12): 245; tl: texas\n[ afromoths ] de prins, j. & de prins, w. , 2013\n[ spl ] varis, v. (ed), ahola, m. , albrecht, a. , jalava, j. , kaila, l. , kerppola, s. , kullberg, j. , 1995\nsangmi lee, richard brown & sibyl bucheli. gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nexpedition of the california academy of sciences to the gulf of california in 1921. the tineid moths\nlepidoptera britannica, sistens digestimen novam lepidopterorum quae in magna britannica reperiunter... adjunguntur dissertationes variae ad historiam naturalam spectantes\ndie schmetterlinge deutschlands und der schweiz. 2. abteilung, kleinschmetterlinge. 2. die motten und federmotten\nsystematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa, zugleich als text, revision und supplement zu j. hübner' s sammlung europäischer schmetterlinge, die schaben und federmotten, (1847 -) 1853 - 1855 )\nthe moths of america north of mexico including greenland. fascicle 7. 1. gelechioidea, gelechiidae (part), dichomeridinae\nnotice sur la chassa des lépidoptéres durant l' été 1904 dans le district d' ourjoum, gouv. de viatka [ in russian ]\nreview .\na list of north american lepidoptera and key to the literature of this order of insects\n. by harrison c. dyar, ph. d. , ...\nzerny, 1935 die lepidopterenfauna des grossen atlas in marokko und seiner randgebiete mém. soc. sci. nat. maroc. 42: 1 - 163, pl. 1 - 2\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsangmi lee and richard l. brown mississippi entomological museum, box 9775, mississippi state, ms 39762 e - mail (sl): microlepi @ urltoken\nnealyda dietz, 1900 accincta meyrick, 1923 bicolor (walsingham, 1891) (didactylota) bougainvileae e. m. hering, 1955 leucozostra meyrick, 1923 pisoniae busck, 1900\nrecurvaria haworth, 1828 lita kollar, 1832 telea steph. , 1834, preocc. by hübner, 1819 aphanaula meyrick, 1895 hinnebergia spuler, 1910 microlechia turati, 1924 annulicornis (walsingham, 1897) (aristotelia) eromene (walsingham, 1897) (aristotelia) febriculella (zeller, 1877) (teleia) filicornis (zeller, 1877) (teleia) flagelifer walsingham, 1910 flagellifera meyrick, 1925, missp. insequens meyrick, 1931 intermissella (zeller, 1877) (teleia) kitella (walsingham, 1897) (aristotelia) melanostictella (zeller, 1877) (teleia) merismatella (zeller, 1877) (teleia) nothostigma meyrick, 1914 ornatipalpella (walsingham, 1897) (aristotelia) ostariella (walsingham, 1897) (aristotelia) penetrans meyrick, 1923 picula walsingham, 1910 pleurosaris meyrick, 1923 putella busck, 1914 rhicnota walsingham, 1910 rhombophorella (zeller, 1877) (teleia) sartor walsingham, 1910 saxea meyrick, 1923 senariella (zeller, 1877) (teleia) sticta walsingham, 1910 synestia meyrick, 1939 thiodes meyrick, 1917 thysanota walsingham, 1910 trigonophorella (zeller, 1877) (teleia) xanthotricha meyrick, 1917\nexoteleia wallengren, 1881 paralechia busck, 1903 heringia spuler, 1910, preocc. by rondani, 1856 heringiola strand, 1917, repl. name ithycosma (meyrick, 1914) (strobisia )\nstomopteryx heinemann, 1870 inotica meyrick, 1913 instica sharp, 1915, missp. acraeologa meyrick, 1921 stomopterix turati, 1922, missp. stromopteryx pierce & metcalfe, 1935, missp. phaeopa meyrick, 1918\ngnorimoschema busck, 1900 gnorimochema dyar, [ 1903 ], missp. lerupsia riedl, 1965 larupsia soffner, 1967 ventralella (zeller, 1877 )\nuntomia busck, 1906 acicularis meyrick, 1918 alticolens walsingham, 1911 alticolans meyrick, 1925, emend. horista walsingham, 1911 juventella (walsingham, 1897) (ypsolophus) latistriga walsingham, 1911 melanobathra meyrick, 1918 rotundata walsingham, 1911\nchelariinae crasimorpha meyrick, 1923 infuscate hodges, 1963 peragrata meyrick, 1923 prostomeus busck, 1903 brunneus busck, 1903 hypatima hübner, [ 1825 ] chelaria haworth, 1828 hypatina stephens, 1835, missp. allocota meyrick, 1904 cynestomorpha meyrick, 1904 deuteroptila meyrick, 1904 semodictis meyrick, 1909 allocotaniana strand, 1913 episacta turner, 1919 cellaria neave, 1939, missp. cheleria lhomme, [ 1948 ], missp. euchorda (meyrick, 1923) (chelaria) hora (busck, 1914) (psoricoptera )\nsemophylax meyrick, 1932 apicepuncta (busck, 1911) (psoricoptera) praesignis (meyrick, 1913) (anisoplaca) apicipuncta (meyrick, 1925) (chelaria), emend .\ndichomeridinae acompsia hübner, [ 1825 ] acampsia westwood, 1840, missp. accompsia bruand, 1850, missp. brachycrossata heinemann, 1870 brachicrossata hartmann, 1880, missp. cathegesis walsingham, 1910 angulifera walsingham, 1897 psoricopterella (walsingham, 1892) (brachycrossata) vinitincta (walsingham, 1910) (cathegesis )\nanorthosia clemens, 1860 sagaritis chambers, 1872, preocc. by billberg, 1820 [ crustacea ] anorthodisca gaede, 1937, missp. capillata walsingham, 1911 punctipennella clemens, 1860 gracilella (chambers, 1872) (sagaritis )\ndeoclona busck, 1903 proclesis walsingham, 1911 lioclepta meyrick, 1922 deoclana fletcher, 1929, missp. complanata (meyrick, 1922) (lioclepta) eriobotryae busck, 1939 xanthoselene (walsingham, 1911) (proclesis) xanthoselena meyrick, 1925, emend .\nadullamitis meyrick, 1932 adullanitis gaede, 1937, missp. emancipate meyrick, 1932\nbeltheca busck, 1914 anterethista meyrick, 1914 antherethista gaede, 1937, missp. phosphoropa (meyrick, 1922) (anterethista) picolella busck, 1914 heteractis (meyrick, 1914) (anterethista )\ncompsosaris meyrick, 1914 gompsosaris gaede, 1937, missp. flavidella (busck, 1914) (recurvaria) testacea meyrick, 1914\npavolechia busck, 1914 desmaucha meyrick, 1918 argentea busck, 1914 chrysostoma (meyrick, 1918) (desmaucha) pelocnistis meyrick, 1932 xylozona meyrick, 1932 perioristica walsingham, 1910 chalcopera walsingham, 1910 phylopatris meyrick, 1923 terpnodes meyrick, 1923 promolopica meyrick, 1925 epiphantha meyrick, 1925 ptilostonuchia walsingham, 1911 ptilonostychia fletcher, 1929, missp. plicata walsingham, 1911 satrapodoxa meyrick, 1925 regia (meyrick, 1914) (strobisia) sclerograptis meyrick, 1923 oxytypa meyrick, 1923 simoneura walsingham, 1911 ophitis walsingham, 1911 sorotacta meyrick, 1914 bryochlora meyrick, 1922 viridans, meyrick, 1914 stachyostoma meyrick, 1923 psilodoxa meyrick, 1923 stagmaturgis meyrick, 1923 catharosema meyrick, 1923 steremniodes meyrick, 1923 sciactis meyrick, 1923 stereodmeta meyrick, 1931 xylodeta meyrick, 1931 stibarenches meyrick, 1930 bifissa meyrick, 1930 symphanactis meyrick, 1925 hetaera (meyrick, 1914) (ptocheuusa )\nsynactias meyrick, 1931 micranthis meyrick, 1931 tabernillaia walsingham, 1911 tabernillaea meyrick, 1925, emend. ephialtes walsingham, 1911\ntecia kieffer & jörgensen, 1910 fapua kieffer & jörgensen, 1910 lata kieffer & jörgensen, 1910 orsotricha meyrick, 1914 brachypsaltis meyrick, 1931 scrobischema povolny´, 1980 albinervella (kieffer & jörgensen, 1910) (fapua) arnicella (clarke, 1942) confirmans strand, 1910 kiefferi kieffer & jörgensen, 1910 petasitis (pfaffenzeller, 1867) petrella (busck, 1915) solanivora (povolny´, 1973) subalbata (meyrick, 1931) tetradymiella (busck, 1903) venosa (butler, 1883) mendozella kieffer & jörgensen, 1910 baccharisella (brethes, 1917) (holcocera) vergarai (povolny´, 1980) (scrobischema) thrypsigenes meyrick, 1914 thripsigenes clarke, 1955, missp. colluta meyrick, 1914 furvescens meyrick, 1914 trichembola meyrick, 1918 idiarcha meyrick, 1931 zelosyne walsingham, 1911 olga meyrick, 1915 poecilosoma walsingham, 1911 “gaea” lilloi köhler, 1941, mispl .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant no. deb 416078. any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the national science foundation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc. .\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy .\naustria, great britain, germany, denmark, latvia, norway, poland, slovakia and the soviet union - the european part, finland, czech republic, switzerland, sweden, estonia .\nregions of the russian federation: european north - west, the european central black earth, the european central european south taiga, primorye, sakhalin, mid - volzhsky .\naustria, belarus, the british isles, germany, denmark (mainland), latvia, norway (mainland), poland, romania, russia, slovakia, slovenia, ukraine, finland, czech republic, switzerland, sweden, estonia .\n[ 10 ] de jong, y. s. d. m. (ed .) (2011) fauna europaea version 2. 4 (faunaeur. org )\nnote: you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments. please, create an account or log in to add comments\naustria, belgium, bulgaria, great britain, hungary, germany, denmark, ireland, italy, latvia, lithuania, luxembourg, netherlands, norway, poland, romania, the soviet union - the european part, finland, france, czech republic, switzerland, sweden, estonia .\nregions of the russian federation: the volga - don, east caucasus, the european north - west, the european central black earth, the european central european south taiga, trans - baikal, kaliningrad, nizhne - amur, seaside, mid - volzhsky, south west siberian, south ural .\naustria, belarus, belgium, bulgaria, the british isles, france, germany, denmark (mainland), ireland, spain (mainland), italy (mainland), latvia, lithuania, luxembourg, netherlands, norway (mainland), poland, russia, romania, slovakia, slovenia, ukraine, finland, france (mainland), czech republic, switzerland, sweden, estonia." ]

{ "text": [ "gelechia sonorensis is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "it is found in mexico ( sonora ) .", "the wingspan is about 11 mm .", "the forewings are whitish ochreous along the costal third , with a black spot at the extreme base of the costa and two elongate sooty fuscous spots on the costa , one before and one beyond the middle .", "the dorsal two-thirds are sooty fuscous , interrupted by an oblique branch of the paler costal surface running towards the tornus , beyond which a sooty streak runs to the apex and through the cilia .", "the upper edge of the dark portion is slightly undulate and there is some admixture of ochreous scales upon its whole surface .", "the hindwings are grey . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 1, 1, 1, 1 ] }

[ "gelechia sonorensis is a moth of the gelechiidae family. it is found in mexico (sonora). the wingspan is about 11 mm. the forewings are whitish ochreous along the costal third, with a black spot at the extreme base of the costa and two elongate sooty fuscous spots on the costa, one before and one beyond the middle. the dorsal two-thirds are sooty fuscous, interrupted by an oblique branch of the paler costal surface running towards the tornus, beyond which a sooty streak runs to the apex and through the cilia. the upper edge of the dark portion is slightly undulate and there is some admixture of ochreous scales upon its whole surface. the hindwings are grey." ]

[ "pterophorus albidus zeller, 1852 (aciptilus) pterophorus candidalis walker, 1864 (aciptilus) pterophorus denticulata yano, 1963 (aciptilia) pterophorus furcatalis walker, 1864 (aciptilus) pterophorus innotatalis walker, 1864 (pterophorus) pterophorus ischnodactyla treitschke, 1833 (alucita) pterophorus lacteipennis walker, 1864 (aciptilus) pterophorus melanopoda t. b. fletcher, 1907 (alucita) pterophorus niveodactyla pagenstecher, 1900 (aciptilia) pterophorus pentadactyla linnaeus, 1758 (phalaena alucita) pterophorus rhyparias meyrick, 1907 (alucita )\npterophorus furcatalis is a moth of the pterophoridae family. it is found in new zealand .\ngeina buscki mcdunnough, 1933 (pterophorus) geina didacty la linnaeus, 1758 (phalaenae alucita) geina ontario mcdunnough, 1927 (pterophorus) geina periscelidactyla fitch, 1854 (pterophorus) geina sheppardi b. landry, 1989 (geina) geina tenuidactylus fitch, 1854 (pterophorus )\nexelastis atomosa walsingham, 1885 (aciptilia) exelastis crepuscularis meyrick, 1909 (pterophorus) exelastis dowi matthews & b. landry, 2008 (exelastis) exelastis montischristi walsingham, 1897 (pterophorus) exelastis pumilio zeller, 1873 (mimeseoptilus) exelastis rhynchosiae dyar, 1898 (pterophorus )\n( aciptilus furcatalis, walk. , 950; feld. , reis. nov. , pl. cxl. , 52. )\nlast summer i noticed that the three species of forest - dwelling plume - moths (pterophorus monospilalis, p. lycosema, and p. furcatalis) were phenomenally common here. pterophorus monospilalis, a pure - white species, one of the most delicately beautiful insects we have in new zealand, was to be found in the utmost profusion, as many as three or four specimens being disturbed from amongst the ferns and dense undergrowth at once. pterophorus lycosema, distinguished by having a broad band of brown on the fore - wing reaching as far as the end of the posterior digit, was also extremely abundant, though not quite so common as p. monospilalis. p. furcatalis, distinguished by having a broad band and both digits of the fore - wings brown, was commoner than usual, but much scarcer than either of the two preceding species .\nlioptilodes albistriolatus zeller, 1871 (mimeseoptilus) lioptilodes antarcticus o. staudinger, 1899 (mimaesoptilus) lioptilodes neuquenicus gielis, 1991 (lioptilodes) lioptilodes testaceus blanchard, 1852 (pterophorus )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n[ read before the philosophical institute of canterbury, 2nd october, 1884. ]\n, i have recently given a list of in the transactions of the entomological society of london for 1884, with descriptions of the new species, in connection with a paper on australian species of the group; these will also be given here in a subsequent paper .\nthe pyralididæ and hydrocampidæ are each represented only by a single species, and neither is indigenous in the strict sense. the species of pyralididæ is a common domestic insect introduced from europe, and now established throughout most of the world; that of hydrocampidæ, is an australian species, and must be considered to have found its way over in recent times. the pterophoridæ contain eleven species, of which one is also australian, and belongs to a genus not otherwise represented in new zealand; one is closely allied to a european form, and may even prove identical with it; the remaining nine are all endemic. these appear to be all of cosmopolitan genera; an unexpected result, and rather suggesting the inference that the generic limitation is not yet sufficiently precise, but i do not at present see tangible points of difference. australia is relatively poor in pterophoridæ, having as yet only furnished me with the same number as new zealand; the character of the fauna shows little resemblance. the tendency to partial obsolescence in the neuration of this family makes their study a difficult one .\nthe pyralidina may be recognized by the close approximation or partial anastomosis of veins 7 and 8 of the hindwings for a short distance beyond the cell. normally the forewings have 12 veins, veins 8 and 9 being stalked, and the hindwings 8 veins, but the number of veins is sometimes reduced. the hindwings have 3 free inner - marginal veins (1a, 1b, 1c), reckoned as one; the group is thus distinguished from the noctuina, in which there are only two .\nforewings with 12 veins, vein 7 stalked with 8 and 9, 10 separate. hindwings with lower median naked; vein 7 from angle of cell .\nocelli absent. antennæ in male ciliated. labial palpi moderate, curved, ascending. maxillary palpi slender or rudimentary. forewings with veins 4 and 5 stalked. hindwings with veins 4 and 5 stalked, 8 free .\nmale, female. —18–25 mm. forewings moderate, triangular; ochreous, basal and terminal areas reddish - fuscous; lines whitish, first curved, second with median third strongly curved outwards. hindwings grey or grey - whitish; two whitish lines as in forewings, but much nearer together .\nchristchurch; although i have not obtained it elsewhere, it probably occurs generally .\nno ocelli or maxillary palpi. wings cleft into two or three feathers. forewings with vein 7 separate from 9; venation often much degraded and simplified. hindwings with lower median naked .\nthis group, usually separated as a main division, offers in my opinion no characters sufficient to admit of its separation from the pyralidina, with the other families of which it is closely allied. the wings are unusually narrow, and the abdomen and legs very long and slender .\noxyptilus vigens, feld. , said (perhaps erroneously) to be from new zealand, i have not been able absolutely to identify. felder would probably (loose as he is) have hardly classed it as an oxyptilus unless he had observed the characteristic tuft on the third plume of the hindwings .\nface smooth. antennæ moderately ciliated. palpi moderate or short, very slender, ascending. posterior tibiæ with spurs very long, inner longer than outer. forewings cleft more than ⅓, segments linear - acute; with 6 veins (3, 3); 2 and 3 from a point, 4 from transverse vein, 5 to apex, 6 free. hindwings with segments linear - acute, third dilated anteriorly; with 5 veins (1, 2, 2); 1b. distinct, 2 and 3 from a point (rarely 2 obsolete), 4 apparently coalescing wholly with 5 beyond cell .\nstands isolated by the entire obsolescence of all the veins usually rising from the cell before the upper angle, and marks a terminal development in this direction. apparently of world - wide distribution, though from australia i have only a single species .\nspot, dorsal cilia on terminal half of second segment dark fuscous. hindwings and cilia snow - white, with a more or less distinct dark fuscous spot in costal cilia before apex .\nhamilton, palmerston, makatoku, and otira gorge, locally common amongst dense forest, from january to march .\nmale, female. —21–25 mm. head, palpi, antennæ, thorax, abdomen, and legs white; anterior legs internally dark fuscous. forewings fuscous or ochremis - fuscous; a broad streak along costa from base to ⅖, attenuated posteriorly, a slender line along lower edge of first segment, a narrow streak along inner margin from ¼, and whole of second segment snow - white: cilia snow - white, on costa mixed with fuscous, on lower edge of second segment with two small blackish spots before apex and one at apex, sometimes also with one on lower edge of first segment before apex. hindwings and cilia snow - white .\nincluded by walker as a variety of the preceding, from which it is undoubtedly distinct, and separable by the larger size, and wholly white thorax and second segment of forewings .\nwellington, christchurch, and dunedin, amongst bush in december and january; rather common .\n( aciptilus monospilalis, walk. , 950; aciptilia patruelis, feld. , reis. nov. , pl. cxl. , 56. )\nmale, female. —21–24 mm. head, palpi, antennæ, thorax, abdomen, and legs white; anterior legs internally fuscous. forewings snow - white; extreme costal edge and a few scattered scales, especially along costa, brownish - ochreous; a blackish dot before cleft, and a minute one on inner margin before middle; sometimes one or two additional black dots on first segment, and rarely a streak of blackish scales along lower edge of first segment: cilia snow - white, on costa ochreous - tinged, on lower edge of second segment with two small blackish spots before apex, and one at apex, and usually a dot on lower edge of first segment before apex. hindwings and cilia snow - white .\nmost allied to the australian a. aptalis, which ranges into fiji and tonga .\nauckland, wellington, christchurch, otira river, and dunedin, common amongst forest, from december to march .\nmale, female. —15–16 mm. head, palpi, antennæ, thorax, and abdomen pale ochreous. legs ochreous - whitish, anterior pair internally fuscous. forewings pale whitish - yellowish, suffused with pale ochreous on anterior\nhalf: cilia dark fuscous, becoming yellow - whitish on costa before apex, on lower margin of second segment generally containing a black dot before middle and another beyond middle of segment. hindwings dark grey; cilia fuscous - grey .\nthis species might almost be considered identical with the european a. tetradactyla, l. , which it approaches very closely; but my specimens of a. tetradactyla are decidedly larger, the cilia darker and more sharply contrasted, and the costa suffused with light fuscous, without trace of black dots in the cilia of the lower margin; these differences are very slight, and if intermediate localities produce connecting forms, the two may be united under the name of tetradactyla, l. ; meanwhile it seems well to keep them separate .\nmasterton, otira river, christchurch, and invercargill, rather common on open grassy hills, in august and from december to march .\nface smooth, hairs projecting between antennæ. antennæ shortly ciliated. palpi moderately long, slender, porrected, second joint smoothly scaled. posterior tibiæ with spurs moderate, nearly equal. forewings cleft to ⅓, segments moderate, pointed; with 10 veins (4, 6); 2 from rather near angle, 3 and 4 from a point, 6 and 7 stalked, 6 to costa, 10 free. hindwings with segments narrow, pointed; with 6 veins (1, 3, 2); 2 from before middle of lower margin of cell, 3 and 4 from a point, 5 apparently shortly anastomosing with 6 in middle .\ndistinguished, from platyptilia and mimæseoptilus by the smooth face, smoothly scaled palpi, and pointed wing - segments. the genus is well represented in europe and north america, and probably elsewhere; the single new zealand species is found also in australia .\nmale, female. —15–16 mm. head, palpi, thorax, and abdomen light fuscous, irregularly mixed with white. antennæ fuscous. legs whitish, internally dark fuscous. forewings light fuscous, irregularly - strewn with white, sometimes suffused with white in disc, and on a small costal spot above base of cleft; an oblique blackish spot before cleft; apex and sometimes costal edge dark fuscous: cilia white, on costa fuscous. hindwings fuscous - grey; cilia whitish .\nchristchurch and lake wakatipu, in december and april; four specimens. occurs also in south - east australia .\nface with a cone of scales. antennæ shortly ciliated. palpi rather long or very long, porrected, second joint loosely scaled above, terminal joint exposed. posterior tibiæ with spurs moderate or short, nearly equal .\nforewings cleft to ¼, segments moderately broad, obliquely truncate; with 10 veins (4, 6); 2 from before posterior third of cell, 3 and 4 closely approximated at base, 6 and 7 stalked, 6 to costa, 10 free. hindwings with segments moderate, upper two obliquely truncate; with 5 veins (1, 2, 2); 2 from before angle of cell, 3 from angle, 4 apparently shortly anastomosing with 5 in middle: cilia without black scales .\ndistinguished from platyptilia by the 5 - veined hindwings, and the origin of vein 2 of the forewings before posterior third of cell; also by the absence of black scales in the cilia of the lower margin of hindwings. well represented in europe and north america, and probably elsewhere .\nmale. —21 mm. head and thorax pale ochreous, mixed with white. palpi pale ochreous, above white, very long. antennæ fuscous. abdomen brownish - ochreous, with dark fuscous dots on edge of segments. legs whitish, apex of spurs dark fuscous, spurs short. forewings light greyish - ochreous, irregularly strewn with whitish, and with some black scales tending to accumulate on veins; costa obscurely spotted with blackish towards base; a distinct black dot in disc at ⅓, and another before and below base of cleft: cilia pale greyish - ochreous, on hindmargin with an interrupted black basal line. hindwings and cilia light grey .\none specimen taken near clinton by mr. g. f. mathew, who states that it frequented the tussock - grass, and fell down to the roots when disturbed; it is therefore probably often overlooked .\narthur' s pass, from 1, 500 to 4, 000 feet, but principally at the lower levels; common in january .\nmale, female. —23–28 mm. head, palpi, thorax, and abdomen whitish - ochreous, mixed with white. antennæ fuscous. legs ochreous - whitish, internally dark fuscous. forewings light fuscous, suffused with whitish - ochreous posteriorly and towards inner margin, and strewn with white in disc; a sharply - defined very narrow blackish - fuscous costal streak from base to apex, rather strongly dilated between ½ and ¾, obscurely margined beneath with pale whitish - ochreous; a black dot in disc before and rather below cleft; apex and hindmargin rather darker fuscous, somewhat mixed with whitish; a fine black line along lower edge of first segment: cilia whitish - ochreous, on costa dark fuscous, within cleft and on hindmargin of first segment snow - white. hindwings fuscous - grey; cilia pale greyish - ochreous .\nnearly allied to m. charadrias; but easily separated by the larger size, much neater appearance, sharply defined costal streak, black line on lower margin of first segment, and absence of distinct dark line in cilia .\narthur' s pass, from 3, 000 to 4, 000 feet, common amongst rough herbage in january .\nforehead with a cone of scales. antennæ shortly ciliated. palpi rather long, porrected, second joint loosely scaled above, terminal joint exposed. posterior tibiæ with apex sometimes somewhat thickened, all spurs nearly equal, moderate. forewings cleft to ¼, segments moderately broad, hindmargin of first segment concave, of second convex; with 10 veins (4, 6); 2 from near angle of cell, 8 and 4 from a point, 6 and 7 stalked, 6 to costa, 10 free. hindwings with segments moderate, upper two considerably dilated, obliquely truncate; with 6 veins (1, 3, 2); 2 from near middle of lower margin of cell, 3 and 4 from a point, 6 apparently shortly anastomosing with 5 in middle; cilia of lower margin with more or less of black scales .\na genus of probably universal distribution, well represented in europe and north america; in australia only by a single species, nearly allied to p. falcatalis. the larvæ appear to be usually attached to composite .\ndistinguished from both the following by the restriction of the black scales on the lower margin of hindwings to a small central spot, and the obscurely transversely strigulated forewings .\nhamilton, otira river, christchurch, lake wakatipu, and invercargill; common in december and january .\n( platyptilus falcatalis, walk. , 931; platyptilus repletalis, ib. , 931. )\nand cilia grey, somewhat reddish - tinged, lower margin of third segment fringed with coarse black scales on basal half, a patch beyond middle, and a small spot at apex .\nnearly allied to p. haasti, but larger, and readily separated by the reddish - fuseous ground - colour, white costal spot beyond the dark triangular blotch, and abundant black scales of the cilia of hindwings .\notira river, christchurch, dunedin, and invercargill; common from december to march, amongst bush .\nmale. —19 mm. head, palpi, antennæ, thorax, abdomen and legs reddish - fuscous, somewhat mixed with whitish, posterior tarsi white. forewings light brownish - ochreous, suffused with reddish - fuscous towards base and inner margin, and less strongly on hindmargin, and slightly strewn with whitish in disc; costa suffusedly ochreous - whitish towards ¾, towards base suffused with dark fuscous and obscurely spotted with whitish; a dark fuscous dot before and below cleft: cilia dark reddish - fuscous, on costa whitish - ochreous. hindwings and cilia light grey, slightly reddish - tinged, lower margin of third segment fringed with coarse black scales from base to ¾ .\nimmediately recognized by the entire absence of the dark fuscous costal triangle, and other markings .\ncastle hill; one specimen received from mr. j. d. enys .\nmaxillary palpi resting on labial, rarely dilated. abdomen in male with uncus well - developed. forewings with vein 7 separate from 9 (rarely stalked with 10). hindwings with lower median vein naked; vein 7 from angle of cell .\nrepresented in new zealand by a single species only, which cannot be regarded as belonging to the endemic fauna; it occurs commonly in south - east australia, and has probably migrated thence in comparatively recent times .\nface tolerably vertical. ocelli absent. tongue moderate. antennæ ½ of forewings, in male filiform, shortly pubescent - ciliated. labial palpi moderate, 1 ¼, nearly straight, porrected, second joint with short rough scales, terminal joint moderate, obtuse. maxillary palpi moderate, porrected, slightly dilated with scales, truncate. posterior tibiæ with outer spurs half inner. abdomen rather elongate, in male with large broad exserted valves, and long curved uncus. forewings with veins 4 and 5 closely approximated at base, 10 rising out of stalk of 8 and 9. hindwings as broad as forewings, veins 4 and 5 from a point 6 and 7 stalked, 8 anastomosing with 7 from before origin of 6 to ¾ .\nin structure approaching nearest to cataclysta, but distinguished by the filiform antennæ and porrected palpi. the larva is doubtless aquatic .\n( paraponyx nitens, butl. , cist. ent. , ii. , 556. )\nvariable in intensity of colouring; australian specimens sometimes exceed the size given above, reaching 21 mm. , and are then usually lighter and more suffusedly marked .\nhamilton, napier, masterton, christchurch, and lake wakatipu, always near - water, common from november to march; often taken at light. also occurs in new south wales, victoria and south australia .\nthe following are additions to the list already published. (trans. n. z. inst. , 1882) .\n( crambus interruptus, feld. , reis. nov. , pl. cxxxv. , 15; diptychophora astrosema, meyr. , trans. n. z. inst. , 1882, 13. )\nfelder' s figure, which is sufficiently good for recognition, was accidentally overlooked when i was preparing my former paper; it should now be restored .\nnearly allied to d. metallifera, butl. , but apparently distinguished by the two transverse fasciæ intersecting in the middle of wing; in the absence of specimens of d. metallifera for comparison i cannot certainly indicate any other reliable point of difference. when recently revisiting the british museum, i again examined the specimen of the latter species, and can confirm my previous remarks on the distinctness of the species and the incorrectness of mr. butler' s description, but omitted to describe it myself .\nfollowed by a paler yellow line, from ⅔ of costa to ⅔ of inner margin, upper half strongly curved outwards, lower half nearly straight; three obscure light metallic - grey longitudinal streaks on upper half of wing, extending from before second line to hindmargin; three small quadrate black spots on hindmargin below middle: cilia shining grey, with a darker metallic basal line. hindwings and cilia grey .\na conspicuous species, easily recognized by the uniform deep yellow forewings and double black dot representing the discal spot, with grey hindwings; it may be placed after d. auriscriptella, walk .\nnear the foot of the otira gorge, frequenting rock - faces where moss grows, in january; i found it very common, but in a very restricted locality .\ni saw this insect in the british museum, and identified it as certainly a new species of diptychophora; from the type i made a brief diagnosis .\nsize of d. auriscriptella. forewings brown, very neatly marked, markings much as in d. auriscriptella, discal spot small, round, white: cilia white except near apex. hindwings grey .\nimmediately distinguished by the uniform brown forewings, small round white discal spot, and grey hindwings; intermediate between d. holanthes and d. epiphæa .\nallied to d. bipunctella, from which it is distinguished by the much less distinct markings, and the absence of the white discal spot .\narthur' s pass, about 3, 000 feet, in january; six specimens .\nin this species the discal spot should have been described as terminating beneath in a round white dot; this is sometimes obscure, and was therefore overlooked previously, but is always present .\nthe number of new zealand species of this interesting genus is now thirteen. since my remarks on the distribution of the genus, snellen has described from the malay archipelago a species which he considered referable to it, under the name of diptychophora amænella; but it is represented as having strongly pectinated antennæ, and is therefore doubtless generically distinct; probably snellen was not at the time acquainted with the real neuration of the genus .\nocelli large. forehead rounded. antennæ moderate, in male filiform, simple. labial palpi rather long, straight, porrected, clothed with very long rough hairs, attenuated to apex. maxillary palpi long, broadly triangular, terminally expanded with rough hairs. thorax and coxæ clothed with long fine hairs beneath. forewings with vein 7 rising out of the stalk of 8 and 9. hindwings much broader than forewings; vein 8 free, approximated to 7 in middle .\nclosely allied to crambus, from which it is essentially distinguished by the free vein 8 of hindwings; the neuration is otherwise identical. other less reliable points are the wholly simple antennæ, the peculiarly broad and rough hairing of the palpi, and the hairy coxæ and under surface of thorax, but this last character is shared by some mountain species of crambus, as c. catacaustus .\nthe genus is confined to new zealand; i have only one species, but from a note of mr. a. purdie' s in the n. z. journal of science it appears probable that there is a second, darker and without the pale fascia .\nmale, female. —24–26 mm. head, palpi, antennæ, thorax, abdomen, and legs dark fuscous - grey; head and palpi mixed with grey - whitish. forewings moderate, oblong, slightly dilated posteriorly, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, hindmargin not oblique, rounded beneath; fuscous, strewn with dark grey, appearing dark fuscous - grey, with a slight bluish gloss; a whitish irroration forming a moderate nearly straight cloudy fascia (appearing grey - whitish) from ⅔ of costa to ¾ of inner margin, very slightly curved outwards: cilia greyish - fuscous. hindwings and cilia fuscous .\ncastle hill and mount hutt, sitting on the bare shingle slopes (which it imitates in colour) at an elevation of 4, 000 to 5, 000 feet, in january; not uncommon, but very active in flight, and difficult to capture from the nature of the ground, which affords but insecure footing .\nten additional species of this genus have been discovered since my paper was written, principally in the mountain districts. at the same time\nthe second australian species has, as i anticipated, been satisfactorily proved to be also, like the first, a species of wide range, occurring through many pacific islands, and consequently not attributable to the true australian fauna, which therefore includes no endemic species of this genus .\nthis species and c. tritonellus appear to differ from all the other new zealand species of the genus by the hairy coxæ and undersurface of thorax, and probably mark the developmental connection with orocrambus. c. catacaustus, although marked quite as in typical species of the genus, has a different superficial appearance from the much stouter build, the forewings much broader anteriorly and therefore more oblong, and the deep colouring, especially of the hindwings .\narthur' s pass, taken commonly in swampy places at from 8, 000 to 4, 000 feet, in january; flies with much activity .\nfemale. —22 mm. head ochreous - white. palpi, thorax, and abdomen ochreous - white mixed with dark fuscous; palpi rather long. antennæ whitish - grey. legs whitish, coxæ hairy beneath. forewings elongate - triangular, costa almost straight, apex rounded, hindmargin straight, oblique; pale greyish - ochreous, somewhat mixed with fuscous; costal edge obscurely whitish, posteriorly rather broadly suffused with whitish; inner margin narrowly white towards base, margined above by a strong dark fuscous streak from base to ⅓; a rather broad white central streak from base to middle of hindmargin, attenuated towards base, margined beneath from base to middle with dark fuscous, and cut by a faint greyish - ochreous line from near base of upper margin to beyond middle of lower margin; veins on posterior half marked with strong dark fuscous\nstreaks, two margining the central white streak, one within it obsolete: cilia white. hindwings pale fuscous - grey, towards hindmargin darker, veins paler; cilia white .\nallied to c. catacaustus, which it agrees with in the hairy coxæ, but differing much in the strictly - triangular form of the forewings, and also in colour .\nmale. – - 32 mm. head snow - white. palpi very long, ochreous, above and internally snow - white. antennæ grey - whitish, very shortly ciliated. thorax snow - white, patagia deep ochreous - yellow. abdomen grey - whitish. legs light ochreous, posterior pair more whitish. forewings very long, narrow, somewhat dilated posteriorly, costa slightly arched, apex round - pointed, hindmargin rather strongly sinuate, oblique; shining snow - white; extreme costal edge fuscous, becoming yellow - ochreous posteriorly; a rather broad straight bright deep ochreous - yellow stripe from base below middle to hindmargin above anal angle; inner margin narrowly ochreous - yellow from ⅓ to anal angle: cilia snow - white, opposite submedian stripe and on anal angle whitish - ochreous. hindwings pale whitish - ochreous - grey; cilia ochreous - whitish .\nthis handsome species is nearly allied to c. angustipennis, but much more clearly and brightly coloured; the forewings are equally long and narrow, but without the acute produced apex of that species, and the hindwings more greyish - tinged .\narthur' s pass; one specimen taken at 4, 800 feet, in january .\nmale, female. —32–36 mm. head white, behind eyes ochreous - brown, towards middle of face whitish - ochreous. palpi very long, light brownish - ochreous, above and internally white. antennæ whitish, in male shortly ciliated. thorax ochreous - white, patagia brownish - ochreous. abdomen whitish. legs brownish - ochreous, posterior pair whitish above. forewings very elongate - triangular, costa moderately arched, apex round - pointed, hindmargin rather oblique, straight or faintly sinuate, rounded beneath; rather light brownish - ochreous, slightly brassy - tinged, somewhat browner in disc; a rather narrow almost straight white median streak from base to hindmargin slightly above middle; inner margin slenderly white near base: cilia white, sometimes partially slightly ochreous - tinged, beneath anal angle greyish - tinged. hindwings whitish, faintly greyish - tinged; cilia white .\nthis species and the four following belong to the group of c. vittellus, and doubtless other allied species will be discovered. c. crenæus is readily known by the entire absence of all white marking except the central streak\nand the base of inner margin, the costa being wholly ochreous; it is also the largest species of the group. it most resembles c. diplorrhous and c. dicrenellus, but in both of these there is a clear white costal streak .\narthur' s pass, from 3, 000 to 4, 500 feet; common in january, appearing to frequent rather damp places .\nallied to c. callirrhous, in which species the male has similar dentate antennæ (not mentioned in my description); but larger, with white markings (except median streak) considerably suffused, whilst c. callirrhous is specially characterized by their definiteness; distinguished also by the posterior and hindmarginal rows of black dots, and by the uppermost white line being distinctly subcostal, not costal, towards base .\ncastle hill, on dry slopes from 2, 500 to 4, 000 feet, in january; rather common, but apparently local .\nmale, female. —31–34 mm. head whitish - ochreous, becoming white on crown. palpi very long, light brownish - ochreous, above and internally white. antennæ fuscous, in male subdentate, moderately ciliated. thorax pale ochreous, with a suffused white central stripe. abdomen whitish. legs light ochreous, tarsi dark fuscous, posterior legs whitish. forewings very elongate - triangular, narrow, not much dilated, costa slightly arched, apex round - pointed, hindmargin slightly sinuate, rather oblique, rounded beneath; pale brownish - ochreous, brassy - tinged, towards inner and hind\nmargins paler; a narrow white streak almost along costa from base to apex, leaving extreme costal edge of ground - colour, more widely posteriorly, posterior extremity suffused; a moderate straight white central streak from base to middle of hindmargin, narrowed anteriorly; inner margin suffusedly white from base to beyond middle; cilia snow - white. hindwings ochreous - grey - whitish, becoming greyer posteriorly; cilia white .\nvery similar to c. dicrenellus, but with the apex of the forewings less pointed and the hindmargin less sinuate; readily distinguishable by the uppermost white streak being subcostal instead of costal .\nlake wakatipu, taken commonly on the dry mountain slopes at from 2, 000 to 5, 000 feet, in december .\nmost like c. callirrhous, but much duller and greyer, not brassy - tinged, and without the sharply defined white lines of that species; the antennæ are whitish, not distinctly dentate in male, and the hindmargin of forewings is somewhat more sinuate, distinctly dotted with black .\nmasterton and wanganui, on the grassy river - banks; common in march .\nmale, female. —28–31 mm. head white, on centre of face and behind eyes ochreous. palpi very long, ochreous, above and internally white. antennæ dark fuscous, in male serrate, moderately ciliated. thorax pale ochreous, with a suffused white central longitudinal stripe. abdomen whitish. legs ochreous - fuscous, posterior pair whitish. forewings very elongate - triangular, narrow at base, moderately dilated, costa gently arched, apex round - pointed, hindmargin almost straight, rather strongly oblique; light yellowish - ochreous, slightly brassy - tinged, sometimes fuscous - tinged in disc; extreme costal edge white from about middle to apex; a moderate\nstraight white central streak from base to hindmargin somewhat above middle, lower edge rather irregular, narrowed towards base; inner margin very slenderly white towards base; a narrow white streak along hindmargin from extremity of central streak to apex: cilia pale shining grey, on upper half of hindmargin barred with white. hindwings whitish - grey; cilia white .\nclosely allied to c. vittellus, with which it agrees in the distinctly barred cilia of forewings, and resembling the most simply marked forms of that species, but constant; larger, more ochreous - yellowish, not fuscous; the antennæ of male somewhat more slender, the apex of forewings less pointed and the hindmargin not distinctly sinuate, the hindmarginal black dots absent, and the hindwings greyer, not ochreous - tinged .\nlake wakatipu, on the dry mountain sides at from 2, 000 to 5, 000 feet; taken commonly in december .\nfemale. —19 mm. head and thorax ochreous - white, coarsely irrorated with greyish - fuscous. palpi long, whitish, externally irrorated with grey. antennæ grey. abdomen whitish, irrorated with grey. legs grey - whitish. forewings elongate, tolerably oblong, costa hardly arched, apex round - pointed, hindmargin straight, rather strongly oblique; greyish - fuscous, densely irrorated with white, and with a few black scales: cilia whitish - grey mixed with white, base white. hindwings light fuscous - grey, towards hindmargin darker; cilia grey - whitish .\nnearly allied to c. cyclopicus, but shorter - winged, and immediately separated from it by the grey hindwings; possibly other specimens may possess distinct markings, since in the female of c. cyclopicus they are also sometimes quite obsolete .\none specimen received from mr. r. w. fereday, of uncertain locality .\nmale, female. —24–27 mm. head white. palpi very long, white, externally slightly ochreous - tinged. antennæ whitish, in male shortly ciliated. thorax white or greyish - white, shoulders ochreous. abdomen whitish - ochreous. legs white, anterior pair internally fuscous. forewings elongate, narrow, tolerably dilated, costa gently arched, apex round - pointed, hindmargin straight, oblique, strongly rounded beneath; pale fuscous; all veins suffused with white, more or less confluent towards costa posteriorly, and obscurely margined with dark fuscous; a narrow white central streak from base to middle of disc, its apex sharply hooked downwards, margined beneath throughout by a strong black streak finely attenuated at base, and its apex margined posteriorly with black; above the white central streak is a yellow - ochreous streak becoming dilated beyond it and suffused into groundcolour, and beneath the black streak a yellow - ochreous streak reaching apex\nof hook; an ill - defined strongly dentate blackish posterior transverse line, tending to separate into longitudinal dashes, sharply angulated outwards above middle, and sinuate inwards towards inner margin: cilia pale greyish, suffusedly barred with white, tips white. hindwings pale grey; cilia whitish - grey .\nclosely allied to c. harpophorus, which it resembles in form of wing, having the forewings therefore much narrower than in c. strigosus; readily separated from c. harpophorus by the absence of the sinuate dark - bordered white streak in middle of disc, and by the strong dentations and inward sinuation of the posterior line .\ncastle hill, from 2, 300 to 2, 500 feet, especially in the bed of the porter river; common in january .\ndiptychophora pyrsophanes, meyr. otira gorge (to 3, 000 feet), castle hill (2, 500 feet), christchurch and dunedin; also in december .\nd. interrupta, feld. arthur' s pass (3, 000 feet) .\nd. auriscriptella, walk. otira gorge (1, 500 feet) .\nd. helioctypa, meyr. i took this in december on hill - sides near lake wakatipu, at about 1, 400 feet .\nd. elaina, meyr. taranaki and palmerston; occurs from november to march .\ncrambus æthonellus, meyr. invercargill, nearly at the sea - level, in december .\nc. ramosellus, dbld. taranaki, lake wakatipu and invercargill, not above 2, 000 feet. according to butler' s specimens in the british museum, c. leucanialis, butl. , is merely a synonym of this species, and not of c. angustipennis, as formerly identified by me from the description and figure .\nc. angustipennis, z. rakaia and castle hill (2, 500 feet) .\nc. dicrenellus, meyr. castle hill (2, 500 to 3, 000 feet), arthur' s pass (4, 000 to 5, 000 feet) .\nc. haplotomus, meyr. castle hill (2, 500 feet), and in the bed of the waimakariri river (2, 100 feet) .\nc. callirrhous, meyr. castle hill, in the bed of the porter river (2, 300 feet) .\nc. simplex, butl. napier and lake wakatipu (not above 2, 000 feet) .\nc. vittellus, dbld. taranaki, napier, wellington, lake wakatipu and invercargill (not above 2, 500 feet); also in december. in one part of the\nhawke' s bay district i observed this species flying in immense profusion, literally in clouds; they must here have committed frightful ravages on the grass .\nc. flexuosellus, dbld. taranaki, lake wakatipu and invercargill; as a rule not above 2, 000 feet, but at lake wakatipu i took a single isolated specimen at 4, 500 feet, the species being at the time common at the lower levels .\nc. tuhualis, feld. castle hill (2, 500 feet) .\nc. harpophorus, meyr. arthur' s pass (2, 500 feet), lake wakatipu (4, 200 feet); also in december .\nc. xanthogrammus, meyr. castle hill, in the bed of the porter river (2, 300 feet), and in that of the waimakariri river (2, 100 feet), taken commonly in january and february; this species sits persistently on the small bare shingle and gravel of the river - beds, the variegated colours of which it exactly imitates; if disturbed it flies a very short distance close to the ground, and settles again. the hindwings should have been described as light grey (not whitish) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nflies, caddisflies, craneflies, damselflies dragonflies, gnats, mayflies. midges, mosquitoes\ninsects (ants, beetles, bugs, cicadas, cockroaches, centipedes, crickets, grasshoppers, lacewings, ladybirds, mantis, millipedes, scale, shield bugs, stick insects, wetas, weevils, etc .) .\nreptiles (frogs, geckos, skinks, snakes, lizards, turtles) .\ntrees & shrubs (new zealand native) botanical names a to f with photo .\ntrees & shrubs (new zealand native) botanical names g to l with photo .\ntrees & shrubs (new zealand native) botanical names m to q with photo .\ntrees & shrubs (new zealand native) botanical names r to z with photo .\ntrees (new zealand) hebes and their hybrids & cultivars (photos) .\nweeds & escapee plants: a to f (common names with photo) .\nweeds & escapee plants: g to l (common names with photo) .\nweeds & escapee plants: m to q (common names and photo) .\nweeds & escapee plants: r to z (common names with photo) .\n© copyright 2008 - 2018 - t. e. r: r. a. i. n. all rights reserved. last update: 14 - may - 18. site designed & hosted by smokeylemon .\n© copyright 2008 - 2018 - t. e. r: r. a. i. n. all rights reserved. last update: 11 - may - 15. site designed & hosted by smokeylemon .\npterophoridae, or plume moths as they are commonly known, occur worldwide and have about 1000 species described. they are known as plume moths because many, but not all, species have deep indentations in the wings with fringes comprised of very long scales or modified setae. larvae or caterpillars often have long setae with various modifications such as clubbed, spatula - like, forked, and many other forms. these setae also secrete a sticky fluid that may be a protective mechanism. the larvae feed on a wide variety of host plants, although many in the united states feed on the family asteraceae, or sunflower family. the family is divided into 4 subfamilies: agdistinae, ochyroticinae, deuterocopinae, and pterophorinae. the pterophorinae is the largest subfamily with 66 genera and 850 species worldwide .\nthis document consists of a listing of species in the adult pinned collection of the moth family pterophoridae at the national museum of natural history (nmnh) or the united states national museum (usnm). genera without specimens in this collection are indicated. the classification is based on the world catalogue by [ gielis, c. 2003. pterophoroidea & alucitoidea in: world catalogue of insects 4. stenstrup, denmark, apollo books ]. the species names are spelled as by the author (s) in the original descriptions .\nfor further information, questions or requests to borrow material, please contact either alma solis (alma. solis @ urltoken) or ben proshek (proshekb @ urltoken) .\npostplatyptilia aestuosa meyrick, 1916 (platyptilia) postplatyptilia akerbergsi gielis, 1991 (postplatyptilia) postplatyptilia alexisi gielis, 1991 (postplatyptilia) postplatyptilia antillae gielis, 2003 (postplatyptilia) postplatyptilia biobioica gielis, 1991 (postplatyptilia) postplatyptilia boletus gielis, 2006 (postplatyptilia) postplatyptilia camptosphena meyrick, 1931 (platyptilia) postplatyptilia carchi gielis, 2003 (postplatyptilia) postplatyptilia caribica gielis, 2006 (postplatyptilia) postplatyptilia corticus gielis, 2006 (postplatyptilia) postplatyptilia eelkoi gielis, 1991 (postplatyptilia) postplatyptilia flinti gielis, 1991 (postplatyptilia) postplatyptilia fuscicornis zeller, 1877 (platyptilia) postplatyptilia huigraica b. landry & gielis, 1992 (postplatyptilia) postplatyptilia parana gielis, 1996 (postplatyptilia) postplatyptilia saeva meyrick, 1930 (postplatyptilia )\nlaws governing the relative abundance of different species of animals and plants are so obscure, and at present so little understood, that it is always desirable to record the appearance of any species when it occurs in unusual numbers .\ni have much pleasure in exhibiting series of all three species before the society this evening, and have mounted them on a dark background in order that their extremely elegant appearance may be seen to advantage. i ought perhaps to explain that, as a rule, these three insects are not very common—that is to say, one would not expect to meet with more than one or two specimens during a day' s collecting in a favourable locality .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more" ]

{ "text": [ "pterophorus furcatalis is a moth of the family pterophoridae .", "it is found in new zealand .", "the wingspan is 16 – 19 mm .", "the head , palpi , antennae and legs are white .", "the thorax is pale fuscous irrorated ( speckled ) with dark fuscous , but the anterior margin is broadly white .", "the abdomen is white , with a central longitudinal fuscous stripe .", "the forewings are light fuscous irrorated with dark fuscous .", "the hindwings and cilia are snow-white . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 19, 1, 23, 1, 1 ] }

[ "pterophorus furcatalis is a moth of the family pterophoridae. it is found in new zealand. the wingspan is 16 – 19 mm. the head, palpi, antennae and legs are white. the thorax is pale fuscous irrorated (speckled) with dark fuscous, but the anterior margin is broadly white. the abdomen is white, with a central longitudinal fuscous stripe. the forewings are light fuscous irrorated with dark fuscous. the hindwings and cilia are snow-white." ]

[ "infocon back to green; cisco\ndevice\nzotob & rbot problems, spanish zotob description, sun lpd remote exploit; more about msdds. dll issue\nworm: win32 / zotob. a, worm: win32 / zotob. b, worm: win32 / zotob. c, worm: win32 / zotob. d, worm: win32 / zotob. e worm: win32 / esbot. a, worm: win32 / rbot. ma, worm: win32 / rbot. mb, worm: win32 / rbot. mc, bobax. o\nred herring, zotob cost $ 97k per company. 2005. 10. 27\nrbot. cbq; rbot. cbr and zotob. d worms (new )\nwhat you should know about zotob from microsoft » urltoken ··· tob. mspx blake\nthe quick arrests of zotob' s suspected creators was cheered by industry experts .\njoris evers. cnet, zotob worm from turkey? . 2005. 08. 18\nthe creators of the zotob windows worm have been given jail sentences by a moroccan court .\nradovane. maghress, zotob is made in morocco! !. 2005. 09. 03\nf - secure corporation describes in detail how one variant, zotob. a, works .\ndiscovered: august 14, 2005 updated: february 13, 2007 12: 43: 22 pm also known as: cme - 243, zotob. a [ f - secure ], w32 / zotob. worm [ mcafee ], w32 / zotob - a [ sophos ], worm _ zotob. a [ trend ] type: worm systems affected: windows\nsecurity → rbot. cbq; rbot. cbr and zotob. d worms (new )\nre: rbot. cbq; rbot. cbr and zotob. d worms (new )\ninfocon back to green; cisco\ndevice\nzotob & rbot problems, spanish zotob description, sun lpd remote exploit; more about msdds. dll issue - sans internet storm center\nzotob is the worm with widest infection rates right now through this vulnerability. the new version of zotob, zotob. c, goes one step further than its predecessors, by trying to spread via email rather than just networked computers. when it spreads via email the zotob. c worm can use a number of disguises, including pretending to be a webcam photograph .\nw32 / zotob - f - - another zotob variant. this one drops\nwintbpx. exe\non the infected machine and allows backdoor access through an irc channel. (sophos )\nsymantec up to w32. zotob. e: » re: worm strikes down windows 2000 systems\nzotob was only spectacular because it screwed up code and crashed systems ,\nhe says .\nto manually recover from infection by worm: win32 / zotob. a, follow these steps :\nthere are interesting aspects to the zotob outbreak, they just weren' t reported on cnn .\nsans isc: infocon back to green; cisco\ndevice\nzotob & rbot problems, spanish zotob description, sun lpd remote exploit; more about msdds. dll issue - sans internet storm center\nw32 / tpbot - a (also known by some anti - virus products as zotob. e or rbot. cbq. some media reports have named the virus rbot. ebq, but this is incorrect) w32 / dogbot - a w32 / zotob - a w32 / zotob - b w32 / zotob - c w32 / zotob - f troj / exppnp - a w32 / rbot - akm w32 / rbot - akn w32 / sdbot - acg w32 / tilebot - f w32 / esbot - a\nzotob isnt the first virus to hit the car maker, but elshoff defended daimlerchryslers approach to security .\nzotob caught out high - profile firms such as cnn, the financial times and the new york times .\n/ zimages / 6 / 28571. gif read more here about the zotob worm and how it attacks .\nrbot. cbq; rbot. cbr and zotob. d worms (new) - security | dslreports forums\nzotob. d spreads across the internet. in order to do so, it follows the routine below :\nbarely five days after the microsoft warning, a worm called zotob appeared that exploited the loophole. now there are nine viruses, some variants of the zotob worm, that exploit the bug in a variety of ways .\ncomputer science student farid essebar faced a moroccan magistrate on tuesday about his role in creating the zotob computer worm .\nabout 100 companies, including heavy plant maker caterpillar, reportedly suffered computer problems as a result of the zotob worm .\nthe zotob worm and its variations targeted computers that run microsoft operating systems, with windows 2000 users most seriously affected .\nzotob. a executable size: 22, 528 bytes executable name: botzor. exe ports: tcp – 445, 8080, 33333 aliases: zotob. a [ f - secure ], w32 / zotob. worm [ mcafee ], w32 / zotob - a [ sophos ], worm _ zotob. a [ trend micro ] other details: opens ftp server on tcp port 33333, copies 2pac. txt and haha. exe to the system directory, adds itself to the run and run services in the registry. modifies the hosts file to prevent updating of antivirus and security programs .\nthe fbi said the zotob variant w32. zotob, which caused nearly all of the damage, targeted windows 2000 and some early xp - based computers by opening a back door that exploited the microsoft windows plug and play buffer overflow vulnerability .\nzotob was discovered around august 12 - 13, 2005. august 13, 2005 was a saturday and the epidemics happened two days later when users returned to their pcs from the weekend. good chronology of events can be found at zotob (computer worm) - wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. see also bozori. a - e (zotob. e) worm\nzotob. b executable size: 27, 648 bytes executable name: csm. exe ports: tcp – 445, 8080, 33333 aliases: zotob. b [ f - secure ], w32 / zotob. worm. b [ mcafee ], w32 / zotob - b [ sophos ], worm _ zotob. b [ trend micro ] other details: opens ftp server on tcp port 33333, copies 2pac. txt and haha. exe to the system directory, adds itself to the run and run services in the registry. modifies the hosts file to prevent updating of antivirus and security programs .\nthe zotob worm and several variations of it, known as rbot. cbq, urltoken and zotob. d, infected computers at companies such as abc, cnn, the associated press, the new york times, and caterpillar inc .\nit seems that there was a fight between zotob and another virus variant. check this report from f - secure - urltoken\nzotob affects unpatched windows 2000 systems with tcp port 445 open. users of windows 95, 98, and me are not vulnerable to the current variants of zotob, but windows xp and windows server 2003 systems could be vulnerable in certain rare circumstances .\nwhat you should know about zotob zotob is a worm targeting windows 2000 - based systems which takes advantage of a security issue that was addressed by microsoft security bulletin ms05 - 039. this worm installs malicious software, and then looks for other computers to infect .\n/ zimages / 6 / 28571. gif click here to read about the malware detector microsoft is shipping for dealing with zotob worms .\nthere is a worm spreading around campus called zotob. if you notice that your computer is shutting down unexpectedly you might be infected .\nyou can use the microsoft windows malicious software removal tool to search for and remove the zotob worm and its variants from your hard drive .\nzotob is a worm that exploits a windows buffer overflow vulnerability, allowing the attacker to gather personal and financial information from targeted computers and networks. in addition to obtaining and potentially exploiting critical information stored in a personal or business computer, zotob can convert an infected computer into a so - called zombie for the purpose of spreading spam. zotob, which has several variants, is an outgrowth of a worm called mytob .\ntwo moroccan men have been jailed for releasing the zotob computer worm, which wreaked havoc on an estimated 250, 000 windows pcs last year .\nto clean the infections of w32. zotob. a. use this removal tool first, as it is the easiest way to remove this threat .\nto clean the infections of w32. zotob. e. use this removal tool first, as it is the easiest way to remove this threat .\nzotob was the first major worm outbreak since mydoom in january 2004. it happened quickly—less than five days after microsoft published a critical security bulletin (its 39th of the year). zotob’s effects varied greatly from organization to organization: some networks were brought to their knees, while others didn’t even notice .\nthe spread of the zotob worm was tempered both by the fact that it infected only computers running windows 2000, an operating system primarily used by businesses, and because internet service providers typically filter the type of web traffic generated by the worm. as a result, most of the zotob infections were limited to corporate networks .\nmicrosoft ships zotob worm zapper by ryan naraine august 17, 2005 microsoft corp. late wednesday shipped an update to its malware removal tool to detect and delete the fast - spreading\nzotob\nworm family. microsoft typically updates the free utility once a month—on patch tuesday—but with at least a dozen\nzotob\nvariants squirming through unpatched windows 2000 systems, the company added detections for 10 mutants to help with the cleanup process. full read @ eweek » urltoken ··· 6, 00. asp\naugust 16, 2005: advisory has been updated to document additional information about variations of worm: win32 / zotob. a and additional information about the ongoing investigation .\nworm: win32 / zotob. a creates entries in the windows registry that attempt to run the worm every time your computer restarts. these entries should be deleted .\nw32 / zotob - c - - an zotob variant that exploits the windows 2000 pnp vulnerability, among others, as it spreads through e - mail. the infected message uses a number of different text attributes, but most look like a friend sending a photo. it installs itself as\nper. exe\n. (sophos )\n5. the zotob pair farid essebar and archaf bahloul both got jail time in morocco for their role in the creation of the zotob worm, the malware that disrupted media outlets in 2005. essebar received two years in prison and bahloul received a year for exploiting a microsoft flaw that caused widespread destruction at cnn and other media outlets .\ndavid perry of trend micro, an internet monitoring firm, said the latest worm may have been derived from the zotob worm, which was first reported over the weekend .\nsmith told reporters his firm' s internet crimes unit, which actively participated in the investigation, had been able to monitor the zotob attacks in\nreal time .\nzotob and its rbot variants can be used to remotely instruct computers to send e - mail spam, steal personal data or attack other computers without the user' s knowledge .\nessebar and ekici are suspected of releasing the zotob and mytob computer worms that were designed to take advantage of flaws in microsoft' s widely used windows operating system. the suspects' nicknames can be found in the original computer programming code for zotob, according to the fbi and microsoft corp. , both of which worked with overseas officials on the case .\nzotob. a modifies the system hosts file to disable access to certain sites. the following hostnames are redirected to localhost ip address (127. 0. 0. 1) :\nwhat is the scope of the advisory? zotob is a worm that targets windows 2000–based computers and takes advantage of a security issue that was addressed by microsoft security bulletin ms05 - 039. this worm and its variants install malicious software, and then search for other computers to infect. if you have installed the update released with security bulletin ms05 - 039, you are already protected from zotob and its variants. if you are using any supported version of windows other than windows 2000, you are not at risk from zotob and its variants .\nthough it did not infect as many computers as more widespread worms such as sasser or mydoom, zotob did take out systems at media outlets, including cnn, prompting widespread publicity .\nullrich, of the sans institute, said zotob\nwill connect to a control server to ask for instructions. it scans network neighborhoods and tries to infect them, as well .\nworm: w32 / zotob. a is a clone of worm: w32 / mytob. a that spreads using a vulnerability in windows plug and play service (ms05 - 039) .\nrecommendation: customers should use the microsoft windows malicious software removal tool to check for and remove the zotob infection and install the ms05 - 039 security update to help protect against this vulnerability .\naugust 14, 2005: advisory has been updated to advise customers that microsoft is actively analyzing and providing guidance on a malicious worm identified as the “worm: win32 / zotob. a” .\nthe news from daimlerchrysler is just the latest in a string of announcements from major u. s. corporations who have been hit by worms with names such as zotob, rbot and ircbot .\ntrend micro has rated the worm attack\nyellow ,\nwhich is in the middle of its alert range. the security company has seen thousands of infections from zotob alone, hartmann said .\nsomebody mentioned the breaking news on cnn' s site and i thought' hrm... wonder if that' s zotob... that' s not really breaking' and moved on .\nzotob and subsequent variants of the worm infected at least 255 companies around the world, said oliver friedrichs, a senior manager at cupertino, calif. - based symantec corp. , a computer security company .\nit is not unusual for hackers to create networks of compromised computers, like the one created by the zotob worm, for identity theft, said graham cluley, a senior technology consultant with antivirus vendor sophos .\nto avoid infection by the zotob worms and (undoubtedly) future malware which attempts to exploit the same windows vulnerabilities, users should make sure their antivirus software is up - to - date and install the latest microsoft security updates to ensure their systems are not vulnerable to these attacks. the rapid appearance of the zotob worm shortly after microsoft released system patches emphasizes how critical it can be for windows users to install security updates promptly and maintain security software. if zotob proves anything, it’s that malware exploiting vulnerabilities in windows operating systems will appear on the internet almost instantaneously once the vulnerabilities become widely known outside the computer security industry .\nthe company also sought to downplay the threat and said windows 2000 - based pcs running the latest patch are protected .\nzotob has thus far had a low rate of infection. zotob only targets windows 2000. customers running other versions such as windows xp, or customers who have applied the ms05 - 039 update to windows 2000 are not impacted by this attack ,\nthe company said in a statement issued tuesday .\naugust 15, 2005: advisory has been updated to document additional variants of worm: win32 / zotob. a. we have also updated the advisory to document information about the impact of the restrictanonymous registry key .\nsymantec has a primitive scanning (and that means very slow; -) removal tool to clean the infections of w32. zotob. still that might be the easiest way to remove this worm for home users .\ncomputer science student farid essebar faced a moroccan magistrate on tuesday about his role in creating the zotob computer worm. the program caused computer outages at major media outlets like cnn and the new york times in august .\nthe fbi said close teamwork with microsoft corp. and authorities in morocco and turkey helped net essebar and ekici 12 days after the attack. despite heavy media coverage, the zotob worm did not cause widespread shutdowns .\nwin32 / zotob is a network worm that primarily targets microsoft windows 2000 computers that do not have microsoft security bulletin ms05 - 039 installed. ms05 - 039 patches the windows plug - and - play buffer overflow vulnerability .\ninstantly receive antivirus alerts, and determine how far the malware has spread and which hosts it has exploited. if the cisco ngips detects an attack—for example, zotob—on the network, it automatically sends an alert to qradar .\nzotob. d is written in the programming language visual c + + v6. this worm is 51, 326 bytes in size when compressed with upx and yoda, and 137, 205 bytes when it is decompressed .\ni firmly believe that the mess zotob caused is * our * fault. the fact that it' s a hacker duel is neither here nor there. we prepared such a beautful field for them to duel upon .\nzotob affects computers by slowing them down and causing them to continually crash and reboot. infected windows 2000 computers are potentially left exposed to more malicious attacks, while infected windows xp computers can only continue to spread the worms .\nsome zotob variants disable registry editing tools, firewalls, anti - spyware programs, and anti - virus programs. most variants are targeted at computers running windows 2000, but some can affect computers running any version of windows .\non wednesday, code for exploiting the hole in windows 2000 systems appeared on a well - known security web site. by late saturday, somebody had combined that exploit with code for spreading across the internet and created zotob. a .\nwin32 / zotob can also infect computers running other windows operating systems if it is delivered through email, instant messaging, or other routes. the worm has a backdoor component that connects to an irc server to receive commands from attackers .\nthe zotob worm first emerged on aug. 14, just four days after microsoft released a patch to fix a security flaw in windows that the worm was designed to exploit. two days later, several companies - - including cnn, the new york times and abc news - - reported that a variant of zotob had infiltrated their computer networks. the worm also temporarily disabled the systems that the department of homeland security uses to screen airline passengers entering the united states .\nit has been reported that computers targeted by w32. zotob. e may become unstable during execution of the exploit code. this may result in the termination of the services. exe process, which causes the targeted computer to shutdown .\nzotob and its variations can attack a computer without needing to open any software, so some users would be infected without knowing it. but experts said the damage probably will not be substantial because most companies made the necessary software fixes quickly .\nif the computer is vulnerable, zotob. d will download and run a copy of itself in the remote computer. in order to do so, it installs an ftp server in the affected computer and transfers itself to the remote system .\na new worm released sunday august 14, 2005, which takes advantage of the plug and play (pnp) vulnerabilities described in microsoft security bulletin ms05 - 039, is causing widespread problems. the zotob worm appeared shortly after the microsoft patch release on tuesday august 9. there are currently several worms based on the same exploit code. they are known by several names such as zotob, esbot, bobax, worm _ rbot, spybot, sdbot, ircbot, and variants of these .\none of our reader who is javier translate our recent description of zotob variant explaination to spanish. even i don' t understand spanish, it will be good for people who is their native language is spanish. you can find information at here\nthe days of the big viruses - such as zotob and slammer - that were written to make a name for themselves have given way to nasties like gpcode, a bug that kidnaps electronic documents and will only give them back for a price .\ni think it' s very telling that cnn had posted this as' breaking news' initially prior to when they revealed any details about it. of course, this was well after (~ 24 hours ?) the first zotob variant .\nofficials in turkey and morocco have arrested two men thought to be responsible for creating computer worms that infected hundreds of thousands of computers worldwide this year, including the zotob worm that crippled several high - profile companies this month, the fbi said yesterday .\nalthough windows xp and 2003 computers are not affected by zotob and other variants, they can be carriers of these worms and can infect other computers. all computers running windows 2000 / 2003 / xp have this security hole and should be patched immediately .\naugust 17, 2005: advisory has been updated to document additional information about variations of worm: win32 / zotob. a. we are also announcing the availability of a revised version of the microsoft windows malicious software removal tool that helps to address these attacks .\ndiscovered: august 16, 2005 updated: february 13, 2007 12: 43: 29 pm also known as: cme - 540, win32 / zotob. e! worm [ computer a, bozori. a [ f - secure ], net - worm. win32. bozori. a [ kaspe, w32 / ircbot. worm! ms05 - 039 [ mcaf, w32 / tpbot - a [ sophos ], worm _ zotob. e [ trend micro ], w32 / bozori. a [ norman ] type: worm systems affected: windows\nadministrators are encouraged to apply the appropriate microsoft patch to affected systems and to restrict access to machines on tcp port 445 and other variant ports. be aware that blocking these ports may affect existing functionality, such as file sharing. a large variety of bots are taking advantage of the vulnerabilities described in ms05 - 039. not all are characterized as “zotob, ” and some might escape antivirus detection altogether. do not assume that your system is safe if you do not find “zotob, ” because some of the other bots match generic sdbot or rbot signatures .\npolice who raided essebar' s home found a computer that contained the original programming instructions for the first version of the zotob worm, according to a law enforcement source who was involved in the investigation but spoke on condition of anonymity because the information could affect legal proceedings in turkey .\nto scan for vulnerable systems, zotob creates 300 threads that connect to random ip addresses within the b - class (255. 255. 0. 0) network of the infected system. it first tests connection to port 445 and if successful, it tries to exploit the vulnerability .\nheres all symantecs writeups » securityresponse. symante ··· b. f. html » securityresponse. symante ··· b. e. html » securityresponse. symante ··· b. g. html » securityresponse. symante ··· t. b. html plus zotob removal » securityresponse. symante ··· ool. html\nthe zotob storm was both typical and unique. it started soon after the vulnerability was published, but i don’t think that made a difference. even worms that use six - month - old vulnerabilities find huge swaths of the internet unpatched. it was a surprise, but they all are .\nthe code used in the zotob worm to exploit the microsoft pnp vulnerability addresses in ms05 - 039 relies on null sessions to exploit the target system. default installations of windows xp sp2 and windows 2003 do not have null sessions enabled, and thus are not affected by the worm. see urltoken\nzotob creates 300 threads that generate random ip addresses in the b - class network of the infected system. it scans for new systems to infect through port 445 and sends exploit code to the new systems. when the exploit is successful, it sends the worm via ftp to the new target .\nit would be great to know which patches are actually important and which ones just sound important. before that weekend in august, the patch that would have protected against zotob was just another patch; by monday morning, it was the most important thing a sysadmin could do to secure the network .\nto date, at least 19 different kinds of malicious software have been identified that exploit the pnp hole, including at least five variants of zotob and new versions of malicious programs like ircbot and sdbot, according to f - secure corp. , an anti - virus software firm in helsinki, finland .\ntwo weeks later, the 18 - year - old who wrote the original zotob worm was arrested, along with the 21 - year - old who paid him to write it. it seems likely the person who funded the worm’s creation was not a hacker, but rather a criminal looking to profit .\nwhen zotob finds a target system, the worm installs a shell program on the computer that initiates an ftp or tftp session to download the actual worm code. the newly infected system then starts scanning ip addresses for new computers to compromise. when the worm finds another unprotected machine, the process repeats itself .\nwhile computers running windows 95 / 98 / me / nt4 / xp operating systems cannot be infected remotely, it is possible they could be infected if w32. zotob. a is executed locally (although this is an unlikely occurrence). vulnerable windows 2000 computers could then be infected by the compromised computer .\nwhile computers running windows 95 / 98 / me / nt4 / xp operating systems cannot be infected remotely, it is possible they could be infected if w32. zotob. e is executed locally (although this is an unlikely occurrence). vulnerable windows 2000 computers could then be infected by the compromised computer .\nekici and essebar, known also by their hacker names of\ncoder\nand\ndiabl0 ,\nrespectively, were arrested just 12 days after the release of zotob, but authorities had also been investigating 16 other individuals in connection with a credit card theft ring that may have been linked to the worms .\na clean system under attack from zotob will receive exploit code coming from port 445 on the attacking system. the code exploits a vulnerability in the umpnpmgr. dll file which allows it to open a command shell on port 8888. this shell executes an ftp script that downloads the worm to the target computer as haha. exe .\nfarid essebar, a moroccan who used the screen name\ndiabl0 ,\nand atilla ekici of turkey, who used the moniker\ncoder ,\nwere arrested in their home countries by authorities who cooperated with u. s. investigators in tracking the origins of the mytob worm; a damaging variant, zotob; and a third worm, rbot .\nby the 17th, there were at least a dozen other worms that exploited the same vulnerability, both zotob variants and others that were completely different. most of them tried to recruit computers for bot networks, and some of the different variants warred against each other—stealing “owned” computers back and forth. if your network was infected, it was a mess .\nthree different hackers behind week' s attacks aug. 19, 2005 three authors, or three groups of hackers, launched three separate attacks this week on vulnerable windows 2000 machines, analysis released friday by panda software showed. the research gives credence to the idea that a bot battle is being fought over compromised machines. panda graphed the first seven bots discovered this week - - zotob. a through zotob. d, and ircbot. kc, ircbot. jz, and ircbot. kd - - to shows the processes carried out by each. that, said panda, represents a' fingerprint' or' genetic signature' of each bot. full read @ information week » urltoken ··· tid = 6004\nzotob is an internet worm that makes an infected computer a part of a botnet. it comes from the same creator as many variant s of the mytob worm. the worm caused an average of $ 97, 000 in damage at 700 companies, totaling almost $ 68 million in damage, a relatively small number compared to the damage estimates of worms like mydoom and sobig .\nwhich worm done it? experts have different opinions on the cause of the latest infections. the sans internet storm center, which tracks network threats, attributes tuesday' s trouble to zotob, which keeps mutating and finding new victims .\nas seen with prior tcp worms, it is reaching its peak around three days after the outbreak ,\nsans said on its web site .\nwhat could you have done beforehand to protect yourself against zotob and its kin? “install the patch” is the obvious answer, but it’s not really a satisfactory one. there are simply too many patches. although a single computer user can easily set up patches to automatically download and install—at least microsoft windows system patches—large corporate networks can’t. far too often, patches cause other things to break .\nmicrosoft had six new patches available on 9 august, three designated as critical (including the one that zotob used), one important, and two moderate. could you have guessed beforehand which one would have actually been critical? with the next patch release, will you know which ones you can put off and for which ones you need to drop everything, test, and install across your network ?\ntokyo - based internet and security firm trend micro reports a new windows worm, dubbed zotob, has appeared which exploits\ncritical\nsecurity holes in microsoft’s windows 95, 98, nt, me, 2000, and xp operating systems which microsoft patched just last week. the worm, detected in both the united states and germany, can block infected users’ access to antivirus sites and give attackers access to infected systems .\nas others have pointed out, the media circus surrounding zotob almost certainly resulted from the panic felt at the news agencies when their networks were hit. they might not have noticed their systems being taken over by the worm, except for the dramatic effect of every pc around rebooting itself over and over and over. with only a few infected systems, no pc in an office could stay up more than a few minutes .\nworms and viruses are malicious software that often are introduced when someone opens an infected computer file, such as an e - mail attachment. they can take over a computer hard drive, often making the contents available to hackers. worms like zotob are even more dangerous because they can seek out and infect computers on a network without any action on the part of users, exploiting weaknesses in the software that windows uses to communicate online .\nzotob. e executable size: 10, 366 bytes executable name: wintbp. exe ports: tcp – 8594, 8080, 445. udp - 69 aliases: worm _ rbot. cbq [ trend micro ] other details: opens tftp server on udp port 69, connects to irc server at 72. 20. 27. 115 on tcp port 8080 to listen for update instructions, and adds itself to the run in the registry .\nzotob. f executable size: 10, 878 bytes executable name: wintbpx. exe ports: tcp – 445 other details: opens multiple tcp ports. connects to irc server at 72. 20. 41. 139 to listen for update instructions, adds itself to the run in the registry, and creates a file named% temp% \\ [ number ] (which, if successful, contains tftp scripts to download additional files) .\none variant that showed up on august 15th is now detected as a generic w32. spybot. worm by symantec 9, but the characteristics observed on an infected system don' t match any documented variant able to exploit ms05 - 039, which it was clearly doing. it has some stuff that matches the documented zotob. a (symantec), and some stuff that matches worm _ rbot (trend micro) and some that matches neither .\nthe worm was named zotob by antivirus companies. diab10 intended for it to be named botzor2005. screwing around with the name the creator intended to give it is common for antivirus companies. in the (likely) creator' s native arabic, the name of the worm would usually be written using the roman letters, however, one poster to the vbspiders forum wrote it out in arabic as\nزوطوب\n. this would be pronounced in about the same way as one would pronounce\nzotob\nin english, with the exception of the\nط\n, which is like an english\nt\n, but with very slight differences. some of its variants are named bozori, while the worm itself is considered a variant of mytob. this however, is very unusual, since the worm exploits computers over the internet with no help from a naive user, while mytob spreads mostly through email .\na series of new worms and viruses have been released onto the internet to attack computers through a microsoft security hole. the zotob worm and its variants, as well as several other new worms take advantage of a major security flaw recently discovered in microsoft' s plug and play feature of the windows operating system. this is a major attack on computers running the windows 2000 operating system, causing them in many cases to shut down and reboot continually or crash altogether .\ni' ve been reading the massive press coverage about zotob (technical details are here, here, and here), and can' t figure out what the big deal is about. yes, it propagates in windows 2000 without user intervention, which is always nastier. it uses a microsoft plug - and - play vulnerability, which is somewhat interesting. but the only reason i can think of that cnn did rolling coverage on it is that cnn was hit by it .\nzotob. d executable size: 51, 326 bytes executable name: windrg32. exe ports: tcp – 6667, 1117, 445 other details: opens ftp server on tcp port 1117, attempts to end a variety of processes. modifies the registry and deletes a variety of registry entries, deletes a variety of files from the system and program files directories, and adds itself to the run and run services in the registry. modifies the hosts file to prevent updating of antivirus and security programs .\nother versions of windows, including windows xp service pack 2 and windows server 2003 are not impacted by worm: win32 / zotob. a, its variations, and similar worms attempting to exploit the windows plug and play vulnerability, unless they have already been compromised by other malicious software. customers can protect against attacks attempting to utilize this vulnerability by installing the security updates provided by the microsoft security bulletin ms05 - 039 immediately. the ms05 - 039 security bulletin is available at the following web site .\nthe worm directs 50 hostnames to 127. 0. 0. 1 (back to the computer itself). these are mostly antivirus sites, but also a few others like amazon and paypal are blocked. zotob also listens on an irc channel for commands from any cracker who knows how to find it. it can execute commands from the cracker, such as connecting and disconnecting from the irc channel, getting information on the infected system, downloading and executing files, changing security settings and removing the worm from the system .\nzotob. c executable size: 41, 984 bytes executable name: per. exe ports: tcp – 445, 8080, 33333 other details: mass - mailing worm uses a predefined list of recipient names, appending the domain names that it gathers from an infected computer. it contains its own smtp engine to e - mail to the addresses that it finds. opens ftp server on tcp port 33333, adds itself to the run and run services in the registry. modifies the hosts file to prevent updating of antivirus and security programs .\nyou have it right. we\nexperts\nleft port 445 open and voila. massive infections. the important point is not the /. win32 vs linux vs whatever futility, but that as a community infosec dropped the ball, bigtime. having a\nparanoid firewall\nis a good thing - how many times does this tyoe of thing have to happen before admins stop being so smug and take their mission seriously? rpc endpoints exposed. port 1433. how many slammers, zotob' s, [ your worm here ] have to happen before we move to a\ndeny all except known good\nphilosophy in the enterprise? how much time wasted before we get a clue ?\non august 16, 2005, a computer worm known as' zotob' affected computer systems using windows 2000 at cnn, abc news, the new york times, and a number of other businesses. the worm caused difficulty for cnn, causing the channel to lose its news ticker and some other graphics. as a result, wolf blitzer anchored a' breaking news' report about the virus - which cnn thought was affecting large numbers of computers worldwide. at one point during the broadcast, which was aired on both cnn usa and cnn international, wolf blitzer advised viewers to shut down their computers as a precaution until details about the' fast - moving computer worm' were known. more details: urltoken\nzotob. g executable size: 73, 728 bytes executable name: windrg32. exe ports: tcp – 445, 6667, 1171 aliases: w32. drudebot. a other details: attempts to connect irc servers on tcp port 6667, opens a tftp server on tcp port 1171, attempts to end a variety of processes, modifies the registry and deletes a variety of registry entries, deletes a variety of files from the system and program files directories, adds itself to the run and run services in the registry, and creates a file named% temp% \\ [ number ] (which, if successful, contains tftp scripts to download additional files). modifies the hosts file to prevent updating of antivirus and security programs .\nso far, trend micro reports two variants (zotob a and b) have been discovered. both take advantage of microsoft’s plug and play technology to propagate across networks; when the worm detects a vulnerable system, it attaches a script to that system which downloads the worm from a clandestine ftp server on the infected machine. once installed, the worm modifies the system’s hosts file to interfere with user’s connecting to specific antivirus internet sites. the worm also opens a backdoor which enable the computer to receive commands via irc channels on specific servers; worm variants a and b connect to different irc servers. once installed, all data on the infected system is accessible to remote attackers; remote users could also take control of infected systems .\nzotob comes from morocco, and is from the creator of mytob. farid essebar (فريد الصبار), a russian - born moroccan was arrested along with a turkish coder atilla ekici for creation of the worm. the worm very early on was suspected of having a turkish connection. the exploit the worm used was first used by a russian hacker named\nhouseofdabus\n. essebar is believed to have done most or all of the actual coding of the worm, while ekici paid him for it by giving him hijacked credit card data. essebar began writing worms when he received a copy of mydoom from the british hacker uncanny. he later wrote mytob and a significant number of its variants. essebar was sentenced to two years in prison .\n» urltoken ··· 70100897 two men have been arrested by local authorities in turkey and morocco, and charged with creating and distributing the zotob and mytob worms, as well as rbot bot worm, the fbi announced friday in a conference call with news media. farid essebar, 18, a moroccan national born in russia and known by the moniker\ndiabl0 ,\nwas arrested by moroccan authorities, while atilla ekici, aka\ncoder ,\na 21 - year old resident of turkey, was grabbed by turkish police. according to the fbi, essebar was the one who wrote the worms and bots, and was then paid for his work by ekici .\nthere was a financial relationship between essebar and ekici ,\nsaid reigel ,\nand we believe that there was financial gain on the part of the moroccan, mr. essebar .\nboth essebar and ekici will face charges in their home countries, reigel said, although he wasn' t able to detail the exact charges which had been filed nor the possible penalties. there is no plan to extradite the two to the united states, he added, in part because there is no extradition treaty with morocco. nor would either reigel or smith of microsoft speculate as to the motive for writing and distributing the various worms. although some media reports - - including one out of morocco - - claimed that the two men were involved in bankcard fraud, reigel said there was no evidence of that .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe two men behind the malicious program, farid essabar and achraf bahloul, were caught soon after the virus struck in august 2005 .\nthe pair faced charges of conspiracy, theft, using forged credit cards and illegal access to computers .\nthe worm targeted microsoft' s windows 2000 operating system which is widely used by many large companies .\nat news firm cnn the worm disrupted the station' s live reports. computers infected by the worm fell into a cycle of constant re - starts .\nthe authorities caught up with the pair less than a fortnight after the virus struck and many anti - virus experts were surprised that they were based in morocco. mr essabar now faces two years in jail and mr bahloul one year .\nmr essabar is also thought to be behind a series of other viruses that targeted windows computers .\nthe pair were thought to have worked closely with an accomplice in turkey named by the fbi as atilla ekici .\nlawyers for the two men said they planned to file an appeal against their sentences .\nmost popular now | 56, 514 people are reading stories on the site right now .\n;\nmost popular now | 17, 029 pages were read in the last minute .\n;\nit may soon become difficult to determine who sits in the hotter seat: president trump' s supreme court nominee brett kavanaugh or senate democrats from conservative states .\nchina raises tariff rates for some u. s. optical fiber products, from july 11\niran vows to sell as much oil as it can in face of u. s. sanctions\nsouth sudan government forces, allies killed hundreds of civilians: u. n .\nworld shares hovered near three - week highs on tuesday, supported by optimism about u. s. company earnings and expectations that global economic growth can withstand trade tensions, although political bickering kept british markets on the backfoot .\npepsico inc reported second - quarter revenue and profit that topped wall street estimates as higher sales in its frito - lay unit in north america helped offset sluggish demand for beverages .\nthe president of opec defended the oil producer group on monday against u. s. president donald trump’s recent demands for higher oil output, saying opec does not shoulder the blame .\niran' s vice president acknowledged on tuesday that u. s. sanctions would hurt the economy, but promised to\nsell as much oil as we can\nand protect banking .\na suicide bomber blew himself up on tuesday in the afghan city of jalalabad, killing at least 10 people, government officials said, but no militant group has yet claimed reponsibility for the attack .\nliu xia, the widow of chinese nobel peace prize - winning political dissident liu xiaobo, left china for germany on tuesday, in news welcomed by rights groups who had long pressed for her release from what was effectively house arrest .\njapan' s takeda gains u. s. approval for $ 62 billion shire buy\nreuters provides several ways to securely and confidentially share information and materials with our journalists .\nan unpiloted russian cargo resupply ship maks space history by docking with the international space station after a journey of under four hours, breaking previous records for a trip that traditionally takes two days .\nreuters, the news and media division of thomson reuters, is the world’s largest international multimedia news provider reaching more than one billion people every day. reuters provides trusted business, financial, national, and international news to professionals via thomson reuters desktops, the world' s media organizations, and directly to consumers at urltoken and via reuters tv. learn more about thomson reuters products :\nall quotes delayed a minimum of 15 minutes. see here for a complete list of exchanges and delays .\nmore than 100 companies have been hit by computer viruses that exploit a recently found loophole in windows .\nthe new york times, cnn, abc news and heavy plant maker caterpillar all had computer problems caused by a family of malicious worms .\nvirus writers have reacted very swiftly to abuse the vulnerability which microsoft revealed barely a week ago .\ndespite the high - profile victims, security firms said they expected damage to be limited .\non 9 august, microsoft released critical security advisory ms05 - 039 which revealed a vulnerability in the plug - and - play component of windows 2000. code to patch the loophole was also made available .\nplug - and - play is intended to make it easy to connect new devices to windows machines .\nwe are seeing the time lessen between vulnerability and exploit ,\nsaid sal viveros, security expert at mcafee .\nit used to take months .\nthe family of bugs seems to have caught out several us companies including many media firms .\nin the uk the financial times was struck. a microsoft spokeswoman said a\nfairly small\nnumber of users had been affected .\nresearch firm assetmetrix reports that windows 2000 is still the most dominant version of windows used in large firms. more than 50% of desktops in companies with more than 250 computers run the program .\nnet monitoring firm netcraft said the worms were having no effect on the websites of large firms that run on windows 2000 .\nonly users of microsoft windows 2000 operating system are likely to be vulnerable to the family of bugs .\nusers will know if they have been caught out by the worm as their computer will continually restart. mr viveros said this was in contrast to many other worms which can infect computers often without their owner' s knowledge .\nas a worm the bug can travel by itself around the net searching for new victims. other versions of windows can act as carriers but will not continually re - boot .\nsecurity firms said the best way to protect against the bug is to download and apply microsoft' s patch .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nwashington (cnn) - - a fast - moving computer worm tuesday attacked computer systems using microsoft operating systems, shutting down computers in the united states, germany and asia .\namong those hit were offices on capitol hill, which is in the midst of august recess, and media organizations, including cnn, abc and the new york times. caterpillar inc. , in peoria, illinois, reportedly also had problems .\na small number of computers in an administrative office at san francisco international airport also crashed, but they were not essential to the airport' s operation, spokesman mike mccarron said .\nthe fbi said the computer problems did not appear to be part of any widespread attack .\nwhile the worm affects primarily windows 2000, it also can affect some early versions of microsoft xp, said johannes ullrich, chief technology officer of the sans institute, a network security firm based in jacksonville, florida .\nthe director of microsoft' s security response center, debbie fry wilson, said the computer giant was in an\nemergency response\nmode .\nright now, we' re mobilizing our two war rooms ,\nshe told cnn .\nthe key thing i want to stress for customers is making sure that they install security updates as quickly as possible ,\nwilson said .\nalthough she said that the number of affected computers is unclear, most windows 2000 customers are business users. and automatic security updates would have protected most home users, she said. wilson added that\nat least 200 million computer users worldwide\nhave downloaded the patch .\nbusiness software provider assetmetrix reported in june that computers running windows 2000 were on about half of all corporate desks .\nmicrosoft is working with law enforcement to track down those who unleashed the worm, wilson said .\nlysa myers, a virus researcher for the computer security firm mcafee, inc. , said the worm exploits a vulnerability in microsoft' s plug - and - play service .\nhow it' s spreading is it' s looking for machines that are unpatched and running itself ,\nshe said." ]

{ "text": [ "zotob is a computer worm which exploits security vulnerabilities in microsoft operating systems like windows 2000 , including the ms05-039 plug-and-play vulnerability .", "this worm has been known to spread on microsoft-ds or tcp port 445 .", "it was declared that the zotob worms cost an average of $ 97,000 as well as 80 hours of cleanup per company affected . " ], "topic": [ 16, 16, 14 ] }

[ "zotob is a computer worm which exploits security vulnerabilities in microsoft operating systems like windows 2000, including the ms05-039 plug-and-play vulnerability. this worm has been known to spread on microsoft-ds or tcp port 445. it was declared that the zotob worms cost an average of $ 97,000 as well as 80 hours of cleanup per company affected." ]

[ "recommended citation birdlife international (2018) species factsheet: myiobius atricaudus. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018. recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: birdlife international (2018) iucn red list for birds. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018 .\nfarnsworth, a. & lebbin, d. (2018). whiskered flycatcher (myiobius barbatus). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018) .\nfarnsworth, a. & lebbin, d. (2018). black - tailed flycatcher (myiobius atricaudus). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nioc _ names _ file _ plus - 8. 2g: 8. 2\nas proposed by brumfield et al. 2004 & hennessy 2011; vote was 6 / 4 in favor of recognition\nc colombia to sierra de perijá (mts. of ne colombia and nw venezuela )\nclassification of pipridae follows tello et al. 2009, mckay et al. 2010, ohlson et al. 2013, sacc 591 b2; see also prum et al. 1992\ntyrant - manakins are sister group to the other\ncore\nmanakins (mckay et al. 2010 )\n( snow 2004, bli); sacc needs proposal for this and additional splits. subspecies\nsacc 761). change english name from western striped manakin to striolated manakin (sacc 783) .\npainted manakin is a newly described species based solely on distinct vocalizations (lane et al. 2017, sacc 761). english name follows sacc 783 .\nfollowing tello et al. (2009). but kirwan et al. 2016 show that\ngenetic data place the sharpbill in the tityridae (ohlson et al. 2008, tello et al. 2009); sacc 134 separates to family oxyruncidae along with\nin the tityridae (ohlson et al. 2008, tello et al. 2009 )\ns colombia, e ecuador, w and c amazonian brazil, e peru and n bolivia .\ncomplex (nyári 2007, donegan et al. 2011, sacc 505, 543a) .\ncomplex comprises at least five species, now split per above (nyári 2007, donegan et al. 2011, sacc 505, 543a). change english name to brown - winged schiffornis .\nc bolivia to e brazil, paraguay and ne argentina. also s guyana and n brazil\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists, and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12, 000 regional checklists in avibase, offered in 9 different taxonomies, including synonyms more than 175 languages. each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community, and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page, such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition (incl. corrigenda vol. 1 - 2) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details. to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263, 339, 356 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy\navibase has been visited 263, 328, 257 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy\navibase has been visited 263, 328, 278 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy\navibase has been visited 263, 335, 228 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy\nsometimes treated as conspecific with m. sulphureipygius (which see). race mastacalis may be a separate species, but on a small sample of amazonian and atlantic taxa no obvious vocal differences identified # r; further study needed. five subspecies recognized .\n– se colombia, s & e venezuela (s of r orinoco) and the guianas s to e ecuador, n peru (n of r marañón) and nc brazil (n of r amazon) .\nj. t. zimmer, 1939 – ne brazil (s of r amazon, e from r tapajós) .\n12·5–12·7 cm; 11 g. large eyes, prominent long rictal bristles. nominate race has crown, nape and back olive - green, semi - concealed yellow coronal patch, paler loral ...\narthropods. singly or in pairs; regularly accompanies mixed - species flocks that include thamnophilids (e. g .\nbuilds suspended pyriform nest with a roof or hood of overhanging twigs, and a side entrance; 2–10 m above ground. no further ...\nnot globally threatened. uncommon to fairly common. occurs in many national parks and other protected areas throughout its range, e. g. tinigua national park, in colombia, ...\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography. login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments. to make the most of all of hbw' s features, discover our subscriptions now !\nvaried assemblage of genera long considered taxonomically problematic, and hitherto scattered variously by different authors among families cotingidae, tyrannidae and pipridae, with frequent separation of oxyruncidae, sometimes a reduced form of tityridae, and lately onychorhynchidae; recently shown by several phylogenetic studies to form a monophyletic group # r # r # r # r. family name tityridae introduced in 1830, thus having priority for this assemblage over name oxyruncidae, of feb 1832 .\ntraditionally placed in tyrannidae; see also onychorhynchus and terenotriccus (above). author has normally, but erroneously, been listed as darwin (as in hbw) # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts, family texts, plates, audiovisual links, updates and related resources .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 55. 90 € (instead of 59. 90 €) 3 - year subscription package: 82 € (instead of 89. 85 € )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information, tracking references to their source (when available on the internet) .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 82. 5 € (instead of 89. 9 €) 3 - year subscription package: 122. 5 € (instead of 134. 85 € )\nthere is a registration fee of 20€. this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive. you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution, click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding (anonymously); markers do not indicate precise localities .\nrace ridgwayi distinctive, has been considered perhaps a separate species; however, race snethlagei also fairly distinctive, and further work needed on entire species. race portovelae sometimes lumped with nominate because of plumage similarities and poorly defined geographical boundaries between the two. seven subspecies recognized .\ntodd, 1912 – locally in c & e venezuela (along r orinoco in n bolívar) .\nj. t. zimmer, 1939 – s colombia (putumayo), e ecuador, e peru, and w brazil (s of amazon, e to r madeira) .\nj. t. zimmer, 1939 – nc & ne brazil (s of amazon, e from r tapajós) .\nhellmayr, 1927 – coastal ne brazil (maranhão to ceará and pernambuco s to e goiás and w bahia) .\n– se brazil (espírito santo and e minas gerais s to são paulo and ne paraná) .\n12–12·7 cm; 10 g. large eyes, prominent long rictal bristles. nominate race has crown, nape and back dark olive - green, semi - concealed yellow coronal patch, paler loral ...\nlower growth of dry to humid forest, lighter woodland, shrubby second growth, and forest borders, ...\narthropods. singly or in pairs; regularly accompanies mixed - species flocks. actively forages at low to middle levels; fans tail and droops ...\napr in costa rica and jun–jul in panama. female constructs a messy bell - shaped or pyriform nest of fine brown plant fibres, suspended ...\nnot globally threatened. uncommon to locally fairly common. occurs in tarcol lodge, in costa rica, tambito nature reserve, in colombia, cerro blanco forest reserve, ...\nthere are many ways to contribute—we need species information, photographs, audio, video, translations, maps, distribution data, and bird sightings. there' s a role for everyone !\n), in neotropical birds online (t. s. schulenberg, editor). cornell lab of ornithology, ithaca, ny, usa. retrieved from neotropical birds online :\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo, j. , collar, n. j. , christie, d. a. , elliott, a. , fishpool, l. d. c. , boesman, p. and kirwan, g. m. 2016. hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world. volume 2: passerines. lynx edicions and birdlife international, barcelona, spain and cambridge, uk .\njustification: this species has a very large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size is very large, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\npartners in flight estimate the total population to number 50, 000 - 499, 999 individuals (a. panjabi in litt. 2008). trend justification: this species is thought to be local in its occurrence in some areas owing to deforestation (del hoyo et al. 2004), thus its population is suspected to be in decline .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nzoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource, 2006. 05. 28, website (version 28 - may - 06 )\nzoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource\nmaintained by alan p. peterson at urltoken\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nthis species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern." ]

{ "text": [ "myiobius is a genus of bird , classified in the family tityridae according to ioc version 6.2 .", "it was previously considered to belong to the tyrannidae .", "however many other taxonomic authorities place the genus in the tyrannidae , including both the nacc and sacc of the aou , clements , and the iucn .", "it contains the following species : black-tailed myiobius ( myiobius atricaudus ) whiskered myiobius ( myiobius barbatus ) sulphur-rumped myiobius ( myiobius sulphureipygius ) tawny-breasted myiobius ( myiobius villosus )" ], "topic": [ 26, 26, 26, 4 ] }

[ "myiobius is a genus of bird, classified in the family tityridae according to ioc version 6.2. it was previously considered to belong to the tyrannidae. however many other taxonomic authorities place the genus in the tyrannidae, including both the nacc and sacc of the aou, clements, and the iucn. it contains the following species: black-tailed myiobius (myiobius atricaudus) whiskered myiobius (myiobius barbatus) sulphur-rumped myiobius (myiobius sulphureipygius) tawny-breasted myiobius (myiobius villosus )" ]

[ "anacampsis phytomiella busck, 1914; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 47 (2043): 8; tl: alhajuela, cabima and porto bello, panama\nanacampsis malella amsel, 1959; bull. soc. ent. egypt. 43: 65\nanacampsis sacramenta keifer, 1933; calif. dept. agric. , mon. bull. 22: 362\ngelechia (anacampsis) tristrigella walsingham, 1882; trans. amer. ent. soc. 10: 181\nanacampsis languens meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (5): 142; tl: ecuador, duran\nanacampsis aedificata meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (16): 507; tl: brazil, para\nanacampsis diplodelta meyrick, 1922; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1922: 76; tl: brazil, parintins\nanacampsis embrocha meyrick, 1914; ann. transv. mus. 4 (4): 192; tl: new hanover\nanacampsis flexiloqua meyrick, 1922; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1922: 80; tl: peru, iquitos\nanacampsis idiocentra meyrick, 1922; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1922: 80; tl: brazil, santarem\nanacampsis nonstrigella busck, 1906; can. ent. 38 (4): 121; tl: oak station, pennsylvania\nanacampsis parviocellatella bruand, 1850; mém. soc. doubs 3 (3, livr. 5 - 6): 40\nanacampsis petrographa meyrick, 1922; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1922: 79; tl: brazil, obidos\nanacampsis poliombra meyrick, 1922; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1922: 77; tl: brazil, parintins\nanacampsis cosmia meyrick, 1921; ann. transv. mus. 8 (2): 77; tl: natal, durban\nanacampsis lapidella walsingham, 1897; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1897: 81; tl: west indies, grenada\nanacampsis quinquepunctella walsingham, 1897; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1897: 80; tl: west indies, grenada\nanacampsis conistica walsingham, 1910; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 35; tl: mexico, sonora\nanacampsis lithodelta meyrick, 1922; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1922: 77; tl: peru, jurimaguas, iquitos\nanacampsis lupinella busck, 1901; can. ent. 33 (1): 14; tl: high park, toronto, canada\nanacampsis perquisita meyrick, 1922; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1922: 78; tl: brazil, para, teffé\nanacampsis insularis walsingham, 1897; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1897: 81; tl: west indies, st. thomas\nanacampsis solemnella; park, 1991, ann. hist. - nat. mus. hung. 83: 121; [ nhm card ]\nanacampsis capyrodes meyrick, 1922; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1922: 80; tl: brazil, obidos, parintins, teffé\nanacampsis rivalis meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (5): 141; tl: s. india, shevaroys; ceylon, kandy\nanacampsis ursula walsingham, 1910; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 35; tl: mexico, morelos, cuernavaca\nanacampsis fragariella busck, 1904; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 27 (1375): 760; tl: pullman, washington\nanacampsis argyrothamniella busck, 1900; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 23 (1208): 231; tl: palm beach, florida\nanacampsis primigenia meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (5): 141; tl: colombia, cali, 500ft; ecuador, huigra, 4500ft\nanacampsis cornifer walsingham, 1897; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1897: 79; tl: west indies, st. croix; st. thomas\nanacampsis paltodoriella busck, 1903; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 848; tl: mesilla park, new mexico\nanacampsis triangularis braun, 1923; proc. calif. acad. sci. (4) 12 (10): 118; tl: angeles bay, lower california\nanacampsis considerata meyrick, 1922; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1922: 78; tl: brazil, parintins, manaos, teffé; peru, jurimaguas, iquitos\nanacampsis coverdalella kearfott, 1903; j. n. y. ent. soc. 11: 162, pl. 9, f. 13; tl: natchitoches parish, louisiana\nanacampsis rhabdodes walsingham, 1910; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 36, pl. 1, f. 30; tl: mexico, tabasco, teapa\nanacampsis lagunculariella busck, 1900; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 23 (1208): 230, pl. 1, f. 6; tl: palm beach, florida\nanacampsis primigenia; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]; landry & roque - albelo, 2010, revue suisse zool. 117 (4): 735, 699 (list )\nanacampsis psoraliella barnes & busck, 1920; contr. nat. hist. lepid. n. am. 4 (3): 226, pl. 28, f. 10; tl: iowa, sioux city\nanacampsis meibomiella forbes, 1931; j. agric. porto rico 15 (4): 376, pl. 42, f. 16; tl: puerto rico ,\ne. e. a. de cuba\nanacampsis populella; [ nacl ], # 2246; [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 31; sumpich & skyva, 2012, nota lepid. 35 (2): 173; [ fe ]\nanacampsis niveopulvella; busck, 1904, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 27 (1375): 761; [ nacl ], # 2243; [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 31\nanacampsis (anacampsini); lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 30; [ sangmi lee ]; landry & roque - albelo, 2010, revue suisse zool. 117 (4): 735, 699 (list); [ fe ]\nanacampsis quinquepunctella; walsingham, 1910, biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 35, pl. 1, f. 35; meyrick, 1929, exot. microlep. 3 (16): 507; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nanacampsis lagunculariella; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 78; busck, 1914, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 47 (2043): 7; [ nacl ], # 2240; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 31\n820x623 (~ 87kb) russia, moscow area, 14. 8. 2008, photo © d. smirnov\nthe exact identification of this species is still unknown, but tentatively assumed to belong into this group .\ncompsolechia anisogramma meyrick, 1927; exot. microlep. 3 (12): 353; tl: china, shanghai\nlarva on argyrothamnia blodgettii busck, 1900, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 23 (1208): 231\nuntomia cenelpis walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 77, pl. 2, f. 34; tl: mexico, tabasco, teapa\nchlorodecta (meyrick, 1932) (compsolechia); exotic microlep. 4 (7): 197\ncompsolechia comparanda meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (16): 506; tl: arizona, palmerlee; texas, alpine\ncrypticopa (meyrick, 1931) (gelechia); an. mus. nac. hist. nat. buenos aires 36: 384\nlarva on fragaria busck, 1904, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 27 (1375): 761\n=; hodges, 1986, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 14; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 30\nlita fuscella eversmann, 1844; fauna lep. volgo - uralensis... : 581\ntachyptilia hirsutella constant, 1885; ann. soc. ent. fr. (6) 4: 256, pl. 10, f. 17; tl: alpes - maritimes\nhomoplasta (meyrick, 1932) (compsolechia); exotic microlep. 4 (7): 197\ngelechia (tachyptilia) innocuella zeller, 1873; verh. zool. - bot. ges. wien 23 (abh .): 249; tl: texas\nagriastis inquieta meyrick, 1914; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1914: 253; tl: british guiana, bartica\naproaerema kearfottella busck, 1903; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 842; tl: new jersey\ncompsolechia lacteochrella [ = lacteusochrella ] meyrick, 1925; in wytsman, genera insectorum 184: 123 (emend. )\nlarva on laguncularia racemosa busck, 1900, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 23 (1208): 231\nstrobisia levipedella clemens, 1863; proc. ent. soc. philad. 2: 4\ncompsolechia lignaria meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (10): 292; tl: e. siberia, khaborowsk\nlarva on lupinus perennis busck, 1901, can. ent. 33 (1): 15\nmaculatella (lucas, 1956) (tachyptilia); bull. soc. sci. nat. maroc 35: 256\ngelechia multinotata meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (5): 134; tl: british guiana, bartica, mallali\ngelechia niveopulvella chambers, 1875; can. ent. 7 (11): 210; tl: canada\nagriastis nocturna meyrick, 1914; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1914: 252; tl: british guiana, mallali\ntachyptilia panormitella caradja, 1920; dt. ent. z. iris 34 (1 / 2): 106\nagriastis peloptila meyrick, 1914; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1914: 251; tl: british guiana, mallali\ngelechia pomaceella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 620; tl: ega\n=; park, 2001, insecta koreana. 18 (1): (87 - 90 )\nlarva on populus tremula, salix caprea, s. alba, s. spp .\nagriastis prasina meyrick, 1914; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1914: 251; tl: british guiana, mallali\nlarva on croton scouleri, exedeconus miersii landry & roque - albelo, 2010, revue suisse zool. 117 (4): 737\nlarva on prunus salicina park, 1991, ann. hist. - nat. mus. hung. 83: 121\ngelechia subactella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 30: 1026; tl: australia ?\nlarva on salix phylicifolia, s. caprea, s. lapponum, s. repens\ngelechia tephriasella chambers, 1872; can. ent. 4 (4): 68; tl: kentucky\ncathegesis tridentella walsingham, 1910; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 28, pl. 1, f. 24; tl: mexico, guerrero, amula, 6000ft\ntachyptila trifoliella constant, 1890; bull. soc. ent. fr. 1889: cxxv\ngelechia (teleia) viretella zeller, 1877; horae soc. ent. ross. 13: 340, pl. 4, f. 110\n[ afromoths ] de prins, j. & de prins, w. , 2013\nsangmi lee, richard brown & sibyl bucheli. gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ ² ] this may require parentheses or not. i don' t have the necessary information for this taxon .\nexpedition of the california academy of sciences to the gulf of california in 1921. the tineid moths\nicones insectorum rariorum cum nominibus eorum trivialibus, locisque e c. linnaei... systema naturae allegatis. holmiae\nlepidoptera britannica, sistens digestimen novam lepidopterorum quae in magna britannica reperiunter... adjunguntur dissertationes variae ad historiam naturalam spectantes\ndie schmetterlinge deutschlands und der schweiz. 2. abteilung, kleinschmetterlinge. 2. die motten und federmotten\nsystematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa, zugleich als text, revision und supplement zu j. hübner' s sammlung europäischer schmetterlinge, die schaben und federmotten, (1847 -) 1853 - 1855 )\nthe moths of america north of mexico including greenland. fascicle 7. 1. gelechioidea, gelechiidae (part), dichomeridinae\nzeller, 1877 exotische microlepidopteren horae soc. ent. ross. 13: 3 - 493, pl. 1 - 6\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above. click on images to enlarge .\nbiokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative. it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education, university of michigan museum of zoology, and the detroit public schools. this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151. copyright © 2002 - 2018, the regents of the university of michigan. all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote: you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments. please, create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet. you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc. .\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy." ]

{ "text": [ "anacampsis phytomiella is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "it was described by august busck in 1914 .", "it is found in panama .", "the wingspan is 18 – 19 mm .", "the forewings are dark green , mottled with light ochreous and blackish-brown scales .", "there is a black spot on the middle of the costal edge and at the apical third is a similar spot .", "from both of these run faint , irregular , darker green , zigzag fasciae across the wing outwardly narrowly edged with ochreous .", "scattered irregularly over the wing are small tufts of blackish-brown , raised scales and around the apical and terminal edge is a subterminal row of black dots .", "the hindwings are dark blackish brown , darkest and nearly black towards the tip and with the costal edge above vein 8 silvery white . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ] }

[ "anacampsis phytomiella is a moth of the gelechiidae family. it was described by august busck in 1914. it is found in panama. the wingspan is 18 – 19 mm. the forewings are dark green, mottled with light ochreous and blackish-brown scales. there is a black spot on the middle of the costal edge and at the apical third is a similar spot. from both of these run faint, irregular, darker green, zigzag fasciae across the wing outwardly narrowly edged with ochreous. scattered irregularly over the wing are small tufts of blackish-brown, raised scales and around the apical and terminal edge is a subterminal row of black dots. the hindwings are dark blackish brown, darkest and nearly black towards the tip and with the costal edge above vein 8 silvery white." ]

[ "protection / threats / status: the spot - flanked gallinule is locally common or even widespread according to the range. this species is not currently threatened .\ndescription: the spot - flanked gallinule inhabits the swamps and lakes of eastern south america. this bird is more similar to species of genus porzana than gallinula. it was formerly placed in the genus porphyriops .\nvoice: sounds by xeno - canto the spot - flanked gallinule utters loud, hollow cackling, similar to sudden burst of laugh. the beginning is loud and slow, and becomes brief and rapid while it dies away. this bird is mainly vocal in the evening .\nthe spot - flanked gallinule gallinula melanops is a common rallid of southern south america. it is easily seen and can be very approachable. these birds were seen as part of a 5 - rallid morning on the promenade at costanera sur in buenos aires with this picture featuring 3 of them .\nreproduction: the breeding season varies according to the range. the spot - flanked gallinule builds its nest close to the water, among the reeds or on damp ground, and usually slightly above the water level rather than on floating vegetation. the nest is made with dry rushes and may have a half dome .\ndiet: the spot - flanked gallinule, as other members of genus gallinula, feeds on plant matter from aquatic vegetation and takes seeds and buds. it also consumes invertebrates, insects, worms and molluscs. it feeds by swimming, pecking at the surface or diving to reach food underwater. it may sometimes take small fish .\nbehaviour: the spot - flanked gallinule is often difficult to see in the reeds with its cryptic plumage, but it occurs regularly in open water areas. it feeds while swimming, gleaning food from the aquatic vegetation or from water. it may dive under the surface to reach the food. it rarely walks on the floating plants or even on the ground .\nhabitat: the spot - flanked gallinule frequents various wet areas such as ponds, lagoons, ditches, marshes and lake margins where it is locally common. these wet areas often provide dense floating vegetation. but it also frequents the wet savannas and the reedbeds along rivers. this species can be seen in temperate zones from 750 metres of elevation in argentina, up to 2000 - 3000 metres in east andes of colombia .\nebird gives a slightly skewed notion of the spot - flanked gallinule’s distribution. it is common on freshwater in the lowlands and can be found above 7000 feet in colombia. ebird contributors are sparse in the interior of the southern half of the continent so the purple squares predominate in the popular spots closer to the edges of the landmass. it resembles a crake rather than a moorhen and its spotted flanks add to the impression. its bold, confiding nature however soon dispels the thought that this might be a shy porzana .\nthe common name is self - explanatory while the latin name describes the dark marking of the head. the dark markings are easily visible and obvious, but are not present on the birds shown in this post. despite trawling the internet, it is not clear if these birds are all juveniles, females or non - breeding males. the frontal shield is smaller than one would expect to see on an adult male. if you are familiar with the argentinian version of the spot - flanked gallinule, your opinion would be valued .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nsacc. 2005 and updates. a classification of the bird species of south america. available at: urltoken .\njustification: this species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size is very large, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nthere are many ways to contribute—we need species information, photographs, audio, video, translations, maps, distribution data, and bird sightings. there' s a role for everyone !\n), in neotropical birds online (t. s. schulenberg, editor). cornell lab of ornithology, ithaca, ny, usa. retrieved from neotropical birds online :\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes, voice, habitat, food and feeding, breeding, movements, status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up. please select a player to play flash videos .\na bird feeding along the edge of a pool then climbing out of the water .\nmartin manassero, antonio silveira, daniêl jimenez, joe angseesing, yoël jimenez, herve jacob, josep del hoyo, keith blomerley .\nhoracio luna, luis r figueroa, marcos wei, mauricio rueda, ian barker, samantha klein, silvia vitale, joe tobias, hernán tolosa, jens thalund, jorgeschlemmer, tomas grim, juanjaimemg, santiago carvalho, antonio silveira, carlos ruiz. - guerra, pfmack, sebastianparamo, digitalbcon, julian tocce, batitu, miguel andina, dusan m. brinkhuizen, miriam bauman, santiago meligeni lozano, lindolfo souto, lars petersson .\nsonogram images © xeno - canto foundation. sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nthis species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size is very large, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international (2018) species factsheet: gallinula melanops. downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018. recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: birdlife international (2018) iucn red list for birds. downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na guide to the birds of colombia by steven l. hilty and william l. brown - princeton university press – isbn 069108372x\nthe adult has brown back, wings and uppertail. the flight feathers are dark grey to blackish. head, chin, throat and breast are slate grey. the belly is white as the undertail - coverts. the flanks are brown, conspicuously spotted white. axillaries are barred .\non the head, the foreface is black, extending in broad black band to the crown and the nape. the stout bill is greenish - yellow with small greenish, pointed frontal shield and blackish culmen. the eyes are red. legs and feet are greenish - grey. the toes are lobed, that is unique in this genus. the lobes are small, difficult to see .\nboth sexes are similar. in non - breeding plumage, the shield is duller. the juvenile is olive - brown overall, with paler underparts and some faint spots on the flanks .\nwe can find three subspecies: g. m. bogotensis from e andes of colombia. g. m. melanops from e bolivia and paraguay, e and s brazil to ne argentina and uruguay. g. m. crassirostris from chile and argentina, except the extreme south .\nthey differ in size and colour of axillaries which are white in “ bogotensis ” and barred in the others. the race “ crassirostris ” is smaller but it has larger bill .\nthey can be seen in loose groups, in family parties and sometimes in larger flock when feeding. they swim and pick at the surface like the coots. they often quarrel and chase each other, pattering across the water. they bob the head while swimming .\nthe female lays 4 - 8 eggs. the brown downy chicks are precocial and leave the nest some hours after hatching. both parents accompany them and they swim and feed together .\nthey feed from the surface of the water, taking floating vegetation and insects, diving only occasionally. they are usually quite tolerant of other water birds, but are slightly smaller than the coots and moorhens and susceptible to a bit of bullying .\nif you enjoyed this post and would like to see more great images of birds, go to our 10, 000 clicks section where you will find our big (and growing) gallery page here at 10, 000 birds .\nredgannet has been working for over 33 years as a crew member / flight attendant and enjoys the well - ventilated air of the outdoors. the nom de blog, redgannet, was adopted to add an air of mystery and to make himself more attractive to women. his father first whetted redguga' s appetite for all things natural by buying him his first pair of 7x35s and a copy of thorburn' s birds. having no mentor beyond an indulgent parent, he spent the first season hoping for an egyptian vulture at the bird table in his english garden. his most memorable birding moment is seeing an egyptian vulture with those same binoculars 26 years later. redgannet is married to canon, but his heart and half of his house belongs to helen and their son joseph. he is looking forward to communicating with people who don' t ask if he is searching for the\nfeathered variety\nof bird .\nwelcome to 10, 000 birds, just the place for people who love birds, pictures of birds, and people who write about birds, birding, conservation, and much more .\nget 10, 000 birds in your email inbox every day. sign up for our free email newsletter !\nfb, by james hogg: i always seem to end up at a se ...\ntempted to buy this beer just for the design, love it! ...\nstill going strong. bravo! i know where you are coming fro ...\n© 2013 10, 000 birds. all words, images, and opinions are the property of their respective authors unless stated otherwise .\nreceive our free weekly newsletter which includes our popular photo of the week and review of the week features, plus competitions, special offers and much more. hide message .\nview thousands of bird photos and video from around the world, or upload your own .\n© 2018 birdguides, warners group publications plc. all rights reserved. company registered in england no. 2572212 | vat registration no. gb 638 3492 15\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists, and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12, 000 regional checklists in avibase, offered in 9 different taxonomies, including synonyms more than 175 languages. each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community, and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page, such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition (incl. corrigenda vol. 1 - 2) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details. to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263, 299, 293 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy" ]

{ "text": [ "the spot-flanked gallinule ( porphyriops melanops ) is a species of bird in the family rallidae .", "it is monotypic in the genus porphyriops .", "it is found in argentina , bolivia , brazil , chile , colombia , paraguay , peru , and uruguay .", "its natural habitats are swamps and freshwater lakes . " ], "topic": [ 12, 26, 20, 24 ] }

[ "the spot-flanked gallinule (porphyriops melanops) is a species of bird in the family rallidae. it is monotypic in the genus porphyriops. it is found in argentina, bolivia, brazil, chile, colombia, paraguay, peru, and uruguay. its natural habitats are swamps and freshwater lakes." ]

[ "no one has contributed data records for parapropalaehoplophorus yet. learn how to contribute .\nhere you will learn how to pronounce the complicated word\nparapropalaehoplophorus septentrionalis .\nto learn more about such things, visit my blog at urltoken\nthe new species, named parapropalaehoplophorus septentrionalis, belongs to a group of now - extinct mammals called glyptodonts that are most closely related to modern armadillos .\nalong the way there will be random appearances from parapropalaehoplophorus septentrionalis the bizarre armadillo. why? i don' t know why. simple as that, frankly .\nyes, all that text just to define a word that you hadn' t heard of before. you should expect a lot of that sort of thing with this page. parapropalaehoplophorus septentrionalis says so .\non\nthis day\nin 2014, parapropalaehoplophorus septentrionalis looked up at the reader of this page and made a comment about their mother. 2, 745 lawsuits in total were filed against the armadillo this day .\nhowever, while i was cooking for the thanksgiving dinner today (yes i actually help with that) the butter blew up in the microwave for the first time in like ever. i swear that the parapropalaehoplophorus septentrionalis was responsible .\na dead thing, because otherwise there' s really no point to all this. you can acquire dead things from many sources. your best bet is to get one sold for dissection, but since you' re the one who' s going to be hacking it up i don' t really care. find a dead thing in the woods maybe. roadkill, if it' s intact. don' t eat the roadkill, though. especially not parapropalaehoplophorus septentrionalis. those things carry leprosy. seriously, i was in missouri once and there were signs up saying\ndon' t eat the armadillos\n. leprosy is nasty .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site. please turn it on before proceeding .\nfull reference: d. a. croft, j. j. flynn, and a. r. wyss. 2007. a new basal glyptodontid and other xenarthra of the early miocene chucal fauna, northern chile. journal of vertebrate paleontology 27 (4): 781 - 797\ntype specimen: sgo pv 4165, a partial skeleton. its type locality is chucal, which is in a santacrucian floodplain horizon in the chucal formation of chile .\nparent taxon: glyptodontidae according to d. a. croft et al. 2007\nartist' s reconstruction of the primitive armadillo relative, p. septentrionalis, which likely weighed 200 pounds .\na partial skeleton discovered high in the andes in northern chile represents a new species of an armadillo - like mammal that lived 18 million years ago .\nthe specimen was collected in 2004, but only after examining the fossil and comparing it with other similar species did scientists identify it as a new species .\nwhen we collected this fossil, we had no idea that it would turn out to be a new species ,\nsaid lead researcher darin croft of case western reserve university in ohio .\nwe knew that it would be an important specimen, given its completeness, but it was only after careful comparison to other known species that we realized how unusual it was .\nunlike armadillos, which sport some jointed, movable plates, glyptodonts were armored with mostly immovable plates. and while p. septentrionalis weighed about 200 pounds (90 kilograms), some of the largest members of the group tipped the scales at 4, 000 pounds (1, 814 kilograms) .\nthe finding, detailed in the december issue of the journal of vertebrate paleontology, adds another name to the so - called chucal fauna, a group of about 18 mammal species discovered in chile' s salar de surire region .\nstudies of this and other chucal mammals, including marsupials and rodents, along with plant fossils, suggest northern chile was open grassland with relatively few trees when p. septentrionalis lived, the researchers say. at the time, the andes region was 3, 000 feet (914 meters) above sea level, just one - fourth the mountain range' s current height .\nour sites are now located more than 14, 500 feet above sea level, but when these animals were alive the region was at much lower elevations ,\nsaid co - author john flynn, a paleontologist of the american museum of natural history in new york .\nthat means that the chucal fossils give us a unique insight into the timing and rate of uplift of the high andes .\nbefore becoming managing editor, jeanna served as a reporter for live science and urltoken for about three years. previously she was an assistant editor at scholastic' s science world magazine. jeanna has an english degree from salisbury university, a master' s degree in biogeochemistry and environmental sciences from the university of maryland, and a science journalism degree from new york university. follow jeanna on google + .\nelon musk' s plan to rescue trapped thai boys? a kiddie submarine that looks like a coffin .\nwe' ve detected that javascript is disabled in your browser. would you like to proceed to legacy twitter ?\nlecturer in the history of science & technology at king' s college london. race, science, evolution & prehistoric beasts .\nyou can add location information to your tweets, such as your city or precise location, from the web and via third - party applications. you always have the option to delete your tweet location history. learn more\nhere' s the url for this tweet. copy it to easily share with friends .\nby embedding twitter content in your website or app, you are agreeing to the twitter developer agreement and developer policy .\nnot on twitter? sign up, tune into the things you care about, and get updates as they happen .\nthis timeline is where you’ll spend most of your time, getting instant updates about what matters to you .\nhover over the profile pic and click the following button to unfollow any account .\nwhen you see a tweet you love, tap the heart — it lets the person who wrote it know you shared the love .\nthe fastest way to share someone else’s tweet with your followers is with a retweet. tap the icon to send it instantly .\nadd your thoughts about any tweet with a reply. find a topic you’re passionate about, and jump right in .\n@ chris _ manias nice! love the species epithet & didn' t know meant\nnorthern\nuntil i ran into a sauropod w / same name. urltoken\ntwitter may be over capacity or experiencing a momentary hiccup. try again or visit twitter status for more information .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nand watch this. olson, gonz, etc. wait for the mongo ender .\nyou don' t know the contents of this page. it could get strange .\npraise be to lord walton, our chairman and saviour, for through his symbol the yellow smiley he provides us with cheap stuff and glorious weekly sales. hallowed be thy name, lord walton, and amen .\ngreetings and salutations, mon amis. i have a simple mission with this page. what is that, you might ask? the answer is no doubt an intriguing one: to accomplish two tasks comprising of :\ni hereby introduce a newly founded concept pertaining to randomness known as the dictionary postulate. say you are randomly skimming through a dictionary, blindfolded, using only seven fingers, upside down in a space module, aiming to point your finger down upon a random word. on your first try, the word is\nbuggered\n. now you repeat the entire process again, making sure that your finger lands in the most random place possible. the next word your finger happens to land upon is\nbuggery\n. the two words are almost identical in spelling, meaning, and innumerable other aspects, not least of which being grammar. it' s almost funny how planned - out it seems. but it isn' t. it' s random. and if it was random, who are you to question its meaning ?\nthat in mind, i' m setting off to fill up this page with random things that pop into my head (consider it a personal narrative) that actually make sense, are as gramatically correct as i can make them, organized, and perhaps even (shock horror) useful. what madness is this? marry, there' s random method in' t .\nof course, i' ll probably tend to write about stuff that i like / know about / follow / imagine / watch / stalk / hunt down / eat / eat seconds of / read / form unnecessary postulates about, that being human tendency (although i may not necessarily be human, even though i occasionally display human qualities - i spend too much time down on this little rock) and that might not seem entirely random, but see the dictionary postulate, above .\nherpetoculture. funny old word to start us off, isn' t it. so, what the blazes does it mean .\nfor some reason people have always tried to lump together snakes, frogs, lizards, salamanders, turtles, and crocodiles into one big category. why; i' ll never know, because there are important physical and phylogenetic differences. but people do it all the same. this dude carl von linne (you may know him as carolus linnaeus from such movies as the man who made taxonomy < / sarcasm >) lumped em into a term called herptile. the term is still used today, although often abbreviated as\nherp\n. this causes much amusement when people confuse it with herpes, or derp .\nso what' s herptile? herptile comes from two words. the first is ἑρπετόν. it' s greek, don' t worry. it comes out roughly as herpeton. basically translates to\ncreeper\n. apparently they didn' t know that alligators can really hustle when they need to, and also that the term would quickly become disassociated with animals and onto some stupid video game. the second word is reptile, for obvious reasons .\nanyway, somebody thought herptile was a good name, and so the term herpetology was coined: the study of reptiles and amphibians. the lumping phenomenon continued. i remain depressed because of this, but you don' t want to know about me. you want to know about herpetoculture. i' m getting there. hold your horsepowers .\nso herpetology is the study of reptiles and amphibians, and people who do herpetology are herpetologists. basically, these people go out in the jungle to catch deadly herps, preach to the masses telling them to not make herps extinct, and use snake venom and frog slime to cure cancer. all in all, a pretty cool job, eh ?\npeople, herpetologists or not, have always seemed to like stuffing herps in glass tanks and shoeboxes and keeping them as pets. in the olden days, you' d catch em yourself, and proudly display their cage on the mantle. that all changed in the 1940s, when some guy bred wild - caught corn snakes himself. one of the hatchlings turned out to be a rare albino that was pretty much unobtainable through the wild, and all the other herpkeepers were like mother of god i want one and so the herp captive breeding business was born .\nthis new trend became so popular that another dude actually decided to give it a name, drawing inspiration from the name herpetology. and so herpetoculture was born .\nyeah, that' s the tenth doctor. as hamlet. with captain picard as his father. your mind has officially been blown .\nyou know what the sad thing about shakespeare is? everybody buffs him up. seriously .\neverybody who doesn' t read shakespeare thinks that he' s a great literary genius who made his works to be held up on high till the end of time. those who do read it realize how unremarkable it really is .\nsee the paradox? all the shakespeare fanboys aren' t actually fanboys at all. the haters aren' t actually haters at all (though hate they may still). their roles are reversed, which kind of defeats the purpose of those definitions anyway. calling it us and them is much simpler .\ni mean, look at romeo and juliet. people who never read it: it' s such a romantic tragedy isn' t it so sad that they died it' s so tragic they loved each other blah blah blah blah blah. people who actually have read it: it' s just two sixteen - something kids that really don' t think things through and need some lessons about abstinence .\nor macbeth. never - reads: the witches tempted him to destroy the kingdom good thing that ol' macduffy revenged us all and made things right whoooooo. have - reads: the witches saw the future. the witches told macbeth the future. macbeth was stupid. nuff said .\nlet' s face it, if shakespeare was alive today he' d be totally writing for the soap operas. this reeks of general hospital, man .\nin fact, the only decent plays are ones that nobody cares about. take timon of athens. you' ve never heard of it, have you? (it' s not about a meerkat, before you say so .) even if you have, somehow, miraculously heard of, there' s an exact chance of zilch that you' ve ever read it. i have. it' s genius to read, and even more genius to see on stage, with a steampunk setting and exploding walls. and no, i won' t tell you about it. look it up for yourself. it makes things all the more surprising once you find it .\ni shall now henceforth list out shakespeare plays as they come to mind from the top of my head, so you can read them and decide if they are soap operas for yourself .\nalternatively, you can take my word for it and not look anything up at all now that you' ve wasted twenty seconds of your life you can never get back peering at this list. it' s up to you, i guess. i don' t care. doesn' t matter to me. nothing really matters to me. any way the wind blows .\ni watch hockey. it' s the only sport i really like, aside from curling. i mean, i' ll watch other stuff every now and then (tennis, ping pong, etc .) but only because a) i' m bored or b) it' s the olympics. hockey i like. devils ftw, you know ?\nthis lockout stuff has happened before, but i feel all this is just getting a bit ridiculous. these people get paid to play games, which gives the managers and executives more money, and you' re not letting them play games, which means less money for the managers and executives. to me that' s just sort of a no win - no win situation, if you know what i mean .\nimagine what would happen if the nfl went into a lockout. there would be rioting in the streets, destruction of cities, and mass casualties. i imagine that sort of thing is happening in canada right now. but since there' s no new hockey on tv, i can' t get anything about or relating to canada to confirm this .\nwhat have i been doing to counteract this excuse of a lockout? well ...\nthink of the olden days. you' d wake up to watch the parade, enjoy a full three hours of actual live programming, and then head over to the family' s house in order to meet up, have a good turkey, and chat. the next day you' d relax with a full belly of food and maybe go shopping if you felt like it .\nnow, you wake up at eight - thirty in the morning, watch the parade which consists of mostly commercials and the rest consisting of bad pop stars who badly lip - sync to their music played over the loudspeakers. santa gets 30 seconds of airtime. when you head over to the relatives' place for dinner, they' re all watching football and generally being unsociable to each other. no sooner than you leave the house after eating a couple scraps of half - cooked turkey from the frozen aisle of the supermarket, you have to tackle insane traffic in crowds to get into the black friday shopping spree that doesn' t actually happen on black friday anymore .\nof course, if you don' t live in america you don' t have any of these problems, and so i envy you for that. no hard feelings though right ?\ni watched the new bond film skyfall today. ? here i shall give my scrumptdidillyumptious opinion upon it :\nwho knows what the man can see. he strives to attain what he wants to know, and yet he does not succeed. this is not because of extenuating circumstances - it is his own devising. he refuses to see, rather, and that is what he has feared most. to look upon that slip of paper - what power would he gain, what knowledge he would attain! it would set him up to the level of the gods. and yet he cannot do it. all he must do is just open the slip, but he does not, because he is afraid .\nit was enough of an effort to decide that it was time. he had readied himself - though not without incident - and, almost reluctantly, made the journey to the imposing hallway. the room had been menacing and massive, his footsteps echoing through the walls and ceiling, like some forgotten spirit waiting to be heard. and there, at the other end - the black machine. he needed to walk there .\ncautiously, he had made his way up the steps to his destiny. he had approached it, and read the label. he did what the label told him to do, and the paper slipped out. nobody questioned him - the machine was surrounded by emptiness today. there was only him, and nothing else more mournful .\nand then, he had cracked. under a sort of panic, he slipped it into his pocket, and left in a mad hurry. he could not read the paper now, read his destiny to himself and him only, because he, quite frankly, chickened. he ran out, went home, and tried to forget about it all. but his mind kept it in its grasp, and day and night, all he could picture was the perilous, palpatating paper, persistent .\nthat was a long time ago. and, today, he finaly decided to learn what he had hid for so long. but he was chickening, yet again. this time, however, he supressed it, because he was wiser now. he was able to repress the fear building up inside him, resist the temptation to drop, run, and curl up into a little ball on the street somewhere. it was an intense mental effort, though you wouldn' t imagine it to be .\nand then, all at once, he opened the slip, and read .\nhe paused for a moment, and he knew nothing, responding to nothing, simply a nothing of nothing caused by a surprise, a disbelief, something he did not expect, even though he had expected every single circumstance in the known universe .\nso, upon learning his fate, he decided to purchase a plane ticket to buenos aires .\nwhat follows is my literal thought process at around 7: 23 pm gmt on august 4, 2013, while watching the television. please proceed at your own risk .\ngetting anxious now. peter davison and bernard cribbins are done. so was that fan that totally screwed up his facts in front of about 16 billion people live on tv. moffat' s on. telling us nothing as usual. that' s fair. come on, come on! do it .\nomigod they' re showing a shot of his hands. he' s married. looks older. interesting that they went with an older one, seems promising .\nokay so. bookie favorite actually won. never seen that before. must be some sort of tinfoil hat conspiracy. capaldi' s appeared in the whoniverse before. no biggie, colin baker did the same in arc of infinity back in the 80s. hang on, this is different though. he' s done it twice. once in the fires of pompeii, once in the third series of torchwood. so the new doctor has, at various points in his whoniversal career, narrowly avoided being choked to death by a giant volcano and probably got scarred in the process, and killed himself and his entire family after basically condemning half the world' s children to death by giving them up to a naked alien bird who wants to use them for drugs .\nhe' s a fan. good sign. widely acclaimed actor. also good. notable for a role in which pretty much the entirety of his dialogue consists of rampant swearing. should be interesting .\nwe have the twelfth doctor. coming at christmas 2013. in the meantime, we have john hurt to deal with. exciting times .\nthis thought process has continued to repeat itself since, with no end in sight .\nalright, let' s take a wide left turn and talk about dissection. first off, we need a definition of the word itself. the wonderful thing about the dictionary postulate is that it is named after the dictionary, which contains a definition for almost any word you can imagine. but because it has been since replaced in human civilization by the great god wikipedia, we' ll go there instead .\ndissection (also called anatomization) is the process of disassembling and observing something to determine its internal structure and as an aid to discerning the functions and relationships of its components .\nin other words, dissection is about poking at dead things in the name of science. and yes, it is as good as it sounds .\nlet us therefore assume that, having heard that dissection is as good as it sounds, you (the reader) want to take a shot at it, because you like to take a shot at anything that is as good as it sounds. in that case, welcome aboard, soldier. there are a few things you need to know beforehand :\nput your guns away. just because you are taking a shot at dissection does not mean you are actually shooting it. we are not trying to kill the dissection subject, they are already dead. thank you .\ntake the directions you are given as gospel. imagine that you are dissecting a bomb. one false move and poof, what remains of you is ejected out into the stratosphere .\ndissection is not vivisection. if you are interested in vivisection and its related practices, you may want to contact your nearest mad scientist and apply for an internship. alternatively, you may find the book son of frankenstein; or, the post - modern prometheus in your local library .\nthis might happen. don' t worry, it' s all part of science .\nsomething disposable to work on. seriously, you need this. it' s a helluva job to get bodily fluids out of the carpet, even with a steam vacuum .\na pan, to contain your subject. it will help to keep excess body parts in one place. i tried hacking at this cow' s heart one time and i' m glad i had a pan. this cow must' ve been diabetic or something, bits of things were clogging up the arteries and flaking out and... yeah .\npins, to restrain your subject. if it has legs, the legs will flop about unless they are pinned down .\na scalpel, for making inscions. unless you expect to cut through the subject' s flesh with your own teeth, you will need one of these .\nprobes, for you to poke at the dead thing. this is what dissection is all about, so expect to use many of them. there are two types, straight and curly. get a few of each .\na magnifying glass, if you really need one. if you are dissecting a small thing, you will probably really need one .\na jar with formaldehyde in, should you decide to keep your subject after dissecting it. you can display it proudly on your mantelpiece, sell it at a yard sale or to a pawn shop, or even open a traveling carnival and tout it as a long - extinct mythical creature .\nnow that you have your supplies at hand, you are ready to begin. stay tuned for part ii, where the unknown awaits .\nis dead to me. i never really understood the point of shark week to be honest, but at least the channel had actual worthwhile programming. now it' s all reality tv and it sucks. mythbusters isn' t even on that much anymore. my childhood is dead. surely, in discovery channel' s most popular, long - standing annual event, there would be some hope of redemption .\nit is one of the worst pieces of television i have ever seen. and i have seen the syfy channel. it' s just... bad .\ni think it was supposed to be a documentary, but it doesn' t deserve that title. it doesn' t even deserve the label of mockumentary. there was nothing even that said it was fake. the disclaimers describe it as a dramatization of real events, no matter what discovery channel has to say on the matter. i can' t tell which is worse: the fact that such a horrendously obvious fake documentary is trying to pass itself off as real, or the fact that gullible people out there might actually believe this. * &% # ^ $ * @ !) * ^ #% ^ &% & (* & (# # )\nit starts off with some laughably terrible found footage of a fishing boat in april 2013, which gets attacked by an unseen predator (as this point tantalizingly unnamed, except in the documentary' s title) off the coast of south africa. there were no survivors, conveniently enough .\nnext, a team of heroic marine biologists arrive and actually screw it, i' ll say it now. the acting in this is unbelievably horrendous. the characters are trite and cliched. heck, we even have good scientist (who believes with all his heart that the megalodon is out there somewhere) and bad scientist (who is skeptical about the megalodon and seems to therefore be painted as the antagonist despite, y' know, thinking like a scientist should) on board. anyway, this team hears of the incident and gets the footage, automatically assume that a shark was responsible, realize that big boat = big shark, and as a result good scientist proceeds to lead them on a search for the megalodon, a giant prehistoric shark, even though it went extinct millions of years ago and its survival is about as plausible as the loch ness monster (i. e. nil) .\n^ this hilariously photoshopped photograph in which the shark, the dying whale, and indeed the entire ocean appears to be computer generated .\n^ this hilariously photoshopped dead and deflated whale which has washed up onto the beach with no tail, all its cgi guts spilling onto the ground in a neat and organized fashion. theory has it that some modern sharks aim for the tail in order to mortally wound their prey, and therefore megalodon must have done so as well, which means this is amazing evidence. there' s also an\namateur video\nof this that is even worse .\nafter spotting a\nmegalodon\n( a couple of blurry cgi fins shrouded in darkness) on an underwater government surveillance system that is freely available online, good scientist concludes that the megalodons are getting angry due to climate change (or something) and proposes a plan to tag one of them so they can track its movements. bad scientist is naturally skeptical of this idea, but is immediately rubbed off .\nafter testing the tag system on a measly great white shark, the plan begins, and at nightfall about 80, 000 pounds of chum is thrown overboard in order to attract the megalodon. (i may have misheard this. it' s still laughable .) a few hours later, a large shape appears on the sonar, and good scientist throws bad scientist in a shark cage to tag the megalodon. chaos ensues, as something knocks the boat and churns the water. it vanishes as soon as it came, and having tagged the megalodon (despite not being able to see things down there), bad scientist has reformed and is no longer skeptical. however, the tag loses its signal as the megalodon goes deep underwater. good scientist remains ecstatic, and the program ends on a high note for the believers .\nbasically, the entire attitude of the show is\nmegalodon exists and if you don' t agree with us well toughies\n. bad plot, bad acting, faulty premise, fake program pretending to be real, and an excuse to cash in on the giant shark factor for viewing figures. dethhhhhhpicable .\ni like barry black. you probably haven' t heard of him before. let me explain. barry black is the current chaplain of the us senate .\nnow, regardless of your religious or political beliefs, i think we can all agree that the 2013 government shutdown is a pretty bad idea. and i think we can all agree that we want it to end as soon as possible .\nwell, barry black feels the same way too. and he expresses this, in a very polite and unassuming way, by publicly bashing the senators during his opening prayer delivery to the senate each morning. and he delivers alright .\nfor example, let me list you some words he used in thursday' s delivery :\nmadness\n,\nsmugness\n,\nselfishness\n,\npride\n,\nattempting to sound reasonable while being unreasonable\n. right there, in no uncertain terms, he' s calling out on all the politicians and he is doing it hard .\nfor easiest access we will consult the great god wikipedia to find out what happened on\nthis day in history\n. let us begin .\non\nthis day\nin 1504, bogdan iii the one - eyed became voivode of moldavia. yep. literally a cyclops. you can' t make this stuff up .\non\nthis day\nin 1777, vermont became the first american territory to abolish slavery. now i want to just stop here and point out that vermont is pretty awesome. sure, it may all be maple syrup and mooses (mooses? moose? moosii? meese? seriously, what the heck is the plural of moose? lemme look it up. mosinee? mosinee? seriously? kay. whatever. forget it. i' m not going to bother) up there - but you know, mooses (dammit, not again) are pretty awesome. plus the whole thing with civil unions, excellent teacher: pupil ratios, and being a very pretty state in general. also, hawkeye pierce lived there. that' s an instant win .\non\nthis day\nin 1881, u. s. president james garfield was shot, eventually dying from his wounds in september. this man had an awesome beard. many famous men in history were known for their awesome beards .\non\nthis day\nin 1897, marconi patented the radio, but nobody cares about marconi .\non\nthis day\nin 1937, amelia earhart disappeared while flying over the pacific ocean. her raft the electra would later be found in 2009 on a geologically unstable island full of highly evolved crustacean superpredators. i am totally serious. somebody wrote it down .\non\nthis day\nin 1962, the first walmart opened in arkansas. it is said that a beam of light opened up from the sky, and when it receded, walmart had taken its place upon the earth. a statue of our good lord walton rested out front. and the world would never be the same again .\ncan' t find a community you love? create your own and start something epic." ]

{ "text": [ "parapropalaehoplophorus septentrionalis was a comparatively small ( compared to glyptodon ) species of glyptodont , extinct relatives of the modern armadillo .", "the mammal , identified in 2007 from the fossilized remains of a specimen found in 2004 , weighed approximately 200 pounds and had a shell covered by tiny circular bumps .", "it lumbered around northern chile in the chucal formation , an area now dominated by the andes mountain range , some 18 million years ago .", "fossils of the glyptodont also have been found in peru ( ipururo and pebas formations ) . " ], "topic": [ 6, 23, 13, 20 ] }

[ "parapropalaehoplophorus septentrionalis was a comparatively small (compared to glyptodon) species of glyptodont, extinct relatives of the modern armadillo. the mammal, identified in 2007 from the fossilized remains of a specimen found in 2004, weighed approximately 200 pounds and had a shell covered by tiny circular bumps. it lumbered around northern chile in the chucal formation, an area now dominated by the andes mountain range, some 18 million years ago. fossils of the glyptodont also have been found in peru (ipururo and pebas formations)." ]

[ "silurus schall, hemisynodontis schall, leiosynodontis maculosus, pimelodus schall, synodontis clarias, s. arabi, s. maculosus, s. smithii\nkey words / phrases: ethiopia, feeding, lake chamo, synodontis schall .\nacknowledgements: tobias musschoot for his permission to use extracts from his paper on synodontis schall .\nbhattacharya' s method of normal age distribution of synodontis schall... | download scientific diagram\nfigure 1: bhattacharya' s method of normal age distribution of synodontis schall in lower river benue. figure 2: von bertalanfy growth function (vbgf) of synodontis schall in lower river benue .\nsynodontis: ancient name for an undetermined fish from the nile (cuvier 1816) .\nmusschoot, t. and p. lalèyè, 2008 designation of a neotype for synodontis schall (bloch and schneider, 1801) and description of two new species of synodontis (siluriformes: mochokidae). journal of natural history 42 (17 - 18): 1303 1331) .\nsynodontis schall is a benthopelagic, potamodromous species. it is found both in deep, open water and in quite shallow water, but it is never close to the shore (worthington, 1929). this species is an omnivore and feeds on insect nymph, larvae, eggs and detritus (willoughby 1974). it also feeds on fish, bivalves in the sudd and snails in gezira irrigation canals. synodontis schall is oviparous with distinct pairing during breeding (breder and rosen 1966). breeding occurs during the flood season (bailey 1994) in comparatively shallow and sheltered waters (worthington and ricardo 1936). synodontis schall is utilized for human consumption .\nmy s. schall eating a shrimp, not much about it really. the song in the background is friendly fire by apoptygma berzerk .\nmales are larger and more robust than females. can be sexed by genital papilla, as per other synodontis spp .\nnot recorded in aquaria but is bred in ponds and irrigation canals in its native lands. in nature s. schall breeds like other riverine synodontis in areas of seasonal flooding that are rich in micro - organisms. they are egg scatterers and exhibit no parental care .\nclean, stable and hard water conditions, as per other lake tanganyika synodontis. strong current not necessary, but tolerated .\nschall: d erived from the northern egyptian arabic dialect name of this fish, shâl, written with\nsch\nbecause bloch & schneider were german speaking biologists .\nmonthly variation of total and percentage composition (by mumber) of s. schall in the surface and bottom habitats of asa lake (march 1991 to february 1993 )\nsynodontis: from the greek syn, meaning together, and odontos, meaning tooth; in reference to the closely - spaced lower jaw teeth .\nmonthly variation of mean weight and mean standard length of s. schall and monthly mean values of rainfall and water levels of asa lake (march 1991 to february 1993 )\nsynodontis schall was caught throughout the year, but highest catches were recorded in january and february, while total catch decreased from september to november when the lake became flooded as a result of increased water levels (monthly mean range = 12. 20 to 12. 80 cm) due to the rains that commenced in april (\na recent paper by tobias musschoot and philippe laleye (may 2008) stated that they carried out a morphometric study of 105 specimens of synodontis schall, including most type specimens of all nominal species considered junior synonyms of s. schall. two new species s. ouemeensis and s. kogonensis are described from the ogun (nigeria), oueme (benin) and mono (togo) basins, and the kogon and fatala (guinea) basins, respectively. a neotype is designated for s. schall. the two new species differ from s. schall mainly by the width of the premaxillary toothplate (12. 9–24. 3% hl for s. schall vs. 21. 6–32. 7% hl), and can be distinguished one from the other by differences in orbit diameter (20. 5–26. 8% hl for s. ouemeensis vs. 19. 4–21. 0% hl for s. kogonensis) and prepectoral length (23. 4–28. 2% sl for s. ouemeensis vs. 21. 6–23. 3% sl for s. kogonensis) .\nnomen novum for synodontis eurystomus matthes, 1959, preoccupied by synodontis eurystomus pfeffer, 1889. although the type specimens are from burundian waters, the species appears to be widely distributed around the lake, with some regional variation in appearance. schraml [ datz, 2003 ] reports possible s. polli variant from lake mweru .\nit is also thought that synodontis robbianus is a synonym of s. schall (willoughby, n. g. , 1994) but more work has to be carried out in lake lake kainji on more specimens. my own thoughts are maybe not, as i have kept s. robbiana and i did not note any aggression what so ever with this species, but we will find out in due course .\nthe original description of s. schall is somewhat patchy as the type speciman, which was lodged in the zmb (poll 1971; paepke 1999; ferraris 2007), was lost. it was originally described from the nile basin .\ns. schall is regarded as the ‘bad boy’ of the genus in aquarium circles. it is randomly aggressive and not particularly attractive. it is often confused with other similar species of synodontis such as s. budgetti or s. clarias but can be distinguished by the length of the adipose fin which, in this species, is very long and runs from just past the base of the caudal fin to just before the caudal fin .\n( of synodontis smithii günther, 1896) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of synodontis arabi valenciennes, 1840) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of synodontis maculosus rüppell, 1829) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of synodontis gambiensis günther, 1864) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nwilloughby, n. g. , 1994. the taxonomy of the genus synodontis (pisces: siluroidea) in lake kainji, nigeria. african journal of tropical hydrobiology and fisheries, 5 (25): 25 - 30\nbishai, h. m. & y. b. abu - gideiri. 1965. studies on the biology of the genus synodontis at khartoum. ii. food and feeding habits. hydrobiologia 26: 85 - 97. [\ns. schall is a particularly voracious feeder but is generally unfussy. frozen, live and dried foods are all accepted. it also relishes vegetable matter in the form of shelled peas, cucumber etc. , which it will rasp at with the teeth in its lower jaw .\nsynodontis: from the greek syn, meaning together, and odontos, meaning tooth; in reference to the closely - spaced lower jaw teeth. specifically named after max poll, a belgian ichthyologist who worked extensively from fish from lake tanganyika and the congo drainage .\nthere are quite a few colour varients to this species (see colour section below) and it depends on where a certain speciman originates from as s. schall is one of the few synodontis species with a very large geographical distribution. it is known from practically all west african basins, except for the coastal basins of sierra leone and liberia (paugy and roberts 1992; paugy et al. 1994). the species is also known from the nile basin, uebi giuba (= uebi shebeli), and lakes abaia, stephanie, turkana (= rudolf) and tchad (poll 1971; paugy et al. 1994) .\nthis is a widespread species from mauritania to ethiopia, and egypt to uganda and kenya. central africa: in lower guinea, synodontis schall has been recorded in the cross river basin. eastern africa: it is present in lake albert, semliki river, the albert and murchison niles, and lake turkana. northern africa: it is common in whole egyptian nile and wdai el rayan lakes, and lake nasser (also known as lake nubia). northeast africa: it occurs in tekeze, setit in eritrea and the ghazal and jebel systems, white nile to lake nasser in the sudan, as well as several water bodies of ethiopia. western africa: this species is found practically in all west african basins, except for the coastal basins of guinea, sierra leone and liberia .\n. 1967), owing to their overwhelming abundance in the artisanal fisheries. it contributes a large proportion to the annual fish landings in the region. the genus consists of many species, some of which are commercially more important. synodontis membranaceus is generally preferred by fishermen and consumers because of their relatively large sizes. they command a higher market value than other species of the genus. in jebba lake ,\nall species in the genus synodontis have a hardened head cap that has attached a process (humeral process) which is situated behind the gill opening and pointed towards the posterior. the dorsal fin and pectoral fins have a hardened first ray which is serrated. caudal fin is always forked. there is one pair of maxillary barbels, sometimes having membranes and occasionally branched. the two pairs of mandibular barbels are often branched and can have nodes attached. the cone - shaped teeth in the upper jaw are short. s - shaped and movable in the lower jaw. these fish produce audible sounds when disturbed rubbing the base of the pectoral spine against the pectoral girdle. mouth wide, hence the original name of synodontis eurystomus, which means'' wide mouth''. cusp on dorsal edge of humeral process. adult males are a chocolate brown with numerous black spots. dull white edging on posterior edges of fins. barbels short. juveniles have a lighter coloration and somewhat brighter fin edging .\nthe female is plumper than the male when adult. it can also be sexed by examining the genital papillae. this is not for the amateur however. the fish should be held ventral side up in the palm of your hand and the dorsal fin taken between your middle and ring fingers in order to avoid being pierced by the sharp dorsal fin rays. the genital area you are looking for is concealed beneath the pelvic fins. this can be exposed by pulling (gently) on the caudal fin. a male fish will exhibit an extended papillae which should be pointed and ridged. the spermatoduct can be seen on the caudal side. females also have a clearly visible papillae but this is more rounded and the oviduct is on the opposite side to the male’s spermatoduct. most species of medium / large synodontis can be sexed using this method but it should be noted that most species take 2 years or more to reach sexual maturity .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nsnoeks, j. , tweddle, d. , getahun, a. , lalèyè, p. , paugy, d. , zaiss, r. , fishar, m. r. a & brooks, e .\njustification: this species has a wide distribution, with no known major widespread threats. it is therefore listed as least concern. it has also been assessed regionally as least concern for eastern, northern, north eastern and western africa .\nno quantitative population estimates were found but kenya' s fisheries department believe the population is increasing in lake turkana. in egypt, the average annual catch for the period from 1995 to 2004 was 3672 tones .\nthis species is well marketable. the total production in 1996 was about 1715 tons, i. e. contributed about 2. 6% of the total nile catch in egypt (bishai and khalil 1997 )\nthis is a commercially important fish. in northern africa, dams, water pollution (agriculture, domestic and commercial / industrial), groundwater extraction and drought pose possible threats .\nnone known. more research is needed into this species population numbers and range, biology and ecology, habitat status and threats, as well as monitoring and potential conservation measures .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na widespread species that has been recorded in nigeria, egypt, cameroon, ghana, kenya, niger, liberia, sierra leone, sudan, benin, ivory coast, guinea, chad, togo, guineabissau, senegal and ethiopia .\n15″ (37. 5cm), although specimens up to 20″ have been recorded in the wild .\na dimly lit aquarium with a soft substrate and rocks, pieces of driftwood and twisted roots arranged to form hiding places suits this species. floating vegetation is also recommended in order to diffuse the light entering the tank. other planting is beneficial but not essential .\nthis is a very robust species and should be kept only with tankmates that can stand their own ground such as large central american and african cichlids, large characins and barbs and loricariids. it will eat smaller fish and can be unpredictable; some specimens can be housed with other fish with little problem, while others take exception at anything invading their personal space! we recommend it is the last fish to be introduced to a community in order to minimise the risk of aggression .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\n6 years to the day (sept. 2008) the spotlight now falls on this species from the mochokidae family .\nvariable; generally body brown or grey dorsally, becoming lighter on the flanks, belly light brown or grey or whitish (specimens from agneby river dark grey, those from benue river dark brown, with lighter belly); humeral spot present; barbels either whitish or brown, including filaments; adipose, dorsal and caudal fin more or less the same colour as dorsal body surface; pectoral, pelvic and anal fins whitish or grey or brown, usually depending on body color, sometimes relatively dark (specimens from agneby river). smallest specimens (around 50mm sl): small dark spots (, 1 mm) all over body, except ventrally but including all fins (except sometimes the pelvic fins); sometimes marbly or mottled on body or with some larger irregular pale spots; sometimes with larger dark spots (. 1 mm) on adipose, dorsal and caudal fins. larger specimens (below about 100mm sl): variably with or without small dark spots (, 1 mm), mainly on dorsal body surface and flanks above lateral line, including the adipose fin; usually disappear in specimens larger than about 100mm sl, but still present on some specimens from senegal (rivers gorom and lampsar), uganda (lake albert) and black volta (in the latter they also occur below the lateral line) .\na very robust fish and would need to be housed with large companions who will be able to look after themselves. even large pleco' s will suffer by this species (editors own observation )\nanything and everything! . meaty foods are relished. will also eat any foods given to your other tank inhabitants and will also take flakefood that floats to the botom. feed also tablet foods and frozen bloodworm which they find a favourite .\ntype specimen: the species of a genus with which the generic name is permanently associated; the description of a genus is based primarily on its type species, being modified and expanded by the features of other included species .\nneotype: specimen which replaces holotype when lost. synonym: different name for the same fish. premaxillary: in relation to the premaxilla (an upper jaw bone) e. g. premaxillary tooth band. maxillary barbels: pertaining to the upper jaw. (maxillary barbels) occipito - nuchal shield: a median bone on the upper surface of the back of the head; pertaining to the occiput .\nfontanel: the space (s) between the bones on top of the skull covered by skin. . anal fin: the fin forward from the anal cavity .\ndorsal fin is defined as the medial fin on top of back. caudal fin is defined as the tail fin. pectoral fins are defined as paired lateral fins. pelvic fins are defined as paired ventral fins between the pectoral and anal fins .\nafrica: nile basin, abaia, stephanie, rudolf lake, tana? , uebi guiba (uebi shebeli), chad, niger, senegal, volta? . also known from guinea, sierra leone and liberia\nif you found this page helpful you can help keep scotcat running by making a small donation, thanks .\n370mm or 14. 6\nsl. find near, nearer or same sized spp .\nfirst lay the fish in your hand with its head toward your palm and the tail toward your fingers. hold the dorsal spine between your middle and ring finger so the fish is belly up and you won' t get stuck (which by the way, hurts like crazy !). the genital pore is in a small furrow of tissue (in healthy fish) and will be obstructed by the pelvic fins. pull down on the tail gently to arch the fishes spine and the pelvic fins will stand and the furrow open to display the genital pore and the anus of the fish. the male has a somewhat ridged genital papillae on which the spermatoduct is on the back side, facing the tail fin. a gravid female will also show an extended papillae but the oviduct is on the ventral side of the papillae (and may also show a little redness if really gravid). a thin or emaciated female will have just two pink pores, the oviduct and the anus .\ntranscontinental distribution from the nile and eastern rift lakes (egypt, ethiopia, sudan) across to west african countries such as the ivory coast, ghana, guinea, guineabissau, liberia, niger, nigeria, senegal, sierra leone) .\nomnivore with a voracious appetite. will eat small tank mates! on the subject of food, this fish is an important food fish and has been from the time of the ancient egyptians .\ndriftwood, rocks, sturdy plants such as vallisneria. will appreciate a cave of its own .\nhas not been bred in aquaria. is bred in irrigation canals and large ponds. in nature, breeding occurs during the flood season .\n( 1) chrysichthys (k: 2), (2) redcatman, who also notes :\nanother long lived species !\n, (3) tracey, (4) psymon1138, (5) back, (6) coelacanth, (7) apo1980. click on a username above to see all that persons registered catfish species. you can also view all\nmy cats\ndata for this species .\nget or print a qr code for this species profile, or try our beta label creator .\nhas this page been useful? please donate to our monthly hosting costs and keep us free for everyone to enjoy! explore our youtube channel, facebook page or follow us on twitter .\n© 1996 - 2018 urltoken, part of the aquatic republic network group of websites. all rights reserved. cite this website. by accessing this site you agree to our terms and conditions of use. our privacy policy .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4. 0 license\nfroese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nin asa lake was studied for 24 months (march 1991 to february 1993). distribution of individual was: 28. 40% (surface), 35. 60% (shore), and 36. 0% (bottom). catches within the habitat were not significantly different. similarly catches within the habitats during the periods of wet (may to october) and dry (november to april) seasons were not significantly different. there was seasonal occurrence of the fish at the bottom because the catches from this habitat in october (4. 80 to 9. 10 %) and november (0. 00 to 8. 70 %), corresponding with the period of flood and high water levels, were relatively low due to feeding and reproductive phenomena. although catch was inversely proportional to the water levels, this was not significant in this experimental gill net catches .\nwas caught throughout the sampling period indicating its successful adaptation within the environment due to low predation and its diverse feeding habits .\non ecology of the mochokid in asa lake. work done on distribution and abundance was restricted to very large water bodies, including lake volta, the upper nile, lake chad and kainji lake of nigeria .\nexhibited distinct habitat preferences. the former prefers unclear areas while the latter prefers habitat with close proximity to the shoreline and fairly deep waters .\nin the lake, is aimed at providing information on the spatial and temporal distribution of the fish to enlighten artisanal fisheries on where and when to set their nets around the lake .\nasa dam is located about 5 km south of ilorin, across river asa in ilorin, the capital of kwara state (08° 26’ n, 04° 29' e). the dam was constructed primarily for domestic water supply. the lake, with an area of 302 hectare, has four tributaries river asa being the major one (\n). the sampling sites (stations 1 to 3) extended from the dam to afon, near the river source, where the maximum mean depth at high water levels was 12 m. close to the dam maximum mean depth was 14 m .\nfor 24 months (march 1991 to february 1993) were carried out at the sampling stations with the services of the local fishermen who were also involved in the keeping of catch records. gill nets of different mesh sizes including 5. 08, 6. 35, 7. 62, 8. 89 and 10. 16 cm in a fleet were used to sample randomly the surface, shore and bottom habitats .\nfleet of nets for the shore and surface were in ply 2, while the bottom nets were in ply 4 in order to resist the effect of the bottom pressure which could fold up the net. each net was 125 m long and it was set at six randomly selected places (i. e. two in each habitat) of the sampling stations making a total of 18 sets of net in all the three stations along the lake. nets were set at about 6 pm and drawn the following day at about 7 am .\nwere separated and numbers caught from the different habitats were recorded separately. each specimen was allotted a serial number after which they were brought to the laboratory in three different ice containers for measuring and weighing. standard length (cm) and body weight (g) of each specimen were determined using a graduated measuring board in centimetres and a top loading metler balance in grams respectively. length and weight measurement were taken to the nearest 0. 1. the percentage catches from each habitat was computed and compared statistically using analysis of variance. also catches from the habitats during the period of wet (may to october) and dry (november to april) seasons were compared statistically. the student t - test analysis was also used for statistical comparison of the catches between the habitats .\nmean monthly rainfall from march, 1991 to february, 1993 was obtained from ilorin international airport and mean monthly water levels were recorded from the water level board installed at the dam. the graph of the monthly variation of the mean weight of fish and mean water levels is also presented .\n). catches within the habitats during the wet and dry seasons were not significantly different (p > 0. 05). similarly catches between the habitats throughout the sampling period were not significantly different (p > 0. 05) .\nlower values of mean standard length and mean body weight were also recorded in october / november .\n. they were not caught from the bottom habitat in october / november. all the catches during this month were mainly from the shore and surface habitats hence, the months of october and november recorded highest catches along the shoreline (\n). they were caught along the surface throughout the sampling period except in january when the catches were relatively low, and high catches were then recorded at the bottom. this corresponded with the period of dry season when the water level had dropped. the fry and the fingerlings sizes were excluded from the gill net catches .\nto explore the surface, shore and bottom habitats in search of food items accounted for the insignificant variation of distribution within these niches irrespective of season. unlike other fish species, the presence of a large physostomous swim bladder, the bony shield of the head and high fat deposition avails this fish the opportunity to explore the bottom habitat despite higher pressure (\nthe paucity of relatively large specimens in the catch at this season was also attributed to restricted movement due to the spawning activities, therefore these sizes became less vulnerable to the gill nets .\nreported that the fishing success of the passive nets depends on fish movement and their efficiency and selectivity may be affected by abrupt changes from shift in barometer pressure, wind - driven currents, water level fluctuation, turbidity, and transmitted light. the relative abundance of\nirrespective of season can also be due to the success of the fish within the environment due to low predation .\nin the lake due to its relatively small size compared with chad and kainji lakes. seasonal abundance of fish species was also reported to be influenced by a combination of physico - chemical properties and the presence of food items (\nthe inverse relationship between the water level and fish weight may be related with increase in fish concentration due to the draw down of water at dry season .\nusing experimental gill net data in a bigger lake also observed an inverse relationship between water level and catch rate, explaining the probability of higher concentration of fish at low water levels .\nwhich is at variance with this observation, although not explained by the authors was probably due to the different fishing methods usually embarked upon by the commercial fisheries. the exclusion of fry and fingerlings from the catches in this experiment was due to their non economic sizes which was below 5. 08 cm net meshes. the fry and fingerlings of\ncan be caught with gill nets set in any of the habitats at any season of the year. feeding and reproductive phenomena were the main factors responsible for the spatio - temporal distribution of\ni am grateful to c. y. jeje and s. o. fagade, both of the department of zoology, university of ibadan, for their interest and contribution in this work. i also appreciate the co - operation of the local fishermen during field research .\n( bloch & schneider 1801) in asa dam ilorin, nigeria. 201 p .\nbazigos, g. p. 1972. the yield pattern of kainji lake, nigeria. fao, fao \\ undp \\ sf \\ nir. rome (no. 24) .\nberra, t. 1981. an atlas of distribution of the freshwater fish families of the world. university of nebraska, lincoln, nebraska: 191 p .\nberst, a. h. 1961. selectivity and efficiency of experimental gill nets in south bay and georgian bay of lake huron. trans. am. fish. soc. 90: 413 - 418 .\nbishai, h. m. & abu gideiri, y. b. 1967. studies on the biology of the genus\nbishai, h. m & abu gideiri, y. b. 1968. studies on the genus\nbiswas, s. 1973. limnological observations during early formation of volta lake in ghana. geophys. mongor. 17: 121 - 128 .\negborge, a. b. 1977. the hydrology and plankton of asejire lake. ph. d. thesis, university of ibadan, nigeria. 278 p .\nezenwaji, h. g. m. 1992. the reproductive biology of four african cat fishes (osteichthyes: clariidae) in anambra river basin, nigeria. hydrobiologia 242: 154 - 164 .\nfagade, s. o. 1983. food and feeding habits of the fishes of lower river benue, nigeria. bull. de ifan. jan. i. t. 45 ser. a. no. 3 - 4. 316 - 314 .\nfagade, s. o. & olaniyan, c. o. 1974. seasonal distribution of the fish fauna of the lagos lagoon .\nita, e. o. 1978. an analysis of fish distribution on kainji lake, nigeria. hydrobiologia 58: 233 - 244 .\nmcconnell, r. h. 1965. field identification of fresh water fishes likely to occur in the area above the kainji dam on the river niger. 43 - 64 p. in ed. e. white the first scientific report of the kainji biological research team .\nmotwani, m. p. 1970. fisheries investigation on the niger and benue rivers in the northern region and development of a programme of riverine fisheries management training. undp \\ fao tech. rep. t. a. 2771 .\nnawar, g. 1958. investigation of the breeding season of some species of nile fishes. 5th ann. rep. sudan notes rec. 20 - 21 .\n( bloch & schneider, 1801). sudan notes rec. 40: 139 - 141 .\n( bloch & schneider, 1801) in zaria. nigerian j. aquat. sci. 4: 49 - 54\npekkola, w. 1919. notes on the habitats, breeding and food of some white nile fish. sudan notes rec. 2: 112 - 121 .\nreed, w. burchad, j. hopson, a. j. , jennes, j. and yaro, i. 1967. fish and fisheries of northern nigeria. publ. m. a. n. r. 22 p .\nsandon, h. & el - tayed. 1953. the food of some common nile fishes. sudan notes rec. 34: 219 - 221 .\n( pisces: siluroidei) in lake kainji, nigeria, nigeria. ph. d. thesis, university of southampton. 288 p .\n( pisces: siluroidei) j. zool. lond. 180: 291 - 314 .\n1 department of zoology, university of ibadan, ibadan, nigeria. current address: lower niger river basin & rural development authority, p. o. box 5565, ilorin, nigeria .\nuniversidad de costa rica. escuela de biología, 2060 san josé, costa rica, san pedro, san josé, cr, 2060, 2511 - 5500, 2511 - 5550 rbt @ urltoken\ngreek, syn, symphysis = grown together + greek, odous = teeth (ref. 45335 )\nfreshwater; benthopelagic; ph range: 6. 0 - 8. 0; dh range: ? - 30; potamodromous (ref. 51243). tropical; 22°c - 28°c (ref. 2060 )\nafrica: nile basin, abaia, stephanie, rudolf lake, tana? , uebi guiba (uebi shebeli) (ref. 3202). in west africa found practically in all basins (except for the coastal basins of guinea, sierra leone and liberia), including the senegal, gambia, niger, volta and chad basins (ref. 57223). also in the cross basin in nigeria (ref. 81251) .\nmaturity: l m 21. 0, range 12 - 17 cm max length: 37. 0 cm sl male / unsexed; (ref. 57223); max. published weight: 500. 00 g (ref. 3799); max. reported age: 12 years (ref. 72479 )\nmaximum tl was recorded at 47. 0 cm (ref. 57223). omnivore, feeds on insect nymph, larvae, eggs and detritus (ref. 13868). also feeds on fish, bivalves in the sudd and snails in gezira irrigation canals. oviparous (ref. 205). breeding occurs during the flood season (ref. 28714). utilized for human consumption .\noviparous (ref. 205). distinct pairing during breeding (ref. 205) .\npaugy, d. and t. r. roberts, 2003. mochokidae. p. 195 - 268 in c. lévêque, d. paugy and g. g. teugels (eds .) faune des poissons d' eaux douce et saumâtres de l' afrique de l' ouest, tome 2. coll. faune et flore tropicales 40. musée royal de l' afrique centrale, tervuren, belgique, museum national d' histoire naturalle, paris, france and institut de recherche pour le développement, paris, france. 815 p. (ref. 57223 )\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5000 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 01514 (0. 01167 - 0. 01963), b = 2. 95 (2. 89 - 3. 01), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this species (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 2. 9 ±0. 37 se; based on food items .\nresilience (ref. 69278): medium, minimum population doubling time 1. 4 - 4. 4 years (k = 0. 10 - 0. 54; tmax = 3; fec = 64, 273) .\nprior r = 0. 52, 2 sd range = 0. 24 - 1. 11, log (r) = - 0. 65, sd log (r) = 0. 38, based on: 1 m, 3 k, 2 tgen, 1 tmax, 4 fec records\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): high vulnerability (63 of 100) .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript. here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\njoin researchgate to access over 30 million figures and 118 + million publications – all in one place .\ncopyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons, inc. all rights reserved\nenter your email address below. if your address has been previously registered, you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password. if you don' t receive an email, you should register as a new user\n100mm or 3. 9\nsl. find near, nearer or same sized spp .\nominivore, with a preference for meaty foods. will readily take flake foods, but should be fed a varied diet, supplemented by frozen and live foods. while spirulina is easily accepted, unlike s. multipunctatus, s. petricola, and even s. dhonti, s. polli will not eat vegetables such as cucumber, zucchini, etc. plants are untouched .\nbest kept in larger tanks. furnish with rocky hiding places. plants such as vallisneria are optional .\ncompatible with most rift lake catfish, cichlids and mastacembelids. all except fry and very tiny fish are likely to be safe. adult males may fight when first introduced, but aggression ceases once dominance and territories are established .\nmany reports, but none confirmed. upon investigation, reported spawnings have been of species other than s. polli .\ndepartment of zoology, university of ilorin, p. m. b. 1515, ilorin 240003, nigeria; olulabi47 @ urltoken; olulabi @ urltoken\nwere investigated for 24 months (april 2002 - march 2004, in jebba lake, nigeria) using frequency of occurrence, numerical, gravimetric and index of relative importance (ri) methods. the fish is euryphagus and feeds more at night. ri values indicate that 10 of the 16 food items were major diet components. the main five food categories are detritus (10. 64 %), aspatharia (9. 08 %), plant parts (8. 85 %), seeds (8. 61 %) and spirogyra (8. 43 %), while the 5 less prominent food categories were gastropods (7. 05 %), insect appendages (6. 88 %), copepods (6. 31 %), adult\n( 5. 89 %) and coleoptera larvae (5. 36 %). the remaining six food items, dragon flies ,\nlarvae, chironomid larvae, daphnia, water mites and fish scales had ri values considerably under 5% . the prominence of detritus in the diet indicated that the fish is a bottom or benthic feeder. the wide variability in food supply enables\nto maintain its overwhelming prominence in jebba lake, and its euryphagus habit makes it suited for pond culture. rev. biol. trop. 56 (2): 931 - 936. epub 2008 june 30 .\nis the dominant species, occupying unique and prominent position in the commercial fisheries of the lake (owolabi 2005). it is highly relished either fresh or smoke - dried. the study of dietary habits of fishes based on stomach content analysis is widely used in fish biology and ecology to indicate the position of a species within a food web and to provide information on the contribution of different prey items to the diet. information about the food habits of fishes is useful in defining predator - prey relationships, estimation of trophic level (sa - a\n. 1997) and in the creation of trophic models as a tool to understanding complex ecosystems (lopez - peralta and arcila 2002) .\nhas been found to be a typical example of fish without strict feeding habit. it is regarded as omnivore, because of its ability to use just any food material present in its habitat. many food types ranging from insects, planktons, molluscs to fish and crustaceans have been observed in the stomachs of\n, while bishai and abu - gideiri (1965) working on river nile at khartoum reported that its food consists of plankton, mud deposits and insect larvae. while the species fed on plant materials and mud deposits in lake volta (petr 1967), willoughby (1974) observed that plant materials and insect larvae constitute the diet of the species in lake kainji. in lower river benue, the fish is described as omnivore feeding on insects, fragments of higher plants, molluscs, bottom deposits and fish scales (fagade 1983). apart from the fact that information provided by these studies has proved inadequate since few specimens were examined; no information exists on the feeding intensity and diel feeding pattern of\nconstitutes an important part of the ichthyofauna of jebba lake, its food composition, position in the food web of the lake, intensity of feeding and diel feeding activity is not yet ascertained. this study is therefore aimed to identify the dietary items of\njebba lake (9°10’ to 9°55’ n and 4°30’ to 5°00’ e) was formed in august 1993 as an impoundment in the valley of river niger. it extends from the dam - site at jebba to southern tip of kainji dam. the lake is therefore unique as the first and only man - made lake in nigeria that has a direct inflow from another man - made lake located upstream. it is bounded by kwara state on the west and niger state on the east. the lake has a surface area of 303x10 6 m 2, ength of 100 km, maximum depth of 33. 0 m; maximum width of 10. 0 km; and maximum volume of 1 000x10 6 m 3. one sampling station was selected from each of the three zones (basins) i. e. dam - site from the southern basin (maximum depth: 23. 0 m), old gbajibo from middle basin (maximum depth: 27. 0 m) and faku from the northern basin (maximum depth: 33. 0 m) .\nbi - monthly collection of 1 208 fish specimens as carried out for 24 months (april 2002 to march 2004) using gill nets of different mesh sizes ranging from 5. 08 cm to10. 16 cm. of this, 310 fish specimens were caught during the day and night (i. e. 128 during the day and 182 at night) at three hours interval. fishes caught were identified using the meristic features provided by willoughby (1974) and were put in ice chest to reduce post humous digestion .\nin the laboratory, the total and standard lengths (to the nearest cm) and weight (to the nearest g) of each specimen were measured following the procedure of king (1996) after blotting out excess water on the fish. each specimen was slit open and its degree of stomach fullness rated as 0 (empty; es), 1 (quarter - full; qfs), 2 (half - full; hfs), 3 (three quarter - full; tqf) or 4 (full stomach; fs). the fullness proportions (%) of each stomach was used to evaluate feeding pattern and the diel feeding activity .\nthe contents of the stomachs were emptied into separate petri dishes and the items identified to the lowest taxonomic level according to the method of ward and whipple (1950). the contents were analyzed instantly, but when this was not possible, the contents were preserved in 4% formaldehyde. frequencies of occurrence, numerical and gravimetric methods (ricker 1968, george and hadley 1979) were employed in the analysis of the gut contents. to reduce bias, dietary importance of food items was determined using the relative importance (ri) index (george and hadley 1979, hyslop 1980). food items with ri > 5. 0% were considered major or important food items .\nexamined, 366 (30. 29 %) had empty stomachs, 202 (16. 72 %) quarter - full stomachs, 194 (16. 06 %) half - full stomachs, 172 (14. 25 %) three quarterfull stomachs and 274 (22. 68 %) full stomachs. the diel feeding pattern (\n) shows that the stomachs were fuller, at least, half - full during the night and at dawn (20. 00 - 05. 00 h), with a higher percentage of fs (20. 3), tqf (22. 5), hfs (29. 1) and lower es (13. 7) recorded respectively than during the day. the food items found in the stomachs (\n) showed that the variety of food items comprised organisms of both plant and animal materials as well as detritus. the most important plant food consumed were materials in form of aquatic plants, which occurred in 49. 76% of stomachs, accounting for 3. 68% by weight. the most frequently utilized food types were the insects. they were, however, encountered in their dismembered form in 39. 67% of the stomachs representing 1. 88% of stomach contents by weight. however, of all the dietary items, detritus contributed most by occurrence (51. 54 %) and by weight (12. 84 %), while fish scales and water mites were less significant .\n, 10 constituted major food items. the ranking or relative importance index (ri) established five of them as most prominent food categories viz detritus (10. 64 %) ,\n9. 08 %), plant parts (8. 85 %), seeds (8. 61 %) and spirogyra (8. 43 %); while the relatively less prominent foods were gastropod (7. 05 %), insect appendages (6. 88 %), copepod (6. 31 %), adult\nlarvae (5. 36 %). the remaining food items showed no great significance as their ri values were considerably less than 5% . however, the average ri values of the dietary components from\neach of plant (8. 63 %), animal (5. 20 %) and\nbruton 1979, ezenwaji 1999, 2002, idodo umeh 2005). the number of empty stomachs recorded, i. e. an incidence of 30. 29% is considered low enough to suggest a fairly regular feeding intensity by the fish in jebba lake. the relatively higher incidence (> 50 %) of half or more stomach full condition, according to ikusemiju and olaniyan (1977), ikusemiju (1981) and ekpo (1982) is indicative of abundant food supply in the habitat. the variety of prey items in the diets of\nshowed that all the major biotopes seem to be explored for food. the prominence of detritus in the diets of the fishes, as reflected by the ri values, is an indication that\nis a bottom - benthic feeder, feeding actively on mud and bottom deposits containing falling organic debris .\n( sandon and el - tayib 1953, bishai and abu - gideiri 1965, blache 1964, petr 1967, willoughby 1974) showed that the usual diets of this species were insects, plant materials, mud deposits and plankton. even though these results are limited by the sample size, they are fairly consistent with the observations made from this study. however, some food items such as water mite ,\nand dragonfly that were not observed by these authors were recorded in jebba lake. it is therefore pertinent to note that the food of a foraging fish depends on the availability of any dietary items in its environment. according to dill (1983) the forager must monitor food availability and respond to any variation. this perhaps, explains the slight difference in dietary composition of the fish in jebba lake from those reported by previous workers. the presence of fish scales in the stomach of\nsuggests a piscivorous habit and seems to negate its polyculture desirability and potentials, although they may have been ingested as part of the bottom deposits due to the ventral position of the mouth and not necessarily suggest a piscivorous habit .\nthe qualitative food composition indicated that food item from detritus; plant and animal sources are important, their ri values were higher than 5% . it can therefore be inferred that\nis omnivorous or euryphagous and occupy the third link of the food chain by feeding on phytoplankton and plant materials (primary producers); and makes the resultant energy available to predatory species within the water body. omnivory or euryphagy is a characteristic feature of ubiquitous fishes (lowe - mcconnell 1975, welcomme 1979, 1985) and explains\n’s wide distribution, a phenomenon reported also for other mochokid catfishes (olatunde 1989, owolabi and omotosho 1999, araoye and jeje 1999). therefore the overwhelming presence of\nfueron investigados durante 24 meses (abril 2002 - marzo 2004) en el lago jebba, nigeria; utilizando frecuencia de aparición, métodos numéricos, métodos gravimétricos y el índice de importancia relativa (ir). el incremento de estómagos llenos durante la noche, en comparación con el día, indica una intensidad alta de alimentación durante la noche. el pez tiene una dieta eurífaga. de los 16 tipos de comida ingeridos, 10 constituyen la dieta principal, según los valores del ir. las cinco principales categorías fueron detritos (10. 64 %) ,\n( 8. 43 %), mientras que las cinco categorías menores corresponden a gastrópodos (7. 05 %), apéndices de insectos (6. 88 %), copépodos (6. 31 %), adultos de\n( 5. 89 %) y larvas de coleóptero (5. 3 %). las restantes seis categorías de alimentación son odonatos larvales, larvas de\n, ácaros de agua y escamas de pez, las cuales no mostraron gran significancia debido a que los valores de ir fueron menores a 5% . la importancia del detrito en la dieta indica que el pez habita en el fondo o posee alimentación bentónica. la amplia variabilidad de alimentos y la adaptabilidad natural a cualquiera de los recursos alimenticios presentes en el lago permite a\nmantener su gran abundancia en el lago jebba. su comportamiento eurífago lo hace apropiado para su cultivo .\n( block - schneider, 1801) in asa dam, ilorin, nigeria. nig. j. sci. 33: 67 - 76. [\nblache, j. 1964. less poisons du basin du tchad et mayo kebbi. cah. me. d. r. s. t. o. m. 4: 1 - 438. [\nboujard, t. & p. luquet. 1996. rythemes alimentaires et alimentation chez les siluroidei." ]

{ "text": [ "synodontis schall , the wahrindi , is a species of upside-down catfish widespread in northern africa .", "this species is in the largest genus of the mochokidae family .", "this species grows to a length of 49.0 centimetres ( 19.3 in ) tl . " ], "topic": [ 27, 2, 0 ] }

[ "synodontis schall, the wahrindi, is a species of upside-down catfish widespread in northern africa. this species is in the largest genus of the mochokidae family. this species grows to a length of 49.0 centimetres (19.3 in) tl." ]

[ "coleophora texanella chambers, 1878 includes as a synonym 1364 coleophora vagans walsingham, 1907, zootaxa, 3749 (1): 36 .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nlandry, j. - f. , v. nazari, j. r. dewaard, m. mutanen, c. lopez - vaamonde, p. huemer, p. d. n. hebert, 2013. shared but overlooked: 30 species of holarctic microlepidoptera revealed by dna barcodes and morphology. zootaxa, 3749 (1): 1 - 93 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click' save settings' to activate your changes .\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nmacedonia, krivolak near negotino, 22. - 23. 6. 2017, leg. , det. & coll. richter ig. , gp 27015 igr\ngreece, creta, pánoramos, 4 km nw, 21. 6. 2011, leg. & coll. tokár, det. richter ig. , wingspan 13 mm\ngreece, creta, pánoramos, 4 km nw, 21. 6. 2011, leg. & coll. tokár, det. richter ig. , gp 21184 igr\ncroatia, segel vranjica, 21. - 23. 9. 2010, leg. & coll. tokár, det. richter ig. , gp 11210 zt\nshared but overlooked: 30 species of holarctic microlepidoptera revealed by dna barcodes and morphology. - pubmed - ncbi\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nshared but overlooked: 30 species of holarctic microlepidoptera revealed by dna barcodes and morphology .\nlandry jf 1, nazari v 2, dewaard jr 3, mutanen m 4, lopez - vaamonde c 5, huemer p 6, hebert pd 7 .\nagriculture and agri - food canada, eastern cereal and oilseed research centre, c. e. f. , ottawa, ontario k1a 0c6, canada. ; email: landryjf @ agr. gc. ca .\nagriculture and agri - food canada, eastern cereal and oilseed research centre, c. e. f. , ottawa, ontario k1a 0c6, canada. ; email: nazariv @ agr. gc. ca .\nbiodiversity institute of ontario, university of guelph, guelph on n1g 2w1 canada. ; email: dewaardj @ uoguelph. ca .\nbiodiversity unit, department of biology, university of oulu, oulu, finland; email: marko. mutanen @ oulu. fi .\ninra, ur0633 zoologie forestière, f - 45075 orléans, france; email: dewaardj @ uoguelph. ca .\ntiroler landesmuseen betriebsges. m. b. h. , feldstr. 11a, a - 6020 innsbruck, austria; email: p. huemer @ tiroler - landesmuseen. at .\nbiodiversity institute of ontario, university of guelph, guelph on n1g 2w1 canada. ; email: phebert @ uoguelph. ca .\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation, e. g. an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature, an orthologous protein, a record from another database, etc. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more... < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages, faqs, uniprotkb manual, documents, news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website. please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins, you can use the ‘basket’ to save them, so that you can back to find or analyse them later. < p > < a href =' / help / basket' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more. . < / a > < / p >\nwe' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation (gdpr) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\n© university of florida george a. smathers libraries. all rights reserved. terms of use for electronic resources and copyright information powered by sobekcm\npopular: trivia, history, america, television, tv, usa, geography, cities, ... more" ]

{ "text": [ "coleophora texanella is a moth of the coleophoridae family .", "it is found in the united states , where it has been recorded from florida to california , north to new york , michigan and ohio , west to kansas and also in mexico ( baja california sur ) .", "it has also been recorded from bermuda and europe , where it is found on sicily , in italy and greece ( zakynthos , the peloponnesos and crete ) .", "the wingspan is 10 – 11 mm .", "adults have a gray head , although it whitish laterally .", "the forewings are brown-gray with some dark scales along the faintly white-lined veins .", "the fringes are dark gray .", "the hindwings and fringes are dark gray .", "there are two generations per year .", "the larvae feed on the seeds of portulaca species , including portulaca oleracea .", "they create a trivalved , tubular silken case . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 20, 9, 8, 1, 1, 1, 15, 8, 4 ] }

[ "coleophora texanella is a moth of the coleophoridae family. it is found in the united states, where it has been recorded from florida to california, north to new york, michigan and ohio, west to kansas and also in mexico (baja california sur). it has also been recorded from bermuda and europe, where it is found on sicily, in italy and greece (zakynthos, the peloponnesos and crete). the wingspan is 10 – 11 mm. adults have a gray head, although it whitish laterally. the forewings are brown-gray with some dark scales along the faintly white-lined veins. the fringes are dark gray. the hindwings and fringes are dark gray. there are two generations per year. the larvae feed on the seeds of portulaca species, including portulaca oleracea. they create a trivalved, tubular silken case." ]

[ "acropora aculeus, acropora digitifera, acropora samoensis and acropora valida on sealife base: technical fact sheets .\nacropora cerealis. great barrier reef, australia. on a sheltered reef slope. jim maragos .\nacropora cerealis. papua new guinea. common variation in colony structure and colour. charlie veron .\nacropora cerealis. great barrier reef, australia. on an exposed upper reef slope. roger steene .\nacropora cerealis. ryukyu islands, japan. common variation in colony structure and colour. charlie veron .\nacropora cerealis. ryukyu islands, japan. branchlet tips are pale or brightly coloured. charlie veron .\nacropora aculeus, acropora digitifera, acropora samoensis and acropora valida on the iucn red list of threatened species website: technical fact sheet .\nacropora cerealis. great barrier reef, australia. compact colony exposed to strong wave action. charlie veron .\nacropora cerealis. great barrier reef, australia. branchlet tips are pale or brightly coloured. charlie veron .\nacropora cerealis. great barrier reef, australia. on a moderately exposed upper reef slope. neville coleman .\nacropora aculeus, acropora digitifera, acropora samoensis and acropora valida on corals of the world online on the australian institute of marine science website: technical fact sheet .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - staghorn coral (acropora cerealis )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - staghorn coral (acropora cerealis )\ntitle =\narkive species - staghorn coral (acropora cerealis )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nacropora biological review team. (2005) atlantic acropora status review document. report to national marine fisheries service, southeast regional office .\nacropora species are the most abundant coral of most reefs in the indo - pacific (3) .\nacropora cerealis is a species of hard coral of the family acroporidae. this specimen was found at mer island reef in the torres strait as part of a biodiversity survey in february 2013. the taxonomic classification for this photo was performed by the aims long term monitoring project. for more information see the aims coral fact sheet for this species .\n( of madrepora cerealis dana, 1846) wallace, cc. (1999). staghorn corals of the world: a revision of the coral genus acropora (scleractinia; astrocoeniina; acroporidae) worldwide, with emphasis on morphology, phylogeny and biogeography. csiro, collingwood (australia). pp i - xvii, 1 - 421. [ details ]\n( of madrepora cerealis dana, 1846) dana, j. d. 1846. united states exploring expedition during the years 1838 - 1842. zoophytes 7: 1 - 740. lea and blanchard, philadelphia. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of madrepora (polystachys) cerealis dana, 1846) brook g (1893). the genus madrepora. catalogue of the madreporarian corals in the british museum (natural history) 1: 1 - 212, pls. 1 - 35. [ details ]\n( of acropora (acropora) oken, 1815) wallace, cc. (1999). staghorn corals of the world: a revision of the coral genus acropora (scleractinia; astrocoeniina; acroporidae) worldwide, with emphasis on morphology, phylogeny and biogeography. csiro, collingwood (australia). pp i - xvii, 1 - 421. [ details ]\ncommon parasites of colonies in reef aquariums are the acropora - eating flatworm, and\nred bugs\n( tegastes acroporanus) .\nbased on the most recent taxonomic work, there are approximately 120 known species of acropora (wallace 1999; s. d. cairns, in litt. 2009) .\nacropora species are challenging to keep in a home aquarium. they require bright light, stable temperatures, regular addition of calcium and alkalinity supplements, and clean, turbulent water .\nacropora corals seen awaiting identification species are difficult to positively identify without close examination with a microscope. on this website, they are grouped by external features for convenience of display .\n( of acropora (acropora) oken, 1815) oken, l. 1815 - 1816. lehrbuch der naturgeschichte. dritter theil, zoologie. erste abteilung, fleischlose thiere: 1 - 841 (register) (1815); atlas: i - iv, pls. i - xvii (1816). , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of acropora cymbicyathus (brook, 1893) ) wallace, cc. (1999). staghorn corals of the world: a revision of the coral genus acropora (scleractinia; astrocoeniina; acroporidae) worldwide, with emphasis on morphology, phylogeny and biogeography. csiro, collingwood (australia). pp i - xvii, 1 - 421. [ details ]\nthe roughly 120 species of staghorn corals (acropora) account for a large fraction of the world' s coral reefs (iucn 2009). these corals face several major threats :\nacropora is most common in shallow reef environments with bright light and moderate to high water motion. many small reef fishes live near their colonies and retreat into the thicket of branches if threatened .\n( of madrepora (polystachys) cerealis dana, 1846) dana, j. d. (1846 - 1849). zoophytes. united states exploring expedition during the years 1838 - 1842. lea and blanchard, philadelphia. 7: 1 - 740, 61 pls. (1846: 1 - 120, 709 - 720; 1848: 121 - 708, 721 - 740; 1849: atlas pls. 1 - 61). [ details ]\n( of acropora cymbicyathus (brook, 1893) ) veron jen, wallace cc (1984) scleractinia of eastern australia – part v. family acroporidae. australian institute of marine science monograph series 6: 1–485. [ details ]\nchina, w. e. (1963). opinion 674: acropora oken, 1815 (anthozoa, madreporaria): validated under the plenary powers. bulletin of zoological nomenclature. 20: 319 - 330. [ details ]\ndepending on the species and location, acropora species may grow as plates or slender or broad branches. like other corals, acropora corals are colonies of individual polyps, which are about 2 mm across and share tissue and a nerve net. the polyps can withdraw back into the coral in response to movement or disturbance by potential predators, but when undisturbed, they protrude slightly. the polyps typically extend further at night to help capture plankton and organic matter from the water .\nboschma h (1961) acropora oken, 1815 (anthozoa, madreporaria); proposed validation under the plenary powers. z. n. (s .) 1036. bulletin of zoological nomenclature 18: 334 - 335. [ details ]\nriegl, b. (1995). a revision of the hard coral genus acropora oken, 1815 (scleractinia: astrocoeniina: acroporidae) in south - east africa. zoological journal of the linnean society 113: 249 - 288 [ details ]\n( of acropora cymbicyathus (brook, 1893) ) brook g (1893). the genus madrepora. catalogue of the madreporarian corals in the british museum (natural history) 1: 1 - 212, pls. 1 - 35. [ details ]\n( of acropora tizardi (brook, 1892) ) brook g (1892) preliminary descriptions of new species of madrepora in the collections of the british museum. part ii. annals and magazine of natural history 10: 451 - 465. [ details ]\n( of acropora (eumadrepora) brook, 1893) brook g (1893). the genus madrepora. catalogue of the madreporarian corals in the british museum (natural history) 1: 1 - 212, pls. 1 - 35. [ details ]\n( of acropora cymbicyathus (brook, 1893) ) sheppard, c. r. c. (1987). coral species of the indian ocean and adjacent seas: a synonymised compilation and some regional distribution patterns. atoll research bulletin nr 307 [ details ]\n( of acropora tizardi (brook, 1892) ) sheppard, c. r. c. (1987). coral species of the indian ocean and adjacent seas: a synonymised compilation and some regional distribution patterns. atoll research bulletin nr 307 [ details ]\nacropora species constituted 13 percent of the global coral trade between 1985 and 1997. coral is harvested for building materials, curios, jewellery, and for aquariums. staghorn corals are more common in the dead coral trade, rather than the live aquarium trade (7) .\nreyes - bermudez a. et al. 2009. differential expression of three galaxin - related genes during settlement and metamorphosis in the scleractinian coral acropora millepora. bmc evolutionary biology 2009, 9: 178. doi: 10. 1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 9 - 178\nwallace, c. c. (2008). new species and records from the eocene of england and france support early diversification of the coral genus acropora. journal of paleontology. 82 (2): 313 - 328. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nsymbiodinium, symbiotic algae, live in the corals' cells and produce energy for the animals through photosynthesis. environmental destruction has led to a dwindling of populations of acropora, along with other coral species. acropora is especially susceptible to bleaching when stressed. bleaching is due to the loss of the coral' s zooxanthellae, which are a golden - brown color. bleached corals are stark white and may die if new symbiodinium cells cannot be assimilated. common causes of bleaching and coral death include pollution, abnormally warm water temperatures, increased ocean acidification, sedimentation, and eutrophication .\nstaghorn corals occur in tropical reef environments, down to a depth of 30 meters. the upper depth limit is defined by wave action, whilst the lower limit at which acropora can inhabit is determined by light availability and the amount of suspended sediments. staghorn corals require normal marine salinity (5) .\nstaghorn corals occur in tropical reef environments, down to a depth of 30 meters. the upper depth limit is defined by wave action, whilst the lower limit at which acropora can inhabit is determined by light availability and the amount of suspended sediments. staghorn corals require normal marine salinity (4) .\nwallace, cc. (1999). staghorn corals of the world: a revision of the coral genus acropora (scleractinia; astrocoeniina; acroporidae) worldwide, with emphasis on morphology, phylogeny and biogeography. csiro, collingwood (australia). pp i - xvii, 1 - 421. [ details ]\nsome acropora coral form table - like colonies. raffles lighthouse, jun 07 corallites with tentacles contracted. sisters island, dec 05 with the tentacles extended, the colony can appear' furry'. pulau semakau, apr 08 producing mucus to protect themselves. pulau semakau, mar 05 coral scallop sisters island, may 08\nwallace, c. c. ; bosellini, f. r. (2015). acropora (scleractinia) from the oligocene and miocene of europe: species longevity, origination and turnover following the eocene–oligocene transition. journal of systematic palaeontology. 13 (6): 447 - 469. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nacropora anthocercis is a species of hard coral of the family acroporidae. this specimen was found at mer island reef in the torres strait as part of a biodiversity survey in february 2013. the taxonomic classification for this photo was performed by the aims long term monitoring project. for more information see the aims coral fact sheet for this species .\nacropora aspera is a species of hard coral of the family acroporidae. this specimen was found at mer island reef in the torres strait as part of a biodiversity survey in february 2013. the taxonomic classification for this photo was performed by the aims long term monitoring project. for more information see the aims coral fact sheet for this species .\nacropora clathrata is a species of hard coral of the family acroporidae. this specimen was found at mer island reef in the torres strait as part of a biodiversity survey in february 2013. the taxonomic classification for this photo was performed by the aims long term monitoring project. for more information see the aims coral fact sheet for this species .\n( of heteropora ehrenberg, 1834) wallace, cc. (1999). staghorn corals of the world: a revision of the coral genus acropora (scleractinia; astrocoeniina; acroporidae) worldwide, with emphasis on morphology, phylogeny and biogeography. csiro, collingwood (australia). pp i - xvii, 1 - 421. [ details ]\n( of madrepora cymbicyathus brook, 1893) wallace, cc. (1999). staghorn corals of the world: a revision of the coral genus acropora (scleractinia; astrocoeniina; acroporidae) worldwide, with emphasis on morphology, phylogeny and biogeography. csiro, collingwood (australia). pp i - xvii, 1 - 421. [ details ]\n( of madrepora tizardi brook, 1892) wallace, cc. (1999). staghorn corals of the world: a revision of the coral genus acropora (scleractinia; astrocoeniina; acroporidae) worldwide, with emphasis on morphology, phylogeny and biogeography. csiro, collingwood (australia). pp i - xvii, 1 - 421. [ details ]\n( of madrepora hystrix dana, 1846) wallace, cc. (1999). staghorn corals of the world: a revision of the coral genus acropora (scleractinia; astrocoeniina; acroporidae) worldwide, with emphasis on morphology, phylogeny and biogeography. csiro, collingwood (australia). pp i - xvii, 1 - 421. [ details ]\nshinzato, c. , shoguchi, e. , kawashima, t. , hamada, m. , hisata, k. , tanaka, m. , fujie, m. , et al. 2011. using the acropora digitifera genome to understand coral responses to environmental change. nature, advance online publication. doi: 10. 1038 / nature10249\nacropora aculeus is a species of hard coral of the family acroporidae. this specimen was found at poruma island reef in the torres strait as part of a biodiversity survey in january 2014. the taxonomic classification for this photo was performed by paul muir from the museum of tropical queensland. for more information see the aims coral fact sheet for this species .\nacropora acuminata is a species of hard coral of the family acroporidae. this specimen was found at mer island reef in the torres strait as part of a biodiversity survey in february 2013. the taxonomic classification for this photo was performed by paul muir from the museum of tropical queensland. for more information see the aims coral fact sheet for this species .\nacropora acuminata is a species of hard coral of the family acroporidae. this specimen was found at masig island reef in the torres strait as part of a biodiversity survey in february 2013. the taxonomic classification for this photo was performed by paul muir from the museum of tropical queensland. for more information see the aims coral fact sheet for this species .\nacropora austera is a species of hard coral of the family acroporidae. this specimen was found at mer island reef in the torres strait as part of a biodiversity survey in february 2013. the taxonomic classification for this photo was performed by paul muir from the museum of tropical queensland. for more information see the aims coral fact sheet for this species .\nacropora austera is a species of hard coral of the family acroporidae. this specimen was found at aureed island reef in the torres strait as part of a biodiversity survey in february 2013. the taxonomic classification for this photo was performed by paul muir from the museum of tropical queensland. for more information see the aims coral fact sheet for this species .\nacropora clathrata is a species of hard coral of the family acroporidae. this specimen was found at mer island reef in the torres strait as part of a biodiversity survey in january 2014. the taxonomic classification for this photo was performed by paul muir from the museum of tropical queensland. for more information see the aims coral fact sheet for this species .\nacropora cytherea is a species of hard coral of the family acroporidae. this specimen was found at poruma island reef in the torres strait as part of a biodiversity survey in january 2014. the taxonomic classification for this photo was performed by paul muir from the museum of tropical queensland. for more information see the aims coral fact sheet for this species .\nsantodomingo, n. ; wallace, c. c. ; johnson, k. g. (2015). fossils reveal a high diversity of the staghorn coral genera acropora and isopora (scleractinia: acroporidae) in the neogene of indonesia. zoological journal of the linnean society. 175, 677 - 763. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nstaghorn corals are among the fastest growing corals on reefs, and are excellent reef - builders (3). the name acropora literally means a porous stem or branch (4), but acropora species express a much greater variety of growth forms than the name suggests. colonies can resemble antlers (staghorns) and be up to two meters tall, or can form delicately engineered plates and tables that may be up to three meters across. they can also form bush - like structures, some with short non - dividing branches like the fingers of a hand (3). staghorn corals often out - compete all other corals in shallow tropical reefs, however, their speed of growth (which can be up to 10 to 20 centimetres a year (5) ) is balanced by the fragility of some of the structures, as they are easily damaged in storms allowing other coral species a chance of growth. with 368 acropora species currently known, and with such an amazing array of shapes, sizes and colours, identifying individual species can be a tricky task (3) .\nstaghorn corals are among the fastest growing corals on reefs, and are excellent reef - builders (2). the name acropora literally means a porous stem or branch (3), but acropora species express a much greater variety of growth forms than the name suggests. colonies can resemble antlers (staghorns) and be up to two meters tall, or can form delicately engineered plates and tables that may be up to three meters across. they can also form bush - like structures, some with short non - dividing branches like the fingers of a hand (2). staghorn corals often out - compete all other corals in shallow tropical reefs, however, their speed of growth (which can be up to 10 to 20 centimetres a year (4) ) is balanced by the fragility of some of the structures, as they are easily damaged in storms allowing other coral species a chance of growth. with 368 acropora species currently known, and with such an amazing array of shapes, sizes and colours, identifying individual species can be a tricky task (2) .\nthe most common and diverse group in the indo - pacific region, the genus is extremely rare in hawaii. acropora are found off mana, kaua' i, french frigate shoals, gardner pinnacles, and maro reef. ffs appears to be the center of the hawaiian population and is likely due to larval settlement from johnston atoll, 400 miles to the southwest .\n( of acropora (eumadrepora) brook, 1893) vaughan, t. w. (1918). some shallow - water corals from murray island (australia), cocos - keeling island, and fanning island. papers from the department of marine biology of the carnegie institution of washington. 9 (213): 49 - 234, pls. 20 - 93. [ details ]\ncolonies are caespitose or corymbose, composed of branches which interlock in three dimensions. branches are thin, with most of their width occupied by corallites. axial corallites are tubular. radial corallites are tubular and appressed, becoming nariform and conspicuous towards the tips of branches giving colonies a spiny appearance .\ncolour: mostly pale brown, cream or white, with purple, pink, blue or cream branch tips .\ntaxonomic note: source reference: veron (2000). taxonomic references: veron and wallace (1984), wallace (1999). additional identification guides: veron (1986), nishihira and veron (1995) .\n© 2011 - 2012 australian institute of marine science and crr cc by - nc 3. 0\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nthis species is widespread, found in the red sea and the gulf of aden, the south - west and northern indian ocean, the central indo - pacific, australia, southeast asia, the oceanic west pacific, the central pacific, the hawaiian islands and johnston atoll. it is found in palau and the marianas (randall 1995). it is in pitcairn, cook island and line island, wallace (1999) .\nthis is a very common species. it was found at six of six regions in indonesia (wallace\n. 2001). found at 54 sites of 87 sites surveyed in the marshall islands (richards pers. comm .) .\nthere is no species specific population information available for this species. however, there is evidence that overall coral reef habitat has declined, and this is used as a proxy for population decline for this species. this species is more resilient to some of the threats faced by corals and therefore population decline is estimated using the percentage of destroyed reefs only (wilkinson 2004). we assume that most, if not all, mature individuals will be removed from a destroyed reef and that on average, the number of individuals on reefs are equal across its range and proportional to the percentage of destroyed reefs. reef losses throughout the species' range have been estimated over three generations, two in the past and one projected into the future .\nthe age of first maturity of most reef building corals is typically three to eight years (wallace 1999) and therefore we assume that average age of mature individuals is greater than eight years. furthermore, based on average sizes and growth rates, we assume that average generation length is 10 years, unless otherwise stated. total longevity is not known, but likely to be more than ten years. therefore any population decline rates for the red list assessment are measured over at least 30 years .\nthis species occurs in shallow, tropical reef environments. it occurs on upper reef slopes. this species occurs subtidally on outer reef flats, reef slopes, walls, and submerged reefs (wallace 1999). this species is found from 3 - 20 m .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\ndana, j. d. 1846. united states exploring expedition during the years 1838 - 1842. zoophytes 7: 1 - 740. lea and blanchard, philadelphia. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ndescription colonies are caespitose or corymbose, composed of highly anastomosed branches which are thin, with most of their width ...\ndescription colonies are caespitose or corymbose, composed of highly anastomosed branches which are thin, with most of their width occupied by corallites. colour: mostly pale brown, cream or white, with purple, pink, blue or cream branch tips. abundance: abundant on upper reef slopes (veron, 1986). [ details ]\nhoeksema, b. w. ; cairns, s. (2018). world list of scleractinia .\n( of madrepora hystrix dana, 1846) dana, j. d. 1846. united states exploring expedition during the years 1838 - 1842. zoophytes 7: 1 - 740. lea and blanchard, philadelphia. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of madrepora tizardi brook, 1892) brook g (1892) preliminary descriptions of new species of madrepora in the collections of the british museum. part ii. annals and magazine of natural history 10: 451 - 465. [ details ]\n( of madrepora cymbicyathus brook, 1893) brook g (1893). the genus madrepora. catalogue of the madreporarian corals in the british museum (natural history) 1: 1 - 212, pls. 1 - 35. [ details ]\n( of madrepora (polystachys) cymbicyathus brook, 1893) brook g (1893). the genus madrepora. catalogue of the madreporarian corals in the british museum (natural history) 1: 1 - 212, pls. 1 - 35. [ details ]\n( of madrepora (polystachys) tizardi brook, 1892) brook g (1892) preliminary descriptions of new species of madrepora in the collections of the british museum. part ii. annals and magazine of natural history 10: 451 - 465. [ details ]\n( of madrepora tizardi var. baeocyathus brook, 1893) brook g (1893). the genus madrepora. catalogue of the madreporarian corals in the british museum (natural history) 1: 1 - 212, pls. 1 - 35. [ details ]\n( of madrepora (polystachys) tizardi var. baeocyathus brook, 1893) brook g (1893). the genus madrepora. catalogue of the madreporarian corals in the british museum (natural history) 1: 1 - 212, pls. 1 - 35. [ details ]\n( of madrepora (rhabdocyathus) hystrix dana, 1846) dana, j. d. (1846 - 1849). zoophytes. united states exploring expedition during the years 1838 - 1842. lea and blanchard, philadelphia. 7: 1 - 740, 61 pls. (1846: 1 - 120, 709 - 720; 1848: 121 - 708, 721 - 740; 1849: atlas pls. 1 - 61). [ details ]\nveron, j. e. n. (1986). corals of australia and the indo - pacific. angus & robertson publishers, london. [ details ]\nsheppard, c. r. c. (1987). coral species of the indian ocean and adjacent seas: a synonymised compilation and some regional distribution patterns. atoll research bulletin nr 307 [ details ]\ncairns, s. d. ; hoeksema, b. w. & van der land, j. (2007). as a contribution to unesco - ioc register of marine organisms. (look up in imis) [ details ]\nliu j. y. [ ruiyu ] (ed .). (2008). checklist of marine biota of china seas. china science press. 1267 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of madrepora (polystachys) tizardi brook, 1892) brook g (1893). the genus madrepora. catalogue of the madreporarian corals in the british museum (natural history) 1: 1 - 212, pls. 1 - 35. [ details ]\n( of madrepora (rhabdocyathus) hystrix dana, 1846) brook g (1893). the genus madrepora. catalogue of the madreporarian corals in the british museum (natural history) 1: 1 - 212, pls. 1 - 35. [ details ]\nlike many corals, staghorn corals have a special symbiotic relationship with algae, called zooxanthellae. the zooxanthellae live inside the tissues of the coral and provide the coral with food, which it produces through photosynthesis and therefore requires sunlight. in return, the coral provides the algae with protection and access to sunlight .\nstaghorn corals are reef - building or hermatypic corals, and are incredibly successful at this task for two reasons. firstly, they have light skeletons which allow them to grow quickly and out - compete their neighbouring corals. secondly, the skeleton, or corallite, of a new polyp, is built by specialised ‘axial’ corallites. these axial corallites form the tips of branches, and as a result, all the corallites of a colony are closely interconnected and can grow in a coordinated manner (3) .\nstaghorn corals reproduce sexually or asexually. sexual reproduction occurs via the release of eggs and sperm into the water. most staghorn corals on the great barrier reef sexually reproduce simultaneously, an incredible event that occurs soon after the full moon, from october to december. streams of pinkish eggs are released from corallites on the sides of branches, to be fertilized by sperm released from other polyps at the same time. the water turns milky from all the eggs and sperm released from thousands of colonies. some of the resulting larvae settle quickly on the same reef, whilst others may drift around for months, finally settling on reefs hundreds of kilometers away (3). asexual reproduction occurs via fragmentation, when a branch breaks off a colony, reattaches to the substrate and grows (4) .\nclassified as least concern (lc) on the iucn red list (1) and listed on appendix ii of cites (2) .\nstaghorn corals face the many threats that are impacting coral reefs globally. at present, around one third of the world' s reef - building corals are threatened with extinction. the principal threat to corals is the rise in sea temperature associated with global climate change. this leads to coral bleaching, where the symbiotic algae are expelled, leaving the corals weak and vulnerable to an increasing variety of harmful diseases. climate change is also expected cause more extreme weather incidents and to increase ocean acidification, which impairs the coral' s ability to form a skeleton. these global threats are compounded by localised threats from pollution, destructive fishing practices, invasive species and human development (6) .\nstaghorn corals are considered to be environmentally sensitive corals that require clear, well - circulated water. unlike other corals, which can obtain nourishment from zooplankton, staghorn corals are almost entirely dependent on the zooxanthellae for food. this means that sunlight is essential, and they are particularly sensitive to any human activities that increase water turbidity, reducing light availability (4) .\nstaghorn corals are listed on appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species (cites), and therefore trade in this coral should be carefully regulated, and a permit is required to bring the coral, or objects made from them, into the countries that have signed the cites convention (2). staghorn corals will also form part of the marine community in many marine protected areas, or in areas where management plans are in place to protect the coral community. in some areas, coral reefs restoration attempts are being undertaken; in florida keys national marine sanctuary, efforts have been made to reattach coral fragments, or culture and settle coral larvae. both activities have had limited success, and new techniques are being pursued (5) .\nfor further information on this species see veron, j. e. n. (1986) corals of australia and the indo - pacific. angus & robertson publishers, uk .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. if you are able to help please contact: arkive @ urltoken\nveron, j. e. n. (1986) corals of australia and the indo - pacific. angus & robertson publishers, uk .\ncarpenter, ke et al. (2008) one - third of reef - building corals face elevated extinction risk from climate change and local impacts. science, 321: 560 - 563 .\ngreen, e. p. and hendry, h. (1999) is cites an effective tool for monitoring trade in corals? . coral reefs, 18: 403 - 407 .\nanimals animals / earth scenes 17 railroad avenue chatham ny 12037 united states of america tel: + 01 (518) 3925500 fax: + 01 (518) 3925550 info @ urltoken http: / / www. urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nthis species is affected by global climate change. to learn about climate change and the species that are affected, visit our climate change pages .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no. 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 (c) (3) non - profit organisation in the usa\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site. please turn it on before proceeding .\nin continuing your browsing of this site, you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics. learn more about cookies .\nto get the picture, please visit: coordinateur scientifique: claude payri (claude. payri @ ird. fr), coordinateur technique: sylvie fiat (sylvie. fiat @ ird. fr )\nany reuse of one or more photographs on this site is subject to an authorization request from the author. link to the code of intellectual property (legifrance )\nthank you for your contribution to the improvement of the inpn. the information submitted has been sent to an expert for verification and correction .\nwarning: the data available reflects the progression status of knowledge or the availability of the inventories. it should never be considered as comprehensive .\nnational inventory of natural heritage, website: https: / / inpn. mnhn. fr .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nscientists aim to describe a single' tree of life' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things. however, evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery, and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named. eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific' classifications'. some species have been named more than once. such duplicates are listed under synonyms. eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\nnerp te project 2. 3 - monitoring the health of torres strait coral reefs (aims )\nstaghorn corals can be broadly divided into atlantic and indo - pacific groups, and are generally found between 25˚n and 25˚s. the atlantic group is by far the smaller of the two, being composed of only two extant species and a common hybrid, found along the caribbean coasts of central and south america, south - western gulf of mexico and the bahamian archipelago. the indo - pacific group is distributed across the tropics in suitable habitat all the way from the west coast of central america to the red sea and east africa, with the centre of diversity in the ‘coral triangle’ region of the solomon islands, papua new guinea, indonesia, east timor, philippines and malaysia (iucn 2009 )\nthis is the most abundant coral of most reefs in the indo - pacific (2), and three species also occur in the western atlantic and caribbean region (3) .\ndepth range based on 15349 specimens in 223 taxa. water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 9050 samples. environmental ranges depth range (m): 0 - 4800 temperature range (°c): 1. 157 - 29. 241 nitrate (umol / l): 0. 000 - 38. 858 salinity (pps): 30. 220 - 40. 360 oxygen (ml / l): 2. 938 - 5. 013 phosphate (umol / l): 0. 020 - 2. 680 silicate (umol / l): 0. 523 - 165. 990 graphical representation depth range (m): 0 - 4800 temperature range (°c): 1. 157 - 29. 241 nitrate (umol / l): 0. 000 - 38. 858 salinity (pps): 30. 220 - 40. 360 oxygen (ml / l): 2. 938 - 5. 013 phosphate (umol / l): 0. 020 - 2. 680 silicate (umol / l): 0. 523 - 165. 990 note: this information has not been validated. check this * note *. your feedback is most welcome .\nundisturbed staghorn corals normally form a distinct “staghorn zone” in shallow waters between 5 to 15 m depth, though they also occur in shallower and deeper water (iucn 2009) .\nbleaching: many reef - forming corals are very sensitive to high ocean temperatures, which may cause them to expel the symbiotic photosynthetic dinoflagellates on which they depend for survival. the loss of these pigmented symbionts may give the coral a bleached appearance. mass coral bleaching is a recent phenomenon (dating back to the 1980s) and is now the main cause of coral mortality and reef deterioration globally (iucn 2009). coral vulnerability to bleaching varies among species, and staghorn corals are thought to be among the most vulnerable. temperature - induced mass coral bleaching has caused widespread mortality of staghorns and other corals worldwide, including the well - protected great barrier reef in australia (iucn 2009) .\nanother serious problem faced by these corals is acidification of the oceans as a consequence of the absorption of large amounts of atmospheric carbon dioxide. because acidification affects the process of calcification, this directly impacts marine animals such as corals and molluscs that have calcareous skeletons or shells. the acidified marine environment results in weakened skeletons and slower growth rates. (iucn 2009) .\ndisease is another worsening problem for many corals. increasing water temperatures and acidification cause physiological stress, which increases susceptibility to disease. warmer sea temperatures may also present more suitable conditions for the pathogens themselves. the rapid, large - scale loss of staghorn corals in the caribbean is due to an unprecedented rise in coral diseases (iucn 2009) .\nclimate change introduces a host of other impacts which may act synergistically with bleaching, acidification, and disease to threaten staghorns and other corals. these include sea level rise, changes to ocean circulation patterns, damage from increased storm intensity and frequency, and loss of light from increased river sediment loads. as of 2009, a third of coral species are currently listed as threatened on the iucn red list (iucn 2009) .\nstaghorn corals are listed on appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species (cites), and therefore trade in this coral should be carefully regulated, and a permit is required to bring the coral, or objects made from them, into the countries that have signed the cites convention (1). staghorn corals will also form part of the marine community in many marine protected areas, or in areas where management plans are in place to protect the coral community. in some areas, coral reefs restoration attempts are being undertaken; in florida keys national marine sanctuary, efforts have been made to reattach coral fragments, or culture and settle coral larvae. both activities have had limited success, and new techniques are being pursued (4) .\ncoral reefs are home to a third of all known marine species. about 8% of the world' s human population lives within 100 km of a coral reef and tens of millions of these people depend on the productivity of coral reefs for their protein (iucn 2009). coral reefs shield thousands of kilometres of coastline from wave erosion, and protect lagoons and mangroves, which are vital habitats for diverse commercial and non - commercial species. a number of medically active compounds are derived from corals and associated reef species. the value of coral reefs for ecotourism is enormous. in total, the economic value of coral reefs probably amounts to several hundred billion dollars per year (iucn 2009) .\nspecies are one of the major reef corals responsible for building the immense calcium carbonate substructure that supports the thin living skin of a reef .\nspecies are brown or green, but a few are brightly colored, and those rare corals are prized by aquarists. captive propagation of\nis widespread in the reef - keeping community. given the right conditions, many\nspecies grow quickly, and individual colonies can exceed a meter across in the wild. in a well - maintained reef aquarium, finger - sized fragments can grow into medicine ball - sized colonies in one to two years. captive specimens are steadily undergoing changes due to selection which enable them to thrive in the home aquarium. in some cases, fragments of captive specimens are used to repopulate barren reefs in the wild .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nbrook, g. 1892 ,\npreliminary descriptions of new species of madrepora in the collection of the british museum. part ii\n, annals and magazine of natural history, ser. 6, vol. 10, pp. 451–465\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 3141a990 - 881b - 4ba2 - 9ba7 - c01ab29350e5\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 5c4fb72b - e504 - 472d - 8031 - 8c48a53a825b\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 82d684c1 - 864a - 4ec4 - bd91 - 44996774480d\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 530d6768 - d22f - 4516 - 9462 - adcc427f18db\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 643731\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nmachine gun shrimp kusu island, jun 10 photo shared by loh kok sheng on his blog .\ndanwei huang, karenne p. p. tun, l. m chou and peter a. todd. 30 dec 2009 .\ndanwei huang, karenne p. p. tun, l. m chou and peter a. todd. 30 dec 2009. an inventory of zooxanthellate sclerectinian corals in singapore including 33 new records (pdf). raffles bulletin of zoology supplement no. 22: 69 - 80 .\nveron, jen. 2000. corals of the world australian institute of marine science, australia. 3 volumes .\nchou, l. m. , 1998. a guide to the coral reef life of singapore. singapore science centre. 128 pages .\nerhardt, harry and daniel knop. 2005. corals: indo - pacific field guide ikan - unterwasserachiv, frankfurt. 305 pp .\nborneman, eric h. 2001. aquarium corals: selection, husbandry and natural history t. f. h publications. 464 pp\nwee y. c. and peter k. l. ng. 1994. a first look at biodiversity in singapore. national council on the environment. 163pp .\ndavison, g. w. h. and p. k. l. ng and ho hua chew, 2008. the singapore red data book: threatened plants and animals of singapore. nature society (singapore). 285 pp .\nscleractinian corals collected during 1998 from dampier archipelago, western australia jane k. griffith\nduring 1980 - 1981, the coral communities on 2 inner - shelf reefs (pandora reef and phillips reef), 3 mid - shelf reefs (rib reef, john brewer reef and lodestone reef), 3 outer - shelf reefs (myrmidon reef, dip reef and bowl reef) and 2 coral sea reefs (south west flinders reef and south flinders reef) were surveyed. these reefs were located approximately 10, 50, 100 and 200 km offshore along a transect across the central great barrier reef into the coral sea .\nat each reef, transects which crossed all major habitats to a depth of 30m, were identified using aerial photographs and manta tow. survey sites, covering an area of 100 - 500 m², were chosen along each transect where visible differences in reef topography were observed .\nat each site a checklist of corals (including scleractinia, the non - scleractinian genera millepora and tubipora musica (alcyonaria) ) was compiled and each species assigned a score based on estimates of its relative percentage cover. estimates were also made of the total hard and soft coral cover. depth, slope, substratum and general topography were recorded .\nfor each reef, the reef type, depth of the adjacent sea, gradient of the reef slope, depth of the lagoon, height of incident waves, water transparency and sediment type were recorded .\n{\ntype\n:\npoint\n,\ncoordinates\n: [ 148. 355839, - 17. 70391 ] }\nthese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .\nadey wh, burke rb (1977) holocene bioherms of lesser antilles - geologic control of development. am assoc petrol geol studies. geol 4: 67–81\nchappell j (1980) coral morphology, diversity and reef growth. nature 286: 249–252\nconnell jh (1973) population ecology of reef - building corals. in: jones oa, endean r (eds), biology and geology of coral reefs ii. biology i. academic press, new york london, pp 205–245\nconnell jh (1978) diversity in tropical rain forests and coral reefs. science 199: 1302–1310\ndone tj (in press) coral zonation, its nature and significance. in: barnes dj (ed) perspectives on coral reefs. australian institute of marine science. townsville\ndone tj (in press) photogrammetry in coral ecology: a technique for the study of change in coral communities. proc 4th int coral reef symp, manila\ndone tj, kenchington ra, zell ld (in press) rapid, large area reef resource surveys using a manta board. proc 4th int coral reef symp, manila\ngeister j (1977) the influence of wave exposure on the ecological zonation of caribbean coral reefs. proc 3rd int coral reef symp, miami, vol 1, pp 23–29\nkrebs cj (1978) ecology: the experimental analysis of distribution and abundance, 2nd edn. harper and row, new york\nmaxwell wgh (1968) atlas of the great barrier reef. elsevier scientific publishing company, amsterdam\nott b, auclair an (1977) cluster - analytic definition of species ecological groups for a submerged barrier reef in barbados, west indies. int rev ges hydrobiol 62: 41–51\npearson rg (1974) recolonization by hermatypic corals of reefs damaged by acanthaster. proc 2nd int symp coral reefs, brisbane, vol 2, pp 207–215\npearson rg (1981) recovery and recolonization of coral reefs. mar ecol prog ser 4: 105–122\npichon m (1978) recherches sur les peuplements à dominance d' anthozoaires dan les recifs coralliens de tuléar (madagascar). atoll res bull 222: 1–447\n. ii. synchronization in breeding and seasonality of planulae shedding. mar ecol prog ser 1, pp 145–152\nrosen br (1971) principal features of reef coral ecology in shallow water environments of mahe, seychelles. symp zool soc lond 28: 103–183\nrosen br (1975) the distribution of reef corals. rep underwater assoc 1: 2–16\nrosen br (1980) the tropical high diversity enigma—the corals' - eye view. in: forey pl (ed) the evolving biosphere. cambridge university press, cambridge, pp 103–129\nsheppard crc (1982) coral populations on reef slopes and their major controls. mar ecol prog ser 7: 83–115\nveron jen, done tj (1979) corals and coral communities of lord howe island. aust j mar freshwater res 30: 203–236\nveron jen, pichon m (1976) scleractinia of eastern australia part i. families thamnasteriidae, astrocoeniidae, pocilloporidae. australian institute of marine science monograph series 1, pp 1–86\nveron jen, pichon m (1979) scieractinia of eastern australia part iii. families agariciidae, siderastreidae, fungiidae, oculinidae, merulinidae, mussidae, pectiniidae, caryophylliidae, dendrophylliidae, australian institute of marine science monograph series 4, pp 1–422\nveron jen, pichon m, wijsman - best m (1977) scleractinia of eastern australia part ii. families faviidae, trachyphylliidae. australian institute of marine science monograph series 3, pp 1–212\n( scleractinia: astrocoeniina: acroporidae) in the central and southern great barrier reef province. mem queensland museum 18: 273–319\nwells jw (1954) recent corals of the marshall islands. united states geol surv prof pap 260 - i, pp 285–486\nwells jw (1957) coral reefs. mem geol soc am 67: 609–631\nwilliams dmcb (1982) patterns in the distribution of fish communities across the central great barrier reef. coral reefs 1: 35–43\nwishart d (1978) clustan user manual. program library unit, edinburgh university\nwolanski e (1982) fate of burdekin river flood waters in the great barrier reef. hydrology and water resources symposium (1982: melbourne). preprints of papers, pp 23–27\nwolanski e, jones m (1981) physical properties of great barrier reef lagoon waters near townsville. i. effects of burdekin river floods. aust j mar freshwater res 32: 305–19\noken, l. 1815 - 1816. lehrbuch der naturgeschichte. dritter theil, zoologie. erste abteilung, fleischlose thiere: 1 - 841 (register) (1815); atlas: i - iv, pls. i - xvii (1816). , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ndescription colonies are usually ramose or arborescent, bushy or plate - like, rarely encrusting or submassive. corallites are of two ...\ndescription colonies are usually ramose or arborescent, bushy or plate - like, rarely encrusting or submassive. corallites are of two types, radial and axial; septa are in two cycles; columellae are absent; corallite walls and coenosteum are porous. polyps are usually only extended at night (veron, 1986). occur as plate, table and branching colonies. most have light skeletons and are fast growing. corallites are characteristically densely - packed and cup - shaped, 2 - 3 mm across, often protruding 2 - 3 mm from the branch surface. in most species, terminal corallites at the tips of branches are enlarged and obvious. colour: terminal corallites are often bright pink, pale blue or yellow (richmond, 1997). [ details ]\n( of heteropora ehrenberg, 1834) ehrenberg, c. g. (1834). beiträge zur physiologischen kenntniss der corallenthiere im allgemeinen, und besonders des rothen meeres, nebst einem versuche zur physiologischen systematik derselben. abhandlungen der königlichen akademie der wissenschaften, berlin. 1: 225 - 380. , available online at urltoken; : int = 00000243 [ details ]" ]

{ "text": [ "acropora cerealis is a species of acroporid coral found throughout the indian and pacific oceans , from the red sea and the gulf of aden to the hawaiian islands and the johnston atoll .", "it can be found on upper reef slopes in shallow tropical reefs , from depths of 3 – 20 m. crown-of-thorns starfish preferentially prey upon acropora corals , and this species is also harvested for the aquarium trade . " ], "topic": [ 22, 18 ] }

[ "acropora cerealis is a species of acroporid coral found throughout the indian and pacific oceans, from the red sea and the gulf of aden to the hawaiian islands and the johnston atoll. it can be found on upper reef slopes in shallow tropical reefs, from depths of 3 – 20 m. crown-of-thorns starfish preferentially prey upon acropora corals, and this species is also harvested for the aquarium trade." ]

[ "bajaeolis bertschi, hermosita hakunamatata, flabellina marcusorum and flabellina sp. from bahia de banderas also lay dark - rose pink egg masses, though their shapes (the egg masses) and habitats are very distinct .\nthere are three species of flabellina i know of from the caribbean: • flabellina engeli marcus, 1968 [ curacao, colombia, florida (marcus 1977) ] • coryphella dushia marcus, 1963 [ curacao ] • flabellina sp. 2 [ in forum ]\nflabellina versicolor costa a. , 1866: synonym of favorinus branchialis (rathke, 1806 )\nneither of these species nor flabellina sp. 2 would seem to match your animals. it seems to be a species of flabellina. perhaps someone with a knowledge of the caribbean fauna can help .\ncompare with flabellina arveloi, a recently described species from west africa, which is very similarly coloured .\nflabellina verrucicornis a. costa, 1867: synonym of berghia verrucicornis (a. costa, 1867 )\nthe egg mass of flabellina telja is always pale pink, another difference is that f. vansyoci lays the eggs on the hydroids and f. telja does so on the substrate .\nmillen s. & hermosillo a. (2007) the genus flabellina voight, 1834 (mollusca: opisthobranchia) from bahia de banderas (pacific coast of mexico) with ecological observations, the description of a new species, and the redescription of flabellina cynara. proceedings of the california academy of sciences ser. 4, 58 (26): 543 - 559. page (s): 552\nmillen, s. ; hermosillo, a. (2007). the genus flabellina voight, 1834 (mollusca: opisthobranchia) from bahia de banderas (pacific coast of mexico) with ecological observations, the description of a new species, and the redescription of flabellina cynara. proceedings of the california academy of sciences ser. 4. 58 (26): 543 - 559. page (s): 556 [ details ]\niczn. (1966). opinion 781. flabellina voigt, 1834 (gastropoda): placed on the official list of generic names. bulletin of zoological nomenclature. 23 (2 - 3): 104 - 105\nortea j. & espinosa j. (1998) estudio de nueve especies del género flabellina voight, 1834 (mollusca: nudibranchia) colectadas en angola, cabo verde, costa rica, cuba y portugal, con la descripción de tres especies nuevas. avicennia 8 - 9: 135 - 148. [ details ]\ndear bill, i found this nudibranch walking on a rock in a reef zone from the santa marta bay (colombia - caribbean coast); depth 30ft. the body was 12mm in long and 2mm wide. i looked on the internet and found a picture of flabellina telja, and the animal on my pictured looks very similar to that one, so i guess is the same species; am i right ?\nthanks ali, i would guess its patchy distribution is to do with the distribution of the gymnoblastic hydroids it is on in your photos, which i assume are its food? i guess the dark pink egg masses in the bottom left photo belong to flabellina vansyoci? do the eggs change colour or is this a useful distinction from the yellowish eggs in your photo of f. telja [ message # 15295 ] bill rudman\ndear bill, you are right on with the egg masses and habitat [ message # 15294 ]. flabellina vansyoci will only feed on those hydroids and the dark pink is their egg mass. and yes, the 3 - 4 spots where i find f. vansyoci are the only spots where i find the hydroid, however, i have not been able to figure out what is different in those sites that make only them suitable and not others .\ndiscover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal. plos one promises fair, rigorous peer review, broad scope, and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time .\none of the most intriguing patterns in mammalian biogeography is the “island rule”, which states that colonising species have a tendency to converge in body size, with larger species evolving decreased sizes and smaller species increased sizes. it has recently been suggested that an analogous pattern holds for the colonisation of the deep - sea benthos by marine gastropoda. in particular, a pioneering study showed that gastropods from the western atlantic showed the same graded trend from dwarfism to gigantism that is evident in island endemic mammals. however, subsequent to the publication of the gastropod study, the standard tests of the island rule have been shown to yield false positives at a very high rate, leaving the result open to doubt .\nthe evolution of gastropod body size in the deep sea is reexamined. using an extended and updated data set, and improved statistical methods, it is shown that some results of the previous study may have been artifactual, but that its central conclusion is robust. it is further shown that the effect is not restricted to a single gastropod clade, that its strength increases markedly with depth, but that it applies even in the mesopelagic zone .\nthe replication of the island rule in a distant taxonomic group and a partially analogous ecological situation could help to uncover the causes of the patterns observed—which are currently much disputed. the gastropod pattern is evident at intermediate depths, and so cannot be attributed to the unique features of abyssal ecology .\ncitation: welch jj (2010) the “island rule” and deep - sea gastropods: re - examining the evidence. plos one 5 (1): e8776. urltoken\ncopyright: © 2010 john j. welch. this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding: some preliminary work undertaken when jw was funded by bbsrc grant do17750 awarded to andrew rambaut. the funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript .\nthe island rule states that after island colonisation, animals undergo predictable patterns of body size evolution, with larger colonising species becoming smaller, and smaller species becoming larger. the result is a graded trend from dwarfism in the largest colonists to gigantism in the smallest [ 1 ] – [ 4 ]. because insular habitats are distinctive in a number of ways, this pattern might be variously explained, and a variety of hypotheses have indeed been proposed in the literature [ 1 ] – [ 11 ]. recently, mcclain et al. [ 12 ] made an important advance by testing for analogous patterns of body size evolution in a non - insular system. specifically, they compared body sizes of animals living in deep - sea benthic habitats with their shallow - water living congeners. using the malacolog database version 3. 3. 3 of rosenberg [ 13 ], mcclain et al. [ 12 ] took the gastropods of the western atlantic as a case study, and reported that a highly significant trend from dwarfism to gigantism was evident in the deep - sea species .\nhere, i re - examine whether deep - sea gastropods manifest the island rule, making use of the improved statistical methods, and data collated from the recently updated malacolog database [ 24 ], which has been both expanded, and revised to reflect advances in gastropod systematics [ 25 ]. it is found that the central conclusion of mcclain et al. [ 12 ] is robust, and that gastropod colonists of the deep - sea benthos do indeed exhibit island - rule - like evolution .\npart a shows how different tests of the ‘island rule’ can give qualitatively different results. “deep - sea” species were defined as those with a depth range midpoint > 200m, and all other species defined as “shallow - water”. the ordinary - least - squares regression (dashed line) differs significantly from the 1∶1 line of the null (dotted line), but the standardized - major - axis regression (solid line) shows no significant departure. part b shows a less ambiguous case: “deep - sea” species are those never observed above 400m, and “shallow - water” species those never observed below 200m; body sizes are within - genus means, taking equal numbers of deep - and shallow - water species in each genus .\naveraging across species has untested statistical properties [ 30 ], but it does have the advantage of reducing noise and the influence of anomalous data. for example, figure 1b plots results for balanced samples with “deep - sea” defined as > 400m. these data are clearly noisy, and the slope is strongly influenced by a single outlier (the largest value on both axes). this point represents the genus fasciolaria, which contains just a single deep - sea species, the recently discovered fasciolaria tephrina [ 32 ]. to restrict the influence of such isolated observations, mcclain et al. [ 12 ] excluded from their analyses all genera with fewer than two shallow and two deep species. despite reducing sample size by ∼2 / 3, this procedure strengthens the observed effect, with a highly significant departure from the null now apparent at the shallowest cutoff depth (table 1 part b; figure 2) .\nthe body sizes of deep - sea gastropods are plotted against those of their shallow - water congeners. “shallow - water” species were never observed below 200m, and “deep - sea” species never observed above depths of a: 200m, b: 400m and c: 600m. separate standardized - major - axis regression lines are shown for the neogastropoda (black points) and all other groups (grey points). the dotted line is the 1∶1 expected under the null. genera with fewer than two deep and two shallow species were excluded .\nsince the pattern was first identified [ 1 ] – [ 3 ] the island rule has been explained in a large number of ways [ 1 ] – [ 11 ]. a powerful method of distinguishing between the competing explanations is to test for the presence of analogous patterns in systems that share some, but not all of the ecological characteristics of island habitats [ 4 ], [ 12 ], [ 34 ]. for example, one putative contributor to the vertebrate pattern is “immigrant selection”, that is, between - lineage differences in the probability of reaching isolated islands, as opposed to differences in survival after colonisation [ 4 ], [ 35 ], [ 36 ]. the colonization of the deep - sea benthos differs clearly and qualitatively from the colonization of islands, and so if it is assumed that the similar patterns of body size evolution reflect a similarity of underlying cause [ 12 ], this argues against immigrant selection as a key determinant of the graded trend that is observed in both cases .\nsimilarly, predator release is a particularly plausible explanation of the vertebrate island rule [ 1 ], [ 4 ], [ 6 ], [ 11 ]; this is partly because it can naturally account for both dwarfism and gigantism (by assuming that large and small body sizes evolve as alternative strategies for predator avoidance), and partly because predator release is so clearly implicated in other unusual characteristics of island endemics (such as tameness) [ 37 ], [ 38 ]. but there is little evidence that reduced predation characterises the deep - sea [ 12 ], [ 14 ], and indeed there is direct evidence of substantial predation acting on deep - sea gastropods [ 12 ], [ 39 ] – [ 41 ]. the gastropod results therefore argue against the predator release hypothesis as a general explanation of the island rule [ 12 ] .\nwe are therefore still far from understanding the causes of the patterns observed – and particularly the roles of inter - and intra - specific competition [ 3 ], [ 4 ], [ 11 ], [ 12 ]. a detailed clarification of where the pattern does and does not hold will be an important step toward achieving this goal [ 4 ], [ 12 ], [ 19 ], [ 20 ] .\nmany thanks are due to andrew rambaut for providing a script to mine the malacolog database. many thanks also to lucy weinert, nicolas bierne, gary rosenberg, shai meiri. simon joly and an anonymous reviewer, who all greatly improved the manuscript with their comments and advice .\nconceived and designed the experiments: jw. performed the experiments: jw. analyzed the data: jw. wrote the paper: jw .\nfoster jb (1964) evolution of mammals on islands. nature 202: 234–235 .\nvan valen l (1973) pattern and balance in nature. evolutionary theory 1: 31–49 .\nlomolino mv (1985) body size of mammals on islands: the island rule re - examined. am nat 125: 310–316 .\nlomolino mv (2005) body size evolution in insular vertebrates: generality of the island rule. j biogeog 32: 1683–1699 .\nmacarthur rh, wilson eo (1963) an equilibrium theory of insular zoogeography. evolution 17: 373–387. (doi :\nroth vl (1992) inferences from allometry and fossils: dwarfing of elephants on islands. oxford survey of evolutionary biology 8: 259–288 .\nsmith fa (1992) evolution of body size among woodrats from baja california, mexico. funct ecol 6: 265–273. (doi :\nmarquet pa, taper ml (1998) on size and area: patterns of mammalian body size extremes across landmasses. evol ecol 12: 127–139 .\nclegg sm, owens ipf (2002) the ‘island rule’ in birds: medium body size and its ecological explanation. proc r soc b 269: 1359–1365 .\npalkovacs ep (2003) explaining adaptive shifts in body size on islands: a life history approach. oikos 103: 37–44. (doi :\nmcclain cr, boyer ag, rosenberg g (2006) the island rule and the evolution of body size in the deep sea. j biogeog 33: 1578–1584 .\nrosenberg g (1993) a database approach to studies of molluscan taxonomy, biogeography and diversity, with examples from western atlantic marine gastropods. american malacological bulletin 10: 257–266 .\ndayton pk, hessler rr (1972) the role of biological disturbance in maintaining diversity in the deep sea. deep–sea research 19: 199–208 .\ngage jd, tyler pa (1991) deep–sea biology: a natural history of organisms at the deep–sea floor. cambridge, uk: cambridge university press. 524 p .\nrex ma, etter rj, morris js, crouse j, mcclain cr, et al. (2006) global bathymetric patterns of standing stock and body size in the deep–sea benthos. mar ecol prog ser 317: 1–8 .\nmeiri s (2007) size evolution in island lizards. global ecol biogeogr 16: 702–708 .\nmeiri s, dayan t, simberloff d (2005) area, isolation and body size evolution in insular carnivores. ecol lett 8: 1211–1217 .\nmeiri s, cooper n, purvis a (2008) the island rule: made to be broken? proc r soc b 275: 141–148. (doi :\nwelch jj (2009) testing the island rule: primates as a case study. proc r soc b 276: 675–682 .\nprice td, phillimore ab (2007) reduced major axis regression and the island rule. j biogeog 34: 1998–1999 .\nmartin rd, barbour ad (1989) aspects of line–fitting in bivariate allometric analyses. folia primatologica 53: 65–81 .\nwarton di, wright ij, falster ds, westoby m (2006) bivariate line–fitting methods for allometry. biological reviews 81: 259–291 .\nrosenberg g (2009) malacolog 4. 1. 1: a database of western atlantic marine mollusca. available :\nbouchet p, rocroi j–p (2005) classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. malacologia 47: 1–397 .\nsmith cr, de leo fc, bernardino af, sweetman ak, martinez arbizu p (2008) abyssal food limitation, ecosystem structure and climate change. trends ecol evol 23: 518–528 .\nsokal rr, rohlf fj (1995) biometry: the principles and practice of statistics in biological research. 3rd edition. new york: w. h. freeman and co .\nr development core team (2006) r: a language and environment for statistical computing. vienna: r foundation for statistical computing. available :\nguo h, weiss re, gu x, suchard ma (2007) time squared: repeated measures on phylogenies. mol biol evol 24: 353–362 .\ngage jd, bett bj (2005) deep–sea benthic sampling. in: eleftheriou a, mcintyre a, editors. methods for the study of marine benthos: third edition. oxford: blackwell science ltd. pp. 273–325 .\n( mollusca: caenogastropoda) from the southwestern caribbean. zootaxa 49: 1–7 .\nmcclain cr, rex ma, jabbour r (2005) deconstructing bathymetric body size patterns in deep–sea gastropods. mar ecol prog ser 297: 181–187 .\nschmidt nm, jensen pm (2003) changes in mammalian body length over 175 years - adaptations to a fragmented landscape? conservation ecology 7: 6 .\nreyment ra (1983) palaeontological aspects of island biogeography: colonization and evolution of mammals on mediterranean islands. oikos 41: 299–306 .\nlomolino mv (1984) immigrant selection, predatory exclusion and the distributions of microtus pennsylvanicus and blarina brevicadua on islands. am nat 123: 468–483 .\nmcnab bk (2002) minimizing energy expenditure facilitates vertebrate persistence on oceanic islands. ecol lett 5: 693–704 .\nduncan rp, blackburn tm (2004) extinction and endemism in the new zealand avifauna. global ecol biogeogr 13: 509–517 .\nvale fk, rex ma (1988) repaired shell damage in deep - sea prosobranch gastropods from the western north atlantic. malacologia 28: 65–79 .\nvale fk, rex ma (1989) repaired shell damage in a complex of rissoid gastropods from the upper continental slope south of new england. nautilus 103: 105–108 .\nwalker se, voight jr (1994) palecological and taphonomic potential of deep - sea gastropods. palaios 9: 48–59 .\nmccollom tm (1999) geochemical constraints on primary productivity in submarine hydrothermal vent plumes. deep sea research i: oceanographic research papers 47: 85–101 .\nwassersug rj, yang h, sepkoski jj jr, raup dm (1979) the evolution of body size on islands: a computer simulation. am nat 114: 287–295 .\nwilliams gc. natural selection: domains, levels and challenges. oxford: oxford university press. .\nraia p, meiri s (2006) the island rule in large mammals: paleontology meets ecology. evolution 60: 1731–1742. (doi :\ndo these subject areas make sense for this article? click the target next to the incorrect subject area and let us know. thanks for your help !\ngosliner, t. m. ; kuzirian, a. m. (1990). two new species of flabellinidae (opisthobranchia: aeolidacea) from baja california. proceedings of the california academy of sciences. 4, 47 (1): 1 - 15. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nto biodiversity heritage library (3 publications) to encyclopedia of life to sea slug forum (via archive. org )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ntwo disjunct populations. one on the west coast of central america, the other from the caribbean coast of south america to brazil .\nupper: playa mismaloya, bahia de banderas, 24 feet deep. jalisco and nayarit, mexico [ pacific coast ]. march, 2002, 9 mm long. photo: alicia hermosillo. lower: southern brazil. photo: marcelo krause .\nreference: • gosliner, t. m. & kuzirian, a. m. (1990) two new species of flabellinidae (opisthobranchia: aeolidacea) from baja california. proceedings of the california academy of sciences, 47 (1): 1 - 15 .\ni don 't have a better picture, but i do remember that the rhinophores had violet papilles at the posterior side of them. i draw a sketch of one rhinophore with its papilles, i know it 's not as good as a picture but i hope it 'd help you to identify my nudibranch! phanor montoya\ndear phanor, i' m not an expert on the fauna of that region but two things seem to be against your identification. firstly f. telja is known from the west (east pacific) coast, and it has lamellate rhinophores, not papillate ones as you have drawn .\nf. dushia was described as being white, with no distinguishing colour features, and smooth rhinophores, but at 5mm long the 3 specimens may have been juveniles which had not developed adult characters. f. engeli was described as having lamellate rhinophores, and a transparent pinkish white body with scarce brown pigment granules. other features include: cerata light brown, each with darker brown ring. opaque white spot between tentacles, one on each side behind them, streaks and spots between the ceratal bases dorsomedial stripe along tail approx 20mm .\nhtml public\n- / / ietf / / dtd html 3. 0 / / en\nhtml. dtd\nthis lovely little aeolid nudibranch was named after the very productive opisthobranchologist team of ernst and eveline du bois raymond marcus. it is easily recognized by its pink cerata with white tips and the violet to purple papillations on the posterior side of the rhinophores, the anterior surface being smooth .\nthe species was originally described by friends terry gosliner and alan kuzirian from baja california, mexico, north of where ali is conducting her studies on opisthobranchs for her doctorial degree. in their description they mentioned a specimen from brazil and more recently, phanor montoya has collected\non the caribbean side of columbia. terry points out in a reply to the forum that while it is surprising that these two highly disjunct populations have been separated for 3. 5 million years, certainly adequate time to diverge into separate distinctive species, they have not, and are still identical anatomically .\nali' s specimens shown here are from the southernmost population along the pacific coast. specimens have been collected as far north as cedros island off the outer coast of baja. this cutie reaches about 25 mm in length .\npedro medina rosas is currently a full time researcher for universidad de guadalajara in puerto vallarta. he worked in corals for both his undergraduated degree in biology and his master' s degree in oceanography and has been studying the corals of the mexican pacific (from the gulf of california to oaxaca and the offshore islands of revillagigedo) for 9 years. he is member of the mexican scientific and technical council of coral reefs .\nhe is working closely with me in the bahia de banderas opisthobranch project and has a keen eye for branchs. since i either survey or take pictures, i have encouraged pedro to use the camera and photograph just about anything we find, with the 128k memory card we can store up to 90 - 100 pictures in high resolution .\nthe pictures for this week' s bow were taken on a point and shoot mode of the nikon coolpix 995 with an aquatica housing and an 10 watt hid cave light. we are still working on improving the system with more easy to use lights, but we think so far the results allow us to illustrate the species in their habitat and to continue our research .\n© the slug site, michael d. miller 2002. all rights reserved .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\noccurrence describes how often the species is found on surveys within its distribution. it is calculated as the% of reef sites surveyed by rls divers across all the ecoregions in which the species has been observed\nabundance is calculated as the average number of individuals recorded per rls transect, where present .\nplease use this form only for a single type of error. if you see multiple errors on the page for this species, please report these in separate forms by clicking on this button again after submitting this form\nthank you for highlighting this error. we appreciate your assistance in maintaining high quality control standards\nthe checklists are descriptive documents of the species that are part of a concrete taxonomic group or a group of species that are part of an specific analysis .\nthese documents have a structure that includes a list of the authors, a description of the taxonomic group or subject, and a list of the species that are part of the list .\nthe checklists aren' t updated regularly, since they require revisions from groups of authors before their publication .\na complete set of a checklist include a pdf document and a table in csv format .\ngustavo jiménez - uzcátegui, david a. wiedenfeld, f. hernán vargas, howard l. snell .\nnathalia tirado - sanchez, john mccosker, diego ruiz, angel chiriboga, stuart banks .\nyves finet, nathalia tirado - sanchez, angel chiriboga, diego ruiz, stuart banks .\nfrank bungartz, frauke ziemmeck, alba yánez ayabaca, fredy nugra, andré aptroot .\nanne guézou, susana chamorro, paola pozo, ana mireya guerrero, rachel atkinson, chris buddenhagen, patricia jaramillo díaz, mark gardener .\ngustavo jiménez - uzcátegui, javier zabala, brian milstead, howard l. snell .\nto get up - to - date information about our work, please subscribe to our e - newsletter or follow us on our social media platforms .\nevery single donation we receive, no matter how small, counts as we are completely dependent on the generosity of others to carry out our scientific projects. we need your passion, loyalty and continual support .\nthe “charles darwin foundation for the galapagos islands”, in french “fondation charles darwin pour les îles galapagos”, association international sans but lucratif (“aisbl”), has its registered office located at drève du pieuré 19, 1160 brussels, and is registered under the trade registry of brussels under the number 0409. 359. 103 .\nthis system is free software released under gnu / gpl 3. 0 - portal version 1. 0\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial - sharealike 3. 0 united states license .\nthe cerata are thick, with a purple subapical ring and opaque cream apex .\n,\nles brisants\netang salé les bains, 4 m, in an anfractuosity of the reef, 30 january 2005. size: 18 mm\nthe posterior face of each rhinophore bears over 120 densely packed, elongate papillae. the rhinophores are thick basally, and terminate in a distinctly apex\nthe oral tentacles are cylindrical throughout their length, tapering to an acute apex. basally, the oral tentacles are the same color as the rest of the body. their middle third is deep purple and the outer third is generally opaque cream yellow. however in some specimen from aldabra atoll (gosliner, 1990) and other country (rudman and nudipixel), there is no opaque pigment on the outer portion of the tentacles and their are the same colour as the rest of the body\nthe cerata are slightly elevated from the notum on a common peduncle. the basal half to two - thirds of the cerata is pinkish purple. above this section a deep purple ring is present. the apical portion of the cerata is opaque cream yellow. they are thick and cylindrical for most of their length, and they taper to an acute apex\nthe anterior foot corner are enlarged and tentacular, and usually recurved posteriorly when the animal is crawling. purple pigment is present on the apical portion of the foot corners .\n,\nles brisants\netang salé les bains, 3 m, in an anfractuosity of the reef, 30 january 2005. size: 25 mm\nthis is the case of this specimen and others found in our region ...\ngmelin, johann friedrich. 1791. in: c. linnaeus. systema naturae, per regna tria naturae ,\n: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. ed. 13, 1 (6): 3103 - 3107, 3147 - 3148 .\nmiller m. c. (1971) .\naeolid nudibranchs (gastropoda: opisthobranchia) of the families flabellinidae and eubranchidae from new zealand waters\n. zoological journal of the linnean society 50 (4): 311 - 337. doi: 10. 1111 / j. 1096 - 3642. 1971. tb00766. x\ngosliner t. m. & willan r. c. (1991) .\nreview of the flabellinidae (nudibranchia: aeolidacea) from the tropical indo - pacific, with the descriptions of five new species\n. the veliger 34 (2): 97 - 133. page 109 .\ngriffith, e & e. pidgeon. 1833 - 1834. the animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization, by the baron cuvier, member of the institute of france, etc... , with supplementary additions to each order. volume the twelfith. the mollusca and radiata. whittaker, london. viii + 601 pp. , pl 1 - 41\nvaught, k. c. (1989). a classification of the living mollusca. american malacologists: melbourne, fl (usa). isbn 0 - 915826 - 22 - 4. xii, 195 pp\npetit, r. e. & coan. , e. v. 2008. the molluscan taxa made available in the griffith & pidgeon (1833 - 1834) edition of cuvier, with notes on the editions of cuvier and on wood' s index testaceologicus. malacologia 50: 219 - 264 page (s): 222\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 9 / 19 / 2016. the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\npacific coast of central america from punta eugenia, baja california, mexico to costa rica (behrens, 2004) .\npuerto vallarta, bahia de banderas, mexico. pacific coast. depth: 30 feet. length: from 7 to 15 mm. 13 may 2004. walls. photographer: ali hermosillo\nthe body is a translucent pink to reddish pink, the ceratal digestive gland ducts usually being a more intense reddish colour there are also opaque white specks on the ceratal wall, usually in the upper two thirds. the rhinophores, oral tentacles and posterior tip of tail can be tinged with purple, except for the tip which is a translucent white. the rhinophores are slightly verrucose (wrinkled). this species grows to about 30 mm in length .\nangulo - campillo, orso. 2002. new distributional records of opisthobranch molluscs from the gulf of california, mexico. the festivus, 34 (10): 117 - 121 .\nbertsch, h. , o. a. campillo & j. l. arreola. 2000. new distributional records of opisthobranchs from the punta eugenia region of the baja california peninsula, a record based on 1997 - 1998 conabio - sponsored expeditions. the festivus, 32 (7): 99 - 104 .\nbehrens, david w. 1991. pacific coast nudibranchs, a guide to the opisthobranchs alaska to baja california. sea challengers. monterey, ca. 107pp. second edition .\nbehrens, david w. 2004. pacific coast nudibranchs, supplement ii: new species to the pacific coast and new information on the oldies. proc. calif. academy sciences, 55 (2): 11 - 54 .\ngosliner, t. m. 1994. new records of flabellinidae (opisthobranchia: aeolidacea) from the tropical americas, with descriptions of two new species. proceedings of the california academy of sciences, 48 (9): 171 - 183 .\nhermosillo - gonzález. 2003. new distributional records (mollusca: opisthobranchia) for bahia de banderas, mexico (eastern pacific). the festivus, 35 (3): 21 - 28 .\nlocality: puerto vallarta, bahia de banderas, mexico. pacific coast. depth: 30 feet. length: from 7 to 15 mm. 13 may 2004. walls. photographer: ali hermosillo\none interesting thing about this species in bahia de banderas is that they are very localized, found only in a few spots within the bay (which is huge, 115 km of coast line) and always in large groups .\nnote the almost simple, only slightly verrucose, rhinophores. the color can vary from rose to orange. sorry i do not have any better tub shots." ]

{ "text": [ "flabellina marcusorum , ( spanish common name : eolidáceo de marcus ) is a species of sea slug , an aeolid nudibranch , a marine gastropod mollusc in the family flabellinidae . " ], "topic": [ 2 ] }

[ "flabellina marcusorum, (spanish common name: eolidáceo de marcus) is a species of sea slug, an aeolid nudibranch, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family flabellinidae." ]

[ "especie nueva de anfípodo del género photis (gammaridea, photidae) del archipiélago cubano .\ntwo new species of the family photidae (amphipoda: corophiidea: photoidea) from brazilian waters, with description of rocasphotis gen. nov .\n( pdf) two new species of the family photidae (amphipoda: corophiidea: photoidea) from brazilian waters, with description of rocasphotis gen. nov .\n... photis domination at tangerang region could be attributed to the high amount of decaying algae that was available on this subtidal substrate. the fact that most photidae species prefer to live in tubes constructed using sand or organisms, such as macroalgae, explained this finding (souza - filho & serejo, 2010; myers & lowry, 2003). in addition, high density photis spp. in sandy bottoms was also reported in the southern portugese coast (carvalho et al. , 2012)... .\nthree amphipods of the family photidae collected from korean waters are reported here with detailed descriptions and illustrations. the korean materials of gammaropsis examined in this study are readily assigned to g. longipropodi by the characteristic shape of gnathopod 2 in males: not slenderly produced posterior margin of the carpus, uniform width of very elongate propodus, and the transverse palm. among the species of genus photis, p. fischmanni is only one species bearing stridulation ridges of the basis on gnathopod 2 and coxa 3 simultaneously in females, until now. however, photis stridulus sp. nov. also show this characteristic but is clearly distinguishable from p. fischmanni by the weak setation of the appendages, smaller eye on the anterior cephalic lobe, and the slender carpus and propodus on gnathopod 1. the genus podoceropsis is recorded from korean waters for the first time with the discovery of p. clavapes sp. nov. this new species is characterized by its elongate propodus and dactylus on gnathopod 2 and the shape of the posterior lobe of the basis on pereopod 5 in mature males .\nhorton, t. ; lowry, j. ; de broyer, c. ; bellan - santini, d. ; coleman, c. o. ; corbari, l. ; daneliya, m. ; dauvin, j - c. ; fišer, c. ; gasca, r. ; grabowski, m. ; guerra - garcía, j. m. ; hendrycks, e. ; hughes, l. ; jaume, d. ; jazdzewski, k. ; kim, y. - h. ; king, r. ; krapp - schickel, t. ; lecroy, s. ; lörz, a. - n. ; mamos, t. ; senna, a. r. ; serejo, c. ; sket, b. ; souza - filho, j. f. ; tandberg, a. h. ; thomas, j. ; thurston, m. ; vader, w. ; väinölä, r. ; vonk, r. ; white, k. ; zeidler, w. (2018). world amphipoda database. photidae boeck, 1871. accessed through: world register of marine species at: urltoken; = 148558 on 2018 - 07 - 09\na new species, photis sarae sp. nov. , is herein described from guanabara bay, rio de janeiro. the new species is similar to the hawaiian species, photis hawaiensis barnard, 1955, and an undescribed species, photis sp. f (lecroy 20009. lecroy, s. e. an illustrated identification guide to the nearshore marine and estuarine gammaridean amphipoda of florida. volume 1. families gammaridae, hadziidae, isaeidae, melitidae and oedicerotidae. florida department of environmental protection, tallahassee, annual report, contract no. wm724, 195. 2000. view all references), from biscayne bay, florida. photis sarae sp. nov. can be distinguished from both species in having gnathopod 2 basis with two long setae on posterior margin, palm with only one spine (excluding palmar corner), pereopod 3 anterior margin of merus with long plumose and simple setae, and dactyli of pereopods 5–7 with accessory spine and telson trapezoidal with distal margin concave. also, rocasphotis gen. nov. is described based on material collected from atol das rocas, which is closely related to the genus photis and also corresponds to a new species. rocasphotis gen. nov. mainly differs from photis in having antenna 1 shorter than antenna 2, peduncular article 1 longer than article 3, accessory flagellum absent, coxae 1–4 with sparse slender setae; lateral cephalic lobe weakly extended and acute distally; eyes large, poorly developed, composed of sparse ommatidia, and partly enclosed in the lobe. a key for all genera of the family photidae is given .\nmyers a. a. & lowry j. k. (2003). a phylogeny and a new classification of the corophiidea leach, 1814 (amphipoda). journal of crustacean biology, 23: 443 - 485. , available online at urltoken; 2 [ details ]\nmyers a. a. (1995). the amphipoda (crustacea) of madang lagoon: aoridae, isaeidae, ischyroceridae and neomegamphopidae. the amphipoda (crustacea) of madang lagoon, papua new guinea, part 1. records of the australian museum, 1 - 95. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nformat summary genbank genbank (full) fasta asn. 1 xml insdseq xml tinyseq xml feature table accession list gi list gff3\ndb = nuccore | term =% 22photidae% 22 | query = 1 | qty = 7 | blobid = ncid _ 1 _ 267944517 _ 130. 14. 22. 215 _ 9001 _ 1531162937 _ 888268533 _ 0meta0 _ s _ megastore _ f _ 1 | ismultiple = false | min _ list = 5 | max _ list = 20 | def _ tree = 20 | def _ list = | def _ view = | url = / taxonomy / backend / subset. cgi? | trace _ url = / stat ?\nfinds sub - sequence or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching region. the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences. more ...\nhyun ki choi national marine biodiversity institute of korea, seocheon 33662, korea .\nmin - seop kim national marine biodiversity institute of korea, seocheon 33662, korea .\nseong myeong yoon department of biology, chosun university, gwangju 16452, korea .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript. here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\n... g. souza filho & serejo 2010; ortiz et al. 2011; myers et al. 2012; souza - filho & senna 2012; wongkamhaeng et al. 2012). these new genera seem to have a local instead of a cosmopolitan distribution, containing few species or being monospecific as the genera papuaphotis myers, 1995, graciliphotis myers, 2009 and rocasphotis souza - filho and serejo, 2010... .\nan illustrated identification guide to the nearshore marine and estuarine gammaridean amphipoda of florida. volume 5. families leucothoidae, liljeborgiidae, neomegamphopidae, ochlesidae, phliantidae, phoxocephalidae, platyischnopidae, pleustidae, podoceridae, pontoporeiidae, sebidae, stenothoidae, synopiidae and talitridae .\na new species of curidia from the fernando de noronha chain (located off the northeastern brazilian coast), and the continental shelf of bahia state is described. curidia wakabarae n. sp. is similar to c. debrogania thomas, 1983 and c. magellanica coleman and barnard, 1991 in the maxillipedal palp, which is slender and has a long apical seta extending beyond the outer plate. it does, however, ... [ show full abstract ]\non the phylogeny of ischyroceridae (amphipoda, senticaudata, corophiida), with the description of a ...\nthe family ischyroceridae is analysed herein by cladistic methods based on morphological characters, using both paup 4. 0b and tnt. the data matrix of 41 characters × 32 terminal taxa was constructed using delta. based on the results, we comment on the phylogenetic relationships of certain genera and their synapomorphic characters, also discussing the phylogenetic position of m yersius gen... . [ show full abstract ]\ntwo new species of the genus elasmopus costa, 1853 (amphipoda: gammaridea: maeridae) from off the no ...\nthe genus elasmopus has a worldwide distribution with most species living in warm waters. this work describes two new species, both from off the northeast brazilian coast, including its oceanic banks of fernando de noronha chain. the first new species, e. karamani sp. nov. , is easily recognized by palm of gnathopod 2 with a medial concave portion, posterior margin of basis of pereopod 5 and 6... [ show full abstract ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service." ]

{ "text": [ "photidae is a family of amphipod crustaceans , containing the following genera : ampelisciphotis pirlot , 1938 audulla chevreux , 1901 corogammaropsis tzvetkova , 1990 dodophotis g. karaman , 1985 falcigammaropsis myers , 1995 gammaropsis liljeborg , 1855 graciliphotis myers , 2009 latigammaropsis myers , 2009 megamphopus norman , 1869 microphotis ruffo , 1952 papuaphotis myers , 1995 paranaenia chilton , 1884 photis krøyer , 1842 podoceropsis boeck , 1861 posophotis j. l. barnard , 1979 rocasphotis souza-filho & serejo , 2010" ], "topic": [ 26 ] }

[ "photidae is a family of amphipod crustaceans, containing the following genera: ampelisciphotis pirlot, 1938 audulla chevreux, 1901 corogammaropsis tzvetkova, 1990 dodophotis g. karaman, 1985 falcigammaropsis myers, 1995 gammaropsis liljeborg, 1855 graciliphotis myers, 2009 latigammaropsis myers, 2009 megamphopus norman, 1869 microphotis ruffo, 1952 papuaphotis myers, 1995 paranaenia chilton, 1884 photis krøyer, 1842 podoceropsis boeck, 1861 posophotis j. l. barnard, 1979 rocasphotis souza-filho & serejo, 2010" ]

[ "greene referred to midshipman as the california singing fish ,\nsaid prof bass .\nthe plainfin midshipman fish\nsings\nto attract mates to its rocky seafloor nest .\nfor widemouthed, musical midshipman fish, melatonin is not a sleep hormone — it’s a serenade starter .\nto fill this gap, bass and colleagues probed the nascent brains of larval toadfish and midshipman fish .\na nest with male and female midshipman fish (porichthys notatus) and developing embryos attached to the rock .\nto cope with the din, male midshipman fish become slightly deaf by stiffening the cells of their inner ears .\nthe midshipman fish explanation may make sense to a biologist but it does not make any sense to a physicist .\nandrew bass' studies of the early development of the brain in young midshipman fish hold clues to the evolution of more complex behaviors in mammals, such as vocalizing and gesturing at the same time. the picture shows freshly hatched larval midshipman fish .\nthe biologists' research applies only to midshipman fish, but it could, they say, also be relevant to people .\nhere' s what the plainfin midshipman fish sounds like. npr had a series on wild sounds this is from july 2009 .\nvocal cords play no role in the midshipman’s humming sessions. instead, the fish contract special sonic muscles that vibrate against their swim bladders, a gas - filled sac to keep them buoyant. these droning singers attract groupies, female midshipman fish full of eggs .\nfish are not silent. at least a thousand species pop, whistle, and growl underwater. male midshipman fish hum so females can locate them. scientists reveal what makes them call .\ngulf toadfish and closely related midshipman fish emit low frequency groans to woo females and warn off rivals (see video, top right) .\nin nature, when it goes dark, a plainfin midshipman fish’s melatonin levels go up, waking him up and causing him to sing .\nbut this was the nocturnal hum of the midshipman fish; a courtship call, and the source of a biological secret scientists have now solved .\na king - tv report thursday suggested it could be the mating call of the midshipman fish amplified by reverberations from ships in the duwamish river .\nbut in the nocturnal fish, like the midshipman, it serves to wake them up and pave the way for their nocturnal courtship song performance .\nfor more information on fishing, please contact the wdfw fish program. 360 - 902 - 2700 fish program district biologists\n, a fish with alternative reproductive tactics, and a review of the hormonal bases for male dimorphism among teleost fish .\nsisneros studies the midshipman fish and says they were documented as the source of low humming heard by residents of houseboats in the 1980s in sausalito, calif .\nto find out if the humming was controlled by an internal clock, or circadian rhythm, the team first kept a group of midshipman fish in constant light .\nprof andrew bass, who led the research, said his curiosity about midshipman fish had been piqued by a paper written in 1924 by an academic called charles greene, which described how the male fish would hum at night .\nnot the uniform. called midshipman fish because some varieties of porichthys notatus have bioluminescent spots that resemble rows of uniform buttons, they are also known as california singing fish and canary bird fish. females probably aren' t attracted to the uniform, but rather to the male' s song .\nall ears. only certain fish species are capable of vocalizing, but virtually all fish have ears to keep them in tune with their sound - filled environment. cornell biologists who conduct acoustic playback experiments with midshipman fish in outdoor aquariums report that female midshipman are easily attracted to their computer - synthesized hums. but simulated grunts, they say ,\nseem to do nothing for the females .\nmelatonin essentially acted as a' go' signal for the midshipman' s nocturnal calling .\nmale plainfin midshipman produce a loud, droning hum during mating season that can be heard by humans nearby .\nbiologists at the university of washington' s marine biology program believe the source of the noise may be the male midshipman fish, which can be found in a local waterway .\nseattle - - it' s a problem faced by people joining noisy parties and by midshipman fish seeking mates: how to cut through the racket and find mr. right ?\nwhen they performed the experiment, the fish behaved just as they expected. this, the authors of the paper say, proves that melatonin controls the humming activity of male midshipman. in fact, the melatonin - implanted fish hummed even more than before .\nsteroid - mediation the vocalizations of male midshipman fish are androgen and estradiol steroid mediated. there are high blood levels of these hormones during the transition from non - calling to calling before midshipman breeding season [ 8 ], suggesting that higher hormone levels are needed for making advertisement calls. feeding 11 - ketotestosterone coated scallops to toadfish increases their calling behavior [ 9 ], which identifies 11 - ketotestosterone, an androgen hormone, as a mediator of midshipman fish vocalization. maybe environmental contamination is causing hormonal imbalances in the midshipman fish' s metabolism and is causing the fish to call incessantly. another possible scenario would be the frequency of breeding seasons and the reliance on environmental factors by the fish to determine the appropriate time to breed / mate. the right luna cycle combined with the right water temperature at the appropriate time of year may send the fish into a mating frenzy. i suppose at the very least... . we have something that can be tested. if it is the midshipman fish that is causing the sound, it shouldn' t be hard to validate with a little analysis .\ncalifornia marine sportfish search for any fish by name, picture, group, or habitat. this wonderful resource contains an extensive collection of fish images .\nthe source could come from the water, which surrounds west seattle on three sides. the sound? it could be the romantic habits of male midshipman fish, calling females to their nests .\nnow, researchers at the university of washington' s marine biology program have developed their own theory. they believe the midshipman fish, a species found in the pacific northwest, could be the cause. part of the fish' s mating call (listen to a version here) involves an extended hum. that hum, produced by male midshipman fish attempting to lure a mate, can last for hours, as males attempt to out - hum potential rivals .\n“it would take a lot of fish to do that, ” he said .\n“these fish sing like birds at night to attract females, ” sisneros said .\nthe sound is generated from the swim bladder that most fish have to control buoyancy. midshipmen fish contract a muscle attached to the bladder to make their music .\nalthough midshipman fish have been known to wake houseboat owners, i find it highly unlikely that even an entire school of fish could produce such a sound that\nbounces off buildings and ships\nand permeates through - out an entire section of a city on and off for 2 days .\nin 1924, an academic called charles greene described how the “california singing fish” would hum at night. just why the plainfin midshipman is so vocal at night remained a mystery for nearly a century, until now .\nresearchers brought the fish into their lab to work out why they sang at night .\nbehavioral and neuroendocrine mechanisms of social vocalization in teleost fish are influenced by ...\nhumans may have inherited our link between gesturing and vocalizing from fish. 00: 27\nthe scientists caught a number of wild male plainfin midshipman fish and kept them in labs where the brightness could be controlled. they found that, when the light was constantly bright, the fish did not secrete melatonin and did not hum. with bright light, fish given a melatonin substitute would hum, but at random times, suggesting that the humming is a reaction to the melatonin .\nmale midshipman fish let out a deep, resonating drone which attracts females and acts as a challenge to other males. they are nocturnal creatures, but once they get going can keep up the distracting hum all night .\nbass used fluorescent dyes to identify distinct groups of neurons in the brains of the larvae of midshipman fish, a species known for the loud humming sounds adult males generate with their swim bladders to attract females to their nests .\nin a way, midshipman fish have more problems than people at loud parties. only some of the male midshipman hum (see\nhumming fish facts ,\nbelow), and those males are hiding in cavitylike nests they have excavated under rocks. all the humming males together sound like a huge hive of bees or a squadron of motor boats, and a female midshipman fish has to choose one nest in which to deposit her eggs. when a humming male succeeds in attracting a female, he fertilizes her eggs, which adhere to the rocky ceiling of his nest. the female leaves forever, and the male resumes humming in hopes of attracting another female with more eggs .\nsuk, hy, neff, bd, fitzpatrick, jl, and balshine, s, 2009 .\nisolation and characterization of polymorphic microsatellite loci in plainfin midshipman fish\n. hereditas, 146 (5), 204 - 207\ncalifornia houseboat residents in the 1980s thought the sound came from a navy experiment or extraterrestrials. it was actually the plainfin midshipman fish' s song, which, according to a new study, is caused by its circadian rhythms .\nfun fish fact: this fish can breathe air when it is out of water and is bioluminescent during courtship. the prominent photopores are used by this nocturnal predator to attract prey .\nreproductive and diurnal rhythms regulate vocal motor plasticity in a teleost fish. - pubmed - ncbi\nthe plainfin midshipman is a very interesting fish found here at the elkhorn slough. also referred to as our local “toad fish, ” they visit the slough for breeding and juvenile growth. adults usually live in depths of around 400m most of the year, but venture into shallow intertidal locations during spring and early summer for breeding .\nit sounds like the drone of a guitar amplifier, but it' s actually the amorous serenade of a fish called the plainfin midshipman. during the summer, this sonorous sea creature hums to attract females to its rocky seafloor love nest .\nthe bizarre humming of the midshipman isn' t really that unusual, according to bass .\nsound production is extremely widespread among fishes ,\nbass said. reports of fish vocalizing date back to the time of aristotle, he added .\ncornell professor andrew bass discovered evidence for the link between talking and gesturing in midshipman fish, a genus of fish that communicates with grunts and hums. the brain networks that guide the fish' s vocalizations are in the same area of the hindbrain as the networks that instruct the pectoral fins to move. this same hindbrain compartment is found in other vocalizing vertebrates, including humans, who also have pectoral limbs (we call them arms .) it' s likely that this brain area originated in a fish ancestor that vertebrates share .\ntaborsky m. sneakers, satellites, and helpers: parasitic and cooperative behavior in fish reproduction .\nthe midshipman fish lets out a distinctive mating call that sounds like a drone and can go on for hours as males compete against each other for female attention. researchers believe the mating calls may be bouncing off ships and buildings, amplifying the sound .\nand it gets even weirder: there are actually two kinds of male midshipman. there are the\nsinging males\nthat hum to attract the ladies. and then there are\nsneaker males\nthat don' t sing, but instead sneak into the singers' nests and fertilize the eggs a female has laid there. (like many fish, midshipman reproduce by fertilizing eggs outside the body. )\nmmm melatonin a humming midshipman male (second from left) and a female are surrounded by two smaller sneaky males and a brood of wispy white larvae .\nbesides these behavioural experiments, the researchers studied the expression of melatonin receptors in the fish’s brain. the only melatonin receptor in songbirds is mel1b. feng and bass found it in parts of the midshipman brain that control vocal, social, and reproductive behaviours .\nmeanwhile, experiments supported by the national science foundation and national institutes of health continue with midshipman fish along the california and washington state coasts as well as in cornell laboratories. field studies led by margaret marchaterre, a research associate in the bass group, use hydrophones (underwater microphones) to eavesdrop on fish gossip at night. together, the cornell\nmidshipman crew\nhopes to learn how courtship signals are encoded in the brain and what it is about one love hum that makes it more attractive than another .\nearly development of the motor and premotor circuitry of a sexually dimorphic vocal pathway in a teleost fish .\nwe have been using plainfin midshipman to study sperm competition, impacts of contaminants on gonads, parental care, tactic evolution, life history, diet and cannibalism .\n…be sexual attractants in the midshipman (porichthys) —so named because the organs resemble rows of bright buttons on a naval uniform. the northern midshipman (p. notatus), a common species on the eastern pacific coast, spawns in shallow water, attaching its eggs to a rocky surface. the male guards the eggs. like…\nanother link: dosits (discovery of sound in the sea) scroll down to the plainfin midshipman. make sure you click on the full description & sound bites .\nin breeding season, male plainfin midshipman fish (porichthys notatus) spend their nights singing — if that’s the word for hours of sustained foghorn hums. males dig trysting nests under rocks along much of north america’s pacific coast, then await females drawn in by the crooning .\n“there are certainly' sonic fish' in the north atlantic and the approaches to the english channel. ”\nsisneros was out until 11: 30 p. m. thursday dipping a hydrophone into puget sound, elliott bay and the duwamish river, listening for midshipmen fish looking for love. he heard no calling fish .\nbut more likely, she says, we are all talking thanks to the sounds of an ancient fish .\nthe courtship song of the midshipman fish is a pleasure that can only be enjoyed by night. it turns out that these long, droning hums follow a daily rhythm that is set by light and the hormone melatonin. with enough light, singing fish can be made to quiet down, a condition that is remedied with a boost of melatonin, scientists reported today in the journal current biology .\nthis suggests that the vocal networks in all vertebrates evolved from an ancestrally shared brain area that originated in fish .\nin the next stage of the experiment, feng and bass kept the light switch on for 24 hours. light suppresses the secretion of melatonin. on the first day of constant light, they implanted six fish with artificial melatonin, six with just coconut oil and two got neither. if melatonin made fish drone, 24 - hour daylight would inhibit midshipman implanted with coconut oil and the ones that got nothing at all. but the artificial melatonin boost would make the fish hum even though the lights were on all the time .\nthese fish can be found from santa monica, calif. , all the way up to alaska. the name\nmidshipman\ncomes from the fact they possess light - emitting organs called photophores along their bodies for attracting prey; the photophores resemble the buttons on a naval officer' s uniform .\nmidshipman are regarded as some of the ugliest fish in the sea and a nuisance because they hum almost incessantly ,\nbass comments .\nbut they have thrived for hundreds of thousands of years, so they must be doing something right. we' d like to find out what .\nbass has researched what influences the chorus for several years. about a decade ago, he suggested high levels of the fish version of the sex hormones, androgen and oestrogen, in the blood of gulf toadfish make these fish call .\nwith suggestions for further evolutionary study of vocal behaviour in gobioid fishes. j. fish biol. 49: 648–657 .\nthese fish have hundreds of photophores along their body which are used to produce light for attracting prey at great depths .\nthe midshipman (porichthys notatus) is a small fish with a large sound. typically around 6” they inhabit mud flats and inner - tidal zones. like freshwater carp they can breathe both in and out of water. they are “oviparous” meaning that they deposit eggs, in nests which the males tend .\nprofessor andrew bass of the department of neurobiology and behaviour at cornell university and his doctoral student ni feng collected male midshipman fish off the coast of washington state and california, us, and shipped them east to new york. in the lab, automated lighting provided the study’s subjects with 15 hours of daylight and nine hours of dark, a typical summer routine in those northern parts. when it grew dark, the fish hummed .\nwondering how the female fish find the right males, the cornell biologists examined the structure and function of midshipman brains. from earlier studies with robert baker at the new york university medical school, bass knew that a part of the midshipman male brain, called the hindbrain, contains neurons that constitute a kind of vocal pacemaker. like a rhythm generator, the pacemaker tells the sound - generating muscles on the male' s swim bladder to contract rhythmically and produce a hum averaging 100 hz in frequency. in part of the midshipman female brain known as the midbrain (and humans have midbrains and hindbrains, too), baker and bass found neurons that respond to a 100 - hz hum .\n, with a review of spawning behavior in suckers (castostomidae). env. biol. fish. 27: 265–272 .\nearly development of the motor and premotor circuitry of a sexually dimorphic vocal pathway in a teleost fish. - pubmed - ncbi\nthe hum is so loud that for years, houseboat owners in sausalito, calif. , complained it was disrupting their sleep and drowning out conversations. theories circulated about what was making the strange noise — sewage pumps? military experiments? submarines? ultimately, scientists discovered that the plainfin midshipman (porichthys notatus) was causing all the buzz. [ see video of humming plainfin midshipman ]\nunfortunately for the residents of hythe, the noise created by the midshipman is of such a low frequency and long wavelength that it can carry through the ground, walls, and into homes .\nit' s a long way from the dull hums of the amorous midshipman fish to the strains of a puccini aria - - or, alas, even to the simplest celine dion melody. but the neural circuitry that led to the human love song - - not to mention birdsongs, frog thrums and mating calls of all manner of vertebrates - - was likely laid down hundreds of millions of years ago with the hums and grunts of the homely fish .\nthe plainfin midshipman (porichthys notatus) is a nocturnally - active marine fish distributed along the pacific coast of north america, from alaska to mexico. in the winter plainfin midshipman are found in deep water but will migrate up to the shallow intertidal zone in the breeding season (spring and summer). plainfin midshipman prefer to nest under rocks in sheltered, rocky shores. we sample their nests at low tide throughout the breeding season where we can easily collect tissues, embryos and nest characteristics from many fish across our different beaches and populations. the plainfin midshipman is a fascinating fish species for many reasons but one of the most interesting features of this species is that there are two distinct male reproductive tactics, called guarder “type i” and sneaker “type ii” males. the guarding type i males aggressively compete for nest sites, which are excavated areas under rocks. the largest guarding males win the largest rock / nest sites and gain the most eggs. in contrast, sneaker type ii males do not guard nests or court females, but instead, steal fertilizations from guarding males by either sneaking deep into the nest when a female is present, or by fanning sperm into the nest from the periphery .\nfor much of the year, you won’t hear these fish singing at all. the plainfin midshipman, named after the bioluminescent organs on its underside, which reminded early observers of uniform buttons, resides in the depths of the ocean during the fall and winter. during the spring and early summer, they move to coastal waters between alaska and baja california. there, the male fish “sing” to attract mates, a sound that can be heard by humans onshore .\ntaborsky, m. 1994. sneakers, satellites, and helpers: parasitic and cooperative behavior in fish reproduction. pp. 1–100 .\nthis fish only vocalizes when submerged so any sounds produced by this fish must first pass through the water to air interface. water is considerably more dense than air and has an acoustic impedance of ~ 1, 500, 000 pa - sec / m compared to an air impedance of ~ 400 pa - sec / m. the greater than 3000 times higher impedance of water compared to air tells us that only an extremely small amount of these underwater sounds will pass directly into the atmosphere. typically, the only people who hear midshipman fish live on boats because the partially submerged hull couples underwater sounds into the hold .\nrange / habitat: plainfin midshipman range from sitka, alaska, to magdalena bay in southern baja california. they are found from the intertidal to over 366 m (1, 200 ft) in water depth .\ncd supplement to: “sounds of the western north atlantic fishes” by fish & mowbray, 1970. cd ©university of rhode island, 2001 .\ni listened to a recording of it, and it is quite techno sounding, not plates, not fish, and i suspect haarp .\nin fish, the part of the brain that controls the pectoral muscles also controls the muscles required for producing sound, researchers have found .\nscientists now think that the noise is being caused by fish, competing to out - hum one another as part of an unusual mating ritual .\nfrom fish to folks, nighttime release of melatonin helps coordinate bodily timekeeping and orchestrate after - dark biology. the fish courtship chorus, however, is the first example of the hormone prompting a launch into song, according to andrew bass of cornell university. and what remarkable vocalizing it is .\nhart, j. l. , 1973. pacific fishes of canada. bull. fish. res. board can. 180: 740 p .\nladich, f. 1997a. agonistic behaviour and significance of sounds in vocalizing fish. mar. fresh. behav. physiol. 29: 87–108 .\nwhenever the hums of two neighboring and competing males overlap, the cornell biologists observed, the sounds form what is known as an acoustic beat. and because the tone of a midshipman' s hum is so pure and simple, computer synthesizers can easily reproduce it. that' s why the biologists were able to play disc jockey at a fish party, complete with underwater loudspeakers .\nroyce, w. f. 1951. breeding habits of lake trout in new york. u. s. fish. bull. 59: 59–76 .\nthe foot - long fish with a toad - like face ranges from california to alaska waters, and they are common in puget sound, he said. it’s a deep - water fish most of the year, except for late spring and summer when they make nests in rocky shallow waters for egg laying .\nthe research offered evidence that the evolutionary origins of the link between speech and gesturing can be traced to a developmental compartment in the caudal hindbrain of fish .\nby mapping the developing brain cells in newly hatched midshipman fish larvae and comparing them to other species, andrew h. bass, cornell professor of neurobiology and behavior, with colleagues edwin gilland of howard university and robert baker of new york university, found that the neural network behind sound production in vertebrates can be traced back through evolutionary time to an era long before the first animals ventured onto dry land .\nto make their humming sounds, the fish use the gas - filled bladder that keeps them buoyant. when the fish contracts muscles on the sides of the bladder, the muscles vibrate against the wall of the bladder, which in turn vibrates the surrounding water. the result is something that sounds like a monotone didgeridoo .\nthe fish don' t just make noise to entice a female. the males make growling and grunting sounds too, to defend their nests from intruding males .\nthis is not the first time fish have been blamed for keeping people up at night – a number of us cities suffer their droning on a regular basis .\na new study by a trio of visiting researchers at the marine biological laboratory finds the circuitry the male midshipman uses to hum develops in the same part of the central nervous system that allows humans to laugh, frogs to croak and birds to sing .\nin spring, male midshipman fish drone from nests they make under rocks close to shore. when scores of these foot - long fish call in unison, their chorus reverberates across harbours. some compared the din that can last for hours to foghorns, oboes, motorboats and guitar amplifiers. in the past, residents of california and seattle in the us, and southampton, uk, were perplexed by the booming call. they suspected noisy sewage pumps, military testing and even extraterrestrials were the cause. in one case, sleepless residents even sold their property and moved away .\nsopinka, nm, fitzpatrick, jl, taves, je, ikonomou, mg, marsh - rollo, se, and balshine, s, 2012 .\ndoes proximity to aquatic pollution affect reproductive traits in a wild - caught intertidal fish ?\n. journal of fish biology, 80 (6), 2374 - 2383\ntypical midshipman type ii male calls are divided into: short grunts that last for milliseconds or are produced in a series of grunts called a “grunt train, ” mid - duration growls, and long duration advertisement hums that can last up to an hour .\nit sounds like a drone of bees or maybe even the chanting of monks ,\nneurobiologist andrew bass, who has studied these fish extensively, told livescience .\nat the base of our brain, where the back of our neck meets our head, may lurk the voice of a 400 million - year - old fish .\n[ so ] our study shows that singing fish can be a useful model for studying hormones and reproductive - related vocal communication behaviours shared by many vertebrate species .\nbut not all male midshipman hummed in the lab, not even under natural light regimes. implanting these non - hummers with melatonin didn’t persuade them to start making a racket. humming males are like beacons to egg - heavy females. so why don’t some males hum ?\nto sing, a male plainfin midshipman produces sound by vibrating a gas - filled bladder within the abdomen. each hum, intended to draw females to the nest he has prepared, can last up to two hours – and males sometimes hum together, magnifying the sound .\nthese fish also show seasonal changes in hearing — both males and females hear better during the summer. this makes them good models for studying human hearing loss, scientists say .\nbut when [ we gave the fish ] a melatonin substitute ,\nsaid prof bass ,\nthey continued to hum, though at random times of day without a rhythm .\nno one knows for sure what caused a humming noise that annoyed residents of the west seattle neighborhood on puget sound, but one theory is the buzz was a fish mating call .\nschlinger b. a, greco c, bass a. h. aromatase activity in the hindbrain vocal control region of a teleost fish: divergence among males with alternative reproductive tactics .\nlistening to clyde lewis the other night that sound does not sound like something millions of fish, or any creature would make in some kind of totally in sync rhythm. it was incredible loud and traveled over many miles, so how did that sound come out of the water and travel. lastly why would it not be a yearly event if it was fish ?\nbass found that in fish, the part of the brain - - the hindbrain - - that controls the pectoral muscles also controls the muscles required for producing sound. and in many fish, that sound actually comes from the pectoral movement. some fish species vibrate their pectoral fins rapidly to communicate, and some vibrate a muscle in a swim bladder, acting similar to our own vocal chords .\nthat' s the historical linkage or coupling between what humans do: speech and hand movement ,\nsays bass, who is presenting his research to the society for experimental biology .\ni' m not saying it' s exactly the same in humans as it is in fish, but it shows this historical evolution over time .\nto investigate what prompts the fish to sing only after nightfall, researchers at cornell university collected male midshipmen from the shores of california and washington state. fish kept in total darkness continued to follow cycles of humming and silence, indicating that their tunes are set by an internal clock. this schedule fell apart, though, when midshipmen were exposed to days of constant light .\n). in two species, the pattern matches what we report here; in three species, oestradiol levels did not differ significantly between the morphs. oestradiol' s involvement in the expression of arts is also supported by neurological responses to oestradiol and morph differences in brain aromatase activity in plainfin midshipman (\nwith laser - scanning confocal microscopy, the research team observed clusters of cells in the larvae' s developing hindbrain as they formed connections and grew into the networks that control vocalization in mature fish .\nhawkins, a. d. & k. j. rasmussen. 1978. the calls of gadoid fish. j. mar. biol. ass. u. k. 58: 891–911 .\nkenton parker and cortland jordan at the elkhorn slough reserve checked in on the development of these fish from beginning stages of egg masses to early juvenile development as you will see in the video below .\nlimiting their foghorn - like serenade to the night time probably benefits the fish; a nocturnal chorus might be timed for when females are most receptive, or when their predators are less likely to hear .\nprofessor bass says there might be a difference in the role of steroids between species. the call of toadfish is called boatwhistle. males that boatwhistle have higher levels of cortisol, a glucocorticoid, than the silent ones. however, in midshipman, cortisol has the opposite effect: the silent type has higher cortisol levels .\ndescription: the body of the plainfin midshipman is brownish to olive with iridescent purple on the dorsal side, which becomes lighter along the sides, and yellowish or gold on the belly. prominent tracts of golden, light - emitting organs (photopores) are readily visible along the head, flanks, and belly of this species. there is a black crescent and whitish patch below each eye and young individuals may have a dark saddle patch. this species has wide pectoral fins and a narrow and rounded caudal fin (tailfin). the plainfin midshipman has 2 dorsal spines and 33 - 37 dorsal soft rays and lacks an anal spine .\nchirps, croaks, growls – even the dulcet tones of the human voice – might have a common origin in an ancient brain metronome that coordinates the other - worldly grunts of several modern species of fish .\nthere was another key difference between the two studies and species, says professor bass. humming male midshipman that tested high on 11 - ketotestosterone and testosterone levels had no singing companions. they droned all by themselves. but in the toadfish study, the males boatwhistled with other males. they could hear and respond to each other .\nresearchers found songbirds sing during the day when melatonin levels are low. melatonin is the time - keeping hormone that controls cycles of sleep and wakefulness. the pineal gland produces it at night. it stimulates sleep in diurnal creatures and wakes up nocturnal ones. human activities are also dictated by the hormone. at dusk, when melatonin levels start increasing, daytime birds fall silent. but they can’t stop singing in a lab where the lights are left on at night. what’s the role of the hormone in making nocturnal fish like midshipman drone ?\nwhen the experimenters shifted the light regime to 24 hours of night, the fish kept to their schedule: booming and silence. their internal clock seemed to tell them when to call and when to shut up .\ntry these fish identification quizzes and see how well you know your california marine fishes! not only are these quizzes fun, but you may also learn some important information about these species and fishing regulations pertaining to them .\ndetailed methods are provided in the electronic supplementary material. briefly, fish were collected from a spawning colony on 14 june 2004. males were assigned to reproductive tactic based on direct observations of spawning behaviour, then were collected by hand net and immediately brought to a boat where blood sampling occurred. only data from samples collected within 180 s were used to avoid confounding baseline cortisol levels with a stress response. fish were then measured for body size .\ntalking with your hands may have begun with fish, according to research presented by andrew bass, cornell professor of neurobiology and behavior, at the society for experimental biology’s annual meeting july 3 - 6 in valencia, spain .\n“melatonin conveys the appropriate time for vocalization, ” concluded the team. this means that the hormone can play opposite roles in different animals, quashing the songs of diurnal animals but telling nocturnal creatures like the fish to let loose .\nbut the study also suggests a broad and fundamental role for melatonin throughout the vertebrate kingdom - finding a fish with a behaviour so intrinsically linked to their body clock suggests this brain circuitry evolved in our most primitive, aquatic ancestors .\nkohda, m. , m. tanimura, m. kikue - nakamura & s. yamagishi. 1995. sperm drinking by female catfishes: a novel mode of insemination. env. biol. fish. 42: 1–6 .\nmales can produce a “hum” to attract females to their nesting site. this loud droning hum can be heard by nearby humans. these fish are to blame from past stories of “generator - like” noise complaints in sausalito, ca .\nalmost all animals secrete melatonin, according to feng .\nour study shows that singing fish can be a useful model for studying hormones and reproductive - related vocal communication behaviours shared by many vertebrate species ,\nshe explained to the bbc .\nbecause the nerves that link vocal muscles to the brain’s pacemaker are different in humans, birds, frogs and fish, it is possible that these animals evolved vocalisations at various times, says melina hale, an evolutionary biologist at the university of chicago .\nand looking more closely at how melatonin acts on receptors in different parts of the fish' s brain could help explain why it is such a powerful\nchemical clock\nwith a role in the timing of sleep - wake cycles, reproduction and birdsong .\nif you' ve been to seattle recently and wondered what that odd\nhumming\nsound was, and why you could hear it all over the western part of town, researchers believe they' ve found an answer: it' s the fish .\nafter successfully attracting a female, she will lay her eggs and leave the nest. the males will fertilize the eggs and stay to attend the nest, as seen in this picture. the rock has been raised to reveal many tiny fish and their protective father .\nthere could be several reasons. one, male midshipman come in two types. type i males hum to seduce the ladies. type ii males are small and silent and thus have a different strategy. when females spawn inside nests made by their type i beaus, the type ii chaps masquerading as females sneak in and fertilise the eggs without raising an alarm. but the experimenters chose type i males for the experiment .\nvertebrates make sounds using precisely timed and coordinated muscle movements and scientists have studied the brain regions that control these movements in animals as diverse as songbirds, frogs, mice and monkeys. but few have examined fish calls, or the relevant brain regions of these animals, bass says .\nby painting neurons with fluorescent dyes to reveal connections between cells, bass’s team showed that the region responsible for vocalisations follows a tight circuit, from brain to spinal cord. its job is to coordinate the muscle controlling the fish’s bladder, the organ that generates the grunts it belts out .\ni' m leaning towards some kind of an earth harmonic resonance for we do have a lot of active volcanoes up here and moving magna could possibly do this. the sound was also non - directional and so i think this points me towards this more than fish in the ocean ...\nbut for the fish, an infusion of melatonin led them to renew their crooning, in spite of the light shining into their tank. the researchers also examined where melatonin was active in the midshipmen’s brains, and found that the hormone influences regions that are involved in social, mating and vocal behavior .\nfish, any of more than 30, 000 species of vertebrate animals (phylum chordata) found in the fresh and salt waters of the world. living species range from the primitive, jawless lampreys and hagfishes through the cartilaginous sharks, skates, and rays to the abundant and diverse bony fishes. most…\nnow cornell university biologists, who became underwater disc jockeys to study a homely fish that hums, say they have a clue as to how mate selection works. the auditory portion of the midbrain uses the acoustic qualities of all the noise to isolate one signal it is programmed to recognize as potentially interesting .\n“it is impossible to replicate everything about a wild environment in the laboratory, ” says feng. “although many fish felt right at home in our aquarium setting, others may have preferred their natural homes to express their courtship behaviours. ” it’s also likely they didn’t have enough fishy testosterone coursing through their blood .\nfitzpatrick, jl, craig, pm, bucking, c, balshine, s, wood, cm, and mcclelland, gb, 2009 .\nsperm performance under hypoxic conditions in the intertidal fish porichthys notatus\n. canadian journal of zoology - revue canadienne de zoologie, 87 (5), 464 - 469\nthe researchers plan to continue exploring this subject further. “we’d like to know if the melatonin receptors change their levels across the day in specific brain regions controlling the midshipman’s vocal behaviour, ” says feng. “a more challenging question is whether melatonin also stimulates the vocal behaviour of other nocturnal species, like many frogs and even birds like nightingales. finally, it will be interesting to look at the molecular pathways that help to interpret the nocturnal melatonin message in opposing ways in nocturnal vs diurnal species. ”\nbut these vocalizations aren’t spontaneous, say cornell university researchers andrew bass and ni feng in a new study in current biology. instead, they’re controlled by the fish’s internal clocks. that’s why they happen exclusively at night. and the hormone that controls these clocks is the same one that regulates bird activity and human sleep patterns .\nstrangely, though, melatonin can also have similar effects in bird and fish songs. in this experiment, melatonin implants incited the midshipmen to make longer hums. melatonin can also spur birds to make longer individual calls when they do sing. it’s a reminder that figuring out how a hormone affects our bodies often isn’t simple or straightforward .\nin his current presentation, which follows a 2012 paper in the proceedings of the national academy of sciences (pnas) on the topic, bass drew on his 2010 nature communications study with colleagues showing that circuitry for controlling pectoral muscles – pectoral fins in fish, wings in birds and forelimbs in mammals – used for movement, develops in the same hindbrain compartment .\nthe majority of fish and tetrapods, including reptiles, amphibians, birds and mammals, are all known to communicate acoustically. in a 2008 science paper, bass and colleagues provided evidence that brain networks instructing when muscles should contract – called patterning – for vocalizing in fishes, birds and mammals, and even primates, originate from the same compartment in the developing hindbrain .\njust as we expected, two or more synthesized fish hums played together produce the rhythmic, acoustic beats ,\nbass reports .\nand sure enough, the females were able to directly localize one of the humming speakers. their midbrain neurons form a code of the beats that helps in their calculations to locate the hum of interest from all the rest .\nbut, as the 2012 paper points out, pectoral appendages are also used for communication. many fish are known to make sounds using their pectoral fins, while such birds as the club - winged manakin have developed unusual feathers and wing - bones that are rapidly rubbed together to produce humming sounds to attract mates. similarly, humans often gesture with their forelimbs when they talk .\nwe use hand gestures almost without thinking - - even while talking on the phone, despite that the person on the other end can' t see our wild gesticulations. research presented today might help shed light on why we talk with our hands. led by andrew bass of cornell university, the study finds a link between sounds and gestures in an unlikely place: fish brains .\npicene boomboxes. when midshipmen migrate from the deep pacific waters to the west coast of north america to mate each summer, the intertidal zone becomes a noisy place. courting males hum to attract egg - laying females. the love song, described as a motorboat - like drone, comes from rapidly contracting muscles on the male' s swim bladder and proves irresistible to female midshipman. each female deposits all her eggs for that season in one nest and swims away. hoping to lure more females to the nest, the male resumes singing, all the while remaining on guard until the offspring hatch and mature .\nthese calls can be recorded naturally. they can also be produced in a laboratory, a procedure known as “fictive calling” in nature, two muscles contracting on the swim bladder produce these sounds. in the lab, sounds are produced by a stimulating electrode placed on the periaqueductal gray (pag) and a recording electrode placed on the occipital nerve that leads to the sonic muscles of the fish .\nthere are many reasons for a fish to make some noise; some use sound for hunting or staking out territory. others, such as plainfin midshipmen (porichthys notatus), sing to entice females to come and spawn. in spring and summer, male midshipmen set up shop close to shore, building nests sheltered among the rocks. they sing throughout the night in nocturnal choruses, belting out individual hums that can last up to nearly two hours .\nbig vocabulary. don' t think humming fish hum because they don' t know the words. they produce two others kinds of vocalizations that, if not especially eloquent, do get the message across: a series of grunts that bioacoustic scientists call a\ngrunt train\nand a low growl both come from type i males guarding their nests. type ii males have been heard making an occasional grunting sound but always in non - spawning situations .\nbehavioral and neuroendocrine mechanisms of social vocalization in teleost fish are influenced by the glucocorticoid cortisol and the androgen 11 - ketotestosterone (11kt). the relative abundance of both 11kt, which binds to androgen receptors (arα, arβ), and cortisol, which binds to glucocorticoid receptors (gr - 1, gr - 2), is regulated by 11β - hydroxylase (11βh) that converts 11 - deoxycortisol to cortisol and testosterone to 11β - oh - testosterone, and 11β - hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11βhsd) that converts cortisol to the inactive metabolite cortisone and 11β - oh - testosterone to 11kt. in midshipman fish, we tested the hypothesis that plasma steroid levels, mrna abundance for 11βh and 11βhsd in the vocal muscle and testis (known site of 11kt synthesis), and mrna abundances for ars and grs in vocal muscle, would differ between males that did or did not recently produce & amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; # 39; hum & amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; # 39; advertisement calls. quantitative real - time pcr demonstrated that non - calling male vocal muscle had significantly higher mrna levels for all receptors except arα, and a strong trend for higher 11βhsd; 11βh was similar to that in calling males. calling males had higher plasma and testis 11kt, but lower plasma cortisol, levels. testis enzyme levels did not differ between male groups, although calling males showed a positive linear correlation between plasma 11kt and testis 11βhsd mrna levels, consistent with testis being the main source of plasma 11kt. we propose that higher vocal muscle 11βhsd levels in non - calling males reflect increased local conversion of elevated cortisol to cortisone, providing protection from cortisol - related toxicity, while increased receptor expression in non - calling males functions as a preparatory mechanism for meeting the physiological demands of future vocalization .\nsound production during reproductive behaviour, dyadic encounters and distress situations was investigated in the callichthyid catfish corydoras paleatus. sounds were broad - band, pulsed, acoustic signals produced during abduction of the pectoral spines. only males emitted trains of sounds during courting and trains of sounds of shorter duration during dyadic encounters. several males, which are usually smaller than females, courted one gravid female without obvious cooperation or competition between them. during mating, one previously vocalizing male clasped the female' s barbels with one pectoral spine and inseminated the eggs. the number of successful spawnings, days until spawning, and number of eggs laid was not related to the number of males (one, two or three) combined with one female. males did not behave aggressively towards each other during courting or in dyadic encounters. in distress situations, when fish were hand held, both sexes and juveniles produced single sounds. the dominant frequency was negatively correlated with body size and the sound duration was positively correlated with relative length of pectoral spines (standardized to body length). this acoustical behaviour in c. paleatus differs considerably from hoplosternum thoracatum, a representative of the callichthyine subfamily, in which vocalization was observed during territorial behaviour in males and aggressive behaviour in both sexes. this is the first report of a major difference in vocalizing behaviour within one teleost family." ]

{ "text": [ "midshipman fish belong to the genus porichthys of toadfishes .", "they are distinguished by having photophores ( which they use to attract prey and after which they are named , reminding some of a naval uniform 's buttons ) and four lateral lines .", "typical midshipman fishes , such as the plainfin midshipman ( porichthys notatus ) , are nocturnal and bury themselves in sand or mud in the intertidal zone during the day .", "at night they float just above the seabed .", "some species have venomous dorsal spines and are capable of inflicting serious injuries if handled .", "there are three genders of midshipman fish : females , type i males , and type ii males .", "type i and type ii males have different reproductive strategies , and can be distinguished from each other based on physical characteristics .", "type i males are eight times larger in body mass , and have much larger vocal organs .", "type ii males ’ reproductive organs are seven times larger in size than those of type i males .", "female and type ii male midshipman fish can be distinguished from each other by the female ’s slightly larger size , and the type ii male midshipman ’s large reproductive organs . " ], "topic": [ 26, 6, 15, 13, 23, 9, 10, 0, 29, 15 ] }

[ "midshipman fish belong to the genus porichthys of toadfishes. they are distinguished by having photophores (which they use to attract prey and after which they are named, reminding some of a naval uniform's buttons) and four lateral lines. typical midshipman fishes, such as the plainfin midshipman (porichthys notatus), are nocturnal and bury themselves in sand or mud in the intertidal zone during the day. at night they float just above the seabed. some species have venomous dorsal spines and are capable of inflicting serious injuries if handled. there are three genders of midshipman fish: females, type i males, and type ii males. type i and type ii males have different reproductive strategies, and can be distinguished from each other based on physical characteristics. type i males are eight times larger in body mass, and have much larger vocal organs. type ii males ’ reproductive organs are seven times larger in size than those of type i males. female and type ii male midshipman fish can be distinguished from each other by the female ’s slightly larger size, and the type ii male midshipman ’s large reproductive organs." ]

[ "came to black light / mv trap. (live oak / chaparral habitat). 100% dna match at bold to eudonia commortalis .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above. click on images to enlarge .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nplease include hodges numbers when possible. helps in speeding up confirmations. (no rsvp, thanks )\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click' save settings' to activate your changes .\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nin westwood by porch light; elevation 5100ft, lassen county, california, usa july 13, 2008 size: forewing length 8. 5mm" ]

{ "text": [ "eudonia commortalis is a moth in the crambidae family .", "it was described by dyar in 1921 .", "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from alaska to british columbia , washington and california .", "adults have been recorded on wing from april to september . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 8 ] }

[ "eudonia commortalis is a moth in the crambidae family. it was described by dyar in 1921. it is found in north america, where it has been recorded from alaska to british columbia, washington and california. adults have been recorded on wing from april to september." ]

[ "cryptolechia stictifascia; wang, 2004, ent. sinica 11 (3): 232\ncryptolechia stictifascia wang, 2003; ent. sinica 9 (3): 206, 197; tl: ningshan co. (33. 3°n, 108. 3°e), shaanxi, 880m\ncryptolechia castella zeller, 1852; k. vetenskakad. handl. 1852: 107\ncryptolechia pelophaea meyrick, 1931; exotic microlep. 4 (6): 192\ncryptolechia straminella zeller, 1852; k. vetenskakad. handl. 1852: 107\ncryptolechia zeloxantha meyrick, 1934; exotic microlep. 4 (15): 478\ncryptolechia chlorozyga meyrick, 1938; dt. ent. z. iris 52: 10\ncryptolechia fascirupta; wang, 2004, ent. sinica 11 (3): 231\ncryptolechia gei; wang, 2004, ent. sinica 11 (3): 231\ncryptolechia gypsochra meyrick, 1938; dt. ent. z. iris 52: 10\ncryptolechia hoplostola meyrick, 1938; dt. ent. z. iris 52: 10\ncryptolechia isomichla meyrick, 1938; dt. ent. z. iris 52: 11\ncryptolechia prothyropa meyrick, 1938; dt. ent. z. iris 52: 11\ncryptolechia stadaea meyrick, 1934; dt. ent. z. iris 48: 39\ncryptolechia coriata meyrick, 1914; suppl. ent. 3: 53; tl: suisharyo\ncryptolechia fenerata meyrick, 1914; suppl. ent. 3: 53; tl: suisharyo\ncryptolechia metacentra meyrick, 1914; suppl. ent. 3: 52; tl: kosempo\ncryptolechia mitis meyrick, 1914; suppl. ent. 3: 52; tl: kosempo\ncryptolechia epistemon strand, 1920; archiv naturg. 84 a (12): 194; tl: suisharyo\ncryptolechia fatua meyrick, 1921; zool. meded. leyden 6: 172; tl: java, batavia\ncryptolechia modularis meyrick, 1921; zool. meded. leyden 6: 172; tl: java, gedeh\ncryptolechia anticrossa meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (10): 304; tl: queensland\ncryptolechia argometra; [ nhm card ]; wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 196\ncryptolechia centroleuca meyrick, 1922; exotic microlep. 2 (17): 513; tl: sikkim, darjiling\ncryptolechia chlorozyga; [ nhm card ]; wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 196\ncryptolechia coriata; [ nhm card ]; wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 196\ncryptolechia epistemon; [ nhm card ]; wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 196\ncryptolechia fenerata; [ nhm card ]; wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 196\ncryptolechia gypsochra; [ nhm card ]; wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 196\ncryptolechia hoplostola; [ nhm card ]; wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 196\ncryptolechia isomichla; [ nhm card ]; wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 196\ncryptolechia metacentra; [ nhm card ]; wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 196\ncryptolechia mitis; [ nhm card ]; wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 196\ncryptolechia pelophaea; [ nhm card ]; wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 196\ncryptolechia picrocentra meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (13): 395; tl: assam, khasis\ncryptolechia prothyropa; [ nhm card ]; wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 196\ncryptolechia sperans meyrick, 1926; sarawak mus. j. 3: 159; tl: mt murud, 4500ft\ncryptolechia stadaea; [ nhm card ]; wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 196\ncryptolechia vespertina; [ nhm card ]; wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 196\ncryptolechia zeloxantha; [ nhm card ]; wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 197\ncryptolechia municipalis meyrick, 1920; exotic microlep. 2 (10): 316; tl: queensland, brisbane\ncryptolechia? eningiella plötz, 1880; stettin ent. ztg 41 (7 - 9): 306; tl: eningo\ncryptolechia ichnitis meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (7): 222; tl: french guiana, r maroni\ncryptolechia laica meyrick, 1910; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1910: 456; tl: borneo, kuching\ncryptolechia perversa meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (7): 222; tl: s. india, ootacamund\ncryptolechia ferrorubella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 757; tl: australia\ncryptolechia transfossa meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (10): 318; tl: peru, cocapata, 12000ft\ncryptolechia aeraria meyrick, 1910; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 20 (1): 163; tl: khasis\ncryptolechia citrodeta meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (13): 394; tl: brazil, obidos, r. trombetas\ncryptolechia diplosticha meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (10): 318; tl: colombia, san antonio, 6000ft\ncryptolechia hemiarthra meyrick, 1922; exotic microlep. 2 (18): 546; tl: s. india, palnis, 7000ft\ncryptolechia iridias meyrick, 1910; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 20 (1): 163; tl: khasis\ncryptolechia rhodobapta meyrick, 1923; trans. proc. n. z. inst. 54: 166; tl: takapuna, auckland\ncryptolechia temperata meyrick, 1910; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 20 (1): 165; tl: simla\ncryptolechia veniflua meyrick, 1914; exot. microlep. 1 (8): 227; tl: colombia, san antonio, 5800ft\ncryptolechia vespertina meyrick, 1910; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 20 (1): 162; tl: khasis\ncryptolechia asemanta dognin, 1905; ann. soc. ent. belg. 49 (3): 88; tl: loja, ecuador\ncryptolechia semibrunnea dognin, 1905; ann. soc. ent. belg. 49 (3): 88; tl: loja, ecuador\ncryptolechia taphrocopa meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (10): 317; tl: colombia, mt. tolima, 12500ft\ncryptolechia micracma meyrick, 1910; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 20 (1): 162; tl: ceylon; khasis\ncryptolechia orthrarcha meyrick, 1930; exot. microlep. 3 (18 - 20): 578; tl: algeria, zebch, near sebdu\ncryptolechia tyrochyta meyrick, 1910; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 20 (1): 164; tl: cuddapah, 4000ft\ncryptolechia percnocoma meyrick, 1930; exot. microlep. 3 (18 - 20): 578; tl: brazil, nova friburgo, organ mtn\ncryptolechia sciodeta meyrick, 1930; exot. microlep. 3 (18 - 20): 578; tl: brazil, nova friburgo, organ mtn\ncryptolechia coriaria meyrick, 1914; exot. microlep. 1 (6): 173; tl: victoria, mt. st. bernard, 5000ft\ncryptolechia holopyrrha meyrick, 1912; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1911 (4): 704; tl: colombia, san antonio, 5800ft\ncryptolechia alphitias lower, 1923; trans. proc. r. soc. s. aust. 47: 56; tl: dorrigo, new south wales\ncryptolechia cornutivalvata wang, 2003; ent. sinica 9 (3): 203, 197; tl: quannan (24. 7°n, 114. 5°e), jiangxi\ncryptolechia acutiuscula wang, 2004; ent. sinica 11 (3): 228; tl: mt. fanjing (27. 55°n, 108. 41°e), guizhou, 1300m\ncryptolechia concaviuscula wang, 2004; ent. sinica 11 (3): 230; tl: chishui co. (28. 34°n, 105. 42°e), guizhou, 390m\ncryptolechia deflecta wang, 2003; ent. sinica 9 (3): 197; tl: zhouzhi co. (34. 1°n, 108. 2°e), shaanxi, 1350m\ncryptolechia denticulata wang, 2004; ent. sinica 11 (3): 225; tl: chishui co. (28. 34°n, 105. 42°e), guizhou, 390m\ncryptolechia fasciculifera wang, 2004; ent. sinica 11 (3): 229; tl: mt. fanjing (27. 55°n, 108. 41°e), guizhou, 1390m\ncryptolechia fascirupta wang, 2003; ent. sinica 9 (3): 204, 197; tl: mt. qingcheng (30. 9°n, 103. 5°e), sichuan\ncryptolechia furcellata wang, 2004; ent. sinica 11 (3): 226; tl: mt. fanjing (27. 55°n, 108. 41°e), guizhou, 530m\ncryptolechia gei wang, 2003; ent. sinica 9 (3): 210, 197; tl: mt. qingcheng (30. 9°n, 103. 5°e), sichuan\ncryptolechia kangxianensis wang, 2003; ent. sinica 9 (3): 198, 197; tl: kangxian (33. 4°n, 105. 5°e), gansu, 800m\ncryptolechia latifascia wang, 2004; ent. sinica 11 (3): 227; tl: mt. fanjing (27. 55°n, 108. 41°e), guizhou, 530m\ncryptolechia solifasciaria wang, 2004; ent. sinica 11 (3): 223; tl: mt. fanjing (27. 55°n, 108. 41°e), guizhou, 1390m\ncryptolechia spinifera wang, 2004; ent. sinica 11 (3): 223; tl: chishui co. (23. 34°n, 105. 42°e), guizhou, 390m\ncryptolechia varifascirupta wang, 2003; ent. sinica 9 (3): 211, 197; tl: mt. qingcheng (30. 9°n, 103. 5°e), sichuan\ncryptolechia muscosa wang, 2004; ent. sinica 11 (3): 221; tl: xishui co. , (28. 19°n, 106. 12°e), guizhou, 1200m\ncryptolechia proximideflecta wang, 2004; ent. sinica 11 (3): 219; tl: xishui co. , (28. 34°n, 105. 42°e), guizhou, 1200m\ncryptolechia anthaedeaga wang, 2003; ent. sinica 9 (3): 209, 197; tl: neixiang co. (33. 0°n, 111. 8°e), henan, 1350m\ncryptolechia falsivespertina wang, 2003; ent. sinica 9 (3): 199, 198; tl: zhouzhi co. (34. 1°n, 108. 2°e), shaanxi, 1750m\ncryptolechia jigongshanica wang, 2003; ent. sinica 9 (3): 207, 197; tl: mt. jigong (31. 8°n, 114. 1°e), henan, 700m\ncryptolechia microbyrsa wang, 2003; ent. sinica 9 (3): 198, 197; tl: neixiang co. (33. 0°n, 111. 8°e), henan, 650m\ncryptolechia mirabilis wang, 2003; ent. sinica 9 (3): 208, 197; tl: mt. jigong (31. 8°n, 114. 1°e), henan, 700m\ncryptolechia murcidella christoph, 1877; horae soc. ent. ross. 12 (3): 294, (4) pl. 8, f. 67; tl: rubas, derbent\ncryptolechia neargometra wang, 2003; ent. sinica 9 (3): 202, 197; tl: ningshan co. (33. 3°n, 108. 3°e), shaanxi, 880m\ncryptolechia paranthaedeaga wang, 2003; ent. sinica 9 (3): 203, 197; tl: yushan co. (28. 6°n, 118. 2°e), jiangxi, 1120m\ncryptolechia zhengi wang, 2003; ent. sinica 9 (3): 201, 197; tl: zhouzhi co. (34. 1°n, 108. 2°e), shaanxi, 1750m\ncryptolechia hamatilis wang, 2004; ent. sinica 11 (3): 230; tl: huguo temple, mt. fanjing (27. 55°n, 108. 41°e), guizhou, 1300m\ncryptolechia hydara walsingham, 1912; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 123, pl. 4, f. 11; tl: guatemala, totonicapam, 8500 - 10500ft\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb: the taxon name search is for single names only. for example, to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren, 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\ncopyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons, inc. all rights reserved\nenter your email address below. if your address has been previously registered, you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password. if you don' t receive an email, you should register as a new user\n=; [ nhm card ]; wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 195\n= (hysipelon); wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 195\nphaeosaces aganopis meyrick, 1905; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 16 (4): 605; tl: maskeliya, ceylon\naliena diakonoff, 1952; ark. zool. (2) 3 (6): 87\nleptosaces anticentra meyrick, 1910; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 20 (1): 155; tl: khasis\nargometra meyrick, 1935; exotic microlep. 4 (18 - 19): 567\napiletria bibundella strand, 1913; archiv naturgesch. 78 a (12): 84; tl: bibundi\nleptosaces callixyla meyrick, 1888; trans. n. z. inst. 20: 78; tl: whangarei; nelson\nphaeosaces chrysocoma meyrick, 1905; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 16 (4): 605; tl: pundaly - oya, ceylon\ncoelocrossa meyrick, 1935 ²; mat. microlep. fauna chin. prov. : 82\nphaeosaces compsotypa meyrick, 1886; trans. n. z. inst. 18: 172; tl: hamilton\nconata strand, 1917; arch. naturgesch. 82 a (3): 152\neucharistis meyrick, 1931; an. mus. nac. hist. nat. buenos aires 36: 396\nglischrodes meyrick, 1931; an. mus. nac. hist. nat. buenos aires 36: 396\nmelaneulia hecate butler, 1883; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1883 (1): 70; tl: valvidia\nmelaneulia hecate; clarke, 1978, smithson. contrl. zool. 273: 38, f. 28; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nphaeosaces liochroa meyrick, 1891; trans. n. z. inst. 23: 98; tl: new zealand\nleptosaces mataea meyrick, 1910; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 20 (1): 156; tl: cuddapah, 4000ft\nmellispersa diakonoff, 1952; ark. zool. (2) 3 (6): 87\nphaeosaces orthotoma meyrick, 1905; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 16 (4): 605; tl: peradeniya, ceylon\nbrazil (rio de janeiro, ...). see [ maps ]\nphaeocausta meyrick, 1934 ²; exotic microlep. 4 (15): 478\neulechria phoebas meyrick, 1907; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 17 (3): 742; tl: bhotan, 4500ft\npraevecta meyrick, 1929; trans. ent. soc. lond. 76: 513\nleptosaces pytinaea meyrick, 1902; trans. r. soc. s. aust. 26: 157; tl: sydney, new south wales\ndepressaria remotella staudinger, 1899; naturhist. mus. hamburg 2 (6): 111, f. 27; tl: uschuaia\nassam, china (fujian, sichuan, zhejiang), taiwan. see [ maps ]\nsemioscopis viridisignata strand, 1913; archiv naturgesch. 78 a (12): 83; tl: alen\naustralia (queensland, new south vales, victoria). see [ maps ]\nleptosaces schistopa meyrick, 1902; trans. r. soc. s. aust. 26: 156; tl: brisbane, queensland; glen innes (3500ft), new south wales; gisborne, victoria\n[ afromoths ] de prins, j. & de prins, w. , 2013\nsangmi lee, richard brown & sibyl bucheli. gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ ² ] this may require parentheses or not. i don' t have the necessary information for this taxon .\nh. sauter' s formosa ausbeute. pterophoridae, tortricidae, eucosmidae, gelechiadae, oecophoridae, cosmopterygidae, hypomeutidae, sesiadae, glyphipterygidae, plutellidae, teneidae, adelidae (lep. )\nverzeichniss der von professor dr. r. bucholz in west - africa gesammelten schmetterlinge\nzoologische ergebnisse der expedition des herrn tessmann nach süd kamerun und spanisch guinea. lepidoptera. iv\nh. sauter' s formosa - ausbeute: lithosiinae, nolinae, noctuidae (p. p .), ratardidae, chalcosiidae, sowie nacträge zu den familien drepanidae, limacodidae, gelechiidae, oecophoriidae und heliodinidae\nzeller, 1852 lepidoptera microptera quae j. a. wahlberg in caffrorum terra collegit k. vetenskakad. handl. 1852: 1 - 120\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome." ]

{ "text": [ "cryptolechia stictifascia is a moth in the depressariidae family .", "it was described by wang in 2003 .", "it is found in china ( fujian , guizhou , shaanxi ) . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20 ] }

[ "cryptolechia stictifascia is a moth in the depressariidae family. it was described by wang in 2003. it is found in china (fujian, guizhou, shaanxi)." ]

[ "ngu? n: wikipedia. c c trang: 28. ch ng: cerithiopsis, seila, eumetula, cerithiella, joculator, eumetula strebeli, specula, cerithiopsis academicorum, cerithiopsis albovittata, cerithiopsis aimen, cerithiopsis matara, cerithiopsis greenii, eumetula arctica, cerithiopsis apicina, cerithiopsis pseudomovilla, cerithiopsis althea, cerithiopsis io, cerithiopsis dominguezi, cerithiopsis fuscoflava, cerithiopsis fusiformis, cerithiopsis prieguei, cerithiopsis guitarti, cerithiopsis gemmulosa, cerithiopsis ara, cerithiopsis vanhyningi, cerithiopsis portoi, cerithiopsis vicola, cerithiopsis sigsbeana, cerithiopsis flava, cerithiopsis cruzana, horologica, cerithiopsis aralia, seila adamsii, cerithiopsis vinca, cerithiopsis acontium, eumetula michaelseni, cerithiopsis iota, cerithiopsis merida, cerithiopsis magellanica, cerithiopsis georgiana, cerithiopsis lata, cerithiopsis argentea, cerithiopsis vitrea, cerithiopsis petala, cerithiopsis serina, cerithiopsis warmkae, cerithiopsis honora, cerithiopsis leipha, cerithiopsis decora, cerithiopsis docata, cerithiopsis eliza, cerithiopsis elima, cerithiopsis elsa, retilaskeya bicolor, eumetula dilecta, eumetula pulla, cerithiopsis apexcostata, dizoniopsis, specula dissimilis, horologica cubensis, cerithiella cepene, cerithiella metula, cerithiella pernambucoensis, krachia, belonimorphis belonimorphis, cerithiopsis parvada, dizoniopsis aspicienda, cerithiopsis dilata, dizoniopsis abylensis, cerithiopsis oculisfictis, cerithiopsis krisbergi, cerithiopsis petanii, cerithiopsis tarruellasi, cerithiopsis morelosensis, dizoniopsis coppolae, alipta crenistria, cerithiopsis capixaba, cerithiopsis gordaensis, specula retifera, cubalaskeya, krachia cossmanni, specula odhneri, cubalaskeya cubana, cerithiopsis ceac, dizoniopsis herosae, specula marginata, cerithiopsis micalii, cerithiopsis tubercularis, cerithiopsis jousseaumei, specula styliformis, cerithiopsis alabastrula, cerithiella axicostulata, cerithiopsis scalaris, cerithiopsis hadf ...\nspecies cerithiopsis cynthia bartsch, 1911 accepted as cerithiopsis iota (c. b. adams, 1845 )\nspecies cerithiopsis buijsei de jong & coomans, 1988 accepted as cerithiopsis lata (c. b. adams, 1850 )\nspecies cerithiopsis aurantiaca melvill & standen, 1896 accepted as cerithiopsis melvilli jay & drivas, 2002 (invalid: junior homonym of cerithiopsis aurantiaca gould, 1861; c. melvilli is a replacement name )\n» species cerithiopsis (joculator) insignis e. a. smith, 1906 represented as cerithiopsis insignis e. a. smith, 1906\nspecies cerithiopsis admirabilis w. h. turton, 1932 accepted as cerithiopsis exquisita g. b. sowerby iii, 1897 (dubious synonym )\nspecies cerithiopsis becki w. h. turton, 1932 accepted as cerithiopsis exquisita g. b. sowerby iii, 1897 (dubious synonym )\nspecies cerithiopsis fulgens w. h. turton, 1932 accepted as cerithiopsis exquisita g. b. sowerby iii, 1897 (dubious synonym )\nspecies cerithiopsis pulchella jeffreys, 1858 accepted as cerithiopsis jeffreysi r. b. watson, 1885 (non c. b. adams, 1850 )\nspecies cerithiopsis infrequens rolán, espinosa & fernández - garcés, 2007 accepted as cerithiopsis singularis rolán & fernández - garcés, 2013 (invalid: secondary junior homonym of cerithiopsis infrequens (c. b. adams, 1852) )\nspecies cerithiopsis rugolosum [ sic ] accepted as cerithiopsis rugulosum (c. b. adams, 1850) accepted as metaxia rugulosa (c. b. adams, 1850) (misspelling )\nsubgenus cerithiopsis (seila) a. adams, 1861 accepted as seila a. adams, 1861\nspecies cerithiopsis multilirata g. b. sowerby iii, 1894 accepted as seilarex turritelliformis (angas, 1877 )\nspecies cerithiopsis bermudensis verrill & bush, 1900 accepted as metaxia rugulosa (c. b. adams, 1850 )\nspecies cerithiopsis valeriae giusti fr. , 1987 accepted as onchodia valeriae (giusti fr. , 1987) (original combination )\nthe family cerithiopsidae (mollusca: gastropoda) in cuba 3. the genus cerithiopsis s. l. , species with brown shells\nspecies cerithiopsis amblytera (r. b. watson, 1880) accepted as cerithiella amblytera (r. b. watson, 1880 )\nspecies cerithiopsis bicolor (c. b. adams, 1845) accepted as retilaskeya bicolor (c. b. adams, 1845 )\nspecies cerithiopsis emersonii (c. b. adams, 1839) accepted as retilaskeya emersonii (c. b. adams, 1839 )\nspecies cerithiopsis rugulosum (c. b. adams, 1850) accepted as metaxia rugulosa (c. b. adams, 1850 )\nspecies cerithiopsis balteata r. b. watson, 1881 accepted as horologica balteata (r. b. watson, 1881) (original combination )\nspecies cerithiopsis peilei e. a. smith, 1910 accepted as seilopsis peilei (e. a. smith, 1910) (original combination )\nspecies cerithiopsis ridicula r. b. watson, 1886 accepted as joculator ridiculus (r. b. watson, 1886) (original combination )\nspecies cerithiopsis turbonilloides dautzenberg & h. fischer, 1896 accepted as ektonos turbonilloides (dautzenberg & h. fischer, 1896) (original combination )\nspecies cerithiopsis turrigera r. b. watson, 1886 accepted as horologica turrigera (r. b. watson, 1886) (original combination )\nfull text of\nthe family cerithiopsidae (mollusca: gastropoda) in cuba 3. the genus cerithiopsis s. l. , species with brown shells\nfull text of\nthe family cerithiopsidae (mollusca: gastropoda) in cuba 3. the genus cerithiopsis s. l. , species with brown shells\nsubgenus cerithiopsis (alaba) h. adams & a. adams, 1853 accepted as alaba h. adams & a. adams, 1853 (original rank )\nidentification verstraelen (1966), pelseneer (1881b) and vonck (1933) have reported cerithium vulgatum. probabely these authers have this species confused with cerithiopsis tubercularis (montagu, 1803). [ details ]\ndiscover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal. plos one promises fair, rigorous peer review, broad scope, and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time .\none of the most intriguing patterns in mammalian biogeography is the “island rule”, which states that colonising species have a tendency to converge in body size, with larger species evolving decreased sizes and smaller species increased sizes. it has recently been suggested that an analogous pattern holds for the colonisation of the deep - sea benthos by marine gastropoda. in particular, a pioneering study showed that gastropods from the western atlantic showed the same graded trend from dwarfism to gigantism that is evident in island endemic mammals. however, subsequent to the publication of the gastropod study, the standard tests of the island rule have been shown to yield false positives at a very high rate, leaving the result open to doubt .\nthe evolution of gastropod body size in the deep sea is reexamined. using an extended and updated data set, and improved statistical methods, it is shown that some results of the previous study may have been artifactual, but that its central conclusion is robust. it is further shown that the effect is not restricted to a single gastropod clade, that its strength increases markedly with depth, but that it applies even in the mesopelagic zone .\nthe replication of the island rule in a distant taxonomic group and a partially analogous ecological situation could help to uncover the causes of the patterns observed—which are currently much disputed. the gastropod pattern is evident at intermediate depths, and so cannot be attributed to the unique features of abyssal ecology .\ncitation: welch jj (2010) the “island rule” and deep - sea gastropods: re - examining the evidence. plos one 5 (1): e8776. urltoken\ncopyright: © 2010 john j. welch. this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding: some preliminary work undertaken when jw was funded by bbsrc grant do17750 awarded to andrew rambaut. the funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript .\nthe island rule states that after island colonisation, animals undergo predictable patterns of body size evolution, with larger colonising species becoming smaller, and smaller species becoming larger. the result is a graded trend from dwarfism in the largest colonists to gigantism in the smallest [ 1 ] – [ 4 ]. because insular habitats are distinctive in a number of ways, this pattern might be variously explained, and a variety of hypotheses have indeed been proposed in the literature [ 1 ] – [ 11 ]. recently, mcclain et al. [ 12 ] made an important advance by testing for analogous patterns of body size evolution in a non - insular system. specifically, they compared body sizes of animals living in deep - sea benthic habitats with their shallow - water living congeners. using the malacolog database version 3. 3. 3 of rosenberg [ 13 ], mcclain et al. [ 12 ] took the gastropods of the western atlantic as a case study, and reported that a highly significant trend from dwarfism to gigantism was evident in the deep - sea species .\nhere, i re - examine whether deep - sea gastropods manifest the island rule, making use of the improved statistical methods, and data collated from the recently updated malacolog database [ 24 ], which has been both expanded, and revised to reflect advances in gastropod systematics [ 25 ]. it is found that the central conclusion of mcclain et al. [ 12 ] is robust, and that gastropod colonists of the deep - sea benthos do indeed exhibit island - rule - like evolution .\nto analyse the data, the deep - sea body sizes for each genus were regressed onto the shallow - water body sizes. under the null hypothesis of no effect of deep - sea colonization, these two values should be equal on average, and so the best - fit line should have a slope of one. a shallower slope is consistent with the island rule, and represents a narrowing of the distribution of body sizes in the deep - sea species [ 3 ]. to obtain the best - fit slope, standardized - major - axis regression was used [ 21 ], [ 28 ]. the test statistic for this type of regression is the correlation coefficient between x + y and x − y (where x is the shallow - water body size and y is the deep - sea body size). significance was assessed by randomly permuting the labels for the deep and shallow species within each genus 100, 000 times, to generate a null distribution of the test statistic. the p - value was calculated as the proportion of these randomized coefficients that were equal to or more extreme in value than the true test statistic, doubled for a two - tailed test [ 20 ]. to replicate the method of [ 12 ], an ordinary - least - squares regression was also carried out, calculating significance with the standard t - test [ 28 ]. all statistical tests were carried out in r [ 29 ], and made use of the smatr package [ 23 ], including its common slope test (“ urltoken ”), which compares the fit of a one - and two - slope model to the subdivided data. all code is available on request .\npart a shows how different tests of the ‘island rule’ can give qualitatively different results. “deep - sea” species were defined as those with a depth range midpoint > 200m, and all other species defined as “shallow - water”. the ordinary - least - squares regression (dashed line) differs significantly from the 1∶1 line of the null (dotted line), but the standardized - major - axis regression (solid line) shows no significant departure. part b shows a less ambiguous case: “deep - sea” species are those never observed above 400m, and “shallow - water” species those never observed below 200m; body sizes are within - genus means, taking equal numbers of deep - and shallow - water species in each genus .\naveraging across species has untested statistical properties [ 30 ], but it does have the advantage of reducing noise and the influence of anomalous data. for example, figure 1b plots results for balanced samples with “deep - sea” defined as > 400m. these data are clearly noisy, and the slope is strongly influenced by a single outlier (the largest value on both axes). this point represents the genus fasciolaria, which contains just a single deep - sea species, the recently discovered fasciolaria tephrina [ 32 ]. to restrict the influence of such isolated observations, mcclain et al. [ 12 ] excluded from their analyses all genera with fewer than two shallow and two deep species. despite reducing sample size by ∼2 / 3, this procedure strengthens the observed effect, with a highly significant departure from the null now apparent at the shallowest cutoff depth (table 1 part b; figure 2) .\nthe body sizes of deep - sea gastropods are plotted against those of their shallow - water congeners. “shallow - water” species were never observed below 200m, and “deep - sea” species never observed above depths of a: 200m, b: 400m and c: 600m. separate standardized - major - axis regression lines are shown for the neogastropoda (black points) and all other groups (grey points). the dotted line is the 1∶1 expected under the null. genera with fewer than two deep and two shallow species were excluded .\nthis study has confirmed the important findings of mcclain et al. [ 12 ] that the marine gastropods of the western atlantic show a pattern of body size evolution that is analogous to the island rule, with colonists of the deep - sea benthos tending to converge in size in a graded trend (see also [ 16 ]). no evidence was found of phylogenetic heterogeneity in the strength of the observed effect, as results for the neogastropoda alone were indistinguishable from those for the remaining taxa. in contrast, the strength of the effect did increase systematically with range depth, with deeper - sea species showing a stronger tendency to converge in size. nevertheless, the effect is still apparent in species inhabiting the mesopelagic zone (200–1000m), and so cannot be attributed to unique features of abyssal ecology .\nsince the pattern was first identified [ 1 ] – [ 3 ] the island rule has been explained in a large number of ways [ 1 ] – [ 11 ]. a powerful method of distinguishing between the competing explanations is to test for the presence of analogous patterns in systems that share some, but not all of the ecological characteristics of island habitats [ 4 ], [ 12 ], [ 34 ]. for example, one putative contributor to the vertebrate pattern is “immigrant selection”, that is, between - lineage differences in the probability of reaching isolated islands, as opposed to differences in survival after colonisation [ 4 ], [ 35 ], [ 36 ]. the colonization of the deep - sea benthos differs clearly and qualitatively from the colonization of islands, and so if it is assumed that the similar patterns of body size evolution reflect a similarity of underlying cause [ 12 ], this argues against immigrant selection as a key determinant of the graded trend that is observed in both cases .\nsimilarly, predator release is a particularly plausible explanation of the vertebrate island rule [ 1 ], [ 4 ], [ 6 ], [ 11 ]; this is partly because it can naturally account for both dwarfism and gigantism (by assuming that large and small body sizes evolve as alternative strategies for predator avoidance), and partly because predator release is so clearly implicated in other unusual characteristics of island endemics (such as tameness) [ 37 ], [ 38 ]. but there is little evidence that reduced predation characterises the deep - sea [ 12 ], [ 14 ], and indeed there is direct evidence of substantial predation acting on deep - sea gastropods [ 12 ], [ 39 ] – [ 41 ]. the gastropod results therefore argue against the predator release hypothesis as a general explanation of the island rule [ 12 ] .\nwe are therefore still far from understanding the causes of the patterns observed – and particularly the roles of inter - and intra - specific competition [ 3 ], [ 4 ], [ 11 ], [ 12 ]. a detailed clarification of where the pattern does and does not hold will be an important step toward achieving this goal [ 4 ], [ 12 ], [ 19 ], [ 20 ] .\nmany thanks are due to andrew rambaut for providing a script to mine the malacolog database. many thanks also to lucy weinert, nicolas bierne, gary rosenberg, shai meiri. simon joly and an anonymous reviewer, who all greatly improved the manuscript with their comments and advice .\nconceived and designed the experiments: jw. performed the experiments: jw. analyzed the data: jw. wrote the paper: jw .\nfoster jb (1964) evolution of mammals on islands. nature 202: 234–235 .\nvan valen l (1973) pattern and balance in nature. evolutionary theory 1: 31–49 .\nlomolino mv (1985) body size of mammals on islands: the island rule re - examined. am nat 125: 310–316 .\nlomolino mv (2005) body size evolution in insular vertebrates: generality of the island rule. j biogeog 32: 1683–1699 .\nmacarthur rh, wilson eo (1963) an equilibrium theory of insular zoogeography. evolution 17: 373–387. (doi :\nroth vl (1992) inferences from allometry and fossils: dwarfing of elephants on islands. oxford survey of evolutionary biology 8: 259–288 .\nsmith fa (1992) evolution of body size among woodrats from baja california, mexico. funct ecol 6: 265–273. (doi :\nmarquet pa, taper ml (1998) on size and area: patterns of mammalian body size extremes across landmasses. evol ecol 12: 127–139 .\nclegg sm, owens ipf (2002) the ‘island rule’ in birds: medium body size and its ecological explanation. proc r soc b 269: 1359–1365 .\npalkovacs ep (2003) explaining adaptive shifts in body size on islands: a life history approach. oikos 103: 37–44. (doi :\nmcclain cr, boyer ag, rosenberg g (2006) the island rule and the evolution of body size in the deep sea. j biogeog 33: 1578–1584 .\nrosenberg g (1993) a database approach to studies of molluscan taxonomy, biogeography and diversity, with examples from western atlantic marine gastropods. american malacological bulletin 10: 257–266 .\ndayton pk, hessler rr (1972) the role of biological disturbance in maintaining diversity in the deep sea. deep–sea research 19: 199–208 .\ngage jd, tyler pa (1991) deep–sea biology: a natural history of organisms at the deep–sea floor. cambridge, uk: cambridge university press. 524 p .\nrex ma, etter rj, morris js, crouse j, mcclain cr, et al. (2006) global bathymetric patterns of standing stock and body size in the deep–sea benthos. mar ecol prog ser 317: 1–8 .\nmeiri s (2007) size evolution in island lizards. global ecol biogeogr 16: 702–708 .\nmeiri s, dayan t, simberloff d (2005) area, isolation and body size evolution in insular carnivores. ecol lett 8: 1211–1217 .\nmeiri s, cooper n, purvis a (2008) the island rule: made to be broken? proc r soc b 275: 141–148. (doi :\nwelch jj (2009) testing the island rule: primates as a case study. proc r soc b 276: 675–682 .\nprice td, phillimore ab (2007) reduced major axis regression and the island rule. j biogeog 34: 1998–1999 .\nmartin rd, barbour ad (1989) aspects of line–fitting in bivariate allometric analyses. folia primatologica 53: 65–81 .\nwarton di, wright ij, falster ds, westoby m (2006) bivariate line–fitting methods for allometry. biological reviews 81: 259–291 .\nrosenberg g (2009) malacolog 4. 1. 1: a database of western atlantic marine mollusca. available :\nbouchet p, rocroi j–p (2005) classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. malacologia 47: 1–397 .\nsmith cr, de leo fc, bernardino af, sweetman ak, martinez arbizu p (2008) abyssal food limitation, ecosystem structure and climate change. trends ecol evol 23: 518–528 .\nsokal rr, rohlf fj (1995) biometry: the principles and practice of statistics in biological research. 3rd edition. new york: w. h. freeman and co .\nr development core team (2006) r: a language and environment for statistical computing. vienna: r foundation for statistical computing. available :\nguo h, weiss re, gu x, suchard ma (2007) time squared: repeated measures on phylogenies. mol biol evol 24: 353–362 .\ngage jd, bett bj (2005) deep–sea benthic sampling. in: eleftheriou a, mcintyre a, editors. methods for the study of marine benthos: third edition. oxford: blackwell science ltd. pp. 273–325 .\n( mollusca: caenogastropoda) from the southwestern caribbean. zootaxa 49: 1–7 .\nmcclain cr, rex ma, jabbour r (2005) deconstructing bathymetric body size patterns in deep–sea gastropods. mar ecol prog ser 297: 181–187 .\nschmidt nm, jensen pm (2003) changes in mammalian body length over 175 years - adaptations to a fragmented landscape? conservation ecology 7: 6 .\nreyment ra (1983) palaeontological aspects of island biogeography: colonization and evolution of mammals on mediterranean islands. oikos 41: 299–306 .\nlomolino mv (1984) immigrant selection, predatory exclusion and the distributions of microtus pennsylvanicus and blarina brevicadua on islands. am nat 123: 468–483 .\nmcnab bk (2002) minimizing energy expenditure facilitates vertebrate persistence on oceanic islands. ecol lett 5: 693–704 .\nduncan rp, blackburn tm (2004) extinction and endemism in the new zealand avifauna. global ecol biogeogr 13: 509–517 .\nvale fk, rex ma (1988) repaired shell damage in deep - sea prosobranch gastropods from the western north atlantic. malacologia 28: 65–79 .\nvale fk, rex ma (1989) repaired shell damage in a complex of rissoid gastropods from the upper continental slope south of new england. nautilus 103: 105–108 .\nwalker se, voight jr (1994) palecological and taphonomic potential of deep - sea gastropods. palaios 9: 48–59 .\nmccollom tm (1999) geochemical constraints on primary productivity in submarine hydrothermal vent plumes. deep sea research i: oceanographic research papers 47: 85–101 .\nwassersug rj, yang h, sepkoski jj jr, raup dm (1979) the evolution of body size on islands: a computer simulation. am nat 114: 287–295 .\nwilliams gc. natural selection: domains, levels and challenges. oxford: oxford university press. .\nraia p, meiri s (2006) the island rule in large mammals: paleontology meets ecology. evolution 60: 1731–1742. (doi :\ndo these subject areas make sense for this article? click the target next to the incorrect subject area and let us know. thanks for your help !\nrosenberg, g. ; moretzsohn, f. ; garcía, e. f. (2009). gastropoda (mollusca) of the gulf of mexico, pp. 579–699 in: felder, d. l. and d. k. camp (eds .), gulf of mexico–origins, waters, and biota. texas a & m; press, college station, texas. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43. 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed. my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\n© 2002 - 2005, the american museum of natural history. all rights reserved. send inquiries about collections to randall t. schuh < schuh @ amnh. org > or mark siddall < siddall @ amnh. org > .\nnatural history museum (2014). dataset: collection specimens. resource: specimens. natural history museum data portal (data. nhm. ac. uk). urltoken\nan open source project by the natural history museum' s biodiversity informatics group .\nkeyword search - try again, but check your spelling, and / or use fewer search terms .\nif we don' t have it today, create a' want' and receive an automated email when the item is listed for sale .\nfind books from over 100, 000 booksellers worldwide, for easy searches and price comparison .\nby using the web site, you confirm that you have read, understood, and agreed to be bound by the terms and conditions. © 1996 - 2018 abebooks inc. all rights reserved. abebooks, the abebooks logo, abebooks. com ,\npassion for books .\nand\npassion for books. books for your passion .\nare registered trademarks with the registered us patent & trademark office .\nforbes e. ; hanley s. c. (1848 - 1853). a history of british mollusca and their shells. london, van voorst. vol. 1: i - lxxx [ 1853 ], 1 - 486 [ 1848 ], pl. a - w, aa - zz, aaa - zzz [ dates uncertain ]; vol. 2: 1 - 480 [ 1 dec. 1849 ], 481 - 557 [ 1850 ]; vol. 3: 1 - 320 [ 1850 ], 321 - 616 [ 1851 ]; vol. 4: 1 - 300 [ 1852 ], pl. 1 - 114f [ dates uncertain ]. , available online at urltoken page (s): pl. oo [ 1 aug. 1850 ]; 3 (34): pl. 91 [ 2 dec. 1850 ]; 3 (36): 364 [ 1 feb. 1851 ] [ details ]\n( of nanopsis cecalupo & robba, 2010) cecalupo a. & robba e. (2010) the identity of murex tubercularis montagu, 1803 and description of one new genus and two new species of the cerithiopsidae (gastropoda: triphoroidea). bollettino malacologico 46: 45 - 64. page (s): 53 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nmarshall b. (1978). cerithiopsidae of new zealand, and a provisional classification of the family. new zealand journal of zoology 5 (1): 47 - 120. , available online at urltoken; = pa47 [ details ]\ncecalupo a. & robba e. (2010) the identity of murex tubercularis montagu, 1803 and description of one new genus and two new species of the cerithiopsidae (gastropoda: triphoroidea). bollettino malacologico 46: 45 - 64. [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\ngrammatical gender feminine, despite being treated as neuter in the oroginal publication. under the provisions of iczn art. 30. 1. 2 .\na genus - group name that is or ends in a greek word transliterated into latin without other changes takes the gender given for that word in standard greek dictionaries; examples... names ending in... - opsis (opsis) are feminine\n[ details ]\nwe' ve updated our privacy policy and by continuing you' re agreeing to the updated terms .\nwhen you visit our site, preselected companies may use cookies or other certain information on your device to serve relevant ads and for analytics purposes. learn more\ndiscussions, photo series, how to identify or distinguish a species or between species .\nemilio rolán, harry g. lee, marlo krisberg & raúl fernández - garcés\nfrom the caribbean and adjacent regions are studied. with the information compiled in the present work, the diagnosis of any presented species may be resolved by comparison of the selected characters .\ndes caraïbes et des eaux adjacentes sont ici étudiées. grâce à ces informations, l’iden¬tification d’une des espèces présentées dans cet article sera facilitée par la comparaison des spécificités des coquilles .\nh. & a. adams, 1853 in the caribbean and close areas is poorly studied due to some reasons: the small size of these species, the numerous species existent and the great similarity of many of them .\nnevertheless, there are several works about this group, and they provide enough differences to allow specific separation. in this paper, we have focused on the brown\nwe have selected those species which have shells of dark brown color, light uniform brown, yellowish or cream alternating with brown (which sometimes appear brownish) or those of variable color (which sometimes may be light brown or tan). thus we have not included those species which are white in color, or cream, or white with cream or light shells with fine brown bands e. g. ,\nrolán & fernández - garcés, 2007. all these species and many others pure white in color may be revised in a future work .\nthis list is in alphabetical order, but the figures were orde - red by the number of protoconch whorls, beginning with the shorter ones .\nrolán & espinosa, 1995 usually has a dark brown shell with a protoconch of 3 1 / 2 to 4 1 / 4 whorls, uniformly brown and smooth. the early teleoconch whorls have three well separated spiral cords, but in the first whorls the upper two are not very close (fig. 14) .\nrolán & espinosa, 1995 has a brown shell, protoconch white and smooth with 3 1 / 2 whorls. the beginning of the teleoconch has the upper and the lower cords only. the third appears between the other two later, and below the spi¬ral 1 and 2 are closer (fig. 12) .\nrolán, espinosa & fernández - garcés, 2007 has a shell with bands of color but sometimes all brown. the protoconch is cream to light brown, 5 whorls, and one spiral cord is near the lower suture with axial short threads in the suture between the whorls. three spirals at the beginning of the teleoconch (fig. 22) .\nrolán, espinosa & fernándezgar - cés, 2007 has a brown shell, a protoconch with 4 convex whorls, whitish, and with axial small ribs on the lower half in the two lower whorls. teleoconch with 3 spiral cords at the beginning, but the upper one is very small. in the following whorls, spiral 1 and 2 are closer (fig. 15) .\ndall & bartsch, 1911 has a brown shell with a white band, sometimes less apparent. the protoconch is 4 1 / 2 light whorls, the first one with spiral cords and the subse¬quent with axial ribs crossed by smaller spiral threads; three spiral at the beginning of the teleoconch (fig. 21) .\nfigueira & pimenta, 2008 has a shell of light brown color, protoconch light brown, with about 3 whorls and covered by axial incomplete ribs. the teleoconch begins with two spiral cords, the upper one produced by the fusion of the spirals 1 and 2 (fig. 10) .\nfigueira & pimenta, 2008 has a shell of light brown color, protoconch with about 4 - 4 1 / 2 whorls of similar color and covered by axial ribs and small granules or¬ganized in spiral rows. the teleoconch begins with two spiral cords the upper one is produced by the fusion of spirals 1 and 2 (fig. 19) .\nrolán & fernández - garcés, 2010 has a light brown shell and a protoconch of 2 whorls, cream in color and smooth. three spiral cords at the beginning of the teleoconch, the upper one smaller only on the first whorl (fig. 3) .\nrolán & espinosa, 1995 has a brown shell, and the protoconch has 5 smooth whorls, being white on the upper one and brown on the subsequent whorls. the spiral cords on the early teleoconch whorls number three and are evenly spaced (fig. 23) .\n( c. b. adams, 1850) has a variable shell in color, usually tan or light brown. the protoconch is very sharp pointed, with 5 whorls, usually brown at the apex and whitish in the rest, having a spiral cord near the lower suture, which has riblets within it. three spiral cords at the beginning of the teleoconch (fig. 24) .\nrolán & espinosa, 1995 has a yellowish - tan shell; the protoconch with only one whorl, white and smooth. the spiral cords on the early teleoconch whorls are three well separated, the upper one slightly smaller (fig. 1) .\n( c. b. adams, 1850) has a brown shell; protoconch whitish with 4 smooth whorls, with an angulation at the periphery of the lower one, and sometimes has microsculpture. three spiral cords at the beginning of the teleoconch but the two upper cords are closer on the first whorl and almost fused on the two following ones (fig. 16) .\n( c. b. adams, 1850) has a shell brown in color, a brown protoconch with 3 1 / 2 smooth whorls. the three spiral cords on the early teleoconch are well separated, the upper one being smaller (fig. 13) .\nrolán & fernández - garcés, 2007 has a shell dirty white or tan; the protoconch has 2 1 / 2 or a little more whorls, which are smooth, whitish, and the beginning of the teleoconch has three spiral cords (fig. 9 )\nin caribbean waters. it may be a limited to a portion of the eastern coast of the usa (lee, 2009) .\nbartsch, 1911 has a brown shell, with 2 whorls of protoconch, which is white in color and smooth. spirals 1 and 2 on the early teleoconch whorls are closer (fig. 4) .\nrolán & fernández - garcés, 2007 has a short brown shell, with a white protoconch with 3 1 / 4 whorls which appear to be smooth but has a very small cord just above the suture and microsculpture. the three spiral cords on the early teleoconch whorls are well separated (fig. 11) .\nrolán & fernández - garcés, 2010 has a light brown shell, with a protoconch of same color and 2 smooth whorls. the beginning of the teleoconch presents three spiral cords, the upper one slightly smaller in first whorl and slightly closer (fig. 5) .\ndall & bartsch, 1911 has a light brown shell, with a brown short protoconch of about 2 whorls. the beginning of the teleoconch with three spirals (fig. 6) .\nrolán & fernández - garcés, 2007 has a light brown shell. the protoconch has 4 - 4 1 / 2 whorls which present a variable cream color, a cord near the lower suture, and riblets on it. three spirals at the beginning of the teleoconch; spiral 1 a little smaller, and spirals 1 and 2 are slightly closer on first two whorls (fig. 18) .\nrolán & espinosa, 1995 has a brown shell with a brown and smooth protoconch with between 2 and 2 1 / 2 whorls. the three spiral cords on the early teleoconch whorls are well separated (fig. 8) .\nrolán & espinosa, 1995 has a brown shell, protoconch smooth and white with 4 whorls, having from the second a prominent cord on its lower part, and the third and fourth with two cords and axial threads between them. the early teleoconch whorls have three spiral cords, the upper two rather close (fig. 17) .\nrolán & espinosa, 1995 has a brownish shell and a dark brown protoconch with about 2 smooth whorls. the three spiral cords on the early teleo - conch whorls are well separated at the beginning, below the upper two slightly closer (fig. 7) .\nrolán & fernández - garcés, 2010 has a brown shell with a white and smooth protoconch with about 1 3 / 4 whorls. the three spiral cords are well separate (fig. 2) .\nbartsch, 1918. we find in the original description that the shell is described as chestnut brown and the apex white; the teleoconch has the upper whorls lighter than the base, “the first marked by two slender spiral cords... ”. lee (2009: 86) examined nine paratypes of\nas were three other lots (uf 10151, uf 10154, uf 10155) from the type locality (tampa bay, florida). we consider\njesús méndez of the centro de apoyo científico y tecnológico a la investigación (cacti) of the university of vigo made the sem photographs. dr. james t. carlton and r. rock - blake of williams college, mystic, connecticut, collected the material studied of\n. we thank them all for making this study possible. alexandre pimenta authorized the publication of photographs from his brazil works .\nforbes & hanley, 1850 (gastropoda: ceri - thiopsidae) from brazil .\n. jackson - ville shell club, inc. , jacksonville, fl. 204 pp. + 19 color pls. may 28 .\nrolán, e. & espinosa, j. , 1995. the family cerithiopsidae (mol¬lusca: gastropoda) in cuba 3. the genus\nrolán, e. , espinosa, j. & fernández - garcés, r. , 2007. the fa - mily cerithiopsidae in cuba. 4. the genus\n1996. albesa, j. , martínez - ortí, a. & robles, f. : primeros datos sobre la superfamilia clausilioidea (gastropoda, pulmonata) en la comunidad valeniana [ first data on the superfamily clausilioidea (gastropoda, pulmonata) in the comunidad valenciana (spain) ]. borredà, v. & collado, m. á. : pulmonados desnudos (gastropoda, pulmonata) de la provincia de castellón (e espana) [ sluhs (gastropoda, pulmonata) of castellón province (e spain) ]. borredà, v. , collado, m. á. , blasco, j. & espín, j. s. : babosas (gastropoda, pulmonata) de andorra [ slugs (gastropoda, pulmonata) of andorra ]. garrido, c. , castillejo, j. & iglesias, j. : the arion lusitanicus complex (gastropoda: pulmonata: arionidae) in cantabria (north of the iberian peninsula). 220 pp. , num. figs, br. gr. 8 .\nhrm ediciones, spain, 2016. paperback. condition: new. language: spanish. brand new book .\ndescription of a new genus and twelve new species of marine bivalves from tropical west africa, with comments on other taxa from the area. in 8vo, offp. , pp. 54 with 33 figs. (10 in color). offprint from iberus, 36 (1 )\n2015. zamarro, m. , garcía - álvarez, ó. & urgorri, v. : new anatomical and biogeographical data on solenogastres cavibelonia from the galician continental margin (nw spain). holyoak, d. t. & holyoak, g. a. : a taxonomic review of cecilioides (gastropoda: ferussaciidae) in continental portugal. oliver, j. d. & rolán, e. : the genus ammonicera (heterobranchia, omalogyridae) in the eastern atlantic. 1: the species of the iberian peninsula. oliver, j. d. , calvo, m. , guallart, j. , sánchez - tocino, l. & templado, j. : gasterópodos marinos de las islas chafarinas (mediterráneo suroccidental) [ marine gastropods of the chafarinas islands (southwestern mediterranean) ]. new taxa: ammonicera columbretensis n. sp. , ammonicera andresi n. sp. , ammonicera nodulosa n. sp. , ammonicera superstriata n. sp. , ammonicera arrondoi n. sp. , ammonicera galaica n. sp. 150 pp. , num. figs, br. gr. 8 .\ndescripcion de nuevas especies y subespecies del genero conus para el archipelago de cabo verde. in 8°, bross. , pp. 66 with 9 pls. (4 in color). iberus suppl. 2\nhrm edic, 2016. condition: nuevo. iberus editado por hrm edic .\ntell us what you' re looking for and once a match is found, we' ll inform you by e - mail .\ncan' t remember the title or the author of a book? our booksleuth is specially designed for you." ]

{ "text": [ "cerithiopsis portoi is a species of sea snail , a gastropod in the family cerithiopsidae , which is known from the caribbean sea and the gulf of mexico .", "it was described by rolán and espinosa , in 1996 . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5 ] }

[ "cerithiopsis portoi is a species of sea snail, a gastropod in the family cerithiopsidae, which is known from the caribbean sea and the gulf of mexico. it was described by rolán and espinosa, in 1996." ]

[ "taylor (1906) description as eupithecia dyarata is available online in the print references .\nmcdunnough, j. h. revision of the north american species of the genus eupithecia (lepidoptera, geometridae) .\ntaxonomic and life history notes on north american eupithecia (lepidoptera, geometridae) frederick h. rindge. 1952. american museum novitates 1569: 1 - 27 .\nrevision of the north american species of the genus eupithecia (lepidoptera, geometridae) james h. mcdunnough. 1949. bulletin of the american museum of natural history 93 (8) .\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nthis group can be difficult to identify from photos and are best determined by examining the genitalia, or by dna analysis .\nhulst, g. d. 1896 a classification of the geometrina of north america, with descriptions of new genera and species. transactions of the american entomological society. 23: 269\ntaylor, g. w. 1906. some new geometridae from british columbia. the canadian entomologist. 38: 390 .\ncontributed by maury j. heiman on 10 october, 2010 - 9: 56pm additional contributions by steve nanz, johnmaxwell22 last updated 28 february, 2016 - 1: 36pm\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nferris, c. d. , 2018. geometridae: larentiinae: eupitheciini (part). lepidoptera of north america, part 14. contributions of the c. p. gillette museum of arthropod diversity colorado state university (over 116 color plates of adult moths w / genitalia - accessed 3 / 9 / 2018 )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nscoble, m. j. (ed .), m. s. parsons, m. r. honey, l. m. pitkin, and b. r. pitkin. 1999. geometrid moths of the world: a catalogue. volumes 1 and 2: 1016 pp. + index 129 pp. csiro publishing, collingwood, victoria, australia .\ndue to latency between updates made in state, provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer, for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data. please refer to\ndistribution data for u. s. states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks (2008). the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs (see local programs) and other contributors and cooperators (see sources) .\nmiller, j. c. and p. c. hammond. 2003. lepidoptera of the pacific northwest: caterpillars and adults. usda forest service fhtet 3003 - 03. online. available: urltoken\nthe small print: trademark, copyright, citation guidelines, restrictions on use, and information disclaimer .\nnote: all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve' s central databases as of november 2016. note: this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer, the natureserve logo, and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve. any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice: copyright © 2017 natureserve, 4600 n. fairfax dr. , 7th floor, arlington virginia 22203, u. s. a. all rights reserved. each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document. the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve. 2017. natureserve explorer: an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ]. version 7. 1. natureserve, arlington, virginia. available http: / / explorer. natureserve. org. (accessed :\nridgely, r. s. , t. f. allnutt, t. brooks, d. k. mcnicol, d. w. mehlman, b. e. young, and j. r. zook. 2003. digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely, james zook, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson, b. d. , g. ceballos, w. sechrest, m. f. tognelli, t. brooks, l. luna, p. ortega, i. salazar, and b. e. young. 2003. digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson, wes sechrest, marcelo tognelli, gerardo ceballos, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn, conservation international, and natureserve. 2004. global amphibian assessment. iucn, conservation international, and natureserve, washington, dc and arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union, conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used, copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text. any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve. nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication, estoppel, or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve. no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve. except as expressly provided above, nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\nall documents and related graphics provided by this server and any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server are provided\nas is\nwithout warranty as to the currentness, completeness, or accuracy of any specific data. natureserve hereby disclaims all warranties and conditions with regard to any documents provided by this server or any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server, including but not limited to all implied warranties and conditions of merchantibility, fitness for a particular purpose, and non - infringement. natureserve makes no representations about the suitability of the information delivered from this server or any other documents that are referenced to or linked to this server. in no event shall natureserve be liable for any special, indirect, incidental, consequential damages, or for damages of any kind arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of information contained in any documents provided by this server or in any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server, under any theory of liability used. natureserve may update or make changes to the documents provided by this server at any time without notice; however, natureserve makes no commitment to update the information contained herein. since the data in the central databases are continually being updated, it is advisable to refresh data retrieved at least once a year after its receipt. the data provided is for planning, assessment, and informational purposes. site specific projects or activities should be reviewed for potential environmental impacts with appropriate regulatory agencies. if ground - disturbing activities are proposed on a site, the appropriate state natural heritage program (s) or conservation data center can be contacted for a site - specific review of the project area (see visit local programs) .\n). your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1. 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\n°ƒl‚ãö\u0010y ±ú¢\bí\u0010üóñ ì\u001a ó! ž) 7 ƒšá‚¦ééðƒp¾·iúzh0bâ \u0015q\u000f\u000fy\u0004v†ˆla d) ôü á\u0010ü÷ñ úa\u001a\u0004½\u0010´d0 @ d * \u0001 } hy½\u0011\u000eð nae ‚wv¤1jmè / j¶ótþá‚j\b3p0 '4nº\u0018l ô á\u0006 ¢\u0016 (a\u0004î\u0014 a†\u0013h? n“j\u0010a¤\u0010v‰h 'Ž = ã ¨! æ\u0004ߤýtö“ „\u001bòòºoi¶ž ž› öô\u0012\u001a¦‡º # ç \\ ¶ˆ [ z! çr\u0017! 8 @ ãâa²œ\u0013 @ ƒô òtƒé\u0007a6u\u0005øc çðn - $ ߤûí; þudräþþí7í¿u¯ ÷m®õvŸ† ã c‚m\u0002\u0006ðoh m ãd m¤\u0018: a8atüŽ¤üyòt¾µm„Šc‘燐› } ¢\u0018 a = d (1m $ úm“ƒ¾—¯zmö—ôÿñ\u000fŽðá $ \u001b% f @ ˆ¥i7¤ 4\u0010n\u0010m * k¿i¶ ×a { øtž› ~ ' öý - ïø _ a§\u001at·½m¾«ý } énè0†ˆä ò\u0019wøjõ\b: móhb\u000e“óîõy\u0006\b¹8; øaiušâï _ ×þ“ ~ ­þ¡ã õýµöýúõÿoþþäø, †\u000f„ü\u0013õ·¢\u0017en½ ^ ý6–n\u000f¾ ­sxg­w­ [ úòþ›úú¾õ¶›ûnëò·ýò¥ð¿ '¼ ·ým' ûjäíjõû­µõúïëuýêÿîšïÿk×úþ¿û¿jšøz¶ \u0017öý _ í¥i; íö×þßÿÿékßé¯þëßÿ ~ ø _ ﰛiþºõõ\u0017éë zv õö7ì6þ›uî–ýs××õ·ÿýz÷­ïqkþƒ8\u0004ÿ¨i ] ßþ\u0010w _ éóû·¶ºÿÿ¿ëµþ¿ü _ ÿý¯ ^ ¿÷ü } ¥ÿ» n—ÿ¿¥cþ½zÿá zÿ¿kÿ uÿkë­ýmÿ¯úþÿ¢oÿoä ¿ÿÿò‡ú\u0016¬Š? íû‹ëõkÿ ÿ _ ÿíýñ' ×ÿõÿ÷õÿ඿î¿ò 'ÿö·ñÿ¥ÿñûòd\u000fûý _ õÿ·õ _ ý = ä @ \u0017zì†Ÿi ÿé õú [ 8ïÿ“ ò²\u001a? ïþ¿ÿ¾×÷kä) p¿ù\u000f¼í¯ÿ‚ë _ äç _ ç! ±oúõ‰ô\u0017ý | ’†î½÷þbíÿÿï _ ½ ~? ü - zëë [ ¯ý8 _ ¦ õÿ! ø—\u0005‘ @ ñÿá { ò¤\u0019zÿÿÿªû÷÷ã _ ÿýºÿÿ ë§\u0010 _ ¶ ò\u0014aç ®ÿ¡ \u0001þáòÿÿýÿz´µ÷m / ÿÿû _ ëñ\u0004ý×øx _ ¶ÿä { ÿë\n] pˆ. úý\u0010 | ÿúþÿûû×ì\u0018kÿþïò÷ ^ ' þ™ @ (ûoÿÿ\u0004sÿâïþˆ' úð { ÿÿ¯þ®¶¿± _ ÿîå1ÿú _ ÿóá—öãÿ¿ôþý\u0010æý\u0005ßè\u0017ß×ÿþÿ\u0015\u0015ë ­ÿïÿû®×ÿ¯áÿÿøýe\u0010¨êþè\u0017ïâ¿ÿïþ¿÷þ\u0017¿zÿ _ ×¥¶“õø 'ÿÿÿú _ õò _ ú×ÿþÿýõû _ ÿþûÿ ÿd\u0017¾ò\u0014y\u0017\u0007ÿù‡öõÿýõï¿ÿ } ÿó×ò [ ÿÿ ^ ïö¿í? ö¤) ÿm‡ÿúèz } / ßõýõþþß÷z÷÷õkrë¿öé¯ëén\nÿúûûö©ÿo×ÿý†? ÿ†0áö\u0017ë®× ¾ûïü [ _ ùä\u0017¯kïkö = ú÷×jÿô: ¿þïi? °ðþ½¯ÿãjáþò¯µë\u0011þ­ ~ “×þ××ÿÿý¯ò ·jßûƒÿñ _ ÿ\u0010°Šþ; ÿû _ ãûþ׏×÷ëÿé2\u0019û¬ü†àÿùüá¯é€ ] ‡ù0 ý\u0002ß _ ¸¯ÿþ! ýúúëÿø > ú _ ·ýø _ ÿ! \u0003c\u000fò\u00106 } à / ×þj\u0003 þu†2t\u0018õ¿ÿúÿ­‡ÿöä\u001b¿õîü\u0014ø +  ôbìŸä ·ð _ _ ñ ‚±y\u0010\u001a2 * \u001a ÿþb q\u000e\u0007¾ÿaöÿø9\b + ÿ\u0005 ~ ÿ \u001büö\u0019ˆ\u0003 ¥ÿ0 / ÿø‚äl ûÿÿµÿûköÿý\u0010ãÿü\n þ¾áÿ\u0005÷þ¼\u0017\u0005ÿ _ ¯þºþûïë¾\u0011\u000fÿ÷ñ 8? è‚ðˆ0 = ´¾ý ~ ÿýp«þ¿ÿõ÷‘\u0000ßé ~? ð & ÿý\u0004äàcô d\u0013ì0—þ\u0011\u000f? ÿ·á\u0010 '~ ˆ? ­ÿÿÿðߏðÿþ–·þ‚áÿazú\u0005± _ ú ÿÿñ\u000f > ý÷ÿø } ½¾\u000fÿè - ÷ý - ×ð _ ð°×ÿuïÿèˆ @ ·ÿÿÿÿò\u0006 ªü˜\u0004oÿëïúã¿ÿº ] è' ÿÿ×ò¥ÿÿ½ïÿß¿àÿþ¿ _ ë¿éih & ÿòþúïòúÿÿÿ·¯û ~ ÿ¿ÿ×ïÿ’? ÿmÿd„ÿúÿ¯éui ~ ÿþÿÿøo ~ ¹ > íÿëŸ ] ëúŸiºþºúòßÿÿûýµé? ýîýßäóúý7¿ÿpš÷ÿ oÿï ~ þiÿòý¿ïõuï«ûõýûòÿÿ¿÷ ~ ¿ýû¯ëpÿõmµ¿m + ÿóÿ¾–ý¨aÿj÷÷÷ä! wuuêõ‡m’ë ýømom4î×¾óný´ è‹mm¿îô' ÷ë\u000e×s×úî¿ûvãzðiõýôõõû øm5ot´û úv˜võ? °šúúëh ‘Ÿ­”z°êzër2òµtð»e\u0017uîhwù\u0019«f¶úëÿ\u000fí' '·¶ž\u0017óa„5í\u0006˜n Ž\u0019pëm8a °“ - ®¶\u0013 _ p®ºí„í { ný } ´öâvë§a\u0006»' w } * §ýõ = \u0007a6\u001a°â±i¦ƒŠa„ @ „\b0©±øhª†€„ Š°› xŠø5´î83\u0001”šl0¶’l\u0018jòlàgtì\u0010Ⴋ $ ó°ºm„“d\u0017¢a nâ\u0006šjß½\u0003bî˜k \u00100„\u001b âm‚ ê\u001ai„\u0018aìcb¶ @ º‚ b ¦Ÿ „⡤› \u0016\u001aq\u001aqli¶’h64ö\u0018 * Ša¤\u0013á\u0010ìvô 0”²Š ¹˜5c†°am\u0006\b0œ†èa\u0006› ód4e4ód4b ´ô0å\u0004 \u0010a6šm0ô0h ø¨ip @ ý ¤š ƒ\b6 (& í x & ƒl ù\u0007µb\u000e‚pâƒ\u0015 ýúz´ö¡! ý0š utì†w†™ \u0010˜tš\nôr\u001b \b0ƒ¨ ƒj) ó¦‚\u0006\u0018 a‚t˜a´\u0010a¦): l§\u0006à„â¨: ù ‘i„ân·a5á‚i§a5m4á„ónâa; \u0006â ] za4ša v\u0018p™ ö“d4b¤øiûi úøm & ý§ ~ úø ] 4è = \u00152 ³ óm4\u0018r èd\u0019 * âeàlûð\u0010a\u0010‚èráb ù\b z { m5ø0r $ \u0005µ\n: a5† âãú† 5' h0¶šïaau\u0006 ª â\u0011\u0012—ˆˆˆˆâ! „â\u0011 ‡û‘t h4ó @ á\u0003\u0004\u001az * ð0xi§i¦ a‚ 4ón\u0018\n\u0004 @ è94óbóu &: ´ó _ âi‘t $ á\u0006b\u00199íëpˆˆ„ã\bn¡\bâ\u0006\bc\u0004\n\u0019 ú! # eš\u00180l\n˜m\u0006\u0013 = ¢\u0010q\u0006s a\b4a‘²\na\u0005¡\n\u00185gâdda“ôéðhâ\nˆœäddq dddda”î°†\nðŠa¿\u0011Š\b é\u0011 > ¿òoôÿº×ÿÿ¶¿ò¾ý\u0004û, 0ƒ±aná\u0003 < 0‰°\u00187nõㆠ¹bâ; á”èh\u0014gÿò\u0002 \u0011\u0019kh w% £ + ¥\u00117\u0006dº\u0004d @ 2n\u0004fxeu8¯æw¾˜m4êê5\u0004 ¤ ó\b\u0018m\u0006œ (ul\u0011\u0012j0˜a¦\u0010as\u0005– '¡stâ§kj\u0013°°l (^ ó\nð ] sm4áuj\u0014\u0016õvâ\u0017¨' ™ * † §cy3×í ~ —ør¸”©¦¿ú\n¼éay \\ ò­av“méêšiîôôg\u0014è' ½o÷v·è 4o´›†ëƒø6õ8; [ mom (7°ƒwpê­sm\u0006úppòµ†\u0016\u001a§þý8a ã 5 v”wøo - \u0013 ¯ [ ‹xþ6º‹ÿuå®×ÿ¿ëëÿ§ýmoýu÷êê¿þ®—µô¿× ] wúÿëúú \\ & \u0013싢\u0012½5âëó\nè. izžâä *! \u0011\ngithub is home to over 28 million developers working together to host and review code, manage projects, and build software together .\nrana aurora baird and girard, 1852; h. b. shaffer et al. , 2004 < - - - - wrong canonical form! !! !! !! !\npotamogeton iilinoensis var. ventanicola (hicken) horn af rantzien potamogeton iilinoensis var. ventanicola af\nyou signed in with another tab or window. reload to refresh your session .\nyou signed out in another tab or window. reload to refresh your session." ]

{ "text": [ "eupithecia maestosa is a moth in the family geometridae .", "it is found from extreme western alberta west to vancouver island , north to northern british columbia and south to texas and california .", "the habitat consists of wooded and shrubby areas .", "the wingspan is 17 – 21 mm .", "adults are dark yellow-brown and grey .", "they are on wing nearly year round in california . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 24, 9, 8, 15 ] }

[ "eupithecia maestosa is a moth in the family geometridae. it is found from extreme western alberta west to vancouver island, north to northern british columbia and south to texas and california. the habitat consists of wooded and shrubby areas. the wingspan is 17 – 21 mm. adults are dark yellow-brown and grey. they are on wing nearly year round in california." ]

[ "have a fact about mylothris alberici? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for mylothris alberici? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nmylothris, commonly called dotted borders, is a genus of pierid butterflies found in africa .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote: you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments. please, create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet. you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc. .\n© 2016, butterfly conservation society, ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .\nsign in to disable all ads. thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word. leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more\nencyclo. co. uk, online since 2007, is a search engine for english meanings and definitions. the website aims to publish all wordlists, big and small, on the internet, making it much easier to find the word you need. follow us on facebook\ndotted borders\nredirects here. for the moth, see dotted border .\nseitz, a. die gross - schmetterlinge der erde 13: die afrikanischen tagfalter. plate xiii 10 et seq\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 9 / 28 / 2016. the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors (here). text is available under the cc by - sa 3. 0 license; additional terms may apply. images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses .\ncredits - computer translations are provided by a combination of our statistical machine translator, google, microsoft, systran and worldlingo .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience. by continuing to visit this site you agree to our use of cookies. learn more." ]

{ "text": [ "mylothris alberici is a butterfly in the pieridae family .", "it is found in western uganda , rwanda , and the democratic republic of the congo ( kivu ) .", "the habitat consists of forests . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 24 ] }

[ "mylothris alberici is a butterfly in the pieridae family. it is found in western uganda, rwanda, and the democratic republic of the congo (kivu). the habitat consists of forests." ]

[ "aethes margaritana (silver coast conch) - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .\na distinctive species, having a silky - white ground - colour and strong yellow - ochreous transverse markings, this is a relatively scarce moth in britain, occurring mainly in the south - east of england. it prefers chalky habitats and shingle beaches .\nukmoths is built, run and maintained by ian kimber, with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries. more often than not you' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache: v317 render date: 2018 - 07 - 03 13: 33: 29 page render time: 0. 3535s total w / procache: 0. 3928s\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nscarce, distinctive species with characteristic silver - white ground colour and sharply contrasting deep ochreous markings .\nunderlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018. © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018. data © nola™ 2018\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas, please upload using the upload tools .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3. 2 / / en\netc... it hibernates and pupates in the larval habitation during the next spring .\nthe adults fly in two generations a year; during may and june and again onwards from july till august. they are active at dusk and later come to light .\nbelgium, brabant, schaffen, 28 june 2008. (photo © frank van de meutter )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 / / en\nurltoken" ]

{ "text": [ "aethes margaritana , the silver coast conch , is a moth of the family tortricidae .", "it was described by haworth in 1811 .", "it is found in most of europe .", "the habitat consists of downland , waste ground and shingle beaches .", "the wingspan is 12 – 16 millimetres ( 0.47 – 0.63 in ) .", "adults have a silky-white groundcolour with yellow-ochreous transverse markings .", "they are on wing from may to june and again from july to august in two generations per year .", "the larvae feed on chrysanthemum , tanacetum , achillea , matricaria and chamomilla species .", "they live in the flowers and seeds of their host plant .", "the species overwinters and pupates in the larval habitation during spring . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 17, 9, 8, 15, 8, 8, 3 ] }

[ "aethes margaritana, the silver coast conch, is a moth of the family tortricidae. it was described by haworth in 1811. it is found in most of europe. the habitat consists of downland, waste ground and shingle beaches. the wingspan is 12 – 16 millimetres (0.47 – 0.63 in). adults have a silky-white groundcolour with yellow-ochreous transverse markings. they are on wing from may to june and again from july to august in two generations per year. the larvae feed on chrysanthemum, tanacetum, achillea, matricaria and chamomilla species. they live in the flowers and seeds of their host plant. the species overwinters and pupates in the larval habitation during spring." ]

[ "a ferocious puffer, feroxodon multistriatus, at lizard island, great barrier reef, queensland. source: andy a. lewis / lizard island research station. license: cc by attribution\nthere are no species - specific conservation measures in place. the distribution of f. multistriatus overlaps several marine protected areas .\nallen, g. r. 1997. marine fishes of tropical australia and south - east asia. western australian museum. pp. 292. (as anchisomus multistriatus )\nanchisomus multistriatus richardson, 1854, the zoology of the voyage of h. m. s. herald: 160, pl. 29. type locality: southern polynesia .\n( of anchisomus multistriatus richardson, 1854) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nallen, g. r. & r. swainston. 1988. the marine fishes of north - western australia. a field guide for anglers and divers. western australian museum. pp. 201. (as anchisomus multistriatus )\nsu, j. , hardy, g. s. , and tyler, j. c. 1986. a new generic name for anchisomus multistriatus richardson, 1854 (tetraodontidae), with notes on its toxicity and pufferfish biting behaviour. records of the western australian museum 13: 101 - 129 .\nthe ferocious puffer can be recognised by its distinctive colouration and gets its name from its unprovoked attacks on people .\nthe ferocious puffer can be recognised by its distinctive colouration. it has curved posteriorly sloping lines on the head and body. the lower regions of the head, body and caudal peduncle are spotted .\nthe species occurs throughout the indo - west pacific. in australia it is recorded from off north - western western australia, around the tropical north, and south to northern new south wales .\nthe map below shows the australian distribution of the species based on public sightings and specimens in australian museums. click on the map for detailed information. source: atlas of living australia .\nits common name comes from its unprovoked attacks on people. it has been known to bite off the toes of swimmers .\nkuiter, r. h. 1996. guide to sea fishes of australia. new holland. pp. 433 .\nwestern pacific: northwestern australia and elsewhere in the region but mainly southwest pacific .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 39. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 9710 )\ninhabits shallow inshore waters and offshore soft bottoms (ref. 9710). feeds on fishes and invertebrates (ref. 9710). highly toxic and is responsible for amputation of swimmers toes (ref. 9710) .\nkailola, p. j. , 1991. the fishes of papua new guinea: a revised and annotated checklist. vol. iii. gobiidae to molidae. research bulletin no. 41, research section, dept. of fisheries and marine resources, papua new guinea. 153 p. (ref. 6771 )\n): 24. 6 - 29. 3, mean 28. 4 (based on 1929 cells) .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 1. 0000 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 02754 (0. 01256 - 0. 06040), b = 2. 88 (2. 70 - 3. 06), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this (sub) family - body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 4. 0 ±0. 62 se; based on food items .\nresilience (ref. 69278): high, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low to moderate vulnerability (29 of 100) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\nangry little guy wants a piece of my gopro. filmed at orpheus island, queensland, australia .\ntypes of freshwater puffer fish for your aquarium | golden puffer, dwarf, amazonian etc .\nblue zoo tv - episode 4 (part 1): the giant pet puffer ...\nan extremely poisonous and aggressive pufferfish that is known to attack people, biting off chunks of flesh and even toes. read about a five year old boy attacked while wading in the shallows at horn island, north queensland. video of a ferocious puffer being ferocious at orpheus island, queensland .\nshark bay, western australia, around the tropical north to at least byron bay, new south wales. the species occurs elsewhere in southern papua new guinea. inhabits inshore and offshore soft bottom areas around reefs .\ntaken as bycatch in commercial trawl fisheries including the torres strait prawn fishery and the queensland saucer scallop trawl fishery .\nsu et al. (1986) report that the ferocious puffer has been implicated in several attacks on human toes and male genitalia .\nthe scientific name means\nmanystriped fierce - tooth\nin reference to the colour pattern and the aggressive nature of this species. the common name is from the unprovoked attacks on people. the species has been known to bite off swimmers' toes .\nthe marine fishes of north - western australia. a field guide for anglers and divers .\nperth, wa: western australian museum vi 201 pp. , 70 pls. (as\ngloerfelt - tarp, t. & kailola, p. j. 1984 .\n. jakarta: dir. gen. fish. (indonesia), german tech. coop. , aust. dev. ass. bur. 406 pp .\njohnson, j. w. 2010. fishes of the moreton bay marine park and adjacent continental shelf waters, queensland, australia. pp. 299 - 353 in davie, p. j. f. & phillips, j. a. proceedings of the thirteenth international marine biological workshop, the marine fauna and flora of moreton bay .\nguide to sea fishes of australia. a comprehensive reference for divers and fishermen .\nlarson, h. k. , williams, r. s. & hammer, m. p. 2013. an annotated checklist of the fishes of the northern territory, australia .\nrichardson, j. 1854. vertebrates, including fossil mammals. fish. 156 - 171, pls 28 - 33 in forbes, e. (ed. )\nthe zoology of the voyage of h. m. s. herald, under the command of captain henry kellet, during the years 1845–51\nrichardson 1854 (tetraodontidae), with notes on its toxicity and pufferfish biting behaviour .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ncarpenter, k. e. , comeros - raynal, m. , harwell, h. & sanciangco, j .\nis distributed in the northwestern to southeastern australia and in southern papua new guinea, and is found at depths ranging from 0 to 53 metres. it is a reef - associated species that inhabits shallow inshore waters and offshore soft bottoms, feeding on fishes and invertebrates. this species does not appear to be utilized, and is sometimes taken as by - catch in trawl fisheries, however the extent of this threat is unknown. there are no species - specific conservation measures in place for\n, however its distribution overlaps with several marine reserves in parts of its range. it is therefore listed as least concern .\nis distributed from northwestern australia (exmouth gulf) to northern new south wales, and is also found in southern papua new guinea. it is found at depths ranging from 1–53 metres (su\ncomprised 4% of the bycatch by weight. it occurred in 21 out of 236 samples (courtney\nare moderately common in museum collections (nine lots) (accessed through the fishnet2 portal, www. fishnet2. org, 2012 - 07 - 13) .\nis a reef - associated species that inhabits shallow inshore waters and offshore soft bottoms, where it feeds on fishes and invertebrates (lieske and myers 1994). this species has been implicated in several attacks on human toes and male genitalia (lieske and myers 1994, su\n1986). there are no external signs of sexual dimorphism in this species. an examination of the gut of several preserved specimens revealed eel - like fishes and crustaceans (su\ntetraodontids are characterized by a tough skin that is often covered with small spinulous scales, a beak - like dental plate divided by a median suture, a slit - like gill opening anterior to the base of the pectoral fin, no pelvic fins, no fin spines, a single usually short - based dorsal fin, a single usually short - based anal fin, and no ribs. they are capable of inflating their abdomens with water when frightened or disturbed and are capable of producing and accumulating toxins such as tetrodotoxin and saxitoxin in the skin, gonads, and liver. the degree of toxicity varies by species, and also according to geographic area and season (allen and randall 1977, allen and erdmann 2012). fishes in the family tetraodontidae have the smallest vertebrate genomes known to date (neafsey and palumbi 2003) .\nthere are no major threats known to this species. it is sometimes taken as bycatch, particularly in the torres strait prawn fishery (turnbull\n9. marine neritic - > 9. 4. marine neritic - subtidal sandy suitability: suitable 9. marine neritic - > 9. 5. marine neritic - subtidal sandy - mud suitability: suitable 9. marine neritic - > 9. 6. marine neritic - subtidal muddy suitability: suitable\n5. biological resource use - > 5. 4. fishing & harvesting aquatic resources - > 5. 4. 3. unintentional effects: (subsistence / small scale) [ harvest ] ♦ timing: ongoing ♦ scope: unknown ♦ severity: unknown ⇒ impact score: unknown 5. biological resource use - > 5. 4. fishing & harvesting aquatic resources - > 5. 4. 4. unintentional effects: (large scale) [ harvest ] ♦ timing: ongoing ♦ scope: unknown ♦ severity: unknown ⇒ impact score: unknown\nallen, g. r. and randall, j. e. 1977. review of the sharpnose pufferfishes (subfamily canthigasterinae) of the indo - pacific. records of the australian museum 30 (17): 475 - 517 .\ncourtney, a. j. , campbell, m. j. , roy, d. p. , tonks, m. l. , chilcott, k. e. and kyne, p. m. 2008. round scallops and square meshes: a comparison of four codend types on the catch rates of target species and by - catch in the queensland (australia) saucer scallop (amusium balloti) trawl fishery. marine freshwater research 59 (10): 849 - 864 .\neschmeyer, w. n. (ed .). 2012. catalog of fishes electronic version. available at: urltoken .\nfishnet 2 portal. 2012. fishnet 2 portal. available at: urltoken .\ngomelyuk, v. e. 2009. fish assemblages composition and structure in three shallow habitats in north australian tropical bay, garig gunak barlu national park, northern territory, australia. journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom 89 (3): 449 - 460 .\niucn. 2014. the iucn red list of threatened species. version 2014. 3. available at: urltoken. (accessed: 13 november 2014) .\nlieske, e. and myers, r. 1994. collins pocket guide. coral reef fishes. indo - pacific and caribbean including the red sea. harper collins publishers .\nneafsey, d. e. and palumbi, s. r. 2003. genome size evolution in pufferfish: a comparative analysis of diodontid and tetraodontid pufferfish genomes. genome research 13 (5): 821 - 830 .\nturnbull, c. , furlani, d. , bulman, c. , dowdney, j. 2007. ecological risk assessment for the effects of fishing: report for the torres strait prawn fishery. ecological risk assessment. australian fisheries management authority, canberra .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nyearsley, g. k. , last, p. r. & morris, g. b. 1997 ,\ncodes for australian aquatic biota (caab): an upgraded and expanded species coding system for australian fisheries databases\n, pp. 15 pp. + appendices\nrichardson, j. 1854 ,\nvertebrates, including fossil mammals. fish\n, ed. forbes, e. (ed .), the zoology of the voyage of h. m. s. herald, under the command of captain henry kellet, during the years 1845–51, pp. 156 - 171, pls 28 - 33, reeve & benham, london\nmcculloch, a. r. 1929 ,\na check - list of the fishes recorded from australia. part iii\n, records of the australian museum, vol. 5, pp. 329–436\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: c9b853ee - 325f - 4d86 - 95f8 - 3128d8bde7c4\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 7f46d4f5 - 45cb - 489b - b000 - 325f0ce3cc28\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 423796\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4. 0 license\nfroese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\neschmeyer, w. n. (ed). catalog of fishes. urltoken electronic version accessed 03 - nov - 2014\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\ninhabits shallow inshore waters and offshore soft bottoms (ref. 9710). feeds on fishes and invertebrates (ref. 9710). highly toxic and is responsible for amputation of swimmers toes (ref. 9710) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 322c42d7 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 322c44a9 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 322c46ef - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 37af5ac3 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nfroese r. & pauly d. (eds). (2018). fishbase (version feb 2018). in: roskov y. , abucay l. , orrell t. , nicolson d. , bailly n. , kirk p. m. , bourgoin t. , dewalt r. e. , decock w. , de wever a. , nieukerken e. van, zarucchi j. , penev l. , eds. (2018). species 2000 & itis catalogue of life, 30th june 2018. digital resource at urltoken species 2000: naturalis, leiden, the netherlands. issn 2405 - 8858 .\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 7b859668 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this." ]

{ "text": [ "feroxodon multistriatus , known as the manystriped blowfish , manystriped pufferfish , scribbled toadfish , or ferocious pufferfish , is a species in the pufferfish family , tetraodontidae , distributed in the indo-west pacific .", "it is the only member of the monotypic genus feroxodon .", "the fish has sloping , thin , brown and white lines on the head and body curving toward the tail .", "the lower head , body and caudal peduncle are spotted .", "the maximum size is reported as 39 cm to 90 cm ( 3 feet ) .", "the fish occurs throughout the indo-western pacific , including new guinea , and is recorded from western australia south to new south wales .", "in spite of its small size , this fish is known to make unprovoked attacks on humans , the inspiration for the common name ferocious pufferfish .", "one such attack near thursday island , queensland , australia , caused severe damage to the toes of a five-year-old boy .", "this fish \" inhabits shallow inshore waters and offshore soft bottoms .", "feeds on fish and invertebrates .", "highly toxic and is responsible for amputation of swimmers toes . \" " ], "topic": [ 27, 26, 23, 23, 0, 8, 10, 4, 18, 8, 4 ] }

[ "feroxodon multistriatus, known as the manystriped blowfish, manystriped pufferfish, scribbled toadfish, or ferocious pufferfish, is a species in the pufferfish family, tetraodontidae, distributed in the indo-west pacific. it is the only member of the monotypic genus feroxodon. the fish has sloping, thin, brown and white lines on the head and body curving toward the tail. the lower head, body and caudal peduncle are spotted. the maximum size is reported as 39 cm to 90 cm (3 feet). the fish occurs throughout the indo-western pacific, including new guinea, and is recorded from western australia south to new south wales. in spite of its small size, this fish is known to make unprovoked attacks on humans, the inspiration for the common name ferocious pufferfish. one such attack near thursday island, queensland, australia, caused severe damage to the toes of a five-year-old boy. this fish \" inhabits shallow inshore waters and offshore soft bottoms. feeds on fish and invertebrates. highly toxic and is responsible for amputation of swimmers toes. \"" ]

[ "seasonal dynamics of skrjabinoptera phrynosoma (nematoda) infection in horned lizards from the alvord basin: temporal components of a unique life cycle .\nadd tags for\na study of the biology and life cycle of skrjabinoptera phrynosoma (ortlepp) schulz, 1927 (nematoda: spiruroidea) a nematode parasite of the texas horned toad, phrynosoma cornutum ,\n.\na study of the biology and life cycle of skrjabinoptera phrynosoma (ortlepp) schulz, 1927 (nematoda: spiruroidea) a nematode parasite of the texas horned toad, phrynosoma cornutum, (book, 1956) [ worldcat. org ]\na study of the biology and life cycle of skrjabinoptera phrynosoma (ortlepp) schulz, 1927 (nematoda: spiruroidea) a nematode parasite of the texas horned toad, phrynosoma cornutum, / hsüeh - tao li; [ minneapolis ] 1956 .\nseasonal dynamics of skrjabinoptera phrynosoma (nematoda) infection in horned lizards from the alvord basin: temporal components of a unique life c... - pubmed - ncbi\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title: a study of the biology and life cycle of skrjabinoptera phrynosoma (ortlepp) schulz, 1927 (nematoda: spiruroidea) a nematode parasite of the texas horned toad, phrynosoma cornutum, author: hsüeh - tao li publisher: [ minneapolis ] 1956. oclc: 29171714\nthere are probably many additional nematode parasites of vertebrates utilizing ants as intermediate hosts. reptiles, mammals, and amphibians eat ants, and it follows that nematodes other than skrjabinoptera phrynosoma would have devised methods of cycling themselves through ants to reach their definitive hosts. in the mysterious case involving rabbium paradoxus, the presence of adults of a heteroxenous nematode in an ant raises the question of whether formicids can serve as sole hosts or this is just a case of precocity .\nthere are few reports of heteroxenous nematodes utilizing ants as intermediate hosts, that is, hosts where the nematodes develop only to the third - stage infective juveniles. maturity to the adult stages occurs when the intermediate host is eaten by a vertebrate definitive host. one such nematode is the physalopterid, skrjabinoptera phrynosoma that lives in the stomach of the texas horned lizard, phrynosoma cornutum, and uses the harvester ant, pogonomyrmex barbatus, as an intermediate hosts [ 39 ]. however instead of depositing isolated eggs that would pass from the lizard, the gravid nematodes die with the retained eggs enclosed in thick walled capsules. the females with their enclosed eggs pass out of the lizard and are collected by worker ants that feed them to their brood. the nematode eggs hatch in the gut of the ant larvae and the juveniles enter the fat body, where they develop only to the third stage. these juveniles are carried through the pupal and into the adult stage of the ant, where they eventually reside in membranous capsules. the nematodes complete their development to the adult stage when infected ants are eaten by the lizards. worker ants with more than 10 nematodes were still active but had enlarged, lighter colored gasters. the interesting, pivotal stage in this life cycle is the attractiveness of the dead, egg - laden female nematodes to worker ants .\ngösswald [ 57 ] reported the presence of several encysted nematodes in the flight muscles of a queen teleutomyrmex schneideri in germany. the cysts were quite small, being only 25 μ m in diameter. except for their small size, the cysts are similar in appearance to those of the vespid mermithid, pheromermis pachysoma, formed in the body wall of trichoptera paratenic hosts [ 27 ] and the ant parasite, p. villosa, in the body of oligochete paratenic hosts [ 26 ]. however, the pheromermis cysts are 60–100 μ m and 80 μ m in diameter, respectively. it is possible that juvenile nematodes of a mermithid parasite were acquired after the queen was fully formed and the nematodes preferred to encyst rather than initiate development. the other likelihood is that the nematodes were the infective stages of a heteroxenous nematode parasite and were waiting for transfer to a vertebrate definitive host. however, the only cysts of heteroxenous nematodes known from ants are those of the physalopterid, s. phrynosoma, the smallest of which measures 633 μ m in diameter [ 39 ] .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\ndepartment of biology, georgia southern university, 69 georgia avenue, statesboro, georgia 30460, usa .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance. if your browser does not accept cookies, you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly. below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser. you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined. to accept cookies from this site, use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies. try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past. if your computer' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970, the browser will automatically forget the cookie. to fix this, set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set. you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page. to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit, which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie; no other information is captured .\nin general, only the information that you provide, or the choices you make while visiting a web site, can be stored in a cookie. for example, the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it. allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer, and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nlife isn' t easy as a parasite with a complex life - cycle. in order to grow up and reproduce, you often need to make your way through the bodies of at least two very different host animals - a very haphazard process that depends largely on timing and luck. in the case of today' s parasite - a nematode worm called\n- it has to make its way between a lizard and an ant. the adult\n. however, when the female becomes filled with mature eggs, she migrates to the lizard' s cloaca (a nice, technical way of describing a lizard' s butt) .\nmakes the ultimate sacrifice by casting her egg - filled body out of the lizard via the host' s feces. she will die outside of the host - but in addition to protecting her eggs by doing so, it is also her strategy for helping her eggs reach the next host. for some reason, ants find the shriveled, egg - filled cadavers of female\nto be a tasty treat, a meal fit to feed to their brood of growing ant larvae - which then become infected with the parasite' s own larvae. the life - cycle is complete when the infected larvae mature into workers, emerge from the colony, and become lizard food - horned lizards are specialists on ants .\nhas evolved to synchronise its life - cycle with the seasonal behaviour of both its lizard and ant hosts. they found that the number of egg - filled females (all ready to evacuate) reach peak abundance during the middle of the lizard' s mating season. this is also the period when there are the greatest number of ants out busily foraging and when the colonies are packed to capacity with broods of growing ant larvae. by timing its life - cycle in such a manner ,\nensures that when next season rolls around, when those broods of larvae are ready to emerge as a new generation of workers ants, they will be doing so pre - infected with nematodes and just in time to welcome the hungry lizards coming out of hibernation .\nhilsing, k. c. , anderson, r. a. and nayduch, d. (2011) seasonal dynamics of\n( nematoda) infection in horned lizards from the alvord basin: temporal components of a unique life - cycle .\nhint: you' re just looking at the tip of the iceberg ...\nif you think you or your pets have a parasite, please seek the appropriate care you need from your own doctor or veterinarian .\nwhy parasite of the day? (if it' s not every day... )\nthe united nations declared 2010 the international year of biodiversity. in celebration of the enormous diversity of parasites and to highlight their importance, we created this blog, which showcased a species of parasite every day. now that 2010 is over, we will continue to add more parasites from time to time, and write about any newly published research on parasite species that we have posted about yet .\nsee this post from the start of 2011 where we discuss the sheer scale of parasite biodiversity, and this post from the end of 2011 pretty much summarizes the mission of this blog .\ngot parasites? the american society of parasitologists is interested. we invite you to share with us your observations, ideas and questions about parasites. our members and the journal of parasitology represent a wide range of research interests including ecology, evolution, systematics, immunology, biochemistry and molecular biology. please post any aspect of parasitology you wish to share with us on our facebook group page. please go to our home page at\nbush, albert, gerald esch and jacqueline fernandez. parasitism: the diversity and ecology of animal parasites. cambridge university press .\ncombes, claude. the art of being a parasite. university of chicago press .\ndesowitz, robert. new guinea tapeworms and jewish grandmothers. norton & company .\ndesowitz, robert. the malaria capers: tales of parasites and people. norton and compay .\nmoore, janice. parasites and the behavior of animals. oxford university press .\nzuk, marlene. riddled with life: friendly worms, ladybug sex, and the parasites that make us who we are. mariner books\njavascript is disabled on your browser. please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\nthe first study to show the life - cycle of a. hastaspicula in their definitive hosts .\nthis study elucidates the life - cycle of the reptile inhabiting nematode abbreviata hastaspicula (spirurida: physalopteridae: physalopterinae) in australia. eight varanus gouldii (lacertilia: varanidae), and two christinus marmoratus (reptilia: gekkonidae) lizards were captured in the wild. two v. gouldii were used as controls and no experimental procedures were carried out on them. another six v. gouldii (final host) and the two c. marmoratus (paratenic host) were treated with oral anthelmintics to remove all parasitic worms and were fed with infected live arthropods containing third stage larvae of abbreviata hastaspicula. faeces of v. gouldii were examined under the microscope weekly to determine whether the third stage larvae had developed into adults. two months later, a total of 30 larvae and adults of a. hastaspicula were found in the stomachs of four experimentally - infected v. gouldii lizards. no cysts or larva were found in the c. marmoratus. this is the first study to demonstrate the life - cycle of this genus of nematode in their definitive reptile hosts .\n© 2016 the author (s). published by elsevier ltd on behalf of australian society for parasitology .\ncopyright © 2018 elsevier b. v. or its licensors or contributors. sciencedirect ® is a registered trademark of elsevier b. v .\nalmost two years ago, we launched pubmed journals, an ncbi labs project. pubmed journals helped people follow the latest biomedical literature by making it easier to find and follow journals, browse new articles, and included a journal news feed to track new arrivals news links, trending articles and important article updates .\npubmed journals was a successful experiment. since september 2016, nearly 20, 000 people followed 10, 453 distinct journals. each customer followed 3 journals on average .\nthough pubmed journals will no longer exist as a separate entity, we hope to add its features into future ncbi products. we appreciate your feedback over the years that made pubmed journals a productive test of new ideas .\nncbi labs is ncbi’s product incubator for delivering new features and capabilities to ncbi end users .\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript. some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items. please create a new list with a new name; move some items to a new or existing list; or delete some items .\nnote: citations are based on reference standards. however, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher, classroom teacher, institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address (es) field is required. please enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\nthe e - mail address (es) you entered is (are) not in a valid format. please re - enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nyou may have already requested this item. please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nworldcat is the world' s largest library catalog, helping you find library materials online. learn more ››\ndon' t have an account? you can easily create a free account .\nto receive news and publication updates for psyche: a journal of entomology, enter your email address in the box below .\ncopyright © 2012 george poinar jr. this is an open access article distributed under the creative commons attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited .\nants can serve as developmental, definitive, intermediate, or carrier hosts of a variety of nematodes. parasitic ant nematodes include members of the families mermithidae, tetradonematidae, allantonematidae, seuratidae, physalopteridae, steinernematidae, and heterorhabditidae. those nematodes that are phoretically associated with ants, internally or externally, are represented by the rhabditidae, diplogastridae, and panagrolaimidae. fossils of mermithids, tetradonematids, allantonematids, and diplogastrids associated with ants show the evolutionary history of these relationships, some of which date back to the eocene (40 mya) .\nnematodes are one of the most abundant groups of animals known. studies on their evolutionary history suggest that they probably arose in the precambrian, which explains their wide abundance today in the terrestrial and marine environments. while only some 20, 000 have been described, their species diversity has been estimated to be as high as 10 million [ 1 ] .\none would assume that with their strict housekeeping habits, ants would not tolerate nematodes in or around their nests and would quickly dispose of any nest mates that might have become infected. however nematodes have been able to use some astonishingly sophisticated tactics to successfully parasitize these social insects. the present work covers the systematics, life history, pathology, and records of all described extant and fossil nematodes associated with formicids. this includes representatives of the nematode families mermithidae, tetradonematidae, allantonematidae, seuratidae, physalopteridae, steinernematidae, heterorhabditidae, rhabditidae, diplogastridae, and panagrolaimidae. fossil records of mermithids, tetradonematids, allantonematids, and diplogastrids associated with ants reveal the evolutionary history of these associations, some of which date back 40 million years .\nthe family mermithidae includes parasites of invertebrates, especially insects. because of their large size, mermithids are easily detected in ants upon dissection (figure 1) or as they leave their hosts (figure 2). most mermithid species, including those that attack ants, parasitize only a specific host species, genus, or family while others can infect representatives of several insect orders. mermithids that attack aquatic insects, such as midges (chironomidae, ceratopogonidae) and mosquitoes (culicidae), have a direct life cycle. direct life cycles occur when, after growth and development is completed in the host, the mermithid emerges, molts to the adult stage, mates, and oviposits in the host’s environment. the infective stage mermithid emerges from the egg, actively locates and enters a host, and initiates development in the hemocoel .\nfigure 1: mermithid exposed in the gaster of camponotus sp. from the sierra nevada, california .\nfigure 2: parasitic juveniles of allomermis solenopsi removed from the gaster of a fire ant worker. photo courtesy of s. d. porter, usda - ars .\nsome mermithids have an indirect life cycle, which is more complicated but allows hosts to be parasitized in environments hostile to nematodes. in an indirect cycle, the mermithid emerges from the host, molts, mates, and oviposits in the environment. but instead of emerging from the egg to search for a developmental host, the infective stage remains in the egg, waiting to be ingested by an invertebrate that serves as a paratenic host. when mermithid eggs are ingested by a paratenic host, the hatching infective stage penetrates the gut wall and enters the body cavity. but instead of developing, the mermithid encysts and enters a diapause. the encysted nematode can be carried through the different stages of host metamorphosis, but for its cycle to be completed, the paratenic host must be captured and fed to the brood of the developmental host. at the completion of the mermithids growth phase in the development host (like an ant), the latter is attracted to an aquatic or semiaquatic habitat favorable to the nematode. this is when the mermithid exits, leaving the dying host behind. the developmental host is usually not only larger, but usually in a completely different taxonomic category and environment from the paratenic host. while the developmental host can live in a relatively dry habitat, the paratenic host usually inhabits an aquatic, semiaquatic, or damp biome. also, both hosts can be widely separated taxonomically and may not even belong to the same phylum .\nthe first written account of a nematode parasite of ants was made by the reverend william gould in his 1747 book an account of english ants (table 1) [ 2 ] .\ntable 1: section from gould [ 2 ] referring to the first reported instance of mermithid parasitism of ants .\nthe “white and long kind of worm, which is often met within their bodies” certainly refers to mermithid nematodes. for a number of years, mermithids were listed under “ filaria, ” “ gordius, ” or “ mermis, ” and that is why mermithid systematics can be confusing and why early names for gould’s ant mermithid included gordius formicarum diesing [ 3 ] and filaria formicarum von siebold [ 4 ] .\nthe first described ant mermithid was pheromermis myrmecophila from lasius spp. [ 5 ]. however it was originally described in the genus “ mermis ”, then assigned to the genus pheromermis [ 6 ], then moved to the genus allomermis [ 7 ] and lastly to the genus camponotimermis [ 8 ]. its position in the genus pheromermis was recently confirmed by kaiser, who showed its similarity with the european ant mermithid, pheromermis villosa [ 9 ]. over the years, a large number of ant species have been reported parasitized by mermithids. a list of holarctic parasitized ants was presented by passera [ 10 ] and neotropical parasitized ants by poinar et al. [ 11 ]. a compilation of all described mermithids from ants is presented in table 2 .\nfossils, such as the postparasitic juvenile of heydenius formicinus emerging from a male prenolepis henschei (figure 3) [ 15 ], as well as from a worker ant (figure 4) in baltic amber [ 1 ] show that ants have been parasitized by mermithids for at least 40 million years and probably much longer. the fossil record of neotropical mermithid parasites of ants is represented by a parasitic juvenile of heydenius myrmecophila adjacent to its ant host, linepithema sp. in 20–30 - million - year - old dominican amber (figure 5) [ 11 ]. it is assumed that the traumatic events of the ant host entering the resin caused the mermithid to emerge prematurely from an opening in the gaster of the ant .\nfigure 3: the fossil nematode, heydenius formicinus, emerging from a male prenolepis henschei in baltic amber .\nfigure 4: heydenius formicinus adjacent to its worker ant host in baltic amber .\nfigure 5: heydenius myrmecophila adjacent to its linepithema ant host in dominican amber .\ndepending on the caste and length of time the mermithid is associated with its host, various degrees of host intercastes and abnormalities appear. wheeler [ 18 ] was the first to provide an explanation for these phenomena by correlating the unusual morphological conditions with mermithid infections (figure 6). parasitized queen ants (mermithogynes) are shorter, have a smaller thorax (stenothoracy), reduced wings (brachyptery), enlarged abdomen (physogastry), and smaller head (microcephaly) than their uninfected counterparts. parasitized worker ants (mermithergates or macroergates) often develop morphological features characteristic of queens and soldiers. attacked male ants (mermithaners) have shorter wings but enlarged heads, eyes, and gasters. infected soldiers (mermithostratiotes) have reduced heads, an ocellus, and changes in pilosity (figure 7) [ 19 – 24 ] .\nfigure 6: plate (modified) of pheidole dentata (referred to as p. commutata) from [ 18 ] showing the first evidence that mermithid nematodes could cause intercastes of ants. (a) normal soldier; (b) normal worker; (c) parasitized worker (mermithergate) .\nfigure 7: two mermithid - infected soldiers (mermithostratiotes) (arrows) of pheidole pallidula adjacent to smaller workers and an uninfected soldier (with large head). note smaller heads on infected soldiers. photo courtesy of luc passera .\nthe life cycle of most ant mermithids remains a mystery. crawley and baylis [ 5 ] assumed that p. myrmecophila has a direct cycle, where infection is brought about by the eclosing preparasitic mermithid entering the ant host. when development is completed, the postparasitic juvenile emerges, molts to the adult stage in the ant’s habitat, mates, oviposits and the cycle continues. however, no one has demonstrated a direct cycle for any mermithid parasite of ants. in 1934, vandel [ 25 ] studied a mermithid parasite of pheidole pallidula and realized that the infection must be initiated in the ant larva. he assumed that the nematodes were in the soil surrounding the ant colony so the infective stages could penetrate directly into the ant larva; however he was unable to confirm the infection process .\nthe first life cycle of an ant mermithid was achieved by kaiser with the european pheromermis villosa [ 17, 26 ] (figure 8). kaiser showed that p. villosa had an indirect cycle involving oligochaetes as paratenic hosts. workers of lasius spp. collecting protein for the brood capture oligochaetes containing the infective stages of p. villosa and, unknowingly, feed them to the developing larvae. at this point, the nematode becomes active, penetrates into the ant larva’s hemocoel, and initiates development. it was a significant discovery and raises the question whether all mermithid infections of ants have indirect life cycles. other possible paratenic hosts for pheromermis could be small aquatic insects that ingest mermithid eggs from the bottom debris of seepage areas or the edges of other water sources. the wasp parasite, pheromermis pachysoma [ 6 ], also has an indirect cycle and uses caddis flies as paratenic hosts, which the eusocial wasps (vespidae) feed to their brood [ 27 ] .\nthus far, seven genera of mermithids are known to infect ants, namely, agamomermis, allomermis, camponotimermis, comanimermis, heydenius, meximermis, and pheromermis (table 2). all of the ant hosts of these mermithids feed their brood animal protein (in contrast to other genera, such as the leaf cutting ants), and this behavior suggests they have an indirect life cycle involving a paratenic host. the two genera, agamomermis and heydenius, are collective group genera for immature extant and fossil mermithids, respectively [ 1 ] .\nthere are some morphological and behavioral patterns that characterize mermithids with indirect cycles. they normally have smaller eggs with thicker shells than the eggs of direct development soil or freshwater mermithids. also their eggs are completely embryonated when laid. finally, the deposited eggs will not hatch in the environment even though the enclosed parasitic juvenile is fully developed. hatching only occurs when a potential invertebrate paratenic host ingests the eggs. the eggs of pheromermis spp. are small, numerous, fully embryonated when laid and do not hatch in the environment. fully embryonated eggs ensure that the infective stages are ready to enter paratenic hosts as soon as they are ingested [ 6, 17 ] .\nthe ant mermithid, allomermis solenopsi [ 12 ], possess an unusual morphological feature on the mature eggs that could play a crucial role in its life cycle. the surface of the eggs is covered with elongate, erect, spiny adhesive processes. how these function in the life cycle is unknown, but the related species, a. trichotopson, possesses similar structures [ 28 ]. since a. solenopsi parasitizes the fire ant, solenopsis invicta in brazil (figure 2), the related a. trichotopson, whose host is unknown, may infect solenopsis geminata in jamaica. could these egg processes somehow be connected with parasitism of solenopsis spp. ?\ncan mermithids be manipulated to control ants? aside from killing the ant host upon emergence, mermithids drain the host of food, reduce the flight muscles and fat body, and cause morphological modifications as mentioned above [ 9, 17, 24, 26 ]. since mermithid - infected solenopsis has reduced reproductive organs and die shortly after the nematodes emerge [ 11, 12, 29 ], it has potential as a biological control agent. however, if the cycle is always indirect as shown for p. villosa, it would be very difficult to artificially infect the ant brood. it would be necessary to first infect the paratenic host and then supply large numbers of these infected invertebrates to worker ants for transport back to the nest. working with a mermithid that has a direct cycle would be easier; however there is still the problem of raising and disseminating the nematodes .\nthe tetradonematids are a diverse group of nematodes that have traditionally been aligned with the mermithidae. however, aside from some distinctive morphological characters, female tetradonematids normally mature, mate, and produce eggs within the host, which does not occur with mermithids. two tetradonematids have been described from extant ants. tetradonema solenopsis is a parasite of the red imported fire ant, solenopsis invicta, in brazil [ 30, 31 ]. very little is known about this nematode aside from the scant description showing that females contained eggs and worker infection levels reached 12. 5% . parasitized ants that succumbed to the infections could be recognized by their slightly enlarged gaster with scallop - appearing dorsal sclerites .\nthe second tetradonematid from extant ants is myrmeconema neotropicum from cephalotes atratus in peru and panama [ 32 ]. myrmeconema is the only nematode that causes its ant host to radically change color (from black to red), which is crucial for completion of its life cycle [ 33 ]. this color change was a mystery for early taxonomists and the variety cephalotes atratus var. rufiventris was erected solely on the basis of its red abdomen, which was later shown to be the result of myrmeconema infections [ 32 ] .\ndeveloping females of m. neotropicum occur in ant pupae (figure 9) but do not produce masses of eggs until they are carried into the adult ant (figure 10). as the females deteriorate, eggs are released into the ant’s hemocoel (figure 11). at this stage of development, the gasters of the infected worker ants turn from black to red and are held high in the air (figure 12) [ 33 ]. birds mistake the red gasters for fruits and the nematode eggs are passed through the birds’ digestive system and end up in the droppings, which are deposited on leaves and branches. cephalotes workers collect and feed the infested excreta to their brood, which is how the larvae become infected [ 33 ] .\nfigure 9: mature female of myrmeconema neotropicum in the early stages of egg production removed from a pupa of cephalotes atratus. arrow shows position of vulva .\nfigure 10: mature females of myrmeconema neotropicum packed with eggs in the gaster of a cephalotes atratus worker in peru .\nfigure 11: eggs of myrmeconema neotropicum released from the gaster of an infected cephalotes atratus worker in peru .\nfigure 12: worker of cephalotes atratus infected with myrmeconema neotropicum. the raised, red abdomen occurs when the nematode eggs are infective and ready for transport by birds. photo courtesy of stephen p. yanoviak .\naside from their red gasters, parasitized ants are smaller with reduced head widths. they are sluggish, clumsy, generally less aggressive, and about 40% heavier than nonparasitized workers. they do not bite when handled, and their alarm / defense pheromone supply is significantly reduced or absent .\nmyrmeconema is probably widely distributed throughout the neotropics since this association has been in existence for some 20–30 million years. the fossil worker ant, cephalotes serratus in dominican amber, is surrounded by the eggs of myrmeconema antiqua (figure 13) [ 1 ]. the ant has a hole in its abdomen that quite possibly was made by a bird. many of the eggs, which closely resemble those of m. neotropicum in size and shape, contain fully developed juveniles (figure 14). all indications suggest that m. antiqua had a similar life history to the extant m. neotropicum and involved bird carriers .\nfigure 13: worker of cephalotes serratus infected with myrmeconema antiqua in dominican amber. note microscopic eggs widely distributed in the amber that were released from a hole in the ant’s gaster .\nfigure 14: detail of eggs of myrmeconema antiqua in various stages of development in dominican amber .\nit is curious why so few cases of allantonematid infections have been reported in ants. since ants are probably one of the most investigated insect groups, is the absence of tylenchid parasitism due to a lack of observations or its rarity? the first and only described allantonematid parasite of extant ants is formicitylenchus oregonensis that was parasitizing a queen camponotus ant in western oregon, usa [ 34 ]. the queen had already chewed off her wings and appeared to be searching for a nesting site. there was a single large parasitic female (figure 15) and 120 third - stage juvenile nematodes in the ant’s gaster. the third - stage juveniles exited through the ants reproductive and digestive tracts and molted twice to reach the adult stage. the enlarged pharyngeal glands in the free - living females suggest that they penetrate the cuticle to enter the body cavity of the host, probably ant larvae. although the complete life cycle is unknown, the nematodes are clearly distributed by infected queen ants. the gonads of the infected ant were greatly reduced, and her eggs were abnormal. since carpenter ants can be damaging to structures, f. oregonensis can be considered as a potential biological control agent .\nfigure 15: female of the allantonematid formicitylenchus oregonensis removed from the body cavity of camponotus vicinus in oregon, usa .\nsince the original report of this parasite, the present author recovered a worker carpenter ant also infected with f. oregonensis, thus indicating that formicitylenchus is probably restricted to ant hosts, especially members of the genus camponotus. formicitylenchus shows a close relationship with the allantonematid beetle parasite, metaparasitylenchus [ 34 ]. it is possible that their last common ancestor parasitized beetles and the host shift from arboreal beetles to arboreal ants occurred during the anagenesis of formicitylenchus. the close physical association between wood - boring beetles and camponotus ants may be significant. rogers [ 35 ] commented that “…the potential parasite would be expected to find its hosts in organisms which occupy the same niche largely independent of their phylogenetic position. in fact the specificity of many parasites is based on the ecological relationship of the hosts, especially in groups which have only recently become parasitic. ”\nanother reason that allantonematid parasitism of ants may be more widespread than presumed is the discovery of juveniles of a fossil allantonematid, palaeoallantonema cephalotae, in the ant, cephalotes serratus, in dominican amber [ 1 ] (figure 16). just before this fossil was discovered, steven yanoviak submitted an extant worker of cephalotes christopherseni from peru that was also infected with an allantonematid. the parasitic female (figure 17) of this still undescribed species and the developing juveniles inside her body (figure 18) show features typical of the family .\nfigure 16: three juveniles of the allantonematid, palaeoallantonema cephalotae, that emerged from a worker cephalotes ant in dominican amber .\nfigure 17: parasitic female of an undescribed allantonematid from workers of cephalotes christopherseni in peru .\nfigure 18: juveniles developing inside the body of the female allantonematid shown in figure 17 .\nthe discovery of adults of rabbium paradoxus [ 36 ] inside the gaster of worker camponotus castaneus in florida (figure 19) was a surprise since all known nematodes of the seuratidae are heteroxenous and develop to the adult stage in the digestive tract of vertebrates [ 37 ]. however, in r. paradoxus, the vertebrate host is obviously not required for adult development. the females of r. paradoxus have an anteriorly placed vulva (figure 20), and the eggs embryonate inside the uterus (figure 21). since the other member of the genus, r. caballeroi, occurs in the gut of lizards in the bahamas [ 38 ], it is likely that r. paradoxus originally had (or still has) a lizard definitive host. if the complete life cycle occurs just in ants, then c. castaneus would serve as both intermediate and definitive hosts. c. castaneus is a generalist feeder and will ingest vertebrate feces so it could acquire nematode eggs from lizard droppings. parasitized worker ants had swollen gasters and showed unusual behavior by foraging during the day instead at night. this would make them easily captured by vertebrate predators .\nfigure 19: adults of rabbium paradoxus adjacent to their ant host, camponotus castaneus, in florida .\nfigure 20: head of a female of rabbium paradoxus. arrow shows anteriorly located vulva .\nthe original life cycle of r. paradoxus may have been similar to that of the seuratoid skrjabinelazia galliardi, a parasite of sphaerodactyline lizards in brazil [ 37 ]. the female nematodes living in the gut of the lizard produce eggs that are passed out and ingested by insects. these eggs hatch in the insect gut and the juveniles enter the body cavity without further development. growth is resumed when the insect intermediate hosts are eaten by lizards [ 38 ]. unfortunately, the complete life cycle of r. paradoxus remains a mystery, but its precocious development is quite interesting .\nthis category includes juvenile nematodes living in the postpharyngeal glands of ants (internal phoresis) or being carried on the outside surface of ants (external phoresis) (table 3). while these might not be considered parasites, in some instances where the association has been examined critically [ 40 ] damage has been inflicted on the ant’s postpharyngeal glands and some of the nematodes increased in size during their stay in this location. thus at most, they could be considered weak parasites. if they break through the glands and introduce microbes into the body cavity of the ant, they could even be regarded as pathogenic. however the latter scenario has not been documented .\nmost of the nematodes in the postpharyngeal glands are dauer juveniles of free - living microbotrophs living in the ant’s environment. the dauers enter the glands when external conditions become unsuitable (low humidity or diminished food supply). these resistant dauer juveniles can survive for relatively long periods. the nematodes may leave the glands when the environment is more suitable (moist with associated microbes), if the ant dies and the dauer initiates development within the decomposing ant, or when the nematodes are transferred from ant to ant during trophallaxis .\njanet [ 43 ] was the first to discover postpharyngeal rhabditids (oscheius dolichurus) in lasius flavus and formica rufa in france. wahab [ 42 ] was the first to systematically study these associations in the ant genera lasius, formica, tetramorium, and myrmica in germany (table 3). more recently köhler [ 41 ] examined nematodes in the heads of ants collected from sap fluxes and rotten wood on trees in germany. the most common ant that visited these fluxes was lasius brunneus and, from a total of 262 workers collected, 43. 5% carried nematodes, with koerneria histophora being the most common associate. while most ants carried a single nematode, numbers occasionally reached up to 85 dauers per ant. köhler [ 41 ] also found diplogastrid dauers in 4 males and a queen of l. brunneus. the infection rate of ants associated with l. brunneus workers varied depending on the weather cycle. there were more nematodes in ants during the dry period in august than during the rainy months of april and may. also important in determining the rate of nematodes being carried by the ants was the location of the nests. rates of infestation by nematodes in l. brunneus were much higher when the ants were collected from sap fluxes and rotten wood [ 41 ], than were collected from under stones and leaf litter [ 42 ] .\nköhler [ 41 ] was able to infest ants by placing them in a petri dish with rotten wood containing waving dauer stages. both wahab [ 42 ] and köhler [ 41 ] provided evidence that the dauers can be transmitted from ant to ant via trophallaxis, which was supported in part by the experiments of naarmann [ 53 ] showing that formica ants mix food with secretions from the postpharyngeal gland before regurgitating it to nest mates. these ant - dauer associations probably occur worldwide since markin and mccoy [ 40 ] reported diploscapter lycostoma in the postpharyngeal glands of the argentine ant, linepithema humile in california and nickle & ayre [ 44 ] found oscheius dolichurus in the head glands of camponotus herculeanus and lasius claviger in ontario, canada. the author has also found dauer diplogastrids in the postpharyngeal glands of workers of formica obscuriventris in oregon (figure 22) .\nfigure 22: dauer juveniles of a diplogastrid in the postpharyngeal glands of formica obscuriventris clivia from oregon .\nthe association between dauer nematodes and ants is at least 20–30 million years old. evidence for this is the discovery of dauer juveniles of the fossil diplogastrid, formicodiplogaster myrmenema, carried by azteca alpha workers in dominican amber [ 1 ] (figures 23 and 24). the dauer stages appear to be associated with the abdomen of the ants, suggesting that they were being carried in the segmental membranes of the gaster (external phoresis). none of the fossil stages occurred around the mouthparts of the ants. also, developing stages of f. myrmenema were associated with nest material adjacent to worker azteca ants in dominican amber [ 1 ]. this indicates that f. myrmenema was developing in the nests of a. alpha, which is probably the case with extant nematodes in the head glands of ants. whether the dauers of f. myrmenema were also in the postpharyngeal glands of the fossil ants is unknown .\nfigure 23: three dauer juveniles of formicodiplogaster myrmenema adjacent to a worker of azteca alpha in dominican amber .\nfigure 24: detail of a dauer juvenile of formicodiplogaster myrmenema adjacent to a worker of azteca alpha in dominican amber .\nincluded in this section are the so - called entomopathogenic nematodes belonging to the genera steinernema and heterorhabditis. it is quite likely that entomopathogenic nematodes infect ants under natural conditions, but no reports are known. infection is initiated by a third - stage infective juvenile that enters the host’s body cavity, apparently per os [ 50 ]. after reaching the hemocoel, the infective stage initiates development and, in so doing, releases a symbiotic bacterium (xenorhabdus spp. in steinernema nematodes and photorhabdus spp. in heterorhabditis nematodes) that is carried in the infective stage’s gut lumen. the bacterium kills the insect soon after it is released in the body cavity. the nematodes feed on the mixture of bacteria and insect hemolymph and develop to the adult stage in the body cavity. with adequate nourishment, the nematodes undergo a second generation but when nourishment is limited, the juveniles form third - stage infective juveniles. by introducing the bacteria that quickly kill the hosts, these nematodes avoid specific defense responses and have a wide host range, attacking representatives of many insect orders and even other arthropods [ 54 ] .\nlaboratory experiments have shown that these nematodes can infect a number of ant species (table 4) and they also have been used in the field against pest ants [ 50, 52, 54 – 56 ]. poole [ 50 ] attempted to control field populations of ants (solenopsis richteri and s. invicta) with steinernema carpocapsae. using a dose of 1 million infective stages per mound for s. invicta, the nematodes caused 35% mortality in the fall and 80% mortality in the spring. with s. richteri, the death rate was 80% in the spring and 36% in the fall. poole [ 50 ] noted that workers were infected less than other stages, possibly because of their greater activity and grooming behavior. however, workers regurgitated infective stages to the alates and larvae. queen ants were more susceptible and up to 3, 000 infective stage juveniles could be produced in some infections (figure 25) .\ntable 4: ants infected by entomopathogenic nematodes (steinernema carpocapsae and heterorhabditis bacteriophora) under laboratory and / or field conditions .\nfigure 25: developing stages of steinernema carpocapsae removed from the body of an infected queen of solenopsis invicta .\nfurther field trials of s. carpocapsae and heterorhabditis bacteriophora against the red imported fire ant, s. invicta, gave control rates of 37. 5% with s. carpocapsae but less with h. bacteriophora [ 52 ]. in field trials comparing applications of steinernema carpocapsae and amidinohydrazone against s. invicta, morris et al. [ 55 ] estimated that nematode applications at a rate of 2 million per gallon per mound resulted in 47% mortality .\ncontrolling fire ants in the field is difficult because of the small mound opening through which the nematodes are introduced. also, it is desirable to have recycling of the nematodes in the nests, but healthy ants appear to remove infected individuals before the cycle is completed. since the number of nematodes needed to overwhelm a colony of ants is quite high using inundative methods, consideration was given to the development of baits or other more efficient delivery systems [ 46, 48, 52, 55, 56 ]. these other methods are still under investigation .\nin 1907, janet [ 58 ] found nematodes 7 - 8 mm in length developing in the head cavities and emerging from the labial region of workers of formica fusca. just before the nematodes emerged, the infected ants began trembling and eventually died. the head cavities of infected ants were empty upon nematode exit. this behavior of developing in the head of ants is known for some phorid flies but not for nematodes. whether this was a mermithid with an unusual developmental location or a heteroxenous nematode using the ant as an intermediate host is unknown .\nrepresentatives of most invertebrate parasitic nematode families attack ants, with the exception of sphaerulariids, entaphelenchids, and oxyurids. while mermithids are the most commonly encountered nematode parasites of ants, the complete life cycle of only a single species is known. the life cycle of ant mermithids can be quite complicated when it involves paratenic hosts living in completely different habitats. even less is known about the life cycles of other ant parasitic nematodes, certainly not enough to consider using them as biological control agents. while the inundative application of entomopathogenic nematodes (steinernema and heterorhabditis) can control ants in isolated colonies, establishing nematodes for the sustained control of ant populations has not been achieved .\nfossils show that mermithids were infecting ants over 40 million years ago and tetradonematids and allantonematids had established parasitic associations with ants some 20–30 million years ago. such fossils, which can be used to calibrate molecular clocks, provide minimum dates for the occurrence of nematode lineages and show the antiquity of nematode - ant relationships .\nthe author thanks s. d. porter, luc passera and stephen p. yanoviak for supplying photos and brad vinson for supplying the queen of solenopsis invicta infected with steinernema carpocapsae. grateful appreciation is extended to roberta poinar for commenting on earlier versions of the paper .\ng. poinar jr. , r. s. lane, and g. m. thomas, “biology and redescription of\n, w. r. nickle, ed. , pp. 899–965, marcel dekker, new york, ny, usa, 1991." ]

{ "text": [ "skrjabinoptera phrynosoma is a parasitic worm in the phylum nematoda , the most diverse of pseudocoelomates .", "like many other parasites , the life cycle of s. phrynosoma ' is complicated and it involves two hosts – a lizard ( the desert horned lizard phrynosoma platyrhinos ) and an ant .", "the interesting aspect of the life cycle of s. phrynosoma is that the parasitic worm adjusts its life cycle to that of both the ant and the lizard .", "during the middle of the mating season of the desert horned lizard phrynosoma platyrhinos , the female worm is already filled with the greatest number of eggs it can contain in itself .", "at the same time , the number of the ants actively hunting for food reach peak abundance .", "also , this is the time when the ant colonies are busy with developing ant larvae .", "s. phrynosoma takes advantage of these active periods of the two hosts ' life cycle and spread their offspring successfully . " ], "topic": [ 6, 19, 19, 14, 15, 25, 14 ] }

[ "skrjabinoptera phrynosoma is a parasitic worm in the phylum nematoda, the most diverse of pseudocoelomates. like many other parasites, the life cycle of s. phrynosoma' is complicated and it involves two hosts – a lizard (the desert horned lizard phrynosoma platyrhinos) and an ant. the interesting aspect of the life cycle of s. phrynosoma is that the parasitic worm adjusts its life cycle to that of both the ant and the lizard. during the middle of the mating season of the desert horned lizard phrynosoma platyrhinos, the female worm is already filled with the greatest number of eggs it can contain in itself. at the same time, the number of the ants actively hunting for food reach peak abundance. also, this is the time when the ant colonies are busy with developing ant larvae. s. phrynosoma takes advantage of these active periods of the two hosts' life cycle and spread their offspring successfully." ]

[ "flying mouse, pygmy feathertail glider, pygmy glider, pygmy gliding possum, pygmy phalanger .\nour little visitor came back. this is a feathertail glider, the smallest glider in the world. # feathertailglider\nboop is a baby feathertail glider and has amassed many fans on social media .\ndiet: the feathertail glider is an omnivore and eats nectar, pollen and insects .\na baby feathertail glider named boop is the australia zoo wildlife warriors' tiniest resident .\nthe feathertail glider is also able to occupy the fringes of suburban areas (1) .\nthe yellow - bellied glider can cover distances of up to 140 metres in one leap. the sugar glider and squirrel glider can reach about 50 metres .\nat least five tiny feathertail glider joeys have been born at taronga zoo in a rare breeding success .\nthe yellow - bellied glider (petaurus australis) is a large, active, sociable and vocal glider .\nthe feathertail glider is classified as least concern (lc) on the iucn red list (1) .\nthe feathertail glider is the smallest gliding mammal in the world with an average weight of only 12 g .\nthe feathertail glider is found in eastern australia from queensland, new south wales, victoria and south australia .\nlife history of the feathertail glider, acrobates pygmaeus (acrobatidae: marsupialia) in south - eastern australia .\nperth zoo is celebrating the breeding success of two feathertail glider infants, the smallest gliding mammals in the world .\nfeathertail glider, taronga zoo, sydney, australia image by andrea arbogast - some rights reserved. (view image details )\nkeepers at taronga zoo in sydney, nsw, have welcomed at least five feathertail glider joeys in a rare breeding success .\nfeathertail gliders spend up to 87% of their time in trees at heights greater than 15 metres making them the most cryptic and rarely seen of all the glider species. however, despite its size the feathertail glider is capable of gliding up to 25m .\nthe average gliding distance for the feathertail glider is about 14 m though they have been known to glide up to 28 m. they glide up to five times an hour. gliding helps the feathertail glider stay amongst the treetops where they can avoid larger, ground - dwelling predators .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - feathertail glider (acrobates pygmaeus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - feathertail glider (acrobates pygmaeus )\ntitle =\narkive species - feathertail glider (acrobates pygmaeus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe feathertail glider is the size of a mouse with grey / brown back and white belly. the only glider with a flattened tail that looks like a feather. it can glide up to 20m using its tail as a rudder .\nthe greater glider is the only gliding possum that does not live in a family or social group. these animals only come together for mating, and usually only one young glider is born. other gliders have one or two at a time, although the feathertail glider can have a litter of up to four .\ncraddock, s. (1989). aerodynamic study of the australian feathertail glider. b. eng. thesis, the royal melbourne institute of technology university .\nthe diet of the feathertail glider comprises insects, fruit, nectar, pollen, fungi and seeds, as well as sap, gum and honeydew (2) (3) (4). pollen provides the feathertail glider with a major source of protein, and it has a long, brush - tipped tongue as an adaptation to extracting pollen and nectar (2) (4) (5). the feathertail glider is likely to be important in pollinating native plants (5) .\nthe feathertail glider is the smallest gliding marsupial in the world, also having a unique feather - like tail. the scientific name for this species means pygmy acrobat .\nthe gliding membrane extends from elbow to knee and is thicker than other glider species .\ntheir gliding membrane extends from elbow to knee and is thicker than other glider species .\nfive feathertail glider joeys – which are the size of half a grain of rice when they are born and incredibly hard to breed – have joined the zoo’s nightlife exhibit .\nthe feathertail glider’s fur is soft and silky. the upperparts of its body are greyish - brown, while the underparts and the inner sides of the limbs are white. the tail is light brown, with a slightly paler underside. the ears of the feathertail glider are sparsely haired, and have tufts of fur at the base (3) .\ngliding performance and its relevance to gap crossing by the squirrel glider (petaurus norfolcensis) .\n1c coin: although one of the lesser known australian animals, the feathertail glider used to be featured on the australian 1c coin until it was taken out of circulation in 1991 .\nwhen they have matured they will join 30 full - grown feathertail gliders at the zoo .\nturner, v. (1984). eucalyptus pollen in the diet of the feathertail glider, acrobates pygmaeus (marsupialia: burramyidae). australian wildlife research 11: 77 - 81 .\nthe feathertail glider may also be affected by predation by cats and foxes (1) (3), and cats have been known to destroy entire colonies of this species (2) .\nit is said to be that the feathertail glider is likely to be among the most sensitive of the australian mammals to habitat alterations associated with timber harvest due to the arboreal lifestyle of these marsupials .\ncompared to that of other gliding possums, the patagium of the feathertail glider has a relatively small surface area, but its effective size is increased by a fringe of hairs along its edges (2) (5). the membrane extends only from the elbow to the knee, and the feathertail glider’s limbs are not elongated to support it (2) (4) (5). the arrangement of muscles within the membrane also differs from that of other gliding possums, indicating that the feathertail glider’s ability to glide evolved independently from other species (4) (5) (6) .\nward, s. j. 1990. life history of the feathertail glider, acrobates pygmaues (acrobatidae: marsupialia) in south - eastern australia. australian journal of zoology 38: 503 - 17 .\nfanning, f. d. (1980) nests of the feathertail glider, acrobates pygmaeus (burramyidae: marsupialia) from sydney, new south wales. australian mammalogy, 3: 55 - 56 .\nthe feathertail glider has the ability to run up vertical planes of glass and it is assumed that this skill is what allows them to run around that trunk and branches of smooth - barked gum trees .\njackowiak, h, godynicki, s. (2007). light and scanning electron microscopic study on the structure of the lingual papillae of the feathertail glider (acrobates pygmeus, burramyidae, marsupialia) .\nthe feathertail glider can perform quite impressive aerial acrobatic feats, as suggested by its scientific name, acrobates pygmaeus, which means ‘pygmy acrobat’ (2) (3). although it typically glides in a direct path, the feathertail glider can also spiral around a tree trunk before it lands (6). despite its small size, this species can glide for distances of over 30 metres (2) .\nfeathertail gliders, otherwise known as the pygmy gliding possum, are the smallest gliders in the world .\nintraspecific differences in behaviour and physiology: effects of captive breeding on patterns of torpor in feathertail gliders .\none of the most remarkable features of the feathertail glider is its ability to glide with the aid of its gliding membrane. this gliding ability is further enhanced by the feather - like arrangement of hairs on the tail (3) (6). the tail not only provides an increased surface area for gliding, but also serves as a rudder, helping the feathertail glider to steer and brake (6) .\nthe feather - tail glider is named for the hairs that grow horizontally from its tail, like feathers .\ngliders are protected in nsw. the squirrel glider and the yellow - bellied glider are quite uncommon. they have been listed as vulnerable under the biodiversity conservation act 2016, and are in need of special protection .\njones, c. j. and geiser, f. 1992. prolonged and daily torpor in the feathertail glider, acrobates pymaeus (marsupialia: acrobatidae) journal of zoology, london 227: 101 - 108 .\ngoldingay, r. l. and kavanagh, r. p. 1995. foraging behavior and habitat use of the feathertail glider (acrobates pygmaeus) at waratah creek, new south wales. wildlife research 22: 457 - 70\none of @ australiazoo wildlife hospital' s smallest patients. this feather tailed glider reminds us life is precious. urltoken\ntail: feathertail gliders have a feather like tail which helps them to glide, steer, brake and anchor themselves .\nan interesting aspect of the feathertail glider’s reproduction is that it is capable of embryonic diapause (2) (3) (4). almost immediately after giving birth, the female feathertail glider will mate again, but the new embryos will become dormant until the current young in the pouch are weaned, at about 100 days old (3) (4) (5). this means that a second litter can be born almost immediately after the first is weaned (3) .\na feathertail glider has a mouse - sized body with grey - brown fur on the back and a white underside. the distinctive tail is quill - like and hairless except for a fringe of long stiff hairs down either side that resemble a feather .\ngoldingay, r. l. , and kavanagh, r. p. (1995). foraging behaviour and habitat use of the feathertail glider (acrobates pygmaeus) at waratah creek. new south wales, wildlife research 22: 457 - 470 .\nthe feathertail glider reaches sexual maturity at 1 - 2 years of age. in the wild, these animals breed during the spring months. the gestation period is 65 - 100 days, to where they can give birth to 3 - 4 young .\nfeathertail gliders (acrobates pygmaeus) are small, measuring between 6. 5 to 8cm in length from head to body .\nintraspecific differences in behaviour and physiology: effects of captive breeding on patterns of torpor in feathertail gliders. - pubmed - ncbi\nthe ability to glide means that the feathertail glider does not need to descend to the ground when foraging, which would expose it to a higher risk of predation. it also enables the feathertail glider to escape predators by gliding away, and makes it more difficult for predators to track it since it does not create continuous scent trails when moving about. gliding is also a more efficient form of locomotion than having to climb down, cross the ground and climb up again into the trees (4) (6) .\nparrott, m. l. , ward, s. j. and taggart, d. a. (2005). multiple paternity and communal maternal care in the feathertail glider (acrobates pygmaeus). australian journal of zoology 53: 79 - 85 .\nin size, they range from the 7cm long in the body feathertail gliders, to the almost cat - sized greater gliders .\nthis species is believed to be common in certain parts of its range, such as in northeast queensland, but is rarer in more southern areas (1). the feathertail glider also occurs on fraser island, off the southern coast of queensland (1) .\nwe intuitively expect large mammals to have low, booming voices, while small mammals should have high - pitched, squeaky voices. the feathertail glider is a tiny marsupial weighing only as much as three teaspoons of sugar, and as you would expect, it squeaks .\ndescription: the feathertail glider is an australian marsupial. it has short brown - grey fur. its tail has long stiff hairs down either side and resembles a bird’s feather. it is about the same length as its body. the glider has a thick membrane between its elbows and knees, which it uses to glide. it also has serrated pads on its toes that help it stick to smooth surfaces .\nin some parts of its range, the feathertail glider can breed at any time of year, while in more southern areas births tend to be more seasonal, usually occurring between july and january (2) (3) (4) (5). the female feathertail glider may give birth to up to four young at a time, although typically only two survive to weaning (3) (4). most females have up to two or sometimes three litters per year (2) (3) (4) (5) .\nthe feathertail glider is largely nocturnal, emerging from its nesting hollow at dusk to forage (2) (3) (5). the nest of this species is a spherical construction of leaves and bark fibres, built in a small tree hole, or sometimes in an artificial nesting box or even a telephone junction box (3) (4) (5) (8). a social species, the feathertail glider may sometimes nest together in groups of up to 30 individuals (2), although groups of 2 to 5 may be more common (3). large aggregations of up to 40 feathertail gliders have also been seen feeding together at flowering trees (5) .\nfeathertail gliders are omnivores, which means they eat both plants and meat. the diet of these animals consists of pollen, nectar & insects .\ntwo of the five newborns are 14 weeks old and almost ready to leave the glider’s communal nest, where the female gliders take turns looking after them .\nthere are not known to be any specific conservation measures currently in place for the feathertail glider, but it is known to occur in a number of protected areas (1). land management practices need to ensure that suitable habitat, with good supplies of nectar and pollen, vegetation cover and nesting sites, is maintained. corridors of suitable habitat linking protected areas would also help juvenile feathertail gliders to disperse and aid interbreeding between populations (5) .\nfeathertail gliders occur down the east coast of australia. they are found in queensland, new south wales, victoria and some parts of south australia .\nthreats: predatory birds, including kookaburras and owls, foxes, cats and reptiles prey on feathertail gliders. they are also threatened by habitat destruction .\nthe feathertail glider inhabits a range of habitat types, from tall open forest and sclerophyll forest to woodland (1) (2) (3) (5). it appears to be more common in wet and old - growth forest than in dry or regenerating forest (1) (7) .\nthe feathertail glider is relatively common and widespread, and is not currently considered to be at risk of extinction (1). however, it may be locally threatened by the logging of stands of mature forest (1) and by a reduction in the availability of trees with suitable nesting hollows (2) .\nward s. j. , (2000). the efficacy of nestboxes versus spotlighting for detecting feathertail gliders. wildlife research 27: 75 - 79 .\nthe feathertail gliders can easily be mistaken for a mouse and a lot is still to be learned about their behaviour in the wild, mr dockerill said .\nthe pygmy glider is normally active at night except when rearing young. then the female is seen to emerge to feed or drink during the late afternoon. groups of\nthe greater glider (petauroides volans) is the largest gliding possum with a head and body length of 35 to 45cm and a long furry tail measuring 45 to 60cm .\nthese teeny tiny feathertail glider joeys are just a few weeks old and nearly ready to leave their nest box. visitors to our australian nightlife exhibit will soon be able to spot these and at least three other joeys swooping around. they’re the world’s smallest gliders species, so even when fully grown they’ll only weigh up to 15 grams !\naccurate estimations of the feathertail glider’s population numbers can be difficult to make as it is not always easy to detect this small, fast, nocturnal animal (2) (5). however, its use of artificial nests and telephone junction boxes means that information on other aspects of its biology can be relatively easy to obtain (5) .\nthe population of feathertail gliders across australia is currently stable, being assessed as a least concern species by the iucn red list (retrieved 19. 06. 12 from urltoken\nfeathertail gliders, the world' s smallest gliding mammal, once featured on the australian 1c coin, now out of circulation. (scroll down for more photos. )\nthe feathertail glider is distinguished from other small marsupials by its feather - like tail fringed with long stiff hairs, which acts as a rudder during flight. a gliding membrane, which extends from its elbows to its knees, allows the animal to glide more than 20 m between trees. it clings to smooth surfaces with its large serrated toe pads .\nfeathertail gliders have a home range of 0. 4 - 2. 1 hectares and usually have a population density of 0. 01 - 0. 4 individuals per hectare .\nthe older of the five newest joeys are now about 14 weeks old, and will soon be out of the nest to join around 30 other feathertail gliders at the zoo .\nwires was called after a feathertailed glider was seen vacating a hollow as an old tree was cut down. after investigating the hollow 5 tiny feathertailed joeys and a frog were found within .\nthe greater glider has thick fur that increases its apparent size. fur colour is white or cream below and varies from dark grey, dusky brown through to light mottled grey and cream above .\nfeathertail gliders are nocturnal, meaning they sleep during the day and are active at night. they are very social, living in family groups that consist of parents plus a few litters .\nfeathertail gliders are great ambassadors for raising the profile of australia’s wildlife. the public get to meet them during ‘behind the scenes ‘experiences, eliciting a connection and hopefully action for the wild .\nas an adaptation to conserve energy when it is cold, the feathertail glider may undergo periods of torpor, during which its body temperature and metabolic rate drop (2) (3) (4) (5). it also saves energy and reduces heat loss by curling into a ball, wrapping its tail around itself, and by huddling together in groups (2) .\ngliders come in many sizes, the smallest being the feather - tailed glider with a head and body length of just 6. 5 - 8cm and an adult weight of 10 - 15 gram .\nthe sugar glider’s (petaurus breviceps) fur is a blue - grey to brown - grey, with a dark stripe that extends from the middle of the head to the mid - back region .\nin the wild: feathertail gliders live in groups of 5–25 individuals. several group members help to maintain spherical nests of leaves, bark and fern. mothers suckle young that are not their own .\nanother unusual feature of the feathertail glider, from which it receives its common name, is the feather - like arrangement of stiff hairs along its flattened tail (2) (3) (4) (6). this fringe of hairs spreads from each side of the tail to a width of about eight millimetres. the tip of the tail lacks fur underneath, and is somewhat prehensile (3) .\nthe feathertail glider is endemic to australia, where it ranges throughout much of the east and southeast of the country (1), from cape york in queensland to south - eastern south australia (2) (3) (5). it is the only acrobatidae species to occur in australia, with the other, the feather - tailed possum (distoechurus pennatus), being confined to new guinea (4) .\nat taronga zoo we have a vast number of feathertail gliders which can be viewed in the nocturnal house and at the education centre. at the education centre we have 3 males: starsky, matty and dudley .\nas well as being able to glide, the feathertail glider is a fast, agile climber and is well adapted for life in the trees. its prehensile tail gives good grip (5) (6), and its large eyes help it to navigate about its complex three - dimensional environment (6). in addition, the tips of its toes are expanded and have deeply ridged grooves which provide traction and grip while climbing smooth eucalyptus trees (3) (4) (5) (6). these ‘suction pad’ toes also assist when landing after a glide, and their gripping ability is further enhanced by sweat glands at the base of the grooves, which moisten the pads. the amazing adhesive gripping ability of the feathertail glider is demonstrated by the fact that it is able to climb up vertical panes of glass (4) (5) (6) .\nafter weaning, the young feathertail gliders remain with the female while the second litter is raised (3) (4). female feathertail gliders usually reach sexual maturity at about 8 months, and males by about 12 to 18 months (3). this species has been known to live to at least seven years old in captivity (3), although the usual lifespan is closer to two to three years (4) .\nthe feathertail gliders’ diet consists of insects, plant exudates, pollen, honeydew, nectar, and seeds. the gliders’ long, brushy tongues assist with feeding on pollen – their predominant source of protein – and nectar .\nat first the leap is downwards, but as the animal increases speed, the angle of flight flattens out. with its long, well - furred tail acting as a rudder, the glider can steer towards its next tree .\nfound only in australia, the feathertail glider (acrobates pygmaeus) is the smallest of the gliding possums and one of the smallest gliding mammals in the world (2) (3) (4). this tiny marsupial has a narrow gliding membrane, known as a ‘patagium’, which consists of a fold of skin that stretches between the limbs (3) (4) (5) and which is retracted when not in use (2) .\ngliders usually make their nests in tree hollows, which they line with dry leaves. some species, particularly the greater glider, mark out their territory by using scent glands. they rub the gland against the trees to warn off intruders .\ngoldingay, r. l. , grimson, m. j. , and smith, g. c. (2007). do feathertail gliders show a preference for nest box design? wildlife research 34: 484 - 490 .\nfeathertail gliders commonly give birth between july and january, however northern populations can breed at anytime of the year. litter size is between 2 - 4 young, and they will have up to 2 litters per year. litters commonly have more than 1 father .\nwhen our rescuer went back at 6am in the morning she found that the leaf litter had all been re - arranged beautifully by mum feathertail and the frog was also back in residence. a roof was then nailed to the top to protect the nest from rain and unwelcome visitors .\ngliders feed at night. their diet includes nectar, pollen, insects and the sap of certain eucalypt or wattle trees (in collecting eucalypt sap, yellow - bellied gliders leave distinctive' v' - shaped notches on trees). the greater glider, however, feeds almost entirely on eucalypt leaves .\nfeathertail gliders can live in large groups of up to 30 individuals and they are known to nest in artificial nest boxes, even meter boxes and telephone junction boxes. this behaviour assists in maintaining body temperature as their small size makes them susceptible to heat loss. females have been documented to live up to 8 years .\nfeathertail gliders are usually silent, but when distressed they will hiss. other vocalisations include ‘ticking’, ‘popping’ and a ‘psss - psss - psss’ sound. droppings are similar to those of the house mouse in size and are pointed at both ends. droppings are 5mm long and 2 mm wide and are composed of very fine particles .\nas a natural history museum the australian museum does not have any experience in raising this species. all we could suggest is that you consult the relevant section of stephen jackson' s australian mammals: biology and captive management (csiro publishing). otherwise you should contact either sydney wildlife world or taronga zoo which i beleive both care for feathertail gliders .\nsimilar to house mouse. nocturnal. a miniscule gliding possum that lives in family groups (parents plus last one or two litters) numbering up to a dozen. while foraging for nectar, gum, sap and insects, the glider careers around treetops and trunks more like a large insect than a marsupial. commonly nests in electricity meter boxes, telephone junction covers and banana bags .\nthe world' s smallest gliding mammal, feathertail gliders are about half the size of a grain of rice when they' re born. “they then spend about 63 days in the pouch emerging furless and blind ,\nexplained rob .\nthe mothers only weigh 15g, so by the time the joeys reach nestling size, mum’s feet wouldn’t touch the ground. ”\nthis little feather - tailed glider was found at rosebank clinging to a stick in a bucket of water. he was suffering from exhaustion and is in care for just 24 hours when he will be taken back and released this evening. the water bucket now has a stick much longer so any critters searching for a drink of water in this extreme heat. can escape should they like this little fellow fall in .\na naked, newborn glider (also called a neonate - a term which applies to all newborn marsupials) would fit on your thumbnail. following birth, it crawls through its mother' s fur to her pouch, where it attaches itself to a teat. here it is kept warm and nourished with milk. after about three or four months it will come out into the nest and, with the adults, search for food .\nseven tiny feather - tail glider joeys have left their nesting boxes this week, eager to explore their taronga zoo exhibit. part of the world' s smallest gliding marsupials, these little joeys are only half the size of a grain of rice at birth, but grow to about one centimetre long before leaving their mother' s pouch. the joeys were discovered in the taronga zoo nest boxes recently, and are estimated to be 13 or 14 weeks old .\nas in other marsupials, the newborn feathertail gliders are tiny and are born at a very early stage of development, with their eyes closed and lacking fur (4). the young are suckled within the female’s pouch, where they remain for about 60 to 65 days, after which they are left in the nest (3) (4). once well furred, the young may also ride on the female’s back (3) .\nthey get their name from atheir remarkable tail which is flat with stiff fringed hair growing horizontally either side all the way to the tip. the tail is used to steer and brake as they glide up to 20 meters through the trees. they are the only known mammal to have a feather like tail. tail length is 7 - 8cm and shaped just like the feather on a bird. due to their small size this tiny glider is often missed when in trouble, or mistaken for a mouse when the cat brings it inside .\nto become airborne, they hurl themselves from the tree with legs outstretched; the flap of skin between front and back feet extending like a parachute. the flattened tail helps this tiny possum to glide, steer, brake and anchor itself on landing. the feet resemble that of a frog except with fur, and the large pads on the toes which have serrated groves underneath allow them to climb just about anything. in fact many sweat glands creating moisture on the foot pads allow this tiny glider the surface tension like mini suction cups to climb even vertical panes of glass. they are found throughout eastern australia from south aust. through to far north queensland .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\njustification: listed as least concern in view of its relatively wide distribution, presumed large and stable population, presence in a number of protected areas, and because there are no major threats to the species .\nthis species is endemic to australia, where it ranges throughout much of the east and southeast of the country; also on fraser island. sea level to 1, 200 m .\nit is believed to be a common species in some parts of its range (i. e. , north - east queensland), although rarer in the south. it is apparently more common in wet and old - growth forest than in dry or regenerating forest (menkhorst 2001) .\nthis nocturnal species most frequently inhabits tall subtropical and temperate forests and mature woodland (ward and woodside 2008); it also occurs in suburban fringes. females may have two litters of three or four young annually (ward and woodside 2008) .\nwhile there appear to be no major threats to this species, it may be locally threatened by logging of stands of mature forests and predation by cats and foxes .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhocknull, scott a. ; zhao, jian - xin; feng, yue - xing; webb, gregory e .\nearth and planetary science letters, volume 264, issue 1 - 2, p. 317 - 331. (e & psl; homepage )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference (book, 2005) [ worldcat. org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript. some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items. please create a new list with a new name; move some items to a new or existing list; or delete some items .\nnote: citations are based on reference standards. however, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher, classroom teacher, institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address (es) field is required. please enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\nthe e - mail address (es) you entered is (are) not in a valid format. please re - enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title: mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference author: don e wilson; deeann m reeder publisher: baltimore: johns hopkins university press, ©2005. isbn / issn: 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc: 57557352\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world' s living and historically extinct mammalian species. contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item. please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nworldcat is the world' s largest library catalog, helping you find library materials online. learn more ››\ndon' t have an account? you can easily create a free account .\nrestricted to mainland austrailia, but has a wide distribution through most of the open and closed forests of eastern and south - eastern austraila from cape york to the southeastern corner of south austrailia. also found in river redgum forests associated with inland rivers, particularly the murray river (ward, 1990 )\nis found in a wide range of habitats. it has been observed foraging on the ground, in large trees and bushes and in tall grasses. feathertailed gliders have been observed foraging at hieghts from ground level to 40 meters above the ground. height of foraging depends on species of tree and abundance of food, but it is independent of season (goldingay and kavanagh, 1995) .\nrange in weight of males is similar to that of females, but in most cases the males actually weighed more. head and body length ranges from 65 - 80mm, and tail length ranges from 70 - 80mm. most notable characteristic of\nis the feather - like tail, which no other mammal has. it has molars suggestive of an insectivore, but also a brush - tipped tongue typical of a nectar - feeder. its large forwardly directed eyes are for nocturnal binocular vision, and it has large serrated pads on each toe, which aid in adhesion to smooth surfaces .\nundergoes multiday torpor bouts, lowering its body temperature to about 2 degrees celcius. this is different from deep hibernation. there is no prehibernation fattening and it seems that prolonged torpor is used only in emergency situations (jones and geiser, 1992) .\nmost of the feeding behavior of this species takes place in eucalypts. they search under loose bark and glean foliage. the searching of loose bark suggests that the animal feeds on honeydew and arthropods, while the foliage gleaning is suggestive of feeding on manna, honeydew, lerps and arthropods. nectar feeding has been seen (goldingay and kavanagh, 1995) but is said to only rarely occur .\nliving in australia, new zealand, tasmania, new guinea and associated islands .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves. animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nanimals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature. endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia, although it may have arisen in a (now extinct) synapsid ancestor; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities. convergent in birds .\nforest biomes are dominated by trees, otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic .\na terrestrial biome. savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy. extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical africa and south america, and in australia .\na grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees, a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest. see also tropical savanna and grassland biome .\na terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes (> 23. 5° n or s latitude). vegetation is made up mostly of grasses, the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available. fire and grazing are important in the long - term maintenance of grasslands .\nlawlor, t. e. 1979. handbook to the orders and families of living mammals (second edition) mad river press .\nstrahan, r. 1983. the mammals of australia angus & robertson publishers .\nto cite this page: shiroff, a. 1999 .\nacrobates pygmaeus\n( on - line), animal diversity web. accessed july 10, 2018 at urltoken\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nten previously forgotten aboriginal names for 19th century sites and suburbs of melbourne have been recently unearthed at the melbourne museum. these include the names for fitzroy (ngár - go), richmond (quo - yung), collingwood (yálla - birr - ang) and brunswick (bulleke - bek) .\nphotographer james dorey offers advice on capturing the perfect shot of our native bees .\nwith a hefty body, a massive wingspan, and a loud, low - pitched buzz, the tropical carpenter bee can be a pretty intimidating sight .\nthough zoos all over the world can now boast a population of feather - tail gliders, taronga zoo was the first to breed these tiny gliders in captivity. in fact, in the last decade they have bred over 200 individuals .\naustralian fauna supervisor vanessa stebbings says that these gliders\nsometimes move on to other zoos to be part of their breeding programs and be ambassadors so people can learn about this amazing australian marsupial. most people haven' t been aware of them since they came off the 1 cent coin\n.\nin 1999, taronga zoo moved some of their gliders to the new zoo in poznan, poland, the first european zoo to exhibit feather - tail gliders. since then the taronga - cum - poznan gliders and their offspring have been sent around europe to live in various zoos .\nthe juveniles at taronga, now 4. 5–5cm long, can no longer live in their mother' s pouches. instead ,\nthe mothers leave them in a communal nest, taking turns watching over the joeys ,\nsays rob dockerill, one of taronga' s fauna keepers. this happens both in captivity and in the wild .\nas to why taronga zoo has such unprecedented luck with breeding these tiny little australians, vanessa isn' t too sure .\na lot of it is to do with luck. it might be because we keep them in the nocturnal house, or our breeding group is mostly females with few males. we also have quite a large breeding group which helps .\nwhatever it is, it' s working and visitors to the nightlife exhibit have the chance to see these little animals up close. in 2011 a briefcase was designed to transport the mini gliders and make them available for encounters with visitors .\nthe briefcase has little segments and even little seatbelts in it so the gliders can safely be transported around the zoo either for encounters or to be taken to the wildlife hospital for a health check - up ,\nsays stebbings .\nturner, v. and mckay, g. m. (1989) burramyidae. in: walton, d. w. and richardson, b. j. (eds .) fauna of australia. volume 1b: mammalia. australian government publishing service, canberra. available at: urltoken\nlindenmayer, d. (2002) gliders of australia: a natural history. unsw press, sydney .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. if you are able to help please contact: arkive @ urltoken\nnowak, r. m. (1991) walker’s mammals of the world. the johns hopkins university press, baltimore and london .\ntyndale - biscoe, h. (2005) life of marsupials. csiro publishing, collingwood, victoria .\njones, c. and parish, s. (2006) field guide to australian mammals. steve parish publishing, archerfield, queensland .\nmenkhorst, p. and knight, f. (2001) a field guide to the mammals of australia. oxford university press, oxford .\nanimals animals / earth scenes 17 railroad avenue chatham ny 12037 united states of america tel: + 01 (518) 3925500 fax: + 01 (518) 3925550 info @ urltoken http: / / www. urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no. 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 (c) (3) non - profit organisation in the usa\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nif you have a fireplace and the weather is cold, firewood is what is needed. firewood is usually taken from an old dead tree, it is dry, and the bark is loose and looks great for use in the fireplace. please spare a thought for native animals that just as us looks at that old dead tree as something great for keeping dry and warm .\nnative animals such as feather - tailed gliders often choose trees that either have a nice hollow or timber that has loose bark to make their home, not just each individual but for the whole family .\nthese two little juvenile feather - tailed gliders weighing just 4. 5 and 4. 6 gram were found yesterday when they were discovered in a small hollow within an old dead tree being chopped down for firewood .\nwires also receive calls for these small gliders when they are found inside the house after firewood has been collected. these gliders would have been under the loose bark .\nplease make sure you check under the bark before throwing that piece of wood in the fire, animals such as frogs, gliders and small lizards may be calling it home .\nold tress can be hazardous and are often cut down for safety. old trees are also the ones used by many native animals as they are the most likely to contain hollows .\nthe part of the tree with the hollow was separated and attached in the closest tree to the cut down one .\nwires rescuer found some of the leaf litter that had fallen out of the nest and added some more. the joeys were put back in the hollow, the frog placed nearby .\nthe little family was safely back together and the lodger seemed happy as well with the new location .\nthis little lady was found on 2 august inside a house with her sibling. unfortunately her sibling did not survive however floss as she has been named by her carer is doing well and now ready for exploring the world around her (in her small enclosure at this stage )\nshe weighed a mighty 4. 5 gram on arrival and has since grown to 5. 6 gram, quite a weight gain in just 10 days when one is so tiny .\nthey have been known to live in communal groups of up to 30 and the breeding cycle is all year round in the northern parts and spring, summer to late winter in the south. the female has four teats but rarely carries more than three young at a time and can fall pregnant whilst still carrying young in the pouch. they have a life expectancy of 4 years in the wild. both sexes are similar in size and appearance with the obvious difference being the pouch in the female .\nhe is seen in images below much better after a good feed and some rest .\nas soon as it gets dark he will be released back to his colony .\nfemales will look after the young of other females that share the nest. not all females within the same nest breed at the same time. growth is slow for such a small marsupial and the material investment is high. their nest is commonly made up of eucalyptus and acacia leaves that form a 6 - 8 cm sphere shape .\nfemales reach sexual maturity at 8 months of age whereas the males reach sexual maturity at 12 months of age .\nthey may also feed on pollen that attaches to their fur after contact with flowers .\nnatural predators in their range include ghost bats, owls, kookaburras, and the small agile antechinus. other predators include lizards and snakes .\nbraithwaite, l. w. (1983). studies on the arboreal marsupial fauna of eucalypt forests being harvested for woodplup at eden, n. s. w. i. the species and distribution of animals. australian wildlife research\nhackett, d. l. , and goldingay, r. l. (2001). pollination of banksia spp. by non - flying mammals in north - eastern new south wales. australian journal of botany 49: 637 - 644 .\nharper, m. j. , mccarthy, m. a. , and van der ree, r. (2005). the use of nest boxes in urban natural vegetation remnants by vertebrate fauna. wildlife research 32: 509 - 516 .\njohnston, m, shaw, m. (2000). trial radio - tracking of feather - tailed gliders acrobates pygmaeus. australian mammalogy .\nsmith, g. c. , and agnew, g. (2002). the value of ‘bat boxes’ for attracting hollow dependent fauna to farm forestry plantation in southeast queensland. ecological management and restoration 3: 37 - 47." ]

{ "text": [ "the feathertail glider ( acrobates pygmaeus ) , also known as the pygmy gliding possum , pygmy glider , pygmy phalanger , flying phalanger and flying mouse , is a species of marsupial native to eastern australia .", "it is the world 's smallest gliding mammal and is named for its long feather-shaped tail . " ], "topic": [ 4, 25 ] }

[ "the feathertail glider (acrobates pygmaeus), also known as the pygmy gliding possum, pygmy glider, pygmy phalanger, flying phalanger and flying mouse, is a species of marsupial native to eastern australia. it is the world's smallest gliding mammal and is named for its long feather-shaped tail." ]

[ "pygmy rock mice occupy rocky habitats in high desert areas up to 1000 m in elevation .\ndesertusa is a comprehensive resource about the north american deserts and southwest destinations. learn about desert biomes while you discover how desert plants and animals learn to adapt to the harsh desert environment. find travel information about national parks, state parks, blm land, and southwest cities and towns located in or near the desert regions of the united states. access maps and information about the sonoran desert, mojave desert, great basin desert, and chihuahuan desert .\ntwo such rodents are of interest to study in terms of how species adapt to different environments. mus indutus, the desert pygmy mouse, colonises the kalahari desert - and as such is adapted to tolerate an extremely arid environment .\nhow are mice so adaptable to extreme environments? we speak to ei fellow david thybert about the hardy desert mouse .\ndesertusa is a comprehensive resource about the north american deserts and southwest destinations. learn about desert biomes while you discover how desert plants and animals learn to adapt to the harsh desert environment. study desert landscapes and how the geologic features unique to the desert regions are formed. find travel information about national parks, state parks, blm land, and southwest cities and towns located in or near the desert regions of the united states. access maps and information about the sonoran desert, mojave desert, great basin desert, and chihuahuan desert, which lie in the geographic regions of arizona, california, new mexico, nevada, texas, and utah in the united states and into mexico .\nthe desert pygmy mouse is territorial, but it can be found singularly, in pairs or in groups. it is nocturnal. its diet consists of grass and other seeds, as well as insects .\nbrown, j. , b. kotler, m. knight. 1998. patch use in the pygmy rock mouse (petromyscus collinus) .\nwithers, p. 1983. seasonal reproduction by small mammals of the namib desert .\nbreeding: it is widely believed that the desert pygmy mouse breed throughout the year with litters of between 2 to 8. gestation periods are only 19 days. the young are born in ball - shaped grass nests, usually in the summer months .\ninhabit the same area as pygmy rock mice and are likely predators of these small rodents. however, actual predation on pygmy rock mice by these species has not been documented .\nin some states in australia the spinifex hopping mouse is kept as a pet .\none model, for example, is the algerian mouse, mus spretus, which colonises much of north africa and the iberian peninsula and is very much related to the european house mouse .\nlittle is known about reproduction in pygmy rock mice. the mating system of these animals has not been described .\nmore than one billion people live in desert regions, despite us being poorly adapted, biologically, to this environment .\n), for example, has been found living in tall grasses and pygmy bamboo growing among teak forests in thailand .\nto survive in the desert the spinifex hopping mouse is adapted to draw all of its water needs from the food which they eat. their kidneys have specialised to extract all the water from their diet so it is not wasted .\nneonates of the pygmy rock mice squeak loudly when disturbed and also make a rhythmic clicking noise. it has been observed that adult pygmy rock mice squeak loudly when disturbed. one mother who was disturbed adopted a threat - poster and chattered her teeth .\nsmall namibian desert mammals avoid the extreme temperature and humidity by being surface - active at night and remaining underground during the day .\ndempster, e. , m. perrin. 1989. maternal behaviour and neonatal development in three species of namib desert rodents .\nwithers, p. , g. louw, j. henschel. 1980. energetics and water relations of namib desert rodents .\n) has been reported to produce litters of two to six young in july and december. in east africa, the pygmy mouse breeds during the wet seasons from april to june and september to december and bear litters of two to eight young .\nthe nannomys, also known as african pygmy mice, are a miniscule five grams and represent some of the smallest rodents on earth .\n), which lives only in grassland, heath, and wet scrub, but others are more adaptable. habitats of the pygmy mouse, for example, include open sandy ground, savannas, forests, and sometimes houses. this subgenus contains the most efficient burrowers :\nthe most - studied embryonic stem cells are mouse embryonic stem cells, which were first reported in 1981. this type of stem cell can be cultured indefinitely in the presence of leukemia inhibitory factor (lif), a glycoprotein cytokine. if cultured mouse embryonic stem…\naccording to the peoples trust for the environment, the jerboa species that live in cold desert environments such as the gobi hibernate through the winter, living off body fats. the jerboa species that live in the hot desert environments such as the sahara stay in their burrows, in a state of torpor, through the summers .\npredators of the spinifex hopping mouse include dingoes, snakes and owls. they also face threats from introduced predators such as foxes and cats .\naustralia is the native home of the spinifex hopping mouse. here they can be found across south australia, western australia and the northern territory .\npygmy rock mice weigh an average of 18 to 20 g. body length is usually 80 mm, tail length around 82 mm, and hind foot length 15 mm .\nas a nocturnal animal, the algerian mouse comes out at night to avoid the warmer temperatures of a mediterranean summer, and can drink two - thirds less water and can stand higher temperature than the domestic mouse, which goes some way to helping it survive in a semi - arid environment .\na few of the jerboa species - - for instance, the five - toed pygmy jerboa (cardiocranius paradoxus) and the thick - tailed pygmy jerboa (salpingotus crassicauda) - - are currently considered as threatened. other species - - for example, the long - eared jerboa (euchoreutes naso), of the gobi desert, and the well known lesser egyptian jerboa (jaculus jaculus), of northern africa and the arabian peninsula - - appear on the international union for the conservation of nature and natural resources red list of threatened species, although they are ranked among those of\nleast concern .\nthe spinifex hopping mouse has a fawn or chestnut coloured back with a white underside. the ears, feet and nose are pink with the eyes being large and black .\n) is native to peninsular india, nepal, and pakistan, but it has been introduced into northern sumatra. the fawn - coloured mouse has a natural distribution throughout mainland southeast asia and southern china but also inhabits rice fields on sumatra and java, where it was likely introduced. the ryukyu mouse ranges throughout southeast asia, including taiwan and the\nin the region where these mice occur, rocky outcroppings tend to be separated by over a kilometer, acting as habitat islands for pygmy rock mice. rock outcroppings are very important to serve as protection from predators .\nis similar in this regard. pygmy rock mice are sometimes reported to be granivorous, but this granivory may be indirect. although the rocky outcroppings which they inhabit may offer protection, they provide little in the way of feeding opportunities. studies have shown that heavy grazing by hyraxes leaves little vegetation for pygmy rock mice. instead, it is thought that pygmy rock mice are either removing seeds from the feces of hyrax or eating hyrax fecal pellets. alternatively, they may be feeding on insects and arthropods that in turn are exploiting the feces. in any case, the diet of these animals remains slightly mysterious, and merrits further investigation .\ndiet varies among species. outdoors the house mouse consumes seeds and insects; indoors it eats nearly anything digestible. most other species eat a combination of plant parts (especially seeds), insects, and other invertebrates. stomachs of gray - bellied pygmy mice caught in east africa, for example, contained plant parts, pieces of bark, insects (mostly adult beetles), and worms .\nwhile unrelated, the jerboa, the australian hopping mouse and the north american kangaroo rat have all developed similar adaptations to sandy, arid environments, providing an example of convergent evolution .\nstill, life finds a way, and among the hardy beasts that call the desert home are several species of rodent, which are very well adapted to tolerate the challenges that accompany life under the baking hot sun .\nit is purportedly the jerboa - - referred to as a mouse - - that finds mention in the bible, in the book of leviticus, when the children of israel are cautioned about they must not eat :\nthese also shall be unclean to you among the creeping things that creep upon the earth: the weasel, and the mouse, and the tortoise ...\nto understand how the algerian mouse became more adapted to arid condition, david is sampling dna from wild mus spretus living in the oceanic region of north - west of portugal and almeria in the south - east of spain, which is a semi - desertic climate. this dna will be used to sequence and compare the genome of different individuals from the two areas to identify the regions of the genome that change to adapt to the desert .\nbody: roughly mouse - or rat - shaped, covered with long silky soft fur, generally (depending on the species) buff to dark sandy colored on upper parts, lighter colored under parts .\nfrom the head to the base of their tail a spinifex hopping mouse measures between 95 and 115mm (3. 7 and 4. 5in). an average weight is 35g (1. 2oz) .\nit is thought that pygmy rock mice become reproductively active only in the presence of fog. as a result, their reproductive behavior is highly seasonal and of short duration, resulting in low reproductive potential but high annual survival (withers, 1983) .\nthe jerboa' s range extends from asia west southwestward across northern africa. it often favors arid sandy habitats such as the gobi desert, where temperatures may fall to near zero during the cold of winter, and the sahara desert, where temperatures may rise to more than 130 degrees fahrenheit in the heat of summer. foraging primarily at night, the jerboa eats plants, seeds and insects, depending on its food to meet its need for water. it may never actually drink free water throughout its life .\nfor many of us mere humans at earlham institute, even withstanding temperatures above 25 degrees is a formidable task. not so for desert mice, which can tolerate extreme environments and temperatures up to 42 degrees celsius - taking it all in their tiny stride .\n, fallow fields and croplands at northern latitudes, and rice fields in the asian tropics. four of these species, including the house mouse, have dispersed beyond their natural ranges as a result of human settlement. the\nthe nocturnal cairo spiny mouse, acomys cahirinus, shares a similar habitat with the diurnal golden spiny mouse acomys russatus. a. cahirinus tends to prefer less arid environments, while a. russatus can tolerate extremely arid conditions; though the two often share the same habitat - when they do, the diurnal behaviour of a. russatus allows them to avoid food competition with a. cahirinus which is faster and therefore poses a threat to their food supply .\nthe mouse embryo, for example, originally has fewer than 100 primary germ cells; during their migration, however, their numbers increase as a result of repeated divisions, to 5, 000 or more in the gonads. …\nsince pygmy rock mice seem to depend on hyrax feces as a food source, an obligate relationship might exist between the two species. they may play some role in dispersing seeds, and may act as a control on some insect populations. they may play some role as a prey species in local food webs .\nin the western world, obesity and diabetes in particular appear to be associated with the rapid development of a lifestyle that evolution has struggled to keep up with. therefore, looking at how these diseases present themselves in desert mice living under similarly altered conditions might inform us of how they are manifested in people, as well .\na. russatus is of particular interest to the study of adaptation. for one, it obtains most of its moisture from a plant that also thrives in the desert, while producing urine that is extremely concentrated in order that it doesn’t lose too much water - in fact, it can drink seawater and still maintain kidney function .\nof even greater interest to science, a. russatus can also stand temperatures of up to 42 degrees celsius, which is extremely high for a rodent. as such, this tiny mouse has a very low metabolic rate, which helps it to survive on a low food supply .\npygmy rock mice have darker skin at birth than do similar species, such as gerbillurus sp. , which have skin that is almost translucent at birth. proliferation of hair begins within 4 days of birth and is first visible on the dorsum. pelage coloration of young is dark grey, whereas adult pelage is brown - grey in coloration .\ntypically, the jerboa has a mouse - or rat - like head and body, cat - like sensory whiskers, owl - like eyes, squirrel - like to jackrabbit - like ears, kangaroo - like back legs, prairie dog - like forelegs and a disproportionally long, sometimes tufted, distinctive tail .\nindeed, in some populations a whopping 74% of female mus minutoides are xy. it turns out that there is quite a diversity within the x chromosome of these pygmy mice, with morphologically different x chromosomes causing this sex reversal. as such a rare example within mammals, these mice therefore present an interesting case to study determination of sex in all mammalian species .\ndepending upon the species and geographic region, mice may breed throughout the year or only during the wet seasons in southern latitudes and from spring to fall in northern latitudes. except for the house mouse, which can produce up to 14 litters per year (1 to 12 offspring per litter), there is little information about the reproductive\nfemale pygmy rock mice produce one liter per year, with an average litter size of 2. 8 young. a distinguishing behavior of young is nipple - clinging, wherein the young remain attached to the nipple of the mother until they are weaned. the length of gestation is not known, but in other murine rodents of similar size, gestation does not often last more than about one month. weaning is reported to occur betweeen 30 and 33 days of age. these mice probably become independent and disperse around the time of weaning .\nhead: skull, shaped much like that of a mouse or rat; nose, strong, adapted for tunneling burrows for refuge; eyes, large, adapted for nocturnal activity; ears, proportionally large to very large, depending on species, and protected by bristly hairs; teeth, curved and grooved chisel - like incisors and strong molars, adapted for eating the tough plant materials of arid lands; sensory whiskers, long and adapted for feeling immediate surroundings in the darkness of night or within burrows .\nall rodents with a mouselike or ratlike body, regardless of body size or diagnostic traits, were described as species of mus between 1758 and the late 1800s. subsequent study shifted most of those species into many different groups, leaving mus as a smaller, clearly defined genus with a particular combination of traits. within the genus there are four distinctive groups: spiny mice (subgenus pyromys), shrew - mice (subgenus coelomys), rice field mice and the house mouse (subgenus mus), and african mice (subgenus nannomys) .\n). this mouse loosens soil with its incisor teeth, carrying a load of debris in its mouth and piling it outside the burrow entrance or sometimes stacking loose soil inside the burrow and then pushing the pile out with its hind feet. in the diked rice fields of thailand, small piles of soil below holes in the dike signal the presence of ryukyu mice. each hole is the opening to a tunnel extending upward to a nest chamber above water level, then to another opening on the other side of the dike. forest species may also burrow, but most of them construct nests in rock crevices or beneath rotting tree trunks and brush piles on the forest floor. the\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nthe rate of habitat loss in the north west province, which constitutes a large portion of the species’ extent of occurrence, was 12% between 1994 and 2010. however, this species is expanding in the north west province because it is able to exist in agricultural habitats and wildlife ranching, therefore it is listed as least concern .\nthis species has been recorded from northern south africa (northern cape province, north - west province, gauteng and limpopo province), western zimbabwe, botswana, southwestern zambia, central and northern namibia and southern angola. it generally recorded at elevations close to 1, 000 m asl but it has also been found up to 1, 600 m in gauteng, south africa. .\nit is an abundant to very abundant species. this species may undergo population explosions during periods of high food availability, and is considered to be one of the most abundant small mammals in the kalahari .\nthis species tolerates a wide range of habitats in semi - arid savannas. it generally avoids open microhabitats. further details are needed on whether this species is present in agricultural land .\nthis errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .\n( errata version published in 2017). the iucn red list of threatened species 2016: e. t13964a115116926 .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\npikkuaavikkohiiri\nto\nmus indutus (thomas, 1910 )\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndistribution: they occur throughout the central and northern parts of namibia, apart from the skeleton coast .\ndiet: their principal food is grass and other types of seed and the dry exterior of fruit trees such as the buffalo thorn and insects .\ncolouring: the upper parts of the body are pinkish - buffy to pinkish - clay. the under parts are white .\nsize: adults have a total length of about 10cm and a mass of some 6g. their tails are shorter than the length of the head and the body .\nnestled in a conservation area in the majestic erongo mountains this property contains a wide selection of rock art. activities here center around rock art and various guided walking trails serve as a good introduction to namibian rock art\na luxury lodge offering top notch rooms & facilities. guided game drives and bush walks allow guests to thoroughly explore the area .\none of our favourite lodges in namibia - excellent accommodation, food and guided walks in beautiful surroundings make for an enjoyable and relaxing stay .\na variety of activities are on offer at this lodge near karibib. accommodation ranges from camping and self - catering options to private bungalows\nsituated at the foot of the hohenstein mountain, this lodge offers many hiking and climbing opportunities. it is also well situated to visit the spitzkoppe mountain\na charming lodge in the town of omaruru. with all the facilities you may require including a popular restaurant & bar\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation, e. g. an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature, an orthologous protein, a record from another database, etc. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more... < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages, faqs, uniprotkb manual, documents, news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website. please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins, you can use the ‘basket’ to save them, so that you can back to find or analyse them later. < p > < a href =' / help / basket' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more. . < / a > < / p >\nwe' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation (gdpr) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmusser, guy g. , and michael d. carleton / wilson, don e. , and deeann m. reeder, eds .\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference, 3rd ed. , vol. 2\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference, 2nd ed. , 3rd printing\ncomments: subgenus nannomys. skinner and smithers (1990) and meester et al. (1986) discussed the morphological and chromosomal distinctions between m. indutus and m. minutoides. skinner and smithers (1990) also summarized biological data, and meester et al. (1986) provided citations for synonyms. definition of this species is ambiguous (meester et al. , 1986; skinner and smithers, 1990). meester et al. (1986) included the angolan sybilla in m. indutus, but our study of the holotype revealed that sybil ...\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page. such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life. please send feedback and corrections directly to the source. see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\na variety of organizations and individuals have contributed photographs to calphotos. please follow the usage guidelines provided with each image. use and copyright information, as well as other details about the photo such as the date and the location, are available by clicking on the\namori, g. (small nonvolant mammal red list authority) & cox, n. (global mammal assessment team )\nlisted as least concern because, it is a widespread and extremely abundant species with population explosions at times. there are no major threats to the species .\nmonadjem, a. 2004. mus indutus. 2006 iucn red list of threatened species. downloaded on 19 july 2007 .\nmusser, g. g. and m. d. carleton. 2005. superfamily muroidea. pp. 894–1531 in mammal species of the world a taxonomic and geographic reference. d. e. wilson and d. m. reeder eds. johns hopkins university press, baltimore .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe diminutive jerboa looks as though it were made from left - over spare parts of other animals, but it is nevertheless superbly adapted to harsh environments such as those of the gobi and sahara deserts. it holds membership in the dipodinae, or\njumping rodents ,\nfamily, which includes several different genera. the jerboa belongs to one of three genera that include more than two dozen species, more than 20 of them in asia .\nsize and weight: length (head and body), two to six inches, depending on the species; weight, less than an ounce up to a few ounces .\nlegs and feet: hind legs, typically four times longer than forelegs, designed for prodigious leaps - - up to six to seven feet in height and perhaps ten feet in length; hind feet, large, with central bones fused for added strength and support in leaping; toes, four (asiatic jerboas) or three (african jerboas); digits and soles, equipped with hair tufts to enhance mobility - - something like snow shoes - - in loose sand; forelegs, small, arm - like with forepaws designed for digging burrows and handling food .\ntail: typically longer than head and body, used for support and balance when standing, may be tufted .\nsenses: keenly developed abilities for smell, hearing and dim - light vision .\na nocturnal animal that spends most of its daylight hours sequestered beneath the surface of the ground, the jerboa has kept much of its behavior secret. it is, however, best known for its leaping ability, which it uses to escape predators .\nwhen about to spring ,\nsaid the encyclopedia britannica, 9th edition, the jerboa\nraises its body by means of the hinder extremities, and supports itself at the same time upon its tail, while the forefeet are so closely pressed to the breast as to be scarcely visible... it then leaps into the air and alights upon its four feet, but instantaneously erecting itself, it makes another spring, and so on in such rapid succession as to appear as if rather flying than running .\nthe jerboa can move 15 to 16 miles per hour. when not in flight, the jerboa walks upright or hops .\nprimarily a solitary animal, the jerboa lives alone in its burrow, either in isolation or within a colony. using its teeth, nose and claws, it may excavate a simple temporary one - to two - foot - long, single - tunnel burrow that is uses for escape from predators or for refuge from extreme temperatures. it also excavates a much more elaborate and more permanent, five - to eight - foot deep burrow that has several tunnels and entrances as well as chambers for hibernation, food storage and nesting. it may line its nesting chamber with shredded vegetation or even camel hair. the jerboa uses plugs of soil to seal entrances, helping to camouflage the burrow, maintain tolerable internal temperatures and contain moisture .\nthe jerboa has also kept its mating and parenting behavior largely secret, but it breeds two or three times each year. the female gives birth to two to six - - typically three - - naked and helpless young, after a relatively long pregnancy. according to authorities d. eilam and g. shefer, department of zoology, ramat - aviv, israel, a newborn pup' s\nhindlegs and forelegs are of the same length, the tail is short, skin pigmentation and fur are absent, and the eyes and ears are closed .\ncompared with other rodents, the newborn jerboa develops slowly .\n... their hind legs do not develop until they are 8 weeks old ,\naccording to people' s trust for the environment .\nthey cannot jump until they are 11 weeks old. jerboas are sexually mature at 14 weeks, twice the age at which rats are mature .\nonce the young jerboa does leave the nest and achieve independence, it may\nlive in the wild for up to 6 years, twice the life expectancy of rats .\nthe jerboa appears to face an uncertain future. as it always has, the animal faces a number of predators, especially those that feed at night. these include, for instance, owls, snakes, foxes, jackals and, in populated areas, house cats. the greater long - term threat, however, would seem to be habitat loss, inflicted by man .\nsome species, for instance, the long - eared jerboa, have been recommended for more research by international environmental organizations. the jerboa' s range, population trends, threats and management requirements need to be better understood if the animal is to be assured of long - term survival .\nwith further research, the jerboa' s early development may yield new understanding of postnatal\nanatomy, histology, physiology, and motor behavior ,\nsaid eilam and shefer .\nrelative to the length of its front legs, the jerboa' s back legs are longer than those of the kangaroo, according to the encyclopedia britannica, 9th edition .\nextremely shy and elusive, the jerboa evades nearly any attempt at capture. however, said the encyclopedia britannica, 9th edition ,\nthe arabs... succeed, it is said, in this by closing up all the exits from the burrows with a single exception, by which therefore they are forced to come, and over which a net is placed for their capture .\ndesertusa newsletter - - we send articles on hiking, camping and places to explore, as well as animals, wildflower reports, plant information and much more. sign up below or read more about the desertusa newsletter here. (it' s free. )\nthe coyote the ubiquitous coyote originally ranged primarily in the southwest corner of the us, but it has adapted readily to the changes caused by human occupation and, in the past 200 years, has been steadily extending its range .\nthe gray wolf wolves are the wild members of the dog family. they are believed to be the ancestors of our domesticated dogs. the gray wolf still inhabits some areas of the norther hemisphere. the mexican gray wolf is the only wolf that at one time roamed the southwestern deserts .\ncopyright © 1996 - 2018 urltoken and digital west media, inc. - -\n) are found in arid regions of southern africa. this species has been documented to inhabit the southwestern region of angola and the southern area of nambia .\nthe masseter muscles appear to be well developed at birth, yielding disproportionately large cheeks that are thought to be related to nipple - clinging behavior during the nursing period. nipple - clinging has been documented in several rodent species, although its function has not been clearly established, nor has it been clearly defined .\n( brown, et al. , 1998; dempster and perrin, 1989 )\nin one study of maternal behavior, that mothers remained in the nest when disturbed; one mother took defense by tooth - chattering and mounting a threat posture. the young of this species cling to the teat. however, females were seldom observed to leave the nest, so it is not known whether they forage with the young attached to the teats. mothers mouth carry their young if they become detached from the teats and also retrieve older young that have left the nest; this response waned 21 days after parturition. grooming was observed, but rare, in one litter, where a pup approached its mother and licked her mouth in the diastema region .\n, we can infer that this species is not unlike other small murine rodents. the mother provides care to the offspring, including protection and food. it is unlikely that parental care extends much beyond the period of lactation .\nin addition to using these vocal and visual means of communication, there is significant tactile communication in this species between mother and offspring, as well as between mates .\nmost mice use olfactory cues to identify mates and rivals. it is likely that these mice are similar in this regard .\nchris binschus (author), humboldt state university, brian arbogast (editor, instructor), humboldt state university .\nliving in sub - saharan africa (south of 30 degrees north) and madagascar .\nyoung are born in a relatively underdeveloped state; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth / hatching. in birds, naked and helpless after hatching .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves. animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nin deserts low (less than 30 cm per year) and unpredictable rainfall results in landscapes dominated by plants and animals adapted to aridity. vegetation is typically sparse, though spectacular blooms may occur following rain. deserts can be cold or warm and daily temperates typically fluctuate. in dune areas vegetation is also sparse and conditions are dry. this is because sand does not hold water well so little is available to plants. in dunes near seas and oceans this is compounded by the influence of salt in the air and soil. salt limits the ability of plants to take up water through their roots .\nanimals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature. endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia, although it may have arisen in a (now extinct) synapsid ancestor; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities. convergent in birds .\noffspring are produced in more than one group (litters, clutches, etc .) and across multiple seasons (or other periods hospitable to reproduction). iteroparous animals must, by definition, survive over multiple seasons (or periodic condition changes) .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic .\nthe region of the earth that surrounds the equator, from 23. 5 degrees north to 23. 5 degrees south .\nreproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female .\nscott, m. 2002 .\nurltoken\n( on - line). accessed april 24, 2005 at urltoken .\nskinner, j. , r. smithers. 1990. the mammals of the southern african subregion .\nto cite this page: binschus, c. 2005 .\npetromyscus collinus\n( on - line), animal diversity web. accessed july 10, 2018 at urltoken\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nled by expert group leaders, our research groups are at the forefront in modern life sciences .\nwe have a variety of meeting rooms and training facilities to cater for all your needs .\nbespoke genomic services across next - gen sequencing and bioinformatics, delivered by genome experts .\nexplore our software and datasets which enable the bioscience community to do better science .\nhands - on training courses and workshops in cutting edge genomics, bioinformatics and high - performance computing .\nsupporting the development of skills and sharing of best practice, workflows and pipelines .\ndavid thybert, research fellow at ei, has focused his work on understanding how rodents are able to withstand incredibly extreme arid environments such as deserts - and thrive in situations that are completely inhospitable for most forms of life, let alone mammals .\nthe tricks to their tolerance can, as is so often the case, be found nested within their uniquely - attuned genomes - and can also provide hints to the basis of human conditions such as obesity and diabetes .\ndeserts are some of the most inhospitable environments on earth, but many animals here thrive .\ndeserts are pretty inhospitable places. even plants struggle to get a stranglehold in such environments - and the life that does exist in these arid places is sparse compared to more lush, rainy regions such as rainforests and grasslands .\nit’s of no real surprise that such organisms have come to colonise arid, or xeric, environments (those lacking moisture), as they form the earth’s largest terrestrial ecosystem - covering almost one third of the world’s land mass .\nin terms of studying how organisms can adapt to extreme conditions, rodents present an interesting model organism due to their diversity in terms of species and variety of phenotypes even in closely related species - but also because of their alternative methods of withstanding hardship .\nhardier still, are the highly specialised spiny mice of the acomys genus, two very closely related species of which have actually adopted different routines that probably helps them to avoid too much competition .\ndeserts, including polar deserts, cover almost a third of the earth' s surface .\nhowever, when it comes to living in captivity this can pose a health hazard - and a. russatus can suffer. at temperatures of below 18 degrees celsius, some mice will have difficulties to maintain their body temperature and can die, while others in captivity suffer from illness such as obesity and diabetes linked to low metabolism, which present a useful case study to inform important health issues in humans .\nthe interesting phenotypes of acomys do not end here. they are able to regenerate tissues like skin and cartilage. this is the first recorded instance of this in any mammals, for that matter .\nscience has never really before had a mammals model to study tissues regeneration, thus further study into these tiny spiny mice might may have important implication in regenerative medicine and help cure people seriously burned or harmed .\nmice are not from mars, but like earth and mars, albeit from cells and nucleic acids rather than dust clouds, the nannomys mice diverged from a common ancestor to house mice (mus musculus) around three to six million years ago .\nanother species, mus minutoides, thrives in a grassland environment - and the two species diverged two million years ago may be sympatric i. e. they inhabit the same geographic region .\nsuch species are interesting to study in terms of direct comparison, as we can hope to find the specific genetic regions present in mus indutus that helps them prosper in a more arid environment than their closely related cousins .\nanother interesting feature of mus minutoides is that it appears to undergo a reversal of sex determination, straying away from the classic xx / xy, which is extremely rare for a mammalian species. indeed, there exists a high proportion of fertile females that present as xy rather than xx .\nwith over 1500 species, the rodent present the most diverse group of mammals to study. considering their close evolutionary ties, they are especially interesting to study in terms of adaptation to different environments and niches .\nfurthermore, with their suite of interesting phenotypes, including many directly relevant to diseases that present in humans, the study of rodents might help us to further dissect how our own bodies function and inform us of how to combat such emergent illnesses as diabetes and obesity, which are becoming ever - more present in the 21st century .\n“with their wide distribution all over the world and their diversity of phenotypes even between closely related species, rodents are ideal models to understand how mammals evolve and adapt to new environments, ” said david thybert. “understanding the molecular mechanisms of rodent evolution and adaptation are crucial to better protect species threatened by global climate change and to better understand phenotypes associated to human disease. ”\nthe long tail has a brown top with a lighter bottom and measures 12. 5 to 22. 5cm (4. 9 to 9. 9in). this is tipped with a tuft of fur .\nthese animals are omnivores. their diet includes seeds, leaves, roots, shoots, plants and insects .\nhere the make their home throughout sand flats and dunes, eucalypt woods, tussock grasslands, melaleuca flats and other arid habitats which features spinifex grasses .\nthey build a burrow which goes deep underground. they make nests in the burrow out of sticks and other plant materials. the entrances to the burrow are hidden in grass .\nfemales will mate with several males during the female’s oestrus cycle. wild animals breeding in spring but can breed year - round in captivity. incidences of breeding increase following rain .\npregnancy takes 38 to 41 days following which a littler of 3 to 6 young are born. these are pink, hairless and the eyes are closed. at birth they weigh just 3g (0. 1oz). the mother will leave them in a nest where she feeds them while they grow .\n20 days after they are born they eyes open. it will take 4 weeks for them to be weaned off milk .\nthey are a nocturnal animal. this also helps to reduce their water loss as they are not out in the sun .\nwhen it rains a colony of spinifex hopping mice migrate long distances to reach them .\nspinifex hopping mice can raise their body temperature so it is above that of their outside environment and they feel cooler .\n), the common name generally but imprecisely applied to rodents found throughout the world with bodies less than about 12 cm (5 inches) long. in a scientific\n, has established itself with human populations in many other parts of the world .\nmice have a slender body, blunt or tapered muzzle, scantily haired, prominent ears, narrow hind feet with bald soles, and sharp, small claws. the thinly furred tail appears hairless; it may be about as long as the head and body, or it can be much shorter. one of the largest is the\n) of peninsular india, weighing about 18 grams (0. 6 ounce), with a body 10 to 12 cm (4 to 4. 7 inches) long and a shorter tail (7 to 8 cm [ 2. 8 to 3. 1 inches ]). the smallest is probably the\n) of sub - saharan africa, weighing 3 to 12 grams (0. 11 to 0. 42 ounce), with a body 6 to 8 cm (2. 3 to 3. 1 inches) long and a short tail of 3 to 6 cm (1. 2 to 2. 3 inches) .\n, whose upperparts and undersides are covered with flat, channeled spines nestled in soft underfur (juveniles are not spiny). at the other extreme are the\n), whose soft, short, and dense coat appears woolly or velvety. all the other species have a soft or slightly coarse, moderately thick coat with short or long hairs. a colour combination common to many mice is gray to brown upperparts, white underparts, white feet, and a tail that is dark above and white below. variations of this pattern include upperparts of buff, bluish gray, blackish gray, reddish brown, or chocolate brown, with underparts ranging from white to various shades of gray, sometimes tinged with silver or buff. the feet may be white or the same colour as the upperparts, and the tail may be bicoloured or uniformly dark gray to dark brown .\nmice in their natural habitats are primarily nocturnal, although some will occasionally forage during the day. they are ground dwellers, although some species are also agile climbers and leapers as well as capable swimmers. a few are specialized burrowers rarely seen above ground. most species, especially those living in savannas and grasslands, excavate\nand chambers in which they build globular nests of dry vegetation. in an intact ecosystem, species of\n, along with other small - bodied rodents, are preyed upon, sometimes to an appreciable degree, by reptiles, mammals, and birds (especially owls) .\n) of sub - saharan africa, for example, apparently does not burrow but uses pathways made by larger rodents .\n) bears from 1 to 13 young per litter and breeds throughout the year. in\nare native to eurasia and africa, where they range from lowlands to mountaintops. the five species in the subgenus\n, india, and mainland southeast asia. much of their range originally consisted of open grasslands or grassy patches in forests .\nare restricted to tropical evergreen lowland and mountain forests of sri lanka, southern india, mainland southeast asia, sumatra, and java. beneath the forest understory, they live in moist or cool\n, often near streams and other water sources, or in wet, mossy habitats at high elevations. little is known about their behaviour or ecology. they have tapered, shrewlike muzzles and small eyes. the dark brown fur is woolly or velvety in three of the species and somewhat spiny in the other two. their diet probably consists mostly of invertebrates, which they locate by poking their noses through moist leaf litter and moss covering the forest floor .\n, and shorter tails relative to body length. they are rarely seen and are caught only by being dug out of their burrows .\ntests using immature mice (the aschheim - zondek test) and immature rats have been found to be extremely accurate. tests using rabbits (the friedman test) have been largely replaced by the more rapid and less expensive frog and toad tests. …\nin mice the equivalent receptor is normally in this form, producing a greater response to heptanol than to octanol. this illustrates the importance of amino acid molecules in determining the specificity of receptor cells. …\n…example, the physiology of female mice is affected by the odour of urine produced by males and other females. dominant males have the greatest effect, causing the release of luteinizing hormone in the female, which leads, together with contact with the male, to ovulation. in contrast, the urine of other…" ]

{ "text": [ "the desert pygmy mouse ( mus indutus ) is a species of rodent in the family muridae .", "it is found in angola , botswana , namibia , south africa , zambia , and zimbabwe .", "its natural habitats are dry savanna and subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland . " ], "topic": [ 29, 20, 24 ] }

[ "the desert pygmy mouse (mus indutus) is a species of rodent in the family muridae. it is found in angola, botswana, namibia, south africa, zambia, and zimbabwe. its natural habitats are dry savanna and subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland." ]

[ "giresse et al. report aporrhais gallinae [ error pro aporrhais pesgallinae ] from cameroon .\nplaced a. pesgallinae as subspecies of a. uttingeriana: aporrhais uttingeriana pesgallinae (p. 90) .\nsyn. : aporrhais uttingeriana pesgallinae barnard, 1963. mienis, 1976: 89\ncomment ulrich wieneke: deep sea morph similar to the type of aporrhais pesgallinae .\ndepth, where aporrhais uttingeriana pesgallinae lives: from 100 to at least 350 m .\nrm28314. aporrhais pesgallinae barnard, p. 74, fig. 2 - 29a .\naporrhais pesgallinae barnard, 1963; guinea - bissau; 38 mm; coll. chong chen\nmarquet, grigis & landau, 2002 lump the mediterranean tortonian forms and the paratethyan badenian forms together with the recent morph [ aporrhais pesgallinae ] and use the name aporrhais (aporrhais) uttingeriana .\naporrhais pesgallinae barnard, 1963; freak; guinea - bissau; from 100 m; coll. ulrich wieneke\naporrhais pesgallinae barnard, 1963; off port bouet, ivory coast; taken in net in 80 m; 1997; coll. ulrich wieneke\naporrhais pesgallinae barnard, 1963; namibia; trawled at 100 m; 1990; 30, 1 mm; coll. ulrich wieneke no. 1343\n- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species: aporrhais pesgallinae k. h. barnard, 1963 - id: 1440004000\nclaimed (together with a. malatesta) that aporrhais elegantissimus is a surviving descendant of the pliocene mediterranian aporrhais uttingerianus (risso, 1826 )\naporrhais pesgallinae barnard, 1963; freak; casamance, senegal, west africa; from 80 m; 28, 4 mm; coll. ulrich wieneke no. 1396\naporrhais pesgallinae barnard, 1963; off faro das lagostas, near luanda, angola; trawled from 30 - 35 m; 56, 5 mm; coll. ulrich wieneke\naporrhais pesgallinae barnard, 1963; south of walvis bay, namibia (25° s, 12° e .); trawled at 400 - 450 m; coll. ulrich wieneke\naporrhais pesgallinae barnard, 1963; freak; conakry, guinea; by fisherman from 50 - 70 m; 29, 4 mm; coll. ulrich wieneke no. 1971\naporrhais pesgallinae barnard, 1963; south of walvis bay, namibia (25° s, 12° e .); 48 mm; trawled at 400 - 450 m; coll. philippe simonet\nsyn. : aporrhais uttingerianus elegantissimus barnard, 1963. mari, 1972: 7\naporrhais pesgallinae barnard, 1963; north of walfis bay, namibia; trawled by fishermen; 39, 2 mm; ex - coll. d & m. meyer; coll. ulrich wieneke\noriginal description of aporrhais pes - gallinae by barnard, 1963, p. 67 :\ndescription of aporrhais elegantissimus by de geronimo in mari, 1972, p. 6 :\naporrhais pesgallinae barnard, 1963; south of walvis bay, namibia (24° - 25° s, 13° - 14° e .); 59 mm; trawled at 350 - 450 m; coll. philippe simonet\nsyn. : aporrhais elegantissimus parenzan, 1970: 142, pl. xxviii, fig. 560\naporrhais elegantissima parenzan in settepassi, 1971 [ 1977 ]: pl. 13, fig. 34\naporrhais pseudoserresianus procerus settepassi, 1971 [ 1977 ]: xxi, pl. 15, fig. 35, 36\naporrhais uttingeriana pesgallinae barnard, 1963; off quicombo bay, angola; 11° s 13° e; trawled by belgian fishermen (pemarco: pêche maritime du congo), on sandbar; depth: - 175 m; 1965; 77. 2 mm; coll. frank nolf\nsyn. : aporrhais pseudoserresianus procerus settepassi, 1971 [ 1977 ]: xxi, pl. 15 fig. 35, 36\nmentioned that parenzan proposes that the holotype of aporrhais elegantissimus might be thrown from fishing boats returning from west african coasts into the italian sea .\np. 86 :\nfollowing mienis (1976) and kronenberg (1991), we considered that the present species a. pesgallinae barnard, 1963 and a. elegantissima parenzan, 1970, both from western africa, are synonyms of a. uttingeriana .\na. pesgallinae differs from a. uttingeriana by virtue of its more delicate structure, an adapical digitation diverging proximally from the spire (in a. uttingeriana the adapical digitation only rarely diverges from the spire and when it does, it diverges distally) and a shorter, thinner abapical digitation usually less divergent from the axis\nmanganelli, g. spadini, v. fiorentino, v. , 2008. the lost aporrhais species from the italian pliocene: a. peralata (sacco, 1893) (gastropoda, caenogastropoda), journal of conchology, 39 (2008), 5, 493 - 516 .\nsecondo il prof. henk k. mienis dell' università ebraica di gerusalemme (1) questa forma di conchiglia di aporrhais, descritta da parenzan come specie nuove, col nome di a. elegantissmus (2) è l' a. pesgallinae di barnard (3) attualemente vivente sulle coste atlantiche africane. parenzan la cita come rinvenuta sulla spaggia di genosa presso taranto, ebreo (4) nell' arcipelago toscano. ha una forma che si avvicina al serresianus per le digitazioni più sottili e delicate del pespelecani, ma l' a. elegantissimus ne possiede tre sottili e più lunghe, oltre la coda. il complesso della conchiglia si avvicina aall' aporrhais uttingerianus, specie estinta. alcuni malacologi l' elegantissimus lo ritengono un relitto di quest' ultimo, ma io non sono di questo parere, l' uttingerianus è una specie caratteristica, pesante, avendo sempre la prima digitazione aderente al corpo della conchiglia e le digitazioni più ingrossate. nel pliocene si rinviene anche una forma, molto rara, dell' uttingeranus peraraneosa (vedi atlante tav. 15, fig. 39, e la conchiglia 1972 n. 9. 10, pag. 7) .\n( of aporrhais pes - gallinae barnard) gofas, s. ; afonso, j. p. ; brandào, m. (ed .). (s. a .). conchas e moluscos de angola = coquillages et mollusques d' angola. [ shells and molluscs of angola ]. universidade agostinho / elf aquitaine angola: angola. 140 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ]\ngofas, s. ; afonso, j. p. ; brandào, m. (ed .). (s. a .). conchas e moluscos de angola = coquillages et mollusques d' angola. [ shells and molluscs of angola ]. universidade agostinho / elf aquitaine angola: angola. 140 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nposterior spiniform process quite free from spire. outer lip with two slender processes, the margin between the anterior one and the beginning of the canal slightly convex, but with scarcely any suggestion of an incipient lobe or denticle. anterior canal tapering evenly, without flange - like expansion of the edge of the columellar callus. the' webbing' between the claws much less extensive than in pes - pelicani or pes - carbonis. on peripheral whorl traces of a peripheral row of tubercles. on body whorl a peripheral row of tubercles which is also moniliform where it emerges from under the columellar callus, but is smooth on back of the shell; below this lira (on back of shell) about 9 - 10 lirae. 40 mm long .\nlocus typicus: 26° 23' s. , 14° 17' e. (- 26. 38333, 14. 28333), in 311 m on green mud. (off hottentotspunt, namibia )\nlocus typicus: la conchiglia è stata repertata sulla spiaggia di marina di ginosa, dalla signora elena la sorsa, che qui ringrazio .\nitaly\ncongo, pointe noire, leg. j. moret, 1969 (zma, 1 ex. )\ncongo, pointe noire, depth 200 - 250 m, leg. vessel andré nizary, orstom, 5. xii. 1972 (zma, 1 ex. )\nangola, depth 180 m, muddy sand, 1967 (rnhl 2127, 1 ex. )\nholotype: sam - a30248. shell with anomal in alcohol, radula slide. .\nlocality: 26°23' s 14°17' e; 311 m; 28 october 1948 .\nwestern africa; mauretania / senegal and angola / namibia .\n;\nno live record from the mediterranean is known .\np. 90 :\nat present, a. uttingeriana is to be found in the coasts of mauritania and senegal and along the coasts of namibia and angola, but it seems it is not found between these areas (fig. 3). if the absence of a. uttingeriana between senegal and namibia is certain, and not due solely to a lack of data, this would mean that this species has a disjunctive distribution .\np. 158 :\nlarge species, with four to five well developed, long and pointed digitations, except for the adapical one, which is small and fused with the spire. it charcteristically forms an angle of more than 100° with the second digit .\nmauritania, offshore, trawled by fisherman at 300 - 600 m, 5. 1997, 3 specimens, no. 906 - 908\nquicombo, angola, trawled at 100 fathoms (180 m), belgian fisherman, 1972, 9 specimens, no. 1841 - 1851\noff farol das lagostas, luanda, angola, trawled at 30 - 35 m, 3 specimen, no. 740, 1120, 1121\nbaia de quizombo, 350 km south of luanda, angola, sand, at 30 - 40 m, 3. 2010, 34 specimens\ncasamance, senegal, at 80 m, 2 specimens, no. 1394, 1395\ncasamance, senegal, from fisherman, 1990, 3 specimens, no. 736 - 738\ndakar, senegal, 12 specimens, no. 730 - 733, 741, 784, 1396 - 1398, 2285 - 2287\ndakar, senegal, dredged at 100 m, 2 specimens, no. 734, 735\ndakar, senegal, taken by fishermen nets, 4. 2000, 1 specimen, no. 1342\nnorth of walfis bay, namibia, trawled by fishermen, 6. 1976, 3 specimens, no. 2541 - 2543\nsouth of walvis bay, 25°s 12°e, namibia, trawled at 175 m, on sandbar, 2 specimens, no. 1805, 1923\nnamibia, trawled at 400 - 450 m, 2 specimens, no. 2526, 2527\nvridi canal, off abidjan, ivory coast, trawled at 50 - 60 m, by local fisherman, 1. 1994, 1 specimen, no. 952\nvridi cbay, ivory coast, trawled at 80 m, 9. 1998, 2 specimen, no. 874, 875\nabidjan, ivory coast, trawled at 30 - 50 m, 2. 2000, 3 specimens, no. 876 - 878\nabidjan, ivory coast, bought from local fisherman, 8. 1997, 1 specimen, no. 739\noff port bouet, ivory coast, taken in net at 80 m, 8. 1997, 2 specimens, no. 804, 805\nguinea - bissau, at 180 m, 1994, 1 specimen, no. 964\noff guinea - bissau, trawled at 180 m, 1989, 2 specimens, no. 1349, 1350\nconakry, guinea, trawled by fishermen at 50 - 60 m, 5. 1997, 1 specimen, no. 1971\nconakry, guinea, trawled by fishermen at 50 - 60 m, 10. 2002, 1 specimen, no. 1961\nguinea - bissau, at 100 m, 2 specimens, no. 2524, 2525\nardovini r. and cossignani t. (2004). west african seashells: including azores, madeira and canary is. l' informatore piceno, ancona, 318 pp .\ngiles e. and gosliner t. (1983). primary type specimens of marine mollusca (excluding cephalopoda) in the south african museum. annals of the south african museum. 92 (1): 1–52 .\np. giresse, j. - p. megope - foonde, g. ngueutchoua, j. - c. aloisi, m. kuete & j. monteillet, 1996. carte sédimentologique du plateau continental du cameroun à 1: 200 000. éditions de l' orstom, institut français de recherche scientifique pour le développement en coopération, collection notice explicative n° 111, paris - 1996 .\ngofas s. , afonso j. p. and brandào m. (1985). conchas e moluscos de angola = coquillages et mollusques d' angola [ shells and molluscs of angola ]. universidade agostinho, elf aquitaine angola, angola .\npoutiers j. –m. (2016a). gastropods. in: carpenter k. e and de angelis n. (eds .) the living marine resources of the eastern central atlantic. vol. 2: bivalves, gastropods, hagfishes, sharks, batoid fishes and chimaeras. fao species identification guide for fishery purposes, rome, fao. pp 907–1115 .\nsasaki, t. , 2002: a natural history of shells. , pp. 1–194, pls. 1–16. the university museum, the university of tokyo. (in japanese )\nsettepassi, f. 1967 - 1972 [ 1970 - 1985 ]. atlante malacologico dei molluschi marini viventi nel mediterraneo, 3 vols. , pages numbered separately through each section, with plates, museo di zoologia del commune di roma, roma: tipografia inivag, vol. 1: 296 p. , 121 pls. 1967 [ 1970 ]; vol. 2: 304 p. , 96 pls. , 1971 [ 1977 ]; vol. 3: unnumbered progressively pages and plates, 1972 [ 1985 ], completed and published posthumous by a. gaglini .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43. 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed. my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nusing cookies on urltoken shellauction uses cookies only for technical reasons and to facilitate and speed up your site navigation. by continuing to browse, you accept the use of cookies; if you do not wish to receive them please disable them or not navigate this website further. more info cookies on urltoken\nutilizzo dei cookies su urltoken shellauction utilizza i cookies esclusivamente per ragioni tecniche e per facilitare e velocizzare la navigazione del sito. continuando a navigare accetti l' utilizzo dei cookies, se non desideri riceverli ti invitiamo a disabilitarli oppure a non navigare questo sito ulteriormente. altre informazioni sui cookies di urltoken" ]

{ "text": [ "aporrhais pesgallinae is a species of medium-sized sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family aporrhaidae , the pelican 's foot snails or pelican 's foot shells . " ], "topic": [ 2 ] }

[ "aporrhais pesgallinae is a species of medium-sized sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family aporrhaidae, the pelican's foot snails or pelican's foot shells." ]

[ "nobody uploaded sound recordings for northern brown - throated weaver (ploceus castanops) yet .\nnorthern brown - throated weaver (ploceus castanops) is a species of bird in the ploceidae family .\nknown nest predators include egg - eating snakes. old nests may be used by swamp flycatchers muscicapa aquatica. northern brown - throated weaver male at nest northern brown - throated weaver egg, figure from ogilvie - grant 1912\nthe northern brown - throated weaver breeding male has a dark chestnut face and throat which looks black from a distance. it is distinguished from the\nthe northern brown - throated weaver inhabits waterside vegetation along lakes and rivers, especially in papyrus and ambatch. it visits forest and woodland habitats in the non - breeding season .\nthe above is based on weaver wednesday, a weekly series about weaver species .\nthe above is based on weaver wednesday 2, a weekly series about the discovery of each weaver species .\nthe above is based on weaver wednesday 3, a weekly series about range changes in south african weaver species .\nthe northern brown - throated weaver feeds on seeds, including millet, and also on insects. it forages in small flocks, often with other weavers, on the ground, in vegetation and on floating aquatic plants. the foot structure shows adaptations typical of papyrus specialists .\nthe northern brown - throated weaver is apparently monogamous. it is colonial, with 5 - 6 nests in one site, but also nests solitarily. the nest is placed in tall elephant grass, low shrubs, in reeds, papyrus, bulrushes or ambatch. it sometimes breeds in mixed species colonies .\nthe first illustration of the northern brown - throated weaver was of the head of the male published by sharpe (1890). the next illustration to be published was of an egg by ogilvie - grant (1912), followed much later by colour paintings of the male and female in mackworth (1955) .\nin august pasha collected some male and female specimens of the northern brown - throated weaver around wadelai, and not in lado as noted by some authors. there was a danger of the specimens being lost due to the revolt, but rev. mackay eventually took them to the kenyan coast, and were sent to the british museum .\ncraig, a. (2018). northern brown - throated weaver (ploceus castanops). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018) .\ncuckoo - finch also called parasitic weaver (a. imberbis) (probably belongs in viduidae )\nphown (photos of weaver nests) provides valuable info on breeding distribution and colony sizes of weavers. you can contribute by registering and submitting photos at virtual museum webpage .\nthe clutch is 2 - 3 eggs, and egg colour is pinkish or pale blue, plain or spotted with red - brown. the chicks are fed by both male and female .\n14 cm; 18–27 g. male has forehead chestnut - brown (width of band varying individually), crown and nape golden - yellow, mantle and back olive - green with darker streaks on ...\npair bond apparently monogamous breeding season all months, with peak egg - laying mar - may and sept, in uganda; in feb - may and jul in drcongo nest site placed in tall elephant grass or low shrub, or in swamps, in reeds, papyrus, bulrushes (typha) or ambatch nest building built by male colony size colonial, with 5 - 6 nests in one tree clutch size 2 - 3 eggs egg colour either pinkish or pale blue, immaculate or spotted with red - brown egg size average size 22. 5 x 14. 5 mm (uganda) incubation no information chicks and nestling period chicks fed by both male and female\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo, j. , collar, n. j. , christie, d. a. , elliott, a. , fishpool, l. d. c. , boesman, p. and kirwan, g. m. 2016. hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world. volume 2: passerines. lynx edicions and birdlife international, barcelona, spain and cambridge, uk .\njustification: this species has a very large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified, but the species is reported to be locally common (fry and keith 2004). trend justification: the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nmay hybridize with p. melanocephalus or p. jacksoni in uganda; both sight records and specimens of probable hybrids exist, and hybrid was previously described as a separate species, p. victoriae. monotypic .\nne drcongo, rwanda, n burundi, uganda (except e), w kenya and nw tanzania .\nsong a series of high - pitched chattering and squeaky notes. long song in territorial defence, and ...\ndiet seeds, including millet; also insects. forages in small flocks, often with other weavers, on the ground, in vegetation and on floating ...\nbreeds in all months, with peak egg - laying mar–may and sept, in uganda; in feb–may and jul in drcongo. apparently monogamous... .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography. login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments. to make the most of all of hbw' s features, discover our subscriptions now !\nas currently constituted this genus may be paraphyletic # r; further study needed .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts, family texts, plates, audiovisual links, updates and related resources .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 55. 90 € (instead of 59. 90 €) 3 - year subscription package: 82 € (instead of 89. 85 € )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information, tracking references to their source (when available on the internet) .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 82. 5 € (instead of 89. 9 €) 3 - year subscription package: 122. 5 € (instead of 134. 85 € )\nthere is a registration fee of 20€. this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive. you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution, click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding (anonymously); markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes, voice, habitat, food and feeding, breeding, movements, status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up. please select a player to play flash videos .\nlars petersson, david beadle, dr _ m _ zieger, antero topp, liam hughes, jacqueserard, frédéric pelsy .\nsonogram images © xeno - canto foundation. sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nthis species has a very large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international (2018) species factsheet: ploceus castanops. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018. recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: birdlife international (2018) iucn red list for birds. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists, and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12, 000 regional checklists in avibase, offered in 9 different taxonomies, including synonyms more than 175 languages. each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community, and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page, such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition (incl. corrigenda vol. 1 - 2) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details. to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263, 335, 485 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nchoose different species from drop - down list and press' go' button. see\n. in 1881 there was a revolt by muhammad ahmad, and the revolt cut equatoria off from the outside world by 1883. in 1884 karam allah marched south to capture equatoria and emin. in 1885, emin and most of his forces withdrew further south, to wadelai near lake albert, in uganda .\nshelley 1888, proc. zool. soc. london, p. 35 lado (wadelai, uganda) .\n, latin: castaneus, chestnut - coloured; gr. ops, the face .\nthere are at least 4 syntypes in the british museum, including bm 1887. 9. 28. 62 .\nwhen in the same papyrus swamps, by the golden yellow crown and underparts .\nthe female has a streaked back and tawny - buff breast and is distinguished by black lores and a pale eye, a buff (not yellow) supercilium, lack of yellow on the underparts, and a more slender bill. the female\nthe nest is rounded, tightly woven, and with the entrance below covered by a small projecting porch. the nest is built by the male from strips of grass and creepers, and lined with fine grass and some feathers .\nwest and central africa: senegal - s chad; congo river - s sudan; n eritrea; nile river in s sudan, uganda and south to n zambia, around lake victoria, across s dr congo .\nthis species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km 2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified, but the species is described as common over much of its range (fry and keith 2004) .\np. victoriae ash, 1986 is now thought to be a hybrid between p. melanocephalus and p. castanops .\nred - headed fody (f. eminentissima) (comoro fody and aldabra fody if species split )\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\np. victoriae (ash, 1986) is now thought to be a hybrid between p. castanops and p. melanocephalus .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more" ]

{ "text": [ "the northern brown-throated weaver ( ploceus castanops ) is a species of bird in the ploceidae family .", "it is found in uganda , rwanda and adjacent northern burundi , eastern democratic republic of the congo , western kenya and northwestern tanzania . " ], "topic": [ 27, 20 ] }

[ "the northern brown-throated weaver (ploceus castanops) is a species of bird in the ploceidae family. it is found in uganda, rwanda and adjacent northern burundi, eastern democratic republic of the congo, western kenya and northwestern tanzania." ]

[ "austrocidaris canaliculata (a. agassiz, 1863) - overview - encyclopedia of life\nexplore what eol knows about austrocidaris canaliculata (a. agassiz, 1863) .\nvariety austrocidaris canaliculata var. lorioli (mortensen, 1903) accepted as austrocidaris lorioli (mortensen, 1903) (accepted at species rank )\nworms - world register of marine species - austrocidaris canaliculata (a. agassiz, 1863 )\n( of centrocidaris canaliculata (a. agassiz, 1863) ) mortensen, t. (1928b). a monograph of the echinoidea. i. cidaroidea, 551 pp. , c. a. reitzel & oxford university press, copenhagen & london. page (s): 141 - 143 [ details ]\n( of goniocidaris canaliculata (a. agassiz, 1879) ) mortensen, t. (1928b). a monograph of the echinoidea. i. cidaroidea, 551 pp. , c. a. reitzel & oxford university press, copenhagen & london. page (s): 141 - 143 [ details ]\n( of temnocidaris canaliculata a. agassiz, 1863) agassiz, a. (1863). list of the echinoderms sent to different institutions in exchange for other specimens, with annotations. bulletin of the museum of comparative zoölogy at harvard college. 1: 17 - 28. page (s): 18 [ details ]\nto antarctic invertebrates to biodiversity heritage library (11 publications) (from synonym goniocidaris vivipara studer, 1876) to biodiversity heritage library (17 publications) to biodiversity heritage library (61 publications) (from synonym goniocidaris canaliculata (a. agassiz, 1879) ) to encyclopedia of life to global biotic interactions (globi) to usnm invertebrate zoology echinodermata collection (75 records )\ndistinguished from ctenocidaridae and most goniocidarinae except ogmocidaris by having a deep interradial furrow. ogmocidaris has a similar furrow but its peristomial plating is very different. in ogmocidaris the interradial plates do not reach the adradial margin and there are only about 6 plates in a series. in austrocidaris interradial plates extend the full radial length of the membrane and there are about twice as many plates in a series. clark, h. l. 1907. the cidaridae. bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology at harvard college, 51 (7), 165 - 230, pls 1 - 11. mortensen, t. 1928. a monograph of the echinoidea. 1, cidaroidea. c. a. reitzel, copenhagen .\nkroh, a. & mooi, r. (2018). world echinoidea database .\n( of goniocidaris vivipara studer, 1876) studer, t. (1876). echinodermen aus dem antarktischen meere und zwei neue seeigel von den papua - inseln, gesammelt auf der reise s. m. s. gazelle um die erde. monatsbericht der königlich preussischen akademie der wissenschaften zu berlin. 452 - 465. , available online at urltoken page (s): 455 - 456 [ details ]\nmortensen, t. (1928b). a monograph of the echinoidea. i. cidaroidea, 551 pp. , c. a. reitzel & oxford university press, copenhagen & london. page (s): 141 - 143 [ details ]\ndavid, b. , t. choné, a. festeau & c. de ridder (2004). antarctic echinoids, an interactive database. editions universitaires dijon. cd rom. (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of dorocidaris canaliculatus (a. agassiz, 1863) ) ludwig, h. (1899). echinodermen des sansibargebietes. abhandlungen der senckenbergischen naturforschenden gesellschaft, bonn. 21 (1): 537 - 563. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of goniocidaris vivipara studer, 1876) mortensen, t. (1928b). a monograph of the echinoidea. i. cidaroidea, 551 pp. , c. a. reitzel & oxford university press, copenhagen & london. page (s): 141 [ details ]\nintergovernmental oceanographic commission (ioc) of unesco. the ocean biogeographic information system (obis), available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\noccurrence describes how often the species is found on surveys within its distribution. it is calculated as the% of reef sites surveyed by rls divers across all the ecoregions in which the species has been observed\nabundance is calculated as the average number of individuals recorded per rls transect, where present .\nplease use this form only for a single type of error. if you see multiple errors on the page for this species, please report these in separate forms by clicking on this button again after submitting this form\nthank you for highlighting this error. we appreciate your assistance in maintaining high quality control standards\nthis will bring up another web page where you can select your desired location .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\napical disc less than 50% test diameter; plating monocyclic; sparsely covered in granules. periproctal plating extensive .\ninterambulacra with 6 - 7 plates in a column. primary tubercles perforate, non - crenulate with deeply incised areoles. areoles non - confluent .\nambulacra weakly sinuous. pore - pairs narrow and oblique; the two pores separated by a very narrow interporal partition .\nprimary spines long, stout and cylindrical; short collar and glabrous neck. shaft ornamented with fine dense granulation; dense cortical hairs. oral spines undifferentiated .\nmcknight, d. g. 1974. some echinoids new to new zealand. nzoi records 2, 25 - 44 .\nradwanska, u. 1996. a new echinoid from the eocene la mesta formation of seymour island, antarctic peninsula. palaeontologica polonica 55, 117 - 125 .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice." ]

{ "text": [ "austrocidaris canaliculata is a species of sea urchins of the family cidaridae .", "their armour is covered with spines .", "austrocidaris canaliculata was first scientifically described in 1863 by alexander emanuel agassiz . " ], "topic": [ 2, 4, 5 ] }

[ "austrocidaris canaliculata is a species of sea urchins of the family cidaridae. their armour is covered with spines. austrocidaris canaliculata was first scientifically described in 1863 by alexander emanuel agassiz." ]

[ "( 7) the chinese hamster and chinese striped hamster are sometimes considered the same species (cricetulus griseus) but different subspecies (chinese striped hamster as c. g. barabensis), sometimes considered different species (chinese hamster: cricetulus griseus and chinese striped hamster: cricetulus barabensis) (ref) .\nthere is quite some confusion over the latin name of the chinese striped hamster and the closely related chinese hamster. some people consider the chinese hamster (cricetulus griseus) and the chinese striped hamster (cricetulus barabensis) different species [ 1 ], whereas others classify them as identical [ 2 ], the chinese striped hamster as a subspecies of the chinese hamster (in which case the latin name of the chinese striped hamster would be cricetulus griseus barabensis) [ 3 ] or the other way round (in which case the latin name of the chinese hamster would be cricetulus barabensis griseus) [ 4 ] .\n) in the brain of male and female mongolian gerbils and chinese striped hamsters .\nchinese striped hamster - buy chinese striped hamster by surhone, lambert m. | editor; tennoe, mariam t. | editor; henssonow, susan f. | editor online at best prices in india - urltoken\nagricultural irrigation mediates climatic effects and density dependence in population dynamics of chinese striped hamster in north china plain .\nisolation and characterization of microsatellite markers in the striped hamster (cricetulus barabensis) .\nchinese striped hamster (english, paperback, lambert m. surhone, mariam t. tennoe, susan f. henssonow )\na quick look inside of some of the subjects covered: hamster - fertility, hamster wheel, djungarian hamster - breeding, gray dwarf hamster - description, lightning (tom and jerry) - hamster, the sun (united kingdom) - freddie starr ate my hamster, cheek pouch - hamsters, campbell' s dwarf hamster - status and conservation, hamster racing - handicapping, turkish hamster - population and endangerment, angora hamster - long - haired or angora hamsters, angora hamster - biology, chinese striped hamster, sokolov' s dwarf hamster, turkish hamster - reproduction, hamster - intersexual aggression and cannibalism, israel aharoni - syrian hamsters, ciscaucasian hamster - economic significance, roborovski hamster - history of human contact, sokolov' s dwarf hamster - habitat, campbell' s dwarf hamster - hybrids, angora hamster - survival in the wild, campbell' s dwarf hamster - diet, european hamster - behaviour, phodopus - roborovski hamster, hamster - early literature, roborovski hamster - variation, chinese hamster - colour mutations, dwarf campbell' s russian hamster, gray dwarf hamster - distribution, xhamster - malvertising, phodopus - campbell' s dwarf hamster, chinese hamster - description, chinese hamster - taxonomy, ciscaucasian hamster - morphology and biology, roborovski hamster - gallery, djungarian hamster - in the wild, roborovski hamster - as pets, and much more ...\nthe chinese hamster is a species of hamster from the genus cricetulus. their species name is cricetulus griseus .\nas you can see, there are two chinese hamsters in the genus and is often why the chinese hamster (cricetulus griseus) is confused with the chinese dwarf hamster (cricetulus barabensis) .\n]). large - scale studies of the population genetics of the striped hamster have not been carried out .\nthe basic care of this species is the same as described for the chinese hamster .\n]). in the striped hamster, 14 microsatellite markers have been isolated and characterized (xu et al. [\nadditional file 1: table s1. : genotypes of ten microsatellite loci for the four examined geographical populations of striped hamster. table s2. alleles examined in the striped hamster at ten microsatellite markers for different geographical populations. table s3. allelic richness, observed heterozygosity, and expected heterozygosity at ten microsatellite markers for different striped hamster populations. (doc 67 kb )\nunlike all other hamsters, the chinese hamster have a very noticeable tail. this has led to the hamster looking somewhat like a crossover between a chinchilla and a hamster .\na new benchmark in hamster. there has never been a hamster guide like this. it contains 117 answers, much more than you can imagine; comprehensive answers and extensive details and references, with insights that have never before been offered in print. get the information you need - - fast! this all - embracing guide offers a thorough view of key knowledge and detailed insight. this guide introduces what you want to know about hamster. a quick look inside of some of the subjects covered: hamster - fertility, hamster wheel, djungarian hamster - breeding, gray dwarf hamster - description, lightning (tom and jerry) - hamster, the sun (united kingdom) - freddie starr ate my hamster, cheek pouch - hamsters, campbell' s dwarf hamster - status and conservation, hamster racing - handicapping, turkish hamster - population and endangerment, angora hamster - long - haired or angora hamsters, angora hamster - biology, chinese striped hamster, sokolov' s dwarf hamster, turkish hamster - reproduction, hamster - intersexual aggression and cannibalism, israel aharoni - syrian hamsters, ciscaucasian hamster - economic significance, roborovski hamster - history of human contact, sokolov' s dwarf hamster - habitat, campbell' s dwarf hamster - hybrids, angora hamster - survival in the wild, campbell' s dwarf hamster - diet, european hamster - behaviour, phodopus - roborovski hamster, hamster - early literature, roborovski hamster - variation, chinese hamster - colour mutations, dwarf campbell' s russian hamster, gray dwarf hamster - distribution, xhamster - malvertising, phodopus - campbell' s dwarf hamster, chinese hamster - description, chinese hamster - taxonomy, ciscaucasian hamster - morphology and biology, roborovski hamster - gallery, djungarian hamster - in the wild, roborovski hamster - as pets, and much more ...\n]). various approaches have been used to forecast the population dynamics of the striped hamster (wu et al. [\nso what kind of dwarf hamster do you want? yes, i understand a small one. that’s pretty much a given, you know? what i mean is what species of dwarf hamster do you prefer chinese? striped? perhaps even campbell’s russian hamster ?\na new benchmark in hamster. there has never been a hamster guide like this .\nenergy budget, behavior and leptin in striped hamsters subjected to food restriction and refeeding .\ni have a chinese dwarf hamster too! his name is oreo. he was just born !\ncaring for chinese dwarf hamsters is similar to caring for other dwarf hamsters. you can visit our dwarf hamster care page to find out more about how to take care of your chinese dwarf hamster .\nthe chinese hamster can live with other hamsters. however, unlike other dwarf hamsters, once two chinese hamsters get along they don’t necessarily do so forever .\n) which is also known by that name), or chinese striped hamster. on rare occasions it has been called the\nmouster\n, because of a superficial resemblance to a mouse .\ni have a chinese hamster too! his name is chester! he is about two years old .\ni have a female chinese dwarf hamster and her name is squirrel a use she looks like one .\na chinese hamster needs accessories to keep them occupied and stimulated. accessories to purchase for them include ;\ngenetics of somatic mammalian cells, vii. induction and isolation of nutritional mutants in chinese hamster cells .\nthe chinese dwarf hamster is often mistakenly put “in the same bucket” as the other dwarf hamster, but it has noticeable differences. the most notable difference in the chinese hamster is a clearly noticeable tail which makes it the most “mouse - like” of the hamsters .\nthe distance between the anus and the genitals of a male chinese hamster is twice that of a female .\n, the chinese dwarf hamster) have a dark stripe down the head to tail. the species of genus\nhamster 117 success secrets - 117 most asked questions on hamster - what... | 9781488819094 redshelf\nfor these reasons, the syrian hamster is our recommended choice for families getting their first hamster. ​\nchinese hamsters (cricetulus griseus) are one of five species of hamster that are commonly kept as a pet .\nthere are ways of breeding chinese hamster. due to the female becoming very aggressive this can be quite difficult .\nisolation and characterization of 16 novel microsatellite loci in two inbred strains of the chinese hamster (cricetulus griseus) .\noften referred to as a golden hamster (due to its coat), teddy bear hamster (due to the length of its hair), european black bear hamster, fancy hamster, standard hamster. there is also a hairless variety often referred to as the alien hamster. the species name is mesocricetus auratus .\ndue to their small size and lifestyle it is not advisable to let children under 8 handle the chinese dwarf hamster .\nthe chinese hamster is a species of hamster, scientific name cricetulus griseus, which originate in the deserts of northern china and mongolia. chinese hamsters grow to between 7. 5 and 9 centimetres in length and as adults can weight 50 – 75 grams. chinese hamsters live two to three years on average .\na female chinese hamster can become very aggressive to a male during their gestation period and so they are best kept apart .\nchinese striped hamsters are about 17 centimetres long with a weight of around 130 grams. they live in the steppes, deserts and fields of mongolia and china. the chinese striped hamster builds simple burrows with food storages which can be situated in great distances from the burrow. the hamster has been found in tents of the nomads and in houses between walls of wood or the floor. chinese striped hamsters feed on seeds, grain, fruits, green plants, as well as on insects, spiders, and snails. the species has been used as a laboratory animal since 1900. most of our knowledge about the species results from laboratory investigations .\nalso, make sure to have some hamster toys in the cage, as well as some good hamster bedding .\ntreats are not meant to be fed to chinese hamsters all the time, but occasionally they are a good thing to give to them. typically good treats to feed to a chinese hamster include ;\nas with a pet store, a chinese hamster breeder will know the species well and will have looked after them with care .\ntheir latin name is cricetus griseus but they are more commonly known as striped hamsters, chinese striped hamsters, or more simply, chinese hamsters. chinese hamsters are not true dwarf hamster s but they are of a similar size as other small hamsters. they are originally from china and mongolia but found their way into the hearts and homes of hamster lovers. chinese hamsters are not commonly bred, can be hard to find at pet stores, and are also restricted in some places, such as the state of california where a permit is required to keep them, but that doesn & apos; t stop them from being kept as pets .\nyang yp, li y, zhou yl, li qh (2002) study on characteristics of artificial feeding and breeding habits of striped hamster. journal of inner mongolia university (natural science edition) vol. 33: 201–204 [ in chinese ] .\ntime you spend with them can also be used to build up your relationship with your chinese hamster and let them get to know you .\nin terms of the rest of a striped hamster’s typical appearance, this includes an agouti natural coloration (dark and light - colored banded hairs, like a wild rabbit’s), a black line along the spine, and an ivory colored belly. this hamster’s tail is hairless and roughly one inch long, causing some to call striped hamsters mouse - like or rat - like .\n]). based on the above analysis, genetic differentiation within the striped hamster was caused by the interaction of genetic and environmental factors, in which environmental factors play a more important role .\nchinese hamster females are known for being aggressive toward the male if kept together for too long. in some cases, male chinese hamsters have died after being attacked by the female. if breeding chinese hamsters, it is recommended to separate the pair after mating or the hamsters will attack each other .\nif you hear people talk about their striped hamster or their chinese striped, they’re actually referring to this breed. and while we’re talking about this species first, let’s get one point out of the way right now. technically, these hamsters are not true dwarf hamsters. but their size is so similar to the dwarf variety that it’s customary just to include them into any description of this sort .\nas with colds, chinese hamsters are prone to catching sickness bugs from humans .\nchinese hamsters tend to live between two to three years on average in captivity .\nwe live in washington state and got our chinese dwarf hamster from petco. she is precious and we love her to pieces. she is a picky eater and prefers fruits, veggies to most any of the hamster and dwarf hamster packaged food. very healthy and approaching 3 years .\nto do this, collect some urine from your chinese hamster and dip the diastix in it and follow instructions to see if they have the problem .\nkao ft, puck tt. genetics of somatic mammalian cells. iv. properties of chinese hamster cell mutants with respect to the requirement for proline .\nthe term “russian dwarf hamster” is a common term for two species of hamster – the campbell’s dwarf … [ read more... ]\nalthough you can have a cage for a dwarf hamster we recommend an aquarium so the hamster does not squeeze itself out of those bars .\nwell i have had 2 chinese dwarf hamsters (not at the same time) and have found that the chinese dwarf are happy as long as you handle them often .\nchinese hamsters have also been used solely for breeding and for research as laboratory animals .\nthe campbell dwarf hamster needs a habitat that is at least 1 cubic foot (28 litres). for each dwarf hamster you add, you should add another 0. 5 cubic foot (14 litres). you should have one hamster wheel for each hamster in your habitat .\nlebedev, v. s. , bannikova, a. a. , and surov, a. v. , systematics of striped hamsters (\nthe first time you pick up your chinese hamster, cup both your hands around it in a gentle way. this is because of their wariness of touch .\neveryone knows what a hamster is—some of us may even have one as a pet or did once—but few have likely heard of a specific breed called chinese striped hamsters or simply striped hamsters. a striped hamster, latin name cricetus griseus, isn’t technically dwarf - sized, but it is the same size as other similarly small hamsters. originally from mongolia and china, these tiny creatures made their way across the pacific through one or another, and now even more people here in the states have taken them on as pets. striped hamsters aren’t bred that often and can be difficult to find in pet stores, with some states like california even requiring a permit to own one, but that doesn’t prevent these critters from entering people’s homes and hearts. to learn more about them, check out our guide below .\nlike the robo hamster, the chinese dwarf hamster is extremely active and when you take it out of the cage, it is a good idea to do so in an area that it cannot get out of and with no hiding places .\nas a result, having items like empty toilet or kitchen rolls, cardboard, chew toys, hay and other such material is very beneficial for a chinese hamster .\nthere are many different types of housing that you can get for your chinese hamster, because of the availability of material and good design in this day and age .\nin its natural habitat the chinese hamster lives in burrows which it excavates itself. some burrows have a single entrance hole while others have two or even three entrances .\nchinese hamsters come from a species that originates from the deserts of northern china and mongolia .\nhi, i just got a chinese dawrf hamster myself. i live in north carolina but maybe if you have a petsmart near you, you can get the hamster there. petsmart is very helpful and will tell you everything you need to know. they will let you pick out the hamster you want and hold the hamster before you take him / her home. i hope this helps !\n]), while the population genetic structure of the striped hamster is poorly understood. the application of mixed methods of evaluating patterns of individual genotypes, allele frequencies, and genetic structure is becoming a powerful means for descriptive genetic analysis. such methods are being increasingly used for inference of population structure at the landscape scale, as is needed to forecast population dynamics. effective strategies to forecast and control the abundance of the striped hamster incorporate an understanding of their present genetic structure and the distribution of genetic diversity throughout the geographical range. to date, however, there have been few such efforts to forecast population dynamics from patterns of genetic variation in the striped hamster (xu et al. [\n]). in the study, the authors analyzed the genetic diversity of the striped hamsters and detected no significant allelic variations among different populations of the striped hamster. the lack of genetic diversity may be explained by the short distance among the sampling locations (60 km) where no geographical barrier exists to prevent gene flow. until now, no factors influencing genetic variation have been analyzed .\nchinese hamsters unfortunately can develop diabetes if they have too many foods that are high in sugar .\nbecause of their knowledge of hamster care, good breeder will be concerned with the home they are going to and the hamster will appear contented and not jumpy .\nwinter white dwarf hamsters, siberian hamster. the species name is phodopus sungorus .\nand is necessary for the hamster to obtain the proper nutrients from its food .\nchinese hamsters are lively and agile and they enjoy activities such as climbing, running, and jumping. wash your hands before you pick up your hamster and use cupped hands to do it. this should be supervised by an adult if children are picking up a hamster. make sure other animals such as a cat or dog are away from the hamster when you are playing with your pet. when you do pick up the chinese dwarf hamster handle it carefully as it’s quite fragile. if you handle the hamster from an early age it will become tame but just be careful when doing so .\nthe syrian hamster eats between 1 / 3 to 1 / 2 ounce of hamster food daily (10 - 15g) and will consume about 6 tablespoons (30ml) of water per day. here is some food your syrian hamster will love :\n]). similarly, the genetic diversity of the striped hamster has experienced a trend of continuous decline in recent years. however, the genetic distance of the striped hamster correlates partially with geographical distance, while it is more greatly influenced by environmental factors. strong fluctuations in population density can lead to loss of genetic diversity, and in return, reduction in genetic diversity and inbreeding depression can significantly lower the ability of populations to adapt to changing environments, eventually leading to extinction (frankham [\njust like the chinese hamster, the best housing for this guy is an aquarium. his size makes it all too easy for him to slide between the bars of any cage .\nchinese hamsters are able to live successfully with their own kin with whom they have been bred with .\nivett, j. l. , tice, r. r. , and bender, m. a. , 1978. y two x’s? an xxy genotype in chinese hamster ,\n]), like the greater long - tailed hamster (dong et al. [\nwater is essential for a chinese dwarf hamster so make sure you always have a fresh supply. it’s ideal to change the water daily as it can become dirty with pellets and debris from the cage. as with other hamsters, your chinese hamster should be given a food mix formulated specially for hamsters. other than that, the hamster enjoys seeds, vegetables, fruit, bread and similar foods. they will also eat other creatures such as crickets on occasion .\nchinese hamsters possess enormous internal cheek pouches. chinese hamsters collect huge quantities of food in their pouches, to transfer to their burrows to consume in relative safety. chinese hamsters are excellent climbers, using their slightly prehensile tail as an aid, although in most conventional cages they have little scope to demonstrate their arboreal skills .\n2 - 3 years on average, but can live up to 4 years. in general chinese hamsters live substantially longer than members of the other two short - tailed hamster genera regularly seen in pet shops, mesocricetus (the syrian hamster) and phodopus (the typical dwarf hamsters) .\nputting a male and female hamster together is not a good idea as they will breed together. they breed very quickly and a hamster population can very easily get out of control .\nidentification of the barrier to gene flow between phylogeographic lineages of the common hamster cricetus cricetus .\nlooking for information on the chinese dwarf hamster? these animals have their origins in mongolia and the northern areas of china. they go by the scientific name of cricetus griseus and they are a popular pet but not as popular as the russian dwarf hamsters. chinese dwarf hamsters are not technically dwarf hamsters, but they are commonly thought as such due to having a similar appearance to the russian dwarf hamster .\ni have a chinese dwarf hamster to! her name is mocha. 🙂 question: she has a scab on her back, and i don’t know where it came from, what should i do ?\nthe natural coloring of the chinese hamster is called agouti. this describes the coloring in which their hairs are banded with both light and dark colors. they have a black dorsal line (this is the line that runs down their spine) and ivory bellies. the only other pattern associated with the chinese hamster is called the dominant spot. this is a white coat with patches or spots of a color .\nthe robo hamster (as it is often called) is the smallest hamster you can find. it is also an extremely active species which can make it very entertaining to have around .\nhamsters are typically stout - bodied, with tails shorter than body length, and have small, furry ears, short, stocky legs, and wide feet. they have thick, silky fur, which can be long or short, colored black, grey, honey, white, brown, yellow, red, or a mix, depending on the species. two species of hamster belonging to the genus phodopus, campbell' s dwarf hamster (p. campbelli) and the djungarian hamster (p. sungorus), and two of the genus cricetulus, the chinese striped hamster (c. barabensis) and the chinese hamster (c. griseus) have a dark stripe down their heads to their tails. the species of genus phodopus are the smallest, with bodies 5. 5 to 10. 5 cm (2. 2 to 4. 1 in) long; the largest is the european hamster (cricetus cricetus), measuring up to 34 cm (13. 4 in) long, not including a short tail of up to 6 cm (2. 4 in). the angora hamster, also known as the long - haired or teddy bear hamster, which is a type of the golden hamster is the second - largest hamster breed, measuring up to 18 cm (7. 1 in) long. [ 2 ]\ni just got my chinese dwarf hamster and she is hiding under the bedding. what do i do? i can’t see her. all i see is a little bump in the bedding where she is .\nchinese hamsters have a hairless tail which is about an inch long. because of their tail, you may also hear people refer to this species as a rat - like or a mouse - like hamster .\nthe genetic diversity of the striped hamster is mainly impacted by population density, while partially influenced by geographical distances. the results of our study and other studies collectively suggest that a minimum geographical distance is required to prevent gene flow between different populations and for genetic differentiation to be pronounced .\ngeographic distance affects dispersal of the patchy distributed greater long - tailed hamster (tscherskia triton) .\nthe term dwarf hamster is often used as an umbrella term for 3 different types of hamsters .\ndemodex sinocricetuli sp. nov. is described in all its life stages from the chinese form of the striped hamster, cricetulus barabensis. a large sample size of 11, 500 mites (96% adults and only 4% ova and immatures) was surveyed. the cause of the apparent reproductive stasis is not known. limited data sets from other demodecid species reveal populations that are 42 - 82% adult\nin agricultural region north to yin mountains, inner mongolia. acta theriologica sinica 2: 51–71 [ in chinese ] .\nin the wild, chinese hamsters do not hibernate continuously but awaken from time to time to eat stored food. as the weather becomes colder, chinese hamsters enter into deep - sleep and the intervals between spells of waking become longer .\nthe species that scientists call the phodopus campbelli, we know better as the dwarf campbell’s russian hamster or even as the djungarian hamster. he’s called the campbell’s hamster, not because he loves that brand of soup, but because of w. c. campbell, who immortalized this little guy .\nsame as other dwarf hamster. it needs a habitat that is at least 1 cubic foot (28 litres). if you have two hamsters it should be at least 1. 5 cubic feet (42 litres). you should have one hamster wheel for each hamster in your habitat .\nlet’s discuss the chinese hamster first. his scientific name is cricetus griseus. if you mistake this guy for a mouse, we’ll forgive you. many people who aren’t very familiar with dwarf hamsters make this mistake. and we’ll tell you why right now. this is the only dwarf hamster who has a tail .\nthere is some disagreement among chinese hamster experts and the social characteristics of chinese hamsters. as they mature, chinese hamsters, especially females, may become quite aggressive with others and may need to be separated. however, other owners have managed to keep them in pairs or groupings (only when they are introduced at a very young age) which requires a fair amount of space for these active little hamsters to live in. to be on the safe side, plan on housing chinese hamsters separately, only keeping them together if they show no signs of aggression towards each other .\nsame as the campbell dwarf hamster. it needs a habitat that is at least 1 cubic foot (28 litres). if you have two hamsters it should be at least 1. 5 cubic feet (42 litres). you should have one hamster wheel for each hamster in your habitat .\nbody proportions of the chinese hamster are longer and thinner than that of other species of pet hamster. because of their long and narrow face shape, pointy snouts, lithe build, long tail, small ears and large eyes they are often mistaken for rats or mice. this is why they are often called ‘ratlike hamsters’\na chinese hamsters body proportions, compared with those of other hamsters, appear ‘long and thin’ and they have (for a hamster) a relatively long tail. chinese hamsters are not, technically, ‘dwarf’ hamsters since this term refers to animals in the genus phodopus, (the two types of russian dwarf hamsters and roborovskii dwarf hamsters) .\nthe campbell dwarf is probably the most curious and outgoing of the dwarf hamsters. it is quick and agile and will spend a lot of time exercising on its hamster wheel or in a hamster ball .\nis the second largest hamster breed, measuring up to 18 cm (about 7 inches) long .\norlov, v. n. and malygin, v. m. , a new hamster species ,\nthe hamster tail can be difficult to see, as it is usually not very long (about 1 / 6 the length of the body), with the exception of the chinese dwarf hamster, which has a tail the same length as the body. one rodent characteristic that can be highly visible in hamsters is their sharp\nas other dwarf hamsters, the chinese hamster has a dark brown colour on the top and white on the belly. however, it also exits in purely white versions. they have a black dorsal line along their spine .\nas can be expected from a small animal, striped hamsters, as with other breeds, live only up to about three years. in terms of their size, adult striped hamsters can reach roughly four inches long, meaning they are slender enough to move between the bars of most hamster cages. this means an aquarium is the better option for housing this small breed of hamsters for those who don’t have a dwarf hamster cage. also, it can be easy to lose sight of such a small animal while playing with one outside its cage, so be cautious and never take your eyes off it .\nyou may want to consider – right from the start – housing the chinese hamster separate from the others. while some owners have been known to keep everyone happy in the same “house, ” you really can’t count on this happening !\nit’s important to clean their cage on a regular basis to help keep it a hamster happy and healthy .\nwhile dwarf winter white russian hamster is his official name, you may hear some people refer to this variety as the siberian hamster or even the siberian dwarf. technically, his species is called the phodopus sungorus .\ndensity - dependent genetic variation in dynamic populations of the greater long - tailed hamster (tscherskia triton) .\ni have a question for anyone familiar with hamsters that like to “talk” my son got a chinese dwarf hamster almost 4 weeks ago. she squeaks nonstop… when she is eating, when she is playing and when she is climbing. this is the 2nd chinese dwarf hamster we have had and the first one never made a peep! i also grew up with hamsters and have never seen such a verbal hyper hamster. i was wondering if anyone else had experienced this and maybe she’s some light on anything she may need. yes she has plenty of food and water. thanks !\ncitation: wang y, xu l, pan y, wang z, zhang z (2013) species differences in the immunoreactive expression of oxytocin, vasopressin, tyrosine hydroxylase and estrogen receptor alpha in the brain of mongolian gerbils (meriones unguiculatus) and chinese striped hamsters (cricetulus barabensis). plos one 8 (6): e65807. urltoken\nshelters and rescues can provide advice on making your relationship with your pet the best it can be for the rest of its life. as a result, this can benefit the quality of life your pet chinese hamster lives for the better .\nsame as the campbell dwarf hamster. it eats betweenbetween 1 / 3 to 1 / 2 ounce of hamster food daily (10 - 15g) and will consume about 6 tablespoons (30ml) of water per day .\ncaring for striped hamsters is much like caring for other hamsters though, as previously mentioned, a large aquarium would be preferable to a standard wire cage. for this cage, avoid pine or cedar wood shavings, and clean it regularly since unclean cages accumulate urine. this produces ammonia buildup because ventilation is reduced in solid - sided housing, which is why an aquarium needs to be cleaner than a wire cage. choose high - quality hamster food that is supplemented with slight amounts of fresh food, such as vegetables. you can offer smaller treats – fruit, nuts, crackers, manuka honey, and cereal – to help hand tame your striped hamster .\nthe striped hamster (cricetulus barabensis) is a dominant rodent species in the north china plain and has suffered a continuous decline of population size in the last 17 years. however, little is known about the population genetic structure of this species and how it is influenced by geographical and environmental factors. in the present study, we investigated the genetic diversity and genetic differentiation of the striped hamsters in four geographical populations of different environmental features. the genetic variability for a sample of 158 animals from the four populations was estimated using data from 10 microsatellite loci .\nall species in the genus cricetulus have a rat - like appearance and have common name which is ‘ratlike hamster’ .\notherwise, the hamster will get stressed, and fights with other hamsters will break out which may be fatal .\nlike most other hamsters, campbell hamster is nocturnal. it is usually most active in the hours around 6pm .\nthe russian dwarf or the winter white hamster depending on your preference is quite unique and rapidly increasing in popularity .\nradjabli, s. i. and kryukova, e. p. , comparative analysis of two hamster species ,\nin the present study, by examining ten microsatellite loci, we investigated the population genetic structure of the striped hamsters from four geographical locations that are 167 to 945 km apart and of different environmental features. the four populations were from wucun (w), pingyi (p), xilinhaote (x), and zhenglanqi (zh) counties of the north china plain. we aimed (1) to reveal the genetic diversity of the striped hamsters in different geographical locations, (2) to examine the genetic differentiation among the geographical populations, (3) to analyze the relationship between the geographical and genetic distance, and (4) to compare the correlation between the genetic diversity and population density of the striped hamster to provide a basis for the conservation and management of population dynamics .\nwhen chinese hamsters are born, the way to tell a male and female apart is by assessing the distance between the two genital openings .\nin common with other small rodents, chinese hamsters have poor eye - sight, however, they have acute senses of smell and hearing .\nthe body of the chinese hamster is usually around 3 inches (8cm). however, including the tail it can have a full length of 5 inches (13cm). it weighs between 1 – 1. 5 ounces (28 - 42g) .\nhowever, it does mean you cannot feed foods with sugar to them as you would some other species of hamster .\ncampbell’s dwarf hamster is usually grey or brownish with a white belly. they also have a stripe down their spine .\ndue to their small size and lifestyle it is not advisable to let children under 8 handle the roborovski dwarf hamster .\nmuch like the campbell hamster, the robo hamster live alone and together with other russian dwarfs. if living together, the hamsters should be introduced to the same habitat at a young age and preferably before their 12 - week birthday .\nlike most other hamsters, the robo hamster is nocturnal. it is usually most active in the hours around 6pm .\nchinese hamsters can be a restricted or illegal animal and therefore a permit is needed from the state’s department of fish and game to keep them .\nanalysis of molecular variance (amova) was used to examine the diversity of the striped hamster within and among the populations using a microsatellite marker. amova tests were hierarchical and used 1, 000 permutations as implemented in arlequin to test whether each of the two levels of organization (within and among populations) explained a significant portion of the overall microsatellite diversity .\nagain, you probably don’t want to house this hamster in a cage; an aquarium would be a much better choice .\nthey are generally very gently and it takes significantly more stress for the robo hamster to start nipping compared to other hamsters .\nspecies differences in neurochemical expression and activity in the brain may play an important role in species - specific patterns of social behavior. in the present study, we used immunoreactive (ir) labeling to compare the regional density of cells containing oxytocin (ot), vasopressin (avp), tyrosine hydroxylase (th), or estrogen receptor alpha (erα) staining in the brains of social mongolian gerbils (meriones unguiculatus) and solitary chinese striped hamsters (cricetulus barabensis). multiple region - and neurochemical - specific species differences were found. in the anterior hypothalamus (ah), mongolian gerbils had higher densities of avp - ir and erα - ir cells than chinese striped hamsters. in the lateral hypothalamus (lh), mongolian gerbils also had higher densities of avp - ir and th - ir cells, but a lower density of ot - ir cells, than chinese striped hamsters. furthermore, in the anterior nucleus of the medial preoptic area (mpoaa), mongolian gerbils had higher densities of ot - ir and avp - ir cells than chinese striped hamsters, and an opposite pattern was found in the posterior nucleus of the mpoa (mpoap). some sex differences were also observed. females of both species had higher densities of th - ir cells in the mpoaa and of ot - ir cells in the intermediate nucleus of the mpoa (mpoai) than males. given the role of these neurochemicals in social behaviors, our data provide additional evidence to support the notion that species - specific patterns of neurochemical expression in the brain may be involved in species differences in social behaviors associated with different life strategies .\nchinese hamsters grow to a mature size of between 82 and 127 mm in total body length. their tail will measure between 20 - 33 mm alone .\nchinese hamsters are nocturnal creatures and sleep in cycles and so can still be seen awake during the day. however, they are most active at night .\nthe roborovski hamster belongs to a species whose scientific name is phodopus roborovskii. this little pet lives to be about three and a half years old, but even among dwarf hamster standards, they’re tiny. they grow no larger than two inches in length. but what they lack in size they make up for in speed. this is the “speedy gonzalez” of the dwarf hamster set .\nvariation of genetic diversity in a rapidly expanding population of the greater long - tailed hamster (tscherskia triton) as revealed by microsatellites .\nmy chinese hamster is very active most of the time. she is happy with her younger sister and they like to cuddle together when they fall asleep. they also like sharing the wheel and running on it together. my wheel is wide, put it’s not metal because that can be dangerous !\nall hamster procedures were reviewed and approved by the institutional animal care and use committee of the institute of zoology, chinese academy of sciences (permit number: ioz11012) and by the ethics committee of qufu normal university. all researchers and students had received appropriate training and certification before performing animal studies .\nphotomicrographs displaying ot - ir (a & b), avp - ir (c & d), th - ir (e & f) and erα - ir (g & h) stained cells in the anterior hypothalamus (ah) in the brains of mongolian gerbils (a, c, e & g), and chinese striped hamsters (b, d, f & h). scale bar = 100 µm .\nthey are small in size and unfortunately so is their life span. chinese hamsters, like other hamsters, only live about two and a half to three years .\nchinese hamsters have quiet temperaments and are easily handled. one of their endearing traits is that of clinging to a finger with all four paws, rather like a harvest mouse on a corn stalk. chinese hamsters can be quite nervous as youngsters, however, once they are tame, display an endearing calmness and gentleness of character .\nas such unless you expect to spend a significant amount of time observing how your hamsters are doing, it is an easy solution to simply keep chinese hamsters apart .\nletting them run in a hamster ball or within an allocated pen which has been built to stop them running away from a specific area .\nyou’d care for this hamster just like you would any other. a wire cage, as i’ve mentioned, may not be the best choice of houses for him. and you really want to avoid the cedar or pine wood shavings that you normally associate with a hamster’s cage .\nchinese hamsters need to be kept in a home that is large enough that they can run around in and interesting enough to keep them stimulated and entertained throughout their lives .\nthe authors would like to thank all the members in the animal ecology group in the institute of zoology at the chinese academy of sciences for their assistance with the experiments .\n]), no significant differences in genetic variation were detected among the three striped hamster populations that were only 60 km apart. in our study, the shortest distance between two populations is 185 km, which is much greater than that in the study by xu et al. thus, it appears that a minimum distance (between 60 and 185 km) between two populations is a prerequisite for genetic differentiation to be pronounced .\nphotomicrographs displaying ot - ir (a & b), avp - ir (c & d), th - ir (e & f) and erα - ir (g & h) stained cells in the anterior subnucleus of the medial preoptic area (mpoaa) in the brains of mongolian gerbils (a, c, e & g) and chinese striped hamsters (b, d, f & h). scale bar = 100 µm .\nin captivity, they need good quality hamster mix, followed by a small amount of fresh vegetables along with a few well - chosen insects .\nhennessey ac, huhman kl, albers he (1994) vasopressin and sex - differences in hamster flank marking. physiol behav 55: 905–911 .\nkartavtseva, i. v. , vakurin, a. a. , and vysochina, n. p. , chromosomal analysis of the hamster\nnormal / wild type: their natural wild coloring is brown with black and grey ticks, a white belly with a black stripe that runs down their spine. a known variation is the white - spotted chinese hamster who are grey - white in color with a dark stripe running down its spine (see above) .\n, for example, lived in north africa during the middle miocene, but the only extant member of that genus is the common hamster of eurasia .\nthe chinese hamster has a slender body. as an adult, he’ll get no bigger than four inches (or about 10 centimeters). indeed, this is small – small enough to squeeze his thin body in between the bars of just about any hamster cage. before you buy a cage then, consider housing him in an aquarium. this is a much safer choice. you won’t have to worry about this nocturnal animal making a “break out” while you’re asleep some night .\nsome people say that the only hamsters that can live together are the chinese hamsters, others say that the russian hamsters are the only ones that can live together. who’s right ?\nphotomicrographs displaying ot - ir (a & b), avp - ir (c & d), th - ir (e & f) and erα - ir (g & h) stained cells in the posterior subnucleus of the medial preoptic area (mpoap) in the brains of mongolian gerbils (a, c, e & g) and chinese striped hamsters (b, d, f & h). 3v, third ventricle, scale bar = 100 µm .\nwe have, for the first time, systematically analyzed the population genetic structure of the striped hamsters and the influencing factors. our data revealed that there is a moderate level of overall genetic diversity (allele richness and heterozygosity) and significantly different genetic variation among the studied populations. the genetic diversity is positively correlated to the population density and is greatly affected by the environmental factors, while geographical isolation by distance contributes partially to the genetic differentiation among the different populations. in addition, the results of our study and other studies collectively suggest that a minimum geographical distance (between 60 and 185 km) is required for genetic differentiation to be pronounced. our data provide the first empirical evidence for the existence of genetic differentiation and the influencing factors in the striped hamster .\nbasic care for pet chinese hamsters is like that of other hamsters. as mentioned above, a wire hamster cage may not be escape proof for these little hamsters so an aquarium or other solid sided cage with a secure top is preferable and the larger the cage the better it is. avoid cedar or pine wood shavings and keep their cage clean. dirty cages accumulate urine which produces an ammonia build - up since ventilation is diminished with solid sided housing (aquariums and other solid sided hamster enclosures need to be kept cleaner than a wire sided enclosure due to this lack of ventilation). feed a good quality hamster food supplemented with small amounts of fresh foods including vegetables. small treats like nuts, fruit, cereal, and crackers can be offered to help your little hamster become hand tamed .\n). in: zhang zb, wang zw, editors. ecology and management of rodent pests in agriculture. beijing: ocean press. pp. 221–236. [ in chinese ] .\n). in: zhang zb, wang zw, editors. ecology and management of rodent pests in agriculture. beijing: ocean press. pp. 20–40. [ in chinese ] .\nand even though it’s a nocturnal creature, you’ll discover the chinese hamster stirs around some during the day. you may experience a few problems socializing your new friend. he’s a bit timid by nature, although he is normally a very good - natured fellow. some hamsters have the bad habit of nipping, this particular species seldom does this." ]

{ "text": [ "the chinese striped hamster ( cricetulus barabensis ) , also known as the striped dwarf hamster , is a species of hamster .", "it is distributed across northern asia , from southern siberia through mongolia and northeastern china to northern north korea .", "an adult chinese striped hamster weighs 20 to 35 g ( 0.7 to 1.2 oz ) , and has a body length of 72 to 116 mm ( 2.8 to 4.6 in ) with a tail of 15 to 26 mm ( 0.6 to 1.0 in ) .", "it is smaller and has a much shorter tail than the greater long-tailed hamster , tscherskia triton , which inhabits much of the same range . " ], "topic": [ 17, 6, 0, 23 ] }

[ "the chinese striped hamster (cricetulus barabensis), also known as the striped dwarf hamster, is a species of hamster. it is distributed across northern asia, from southern siberia through mongolia and northeastern china to northern north korea. an adult chinese striped hamster weighs 20 to 35 g (0.7 to 1.2 oz), and has a body length of 72 to 116 mm (2.8 to 4.6 in) with a tail of 15 to 26 mm (0.6 to 1.0 in). it is smaller and has a much shorter tail than the greater long-tailed hamster, tscherskia triton, which inhabits much of the same range." ]

[ "the adelaide pygmy bluetongue skink is restricted to an area located 160 kilometres north of adelaide, south australia .\ndr phil ainsley holds a pygmy blue - tongue lizard at tiliqua reserve near burra .\nadding burrows to enhance a population of the endangered pygmy blue tongue lizard, tiliqua adelaidensis .\nuse of burrows by the endangered pygmy blue - tongue lizard, tiliqua adelaidensis (scincidae) .\ntoday, all known populations of the adelaide pygmy bluetongue skink inhabit degraded native grassland or grassy woodland .\nzoos sa conservation programs manager phil ainsley said the birth of 14 pygmy blue - tongue lizards would help protect the species from extinction .\nthe pygmy blue - tongue was once thought to be extinct and is only found in the mid - north of south australia between kapunda and peterborough .\nzoos sa is thrilled to announce a world - first for conservation with the successful captive breeding of the endangered pygmy blue - tongue lizard at monarto zoo .\nthe pygmy blue - tongue is one of the rarest reptiles in the country and we need to do everything we can to ensure the survival of this species .\naustralia' s pygmy blue - tongue lizards are so rare they were once believed to be extinct, but 14 of the little creatures have been born in south australia .\ncentral - place territorial defence in a burrow - dwelling skink: aggressive responses to conspecific models in pygmy bluetongue lizards .\nthe pygmy blue - tongue lizard was thought to be extinct for about 40 years until 1992, when a fully grown male was found in the stomach of a dead brown snake .\n“the pygmy blue - tongue is one of the rarest reptiles in the country and we need to do everything we can to ensure the survival of this species, ” dr ainsley said .\nhe said pygmy blue - tongues used spider burrows for shelter and lay eggless young, which is unusual for reptiles .\nconservation programs manager dr phil ainsley said there are between 5, 000 and 7, 000 pygmy blue - tongues in the wild and 28 at the adelaide zoo and monarto combined .\nthe south australia department of environment and conservation has produced a national recovery plan for the adelaide pygmy bluetongue skink, with the overall objective to achieve down - listing of the species from endangered to vulnerable within 10 years. the plan details actions such as ensuring remaining habitat is protected from any further degradation, and undertaking field studies to establish the skink’s habitat requirements. at present, all populations of the adelaide pygmy bluetongue skink occur on private land, making the establishment of agreements with landowners an essential part of any plan, and incentives may be offered to landowners to become involved in establishing sanctuaries for the adelaide pygmy bluetongue skink on their land .\n). central - place territorial defence in a burrow - dwelling skink: aggressive responses to conspecific models in pygmy bluetongue lizards .\nthe first baby pygmy blue - tongue was discovered by monarto zoo staff on australia day. since then, five female lizards have given birth, producing four litters of triplets and one pair of twins .\nthe adult male adelaide pygmy bluetongue skink is shorter than the female but has a relatively larger head. it is thought that the larger head size may have evolved in response to male combat. juvenile adelaide pygmy bluetongue skinks are greenish - grey to mid - brown, becoming reddish - tan on the tail and limbs .\nthe pygmy blue - tongue had not been seen in its natural habitat for more than 30 years, but in 1992 a herpetologist found the body inside the stomach contents of a roadkill snake he was examining .\nthe pygmy blue - tongue is also unique in that it spends most of its time in the safety of disused spider burrows created by either trapdoor or wolf spiders, emerging to feed and bask in the sun .\nthe adelaide pygmy bluetongue skink was once feared to be the first of australia’s approximately 700 reptiles to become extinct since european colonization. thankfully, it was rediscovered in 1992 after 33 years of being presumed extinct. currently, only ten small populations of the adelaide pygmy bluetongue skink are known to exist. arguably australia’s most enigmatic reptile, its scarcity can be attributed to its unique ecology as well as population declines due to extensive habitat destruction .\nthe pygmy blue - tongue lizard was thought to be extinct for about 40 years until 1992, when a fully grown male was found in the stomach of a dead brown snake near burra in south australia' s mid north .\nthis amazing little lizard had not been seen in its natural habitat for more than 30 years when in the spring of 1992 a herpetologist examining the stomach contents of a roadkill eastern brown snake discovered the body of a pygmy blue - tongue .\nb south australian museum, north terrace, adelaide, sa 5001, australia .\nshare of lifetime of memorable moments with unlimited visits to adelaide and monarto zoos .\n. ph. d. thesis, the flinders university of south australia, adelaide .\na school of biological sciences, flinders university, adelaide, sa 5001, australia .\nthe adelaide pygmy bluetongue skink is one of the rarest of australia’s reptiles. it has a large head, heavy body, short limbs and toes, and a tapering tail. the upperparts may be light grey - brown, yellowish - brown, orange - tan or chocolate brown, while the limbs are often a pale yellowish colour and the underparts are pale grey to whitish. most individuals are patterned with a scattering of dark spots and blotches. with this body colouration, the skink is splendidly camouflaged against the reddish - brown soil of its habitat. surprisingly, the tongue of this skink is not blue as the name suggests, but is instead a rose pink colour, and the roof of the mouth is mauve .\nalthough active during the day, the adelaide pygmy bluetongue skink is a shy, cryptic reptile. as well as its body colouration providing good camouflage in its habitat, it often lies partially emerged from the entrance of its burrow, enabling it to retreat rapidly back into safety at the first sign of danger. once inside its burrow, the lizard wedges its relatively large head, heavily armoured with large, thick scales, against the entrance. by blocking the entrance, and presenting only a heavily armoured head, few predators small enough to have access to the hole would be strong enough to prise the skink out, providing the adelaide pygmy bluetongue skink with an excellent defence strategy. on the rare occasions when a skink forages away from the burrow, it will freeze if alerted to the presence of a potential enemy .\nwas most recently collected from the exmouth gulf in 2004 and broome in 2012; these records postdate both species’ disappearance from ashmore and hibernia where they were last sighted in 2001. rediscoveries of presumed extinct reptiles are rare but usually involve longer intervals between disappearance and rediscovery. the pygmy blue - tongue lizard [\narmstrong, g. , and reid, j. (1992). the rediscovery of the adelaide pygmy bluetongue tiliqua adelaidensis (peters, 1863). herpetofauna 22, 3–6 .\ntype locality: “buchsfelde bei adelaide in südaustralien” [ = loos, near gawler, south australia ] .\nthe adelaide pygmy bluetongue skink gives birth to live young. females give birth to litters of one to four young in maternal burrows in february or march. after the juveniles reach two weeks of age, they leave the burrow and inhabit smaller, separate burrows. breeding age is reached at about 20 months .\nthe adelaide pygmy bluetongue skink shelters in holes that, rather than being excavated by the skink itself, are quarried by wolf spiders and trapdoor spiders (lycosid and mygalomorph spiders). the almost vertical burrow, measuring about 24 centimetres deep, serves as a shelter during the day when the temperature is too hot, as a retreat if threatened while basking, as a place from which to ambush passing prey, and as a birthing site .\n). short - term impact of grassland fire on the endangered pygmy bluetongue lizard .\n). weight watching in burrows: variation in body condition in pygmy bluetongue lizards .\na school of biological sciences, flinders university, gpo box 2100, adelaide, sa 5001, australia .\ninjuries to lizards: conservation implications for the endangered pygmy bluetongue lizard (tiliqua adelaidensis) .\n) is a species of skink in the scincidae family. found only in australia, it was for a time believed to be extinct. a small population is found outside adelaide, but it is extremely vulnerable, given its small population and limited living area .\n]. annealing temperatures ranged between 55 and 59°c. double - stranded sequencing was outsourced to the australian genome research facility ltd (agrf) in adelaide, australia .\nthe pygmy bluetongue was rediscovered by graham armstrong in 1992 near burra, south australia (parish & slater, 1997: 57) .\naustralia (south australia; tasmania [ fide smith 1937 ]) terra typica: buchsfelde bei adelaide in südaustralien [ = loos, near gawler, south australia ]. ;\ncontinent: australia distribution: australia (south australia; tasmania [ fide smith 1937 ]) type locality: “buchsfelde bei adelaide in südaustralien” [ = loos, near gawler, south australia ] .\nclive, l. f. r. & bull, c. m. 2018. tiliqua adelaidensis (pygmy bluetongue lizard) mortality. herpetological review 49: 122 .\nmilne, t. ; bull, c. m. & hutchinson, m. n. 2002. characteristics of litters and juvenile dispersal in the endangered australian skink tiliqua adelaidensis. journal of herpetology 36 (1): 110 - 112 - get paper here\nnielsen, torben p. and c. michael bull. 2016. tiliqua adelaidensis (pygmy bluetongue lizard) territorial defense and fighting. herpetological review 47 (2): 304 - 305\npeters, w. 1863 ,\nübersicht der von hrn. richard schomburgk an das zoologische museum eingesandten amphibien, aus buchsfelde bei adelaide in südaustralien\n, monatsberichte der königlichen preussischen akademie der wissenschaften zu berlin, vol. 1863, pp. 228 - 236\nendemic to south australia, this species' range presently extends from peterborough south to bagot well. historically the range extended south to adelaide, from which it was lost in the 1950s (wilson and swan 2013, a. fenner pers. comm. 2017) .\npeters, wilhem carl hartwig 1863. eine übersicht der von hrn. richard schomburgk an das zoologische museum eingesandten amphibien, aus buchsfelde bei adelaide in südaustralien. monatsber. königl. akad. wiss. berlin. 1863 (april): 228 - 236 - get paper here\nnielsen, torben p. and c. michael bull 2017. the impact of sheep grazing on the fecundity and timing of reproduction in the endangered pygmy bluetongue lizard, tiliqua adelaidensis. amphibia - reptilia - get paper here\nebrahimi, mehregan, stephanie s. godfrey, aaron l. fenner and c. michael bull. 2016. scatting behaviour of the pygmy bluetongue lizard. amphibia - reptilia 37 (2): 207 - 213 - get paper here\nfenner, aaron l. ; bull, michael c. ; hutchinson, mark n. 2007. omnivorous diet of the endangered pygmy bluetongue lizard, tiliqua adelaidensis. amphibia - reptilia 28 (4): 560 - 565 - get paper here\nebrahimi, mehregan; julie a. schofield and c. michael bull. 2012. getting your feet wet: responses of the endangered pygmy bluetongue lizard (tiliqua adelaidensis) to rain induced burrow flooding. herpetology notes 6: 297 - 301 - get paper here\nbull, c. michael, stephanie s. godfrey, mehregan ebrahimi and aaron l. fenner. 2015. long and short term residence in refuge burrows by endangered pygmy bluetongue lizards. amphibia - reptilia 36 (2): 119 - 124 - get paper here\nshamiminoori, leili and c. michael bull 2016. can we use head scale symmetry in endangered pygmy bluetongue lizards (tiliqua adelaidensis) to < br / > alert managers to population condition? herp. cons. biol. 11 (1) - get paper here\nthe diet of this skink consists mainly of a wide range of invertebrates, such as spiders, grasshoppers, cockroaches and ants, but it will also feed on plants. it is largely a “sit - and - wait” predator, lying at the entrance of its burrow and waiting to launch a surprise attack on any prey item that comes too close, but it may also forage further away from the burrow .\nhutchinson m n. milne t. croft t. 1994. redescription and ecological notes on the pygmy bluetongue, tiliqua adelaidensis (squamata: scincidae). transactions of the royal society of south australia 118 (3 - 4): 217 - 226. - get paper here\nconversion of native vegetation to pastureland has altered the skink’s original habitat so that previously inhabited areas no longer suit the species’ requirements. the native grasslands that this species requires were once extensive throughout south australia, but being prime land for agriculture, most were cleared and ploughed in order to be converted to pasture and crops. this not only altered vegetation and ground cover, but ploughing would also have directly killed any skinks and destroyed the vital spider burrows, leaving any survivors without shelter and completely exposed to predators. .\nsampled, one was from the exmouth gulf (wam r154751), two were from hibernia (ntmr17781, ntmr17785) and one was from seringapatam reef (no voucher specimen). samples collected by the authors were obtained by snorkelling with nets (ashmore, seringapatam) or from beach - washed specimens (broome) under western australia department of parks and wildlife (dpaw) scientific permits, and animal ethics approval from the university of adelaide animal ethics committee (approval number 000018247) and charles darwin university animal ethics committee. no endangered species were sacrificed during our study. sampling localities are shown in\npttep australasia generously funded our survey trips to the timor sea reefs in 2012 and 2013. additional travel and laboratory work was funded by australian research council and australian biological resources study grants to kate sanders, and school of conservation, copenhagen research fund 2012–13 to arne r. rasmussen. the australian genomics research facility in adelaide conducted the molecular laboratory work. paul doughty provided access to specimens and tissues at the western australian museum. brad maryan first identified the barrow island specimen as aipysurus foliosquama. the department of environment and conservation, western australia, and dsewpac in canberra granted us permission to conduct field research on sea snakes .\na tiny, threatened species of lizard is getting a much needed leg - up, with conservationists hoping they can breed the reptile in captivity for the first time .\nzoos sa is hopeful it will be able to successfully breed the lizard this spring .\nif successful, it would be the first time the tiny species has produced offspring in captivity .\nwe' re really hopeful that we' ll start to see some interaction between the lizards ,\nhe said .\ndr ainsley said he hoped the warmer spring weather would see the rare lizards act on their mating instincts .\nfingers crossed, within the next six to eight week period we' ll see some mating and... around mid - january we might start to see... young ones being born ,\nhe said .\nwe' re now going to, i guess, pass it over to the lizards and hopefully the lizards do what lizards need to do to produce their young .\nif you have inside knowledge of a topic in the news, contact the abc .\nabc teams share the story behind the story and insights into the making of digital, tv and radio content .\nforeign correspondent joined perth scientist david goodall, 104, to record an intimate portrayal of his last days as he crossed the globe to farewell family and campaign for his last rights .\nshe was born a heroin addict. she had a son at 16 and later lost custody of him. but her story is one of hope .\nboris johnson has resigned as british foreign minister. look back on his outlandish stunts and undiplomatic moments with our quiz .\nmaybe it was the memes, or gareth southgate' s canny management, or maybe some people just want to watch the world burn, but it looks like australians are barracking for england to win the world cup .\nthis service may include material from agence france - presse (afp), aptn, reuters, aap, cnn and the bbc world service which is copyright and cannot be reproduced .\nmonarto zoo successfully bred the lizards in captivity in what they have hailed a conservation world first .\nthe babies — about 10 centimetres in length and, contrary to the name, bearing distinctive pink tongues — were born to five different females at the zoo last month .\nthe lizards have started exploring the burrows in their enclosure, emerging only to feed and bask in the sun .\nover the last few weeks, the little lizards have become more active, venturing out of their burrows where they have been seen eating crickets ,\nhe said .\nzoos sa has been involved in the conservation of this species since its rediscovery back in 1992, so this is an amazing success story and a resounding endorsement for our purpose - built breeding facility that has only been in use for just over 18 months .\nnowadays, the little reptile is only found in south australia' s mid - north region between kapunda and peterborough .\nto use this website, cookies must be enabled in your browser. to enable cookies, follow the instructions for your browser below. facebook app: open links in external browser\nthere is a specific issue with the facebook in - app browser intermittently making requests to websites without cookies that had previously been set. this appears to be a defect in the browser which should be addressed soon. the simplest approach to avoid this problem is to continue to use the facebook app but not use the in - app browser. this can be done through the following steps :\nbefore the cookie settings change will take effect, safari must restart. to restart safari press and hold the home button (for around five seconds) until the iphone / ipad display goes blank and the home screen appears .\na note about relevant advertising: we collect information about the content (including ads) you use across this site and use it to make both advertising and content more relevant to you on our network and other sites. this is also known as online behavioural advertising. you can find out more about our policy and your choices, including how to opt - out here .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nendangered b2ab (ii, iii, iv, v) ver 3. 1\njustification: listed as endangered because its area of occupancy is less than 500 km 2, it occurs as a severely fragmented population, and there is ongoing destruction of its habitat due to intensification of agriculture which is reducing the species' area of occupancy and destroyed or degraded its habitat, and has resulted in the documented loss of both mature individuals and subpopulations, declines which are ongoing. the species is dependent on continued land management, including both active conservation and the maintenance of traditional low - intensity grazing practices, to prevent its extinction .\nthis species is thought to be restricted to highly modified treeless grasslands in grazing country (wilson and swan 2013). the mating system of this species has been proposed as\npolygyny within stable non - social colonies\n( schofield et al. 2014) .\nthis species is not legally available in the pet trade. while small numbers may be in illegal trade, it is not likely to be used or traded in any significant numbers (a. fenner pers. comm. 2017) .\nthis species requires spider burrows in which to shelter, and the availability of these may be a limiting factor for remaining individuals (souter et al. 2007, nielson and bull 2016). the species is therefore sensitive to any land use change that renders habitat unsuitable for large terrestrial spiders. the most important threat to the species is intensification of agriculture, and particularly the conversion of traditionally sheep - grazed land to cropland (a. fenner pers. comm. 2017), which has resulted in significant fragmentation of the species' s habitat. pesticides and herbicides can affect their prey species. land use changes resulting from infrastructure, including proposed dams, road building, drainage channels and wind farms, need to be managed to mitigate any impacts on the sites where this species survives, and at least one subpopulation has been lost to residential development (a. fenner pers. comm. 2017) .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nnote: tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well. we are working on it .\nuntil 1992 only 20 specimen were recorded of this species. afterwards, a few small populations have been found in s australia (milne et al. 2002) .\ncogger, h. g. 2014. reptiles and amphibians of australia, 7th ed. csiro publishing, xxx + 1033 pp .\ncogger, h. g. 2000. reptiles and amphibians of australia, 6th ed. ralph curtis publishing, sanibel island, 808 pp .\ncouper, p. , covacevich, j. , amey, a. & baker, a. 2006. the genera of skinks (family scincidae) of australia and its island territories: diversity, distribution and identification. in: merrick, j. r. , archer, m. , hickey, g. m. & lee, m. s. y. (eds .). evolution and zoogeography of australasian vertebrates. australian scientific publishing, sydney, pp. 367 - 384\nebrahimi, mehregan; c. michael bull 2014. short - term dispersal response of an endangered australian lizard varies with time of year. plos one 9 (8): e106002. doi: 10. 1371 / journal. pone. 0106002 - get paper here\ngardner, michael g. ; juan j. sanchez; rachael y. dudaniec; < br / > leah rheinberger; annabel l. smith; kathleen m. saint 2007. tiliqua rugosa microsatellites: isolation via enrichment and characterisation of loci for multiplex pcr in t. rugosa and the endangered t. adelaidensis. conservation genetics 9: 233–237 [ print: 2008 ]\nmitchell, f. j. 1950. the scincid genera egernia and tiliqua (lacertilia). rec. south austral. mus. 9: 275 - 308 - get paper here\nsmith, m. a. 1937. a review of the genus lygosoma (scincidae: reptilia) and its allies. records of the indian museum 39 (3): 213 - 234\nwilson, s. & swan, g. 2010. a complete guide to reptiles of australia, 3rd ed. chatswood: new holland, 558 pp .\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz (database content) and jakob hallermann, zoological museum hamburg (new species and updates) .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 21268e0d - 8fa6 - 4a5e - 94b9 - 0e2ecc95183d\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 9c9fdd04 - d507 - 4371 - b212 - 39a7d3c8b9d8\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: be87d133 - a175 - 451c - b981 - fe420c24f6a5\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: cb7023c3 - 02d3 - 445e - b620 - cf11550fb623\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: da305692 - ec96 - 4fe0 - 846a - 42ea6429be16\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: fb133f1b - e600 - 4f66 - 89ef - 39d38ef7fb5f\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 77085c0a - b051 - 46fa - 9e05 - 2035d0c06bd0\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 389456\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance. if your browser does not accept cookies, you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly. below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser. you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined. to accept cookies from this site, use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies. try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past. if your computer' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970, the browser will automatically forget the cookie. to fix this, set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set. you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page. to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit, which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie; no other information is captured .\nin general, only the information that you provide, or the choices you make while visiting a web site, can be stored in a cookie. for example, the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it. allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer, and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nyou' re currently viewing our forum as a guest. this means you are limited to certain areas of the board and there are some features you can' t use. if you join our community, you' ll be able to access member - only sections, and use many member - only features such as customizing your profile and voting in polls. registration is simple, fast, and completely free .\nmale snout - vent length: 3. 8 - 10. 6 cm female snout - vent length: 8. 8 - 10. 7 cm tail length: 2. 2 - 7. 9 cm\non to each other and wrestling on the ground (pers. obs .), but\n( ebrahimi and bull 2012. trans. roy. soc. s. aust. 136: 45–49 )\nenjoy forums? start your own community for free. learn more · sign - up now\nattributes / relations provided by ♦ 1 length–weight allometries in lizards, s. meiri, journal of zoology 281 (2010) 218–226 ♦ 2 species interactions of australia database, atlas of living australia, version ala - csv - 2012 - 11 - 19\necoregions provided by world wide fund for nature (wwf). wildfinder: online database of species distributions, ver. 01. 06 wwf wildfinder\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nyou must first create a username and login before you can post a comment about this entry. .\na database of\nmissing\nand recently extinct species of plants and animals .\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nkate l. sanders, 1, * tina schroeder, 1 michael l. guinea, 2 and arne r. rasmussen 3\ncompeting interests: pttep australasia generously funded survey trips to the timor sea reefs in 2012 and 2013. the authors’ statement of competing interests does not alter their adherence to plos one policies on sharing data and materials .\nconceived and designed the experiments: kls. contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools: kls arr mlg. wrote the paper: kls arr ts mlg. generated and analysed molecular data: kls. generated and analysed morphological data: kls arr. created the map figure: ts .\nthis is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited .\none in five reptile species might be at risk of extinction and many are thought to have become extinct within the last 50 years [ 1 ]. threats to reptiles include habitat loss and degradation [ 1 ], climate warming [ 2 ], and overharvest for food, traditional medicines and leather [ 3 ]. rediscoveries of presumed extinct species (e. g. [ 4 ]) inspire optimism, but many such rediscovered species remain at immediate risk of extinction and require urgent assessment of population status and threats in their remaining range to guide management actions [ 5, 6 ] .\nover 15 years (three generation lengths). neither species has been sighted on surveys of ashmore and hibernia (or any other timor sea reefs [\nwas collected on barrow island. these localities are close to the northwest australian coast, approximately 800km from ashmore and hibernia (\n]. these scattered specimens are searchable on museum collection databases (e. g. atlas of living australia website at\n]. sea snakes are vulnerable to dispersal in strong currents during storms and locality records for many species include remote outliers .\nalso shown are the distribution of coral reefs and the northwest commonwealth marine reserves network .\nhere, we examine morphology and mitochondrial sequences for the previously overlooked coastal specimens and a. foliosquama and a. apraefrontalis from ashmore and hibernia. these data verify the assignment of the coastal specimens to a. foliosquama (barrow island, and offshore from port hedland) and a. apraefrontalis (exmouth gulf, and offshore from roebourne and broome). molecular and morphological variation between coastal and offshore specimens, in addition to their collection dates, indicate that the coastal specimens are not vagrants but instead represent overlooked breeding populations. we discuss conservation implications and provide revised accounts of the two species’ internal and external morphology, geographic distributions and ecology .\n), and the specimen collected on barrow island in 2010 (wam r150365). dna tissues are not available for the other coastal\n), two collected in the exmouth gulf in 2000 and 2012 (voucher specimens held in the western australian museum: wam r157818, wam r154750) and one collected in 2012 on cable beach near broome (wam r174539). to our knowledge, no additional dna tissues are available for coastal\nstandard proteinase k protocols were used to extract whole genomic dna from tissues (liver biopsies and tail clippings) and fragments were amplified using hotmaster taq polymerase reagents (perkin elmer). the double - stranded amplification products were visualised on 1. 5% agarose gel. we sequenced 1100 bp of the mitochondrial cytb (cytochrome b) gene. primers were forward\nwe examined 26 aipysurus foliosquama from ashmore and the two specimens from barrow island and port hedland; and 17 specimens of a. apraefrontalis: seven from ashmore, six from the exmouth gulf, two from roebourne and two from broome. two other coastal specimens provisionally identified as a. apraefrontalis are accessioned in the western australian museum but were not available for study at the time of writing. measurements and scale counts follow smith [ 27 ] with the modification that scale rows were counted directly around the body (see [ 28 ]). the absolute position of the posterior tip of the heart and liver were determined in relation to the count of the adjacent ventral scales (vs), and their relative position is expressed as the percentage of the number (counted from head to rear) of the underlying ventral scale (% vs - heart, % vs - liver) (e. g. [ 29, 30 ]). body length was measured from snout to vent and tail length from vent to tip of the tail .\ninstitutional abbreviations follow [ 31 ]: ams = australian museum sydney; bmnh = natural history museum london; nmnl = national museum of natural history naturalis, leiden; qm = queensland museum, australia; sama = south australian museum; wam = western australian museum .\n, wam r129806 (all ashmore reef). ams r104810 (offshore from port hedland). wam r150365 (bandicoot bay, barrow island) .\n( offshore from broome), wam r174539 (cable beach, broome) .\nspecies and 1011 base pairs. sequence data are deposited at genbank (accession numbers\n). translation of the protein - coding cytb gene did not reveal frameshifts, unexpected stop codons or indels. bayesian analyses yielded effective sample sizes (ess values) well above 1000 for all parameters. the maximum clade credibility tree recovered\nas reciprocally monophyletic sister species with a posterior probability (pp) of 0. 98 (\nthat was supported by a pp of 1. 0. the mean pairwise distance (hky) between\nwas 4. 3% , and these species showed 5. 4–5. 9% pairwise divergence from\nrepresented unique haplotypes that formed strongly supported sister lineages to conspecifics from ashmore (pp 1. 0). intraspecific pairwise distances were 0. 7% between\nnode support values (posterior probabilities) above 0. 95 are shown. scale bar indicates the number of substitutions per site .\nmorphological characters for aipysurus foliosquama from ashmore reef compared with the two coastal specimens .\n* one paratype with 27 subcaudals, for more information see “external morphological characters”. see materials and methods for character descriptions and abbreviations .\nmorphological characters for aipysurus apraefrontalis specimens from ashmore reef compared with specimens from the australian northwest coast .\ndata: own observation. see materials and methods for character descriptions and abbreviations .\naipysurus foliosquama smith, 1926 [ 8, 11, 12, 14, 16, 27, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48 ] .\nexternal morphological characters: teeth: 5–8 very small maxillary teeth behind poison fang, 5–7 palatine teeth, 22–23 pterygoid teeth, 15–16 dentary teeth. scales: “loreal” scale present; 1–2 pre - and 2–3 postoculars; 7–8 supralabials; supralabials 1 and 2 invariably in contact with nasal, 3 and 4 or only 4 in contact with preocular, 4 and 5 or only 4 invariably in contact with eye; 2–3 anterior temporals; 7–9 infralabials; infralabials 1, 2 (sometimes divided), 3 and 4 in contact with anterior pair of sublinguals; infralabials 4 or none touching posterior pair of sublinguals. 19 scale rows on neck in males, 19 in females; 19 scale rows on body in males, 19 in females. 146–154 ventrals in males, 139–154 in females. ventrals with a well - marked median keel and a deep notch on the posterior border. 23–27 subcaudals in males, usually 19–24 in females (but 29 in one paratype counted by smith [ 25 ], however, we counted 27 subcaudals in the same specimen). snout - vent length 80 cm in largest males, 95 cm in largest females. tail length 10 cm in largest male, 11. 5 cm in largest female .\ninternal morphological characters: tip of heart extending to ventral scale 36–42 in males, 40–44 in females. % vs heart 24. 3–28. 4 in males, 27. 4–29. 7 in females. anterior end of liver situated at ventral scale 42–50 in males, 44–50 in females. % vs liver 28. 3–33. 6 in males, 28. 7–33. 7 in females. heart and liver separated by 5–10 ventral scales in males, 3–6 in females. body vertebrae: aipysurus foliosquama shows a one to one correspondence between ventral body scales and vertebrae giving the same counts as heart and liver position in relation to the ventrals .\ncolouration: head brown above, same or lighter below. body uniform tan - brown or purplish - brown, sometimes with whitish spots or bands on the sides and ventrally. scales sometimes with dark margins. a pregnant female contained two large embryos, one with whitish bands around the body, the other with whitish bands only on the sides and ventrally .\n] that are now presumed extinct. the only other records are two specimens collected from barrow island and offshore from port hedland close to the northwest australian coast (this study ,\n]. four prey species have been found in stomach contents of the ashmore population. mccosker [\n] observed two specimens of the family eleotridae and one specimen of the family clinidae (tripterygion). one pregnant female collected in january 1973 from ashmore (ams\n) contained two full - term female embryos measuring 27 cm and 26. 5 cm from head to vent .\naipysurus apraefrontalis smith, 1926 [ 8, 11, 12, 14, 16, 19, 27, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48 ] .\nexternal morphological characters: teeth: 5–6 maxillary teeth behind poison fang, 7–8 palatine teeth, 17–19 pterygoid teeth, 16dentary teeth. scales: “loreal” scale absent; 1 pre - and 2 postoculars; 6–8 supralabials; supralabials 1, 2 and 3 in contact with nasal, 3 and 4 in contact with preocular, 4 and 5 or 4, 5 and 6 in contact with eye, sometimes superlabial 5 divided horizontally; 1–3 anterior temporals. prefrontal scales missing. 6–8 infralabials; infralabials 1, 2 and 3 in contact with anterior pair of sublinguals, sometimes only 1 and 2 or 1, 2 and 4; posterior sublinguals separated. both pairs of sublinguals small. 17–19 scale rows on neck in males, 17–19 in females; 17 scale rows on body in males, 17 in females. scales smooth or with a tubercle or short keel. 141–158 ventrals in males, 148–152 in females. ventrals large, at least three times as large as adjacent body scales. each ventral scales with a deep notched and a median keel. 19–27 subcaudals in males, 19–25 in females. snout - vent length 98 cm in largest males, 94 cm in largest females. tail length 10. 5 cm in largest male, 9 cm in largest female .\ninternal morphological characters: tip of heart extending to ventral scale 38–47 in males, 41–42 in females. % vs heart 26. 0–29. 7 in males, 27. 6–27. 7 in females. anterior end of liver situated at ventral scale 45–47 in males, 47 in females. % vs liver 30. 8–32. 9 in males, 31. 76 in females. heart and liver separated by 5–7 ventral scales in males, 6 in females. body vertebrae: aipysurus apraefrontalis shows a one to one correspondence between ventral body scales and vertebrae giving the same counts as heart and liver position in relation to the ventrals .\ncolouration: head brown, body tan to dark brown or purplish - brown, paler ventrally, with cream or whitish scattered scales or / and with lighter brown cross - bands, which are mostly confined to the lower parts of the body. the posterior portion of the body scales often darker than the anterior .\ngeographical distribution: aipysurus apraefrontalis has been collected from ashmore and hibernia reefs but is absent from the other coral reefs of the timor sea (cartier island, scott and seringapatam reefs). specimens collected from the exmouth gulf, roebourne and broome (this study and [ 12 ]) were assigned to a. apraefrontalis (this study). shuntov [ 19 ] collected a. apraefrontalis from the arafura sea but provided no further information. golay et al. [ 36 ] mentioned this species as occurring in javan waters (indonesia), but we could not confirm this record with any specimens. aipysurus apraefrontalis is then only known from western australia [ 11, 16, 27, 38, 45 ], but may be extinct or near - extinct on the timor sea reefs [ 17 ]. the type specimen was collected from ashmore reef [ 27 ] .\nhabitat and biology: at ashmore aipysurus apraefrontalis seems to be confined to shallow water at depths no greater than 10m [ 11 ]. it has been reported primarily from reef flat and reef edge habitats but compared to a. foliosquama seems to prefer sandy bottom habitats less heavily grown with coral [ 11, 32 ]. some specimens were found in cavities under dead coral debris fully exposed at low tide [ 32 ] or resting beneath small coral overhangs or coral heads in 1–2 m of water [ 53 ]. specimens from the exmouth gulf were collected in prawn trawl nets, presumably from inter - reef habitats [ 12 ] .\nstomach contents data are available only for the ashmore population, with one specimen reported to contain a ‘small eel’ [ 27 ] and two specimens containing gobies (eleotridae) [ 54 ]. two male specimens collected in the exmouth gulf in late june 1973 and july 2004 had very rugous ventral scales indicating breeding condition; a single gravid female was collected in exmouth gulf in late november 1967 .\n( exmouth gulf, and offshore from roebourne and broome). for both species, coastal specimens represent moderately divergent mitochondrial haplotypes not present in sampled conspecifics from ashmore. morphological differences are also found between coastal and ashmore / hibernia specimens: the two coastal\n) and consistently smaller heads relative to body size compared to ashmore specimens (not shown). these molecular and morphological differences suggest that the coastal specimens are not vagrants as previously suspected, but instead represent separate breeding populations. collection dates of the coastal specimens further support this interpretation :\nmolecular analysis of additional samples might resolve whether one or both aipysurus species originated on the isolated timor sea reefs or dispersed there following a coastal origin. however, pairwise cytb distances between coastal and offshore lineages of 1% (a. foliosquama) and 0. 7% (a. apraefrontalis) suggest recent connections, probably within the last few hundred thousand years (based on substitution rates estimated for cytochrome b in hydrophiines: [ 57 ]). given the close molecular and morphological affinities of the coastal and offshore specimens we recommend that the newly recognised coastal populations remain in a. foliosquama and a. apraefrontalis. however, rapid speciation and post - speciation mitochondrial introgression have both been reported in sea snakes (e. g. [ 20 ]) and with further study might also be found here .\nare indeed extinct at ashmore and hibernia, then the newly recognised coastal populations present another chance for these species’ survival. an urgent priority for conservation will be to assess the two species’ remaining distributions and population connectivity. the three coastal localities for\nspecimens were collected ~ 350km apart, but whether this species also has a wider distribution remains to be discovered .\neffective recovery of the two species will further depend on threat distributions in their remaining range and the extent of their occurrence in protected areas. the northwest commonwealth marine reserves network includes 13 reserves [ 58 ] but large areas outside of these reserves are impacted by trawl - fishing, seismic surveys for oil and gas exploration, and destructive infrastructure developments. of particular concern are mining and oil and gas projects that involve dredging and dumping marine sediment [ 59 ]. these activities are predicted to have areas of influence that can exceed 1000 square kilometres [ 59 ] potentially impacting protected reefs. a recent study linked dredging - induced sedimentation from the gorgon natural gas project with coral stress and disease at barrow island and the nearby montebello reefs [ 60 ]. such threats to coral habitats will directly impact reef - specialists such a. foliosquama; one of the two coastal specimens of this species was beach - washed on the south coast of barrow island close to the gorgon dredging and spoil disposal sites. many other development projects are planned or underway in the kimberley, pilbara and mid - west coast (e. g. [ 59 ]). hence, the inclusion of sea snakes in environmental impact studies for industry should be an immediate priority for marine conservation managers in northwest australia .\nthis work was funded by an australian research council future fellowship (ft130101965 sanders) to kls, an australian biological resources study grant (id: rf214 - 34) to kls, timor sea survey grants from pttep (exploration and production public company limited) australasia to mlg, and a school of conservation, copenhagen, research fund 2012 - 13 grant to arr. the funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript .\nmorphological data are within the paper. dna sequences are available from genbank under accession numbers kp205504 - kp205513 .\nböhm m, collen b, baillie je, bowles p, chanson j, et al. (2013 )\nsinervo b, méndez - de - la - cruz f, miles db, heulin b, bastiaans e, et al. (2010 )\niucn (2012) iucn red list categories and criteria: version 3. 1. second edition. gland, switzerland and cambridge, uk: iucn. (available online: urltoken) .\nelfes ct, livingstone sr, lane a, lukoschek v, sanders kl, et al. (2013 )\ntssc (threatened species scientific committee) (2010) listing advice for aipysurus apraefrontalis (short - nosed sea snake) .\ntssc (threatened species scientific committee) (2010). listing advice for aipysurus foliosquama (leaf - scaled sea snake) .\n: 141–144. dunson w. a. (ed .). baltimore: london & tokyo .\nstorr gm, smith la, johnstone re (2002) snakes of western australia. western australian museum, perth .\nguinea ml (2007) sea snakes of ashmore reef, hibernia reef and cartier island with comments on scott reef. in consultant’s report to the department of the environment and water resources, canberra .\nguinea ml (2012) surveys of the sea snakes and sea turtles on reefs of the sahul shelf, monitoring program for the montara well release timor sea. dewha final report survey 2012 .\nmoore gi, richards zt (2014) new records of sea snakes at mid - shelf shoals of australia’s north west shelf. mar. biodiv. doi 10. 1007 / s12526 - 014 - 0267 - 7\ndrummond aj, ashton b, buxton s, cheung m, cooper a, et al. (2010) geneious v5. 0. 4 .\nsmith ma (1926) monograph of the sea - snakes (hydrophiidae). printed by order of the trustees of the british museum (natural history) london .\nan analysis of hydrophis ornatus (gray), h. lamberti smith, and h. inornatus (gray) (hydrophiidae, serpentes) based on samples from various localities, with remarks on feeding and breeding biology of h. ornatus\nstandards in herpetology and ichthyology part i. standard symbolic codes for institutional resource collections in herpetology and ichthyology\n: 59–139. dunson w. a. (ed .). baltimore london & tokyo: university park press .\ngolay p, smith hm, broadley dg, dixon jr, mccarthy c, et al. (1993) endoglyphs and other major venomous snakes of the world a checklist. geneva: herpetological data centre, azemiops .\n: 167–205. gopalakrishnakone p. (ed .). singapore: singapore university press .\n: 355–382. dunson w. a. (ed .). baltimore: london & tokyo .\n: 21–31. dunson w. a. (ed .). baltimore: london & tokyo .\n: 33–55. dunson w. a. (ed .). baltimore: london & tokyo .\nphylogenetic analysis of the\ntrue\naquatic elapid snakes hydrophiinae (sensu smith et al. 1977) indicating two independent radiations into water" ]

{ "text": [ "the adelaide pygmy blue-tongue skink or pygmy bluetongue ( tiliqua adelaidensis ) is a species of skink , a lizard in the family scincidae .", "the species was previously thought to be extinct and only rediscovered in 1992 . " ], "topic": [ 6, 17 ] }

[ "the adelaide pygmy blue-tongue skink or pygmy bluetongue (tiliqua adelaidensis) is a species of skink, a lizard in the family scincidae. the species was previously thought to be extinct and only rediscovered in 1992." ]

[ "the threats to this species are unknown; however it is unlikely that the blackpored eel is being impacted by any major threat processes .\nthe blackpored eel is found in deep water and the larvae are found inshore. this species is known to occur at depths of 51 - 460 m .\nthe blackpored eel (ophichthus melanoporus) has been found from the east coast of florida, the northwestern coast of the gulf of mexico, and the bahamas .\njustification: the blackpored eel, ophichthus melanoporus has been assessed as data deficient. although this species does not have a restricted distribution, there is no information on this species' population, habitat preferences and ecology, or on the potential threats it may face. further research is needed on these areas before a more accurate assessment can be carried out .\nthere are no species - specific conservation measures in place, or needed, for the blackpored eel. however, the distribution of this species may coincide with a number of designated marine protected areas, including the florida keys national marine park. further research into the ecology of this species is needed, in order to better identify any potential threats it may face .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nde silva, r. , milligan, h. , lutz, m. , batchelor, a. , jopling, b. , kemp, k. , lewis, s. , lintott, p. , sears, j. , wilson, p. & smith, j. and livingston, f .\nthis errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .\n( errata version published in 2017). the iucn red list of threatened species 2010: e. t155069a115267703 .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\ngreek, ophis = serpent + greek, ichthys = fish (ref. 45335 )\nmarine; demersal; depth range? - 458 m (ref. 58018). tropical\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 70. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 7251 )\nrobins, c. r. and g. c. ray, 1986. a field guide to atlantic coast fishes of north america. houghton mifflin company, boston, u. s. a. 354 p. (ref. 7251 )\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5000 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 00151 (0. 00061 - 0. 00373), b = 2. 91 (2. 70 - 3. 12), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this (sub) family - body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 4. 0 ±0. 7 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience (ref. 69278): medium, minimum population doubling time 1. 4 - 4. 4 years (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): moderate vulnerability (36 of 100) .\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish, wildlife, and plants in idaho .\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page. such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life. please send feedback and corrections directly to the source. see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 00151 (0. 00061 - 0. 00373), b = 2. 91 (2. 70 - 3. 12), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this (sub) family - body shape (ref .\n): medium, minimum population doubling time 1. 4 - 4. 4 years (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\ncredit: sefsc pascagoula laboratory; collection of brandi noble, noaa / nmfs / sefsc .\nbody cylindrical, very elongate, stouter than tail; tail very long, 69 - 71% of tl; head short, jaws narrow, elongate; snout broad, overhanging; eye moderate, over center of mouth; front nostril tubular, narrow; rear nostril at edge of and entirely outside mouth, with a small flap at front; mouth large; teeth fine, needle - like, widely spaced, no fangs, in single rows; roof of mouth with 8 - 11, front longest, top jaw with 12 - 17, lower jaw with 20 - 26; dorsal origin over tips of pectorals; pectoral fin small, 20 - 25% of head length, pointed, with restricted base - opposite and above upper half of gill opening; tip of tail a blunt, finless point; lateral line complete, lines of each side of head connected by 2 canals with across top of head .\npreserved fish: yellow to tan; with fine brown spotting above; upper head pores and lateral line pores in conspicuous brown spots, those becoming fainter on tail .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nresearch curator of fishes, north carolina state museum of natural sciences, research laboratory, 4301 reedy creek rd. , raleigh, nc, 27607, usa\nbanks, r. c. , r. w. mcdiarmid, a. l. gardner, and w. c. starnes\nchecklist of vertebrates of the united states, the u. s. territories, and canada\nböhlke, e. b. , j. e. böhlke, m. m. leiby, j. e. mccosker, et al. / böhlke, eugenia b. , ed .\nfishes of the western north atlantic, no. 1, pt. 9, vol. 1\nspecial publication of the center for biodiversity research and information, no. 1, vol 1 - 3\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service." ]

{ "text": [ "the blackpored eel ( ophichthus melanoporus ) is an eel in the family ophichthidae ( worm/snake eels ) .", "it was described by robert h. kanazawa in 1963 .", "it is a tropical , marine eel which is known from the western central atlantic ocean , including florida , usa ; the bahamas , and mexico .", "it dwells at a depth range of 51-460 metres .", "while the adults inhabit deep water , the larvae are laid inshore .", "males can reach a maximum total length of 70 centimetres .", "despite its considerable distribution , the iucn redlist currently lists the blackpored eel as data deficient due to a lack of information on its population , habitat preferences , ecology , and potential threats . " ], "topic": [ 16, 5, 16, 18, 8, 0, 17 ] }

[ "the blackpored eel (ophichthus melanoporus) is an eel in the family ophichthidae (worm/snake eels). it was described by robert h. kanazawa in 1963. it is a tropical, marine eel which is known from the western central atlantic ocean, including florida, usa; the bahamas, and mexico. it dwells at a depth range of 51-460 metres. while the adults inhabit deep water, the larvae are laid inshore. males can reach a maximum total length of 70 centimetres. despite its considerable distribution, the iucn redlist currently lists the blackpored eel as data deficient due to a lack of information on its population, habitat preferences, ecology, and potential threats." ]

[ "red - margin shrimpgoby (amblyeleotris rubrimarginata) adult with snapping shrimp (alpheus sp .) cleaning shared hole lembeh\nhans - martin braun added the german common name\nrotsaum - partnergrundel\nto\namblyeleotris rubrimarginata mohlmann & randall, 2002\n.\nred - margin shrimpgoby (amblyeleotris rubrimarginata) adult with snapping shrimp (alpheus sp .) cleaning shared hole lembeh straits sulawesi sunda islands indonesia march\na redmargin shrimpgoby, amblyeleotris rubrimarginata, near malapascua, philippines, april 2017. source: klaus stiefel / flickr. license: cc by attribution - noncommercial\namblyeleotris rubrimarginata mohlmann & randall, 2002, bull. raffles mus. 50 (1): 216, figs 1 - 3, 4a. type locality: watsons bay, lizard island, qld [ 14°40' s, 145°28' e ] .\nthe specific name rubrimarginata is from the latin rubri for' red' and marginata for' edge', in reference to the distinctive bright red margin on the second dorsal - fin rays .\nthe similar amblyeleotris bleekeri differs from a. rubrimarginata by the following combination of features: (1) longitudinal scale rows: 62–63 versus 77–94; (2) pelvic fin: frenum absent versus frenum present; (3) fin colouration: d2 with thin distal brown margin and no shiny spots on d2 and c versus a conspicuous red margin or rows of small red spots on d2 and c. (chen et al. , 2006 )\nmohlmann, m. s. & randall, j. e. 2002. three new species of gobiid fishes of the genus amblyeleotris from the central and western pacific. bulletin of the raffles museum 50 (1): 215 - 226. pdf\nchen, i - s. , k‐t. shao & j‐p. chen. 2006. two new species of shrimp gobiid, amblyeleotris (teleostei: gobiidae), from the west pacific. journal of natural history 40 (44 - 46): 2555 - 2567 .\ngreek, amblys = darkness + the name of a nile fish, eleotris (ref. 45335 )\nmarine; demersal; depth range 2 - 20 m (ref. 90102). tropical\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 11. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 90102 )\ndorsal spines (total): 7; dorsal soft rays (total): 13 - 14; anal spines: 1; anal soft rays: 14 - 15. characterized by whitish body color with 5 - 6 light brown bars, dark speckles / lighter mottling between bars; dorsal fins and upper caudal fin with red margin; pelvic fins joined by membrane, about 10% of basal part of fins covered; midline of nape, chest and base of pectoral fin without scales; longitudinal scale series 77 - 94; greatest depth of body 5. 6 - 6. 7 in sl; pointed caudal fin, longer than head, 2. 3 - 3. 2 in sl (ref. 90102) .\nfound in sand bottoms of coastal bays and estuaries in 2 - 20 m (ref. 90102) .\neschmeyer, w. n. (ed .), 2003. catalog of fishes. updated database version of march 2003. catalog databases as made available to fishbase in march 2003. (ref. 46206 )\n): 25. 2 - 29. 3, mean 28. 6 (based on 1715 cells) .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5000 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 00617 (0. 00279 - 0. 01364), b = 3. 08 (2. 89 - 3. 27), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this (sub) family - body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 4 ±0. 3 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience (ref. 69278): high, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low vulnerability (23 of 100) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\na pale shrimpgoby with 5 - 6 pale brownish to orange bars along the side, with dark speckles and mottling between the bars, a red margin or row of red spots along the dorsal fin margin and upper caudal fin, and a prominent black spot just above and behind the eye .\nrecorded in australia from ashmore reef, timor sea, and from the northern great barrier reef to moreton bay, queensland. the species occurs elsewhere in the tropical east - indo - west - pacific .\ndorsal fin vi + i, 13 - 14; anal fin i, 14 - 15; pectoral fin 18 - 20; longitudinal scale series 77 - 94. greatest body depth 5. 6 - 6. 7 in sl; pelvic fins joined by membrane, about 10% of basal part of fins covered; midline of nape, chest and base of pectoral fin without scales; caudalfin pointed, longer than head, 2. 3 - 3. 2 in sl .\nbody whitish with 5 - 6 light brown bars, dark speckles / lighter mottling between bars; dorsal fins and upper caudal fin with red margin .\nallen, g. r. & erdmann, m. v. 2012. reef fishes of the east indies. perth: tropical reef research 3 vols, 1260 pp .\nallen, g. r. , steene, r. , human, p. & deloach, n. 2003. reef fish identification tropical pacific. jacksonville, florida: new world publications, inc. 457 pp .\nrandall, j. e. 2005. reef and shore fishes of the south pacific. new caledonia to tahiti and the pitcairn islands. honolulu: university of hawaii press 707 pp .\nrussell, b. c. 1983. annotated checklist of the coral reef fishes in the capricorn - bunker group, great barrier reef, australia. great barrier reef marine park authority. special publication series 1: 1 - 184 figs 1 - 2\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4. 0 license\nfroese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nfound in sand bottoms of coastal bays and estuaries in 2 - 20 m (ref. 90102) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nfive diffuse reddish bars on body, black flecks along back, row of red or orange spots along top margin of dorsal fin and a broad dark stripe on eye. shares burrow with\noccurrence describes how often the species is found on surveys within its distribution. it is calculated as the% of reef sites surveyed by rls divers across all the ecoregions in which the species has been observed\nplease use this form only for a single type of error. if you see multiple errors on the page for this species, please report these in separate forms by clicking on this button again after submitting this form\nthank you for highlighting this error. we appreciate your assistance in maintaining high quality control standards\nnatural environment: inhabits sandy and rubble areas on sloping inshore reefs and coastal bays and usually found at depths between 6 –65 feet (2 – 20 m) where it feeds on benthic invertebrates and zooplankton .\nfyi: shown here for identification only, yet should it become available, care is similar to others in this genus .\nthe material on this site may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used, except with the prior written permission of bob goemans .\nif is associated with an alamy account you' ll receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password .\nenter your log in email address and we’ll send you a link to reset your password .\nif you want to use this image commercially and we' ve indicated * that alamy doesn' t have a release, you might need additional permission from the model, artist, owner, estate, trademark or brand. more information .\nsorry, this image isn' t available for this licence. please refer to the license restrictions for more information .\non the alamy prints site (powered by art. com) choose your frame, the size and finish of your photo .\nenter your log in email address and we' ll send you a link to reset your password." ]

{ "text": [ "amblyeleotris rubrimarginata is a species of goby found on reefs or in sea grass beds in the western pacific from new caledonia to the great barrier reef and around new guinea , indonesia , malaysia and the philippines .", "it can be found at depths of from 3 to 26 metres ( 9.8 to 85.3 ft ) .", "as with other amblyeleotris species , it has a symbiotic relationship with alpheid shrimps , one or a pair of gobies sharing a burrow with a pair of shrimps .", "this is a fairly elongated goby up to 8 centimetres ( 3.1 in ) standard length .", "the background colour is whitish marked with five vertical brown or orange bars .", "it is most readily distinguished from its congeners by a row of red spots along the margin of both dorsal fins and the upper part of the caudal fin and also by a prominent black spot just above and behind the eye . " ], "topic": [ 18, 18, 27, 0, 1, 23 ] }

[ "amblyeleotris rubrimarginata is a species of goby found on reefs or in sea grass beds in the western pacific from new caledonia to the great barrier reef and around new guinea, indonesia, malaysia and the philippines. it can be found at depths of from 3 to 26 metres (9.8 to 85.3 ft). as with other amblyeleotris species, it has a symbiotic relationship with alpheid shrimps, one or a pair of gobies sharing a burrow with a pair of shrimps. this is a fairly elongated goby up to 8 centimetres (3.1 in) standard length. the background colour is whitish marked with five vertical brown or orange bars. it is most readily distinguished from its congeners by a row of red spots along the margin of both dorsal fins and the upper part of the caudal fin and also by a prominent black spot just above and behind the eye." ]

[ "we are proud to be helping the kea. every adult kea t - shirt donate $ 5 to the kea conservation trust .\nkea song (mp3, 977k) 01: 02 – kea responding to recordings of their calls .\nthe new zealand kea is a protected species. like many other native birds, kea suffer from predation by introduced mammals. kea are also impacted by human activity .\ndespite being illegal, kea are still being shot. if you are having problems with kea in your area, contact the kea conservation trust for advice and assistance .\nso it is understandable that martyn and louise myer should call their beautiful properties whare kea – meaning home of the kea .\nthese included kea play calls, other kea calls, and a call of the south island robin, another species in the area .\nresults from doc kea research have led to a better understanding of how to minimise the risk to kea from pest control carried out in kea habitat. there is now a code of practice for aerial 1080 in kea habitat that is followed by all such operations being carried out on public conservation land .\nstoats are the primary predators of kea, and cats are also a major threat when cat populations make incursions into kea habitat. possums are known to prey on kea and disturb nests although they are not as severe a threat as stoats, and rats have also occasionally been observed preying on kea eggs .\ni' ll never look at a kea in the same way .\ntracking work showed up to 60% of kea nests were attacked by predators .\nkea salutes. apj abdul kalam, a friend and mentor of every student .\nif you have seen a kea (dead or alive) please tell us .\nonly 27% of the kea chicks will live for longer than a year .\nyour kea encounter will be in the mountains of the south island where kea are sometimes seen. arthurs pass village is a kea hot spot. it is on the main road between canterbury and the west coast. the car parks of nearby ski fields are also a popular place for kea to look for food and trouble !\ntamsin orr - walker, of the kea conservation trust, said lead poisoning of kea ingesting nailheads and flashings on buildings might also be a problem closer to settlements .\nin the 2015 and 2016 kea breeding seasons, on average 50% of monitored nests produced young kea. this followed aerial 1080 predator control in 2014 and 2016 .\nthe best guestimate of kea numbers is around 3 - 4, 000 for the whole of the south island. in many areas kea are in serious decline. without urgent action, kea are at risk of going extinct in the wild in our lifetimes. there are multiple threats to kea. the biggies are predation and lead poisoning .\nkea are a protected species and it is an offence to harm or kill them .\nthe endangered kea is the world' s only alpine parrot, and one of the most intelligent birds. the kea has been crowned bird of the year for 2017 .\na kea learnt to use tools to set off stoat traps to get the eggs .\na kea on avalanche peak in arthur' s pass. photo by andrew walmsley .\nas peter hillary said in his speech to the kea konvention last week – the call of the kea is the call of the mountains. sadly that call is disappearing .\nkeas in arthur’s pass, new zealand. photograph: andrew walmsley / kea conservation trust\nthe kea’s curiosity cannot be helped, and neither can their vulnerability to invasive species. predators that have been introduced to new zealand’s ecosystem prey on kea eggs and young .\nkea are one of the most maligned of new zealand birds, as well as one of our most loved. - tamsin orr - walker, chair of the kea conservation trust\na kea that was being attacked by magpies hid behind a tramper who fended them off .\nanti - 1080 campaigner mike bennett said the kea deaths were the tip of the iceberg .\n© 2018 kea conservation trust. all rights reserved. | website design by avoca web design\npalila are limited to the dormant volcano, mauna kea, on the island of hawai‘i .\n© 2004 - 2018 office of mauna kea management. website design by curly pinky designs .\n“and we can’t afford any kea losses at this stage, they are too vulnerable. ”\nan estimated 150, 000 kea were killed from the 1860s onwards thanks to a government bounty introduced after conflict with sheep farmers. doc and the kea conservation trust continue to record intentional kea deaths each year (either shot, bludgeoned, or poisoned by humans) though targeted kea deaths are thought to be largely under - reported, because they are an endangered and protected species. “education efforts have gone a long way towards new zealanders learning to love and respect the kea, but if the kea cause financial loss or begin to hit people’s bottom line, that is when we are still hearing stories of kea being killed. ” said kemp .\nthe kea conservation trust works with others to research and raise awareness of kea and the issues impacting them. the trust is a valuable source of information from scientific papers to educational material .\n“kea are one of the most maligned of new zealand birds, as well as one of our most loved, ” said tamsin orr - walker, chair of the kea conservation trust .\nkea, being opportunistic, generalist foragers, are primary, secondary, and higher - level consumers. in the past, kea probably had an array of competitors, such as kaka (\nq. look at all the photos of kea on this page and on other pages in this website. can you tell how hold each of the kea are? okarito nest nov08 cunningham\nkea are new zealand’s alpine treasures. the kea conservation trust works to preserve and protect these unique birds, both in their natural habitat in the wild and in captivity. in order to make our vision of a sustainable future for kea populations a reality, we need your support .\noriginally from canada, ms reid has been fascinated by kea since her first encounter with one .\ncandidates who have not yet downloaded the admission ticket, can download the same from kea website .\nforget the laughing kookaburra —kea are the birds that really tickle each other' s funny bones .\nkea play a lot—by themselves, with others, on the ground, or in the air .\nkea are opportunistic, omnivorous parrots. the leaves, buds, and nuts of southern beeches (\nthere are researchers around the world that are doing some great fun experiments that kea really enjoy doing – let’s take a look at them and then you can decide how clever kea really are… .\nthe kea conservation trust (kct) was set up as a charitable organisation in 2006 to assist in conservation of the world’s only alpine parrot, the kea (nestor notabilis) in their natural habitat and to increase the welfare and advocacy potential of kea held in captive facilities within new zealand .\nkea est une société de conseil avec une portée mondiale ayant des avant - postes en europe et en asie. kea anime une large communauté d’acteurs dans les icc qui s’étend des artistes aux universitaires .\nthe kea conservation trust would like to acknowledge the commitment of our sponsors, members, supporters and volunteers to the cause of conservation and best practice captive management of kea in new zealand. as a registered charitable trust, we rely on your support, to ensure kea are protected for the future .\nkea travaille au niveau international avec un réseau inégalé de contacts dans les sphères publique et privée. kea surmonte et construit des ponts au - délà des frontières culturelles, politiques et linguistiques. kea est une marque avec une réputation internationale pour son expertise dans les industries créatives et la conception des politiques .\na kea was seen having a tug - of - war with a cat over a rabbit carcass .\nthe polarized new zealand alpine parrot, “kea”, faces extinction due to invasive species and other threats .\nyour internship coordinator at kea will help you with the practicalities in connection with your internship, for which you will yourself be the prime mover in finding a host company. kea has a wide company network .\nthe good news is that in areas of effective landscape predator control, kea are having much greater success nesting and raising young. female kea need to survive to at least 10 years for a stable population .\nsince kea scavenge on sheep, which are of economic importance in new zealand, the birds have unfairly earned a bad reputation. thousands of kea were killed prior to 1970, but in 1986 the bird, with its near threatened status, received full governmental protection. there are currently about 5, 000 kea .\nthe kea, the world' s only alpine parrot, struck when the bus stopped and the driver was busy in the luggage compartment. when the driver turned around the startled kea flew away with the passport .\nin contrast, only 12 kea were caught and banded at nelson lakes during last month' s survey .\nmr kemp said the main reason for the apparent decline in numbers was predation of kea eggs and chicks .\nalthough kea in other areas had been inadvertently poisoned by 1080 baits laid for pests, this wasn' t a problem at nelson lakes, where 1080 poisoning in areas inhabited by kea was minimal, she said .\nnon - eu applicants are required to pay an application fee in order for kea to process their application .\nthe diploma supplement contains a description of kea copenhagen school of design and technology and the danish educational system .\nkea, bird of paradox by judy diamond, alan b. bond - hardcover - university of california press\nkea can live 14. 4 years in captivity. life span in the wild has not been reported .\nplease visit the kea conservation trust' s website to find out more about this beautiful and cheeky bird .\nmany of the kea currently held in captive institutions are genetically important and may potentially be used in future breeding programmes. at present there is limited and highly selective breeding of kea as directed by the species coordinator. although breeding is necessary to preserve maximum genetic diversity and normal kea reproductive behaviours, there will continue [ … ]\n“we can educate people about how to behave responsibly with kea, and we can enclose protected environments, but the lead poisoning is hard, ” said josh kemp, a kea expert at new zealand’s department of conservation .\nthe birds may also tussle, a “kea version of the wrestling one sees in cats, ” according to schwing .\nhere, one kea might even present itself on its back to invite another to join .\na permit is required to hold kea in captivity within new zealand. permits are managed by the department of conservation and are issued for a 5 year term. currently there are just over 60 kea held in 20 registered facilities throughout new zealand (2013). the number of kea held has reduced from 102 in 2002 due to an aging population. many of these kea are genetically important and may potentially be used in future breeding programmes .\nit was obvious that it was kea really, but nobody had seen it happen ,\nhe said .\nthe keas concerned were the\nteenagers of the kea world\n, easily distinguishable by their darker green colouring .\nlast month, 50 researchers and volunteers from the kea conservation trust and the department of conservation surveyed kea numbers at 90 sites in nelson lakes national park, arthur' s pass in canterbury and the borland range in fiordland .\neast imperial is a premium beverage company that approached kea for insights into the us boutique beverage market. kea introduced east imperial to shane grant, senior vp / gm at the coca - cola company, based in nyc .\nwilson, k. - j. 1990. kea, creature of curiosity. forest & bird august 1990 .\nkea or tzia is a beautiful cycladian island located apx 16 n. m. from lavrion port. its proximity to athens has made kea a popular weekend destination for yachters and the athenians who have their summer houses there .\nthe team then observed how the wild kea reacted to each sound. the effect was clear: when kea of both sexes heard play calls, they exhibited more and longer play behavior than when they heard the other calls .\n) have been observed attacking kea, but no one has reported an incidence of successful predation. kea remain alert for air attacks when foraging, and they band together to chase falcons that threaten a member of their group .\nthe captive population provides a unique opportunity for researchers to conduct behavioural observations and tests to better manage kea and kea threats in the wild. all research projects must go through an extensive ethic approvals process, managed by department of conservation and either the research facilities own animal ethics committees and / or the kea holders organisation. [ … ]\nthe difference between young (juvenile) and adult kea is much more obvious. very young kea that have just left the nest have a pale feathers on the top of their head and very bright yellow colouring around the eyes, nostrils (cere) and top of the beak (the pale head plumage can be clearly seen by other kea in the uv spectrum). as the kea get older, the yellow slowly disappears and the head feathers darken. an adult kea (4 years +) has dark colouration around the eyes, nostrils and beak .\nfeatured photo: kea in new zealand. credit: andrew purdam / flickr read the original article at the guardian\nuseful details to note include: where you saw it, what date and time you saw it, the band colour combination or numbers if the kea is banded, and what the kea was doing. photos are especially useful .\nscientists already knew that kea—native to new zealand' s mountainous south island—make a non - threatening warbling sound while playing with other kea. but since the birds also warble alone, the noise could simply be an expression of pleasure .\na warning to all tourists in kea country, don’t leave anything including your car unattended. kea will either make a meal of it or treat it as their playground. after all kea were here first, it is their playground, their killing fields, their breeding area. indeed it is the only home in this world for nestor notabilis .\ncanterbury, met in conference at culverden and decided to petition the government to increase the bonus on kea - beaks .\nkea are particularly vulnerable because they nest in holes in the ground that are easy to find and get in to .\nclio reid found kea were sometimes getting a lethal dose of lead when nibbling at buildings or sneaking into wheelie bins .\nit says some 1080 drops were probably devastating to kea populations, but others had minimal impacts or even benefited them .\nauthenticated (10 / 09 / 2006) by tamsin orr - walker, trust chair, kea conservation trust. urltoken\nread more about the application process, tuition fees, transfer to kea etc. on the page application and admission .\nkea issues a diploma supplement in english automatically at the end of your studies, as a supplement to your diploma .\nthe kea (seen at the wellington zoo) is an inquisitive, highly intelligent bird native only to new zealand .\nthe kea of new zealand is the first non - mammal species to demonstrate infectious laughter, a new study says .\nkea numbers have declined over the past century, with likely fewer than 10, 000 birds left in the wild .\nnovember… during the summer, the kea laps up nectar from the common mountain flax plant. january… late in the season, the kea dexterously feeds on snow totara berries, expertly coordinating its feet, bill and tongue. march… as winter approaches and temperatures fall, sick and elderly sheep die, and the opportunistic kea feeds on the carrion. may young kea frequent ski resorts in the cold, snowy winter and scavenge for feasts of food scraps in open refuse bins .\nmany of the kea currently held in captive institutions are genetically important and may potentially be used in future breeding programmes .\npranks which are endearing to some in the wild, are unbearable to those who live with them day in day out. department of conservation staff often come and remove kea to other areas. this on the whole does not seem to help much, as other kea almost always take over where others left off. love kea, yes and no !\nhowever, from what i saw, it appears that the death of kea - picked sheep is not always due to the injuries to the internal organs, but that foreign matter getting into a small flesh - wound made by a kea causes blood - poisoning and death. it may be that the kea' s beak itself is not quite clean, or perhaps that the cruel laceration of the flesh due to the kea' s attacks is sufficient to poison the blood .\nmāori would have encountered kea when crossing the southern alps in search of pounamu (greenstone), and named the bird after its call. to some tribes, kea were seen as kaitiaki (guardians). however, there is little mention of kea in māori poetry and tradition, compared with their more widespread forest relatives, kākā (nestor meridionalis) .\nto find out if kea use their play call to spread emotion among other kea, researchers led by raoul schwing, of the messerli research institute in austria, went to arthur' s pass national park and broadcast recordings of several bird calls in the earshot of wild kea. (related :\ndo animals laugh? tickle experiments suggest they do .\n)\nmy passport is somewhere out there in fiordland. the kea' s probably using it for fraudulent claims or something .\nkea occasionally visit this colony of hutton’s shearwaters in the seaward kaikōura range to raid nest burrows for eggs or chicks. kea don’t take enough chicks to threaten the colony’s viability, but stoats and feral cats are a significant threat to the shearwaters .\nms reid, a masters of science student at victoria university, has just completed a study on kea in aoraki / mt cook national park that focused on the relationship between the personality traits of kea and the level of lead in their bloodstream .\nto explore the personalities of kea, ms reid presented different wild birds with a bright fluffy toy and watched their reaction .\nnotes on the flesh - eating propensity of the kea. by professor b. benham, f. r. s .\nendemic to new zealand' s south island, kea are found from nelson to fiordland and in marlborough (2) .\nthe green kea cleverly manipulates food with its beak and feet, climbs like a monkey and shows off its brilliant colors .\nthe results showed that kea nests were nine times more likely to survive and successfully produce chicks after aerial 1080 predator control .\nkea travaille en tant qu’expert auprès de l’union européenne, du conseil de l’europe et de l’organisation mondiale de la propriété intellectuelle .\nthe kea research team has been monitoring nests in areas from south westland up to kahurangi national park and in many places in between. these areas are steep, thickly forested and often snow - covered since kea can begin breeding while there is still snow on the ground, so it is a real challenge to track wild kea, carrying camera equipment and large batteries around .\n. in fall kea feed on mountain beech leaves and buds and continue foraging on the roots, bulbs, fruit, seeds, and stems of other plants. kea scavenge on trash heaps year round and relish the flesh and bone marrow from carcasses. these food sources become particularly important in winter, when plant foods are scarce. finally, kea have been reported to eat\nthis documentary tells the story of the inimitable kea. the' clown of the alps' is heralded as the world’s smartest bird (its intelligence rivals a monkey’s). kea are famous on south island tracks and ski fields for their insatiable (and destructive) inquisitiveness. curiosity almost killed the kea when it was labelled a sheep killer, and tens of thousands were killed for a bounty. after shots of baby kea being fed, there is extraordinary night footage in clip four of the' avian wolf' in action. the award - winning film makes a compelling case for the charismatic kea as a national icon .\ncheck out about the latest kea research projects; what' s happening with kea in the wild and in captivity; what activities children can do at home and at school; how you can make a difference; or simply enjoy our latest newsletter .\nwhere kea are present, avoid leaving temptations around such as loose clothing and boots, packs, food and brightly coloured objects .\nbounty hunting of kea as a measure to protect sheep was outlawed in 1971, and full protection was finally granted in 1986 .\n2. thesaurus - if a vocabulary is provided, kea matches the documents' phrases against this file. for processing skos files stored as rdf files, kea uses the jena api. for free indexing, use the option\n- v none\n.\nkea has a set of general codes of conduct, which apply to everyone. locally, there might be more detailed codes .\nfrom 1967 - 1992 the kea featured on the new zealand $ 10 note. in 1992 it was replaced by the whio .\nkea a ouvert un bureau à shenzhen (chine) en mars 2013 afin de répondre aux besoins des marchés asiatiques. urltoken )\n) forests that line sub - alpine scrublands at 600 to 2000 m. in summer, kea inhabit high elevation scrub and alpine tundra areas. in autumn, they move to higher elevations to forage for berries. in winter, kea move below the timberline .\nin flight, the kea announces its arrival with a loud call, “keee - aa. ” nonterritorial, the kea moves from place to place, searching for food from snowy ski resorts to flower - filled valleys. instead of wasting energy by flying, the kea climbs like a monkey to reach berries and buds. the parrot proficiently anchors its bill, then quickly maneuvers its feet. the playful kea has been observed “sledding” down the a - frame roof of an alpine resort on its back. the kea is a member of the psittacidae family, which has the largest number of threatened species of any bird family; about 90 species are at risk .\nkemp, j. 2013. kea. in miskelly, c. m. (ed .) new zealand birds online. urltoken\nin captivity some parrot species can live to 80 or older, but the oldest known age for a wild kea is 20 years .\n) are especially important in the kea diet. the foods consumed vary by season, however. in spring they eat mountain daisies (\nbond, a. , k. wilson, j. diamond. 1991. sexual dimorphism in the kea (nestor notabilis) .\ndoc staff throughout new zealand are also involved in monitoring trees for signs of heavy seeding. kea are at risk from predator plagues caused by high levels of seed production (' beech mast'). battle for our birds protects kea and other native species from predators .\nthe cincinnati zoo & botanical garden holds the largest collection of kea (nestor notabilis) in north america. the facility is home to 19 of the 45 total birds in association of zoos & aquariums (aza) accredited institutions. locally, nationally, and internationally, cincinnati zoo staff has worked to improve captive kea husbandry standards and reproductive success. they also aim to increase public awareness of kea reproduction research .\nall the four humeri had been opened by the kea at this spot, in order, no doubt, to get at the marrow .\nnotes on the natural history of the kea, with special reference to its reputed sheep - killing propensities. by g. r. marriner\nthe multitalented kea shows both brains and brawn in its daily activities, especially in its exploitation of a wide range of available food sources .\n“the international community has great interest in kea because of their unique ecology, amazing intelligence, and charismatic personalities. there is no other avian species on earth quite like them, ” said webster. “the cincinnati zoo & botanical garden recognizes that kea are a wildlife gem and that their loss would be tragic. we have attempted to do everything in our power to ensure that kea are around for future generations. ”\nbottom – by sid mosdell from new zealand (kea uploaded by snowmanradio) [ cc - by - 2. 0 urltoken via wikimedia commons\nlast weekend, i attended the first ever kea konvention jointly organised by the kea conservation trust and federated mountain clubs of new zealand. it was a power - packed weekend full of presentations by scientists, volunteers and ngos working to raise awareness of this amazing and unique bird .\nmonitoring cameras show nests being raided by multiple predators including stoats, possums and feral cats – meaning that kea are disappearing from many areas .\nlead poisoning from lead nails and lead flashing used in high country buildings and mountain huts also pose a significant threat. kea actively peck and ingest the lead which causes brain damage, organ failure and death. sampling shows that lead poisoning of kea is widespread throughout the south island .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - kea (nestor notabilis )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - kea (nestor notabilis )\ntitle =\narkive species - kea (nestor notabilis )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nkea european affairs is an international policy design research center specialised in culture and creative industry as well as sport. since 1999, kea has been a pioneer in the field of culture and creative industry policy. based in brussels, kea’s mission is to provide policy advice to make territories, organisations and people more aware of their cultural and creative resources, to unlock the potential of culture including heritage for economic and social development .\nheavy metal: science student clio reid found kea were sometimes getting a lethal dose of lead when nibbling at buildings or sneaking into wheelie bins .\nonline application statistics (notification no. ed / kea / admn / cr - 54 / 2014 - 15 dated 08 - may - 2015 )\nkea is situated on five addresses in nørrebro and hellerup. get an overview of the facilities on each address, get directions and much more .\nkea are currently classified as vulnerable by the iucn, and they are a birdlife\nrestricted - range\nspecies. they are subject to international trade regulations under cites appendix ii, as are most parrots. kea are also protected within new zealand by the wildlife act of 1953, the national parks act, the animals protection act, and the trade in endangered species act. these laws prohibit the capture of kea on private and public lands, prohibit their mistreatment, and ban their export. however, parrot - smuggling is a lucrative business, and kea are often captured and exported for the black market pet trade. it is unknown exactly how many kea are left in the wild. estimates range from only 2, 000 to 5, 000 birds, but for now, kea populations appear to be stable - - especially in national parks and other protected areas .\nkea are a unique and endangered parrot (psittacine) species endemic to the southern alps of new zealand. kea are highly adaptive and are considered by scientists to be one of the most intelligent bird species in the world. this intelligence and curiosity makes them both... ...\nkea does not have mass tourism and is recommended for family and yachting vacations. it has a quite interesting nightlife which is concentrated mainly in the 2 - 3 clubs - bars found in the picturesque vourkari. however kea' s nights are more relaxed compared to the other popular greek islands .\nthe kea, which had still held on, was joined by several others, and they soon destroyed [? devoured ] * the sheep. ”\nthe research programme also monitored nests through the breeding season to assess whether safer conditions for kea chicks outweighed risks to individual birds, mr costello said .\nfijn, n. and morris, r. (2003) the kea. reed publishing (nz) ltd. , auckland, new zealand .\nkea receives a limited number of government scholarships each year to fund highly qualified full - degree students from non - eu / eea countries and switzerland .\ndo you have a passion and enthusiasm for kea – we would love you to help us to ensure that research into this species becomes a priority .\ndoc scientists have published research in the nz journal of ecology (june 2018) on the effects of aerial 1080 in protecting nesting kea from predators .\nq. in many areas much of the beech forests have been burned for human settlement. how do you think this might have affected the kea ?\nat present there is limited and highly selective breeding of kea as directed by the species coordinator. although breeding is necessary to preserve maximum genetic diversity and normal kea reproductive behaviours, there will continue to be only limited breeding until all holders are up to minimum captive standards to ensure welfare is not compromised .\nalthough kea are not generally known to “talk” like some other parrots (particularly the african grey parrot), they have a wide range of sounds that they make, depending on what message they want to get across to each other. here is a sample of kea sounds for you to listen to .\n2015). continue advocacy campaigns. continue to control introduced mammals. identify sources of lead posing a risk to kea, then either remove, replace with lead free alternatives or cover to prevent kea access (orr - walker 2013a). ensure that kea are excluded from predator - control toxins and devices, and limit the use of risky devices (orr - walker 2013b). investigate the feasibility of a captive or island insurance population (orr - walker\nnot until 1970 was the kea given partial protection. the survival of kea has been miraculous, and its ability to survive on almost any food in dumps or dropped on roadsides is uncanny. but the latest killer i particularly dislike. this is the filling of sacks with\npinkbat\nmaterial which contains fibreglass. these are tied around things such as bike seats etc, which kea love to destroy. once digesting the fibreglass, death will slowly ensue .\nbut the alpine parrots did not take kindly to surveillance .\ni had about four cameras that were ripped to bits by kea ,\ngoodman said .\na science student is calling for lead nails to be removed from old buildings in alpine area, after she found they pose a threat to curious kea .\ndoc senior adviser herb christophers said the report was a draft only and more work had to be done before the effects of 1080 on kea were established .\n“i couldn’t be more excited about cincinnati zoo’s success with breeding kea this year! this flock includes a number of genetically important birds and the population has been struggling with breeding in recent years, so these chicks represent a great move in the right direction. cincinnati’s unique way of housing and managing kea in a large flock has proven to be a great combination of guest experience and breeding opportunity for this species, ” said jessica meehan, aza kea ssp coordinator .\nkea are thought to be very clever! some scientists even think that they might be as smart as a 4 year old child! thats pretty smart .\nfor many of us, a highlight of visiting the mountains of the south island is encountering kea – the world’s only mountain parrot and endemic to nz .\nmany kea live near human - populated areas so they are at risk from all sorts of hazards when they go exploring, the main one being lead poisoning. young kea are like little kids - they' ll get into anything. exposure to lead paint or nails in old buildings can kill them .\ncrafty kea have once again proven their status as new zealand' s smartest birds, this time being caught on camera using sticks to set off stoat traps .\nstudies have shown that kea in areas where they are fed regularly are more at risk from pest control and accidents with man - made objects such as cars .\nyou' ll often find that a really explorative kea will take the first step and check out new objects like lead head nails, and then the others will follow. replacing lead nails in old buildings, refraining from feeding kea, and securing objects like wheelie bins will help keep them healthy and safe .\nresearch and innovation is a major driver in kea’s knowledge cycle. both in the development of our study programmes in cooperation with business, and in our teaching .\nbond, a. b. ; diamond, j. 1992. population estimates of kea in arthurs pass national park. notornis 39: 151 - 160 .\nthe following habitats are found across the kea distribution range. find out more about these environments, what it takes to live there and what else inhabits them .\nthe kea is the world’s only mountain - dwelling parrot and also one of the most intelligent species of bird known for their playfulness and novelty - seeking nature .\na kea in arthur’s pass, new zealand. many local people consider them pests because of their habit of damaging cars and attacking sheep. photograph: andrius pašukonis\nthis suggests that the play call does not\ninvite\nkea to play, but rather puts them in a frisky frame of mind by affecting their emotions. for that reason, kea play calls can be compared with infectious laughter in people, according to the study, published march 20 in the journal current biology .\nfirst noted by gould in 1856, the kea is native to the mountains of new zealand' s south island. it is normally found in forests or scrublands\nit is estimated that in the wild most keas live to be just 5 years old. in captivity the oldest recorded kea in 2008 was 50 years old .\nour kea is the world' s only mountain parrot. they are sociable, curious and highly intelligent which makes them well adapted to their harsh environment. while these characteristics have helped them survive, they have also created conflict with humans. as a result kea are nationally endangered. did you know there are fewer kea alive today than bengal tigers? kea, like kiwi, kakapo, takahē and mohua are an endangered new zealand bird species. so this trip will fit perfectly with big ideas like heritage, our world, kiwiana, conservation, connectedness, threatened species and environment. this field trip will get you up close to an adorable new zealand treasure that is sadly under real threat. a possible action outcome for this trip would be a student activity that enhances the survival of kea .\ncaptive kea provide an opportunity for people to learn about, understand and empathise with their wild counterparts. kea in the wild are often considered a nuisance and as such are still persecuted because of their propensity to investigating and destroying huma property. fostering understanding and tolerance for species which are so interactive is vitally important [ … ]\nms reid found that although kea with curious personalities are more likely to have high levels of lead in their blood, the less explorative ones are at risk too .\nseven kea have died at fox glacier after eating 1080 poison, wiping out almost half a group of the endangered and protected parrot being monitored by the conservation department .\nthough doc would review its 1080 activities near kea habitats, drops in the north island would continue. the poison is used to control possums, rats and stoats .\ncandidate is directed to come to kea along with documents of mentally ill treatment & the disability certificates issued by competent authority on or before 21. 03. 2018 .\n“in many instances, we saw that the kea were immediately animated to play, but not by joining ongoing play already happening, ” schwing says in an email .\ngajdon, g. , n. fijn, l. huber. 2004. testing social learning in a wild mountain parrot, the kea (nestor notabilis) .\nkea designs, inspires and engineers policies, projects and partnerships with a passion for the art, culture, sport, talents to promote excellence, diversity and creativity .\nmischievous... a juvenile kea attempts to break into a west matukituki valley predator control trap to take the eggs set up as bait inside. photo department of conservation\nbuildings with lead nails and flashing are also a problem. lead is attractive to kea because it has a sweet taste to them, and this results in lead poisoning .\nthere were possums in the vicinity of all the nest sites we surveyed this summer, and we saw possum sign and dead possums in some of the kea nests .\nat risk: seven kea have died at fox glacier after eating 1080 poison, wiping out almost half a group of the endangered parrot being monitored by the conservation department .\ncopenhagen school of design and technology (kea) offers practice - oriented, higher education developed in close cooperation with the business community and educational institutions in denmark and abroad .\nkea are monogamous, with long - term pair - bonds. reports of polygamy were not upheld by radio tracking studies. juvenile kea congregate in loose, wandering flocks. breeding adults may join flocks when they pass through their home range. flexible social hierarchies develop within flocks. kea are considered highly intelligent compared to other parrots, birds and even mammals. juveniles are tolerated by unrelated adults and this facilitates learning of complex foraging skills. juveniles ‘play’, and the juvenile period is long compared to other parrots .\nclarke, c. m. h. 1970. observations on population, movements and food of the kea (nestor notabilis). notornis 17: 105 - 114 .\n- many beautiful beaches, such as spathi, koundouros, xyla, kalydonichi, poisses, kaliskia, otzias etc (see our list with all beaches in kea) .\nconservationists have begun raising the alarm after years of “crashing” population numbers, with the wild kea population estimated to be as low as 1, 000 - 5, 000 .\nwithout pest control, typically about 60% of kea nests fail – mostly due to being preyed on by stoats or possums, and in some areas, feral cats .\nand yet after putting up with all the aforesaid, the kea is a perky, friendly human loving bird. however humans certainly haven’t done anything to deserve such trust .\nkea are endemic (unique to new zealand), and are found only in or near the mountains of the south island. where these are close to the coast, kea may travel down to sea level. they live in high - altitude beech forest and open subalpine herbfields, up into snow country. fossil remains of a kea found in a cave near waitomo indicate they were in the north island during the last (ōtira) glaciation – at which time the south and north islands may have been joined .\nthe 18″ long olive - brown kaka (nestor meridionalis) is the same length as the kea but, at about 1. 3 lbs. , weighs one - third less. the kaka is more widespread on new zealand than the kea and inhabits lower - altitude forests on both north and south islands. like the kea, the kaka includes berries, nectar and insects in its diet. but the kaka also chisels away bark to reach the larvae of kanuka longhorn beetles and licks the honeydew secretions of scale insects .\n“i do not know whether i was the first to see the kea attack sheep, but i was the first to report it to mr. henry campbell of wanaka station .\nthe decline in kea numbers was consistent with an increase in the number of possums at nelson lakes, although more surveys were needed to reach a definitive conclusion, he said .\ncandidates claiming ph reservation under leprosy cured for the post of pdo & gps gr - i have to submit the documents to kea on or before 21 - 03 - 2018 .\nnamed by maori for the sound of its call, the kea (nestor notabilis) is endemic to the southern alps of new zealand and is the world’s only mountain parrot. these sociable and highly intelligent birds are well adapted to their harsh environment. unfortunately, the traits that kea developed for survival, their curiosity and omnivorous appetite, have created conflict with humans over the last 150 years. persecution and predation have sorely depleted numbers and, with only a few thousand birds remaining, the kea is a nationally endangered species .\nkea are highly intelligent, social birds. they live in family groups, and aggregations of 30 to 40 birds often forage at prime feeding grounds, such as garbage dumps. kea exhibit a variety of social behaviors, including intricate play. they have dominance hierarchies, but these hierarchies are not necessarily linear. for example, an adult male may be dominant to a subadult male, who is dominant to a juvenile male, who, in turn, is dominant to the adult male. experiments on cooperation in kea suggest that dominant individuals can force subordinants to cooperate in tasks that benefit only the dominant birds. also, it has been shown that kea in captivity can learn complicated tasks from observing others, though this ability has not been shown for kea in the wild. it has been proposed that life in an extreme alpine environment has encouraged kea to opportunistically explore their surroundings. they commonly investigate human belongings, and are known to destroy car accessories and ski lodge equipment. kea are diurnal, rising in the early morning to begin calling and then foraging until late morning. they generally roost during the middle of the day, and begin foraging again in the evening, sometimes until after dark, when they go to roost for the night on tree branches. the timing of these daily activities varies with the weather; kea are fairly heat - intolerant and spend more time roosting on hot days .\nkea are a solid parrot about 46cm long (about the size of a cat sitting up). they have a wingspan of about 1 metre when they are in flight .\nkea are a particularly engaging and mischievous bird with a distinctive call; they are known by waitaha as the guardians of the mountains and are recognised by ngai tahu as taonga .\nunfortunately, at the moment the survival of kea largely depends on the efforts of volunteers and sponsors because doc is not funded sufficiently to carry out the work that is needed .\nkea is a brussels - based research and advisory company specialising in providing advice, support and research in relation to creative industries, cultural, entertainment, media and sport sectors .\nnew increased husbandry standards as detailed in the 2010 kea husbandry manual (developed by the kct), will ensure that holding of kea in the future is restricted to facilities which are able to achieve high standards of management and housing. enforcement of these standards will be the responsiblity of doc who will conduct 5 yearly audits prior to issueing of holder permits .\nthe kea conservation trust not only conducts research into the status of the wild population, but also looks to identify and mitigate threats across the species range, whilst increasing public awareness of these issues and the importance of protecting kea. this work is funded by and carried out in collaboration with a range of community and professional stakeholders throughout new zealand and overseas .\nkea are renowned for their intelligence and curiosity and the protected birds are also considered a pest for pulling rubber fittings and windscreen wipers from vehicles and rummaging in people' s bags .\nthe eclecticism of the kea is in that exaggerated, as has already been pointed out years ago by huddlestone and by taylor white; but such a legend dies very hard indeed .\nthey follow seven kea deaths reported in the franz josef and fox glacier area in 2008, with the possum - killing 1080 poison pinpointed then as the most likely cause of death .\nbond, a. b. ; wilson, k. - j. et al. 1991. sexual dimorphism in the kea nestor notabilis. emu 91: 12 - 19 .\npullar, t. (1996) kea (nestor notabilis) captive management plan and husbandry manual - threatened species occasional publication 9. department of conservation, wellington, new zealand .\nkea has consolidated its brand and reputation over the years as a result of a proven track - record of successfully concluded assignments and studies throughout the eu and in third countries (albania, georgia, china, ukraine, serbia, russia, south africa and caribbean). kea is expert to the european commission, european parliament, the council of europe, the european investment fund and world intellectual property organisation. over the years kea developed and managed successfully projects in the context of: creative europe, h2020, interreg, devco and external actions .\nthe candidates who have not applied for scribe facility will be called for medical examination separately. for such candidates the dates for medical examination will be published on the kea website shortly. watch the kea website for dates to attend the medical examination. further, these candidates need not attend the medical examination on 26 - 12 - 2016 and 27 - 12 - 2016 .\nalthough it is important not to anthropomorphize animal behavior, it is very clear to anyone working or living with kea that they are intelligent, social, and take pleasure in playing with each other—much like we see in other cognizant species, including ourselves, ” tamsin orr - walker, co - founder and chair of the kea conservation trust, says via email." ]

{ "text": [ "the kea ( / ˈkiː.ə / ; māori : [ kɛ.a ] ; nestor notabilis ) is a large species of parrot of the family strigopidae found in forested and alpine regions of the south island of new zealand .", "about 48 cm ( 19 in ) long , it is mostly olive-green with a brilliant orange under its wings and has a large , narrow , curved , grey-brown upper beak .", "the kea is the world 's only alpine parrot .", "its omnivorous diet includes carrion , but consists mainly of roots , leaves , berries , nectar , and insects .", "now uncommon , the kea was once killed for bounty due to concerns by the sheep-farming community that it attacked livestock , especially sheep .", "it received full protection in 1986 .", "the kea nests in burrows or crevices among the roots of trees .", "kea are known for their intelligence and curiosity , both vital to their survival in a harsh mountain environment .", "kea can solve logical puzzles , such as pushing and pulling things in a certain order to get to food , and will work together to achieve a certain objective .", "they have been filmed preparing and using tools . " ], "topic": [ 20, 23, 13, 8, 16, 17, 28, 3, 4, 4 ] }

[ "the kea (/ ˈkiː.ə /; māori: [ kɛ.a ]; nestor notabilis) is a large species of parrot of the family strigopidae found in forested and alpine regions of the south island of new zealand. about 48 cm (19 in) long, it is mostly olive-green with a brilliant orange under its wings and has a large, narrow, curved, grey-brown upper beak. the kea is the world's only alpine parrot. its omnivorous diet includes carrion, but consists mainly of roots, leaves, berries, nectar, and insects. now uncommon, the kea was once killed for bounty due to concerns by the sheep-farming community that it attacked livestock, especially sheep. it received full protection in 1986. the kea nests in burrows or crevices among the roots of trees. kea are known for their intelligence and curiosity, both vital to their survival in a harsh mountain environment. kea can solve logical puzzles, such as pushing and pulling things in a certain order to get to food, and will work together to achieve a certain objective. they have been filmed preparing and using tools." ]

[ "euchaetis endoleuca is a moth in the oecophoridae family. it was described by meyrick in 1888. [ 1 ] it is found in australia, where it has been recorded from south australia and western australia. [ 2 ]\neuchaetis meyrick, 1883; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 7 (4): 421 [ key ], 484; ts: euchaetis habrocosma meyrick\neuchaetis habrocosma meyrick, 1883; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 7 (4): 484\neuchaetis metallota meyrick, 1883; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 7 (4): 486\neuchaetis holoclera meyrick, 1888; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. (2) 2 (4): 940\neuchaetis iospila meyrick, 1888; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. (2) 2 (4): 938\neuchaetis poliarcha meyrick, 1888; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. (2) 2 (4): 939\neuchaetis rhizobola meyrick, 1888; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. (2) 2 (4): 937\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb: the taxon name search is for single names only. for example, to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren, 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nturner, a. j. 1946 ,\nrevision of australian lepidoptera. oecophoridae. xiii\n, proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales, vol. 70, pp. 93 - 120\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 962f39af - c200 - 462c - ac65 - 15c6b26a6206\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: c9a412cf - d36c - 455b - b978 - ce62df9f4e65\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 1e470c9d - 3d6e - 4cd9 - 8ec9 - 657bd92dd26e\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 360360\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nmachimia coccoscela turner, 1946; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 70 (3 - 4): 112\nmachimia cryptorrhoda turner, 1946; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 70 (3 - 4): 112\ncryptolechia incarnatella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 754\ncryptolechia inclusella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 767\nheliocausta insana meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (13): 387\nmachimia rhodochila turner, 1946; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 70 (3 - 4): 115\nheliocausta rufogrisea meyrick, 1883; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 7 (4): 483\nsangmi lee, richard brown & sibyl bucheli. gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nwalker, 1864 list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 27: 1 - 286 (1863), 28: 287 - 562 (1863), 29: 563 - 835 (1864), 30: 837 - 1096 (1864 )\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nella mai – boo' d up (remix) ft. nicki minaj & quavo\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation, google, and apple. you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques; in live mode. quite the same wikipedia. just better .\nthis page was last edited on 24 may 2018, at 03: 35 .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia. text is available under the cc by - sa 3. 0 unported license. non - text media are available under their specified licenses. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc. wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nwikinow lets you discover the news you care about, follow the topics that matter to you and share your favourite stories with your friends .\nare there habitats for life on mars? - salty seeps, clear ice greenhouses, ice fumaroles, dune bioreactors, ... - science 2. 0\nanother study in 2014 by german aerospace dlr in a mars simulation chamber used the lichen pleopsidium chlorophanum. this lives in the most mars like environmental conditions on earth, at up to 2000 meters in antarctica. it is able to cope with high uv ...\npleopsidium is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family acarosporaceae. the widespread genus, which contains four species, was circumscribed by lichenologist gustav wilhelm körber in 1855 .\npleopsidium is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family acarosporaceae. the widespread genus, which contains four species, was circumscribed by lichenologist gustav wilhelm körber in 1855." ]

{ "text": [ "euchaetis endoleuca is a moth in the oecophoridae family .", "it was described by meyrick in 1888 .", "it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from south australia and western australia .", "the wingspan is about 30 mm .", "the forewings are pale greyish-ochreous , closely sprinkled with light brown-reddish and with a rosy costal edge , except near the apex .", "the markings are blackish .", "there is a large dot on the inner margin near the base , and two small dots above it , as well as a dot in the disc at one-fourth , connected with the inner margin before the middle by a cloudy irregular line .", "there is also a dot in the disc before the middle , a second on the fold rather beyond it and a third in the disc at two-thirds .", "there is a very indistinct oblique irregular transverse line passing through the first two of these , and another more curved through the third , tending to unite in a suffusion on the inner margin .", "a well-marked series of dots runs from the costa beyond the middle to the inner margin before the anal angle , unevenly bent outwards and there is a hindmarginal row of small dots .", "the hindwings are whitish , with a rather narrow suffused pale fuscous hindmarginal border . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ] }

[ "euchaetis endoleuca is a moth in the oecophoridae family. it was described by meyrick in 1888. it is found in australia, where it has been recorded from south australia and western australia. the wingspan is about 30 mm. the forewings are pale greyish-ochreous, closely sprinkled with light brown-reddish and with a rosy costal edge, except near the apex. the markings are blackish. there is a large dot on the inner margin near the base, and two small dots above it, as well as a dot in the disc at one-fourth, connected with the inner margin before the middle by a cloudy irregular line. there is also a dot in the disc before the middle, a second on the fold rather beyond it and a third in the disc at two-thirds. there is a very indistinct oblique irregular transverse line passing through the first two of these, and another more curved through the third, tending to unite in a suffusion on the inner margin. a well-marked series of dots runs from the costa beyond the middle to the inner margin before the anal angle, unevenly bent outwards and there is a hindmarginal row of small dots. the hindwings are whitish, with a rather narrow suffused pale fuscous hindmarginal border." ]

[ "rhamphochromis ferox can be found in entire lake malawi and is living there together with other rhamphochromis types in open water close to the coast to a few hundred meters from this coast .\nan individual of rhamphochromis ferox freshly collected at the south east arm of lake malawi [ malawi ]. photo by martin genner. determiner ad konings\nconservation: rhamphochromis ferox is evaluated by the international union for the conservation of nature in the iucn red list of threatened species as (dd) data deficient (2006) .\nrhamphochromis ferox fatal error: call to undefined function session _ is _ registered () in / var / www / vhosts / malawimayhem. com / httpdocs / profile _ show2. php on line 48\nit 's best to keep rhamphochromis types in a specially for them prepared tank with a lot of swimming space and together with other large species which are also living in open water areas .\nmaréchal, c. , 1991. rhamphochromis. p. 422 - 424. in j. daget, j. - p. gosse, g. g. teugels and d. f. e. thys van den audenaerde (eds .) check - list of the freshwater fishes of africa (cloffa). isnb, brussels; mrac, tervuren; and orstom, paris. vol. 4. (ref. 5689 )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\neschmeyer, w. n. , fricke, r. and van der laan, r. (eds). 2017. catalog of fishes: genera, species, references. updated 30 june 2017. available at: urltoken. (accessed: 30 june 2017) .\nsnoeks, j. (freshwater fish red list authority) & darwall, w. (freshwater biodiversity assessment programme )\njustification: endemic to lake malawi where it is widespread with no major widespread threats identified .\nendemic to lake malawi where it is very abundant and widely distributed throughout the lake .\nfound in all habitats from inshore reef, shelf and littoral zones to offshore pelagic. it has been recorded at depths of 3–74 m. breeding grounds have been found in the south east as well as south western arms of the lake, salima, nkhotakota, nkhata bay, ruarwe, chisumulu and karonga. juveniles are found inshore near the surface in the shelf and littoral zones. it has a fecundity of 27–68 eggs, and the minimum length at maturity for males is: 13. 8 cm, and for females 14. 3 cm. it is a piscivore. it is caught in large numbers by trawl fisheries and to a lesser degree by the gillnets, seines, chirimila nets and hand lines. max. size: 42 cm sl .\na potential threat is the small meshed seines operating in shallow sandy areas used by this species as nursery grounds .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\ngland, switzerland, 5 july 2018 (iucn) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change, with 7% of th ...\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years, but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives... .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices, as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse ...\ngreek, rhamphos = bill, peak + greek, chromis = a fish, perhaps a perch (ref. 45335 )\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 45. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 5595 )\ndiagnosis: teeth rather long and widely - spaced; premaxillary pedicel and jaws relatively short; eye rather small; cheek depth relatively large (ref. 55949) .\nfound at fairly deep levels of the open water. piscivorous (ref. 5595) .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5156 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 01000 (0. 00244 - 0. 04107), b = 3. 04 (2. 81 - 3. 27), in cm total length, based on all lwr estimates for this body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 4. 2 ±0. 73 se; based on food items .\nresilience (ref. 69278): medium, minimum population doubling time 1. 4 - 4. 4 years (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): moderate vulnerability (36 of 100) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\ndesigned for internet explorer 6. 0 +, netscape 6. 0 +, opera, mozilla, and safari use sitemap if you have any problems viewing the new drop - down menus .\nspecies profiles presents in depth studies, articles, and information surrounding the numerous species of lake malawi cichlids .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\npam chin has been replying to cichlid questions for over twenty years. highly respected and experienced aquarist, pam has visited cichlid habitats around the world, and bred in her' s and her husband gary fish house hundreds of cichlid species. besides her job, she still devotes time to help any person with a cichlid question !\narticles for sale beautifully formatted and wonderfully illustrated pdf articles about all matters relative to cichlids .\nbooks for sale cichlid books and dvds for sale at the cichlid room companion .\ne - books for sale pdf copies of popular cichlid books offered for sale at the best price .\ntrade section the master list of cichlid offers ordered by area and species name .\nregan, charles tate. 1922 .\nthe cichlid fishes of lake nyassa\n. proceedings of the zoological society of london. 1921 (pt 4) n. 36; pp. 675 - 727 (crc00066 )\nto view the full profile. see this and all other species profiles, pictures and videos by becoming a\nof the cichlid room companion. become a subscriber and get a free book the same value of your membership! you can also open the full profile for everyone to see by\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nin the lake the males of these species can grow to 45 cm, females stay a little smaller .\nin the lake they are feeding themselves with\nusipa\n( engraulicypris sardella), a species which looks like a pilchard. in the aquarium we also have to feed them with such kind of young fish." ]

{ "text": [ "rhamphochromis ferox is a species of piscivorous cichlid endemic to deep waters of lake malawi and the upper reaches of the shire river .", "this species can reach a length of 45 centimetres ( 18 in ) tl .", "it can also be found in the aquarium trade . " ], "topic": [ 13, 0, 20 ] }

[ "rhamphochromis ferox is a species of piscivorous cichlid endemic to deep waters of lake malawi and the upper reaches of the shire river. this species can reach a length of 45 centimetres (18 in) tl. it can also be found in the aquarium trade." ]

[ "four species of naked - tailed armadillos are recognized: the greater naked - tailed armadillo (c. tatouay), the chacoan naked - tailed armadillo (c. chacoensis), the northern naked - tailed armadillo (c. centralis), and the southern naked - tailed armadillo (c. unicinctus) .\ndelgado - v. , c. 2007. notable altitudinal range extension of the northern naked - tailed armadillo cabassous centralis (cingulata: dasypodidae) in colombia. brenesia 69: 75 - 76 .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - chacoan naked - tailed armadillo (cabassous chacoensis )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - chacoan naked - tailed armadillo (cabassous chacoensis )\ntitle =\narkive species - chacoan naked - tailed armadillo (cabassous chacoensis )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nstrait of magellan. exceptions include the northern naked - tailed (c. centralis) and the nine - banded armadillos that have expanded their ranges into southern mexico and the southeastern united states, respectively .\ndíaz - n. , j. f. and sánchez - giraldo, c. 2008. notable altitudinal range extension of the northern naked - tailed armadillo cabassous centralis (cingulata: dasypodidae) in colombia. brenesia 69: 75 - 76 .\nin the wild, naked - tailed armadillos are believed to be solitary, although in captivity individuals will tolerate living in close proximity (3) .\nwetzel, r. m. 1980. revision of the naked - tailed armadillos, genus cabassous mcmurtrie. annals of carnegie museum 49: 323 - 357 .\nwetzel, r. m. (1980) revision of the naked - tailed armadillos, genus cabassous mcmurtrie. annals of carnegie museum, 49: 323 - 357 .\nthe southern naked - tailed armadillo inhabits tropical lowland and submontane forest. although it is not found in agricultural areas, it possibly occurs in secondary forest. habitat degradation and fragmentation are advancing at a fast pace in the range of this species .\nlower amazon basin of brazil to the gran chaco of bolivia, paraguay, and northern argentina .\nwhile there are no known conservation initiatives specifically targeting the chacoan naked - tailed armadillo, it has been recorded in several protected areas, including the parque nacional río pilcomayo, parque nacional copo and reserva natural formosa in argentina, and the parque nacional defensores del chaco in paraguay (1) (6). despite this protection, detailed study of the chacoan naked - tailed armadillo’s population and biology is still required in order to determine whether specific action needs to be taken to conserve this remarkable species (6) .\nthe southern naked - tailed armadillo is found east of the andes from northern colombia, peru, ecuador, bolivia, through to venezuela, guyana, french guiana and suriname in the north, to the state of mato grosso do sul (brazil) in the south. its presence in northeastern brazil is doubtful and needs to be confirmed (anacleto and diniz, 2006) .\nwe censused and measured armadillo burrows in ten 10 m x 40 m plots in each of four habitat types at a study site in northern florida and one in the atlantic coastal rainforest of brazil. the nine - banded armadillo (\ngran chaco of southeastern bolivia, western paraguay, northern argentina; probably also found in adjacent part of brazil .\n) in a northern part of its range. amer. midl. nat. 123: 383 - 389 .\nthe screaming hairy armadillo (chaetophractus vellerosus) is a species of armadillo also known as the small screaming armadillo, crying armadillo or the small hairy armadillo. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] it is a burrowing armadillo found in the central and southern parts of south america. [ 2 ] the adjective\nscreaming\nderives from its habit of squealing when handled or threatened. [ 4 ]\nthe benchmark genome assembly and annotation of the long - lived, cancer - resistant naked mole - rat (heterocephalus glaber) .\nnowak, r. 1997 .\nnaked - tail armadillos\n( on - line). accessed october 14, 1999 at urltoken .\nfacts conservation status: giant armadillo - vulnerable. nine - banded armadillo - least concern etc location: united states of america lifespan: 8 to 12 years\ncurrently, the main threats to the chacoan naked - tailed armadillo are habitat degradation resulting from agricultural expansion, and subsistence hunting by local people. due to a lack of population surveys, it is unclear to what degree this species’ population is being affected, but over the past decade, declines of between 20 and 25 percent have been proposed (1) (6) .\nthe gran chaco region comprises a variety of habitats, including forest, savanna, and scrubland (3) (5). while the exact range of habitat types occupied by the chacoan naked - tailed armadillo is unclear, in paraguay it has been recorded in undisturbed chaco - seco, an arid shrubland, which is almost desert for nine months of the year (6) .\nthe screaming hairy armadillo gets its name from the sound it makes when threatened .\neisenberg, j. f. 1989. mammals of the neotropics. vol. 1. the northern tropics. univ. chicago, chicago. 449 p .\neisenberg, j. f. 1989. mammals of the neotropics. the northern neotropics. the university of chicago press, chicago, usa and london, uk .\nthe giant armadillo can have up to 100 teeth, according to the san diego zoo .\nstripping off bark to reach insects is not difficult with the armadillo' s sharp claws .\nthe three - banded armadillo is the only species that can roll into a ball for protection .\n) have the ability to leap vertically into the air. if a nine - banded armadillo (\nthe toes on the hind feet are kept flat to the ground when the armadillo is walking .\nis found in south america, including the area east of the andes from northern argentina to colombia. it is also found in central america from panama into guatemala (peten region) .\nthe protective armour so characteristic of these animals is not found on the tail of this armadillo - a feature it shares with three other species. it is also known as the eleven - banded armadillo .\nillustration of the screaming hairy armadillo by joseph wolf provided in its first description by gray in 1865 .\nthis species has a large range that extends from northern argentina through central america, reaching as far north as southern mexico. it is most commonly found in grasslands, wherever there is enough thick undergrowth to hide from predators. the armadillo digs its own burrow, often in the side of an embankment .\nconservation the giant armadillo and pink fairy armadillo are endangered, facing a very high risk of extinction, or dying out, according to the world conservation union (iucn). the main threat is habitat loss as trees are cut down. the use of land for farming reduces fairy armadillo habitat and development has cut into the amount of giant armadillo habitat. furthermore, domestic dogs kill small armadillos, and people hunt giant armadillos for their meat. four other armadillo species are vulnerable, facing a high risk of extinction in the wild .\nvizcaino, s. , n. milne. 2005. structure and function in armadillo limbs (mammalia: .\nthese armadillos have more hair growth than other armadillo species. the armadillo has 18 bands of which six to eight are movable bands. [ 6 ] the hair on the dorsum is light brown in colour. [ 4 ]\nyoung are born in a relatively underdeveloped state; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth / hatching. in birds, naked and helpless after hatching .\nliving in the nearctic biogeographic province, the northern part of the new world. this includes greenland, the canadian arctic islands, and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .\neisenberg, john f. mammals of the neotropics. vol. 1, the northern neotropics: panama, colombia, venezuela, guyana, suriname, french guiana. chicago: the university of chicago press, 1989 .\nenglish: lesser pink fairy armadillo; french: petit pichiciego; german: kleiner gürteltier; spanish: pichiciego menor .\n2009 .\nencyclopædia britannica\n( on - line). armadillo. accessed january 01, 2013 at urltoken .\nenglish: small screaming armadillo; french: petit tatou velu; german: weisshaar - gürteltier; spanish: quirquincho chico .\nc. centralis is the only armadillo other than d. novemcinctus found outside of south america. the young are born singly .\nenglish: six - banded armadillo; french: tatou à six bandes; german: sechsbinden - gürteltier; spanish: gualacate .\nenglish: common long - nosed armadillo; french: tatou à neuf bandes; german: neunbinden - gürteltier; spanish: mulita .\n). however, determining habitat usage can be difficult for many species of mammals. for example, the nine - banded armadillo (\nking, j. a. 1955. social behavior, social organization, and population dynamics in a black - tailed prairie dog town in the black hills of south dakota. contr. lab. vert. biol. univ. mich. 67: 1 - 123 .\nis present. armadillo dentition is simple and homodont, as the teeth similar, reduced, and peg - like in adults. adults lack\nthe screaming hairy armadillo is a burrowing armadillo of arid areas from low to high altitudes. [ 4 ] it is found in parts of the gran chaco and pampas areas of argentina, bolivia, and paraguay. an isolated population is found in eastern buenos aires province in argentina .\ntable 1 mean (± sd) densities and characteristics of armadillo burrows found in each of four habitat types in brazil and the united states .\nhumphrey, s. r. 1974. zoogeography of the nine - banded armadillo in the united states. bioscience 24: 457 - 462 .\nthe gestation period of the armadillo is 60–75 days. the armadillos become sexually mature at 9 months and produce two litters per year. [ 6 ]\nlayne, j. n. 1976. the armadillo, one of florida' s oddest animals. fla. nat. 49: 8 - 12 .\nthis species is also called the yellow armadillo because of the pale tone of its armour. it has between six and eight moveable bands on its back .\nan armadillo' s armor is made up of overlapping plates covering the back, head, legs and tail. the number of armored bands identifies the different species, according to the san diego zoo. only one species, the three - banded armadillo, can roll itself into a hard armored ball to defend itself against predators. other armadillo species simply dig a hole quickly and hunker down so that their tender stomach is protected and their armor is the only thing visible .\nmerritt, dennis a. , jr .\nthe la plata three - banded armadillo in captivity .\ninternational zoo yearbook 16 (1976): 153–156 .\nstorrs, e. , g. walsh, h. burchfield, c. binford. 1974. leprosy in the armadillo: new model for biomedical research .\nnewman, h. h. 1913. the natural history of the nine - banded armadillo of texas. amer. nat. 47: 513 - 539 .\nkalmbach, e. r. 1943. the armadillo: its relation to agriculture and game. texas game, fish and oyster commission, austin. 61 p .\ngreegor, d. h .\npreliminary study of movements and home range of the armadillo, chaetophractus vellerosus .\njournal of mammalogy 61 (1980): 334–335 .\ntwo of the major threats currently facing wild armadillos are domestic dogs and humans (many armadillo species are hunted for their meat). wild cats (pumas and jaguars), wild dogs (coyotes and bush dogs), and bears may also prey on dasypodids, although predation does not seem to have a large effect on armadillo populations .\ntaber, f. w. 1945. contribution on the life history and ecology of the nine - banded armadillo. j. mammal. 26: 211 - 226 .\nwhitman, a. 2006 .\ntree of life web project\n( on - line). the armadillo' s story. accessed february 15, 2009 at urltoken .\nclark, w. k. 1951. ecological life history of the armadillo in the eastern edwards plateau region. amer. midl. nat. 46: 337 - 358 .\ntalmage, r. , g. buchanan. 1954. the armadillo: a review of its natural history, ecology, anatomy and reproductive physiology. pp. 1 - 12 in\nfitch, h. s. , p. goodrum & c. newman. 1952. the armadillo in the southeastern united states. j. mammal. 33: 21 - 37 .\ninbar, m. & r. t. mayer. in press. spatio - temporal trends in armadillo diurnal activity and road - kills in central florida. wild. soc. bull .\nthere are 21 species of armadillo, according to the integrated taxonomic information system (itis). some armadillos are very small, while others are huge. the smallest is the pink fairy armadillo, which is about 6 inches (15 centimeters) long. giant armadillos are the largest species, and are about 5 feet (1. 5 meters) long, according to national geographic .\naccording to the international union for conservation of nature (iucn), armadillos are not endangered. some species are vulnerable, though. for example, the andean hairy armadillo is considered vulnerable because its population has declined by more than 30 percent in the past 10 years. the giant armadillo is considered vulnerable because its population has decreased by at least 30 percent in the past 21 years .\nstevenson, h. m. & r. l. crawford. 1974. spread of the armadillo into the tallahassee - thomasville area. fla. field nat. 2: 8 - 10 .\nthe smallest of all the armadillo species, this animal lives on sandy plains in argentina, where it is known as the pichiciego. burrows are usually dug close to ant nests and termite mounds, which are main sources of food. it also eats snails, worms and roots. this solitary, nocturnal species remains underground during the daytime. if it rains, the armadillo evacuates its burrow to avoid drowning .\nlayne, j. n. & a. m. waggener. 1984. above - ground nests of the nine - banded armadillo in florida. fla. field nat. 12: 58 - 61 .\nlippert, k. j. 1994. food habits, distribution and impact of the nine - banded armadillo in missouri. m. s. thesis, southwest missouri state university, springfield. 88 p .\nluaces, jp; ciuccio m; rossi lf; faletti ag; cetica pd; casanave eb; merani ms (2011) .\nseasonal changes in ovarian steroid hormone concentrations in the large hairy armadillo (\nwhite, l. l. 1992. seasonal dietary habits of the nine - banded armadillo in southern alabama and the surrounding area. m. s. thesis, university of south alabama, mobile. 67 p .\ntaulman, j f, and robbins, l w 1996. recent range expansion and distributional limits of the nine - banded armadillo (dasypus novemcinctus) in the united states. journal of biogeography 23: 635 - 648 .\nschaefer, j. , m. hostetler. 2008 .\nuniversity of florida ifas extension\n( on - line). the nine - banded armadillo (dasypus novemcinctus). accessed february 16, 2009 at urltoken .\n) and it is possible that burrows dug by these animals could have been mistakenly classified as armadillo burrows. we feel this was not a large problem because we specifically avoided censusing areas where these species were known to dig burrows (\nthis armadillo is found in bolivia and chile, on the grasslands of andean slopes up to 3, 500 m (11, 500 ft). thick hairs stick out between its scales, and the legs and underside are also hairy. in summer, this armadillo is nocturnal in habit, sheltering from the daytime heat in the cool of its burrow. however, during winter it reverses its behaviour, foraging by day and keeping warm in its burrow at night .\nthe nine - banded armadillo’s remarkable invasion of the united states appears to be due to a combination of factors. large rivers, hunting by humans, and unsuitable habitat probably contributed to the scarcity of armadillos in the us prior to 1850 :\narmadillo burrows were more numerous, less visible, less active, and had smaller openings in brazil than in the u. s. when data from all habitat types were combined (t - tests, all p < 0. 005 ,\n, like other armadillo species, use their digging abilities to burrow into termite mounds in search of food. prey is extracted from the tunnels by a long, extensible tongue. they can locate insects in the soil by their keen sense of smell .\n) was the only species of armadillo found in florida, but several additional species were present in brazil. burrows were more numerous but smaller in brazil than in the u. s. , probably due to the inclusion of burrows dug by the smaller congener\nhome ranges. females may or may not share an area with each - other depending on density. although males do overlap in home range, breeding males may use more exclusive areas. these breeding\nterritories\nare maintained by aggression directed at non - breeding males. female aggression in nine - banded, yellow (euphractus sexcinctus), and larger hairy armadillos is associated with lactation. defense of space was also seen in northern long - nosed armadillos during the breeding season .\nbaby armadillos are called pups. according to the san diego zoo, twin births are common. nine - banded armadillos have four identical pups of the same gender in every litter, and the seven - banded armadillo has eight to 15 identical pups at one time .\nadditional information and a complete list of references can be found in: abba, a. m. and m. superina (2010): the 2009 / 2010 armadillo red list assessment. edentata 11 (2): 135 - 184. this article is available here .\npacheco, j. , and c. j. naranjo .\nfield ecology of dasypus sabanicola in the flood savanna of venezuela .\nin the armadillo as an experimental model in biomedical research. washington: pan american health organization no. 366 (1978): 13–15 .\ntable 3 numbers of adult and juvenile nine - banded armadillos observed in each of four habitat types in northern florida in each year of the study. expected numbers of animals. based on the percentage of each habitat type that was censused, are indicated parenthetically. chi - square values are from comparisons between expected and observed values within each year for each age group (too few juveniles were observed in 1994 to permit analysis, so this year is left blank). * * p < 0. 001, * * * p < 0. 0001\nusually, the only time armadillos get together is to mate or to keep warm. during cold times, a group of armadillos may hunker down in a burrow together to share body heat. sometimes, a seven - banded armadillo will share its burrow with others of the same gender, though .\narmadillos are barrel - shaped animals covered with natural armor. in fact, its name in spanish means “little armored one. ” the armadillo’s armor works well against most predators, but not against cars. they are also known as the “hillbilly speed bump” for their tendency to get run over by vehicles .\nthe armadillo is nocturnal by summer and diurnal in winter. it can subsist for long periods without water. it often burrows at the base of bushes and shrubs. it has multiple burrows in its range, and each burrow may have more than one entrance. a burrow may be 20 to 38 cm (7. 9 to 15. 0 in) in diameter and may be several metres long. the home range of an armadillo is recorded to consist of a minimum area of 3. 4 ha (8. 4 acres). the animal does not build a nest in its burrow which it seals during occupation. [ 4 ]\nthe screaming hairy armadillo gets it name from the sound it makes when threatened. don' t get the idea that they are cowards, however. they have been known to throw their bodies on top of snakes, killing them by cutting them with the sharp edges of their shells, according to the san diego zoo .\nis the only armadillo present, differences in burrow dimensions would presumably reflect age differences, because juveniles might construct smaller burrows than adults due to their smaller body size. thus, differences in burrow dimensions between habitat types could provide evidence about habitat usage by different age groups of armadillos. along the same lines, knowing the dimensions of\narmadillos have short legs but can move quite quickly, and have the ability to remain underwater for as long as six minutes. because of the density of its armor, an armadillo will sink in water unless it inflates its stomach and intestines with air, which often doubles its size and allows it to swim across narrow bodies of water .\nthis species shares many of the same characteristics. it lives in the gran chaco scrub region of central south america. chacoan fairy armadillos are expert burrowers and are seldom spotted above ground. once underground, the animal’s rear is protected by a circular plate of armour, which presents an effective shield to any predator that tries to dig out the armadillo. this species is omnivorous .\nthis armadillo is heavily hunted for its meat in parts of the chaco region in bolivia. it is at times considered an agricultural pest and killed by hunting dogs. the disjunct population of coastal buenos aires province, argentina, is adversely affected by mining activities. the carapace is particularly sought for making charangos, a south american musical instrument akin to a lute. [ 2 ]\nthis armadillo species has been recorded from a number of protected areas, such as cotacachi - cayapas ecological reserve, mache - chindul ecological reserve, manglares cayapas - mataje ecological reserve and bilsa protected forest in ecuador. there is a need to determine the population status of the species throughout its range, as well as potential threats. the costa rican subpopulation is included in cites appendix iii .\nof the 20 species of armadillos, 12 are listed as vulnerable, endangered, near threatened, or data deficient. exploitation for food and loss of habitat are the main reasons for decline. many populations are fossorial and have not been studied thoroughly and so their current status is unclear. the hairy long - nosed armadillo (d. pilosus) is known only from a few skins from mountains in peru .\nall data on burrows were collected during february 1996 at poço das antas and late june to early july, 1997 at tall timbers. at each locale we set up ten 10 m x 40 m plots in each of the four habitat types. the location of each plot was determined using a random numbers table to select x and y coordinates from a topographic map of each study site. each plot was set up along polar coordinates; on hillsides, the long axis of the plot was oriented up the hill slope, in swamp / wetland plots, the long axis of the plot ran parallel to the edge of the water. in each plot, we counted all of the potential armadillo burrows we could find that looked large enough to contain at least a juvenile armadillo. to distinguish burrows from depressions created by armadillos while foraging (cf .\nmost armadillos have short, thick limb bones that include expanded crests and processes for the attachment of muscles. the tibia and fibula are fused both proximally and distally. digging habits and abilities are correlated with forelimb, but not hindlimb, morphology. armadillo forelimbs have 3 to 5 toes, depending on the species, but their hindlimbs always have 5. the toes are armed with heavy, curved claws, which aid in digging and defense .\narmadillos are omnivores, which means they eat meat and plants, though 90 percent of an armadillo’s diet is made up of insects and larvae, according to the internet center for wildlife damage management. with their long, sticky tongue, armadillos catch ants, beetles, termites and other insects after digging them out of the ground. they also eat plants, eggs, small vertebrates and some fruit. from time to time, they will scavenge for dead animals .\nits natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, temperate shrubland, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, temperate grassland, subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland, hot deserts, temperate desert, arable land, pastureland, and plantations. [ 2 ] it is absent in rocky areas where the armadillo would not be able to burrow. the average annual rainfall in its main range is 200 to 600 mm (7. 9 to 23. 6 in), while the rainfall averages 1, 000 mm (39 in) annually in the area of the buenos aires population. [ 4 ]\nthis is one of the smallest and most slender species of the genus chaetophractus, but it has longer ears than others in its genus. the male armadillo has a length ranging from 328 to 400 mm (12. 9 to 15. 7 in) with an average length of 376 mm (14. 8 in), while the length of the female ranges from 265 to 419 mm (10. 4 to 16. 5 in) with an average length of 368 mm (14. 5 in). the male weighs between 543 to 1, 329 grams (19. 2 to 46. 9 oz), with an average of 860 grams (30 oz), while the range of weight for the female is 257 to 1, 126 grams (9. 1 to 39. 7 oz), with average weight as 814 grams (28. 7 oz). [ 4 ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference (book, 2005) [ worldcat. org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript. some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items. please create a new list with a new name; move some items to a new or existing list; or delete some items .\nnote: citations are based on reference standards. however, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher, classroom teacher, institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address (es) field is required. please enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\nthe e - mail address (es) you entered is (are) not in a valid format. please re - enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title: mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference author: don e wilson; deeann m reeder publisher: baltimore: johns hopkins university press, ©2005. isbn / issn: 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc: 57557352\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world' s living and historically extinct mammalian species. contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item. please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nworldcat is the world' s largest library catalog, helping you find library materials online. learn more ››\ndon' t have an account? you can easily create a free account .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nmight be obscuring the presence of locally distributed forms that may constitute separate species .\nis listed as data deficient due to limited knowledge on the current status of extant populations and a lack of available information on the impacts of habitat loss and other threats. habitat destruction is, however, advancing at a fast pace throughout the range of\nranges from chiapas state in mexico, through central america, to western colombia, north - western ecuador and north - western venezuela (gardner 2005, tirira 2007). it occurs from sea level to around 3, 000 m asl .\nis apparently rare and patchily distributed. individuals are not commonly seen or captured, which may be due to its secretive habits. the population trend is unknown .\nthe exact threats to this species are not known. throughout most of its range ,\nis not hunted for food because of its pungent odour and local beliefs. the species is, however, hunted in some parts of its known andean distribution (aldana\nsome andean populations are facing severe impacts due to urbanization of their natural habitat .\nrepresenting 2% of the road kills of vertebrates in colombia (delgado - v. 2007) .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\ngenerally inhabit grasslands and wooded areas. prefer areas with thick vegetation as a method of hiding from predators. they live in burrows with the entrance opening to open ground or the base of an embankment .\nranges from 30 cm to 71 cm. the tail varies from 10 cm to 18 cm .\narmadillos are solitary creatures but some have been known to travel in pairs or small groups. they are nocturnal and begin their activity after sunset .\ndiet consists almost exclusively of insects. these include larvae and adult scarab beetles, termites, and ants. they are also known to eat earthworms, bird eggs, and small reptiles and amphibians .\neat some species of insects that are harmful to farm crops. they are not considered a threat to crops like some other species of armadillos .\njason chang (author), university of michigan - ann arbor, phil myers (editor), museum of zoology, university of michigan - ann arbor .\nliving in the southern part of the new world. in other words, central and south america .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves. animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nanimals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature. endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia, although it may have arisen in a (now extinct) synapsid ancestor; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities. convergent in birds .\nforest biomes are dominated by trees, otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic .\nrainforests, both temperate and tropical, are dominated by trees often forming a closed canopy with little light reaching the ground. epiphytes and climbing plants are also abundant. precipitation is typically not limiting, but may be somewhat seasonal .\na terrestrial biome. savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy. extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical africa and south america, and in australia .\na grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees, a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest. see also tropical savanna and grassland biome .\na terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes (> 23. 5° n or s latitude). vegetation is made up mostly of grasses, the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available. fire and grazing are important in the long - term maintenance of grasslands .\nto cite this page: chang, j. 2000 .\ncabassous centralis\n( on - line), animal diversity web. accessed july 10, 2018 at urltoken\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\na curated database of candidate human ageing - related genes and genes associated with longevity and / or ageing in model organisms .\na curated database of genes associated with dietary restriction in model organisms either from genetic manipulation experiments or gene expression profiling .\nprojects focused on gene expression profiling of ageing and of dietary manipulations of ageing, such as caloric restriction .\nsoftware for ageing research, including the ageing research computational tools (arct) perl toolkit .\na curated database of ageing and life history information in animals, including extensive longevity records .\na high - coverage genome of the bowhead whale (balaena mysticetus), the longest - lived mammal .\nanalyses using the anage database to study the evolution of longevity and ageing in vertebrate lineages .\na portal of ageing changes covering different biological levels, integrating molecular, physiological and pathological age - related data .\nthe whosage database contains people and biotech companies that are contributing to increase our understanding of ageing and life - extension .\nlittle is known about the longevity of these animals but one specimen lived 8 years in captivity [ 0671 ]. their maximum longevity may be much longer, though .\n[ 0036 ] savage et al. (2004), the predominance of quarter - power scaling in biology\n[ 0455 ] virginia hayssen et al. (1993), asdell' s patterns of mammalian reproduction: a compendium of species - specific data\ncomments, suggestions, ideas, and bug reports are welcome. please contact us .\nhead and body length: 300 — 490 mm (11. 8 — 19. 3 in). tail length: 90 — 200 mm (3. 5 — 7. 7 in). weight: 3. 4 — 6. 4 kg (7. 5 — 14. 1 lbs) .\nmembers of the genus cabassous are closely related to priodontes, and resemble p. maximus closely except for size. they possess a dark brown to almost black carapace, with yellowish edges. the underparts are yellow - gray. there are five large claws on forefeet, with the middle claw largest. the snout is short and broad, as is the head. there are 10 to 13 moveable bands across the back. very few armor plates are present on the tail; those that are there are small, thin, and widely separated. the tail is slender and shorter than the body .\nlives in a variety of habitats, including grasslands, semiarid and moist lowlands, upland areas, and riversides. generally dig burrows in open ground or near the base of an embankment. have not been known to construct nests .\nthe young are born singly. c. tatouay is listed as near threatened by the iucn .\ndo you have a picture of c. tatouay that you would like to donate to this site? please see the armadillos wanted page to see how you can help .\nhead and body length: 300 — 490 mm (11. 8 — 19. 3 in). tail length: 90 — 200 mm (3. 5 — 7. 7 in). weight: unspecified .\ndo you have a picture of c. chacoensis that you would like to donate to this site? please see the armadillos wanted page to see how you can help .\nhead and body length: 300 — 490 mm (11. 8 — 19. 3 in). tail length: 90 — 200 mm (3. 5 — 7. 7 in). weight: 2. 0 — 3. 5 kg (4. 4 — 7. 7 lbs) .\ndo you have a picture of c. centralis that you would like to donate to this site? please see the armadillos wanted page to see how you can help .\nhead and body length: 300 — 490 mm (11. 8 — 19. 3 in). tail length: 90 — 200 mm (3. 5 — 7. 7 in). weight: 2. 2 — 4. 8 kg (4. 9 — 10. 6 lbs) .\ndo you have a picture of c. unicinctus that you would like to donate to this site? please see the armadillos wanted page to see how you can help .\nnowak, r. m. 1999. walker’s mammals of the world, 6th edition. johns hopkins university press, baltimore, md. 158 - 168 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference, 2nd ed. , 3rd printing\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference, 3rd ed. , vols. 1 & 2\nwith contributions by bernadette n. graham, adam p. potter, and mariana m. upmeyer\n1. forest - > 1. 5. forest - subtropical / tropical dry suitability: suitable season: resident major importance: yes 1. forest - > 1. 6. forest - subtropical / tropical moist lowland suitability: suitable season: resident major importance: yes 1. forest - > 1. 9. forest - subtropical / tropical moist montane suitability: suitable season: resident major importance: yes 2. savanna - > 2. 1. savanna - dry suitability: suitable season: resident major importance: yes 2. savanna - > 2. 2. savanna - moist suitability: suitable season: resident major importance: yes 3. shrubland - > 3. 5. shrubland - subtropical / tropical dry suitability: suitable season: resident major importance: yes 3. shrubland - > 3. 6. shrubland - subtropical / tropical moist suitability: suitable season: resident major importance: yes\n2. land / water management - > 2. 1. site / area management\n1. residential & commercial development - > 1. 1. housing & urban areas\n2. agriculture & aquaculture - > 2. 1. annual & perennial non - timber crops - > 2. 1. 3. agro - industry farming\n2. agriculture & aquaculture - > 2. 2. wood & pulp plantations - > 2. 2. 2. agro - industry plantations\n2. agriculture & aquaculture - > 2. 3. livestock farming & ranching - > 2. 3. 3. agro - industry grazing, ranching or farming\n4. transportation & service corridors - > 4. 1. roads & railroads\n5. biological resource use - > 5. 1. hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - > 5. 1. 1. intentional use (species is the target )\n1. research - > 1. 1. taxonomy 1. research - > 1. 2. population size, distribution & trends 1. research - > 1. 3. life history & ecology 1. research - > 1. 5. threats 3. monitoring - > 3. 1. population trends 3. monitoring - > 3. 2. harvest level trends 3. monitoring - > 3. 4. habitat trends\naguiar, j. m. and da fonseca, g. a. b. 2008. conservation status of the xenarthra. in: s. f. vizcaino and w. j. loughry (eds), the biology of the xenarthra, pp. 215 - 231. university press of florida, gainesville, florida .\nalberico, m. , cadena, a. , hernández - camacho, j. and muñoz - saba, y. 2000. mamíferos (synapsida: theria) de colombia. biota colombiana 1 (1): 43 - 75 .\nalbuja - v. , l. 1991. lista de vertebrados del ecuador. escuela politecnica 16: 163 - 203 .\naldana, n. j. , díaz porres, m. , feijoo, a. and zuñiga, m. c. 2006. valoración del uso de fauna silvestre en el municipio de alcalá, valle de cauca. scientia et technica 31: 291 - 296 .\nbaillie, j. and groombridge, b. (comps and eds). 1996. 1996 iucn red list of threatened animals. iucn, gland, switzerland and cambridge, uk .\ncadena, a. , anderson, r. p. and rivas - pava, p. 1998. colombian mammals from the chocoan slopes of nariño. occasional papers, museum of texas technical university 180: 1 - 15 .\ncastaño, j. h. and corrales, j. d. 2010. mammals of the mile river basin (caldas), diversity and cultural use. boletín científico museo de historia natural 14: 56 - 75 .\nceballos, g. and oliva, g. 2005. los mamíferos silvestres de méxico. comisión nacional para el conocimiento y uso de la biodiversidad and fondo de cultura económica, méxico .\nemmons, l. h. and feer, f. 1997. neotropical rainforest mammals: a field guide, second edition. university of chicago press, chicago, il, usa .\netter, a. 1993. diversidad ecosistémica en colombia hoy. in: cardenas, s. and correa, h. d. (eds), nuestra diversidad biológica. , pp. 43 - 61. fundación alejandro escobar, colección maría restrepo de angel, cerec, santafé de bogotá .\ngardner, a. l. 1993. order xenarthra. in: d. e. wilson and d. m. reeder (eds), mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. second edition, pp. 63 - 68. smithsonian institution press, washington, dc, usa .\ngardner, a. l. 2005. order cingulata. in: d. e. wilson and d. m. reeder (eds), mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. third edition. , pp. 94 - 99. the johns hopkins university press, baltimore, maryland, usa .\nhayssen, v. , ortega, j. , morales - leyva, a. and martínez - mendez, n. 2013. cabassous centralis (cingulata: dasypodidae). mammalian species 45 (898): 12 - 17 .\niucn. 2014. the iucn red list of threatened species. version 2014. 1. available at: urltoken. (accessed: 12 june 2014) .\nreid, f. 2009. a field guide to the mammals of central america and southeast mexico. oxford university press, new york, usa .\ntirira, d. g. 2007. guía de campo de los mamíferos del ecuador. ediciones murciélago blanco. publicación especial sobre los mamíferos del ecuador 6, quito, ecuador .\nwetzel, r. m. 1982. systematics, distribution, ecology, and conservation of south american edentates. in: m. a. mares and h. h. genoways (eds), mammalian biology in south america, pp. 345 - 375. university of pittsburgh, pittsburgh, pa, usa .\nclassified as near threatened (nt) on the iucn red list (1) .\nauthenticated (04 / 09 / 2009) by dr. mariella superina, chair of the iucn / ssc anteaters, sloths and armadillos specialist group. urltoken\neisenberg, j. f. and redford, k. h. (1992) mammals of the neotropics: the southern cone: chile, argentina, uruguay, paraguay. university of chicago press, chicago .\nnowak, r. m. (1999) walker' s mammals of the world: volume 2. johns hopkins university press, baltimore, maryland .\nda fonseca, g. a. b. and aguiar, j. m. (2004) the 2004 edentate species assessment workshop. edentata, 6: 1 - 26 .\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no. 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 (c) (3) non - profit organisation in the usa\narmadillos have pointy snouts and long, sticky tongues, similar to anteaters, which are close cousins. their eyesight is poor, so they hunt with a highly developed sense of smell. they also have wiry hairs along their sides and belly, which they use to feel their way around, like curb feelers on some cars. they also have strong legs and sharp claws for digging .\nmost armadillos stick to areas closer to the equator because they like temperate to warm areas due to their lack of fat stores. according to the internet center for wildlife damage management, armadillos are very picky about where they live based on what type of soil is found in the area. usually, armadillos prefer sandy or loam soils that are loose and porous. this makes digging for food and creating burrows easier .\narmadillos are not social creatures and spend most of their time sleeping. they usually sleep up to 16 hours each day in burrows, according to national geographic. during the morning and evenings, they forage for food .\nafter a gestation period of two to five months, the female will give birth to one to 12 young in a birthing burrow. these burrows can be up to 15 feet (4. 5 m) wide, according to the internet center for wildlife damage .\npups mature quickly. they are weaned by two to four months. by nine to 12 months, the pups are mature and ready to have offspring of their own. armadillos can live anywhere from four to 30 years. the median life expectancy for three - banded armadillos is around 16 years .\narmadillos have a wide range of colors. they can be pink, red, black, gray or yellow .\npoachers tried to kill rhinos in south african reserve. instead, a pride of lions killed them .\nalina bradford is a contributing writer for live science. over the past 16 years, alina has covered everything from ebola to androids while writing health, science and tech articles for major publications. she has multiple health, safety and lifesaving certifications from oklahoma state university. alina' s goal in life is to try as many experiences as possible. to date, she has been a volunteer firefighter, a dispatcher, substitute teacher, artist, janitor, children' s book author, pizza maker, event coordinator and much more .\nel contenido de esta página requiere una versión más reciente de adobe flash player .\nit is a relatively common species. nevertheless, its biology and population status are not known .\nthere are no major threats to this species. populations in the south of the range are subjected to some hunting and habitat loss (e. g. , machado et al. , 1998; aguiar and fonseca, 2008) .\nc. unicinctus is listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, its occurrence in a number of protected areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category. it is present in some protected areas .\nrivers: although armadillos are good swimmers, the rio grande is a formidable barrier. large rivers such as the mississippi continue to deter or delay expansion in some areas of the us. it is likely that very few animals will attempt to cross such large rivers .\nlack of suitable habitat: nine - banded armadillos live in a variety of habitats, but prefer brushy or forested areas which provide lots of cover. due to yearly burnoffs (both natural fires and those started by humans) texas was largely covered by prarie grasses .\nnowak, r. m. 1999. walker’s mammals of the world, 6th edition. johns hopkins university press, baltimore, md. 158 — 168 .\nin length. there are eight or nine uniformly shaped teeth on each side of each jaw, with no identifiable incisors or canines. the carapace includes an average of 13 movable bands between the solid shields over the shoulders and hips, with each band having about 30 individual" ]

{ "text": [ "the northern naked-tailed armadillo ( cabassous centralis ) is a species of armadillo .", "it is one of only two species of armadillo found outside of south america , the other being the more widely distributed nine-banded armadillo . " ], "topic": [ 27, 27 ] }

[ "the northern naked-tailed armadillo (cabassous centralis) is a species of armadillo. it is one of only two species of armadillo found outside of south america, the other being the more widely distributed nine-banded armadillo." ]

[ "john gould first identified the dwarf cassowary from a specimen from new britain, in 1857 .\nthis entry was posted in archive, asia, pacific and tagged dwarf cassowary. bookmark the permalink .\nthe three living species of cassowaries, comprising the genus casuarius, are the southern cassowary or double - wattled cassowary (c. casuarius), the dwarf cassowary or bennett' s cassowary (c. bennetii), and the northern cassowary or single - wattled cassowary (c. unappendiculatus) .\ncasuarius bennetti, dwarf cassowary or bennett' s cassowary, found in new guinea, new britain, and on yapen (clements 2007), mainly in highlands .\ncassowaries! ! l to r: dwarf or bennett’s cassowary (casuarius bennetti), double - wattled or southern cassowary (c. casuarius), single - wattled cassowary (c. unappendiculatus). images by darren naish .\nmarshall editions developments limited. 1990. family casuariidae - dwarf cassowary. pp .\n43 - 44\nin c perrins, ed .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - dwarf cassowary (casuarius bennetti )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - dwarf cassowary (casuarius bennetti )\ntitle =\narkive species - dwarf cassowary (casuarius bennetti )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe dwarf cassowary occurs on the island of new guinea, and the surrounding, smaller islands of new britain, ceram and japen (6) .\nthere are three species: the southern cassowary (casuarius casuarius), the dwarf cassowary (casuarius bennetti) and the northern cassowary (casuarius unappendiculatus). the largest of all is the sourthern cassowary, in which we will focus in this article. its name comes from papua and means “horned head” .\nthere are three species of cassowary - the single wattle cassowary found in northern new guinea and the dwarf cassowary found in the mountainous rainforest of new guinea, and the southern cassowary (casuarius. c. johnsonii) found in north eastern australia. cassowaries are listed as endangered under both queensland and commonwealth legislation .\nour first dwarf cassowaries arrived in 1940 and our first northern or single - wattled cassowaries in 1941 .\nmontage depicting the three currently recognised extant cassowary species. (a) double - wattled or southern cassowary (casuarius casuarius). (b) double - wattled cassowary in profile. (c) single - wattled cassowary (c. unappendiculatu). (d) dwarf or bennett’s cassowary (c. bennetti). photos by d. naish and r. perron .\npratt, t. k. (1983) diet of the dwarf cassowary casuarius bennetti picticollis at wau, papua new guinea. emu, 82: 283 - 286 .\ndwarf cassowaries have been known to attack humans when provoked. using their strong legs and sharp claws, several deaths of humans have been recorded as the result of cassowary attacks .\nthe call of dwarf cassowaries consists of low, booming tones that resonate at a frequency near the lower end of human hearing. this low - frequency communication is ideal for solitary birds that occur at low densities in thick forests, as dwarf cassowaries do. little is known about communication when dwarf cassowaries meet to mate, although visual cues may be involved .\nsmallest: dwarf cassowary is 3. 2 to 3. 6 feet (1 to 1. 1 meters) tall and weighs up to 39 pounds (17. 5 kilograms )\nthe southern cassowary is classified as vulnerable in the uicn red list as well as the northern cassowary. the dwarf cassowary is near threatened. cassowaries in australia live in protected areas, and there are also specific conservation plans by queensland parks and wildlife service. there are no reliable population data in new guinea .\ndwarf cassowaries are hunted extensively but populations seem to be stable at this time. habitat destruction and excessive hunting could threaten populations .\nmale and female dwarf cassowaries, males are about three feet tall, females are larger, up to 4 1 / 2 feet .\nforaging alone, the dwarf cassowary feeds on fleshy fruits (2). it can swallow large fruits whole, and the seeds pass undamaged through the gut, making them an important disperser of seeds in the forests in which they occur (3). the dwarf cassowary is also suspected of eating soil, a practice called geophagy, which is thought to act to bind poisonous or bitter tasting substances in certain fruits and seeds, allowing the cassowary to digest these otherwise nutritious plant parts (11 )\nscientific name: casuarius casuarius johnsonii. common name: southern cassowary other names: australian or double - wattled cassowary (marchant & higgins 1990) .\ndwarf cassowaries feed mainly on fallen fruits or fruits that they pluck from shrubs. dwarf cassowaries also use the crest on their head to sort through leaf litter and reveal other sources of food, such as fungi, insects, plant tissue, and small vertebrates, including lizards and frogs .\nthe southern cassowary, also known as the double - wattled cassowary (family casuariidae), is native to the tropical forests of new guinea, nearby islands and north - eastern australia. the name cassowary comes from the malay name kesuari. the cassowary is the largest fruit - eating bird in the world .\ndwarf cassowaries have a large claw on their innermost toe and a powerful kick that they use to defend themselves when provoked. dogs are considered predators of\nbased on available information, our preliminary proposal for the 2014 red list is to pend the decision on dwarf cassowary casuarius bennetti and keep this discussion open until early 2015, while leaving the current red list category unchanged in the 2014 update .\nwet tropics management authority. 2006 .\ncommunity for coastal and cassowary conservation\n( on - line). cassowary. accessed october 14, 2006 at urltoken .\nthe range of dwarf cassowaries is particularly discontinuous and for that reason there should be a) more subspecies allowed due to the peculiar distribution, or b) an allowance made that the natives must have shipped them off to widely - spaced islands at differernt times. the dwarf cassowaries are at home in the mountain ranges down the\nthe first cassowary arrived in europe in 1597 for the collection of emperor rudolf ii .\nthere many ways you can become a supporter and help us to save the cassowary .\ncasuarius casuarius, southern cassowary or double - wattled cassowary, found in southern new guinea, northeastern australia, and the aru islands (clements 2007), mainly in lowlands .\nthe dwarf cassowary is a secretive bird (5), which moves warily though dense jungle and will run for cover if disturbed (2) (5). it can run at up to 48 kilometres per hour, even through dense undergrowth, with its lowered head and casque protecting the bird from thorny vegetation (5). surprisingly for its bulky size, the dwarf cassowary can also leap obstacles, swim rivers (5), and defend itself with a kick from its powerful, clawed feet (3) .\ncasuarius unappendiculatus, northern cassowary or single - wattled cassowary, found in the northern and western new guinea, and yapen (clements 2007; davies 2002), mainly in lowlands .\nthe northern and dwarf cassowaries are not well known. all cassowaries are usually shy birds of the deep forest, adept at disappearing long before a human knows they are there. even the more accessible southern cassowary of the far north queensland rain forests is not well understood .\nthe cassowary is considered a keystone species because of its critical role in maintaining the ecological balance of the rainforest. protecting cassowary habitat and food plants benefits many other rainforest plants and animals .\npanse, s. 2006. the cassowary bird. urltoken. retrieved february 13, 2009 .\ndwarf cassowaries are shy birds that are rarely seen in the wild. they are active during the day, spending their time searching for food. they are usually found alone or in pairs and occasionally in small groups. if these birds are cornered, they will defend themselves with powerful kicks. dwarf cassowaries have reportedly killed both humans and dogs when they were provoked .\nthe dwarf cassowary is thought to be able to tolerate some level of habitat degradation, and is fairly common over a wide range, and is therefore not currently considered to be threatened with extinction (8). however, this does not mean it is free from any threats, and the population is thought to be declining, albeit slower than populations of the other cassowary species (8). the dwarf cassowary is impacted by significant hunting pressure, and logging is exacerbating this threat as it opens up previously inaccessible areas to hunters (8). caught in ground traps, chased down by dogs, or hunted by bow and arrow, the cassowary is caught for its feathers, large eggs, and flesh, which is considered a delicacy by some (12) .\ndue to ongoing habitat loss, habitat degradation, being hunted for food, and often being kept in captivity, the dwarf cassowary is evaluated as near threatened on the iucn red list of threatened species, with an occurrence range of 258, 000 km2 (100, 000 sq mi) .\ncassowary feet, in which can be seen its inner finger modified as a powerful claw. photo by\nup to 85 percent of cassowary habitat has been cleared in the russell river to murray river lowlands .\ndwarf cassowaries are regarded as high altitude birds in relation to other cassowaries. their habitat is steep mountainous terrain up to 3000 m (10000 ft) that is thickly vegetated with subtropical to tropical forests .\nvery nearly the same exact wording as quoted here on the dwarf casowaries is found on several different internet sites, including absolute astronomy, the wikipedia and several of the internet reference sources on bird life .\nthe smallest and most colorful of the cassowaries, the dwarf cassowary is the only one without wattles. instead, it has a round, purple spot where the wattles would be and bright pink spots on its cheeks. the dwarf cassowary' s casque is black, triangular in shape, and is flattened at the back. the head and face are black, the neck is deep blue, and the shoulders are red or violet. this bird lives in the higher elevations of new guinea, leaving the lowland rain forests to its larger cousins. it is common in new guinea but is rarely seen in zoos .\nnaish, d. & perron, r. 2014. structure and function of the cassowary’s casque and its implications for cassowary history, biology and evolution. historical biology doi: 10. 1080 / 08912963. 2014. 985669\nthere are currently no conservation measures known to be in place for the dwarf cassowary (8). however, birdlife international, a global bird conservation organisation, has recommended a number of measures for this species, including researching the effects of any potential threats, promoting hunting restrictions in local communities, and preventing habitat clearance (8) .\nthe british ornithologists' union. 1985. cassowary. pp. 82 in b campell, e lack, eds .\npigs – may compete with cassowaries for food, eat cassowary eggs and modify habitat, but the significance is not demonstrated .\nthe casque could also work much like a hornbill’s casque does in helping the bird make sounds. we know that both the southern and dwarf cassowary can produce very low frequency sounds, called booms, that help them communicate through the dense rain forest, so perhaps the casque helps with that in some way. females tend to have a larger casque than males .\nthe booming sound a cassowary makes is the lowest known call of any bird and is right at the edge of human hearing .\nroad signs and traffic calming devices indicate cassowary habitat and areas where cassowaries may cross roads, especially in the mission beach area .\nsome people in new guinea believe that cassowaries are reincarnations of female ancestors, while others believe that the cassowary was the first mother .\nby 1997, 80. 7 percent of all natural vegetation in the wet tropical lowlands, core cassowary habitat, had been cleared .\nbecause they eat the eggs of these birds and are potential predators of hatchlings and young birds. humans occasionally hunt cassowaries for their meat and feathers. dwarf cassowaries have no natural predators; dogs, pigs, and humans are not endemic to new guinea .\nthe dwarf cassowary is distributed throughout mountain forests of new guinea, new britain and yapen island, at elevations up to 3, 300 m (10, 800 ft). in areas without other species of cassowaries, it will live in the lowlands also. its diet consists mainly of fallen fruits and small animals, and insects. a solitary bird, it pairs only in breeding season .\nthe cassowary recovery team is a collaborative group representing a diversity of perspectives. we understand there are many and varied views about cassowary conservation, however, hectoring or abusive behaviour is unacceptable, and such comments will be deleted. please keep your comments respectful. thank you .\ndwarf cassowary casuarius bennetti occurs in new guinea (papua [ formerly irian jaya ], indonesia and papua new guinea) and, presumably as a long - established introduction, on new britain. it is currently listed as near threatened, as it was thought to be declining moderately rapidly owing to hunting pressure and habitat degradation, thus approaching the thresholds for vulnerable under criteria a2bd + 3bd + 4bd .\nthe dwarf cassowary and its relatives also possess powerfully - muscled legs bearing three toed feet, the inner toe bearing a five - inch, nearly - straight claw. the claw functions as a defensive weapon, and the bird is known to attack anything it considers a threat [ 2 ] via a leaping jump forward in combination with a kick; the birds are capable of disemboweling a victim with one blow .\nthe cassowary is rightfully considered the most dangerous bird in the world! each 3 - toed foot has a dagger - like claw on the inner toe that is up to 4 inches (10 centimeters) long! the cassowary can slice open any predator or potential threat with a single swift kick. powerful legs help the cassowary run up to 31 miles per hour (50 kilometers per hour) through the dense forest underbrush .\naww, cassowaries - aren' t they great? bennett' s cassowary image by j. g. keulemans. image in public domain .\nwestcott d. a. 1999. counting cassowaries: what does cassowary sign reveal about their abundance? wildlife research 26: 61 - 68 .\nthe southern cassowary is an extremely important species in far north queensland’s tropical rainforests. it is the rainforest gardener, a ‘keystone species’ that maintains the balance and diversity of its rainforest home through its role as a seed disperser. the southern cassowary’s main food is rainforest fruits, and the gentle treatment of the fruits through the cassowary’s primitive digestive system means the seeds are passed unharmed and ready for germination in their own “compost heap” of dung !\n2003. cassowaries - bennett' s cassowary. pp .\n75 - 81\nin m hutchins, j jackson, d olendorf, eds .\nthe name cassowary seems to be of papuan origin. “kasu” means horned, and “weri” means head, referring to the bird’s casqued or helmeted head .\na bit smaller than its southern cousin, the northern or single - wattled cassowary is the most recent to be discovered by scientists (in 1860) and is probably the most threatened of the three species. it is found only along the banks or rivers and coastal swampy lowlands of new guinea. its casque is larger and more flared than the southern cassowary’s, and the throat skin and wattle are either red or golden, depending on where the cassowary is found .\nrichard, r. 1996 .\ncassowary husbandry workshop\n( on - line). the sonoma bird farm. accessed november 12, 2006 at urltoken .\nmounted cassowary skeleton - so much neat anatomy, and so little work done on it. image by open cage, cc by - sa 2. 5 .\nmoore la (2007). population ecology of the southern cassowary casuarius casuarius johnsonii, mission beach north queensland. j. ornithology 148: 357 - 366 .\nvehicles: a great many roads have been put through cassowary habitat. many birds may have several roads passing through their territory, and dispersing birds may have to cross numerous roads before finding a suitable area to settle. each time a cassowary crosses a road it runs the risk of being hit by a motor vehicle .\nthe cassowary’s gentle digestive system, and short intestines, may also help to protect them from absorbing a harmful level of toxins from some of the fruits they eat .\nof which 149 are woody trees. 45 of these plants have large fruit that are mostly dispersed by the southern cassowary over long distances. please see the table of\none test showed that seeds from a rare australian rain forest tree, ryparosa sp. , were much more likely to sprout after passing through a cassowary’s digestive tract than those that simply fell to the ground on their own. in fact, many plant species require passage through the cassowary' s digestive system to be able to sprout !\nthe karam of the new guinea highlands identify bats and flying birds as one classification (yaket), and the dwarf cassowary, an extremely large wingless, flightless bird as another classification (kobtiy). whereas yaket are bony with wings and fly in the air, kobtiy are bony without wings and are terrestrial and of the forest. kobtiy are different from other bony wingless animals in that the kobtiy are not quadrupedal, like dogs and lizards, and are not limbless, like snakes .\nwet tropics management authority. 2006 .\nwet tropics management authority\n( on - line). birds - the cassowary. accessed october 14, 2006 at urltoken .\ncassowaries have a reputation for being dangerous to people and domestic animals. the 2007 edition of the guinness world records lists the cassowary as the world' s most dangerous bird. during world war ii, american and australian troops stationed in new guinea were warned to steer clear of them. cassowary attacks occur every year in queensland, australia .\nopinions are divided over whether this image of a sitting single - wattled cassowary is cute or highly disturbing. image by 22kartika, cc by - sa 3. 0 .\nmack, a. l. 2013. searching for pekpek: cassowaries and conservation in the new guinea rainforest. cassowary conservation & publishing, new florence (pa) .\nkofron, c. p. 2003. case histories of attacks by the southern cassowary in queensland. memoirs of the queensland museum 49 (1): 335 - 338 .\na ready - made fertiliser, the dung helps many kinds of seed to grow. other animals sometimes feed on the seeds in cassowary droppings, helping to distribute them further .\nhave been known to live up to 40 years in captivity and possibly to 60 years in the wild, although these claims of age in the wild are unconfirmed. age can be estimated using the appearance of the casque, the size of the footprint, and the presence of wrinkles on the neck. lifespan in dwarf cassowaries has not been documented .\nfolch, a. , christie, d. a. , jutglar, f. , garcia, e. f. j. & sharpe, c. j. (2018). dwarf cassowary (casuarius bennetti). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018) .\nthere are three extant species recognized today and one extinct species. the southern cassowary (casuarius casuarius) is the third largest flightless bird on the planet, smaller only than the ostrich and emu .\nkofron, c. p. , and a. chapman. 2006. causes of mortality to the endangered southern cassowary casuarius casuariusjohnsonii in queensland, australia. pacific conservation biology 12: 175 - 179 .\nthe cassowary is a large, flightless bird most closely related to the emu. although the emu is taller, the cassowary is the heaviest bird in australia and the second heaviest in the world after its cousin, the ostrich. it is covered in dense, two - quilled black feathers that, from a distance, look like hair. these feathers are not designed for flight but for protection in the cassowary' s rain forest habitat, keeping the bird dry and safe from the sharp thorns found on many rain forest plants. long, strong bare quills hang from the bird' s tiny wings .\ndwarf cassowaries are basically solitary, coming together primarily to mate. the nest is barely a scraping on the forest floor, containing from three to eight eggs. after they are laid it is the males who incubate and rear the chicks until they are fledged. the chicks are a dull brown in color, broken by horizontal black bars; they gain their adult plumage within two years .\ndissection scene from the cassowary episode of inside nature' s giants. a reddish mush, combined of numerous bloody fibres, is revealed in the casque' s interior. image (c) windfall films .\nof the three cassowary species, the southern or double - wattled cassowary is the largest and probably most well known. it lives in the new guinea lowland rain forests and is slightly less common in northern queensland, australia. its casque is bladelike and brownish, and the head, neck, and throat are featherless so bright blue skin can be seen. dutch traders first brought this species from new guinea to europe in 1597 .\nalthough none of the three cassowary species are considered globally threatened, all are suffering from loss of habitat. much of the australian rain forest where the southern cassowary is found has now been cleared, and the birds that remain face threats from dogs, feral pigs, hunters, traffic when crossing roads, starvation, and diseases. hunting and the clearing of forests for farmland affect cassowaries living in new guinea and its surrounding islands .\nbradford, mg, dennis, aj, westcott, da, (2008). diet and dietary preferences of the southern cassowary (casuarius casuarius) in north queensland, australia. biotropica, 40: 338 - 343 .\nthe cassowary feeds mainly on fruits in the ground, which are swallowed whole. this makes them important seed dispersers, up to 70 different species. their diet is completed with invertebrates such as insects, small vertebrates and fungi .\nthe southern cassowary casuarius casuarius johnsonii is a flightless bird with glossy black plumage, a tall, brown casque (helmet) on top of its head, a vivid blue and purple neck, long drooping red wattles and amber eyes .\nbradford, mg and westcott, da (2010). the consequences of southern cassowary (casuarius casuarius, l .) gut passage and deposition pattern on the germination of rainforest seeds. austral ecology. 35: 325 - 333 .\nlargest: southern cassowary is 4 to 5. 6 feet (1. 2 to 1. 7 meters) tall; females weigh up to 128 pounds (58 kilograms) and males weigh up to 75 pounds (34 kilograms) .\nkofron, c. p. 1999. attacks to humans and domestic animals by the southern cassowary (casuarius casuarius johnsonii) in queensland, australia. journal of zoology 249 (4): 375 - 381. retrieved february 13, 2009 .\ncape york (far northern population): far northern cape york peninsula, centred on the much less extensive vine forests of lockerbie and mchenry uplands. the lockerbie scrub population is possibly extinct with no cassowary having been seen there since the early 1980s\nkutt, a. s. , king, s. , garnett, s. t. and latch, p. 2004. distribution of cassowary habitat in the wet tropics bioregion, queensland. technical report, environmental protection agency, brisbane .\ntheir most significant contribution to the ecology of the forest is as a disperser of rainforest fruits. cassowaries eat up to 150 different fruit species; it is estimated that 70 to 100 plant species depend almost entirely on the cassowary for seed dispersal .\n, the breeding season begins in may or june and lasts until october or november. breeding is an annual occurrence. females may mate with more than one male during a season and must be healthy and well - nourished in order to lay multiple clutches of eggs. the clutch size of dwarf cassowaries is between 4 and 6 eggs. the incubation period lasts between 49 and 52 days. young become independent in 7 to 16 months and sexually mature at around 4 years old .\nbuosi, p. & s. burnett (2006). the southern cassowary (casuarius casuarius johnsonii): review of values and threats in the wet tropics bioregion, queensland. a report for deh. queensland: natural resources assessments environmental consultants .\ncrome, f. h. j. & l. a. moore (1993). cassowary populations and their conservation between the daintree river and cape tribulation. ii background, survey results and analysis. unpublished report to the douglas shire council .\nlatch, p. (2007). recovery plan for the southern cassowary casuarius casuarius johnsonii. [ online ]. report to department of the environment, water, heritage and the arts, canberra. environmental protection agency. available from: urltoken .\nhowever, the extent of the danger appears to be somewhat overstated. for example, many internet entries about cassowaries claim that they can disembowel a man or dog with one kick, with the long second toe claw cutting the gut open. this belief has been repeated in print by authors including paul (1988) and diamon (1997). however, research on cassowary attacks has been unable to substantiate a single claim of any cassowary disemboweling any person or animal (kofron 2003). in addition, unprovoked attacks are rare .\nthe southern cassowary is endangered in queensland, australia. kofron and chapman (2006) assessed the decline of this species. they found that, of the former cassowary habitat, only twenty to twenty - five percent remains. they stated that habitat loss and fragmentation is the primary cause of decline (kofron and chapman 2006). they then studied 140 cases of cassowary mortality and found that motor vehicle strikes accounted for fifty - five percent of them, and dog attacks produced another eighteen percent. remaining causes of death included hunting (5 cases), entanglement in wire (1 case), the removal of cassowaries that attacked humans (4 cases), and natural causes (18 cases), including tuberculosis (4 cases). fifteen cases were for unknown reasons (kofron and chapman 2006) .\nwestcott, da, setter, m, bradford mg, setter, s, mckeown, a (2008). dispersal of pond apple seeds by the southern cassowary: ecological interactions between a threatened and a threatening species. diversity and distributions 14: 432 - 439 .\nas we have seen, the cassowary is a spectacular bird that arouse great respect but is in danger. we encourage you to leave your comments and your experiences about it if you have traveled to their habitat and have been lucky enough to see one in the wild .\nthe cassowary has coarse hair - like feathers which lack the barbules that usually hold birds’ feathers together. two feathers sprout from the same shaft, and the cassowary lacks oil glands with which to waterproof its feathers. it has no tail feathers, and its wing stubs carry a small number of long, modified quills which curve around the body. each heavy, well - muscled leg has three toes, with the inside toe bearing a large dagger - shaped claw (up to 120mm long) used for scratching and fighting other birds and for defence .\nand are difficult to rear. in 1862 and 1863, the london zoo reported single hatchings, but neither chick survived. it was not until april 1957 that the first successful rearing of a cassowary chick in managed care was reported—at the san diego zoo. the baby’s father had lived here for 31 years before the successful hatch! his offspring lived for 15 years. only one other cassowary chick has been hatched here; sadly, it only survived one day. guests will be able to see these unusual birds in the new walkabout australia experience at the safari park .\ndogs: in packs, dogs usually harass cassowaries to exhaustion and sometimes even injury or death. older birds, chicks and sub - adults often fall prey to dogs, due to the fact that they are not strong enough to protect themselves. dogs may also chase cassowaries away from potential food and water sources. a great many people living around and within cassowary habitat own dogs. it is essential that dog owners do not allow their dogs to roam free where they might impact on native fauna. 5 cassowaries were the victims of dog attacks between february 1986 and september 1988 in the mission beach area. dog attack is the second most drastic recorded source of cassowary mortality. dog attacks also affect the feeding, movements and behaviour of cassowaries. the last cassowary to survive on mt. whitfield - a hill right behind cairns, was killed by dogs .\nthis site was created by the wet tropics management authority (wtma) for the cassowary recovery team (crt). the views expressed on the site, particularly through public comments, do not necessarily reflect the views of members of the crt, wtma or the queensland or australian governments .\na cassowary can also jump nearly 7 feet (2 meters) straight up into the air and swim like a champ, so the bird is quite good at fending off threats or escaping danger! that long claw also comes in handy when digging for fallen fruit in the leaf litter .\nthe evolutionary history of cassowaries, as of all ratites, is not well known. a fossil species was reported from australia, but for reasons of biogeography this assignment is not certain and it might belong to the prehistoric\nemuwaries ,\nemuarius, which were cassowary - like primitive emus .\ncassowary strikes to the abdomen are among the rarest of all, but there is one case of a dog that was kicked in the belly in 1995. the blow left no puncture, but there was severe bruising. the dog later died from an apparent intestinal rupture (kofron 2003) .\nthe plumage is black, shiny and loose, giving it an aspect like hair. the tips are sharp and used as a defense. but the real danger of the cassowary falls upon its legs and feet, as one of its three fingers has a claw of about 10 - 12 cm long .\nnotes the odd distribution and says that natives must have shipped them around as domesticated or semi - domesticated animals in earlier times, and that odd out - of - place big birds have been represented historically at angkor wat and in indonesia (java and borneo) prior to his statement i was considering that several reports of dwarf cassowaries further to the east in melanesia might count as unknown animals, but it seems that all instances relate to the same cause. i believe that they are mostly called bu the same or similar names, since\nmooru\nsounds about like\nmoa\nsought cassowaries for display in private menageries in the 16th and 17th centuries. even today, native peoples use cassowary feathers for ceremonial headdresses. young birds are often kept and sold for meat when they get large enough or used as dowries. there are now fewer southern cassowaries in australia than there are giant pandas in china .\nto survive, cassowaries need large areas of rainforest. there is a need for protection of existing habitat and greater control of dogs and pigs. as well as creating protected areas such as national parks, some people are establishing nurseries of cassowary food plants to restore rainforest on cleared land and create corridors to link remaining patches of vegetation .\nthe one documented human death caused by a cassowary was that of phillip mclean, aged 16 years old, and it happened on april 6, 1926. he and his brother, aged 13, were attempting to beat the cassowary to death with clubs. they were accompanied by their dog. the bird kicked the younger boy, who fell and ran away. then the older boy struck the bird. the bird charged and knocked the older boy to the ground. while on the ground, phillip was kicked in the neck, opening a 1. 25 centimeter wound. phillip got up and ran but died shortly afterward from the hemorrhaging blood vessel in his neck (kofron 1999) .\nnewly hatched chicks are striped dark brown and creamy white. after three to six months the stripes fade and the plumage changes to brown. as the young mature, the plumage darkens, the wattles and casque start to grow and the neck and wattles begin to develop their striking colours. the cassowary is mature by about three years of age .\nweber, b. l. , and i. e. woodrow. 2004. [ urltoken cassowary frugivory, seed defleshing and fruit fly infestation influence the transition from seed to seedling in the rare australian rainforest tree, ryparosa sp. nov. 1 (achariaceae). functional plant biology 31: 505 - 516. retrieved february 13, 2009 .\nsouthern cassowaries live primarily in lowland tropical rainforest, but they also use other types of forest such as eucalypt, mangrove, and tea tree. they are also seen on beaches adjacent to these habitats. like most animals, cassowaries need access to fresh clean water for drinking … and bathing! cassowaries may also venture into suburbs and farmland if they are near their territories or at times of food shortages, such as after cyclones when rainforest trees and fruits have been destroyed by wind and rain. each adult cassowary maintains a home range or territory of about 100ha. the home ranges of males may overlap with each other’s and with those of females. the loss of cassowary habitat due to farming and residential development in northern queensland is affecting the number of southern cassowaries the environment can support. the loss of good quality habitat development (degradation) and purchasing of small parcels of land for homes (fragmentation) is also affecting the cassowary. birds living in areas of degraded or fragmented, low - quality habitat need larger home ranges and so the environment cannot support as many birds .\nfurthermore, the fact that the different cassowary species (all of which differ with respect to the form and configuration of the casque, wattles and so on) mostly occur naturally in non - overlapping environments and locations is in keeping with arguments that ‘species recognition’ is not a significant mechanism driving the evolution of these sorts of structures (hone & naish 2013) .\ncassowary chicks differ in appearance, with a striped brown and cream pattern. after three to six months, the stripes fade to the brown sub - adult plumage. this is retained until 12 to18 months of age after which the bird begins to take on adult characteristics. maturity is reached at 3. 5 years of age for females and 2. 5 years for males .\ncassowary females typically lay three to six eggs between june and august. these large, greenish eggs, measuring 13 centimetres long, are laid onto a nest of leaves at the base of a tree (5), and are incubated entirely by the male (7). the male also takes responsibility for caring for the young chicks, in which the female plays no part (7) .\nall three cassowary species have a casque, also called a helmet, that starts to develop on top of their head at one to two years of age. the casque is made of a sponge - like material and covered with a thick layer of keratin, the same thing our fingernails are made of. although it is quite sturdy, the casque can be squeezed in the middle fairly easily .\nalthough they are not dangerous to humans unless they are bothered, the main threat cassowaries suffer is the destruction of their habitat (replacement of the forest by cultivated fields) and forest fragmentation, which prevents access to food and other reproductive groups. there are also frequent car accidents in australia and attacks of domestic dogs to cassowary chicks. finally they are also victims of uncontrolled hunting in the area of new guinea .\ntwo of the three cassowary species have wattles, or bare, fleshy pouches of skin that hang from the neck: southern or double - wattled cassowaries and northern or single - wattled cassowaries. the wattles are brightly colored blue, red, gold, purple, or white, depending on the species or subspecies. their purpose? perhaps to help indicate the bird’s mood or relay other social cues known only to the cassowaries .\ncassowary is the common name for any of the very large, flightless birds comprising the ratite genus casuarius, characterized by powerful legs with three - toed feet with sharp claws, a long dagger - like claw on the inner toe, small wings, a featherless head, and a horny crest on the head. these ratites are native to new guinea, northeastern australia, and various other islands in the australo - papuan region .\ndespite its reputation as a dangerous bird, the cassowary is primarily a fruit eater. they pluck it from trees or pick up fallen fruit from the forest floor and swallow it whole; apples, plums, wild grapes, nightshade, and myrtle are part of the diet. when fruit is not available, or when the opportunity presents itself, cassowaries also take insects, small rodents, lizards, fish, and sometimes carrion .\ncassowaries travel across short stretches of open land to feed in rainforest patches, gardens and exotic fruit plantations. the image above highlights key habitat values including feeding, breeding and resting habitat, water availability and movement corridors. feeding areas change with fruiting seasons, and traditional food supplies can fail due to events such as cyclones. cassowary habitat also supports at least 106 plant and 37 animal species identified as threatened under state and federal legislation .\nadult: the life - span of a cassowary in the wild is uncertain, however in captivity there have been reports of individuals reaching approximately 40 years of age. adults have a coarse, glossy black plumage, a tall helmet (casque) and brilliant blue neck and red wattles. females are usually larger than the males - (1. 8 metres tall and 60 kg in weight compared to 1. 5 meters and 35 kg) .\nhumans also collect their eggs and eat the animals for food. in new guinea, cassowary eggs are brought back to villages and the chicks raised for eating as a much - prized delicacy, despite (or perhaps because of) the risk they pose to life and limb. cassowaries are very shy, but when disturbed, they are capable of inflicting serious injuries to dogs and children, and have been called the most dangerous bird on the planet .\naccording to the guinness book of records, the most dangerous bird in the world is the cassowary. cassowaries (family casuariidae), like the emu (with whom it is related) and the ostrich, are flightless birds and good runners (up to 50 km / h). they are also good swimmers and can jump up to almost 2 meters. they live in new guinea, north of australia (queensland) and neighboring islands (ceram, aru) .\naustralia has two separate populations of cassowaries in, one in the wet tropics rainforest region between townsville and cooktown. the second is in a small number of scattered blocks of rainforest along the east coast of cape york peninsula as far south as the mcilwraith range. although the cassowary has a wide range within the wet tropics area, they are not regularly distributed, and in most places population numbers are quite low. there are an estimated 4, 000 cassowaries left in australia .\ncassowaries are largely frugivorous; fallen fruit, such as the cassowary plum and fruit on low branches is the mainstay of their diet. they also will eat other plant food, such as grass seeds and shoots. however, all three extant species are truly omnivorous, and they also will eat fungi, snails, insects, frogs, and snakes. they are a keystone species of rain forests because they eat fallen fruit whole and distribute seeds across the jungle floor via excrement (davies 2003) .\ndisease: although disease is only a small problem when compared to traffic accidents, it is still a valid threat. there is growing concern that diseases are being spread to the cassowaries through domestic animals and contaminated food. when cassowaries forage in rubbish dumps the contaminated food may cause them to get tuberculosis or fungal diseases, which spread rapidly through cassowary populations. in addition, most animals become more prone to illness if they are under stress from such factors as increased exposure to potential predators and loss of habitat .\nland clearing impacts on cassowaries in several ways: direct loss of habitat leads to a decrease in cassowary numbers. most animals that lose their habitat due to clearing are not successful in establishing themselves elsewhere and usually die due to stress, predation and or starvation. land clearing negatively affects the ability of adults to establish and determine territory and status - clearing may for example destroy part of the territory of 2 neighbouring birds. birds in areas neighbouring clearing are placed under stress due to displaced cassowaries trying to establish new territories .\nthe scientific name commemorates the australian naturalist george bennett. he was the first scientist to examine these birds after a few were brought to australia aboard a ship. recognising them as representing a new species of cassowary, he sent specimens back to england where this was confirmed. on the west side of greevink bay, western irian, there exist a distinctive form that may merit a split. c. papuanus is the tentative name. finally there are no officially recognized sub - species, however, some authors believe there should be .\nferal pigs: feral (introduced) pigs are ground feeding animals and they require much of the same food as the cassowaries do. apart from having a similar diet (and therefore causing drastic effects in times when food is scarce) the pigs also destroy many cassowary nests, eat their eggs and are potential predators of chicks and young birds. feral pigs also often contaminate water sources, and may potentially be major dispersal agents for die - back - a fungal - type disease which kills off patches of forest, further reducing food and habitat .\nit is the smallest of the three species of cassowary, standing up to 4. 9 feet long, and can weigh up to 57 lbs; females are slightly larger than the males. the hair - like plumage is silky in appearance, almost black in color, and hangs loosely from the bird; since there are no barbules on the feathers, the barbs cannot link to form a vein. the rudimentary wings are hidden from view, a set of four or five stiff spine - like shafts about fifteen inches long indicating where they are .\nthere’s no serious doubt that cassowaries are close relatives of emus, but there is doubt as to how the different extant cassowaries are related to one another. we generated a phylogeny from molecular sequences and – to my surprise (but not necessarily to richard’s) – c. casuarius seems to be the sister - taxon to a c. unappendiculatus + c. bennetti clade (naish & perron 2014). this has implications for cassowary biogeography and evolutionary history – two subjects that i can’t cover here today (but will do at some point in the near future) .\nin its earliest years, the 1920s. a male named cassy arrived with a large shipment of animals from australia in 1925. a southern or double - wattled cassowary, the young bird was allowed free reign at the fledgling zoo, greeting visitors at the entrance or roaming the zoo’s grounds at will, often coming up to a guest and helping himself to a bunch of grapes or a bite of sandwich! when the zoo received a pair of southern cassowaries in 1929, a proper enclosure was built for them. they, too, were so tame they would come to the fence to be petted .\ncassowaries are the only native animals large enough to eat many of the larger fleshy rainforest fruits with large seeds. the cassowaries digestive system is gentle on the seed allowing it to travel through the gut unharmed. when they are excreted the seeds are embedded in the dung - their own mini compost pile. the smell from the dung keeps seed predators, such as the white tailed rat, away from the seeds and the fertiliser helps to keep the seed moist and feed the germinating seedling. the seed remains in the cassowary' s gut for approximately 10 hours, ensuring they are deposited some distance away from the parent tree .\na cassowary' s three - toed feet have sharp claws. the second toe, the inner one in the medial position, sports a dagger - like claw that is 125 millimeters (4. 9 inches) long (davies 2002). this claw is particularly fearsome since cassowaries sometimes kick humans and animals with their enormously powerful legs. cassowaries can run up to 50 kilometers / hour (31 miles per hour) through the dense forest. they can jump up to 1. 5 meters (4. 9 feet) and they are good swimmers, crossing wide rivers and swimming in the sea as well (harmer and shipley 1899) .\nprevious comments on the casque’s interior have noted that some sort of undetermined liquid or sludge is present inside (crome & moore 1988, jones et al. 2003). there is, in fact, no liquid or sludge: the internal mass of trabeculae is quite fragile, so much so that if you push hard with your finger you can break right through it, and what we think has happened is that these descriptions refer to blood haemorrhaged from the various vessels present throughout the structure (naish & perron 2014). some of you might recall the inside nature’s giants episode in which graham lauridsen, joy reidenberg and mark evans dissected a cassowary casque to reveal a messy, bloody, wiry pulp that left them somewhat confused. what they were actually looking at was the bleeding, broken mass of internal trabeculae. [ image below by 22kartika. ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo, j. , collar, n. j. , christie, d. a. , elliott, a. and fishpool, l. d. c. 2014. hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world. volume 1: non - passerines. lynx edicions birdlife international, barcelona, spain and cambridge, uk." ]

{ "text": [ "the dwarf cassowary ( casuarius bennetti ) also known as the bennett 's cassowary , little cassowary , mountain cassowary , or mooruk , is the smallest of the three species of cassowaries . " ], "topic": [ 15 ] }

[ "the dwarf cassowary (casuarius bennetti) also known as the bennett's cassowary, little cassowary, mountain cassowary, or mooruk, is the smallest of the three species of cassowaries." ]

[ "beautiful shiner .\nbeacham' s guide to the endangered species of north america. . retrieved july 10, 2018 from urltoken urltoken\ndid you find the solution for “america the beautiful” shiner? check the other remaining questions solutions in usa today crossword october 17 2016 answers .\nproposed end. status for yaqui chub; proposed thr. status & crit. hab. for beautiful shiner & yaqui catfish; 48 fr 32527 - 32535\nbeautiful shiner .\nbeacham' s guide to the endangered species of north america. . encyclopedia. com. (july 10, 2018). urltoken\nunlike the golden shiner, the blacktail shiner prefers flowing waters. it is usually most abundant in areas with little vegetation, swift current, and gravelly bottoms .\ncyprinella, latin, meaning diminutive carp; venusta, latin, meaning “beautiful, like venus” (pflieger 1997) .\nfinal rule to determine yaqui chub to be end. species w / crit. hab. , & to determine beautiful shiner & yaqui catfish to be thr. species w / crit. hab. ; 49 fr 34490 - 34497\nthe beautiful shiner occurs in a variety of stream habitats, but the largest concentrations are found in the riffles of smaller streams. aquatic habitats in the region are subject to severe drying in summer and sudden flooding in the rainy season. streams flow intermittently during the dry season, and the shiner seeks refuge in permanent, spring - fed pools .\nthe male scoops a nest out of gravel in shallow, fast - flowing water, where the female deposits her eggs, probably in late spring through late summer. life span is up to three years. the beautiful shiner feeds mostly on terrestrial and aquatic insects, augmented with algae and other plant matter .\nheins, d. c. 1990. mating behaviors of the blacktail shiner, cyprinella venusta, from southeastern mississippi. proc. s. e. fishes council 21: 5 - 7 .\ncyprinella is greek for\nsmall carp\nand venusta is latin for\nbeautiful, like venus .\nthe blacktail shiner is a somewhat slender minnow with 8 - 9 rays on the anal fin, and a prominent black spot at the base of the tail fin. the back is usually yellowish - olive, and the sides are silvery with hints of blue. adults in texas have reached 4. 6 inches in length .\nkristmundsdottir, a. y, and j. r. gold. 1996. systematics of the blacktail shiner (cyprinella venusta) inferred from analysis of mitochondrial dna. copeia 1996 (4): 773 - 783 .\nheins, d. c. and d. r. dorsett. 1986. reproductive traits of the blacktail shiner notropis venusta (girard), in southwestern mississippi. the southwestern naturalist 31 (2): 185 - 189 .\nif you truly want naturally long, thick, shiny, and beautiful hair, extensions will only keep you from your goal longer. they may be a quick fix but will ravage your hairs in the long run! try clip in hair extensions to get the look without the damage !\nhambrick, p. s. and r. g. hibbs, jr. 1977. feeding chronology and food habits of the blacktail shiner, notropis venustus (cyprinidae), in bayou sara, louisiana. southwest nat. 22 (4): 511 - 516 .\nbaker, j. a. , k. j. kilgore, and s. a. foster. 1994. populations variation in spawning current speed selection in the blacktail shiner, cyprinella venusta (pisces: cyprinidae). env. biol. fish. 39: 357 - 364 .\ncheck out the solution for: “america the beautiful” shiner crossword clue. this crossword clue belongs to the usa today crossword october 17 2016 answers. our website is built on sharing answers and solutions for many crossword clues and crosswords. the crossword we are sharing the answers for today is usa today crossword. a famous and well played crossword by many people. it has many tricky question which will get you confused. we have shared below a list for all the answers of this game. we are a team which work together and solves everyday the crosswords to share them online. thank you for trusting our site with the solutions .\ngilbert, c. r. and g. h. burgess. 1980. notropis venusta (girard), blacktail shiner. pp. 321 in d. s. lee, et al. atlas of north american freshwater fishes. n. c. state mus. nat. hist. , raleigh, i - r + 854 pp .\noccurs in several basins in southeastern arizona and northwestern mexico; fairly large range in mexico but probably declining there, due mainly to dewatering and pollution caused by agriculture; better information is needed on status in mexico; non - indigenous fishes, especially the red shiner, may be having a negative impact; reintroduction in southeastern arizona has been successful, and reintroduction in new mexico is planned .\nwow, this lure is ex, i always hesitate to use the mint word, but it is slick. this shiner scale bait is very shiny and i just don' t see many flaws. the box is rock solid and in great shape. i don' t see a number on the end of the box, how that is possible on such a nice box i just don' t understand .\npatrick melville salon at rockefeller center in nyc offers a biolustre conditioning treatment for $ 175 and the biolustre revamp smoothing treatment for $ 450 - $ 600. their philosophy on healthy, beautiful hair both transcends and sets trends. or opt for the more affordable, at - home hair therapy! biolustre instant repair kit (available on amazon for $ 59. 40) is not a deep conditioner or hot oil treatment, but enters the hair shaft and binds to the hair with a synthetic, restructuring polymer that is chemically similar to hair. biolustre rebuilds hair to a virgin state. you may then style as usual .\nhas a large, black caudal spot which distinguishes it from most other minnows. the caudal spot of c. venusta may be faint, especially in populations inhabiting turbid waters, and they could likely be confused with c. lutrensis (red shiner); however c. lutrensis has 9 anal rays (versus 8) and usually 35 or fewer lateral scales (versus 36 or more; ross 2001). c. venusta hybridizes with c. lutrensis in texas (hubbs et al. 1953; hubbs and strawn 1956), and in illinois (smith 1979) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nvulnerable b1ab (ii, iii, iv, v) + 2ab (ii, iii, iv, v) ver 3. 1\njustification: this species is listed as vulnerable because its extent of occurrence may be less than 20, 000 sq km, area of occupancy is less than 2000 sq km, the distribution can be regarded as severely fragmented, and there is probably a continuing decline. further information on area of occupancy might reveal that this species qualifies for endangered status .\nbetter information is needed on current distribution, abundance, and trends in mexico. securing habitat and water sources is a major management need (usfws 1994) .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\ninitiation of 5 - year status reviews of 38 species in the southwest region (arizona, new mexico, oklahoma, and texas); notice of initiation of reviews; request for information .\n- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50, 000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the u. s and canada. natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .\nitis reports - - itis (the integrated taxonomic information system) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of north america and the world .\nfws digital media library - - the u. s. fish and wildlife service' s national digital library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video .\nu. s. fish and wildlife service regional office, division of endangered species p. o. box 1306 albuquerque, new mexico 87103 - 1306 telephone: (505) 248 - 6911 fax: (505) 248 - 6915 urltoken\nhendrickson, d. s. , et al. 1980 .\nfishes of the rio yaqui basin, mexico and united states .\njournal of the arizona - nevada academy of science 15 (3): 65 - 106 .\nmiller, r. r. 1977 .\ncomposition of the native fish fauna of the chihuahuan desert region .\nin transactions of the symposium on the biological resources of the chihuahuan desert region, edited by wauer and riskind. transactions of proceedings series no. 3. u. s. department of the interior, washington, d. c .\nurltoken gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the modern language association (mla), the chicago manual of style, and the american psychological association (apa) .\nwithin the “cite this article” tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list .\nbecause each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, urltoken cannot guarantee each citation it generates. therefore, it’s best to use urltoken citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication’s requirements and the most - recent information available at these sites :\nmost online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. therefore, that information is unavailable for most urltoken content. however, the date of retrieval is often important. refer to each style’s convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates .\nin addition to the mla, chicago, and apa styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list .\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish, wildlife, and plants in idaho .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nlike most websites we use cookies. this is to ensure that we give you the best experience possible .\ncontinuing to use urltoken means you agree to our use of cookies. if you would like to, you can learn more about the cookies we use .\nwe’d value your feedback on the tool. our survey takes only five minutes to complete .\nyour browser does not have support for cookies enabled. some features of this application will not work .\nbrowse all records of this species or download video in mp4 or webm format .\ndata content compiled and maintained by hendrickson lab / ichthyology collection at the university of texas at austin and licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial - sharealike 3. 0 unported license, however, some images are separately copyrighted (see documentation / digital library) .\nsponsors: ut, tpwd, tceq, us doi (gplcc, dlcc). host: texas advanced computing center\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nfor thousands of years, arizona’s native fish adapted to life in habitats ranging from small springs to the raging torrents of the colorado river. their ability to adjust to periods of drought and flash floods is truly a marvel of nature and has been a key to their survival .\nunfortunately, native fish have not done as well adapting to the influences of humans on their environment. habitat loss and alteration, and the introduction of non - native fish species, have caused sharp declines in many native fish populations. out of the 36 fish species native to arizona, one species is already extinct; 34 have been identified as species of greatest conservation need in arizona; and, 20 have been federally listed as endangered or threatened. a special and irreplaceable part of arizona could easily disappear if more native fish species are lost .\nthe arizona game and fish department, along with numerous government agencies, conservation organizations, and members of the public, has been working to restore native fish populations and is making progress in conserving many of the most imperiled species. native fish conservation aims to preserve arizona’s link to the past so that we may leave a natural legacy for future generations .\nthe goal of the arizona game and fish department’s native fish management is to manage and conserve the state’s native fish species through on - the - ground conservation projects; threatened and endangered species recovery; statewide population monitoring; creation and implementation of conservation agreements; provision of research grants; and, public education and outreach .\n* note: this represents only a few of the many native fish projects implemented by the department .\nbelow you will find native fish abstracts. note: some of the following files are pdf' s and require the free adobe acrobat reader. for text - only, use adobe access .\nnote: distribution maps are based on occurrences in the hdms database and are not meant to be complete or predicted range maps. each species has specific criteria that must be met before being entered into the database. therefore, the resulting maps reflect only the occurrences that meet the species specific criteria .\nblacktail shiners are found in the southern united states west of the appalachian mountains. the species ranges east and west from north central florida to west texas, and north to southern illinois. in texas, blacktail shiners are unknown in the panhandle, being found primarily from the edwards plateau eastward .\nyour contact information is used to deliver requested updates or to access your subscriber preferences. children under 13 years of age must have a parent / guardian & apos; s consent before providing any personal information to the agency .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nrobins, c. r. , r. m. bailey, c. e. bond, j. r. brooker, e. a. lachner, r. n. lea, and w. b. scott. 1991. common and scientific names of fishes from the united states and canada. american fisheries society, special publication 20. 183 pp .\nremoved from genus notropis and placed in genus (formerly subgenus) cyprinella by mayden (1989); this change was adopted in the 1991 afs checklist (robins et al. 1991). has been regarded as a subspecies of n. lutrensis by some, but found to be distinct by mayden (1989) and chernoff and miller 1982); more closely related to c. bocagrande than to c. lutrensis (mayden 1989). synonyms include notropis santamariae evermann and goldsborough and notropis mearnsi snyder .\ndue to latency between updates made in state, provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer, for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data. please refer to\ntnhc (1996) mapped 15 locations, including 2 in new mexico, 1 in arizona, and 2 in northern mexico. miller (2005) mapped about 4 dozen collection sites (representing at least two dozen distinct occurrences) in mexico but did not comment on current status. extirpated in arizona by 1970; reintroduced into 4 small ponds in 1990; reintroduced populations are breeding and in excellent condition (s. schwartz, pers. comm. , 1997). extirpated in new mexico .\nextirpated from the united states in 1969 - 1970, but as of 1991, the species apparently still occurred in most of historical range in mexico. usfws (1990) categorized the status as\ndeclining ,\nand usfws (1994) reported the species as declining in mexico; current trend in mexico is uncertain. reintroduced in arizona in 1990 (arizona game and fish department 1994); populations stable (s. schwartz, pers. comm. , 1997) .\nbetter information is needed on current distribution, abundance, and trends in mexico .\nspawning occurs probably from february to june or longer in warm - spring habitats .\nfeeds mostly on terrestrial and aquatic insects; also eats algae and other plant matter .\nsecuring habitat and water sources is a major management need (usfws 1994) .\noccurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals (including eggs and larvae) in appropriate habitat .\ndam lacking a suitable fishway; high waterfall; upland habitat. for some species (e. g. , slender chub), an impoundment may constitute a barrier. for others (e. g. , flame chub) a stream larger than 4th order may be a barrier .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks (2008). the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs (see local programs) and other contributors and cooperators (see sources) .\narizona game and fish department. 1994. cyprinella formosa mearnsi. unpublished abstract, arizona game and fish department, phoenix, arizona. 4 pp .\nchernoff, b. , and r. r. miller. 1982. notropis bocagrande, a new cyprinid fisd from chihuahua, mexico, with comments on notropis formosus. copeia 1982: 514 - 522 .\njelks, h. l. , s. j. walsh, n. m. burkhead, s. contreras - balderas, e. díaz - pardo, d. a. hendrickson, j. lyons, n. e. mandrak, f. mccormick, j. s. nelson, s. p. platania, b. a. porter, c. b. renaud, j. jacobo schmitter - soto, e. b. taylor, and m. l. warren, jr. 2008. conservation status of imperiled north american freshwater and diadromous fishes. fisheries 33 (8): 372 - 407 .\nlee, d. s. , c. r. gilbert, c. h. hocutt, r. e. jenkins, d. e. mcallister, and j. r. stauffer, jr. 1980. atlas of north american freshwater fishes. north carolina state museum of natural history, raleigh, north carolina. i - x + 854 pp .\nmatthews, j. r. and c. j. moseley (eds .). 1990. the official world wildlife fund guide to endangered species of north america. volume 1. plants, mammals. xxiii + pp 1 - 560 + 33 pp. appendix + 6 pp. glossary + 16 pp. index. volume 2. birds, reptiles, amphibians, fishes, mussels, crustaceans, snails, insects, and arachnids. xiii + pp. 561 - 1180. beacham publications, inc. , washington, d. c .\nmayden, r. l. 1989. phylogenetic studies of north american minnows, with emphasis on the genus cyprinella (teleostei: cypriniformes). university of kansas museum of natural history miscellaneous publication (80): 1 - 189 .\nmiller, r. r. (with the collaboration of w. l. minckley and s. m. norris). 2005 [ actually published in 2006 ]. freshwater fishes of mexico. university of chicago press, chicago, illinois. 490 pp .\nmiller, r. r. , and j. r. simon. 1943. notropis mearnsi from arizona, an addition to the known fish fauna of the united states. copeia 1943: 253 .\nnelson, j. s. , e. j. crossman, h. espinosa - perez, l. t. findley, c. r. gilbert, r. n. lea, and j. d. williams. 2004. common and scientific names of fishes from the united states, canada, and mexico. american fisheries society, special publication 29, bethesda, maryland. 386 pp .\npage, l. m. , h. espinosa - pérez, l. t. findley, c. r. gilbert, r. n. lea, n. e. mandrak, r. l. mayden, and j. s. nelson. 2013. common and scientific names of fishes from the united states, canada, and mexico. seventh edition. american fisheries society, special publication 34, bethesda, maryland .\npage, l. m. , and b. m. burr. 1991. a field guide to freshwater fishes: north america north of mexico. houghton mifflin company, boston, massachusetts. 432 pp .\npage, l. m. , and b. m. burr. 2011. peterson field guide to freshwater fishes of north america north of mexico. second edition. houghton mifflin harcourt, boston. xix + 663 pp .\nsublette, j. e. , m. d hatch, and m. sublette. 1990. the fishes of new mexico. university new mexico press, albuquerque, new mexico. 393 pp .\ntexas natural history collections [ university of texas at austin ]. 1997. february 7 - last update. north american freshwater fishes index (images, maps and information). online. available: urltoken ml. accessed 1997, april 4 .\nu. s. fish and wildlife service (usfws). 1990. endangered and threatened species recovery program: report to congress. 406 pp .\nu. s. fish and wildlife service (usfws). 1994. yaqui fishes recovery plan. u. s. fish and wildlife service, albuquerque, new mexico. iv + 48 pp .\nu. s. fish and wildlife service (usfws). 1995. san bernardino and leslie canyon national wildlife refuges. comprehensive management plan, 1995 - 2015. includes the environmental assessment under separate cover. albuquerque, new mexico .\nnatureserve. no date. full species reconciliation of subspecies - by - watershed source data for freshwater fish, mussel and crayfish for use in the watershed distribution databases .\nstate natural heritage data centers. 1996b. aggregated element occurrence data from all u. s. state natural heritage programs, including the tennessee valley authority, navajo nation and the district of columbia: export of freshwater fish and mussel records west of the mississippi river in 1997. science division, the nature conservancy .\nthe small print: trademark, copyright, citation guidelines, restrictions on use, and information disclaimer .\nnote: all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve' s central databases as of november 2016. note: this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer, the natureserve logo, and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve. any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice: copyright © 2017 natureserve, 4600 n. fairfax dr. , 7th floor, arlington virginia 22203, u. s. a. all rights reserved. each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document. the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve. 2017. natureserve explorer: an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ]. version 7. 1. natureserve, arlington, virginia. available http: / / explorer. natureserve. org. (accessed :\nridgely, r. s. , t. f. allnutt, t. brooks, d. k. mcnicol, d. w. mehlman, b. e. young, and j. r. zook. 2003. digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely, james zook, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson, b. d. , g. ceballos, w. sechrest, m. f. tognelli, t. brooks, l. luna, p. ortega, i. salazar, and b. e. young. 2003. digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson, wes sechrest, marcelo tognelli, gerardo ceballos, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn, conservation international, and natureserve. 2004. global amphibian assessment. iucn, conservation international, and natureserve, washington, dc and arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union, conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used, copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text. any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve. nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication, estoppel, or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve. no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve. except as expressly provided above, nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n). your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nrio sabinal at sabinal, uvalde co. , tx (girard 1857) .\naccording to mayden (1989), at least ten names have been used for this species .\ncooper et al. 1982: 166; grady et al. 1983: 96 .\nmaximum size: 152 mm (5. 98 in) sl (gilbert and burgess 1980) .\ncoloration: dorsal region dark olive with dark middorsal stripe; lateral region silvery - white with large, black caudal spot; ventral region white; with dark pigment in interradial membranes of dorsal fin. breeding males have blue dorsal and lateral regions with fins yellow - white. peritoneum silvery with thick speckling of melanophores (goldstein and simon 1999) .\npharyngeal teeth count: 1, 4 - 4, 1 or 2, 4 - 4, 2 .\ncounts: lateral line scales 37 or less; anal fin soft rays 8 - 9; dorsal fin soft rays 8; pectoral fin soft rays 13 - 17; pelvic fin soft rays 8 .\nmorphology: diamond - shaped scales; slightly decurved lateral line; large eye. breeding males with numerous moderately large tubercles in scattered pattern on head (mayden 1989). short gut (goldstein and simon 1999) .\nu. s. distribution: gulf slope drainages from texas to florida (gilbert and burgess 1980; kristmundsdottir and gold 1996) .\ntexas distribution: in all major drainages in texas. introduced in the rio grande (conner and suttkus 1987) .\n[ additional literature noting collection of this species from texas locations includes, but is not limited to the following: harrell (1978); hrushka (1991); linam et al. (1994); farmer et al. (2004); winemiller et al. (2004); zeug et al. (2005). ]\nmesohabitat: ubiquitously distributed among pools, runs, and riffles with silt, gravel, and bedrock substrates. in the blanco river, texas, c. venusta was most abundant in swift runs in the spring and summer (littrell 2006). species occurred throughout the year in riffle and sandbank habitats, in village creek (neches river), texas. during summer, greatest number collected from sandbank habitats; also found in deep channel and riffle habitats, though none > 47 mm (1. 85 in) sl occurred\nin riffles. individuals < 17 mm (0. 67 in) sl were found predominately in riffle habitats, during fall and winter. juveniles occurred almost exclusively in sandbank mesohabitat, during spring (moriarty and winemiller 1997). riggs and bonn (1959) reported that c. venusta were commonly found in sandy or rocky areas of lake texoma, oklahoma - texas, generally in clearer water of the downstream area; occasionally abundant in the tailwaters, and rarely found in the headwaters .\nin mississippi, late march – early october, with most females reproductive from april - early september (heins and dorsett 1986). according to moriarty and winemiller (1997), in village creek (neches river), texas ,\nrevealed size distribution patterns consistent with a protracted spawning season. edwards (1997) noted that specimens < 18 mm (0. 71 in) sl are present in research museum collections from texas from all except the coldest winter months suggesting a protracted spawning season; spawning activities may occur from mid - february through late november or early december .\n); generally located in flowing water, preferring crevices in current velocities of 0. 30 m / s (1. 00 ft / s) (baker et al. 1994) .\npopulations in reservoirs shifted their preference of current velocity, choosing crevice sites in locations of much lower current speeds (baker et al. 1994) .\nwere observed depositing eggs underneath small boulders and large cobble in a bedrock riffle in the swiftest current velocities available .\n: males respond to sounds produced by spawning females and are able to distinguish these sounds from those produced by related female red shiners (delco 1960). males are territorial, defending a crevice from other males. breeding pair swims along the crevice, the female deposits eggs; usually the sperm has already been released into the crevice, so the eggs are deposited into a crevice with viable sperm. immediately after spawning, the male doubles back and eats any eggs that failed to make it into the crevice. small males (sneakers) try to fertilize eggs by darting between the dominant male and spawning female. both large and small males will enter another male' s territory and deposit sperm in a crevice before the male courts a female to lay eggs in the crevice (heins 1990) .\nup to 340 ova in females from the blanco river, texas (littrell 2006). in southwestern mississippi, clutch sizes ranged between 139 and 459 ova in females 48. 6 - 72. 0 mm (1. 91 - 2. 83 in) sl; average mature ovum diameter was 1. 15 mm (0. 05 in); ovaries in mature females comprised 5. 8 - 19. 1% of the somatic body weight (heins and dorsett 1986) .\nfemales from the pearl river, mississippi, spawned 20 - 46 clutches during the reproductive season (baker et al. 1994) .\nsmallest sexually mature female was 32 mm (1. 26 in) sl ;\nall females greater ≥ 42 mm (1. 65 in) sl were sexually mature (heins and dorsett 1986) .\nin the leaf river system, mississippi, average length (sl) was 24 mm (0. 94 in) for age 1, 46 mm (1. 81 in) for age 2, and 72 mm (2. 83 in) for age 3; populations comprised mainly of age classes 0 and i (s. t. ross, unpubl. data in: ross 2001) .\nreaches about 45 - 60 mm (1. 77 - 2. 36 in) sl\n( edwards 1997). average length (tl) was 45 mm (1. 77 in) for age 0, 66 mm (2. 60 in) for age 1, 90 mm (3. 54 in) for age 3 and older in the blanco river, texas (littrell 2006). cone et al. (1986) reported that flooding in lake texoma (oklahoma - texas) negatively influenced growth .\nlongevity: up to 4 years in the leaf river system, mississippi (s. t. ross, unpublished data in: ross 2001). 4. 5 years in the blanco river, texas (littrell 2006) .\nfood habits: invertivore; benthic and drift (goldstein and simon 1999). diet includes algae, seeds, aquatic and terrestrial insects (hale 1963; hambrick and hibbs 1977). aquatic insects and algae were the most common food items of c. venusta in the blanco river, texas; sediment and detritus were found in 21% of the 36 guts examined (littrell 2006). fish feed primarily during the day (hambrick and hibbs 1977; baker and ross 1981) .\ngyrodactylus baeacanthus (harris et al. 2004). trematoda: pisciamphistoma stunkardi; acanthocephala: neoechinorhynchus cylindratus (arnold et al. 1967). trematode: plagioporus sinitsini (digenea: opecoelidae; mathis 1993) .\nmoriarty and winemiller (1997) suggested that c. venusta may serve as major food resource for piscivorous micropterus punctulatus (spotted bass), during the summer, in village creek (neches river), texas .\narnold, j. g. , jr. , h. e. schafer, r. l. vulliet. 1967. the parasites of the fresh water fishes of louisiana, ii. checklist of parasites. proceedings of the twenty - first annual conference southeastern association of game and fish commissioners. 531 - 543 pp .\nbaker, j. a. , and s. t. ross. 1981. spatial and temporal resource utilization by southeastern cyprinids. copeia 1981 (1): 178 - 189 .\nbrenneman, w. m. 1992. ontonogenetic aspects of upper and lower stream reach cyprinid assemblages in a south mississippi watershed. ph. d. dissertation, university of southern mississippi, hattiesburg. 96 pp .\ncone, r. s. , k. barbour, m. russell, and s. k. simonet. 1986. the effects of flooding on the growth rates of fishes in lake texoma. proc. okla. acad. sci. 66: 21 - 25 .\ncooper, c. m. , l. a. knight jr. , and j. herring. 1982. fish composition in a sediment - laden mississippi delta stream. j. miss. acad. sci. 27: 163 - 175 .\ncope, e. d. 1868. on the genera of fresh - water fishes hypsilepis baird and photogenis cope, their species and distribution. proc. acad. nat. sci. phil. (1867) 19: 156 - 166 .\ndelco, e. a. , jr. 1960. sound discrimination by males of two cyprinid fishes. texas journal of science 12: 48 - 54 .\nedwards, r. j. 1997. ecological profiles for selected stream - dwelling texas freshwater fishes. report to the texas water development board. 89 pp .\nfarmer, n. a. , d. o. ribble, and d. g. miller. 2004. influence of familiarity on shoaling behavior in texas and blacktail shiners. journal of fish biology 64 (3): 776 - 782 .\ngirard, c. 1857. researches upon the cyprinoid fishes inhabiting the fresh waters of the united states of america, west of the mississippi valley, from specimens in the museum of the smithsonian institution. proc. acad. nat. sci. phil. (1856) 8 (5): 165 - 213 .\ngoldstein, r. m. , and t. p. simon. 1999. toward a united definition of guild structure for feeding ecology of north american freshwater fishes. pp. 123 - 202 in t. p. simon, editor. assessing the sustainability and biological integrity of water resources using fish communities. crc press, boca raton, florida. 671 pp .\ngrady, j. m. , r. c. cashner, and j. s. rogers. 1983. fishes of the bayou sara drainage, louisiana and mississippi, with a discriminant functions analysis of factors influencing species distribution. tulane stud. zool. bot. 24 (2): 83 - 100 .\nhale, m. c. 1963. a comparative study of the food of the shiners notropis lutrensis and notropis venustus. proc. okla. acad. sci. 43: 125 - 129 .\nharrell, h. l. 1978. response of the devil’s river (texas) fish community to flooding. copeia 1978 (1): 60 - 68 .\nharris, p. d. , a. p. shinn, j. cable, and t. a. bakke. 2004. nominal species of the genus gyrodactylus von nordmann 1832 (monogenea: gyrodactylidae), with a list of principal host species. systematic parasitology 59: 1 - 27 .\nhay, o. p. 1881. on a collection of fishes from eastern mississippi. proc. u. s. nat. mus. 3: 488 - 515 .\nhildebrand s. f. and i. l. towers. 1928. annotated list of fishes collected in the vicinity of greenwood, mississippi, with descriptions of three new species. bull. u. s. bur. fish. 43 (2): 105 - 136 .\nhrushka, m. r. 1991. study of spatial, and temporal variation in habitat use by two minnow species, notropis amabilis and cyprinella venusta. m. s. thesis, angelo state university, san angelo. 55 pp .\nhubbs, c. , and k. strawn. 1956. infertility between two sympatric fishes, notropis lutrensis and notropis venustus. evolution 10 (4): 341 - 344 .\nhubbs, c. , r. a. kuehne, and j. c. ball. 1953 .\nthe fishes of the upper guadalupe river. texas journal of science 5: 216 - 44 .\nhubbs, c. , r. j. edwards, and g. p. garrett. 1991. an annotated checklist of the freshwater fishes of texas, with a key to identification of species. the texas journal of science, supplement 43 (4): 1 - 56 .\nlinam, g. w. , j. c. henson, and m. a. webb. 1994. a fisheries inventory and assessment of allens creek and the brazos river, austin county, texas. river studies report no. 12, resource protection division. texas parks and wildlife department, austin. 13 pp .\nlittrell, b. m. 2006. can invasiveness of native cyprinids be predicted from life history traits? a comparison between a native invader and a regionally endemic cyprinid and status of an introgresses guadalupe bass population in a central texas stream. master of science thesis, texas state university - san marcos. 61 pp .\nmathis, s. d. 1993. a morphometric study of plagioporus sinitsini mueller (digenea: opecoelidae) from the gallbladder of three cyprinid hosts from the blanco, san marcos, and comal rivers in central texas. master of science thesis, southwest texas state university, san marcos. 44 pp .\nmayden, r. l. 1989. phylogenetic studies of north american minnows, with emphasis on the genus cyprinella (teleostei: cypriniformes). the university of kansas museum of natural history, miscellaneous publication 80: 1 - 189 .\nmoriarty, l. j. , and k. o. winemiller. 1997. spatial and temporal variation in fish assemblage structure in village creek, hardin county, texas. texas journal of science 49 (3): 85 - 110 .\npflieger, w. l. 1997. the fishes of missouri. missouri department of conservation, jefferson city. 372 pp .\nross, s. t. 2001. the inland fishes of mississippi. university press of mississippi, jackson. 624 pp .\nsmith, p. w. 1979. the fishes of illinois. university of illinois press, urbana. 314 pp .\nwarren, m. l. jr. , b. m. burr, s. j. walsh, h. l. bart jr. , r. c. cashner, d. a. etnier, b. j. freeman, b. r. kuhajda, r. l. mayden, h. w. robison, s. t. ross, and w. c. starnes. 2000. diversity, distribution and conservation status of the native freshwater fishes of the southern united states. fisheries 25 (10): 7 - 29 .\nwinemiller, k. o. , f. p. gelwick, t. h. bonner, s. zeug, and c. williams. 2004. response of oxbow lake biota to hydrologic exchanges with the brazos river channel. final project report to the texas water development board. 59 pp .\nzeug, s. c. , k. o. winemiller, and s. tarim. 2005. response of brazos river assemblage to patterns of hydrologic connectivity and environmental variability. trans. amer. fish. soc. 134: 1389 - 1399 .\ncontent provided on this site is for entertainment or informational purposes only and should not be construed as medical or health, safety, legal or financial advice .\nbabble participates in affiliate commission programs, including with amazon, which means that we receive a share of revenue from purchases you make from the links on this page .\nlong, thick, bouncy, beautifully voluminous hair tends to be a sign of vitality and youthfulness, as far as society is concerned, and often times, it just makes us feel pretty and feminine. so as long as my hair looks healthy, shiny, and full of life, i don’t care what age i am, i will keep it longer in length .\nbut as we age, so do our hairs, losing elasticity, thinning, and dulling more as each decade passes. in fact, natural changes that occur over time including our blood flow, the loss of cellular reproduction, hormone changes, and diet can all impact the health of our hair, according to jodi sawyer, rn in her article, fight dull, thinning hair as you age .\neven those of us who are blessed with a thick head of hair have to put some effort into making it look good. and as i age, i want to maintain the quality and longevity of my hair, so i’ve been doing a little research on not only keeping my locks lustrous, but also to offer a little help to my fine haired friends as well .\nmarsha, marsha, marsha! the brady girls had it all wrong! never and i mean never brush your hair when it’s wet! this is a rule of my own that i strictly follow and cringe at the hair salon as my stylist rips through my freshly highlighted and washed hair, then promptly adds heat to make matters worse. wait until your hair is dry or almost dry if you need to brush through it, and always begin at the ends and work your way up! opt for a large toothed comb to protect your hair from breaking .\ntry: detangling comb by conair, available on amazon for $ 2. 99\nmy rule of thumb is one heat styling product per wash. if i blow dry my hair, i try to skip the curling iron. but if i allow my hair to air dry, the following day i can use my curling iron to get soft pretty waves. the trick to making it “look” thicker, fuller, and shinier than it truly may be, is to use a ceramic curling iron. make sure you curl “back” away from your face. you can try this hair tutorial if you need a little guidance .\ntry: hot tools tapered ceramic curling iron, available on amazon for $ 31. 95 .\nat new york’s butterfly studio salon, founder kattia solano swears by kerastase paris new fusio - dose in - salon treatment + home lab, available on amazon for $ 200. 00. the treatment volumizes fine hair with nutrients, such as ceramides, that reconstruct the hair fiber. in an article from bazaar, she says her clients call it the “miracle worker” as it completely changes the look of their hair. you can also opt for the more affordable kerastase fusio - dose concentre substantif intensive replenishing treatment at home one time treatment, available on amazon for $ 98. 00 .\ni make it a habit to get a “trim” every other time i visit my stylist which keeps my hair long and healthy. by the end of summer, my ends are at their limit and i’m usually ready for a “new do” come fall anyway. so save your hair “cut” for the end of summer. and even then, if you’re still in the long hair game, don’t cut more than 2 - 1 / 2 to 3 inches. tip: i usually ask for a long layers and to “clean up” the front. this assures my hair stays long and lays right, without chunky layers that never seem to stay put .\nfor truly fine hair, try john frieda luxurious volume touchably full shampoo (on amazon for $ 4. 79) and john frieda luxurious volume thickening conditioner for fine hair (on amazon for $ 4. 99). they’re affordable and offer thickening, volume, and silkiness to your hair .\nnew to the market (and the affordable one at that) are anti - aging shampoos and conditioners with similar ingredients found in age - defying skin creams like vitamin e and panthenol. i’m excited to try pantene pro - v expert collection agedefy shampoo (on amazon for $ 9. 99), pantene pro - v expert collection agedefy conditioner (on amazon for $ 6. 31), or the pantene expert collection age defy starter kit (on amazon for $ 12. 97) .\nthis not only keeps your hairs hugging each other, but you’ll wake up with pretty waves in the morning and can skip heating tools all together! try a small, clear elastic at your ends. tip: swoop the bottom up into the elastic for a nice “curl” when you take it out. find a tutorial for this braid here .\ntry: pureology colour stylist lustrous volumizer bodifying glaze, available on amazon for $ 19. 06 .\ntry: deva look full head clip in hair extensions ombre, available on amazon for $ 14. 99 .\na delicate formula that transforms quickly into a rich foam that effectively draws out the impurities and build - up on the scalp without stripping the natural oils. leaves hair naturally radiant, soft, and in balanced state — both volumized and moisturized. paraben and silicone free .\nas much as i love great big high ponytails, i only wear them on rare occasions and only a few times a year. right there with brushing my hair when it’s wet, if i use a rubber band to create a high pony tail, i’m guaranteed to lose about 100 hairs in the process. pulling your hair back tightly tends to also break your fragile hairs around the front of your face, so adding an elastic to hold it up all day, is just begging for trouble. if you notice a lot of short, fine, wispy hairs around your face, check your pony tail and rubber band usage and cut it out !\ni love goody spin pins (available on amazon for $ 8. 99) for keeping my high twists, buns, and knots afloat and looking pretty! for at home, i use a multitude of small and large jaw clips to keep it up by simply twisting and clipping. this keeps all my hairs intact and away from my face without breakage .\ntry: goody claw clip, available on amazon for $ 5. 03 .\nuse a facebook account to add a comment, subject to facebook' s terms of service and privacy policy. your facebook name, profile photo and other personal information you make public on facebook (e. g. , school, work, current city, age) will appear with your comment. learn more\nfeathered minnow\ntopwater. rare & nice collectors lure! fishing lure in original box! hand made lure !\nth item is in conditions and state as shown in the photos. matt lollman .\nrare vintage storm pre rapala magnum wiggle wart av - sp # 10 luminous / green / no h - bone. this is an extremely rare and hard to find bait, don' t let this one get away. they do not come around very often, lure is new in package. please see all pictures and email me if you have any questions, i do combine shipping on items won the same day. please check out my other fishing lures and products on my ebay site. thank you for looking and good luck bidding. (white marks are light glare )\nit would be that much more of a gem with the stuff in it .\npart of its original box. this is a huge early saltwater lure rarely found anymore. it is made of wood and has painted tack eyes. it is equipped with uniquely designed heavy duty brass hardware, and 2 very large single hooks .\nthis is a near mint 150 dowagiac 5 hook minnow in orange spot in near mint condition. the correctly labeled box and catalog are in similar condition .\nvintage creek chub bait co. plunking dinger no. 6218 silver flash ge lure & box\nearly 4\ncreek chub plunking dinger wood lure in silver flash with glass eye is in excellent unused condition .\nthe black paint on the lure shows no signs of wear and the painted eyes are in excellent condition. it does not appear to have seen much action .\nbox is in very nice condition with a minimum of wear / staining as pictures show & solid with no split corners on top or bottom & has label end marked\ncreek chub wiggler perch no. 201\nas pictures show! !\nlure is 5, 5\n. used, but good condition for the age. see all pictures for details. all original. 100% authentic .\npflueger famous globe lure no. 3750 game fish bait yel - gold 5 1 / 4\nw rare box\nthat was included in the box when found. the box is original but it pretty beat up but still intact enough .\nhard - to find early fred arbogast perch tin liz with glass eyes and stamped tail. excellent condition with it' s original yellow cardboard chicago v. l. & a. stamped box. super nice combo .\nthey would close their doors on as the millsite steel & wire work in february of 1942. this exact lure can be seen in steves book on page 76. this introductory version model shown was introduced in 1938, the series would continue on being made for four years until 1942 .\n[ froglegs\nlive action\nbuilt in. ]\n. ;\nit kicks with every twitch of the line\n. jenson sporting goods, austin tx .\nvintage eddie' s muskie bait, w / box & paper, hayward, wisc, used. # 503 fg\nhave vintage eddie' s muskie wood (# 503 fg) bait, made in usa (hayward, wisc), used with normal wear, appears there was weight in nose still has steel leader attached to lure, don' t really know how old but was told around 70' s? or 80' s? comes with original box & paperwork, all in really good condition. have 3 day payment at conclusion of my auction good luck and thanks for looking .\ni am selling baits from my personal collection. most are used, some have never been used. check pictures carefully for condition of the baits. if any questions feel free to contact me and i' ll answer asap. will combine shipping at $ 1. 00 per additional lure. please check my auctions as more items will be added weekly. wait until my weekly auction ends for me to send a combined shipping invoice. once items have been paid for you can no longer receive the shipping discount. shipping to continental usa only" ]

{ "text": [ "the beautiful shiner ( cyprinella formosa ) is a species of ray-finned fish in the family cyprinidae .", "it is found in mexico and arizona and new mexico in the united states .", "it is one of 22 species of cyprinella found in north america . " ], "topic": [ 22, 20, 20 ] }

[ "the beautiful shiner (cyprinella formosa) is a species of ray-finned fish in the family cyprinidae. it is found in mexico and arizona and new mexico in the united states. it is one of 22 species of cyprinella found in north america." ]

[ "hay list, black caviar' s great rival, dies | racing. com\nhay list lost his long battle with laminitis in february 2015, aged nine .\nsydney popular sprinter hay list has died after a battle with the hoof disease laminitis .\nhorses champion sprinter hay list was euthanised on tuesday after a battle against the debilitating disease laminitis .\nbut such was hay list' s charisma that some of his most celebrated performances came in defeat .\nsad news with the passing of gutsy sprinter hay list from laminitis. thoughts to mcnair & davenport families\nhay list wins the 2010 manikato stakes, ridden by glyn schofield, and trained by john mcnair .\nall the latest horse racing form, betting odds, news, breeding, jockey and trainer information for hay list. hay list is a gelding born in 2005 august 24 by statue of liberty out of sing hallelujah\njockey glyn schofield rides hay list to victory in the manikato stakes at moonee valley on september 24, 2010 .\nthe winner of three group one races, hay list ran second to black caviar four times at the highest level .\nhay list’s career has drawn comparisons with that of australian leg spinner stuart macgill, whose test career paralleled that of shane warne .\nbeset by hoof problems late in his career, hay list never rediscovered his best after winning the 2012 newmarket handicap with 58. 5kg .\nfittingly, hay list' s final resting place is the property of john and sue mcnair, where the great sprinter was buried standing up facing the sun .\nraced by perth' s davenport family, hay list began his career in the west, winning eight races in the care of jim taylor before being transferred to mcnair .\nmiscellaneous top jockey glyn schofield says hay list is slowly getting back to somewhere near his best after he pleased his jockey in an important track gallop at gosford on tuesday .\nmiscellaneous the rain - affected randwick track was the major factor in trainer john mcnair electing to scratch hay list from saturday' s $ 125, 000 group iii missile stakes (1200m) .\nhay list’s career was brilliant in its own right, as he won 15 of his 28 starts, including the 2012 newmarket handicap, the 2010 manikato stakes and the 2011 all aged stakes .\nhay list, the brilliant sprinter who won three group 1 races, over $ 2. 5 million in prizemoney and a legion of fans as black caviar’s chief rival, has been put down after an ongoing battle with laminitis .\nno australian galloper took it to black caviar quite as hay list did in the tj smith stakes of 2011, with the burly warhorse charging clear at the top of the straight only to be mown down by the world champion mare .\novercoming chronic hoof problems to compete with the very best, the hulking hay list' s record would have been as imposing as the horse himself had he not run second to black caviar in no less than four group one races .\na winner of 15 of his 28 starts and over $ 2. 5 million in prizemoney, hay list wowed crowds with a trio of group one victories in the newmarket handicap (2012), all aged stakes (2011) and manikato stakes (2010) .\nmiscellaneous troubled group i winning galloper hay list will be inspected by vets at randwick on saturday ahead of his first - up run in the group iii missile stakes (1200m) after his trainer john mcnair reported to stewards that synthetic hoof filler has been applied to one of the gelding' s hooves .\nhay list (aus) b. g, 2005 { 8 - j } dp = 4 - 2 - 6 - 0 - 0 (12) di = 3. 00 cd = 0. 83 - 28 starts, 15 wins, 6 places, 0 shows career earnings: a $ 2, 559, 575\ntheir battle in the tj smith became one of black caviar’s iconic moments as hay list shot three lengths clear of the mare at the top of the randwick straight. for an instant she looked in trouble, but she overpowered her great rival to claim what was her 12 th consecutive win. she would famously go on through 25 starts unbeaten .\nthe nine - year - old, who thrilled crowds with his efforts against champion black caviar, was euthanised on tuesday .\nhe achieved an international rating of 125, two points higher than reigning world leaders lankan rupee and terravista .\nthe gelding had a history of hoof and leg problems throughout his career and overcame many obstacles to get back to the track .\nafter his retirement in 2013, he spent his days at the nsw central coast property of his trainer john mcnair and his wife sue .\nhis regular jockey glyn schofield, who visited the ailing horse last month, said he would be missed .\nno horse has ever meant so much to me. rip my big friend ,\nschofield tweeted .\nthe pair combined to win many races including the 2010 manikato stakes and 2012 newmarket handicap. schofield missed the winning all aged stakes ride when he fell earlier in the day and glen boss took the reins .\n* four group one seconds to black caviar in the 2011 and 2012 lightning stakes, the 2011 tj smith and 2011 btc cup .\n* new customers only. turnover and bet requirements apply. t & c' s apply. excl nsw, wa, sa & vic. gamble responsibly .\neditorial queensland racing has copped plenty of whacks over the past few years but ben dorries reckons you are captain grumpy if you aren' t excited by saturday’s doomben 10, 000 .\nhorses western australian gallopers have become an ever - increasing influence on racing in the eastern states .\nmiscellaneous trainer mick price is eyeing off the group i coolmore stud stakes for lion of belfort after the three - year - old colt overcame adversity to win the $ 250, 000 blue sapphire (1200m) at caulfield on saturday .\nmiscellaneous one of the better pointers to a winner can be a gear change and racenet has all the gear adjustments for saturday' s metropolitan meetings online .\nmiscellaneous unbeaten mare atlantic jewel sent potential rivals an ominous statement of intent with a blistering 800 metre jumpout down the home straight on the course proper at flemington on friday morning .\nmiscellaneous speed machine rain affair is the opening favourite for saturday' s $ 125, 000 group iii mcgrath real estate agents missile stakes (1200m) at randwick on saturday .\n* new customers only. turnover & bet requirements apply. t & c' s apply. excl nsw, wa, sa & vic. gamble responsibly .\nis gambling a problem for you? call gambling help on 180 0858 858 or visit www. gamblinghelponline. org. au\nyour screen name will be seen by the racenet community when you participate in discussions or comment on our content .\nyou' ll receive an email shortly with instructions on how to reset your password .\n{ { race. shorttrack } } r { { race. number } }\n© 2018 racing victoria limited (rv) and other parties working with it. vic and sa racing materials, including fields, form and results, is subject to copyright which is owned respectively by rv and trsa and other parties working with them .\nthe nine - year - old had endured considerable pain in recent times with the condition and john mcnair, his trainer, who had kept the retired champion on his property, told the daily telegraph that nothing more could be done to relieve the suffering .\n“i realised today we are only keeping him going for our sake, not his, ’’ mcnair said .\n“he has been fighting this condition since mid - december and in the last few weeks he was taking two steps forward, five steps back. ”\nhe built a reputation as an emerging star with eight consecutive wins in western australia before he found his way east to mcnair’s gosford stables .\nhe announced himself as a genuine star when he won the group 3 healy stakes in june 2010 at eagle farm by five lengths before claiming three consecutive wins in the melbourne spring .\nhowever, he was on a collision course with australia’s greatest ever sprinter, running second behind black caviar in the 2011 lightning stakes, tj smith, btc cup and 2012 lightning stakes .\nhad he been born in another era, he could have won a swag of group 1 races and built a record equal of many of the best .\nowner: mr. t. j. davenport, miss j. davenport, ms. k. m. davenport, mrs. e. a. davenport, mr. p. a. davenport breeder: mr. t. j. davenport, wa state bred: wa winnings: 28 starts: 15 - 6 - 0, a $ 2, 559, 575 1st: 2010 manikato stakes (aus - g1, t1200m), 2011 all aged stakes (aus - g1, t1400m), 2012 vrc newmarket handicap (aus - g1, t1200m), 2010 gilgai stakes (aus - g2, 1200m), 2011 stevco challenge stakes (aus - g2, 1000m), 2010 w j healy handicap (aus - g3, 1200), 2010 mcewen stakes (aus - g3, 1000m) 2nd: 2011 / 2012 lightning stakes (aus - g1, t1000m), 2011 tj smith stakes (aus - g1, t1200m), 2011 btc cup (aus - g1, t1200m), 2012 william reid s (aus - g1, t1200m) euthanized february 03, 2015 due to laminitis which he' d been fighting since mid - december. he was buried standing up, facing the sun, at former trainer john mcnair' s property. (close )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwinx' s staying power as one of the world' s top rac ...\nelate is returning in the grade 2, $ 750, 000 delawa ...\nno horse has ever meant so much to me. rip my big friend .\nr8 the shorts (of $ 201, 700) barrier 10, winning time: 1: 03. 26, sp: $ 10 in - running: 800m 9th, 400m 9th sectionals: 600m 0: 34. 19\nr3 concorde $ 2, 500 (of $ 125, 800) barrier 1, winning time: 0: 56. 09, sp: $ 7. 50 in - running: 800m 6th, 400m 6th sectionals: 600m 0: 33. 80\nr9 t j smith (of $ 1, 005, 000) barrier 9, winning time: 1: 09. 65, sp: $ 41 in - running: 800m 4th, 400m 4th sectionals: 600m 0: 36. 09\nr7 challenge $ 8, 750 (of $ 176, 700) barrier 2, winning time: 0: 56. 16, sp: $ 4. 20 in - running: 800m 2nd, 400m 1st sectionals: 600m 0: 33. 13\nr6 w reid $ 72, 000 (of $ 410, 000) barrier 4, winning time: 1: 10. 27, sp: $ 1. 55f in - running: 800m 2nd, 400m 2nd sectionals: 600m 0: 34. 40\nr6 newmarket $ 605, 000 (of $ 1, 005, 000) barrier 14, winning time: 1: 08. 72, sp: $ 3. 80f in - running: 800m 3rd, 400m 3rd sectionals: 600m 0: 34. 18\nr6 lightning $ 135, 000 (of $ 752, 500) barrier 7, winning time: 0: 55. 53, sp: $ 12 in - running: 800m 1st, 400m 2nd sectionals: 600m 0: 31. 82\nr7 btc cup $ 80, 000 (of $ 405, 500) barrier 6, winning time: 1: 08. 85, sp: $ 5. 50 in - running: 800m 1st, 400m 1st sectionals: 600m 0: 32. 87\nr7 all aged $ 243, 300 (of $ 403, 300) barrier 7, winning time: 1: 26. 21, sp: $ 2. 40f in - running: settled 1st, 800m 1st, 400m 1st sectionals: 600m 0: 36. 06\nr5 t j smith $ 200, 000 (of $ 1, 003, 300) barrier 10, winning time: 1: 08. 71, sp: $ 21 in - running: 800m 1st, 400m 1st sectionals: 600m 0: 34. 77\nr5 challenge $ 106, 900 (of $ 176, 900) barrier 1, winning time: 0: 56. 89, sp: $ 1. 65f in - running: 800m 3rd, 400m 2nd sectionals: 600m 0: 33. 33\nr6 lightning $ 135, 000 (of $ 752, 500) barrier 9, winning time: 0: 57. 20, sp: $ 5. 50 in - running: 800m 4th, 400m 2nd sectionals: 600m 0: 32. 95\nr5 patinack classc $ 15, 000 (of $ 752, 500) barrier 2, winning time: 1: 07. 96, sp: $ 3. 40 in - running: 800m 3rd, 400m 3rd sectionals: 600m 0: 33. 36\nr8 gilgai $ 151, 500 (of $ 251, 500) barrier 9, winning time: 1: 08. 20, sp: $ 1. 55f in - running: 800m 1st, 400m 1st sectionals: 600m 0: 33. 66\nr6 manikato $ 307, 000 (of $ 507, 000) barrier 1, winning time: 1: 09. 94, sp: $ 1. 50f in - running: 800m 1st, 400m 1st sectionals: 600m 0: 34. 20\nr6 mcewen $ 121, 500 (of $ 201, 500) barrier 4, winning time: 0: 59. 60, sp: $ 2. 50f in - running: 800m 3rd, 400m 2nd sectionals: 600m 0: 35. 27\nr6 healy stk $ 112, 000 (of $ 175, 000) barrier 11, winning time: 1: 08. 69, sp: $ 3f in - running: 800m 1st, 400m 1st sectionals: 600m 0: 33. 63\nr6 june stks $ 20, 000 (of $ 100, 000) barrier 5, winning time: 1: 04. 59, sp: $ 6. 50 in - running: 800m 3rd, 400m 3rd sectionals: 600m 0: 35. 46\nr5 reeves (of $ 202, 000) barrier 9, winning time: 1: 03. 69, sp: $ 1. 50f in - running: settled 1st, 800m 1st, 400m 1st sectionals: 600m 0: 34. 54\nr3 hcp $ 32, 500 (of $ 50, 000) barrier 1, winning time: 0: 56. 31, sp: $ 1. 85f in - running: settled 1st, 400m 1st sectionals: 600m 0: 32. 51\nr2 wltr $ 32, 500 (of $ 50, 000) barrier 1, winning time: 0: 57. 42, sp: $ 1. 28f in - running: settled 2nd, 400m 2nd sectionals: 600m 0: 33. 06\nr5 wltr $ 34, 500 (of $ 52, 000) barrier 4, winning time: 1: 21. 99, sp: $ 1. 50f in - running: settled 1st, 800m 1st, 400m 1st sectionals: 600m 0: 34. 85\nr3 0 - 86 $ 32, 500 (of $ 50, 000) barrier 4, winning time: 1: 11. 12, sp: $ 1. 30f in - running: settled 1st, 800m 1st, 400m 1st sectionals: 600m 0: 34. 09\nr2 0 - 80 $ 32, 500 (of $ 50, 000) barrier 1, winning time: 0: 57. 25, sp: $ 2. 50 in - running: settled 1st, 400m 1st sectionals: 600m 0: 33. 46\nr5 3y hcp $ 32, 500 (of $ 50, 000) barrier 8, winning time: 1: 09. 16, sp: $ 4 in - running: settled 3rd, 800m 3rd, 400m 2nd sectionals: 600m 0: 34. 81\nr2 3y hcp $ 32, 500 (of $ 50, 000) barrier 3, winning time: 1: 10. 89, sp: $ 3. 20 in - running: settled 1st, 800m 1st, 400m 1st sectionals: 600m 0: 34. 46\nr2 3yc & g 0 - 67 $ 14, 625 (of $ 22, 500) barrier 9, winning time: 0: 58. 01, sp: $ 4. 40 in - running: settled 1st, 400m 1st sectionals: 600m 0: 34. 06\n18 + know when to stop. don’t go over the top. gamble responsibly. think! about your choices. call gambling help on 1800 858 858 or visit urltoken or urltoken .\nladbrokes track report - 2015 cox plate, manikato stakes + more..." ]

{ "text": [ "hay list ( 24 august 2005 – 3 february 2015 ) was a thoroughbred racehorse trained and bred in australia .", "he won manikato stakes and all aged stakes , two group one races .", "he was known as one of the major rivals of undefeated mare black caviar .", "hay list won the 1 million-dollar newmarket handicap in a close finish on 10 march , 2012 .", "hay list won the race carrying 58 and a half kilograms , a feat not accomplished for over 60 years .", "against all odds hay list returned to racing after suffering from a fractured knee following a colic surgery in 2012 .", "he was later retired in october 2013 due to long standing issues with his hind foot and the development of a respiratory noise while galloping .", "in january 2014 hay list again defied the medical text books by making a full recovery from a second colic surgery during which his entire caecum had to be removed .", "hay list was euthanised on 3 february 2015 after suffering from laminitis .", "he was 9 years old . " ], "topic": [ 22, 14, 27, 14, 14, 14, 16, 7, 14, 15 ] }

[ "hay list (24 august 2005 – 3 february 2015) was a thoroughbred racehorse trained and bred in australia. he won manikato stakes and all aged stakes, two group one races. he was known as one of the major rivals of undefeated mare black caviar. hay list won the 1 million-dollar newmarket handicap in a close finish on 10 march, 2012. hay list won the race carrying 58 and a half kilograms, a feat not accomplished for over 60 years. against all odds hay list returned to racing after suffering from a fractured knee following a colic surgery in 2012. he was later retired in october 2013 due to long standing issues with his hind foot and the development of a respiratory noise while galloping. in january 2014 hay list again defied the medical text books by making a full recovery from a second colic surgery during which his entire caecum had to be removed. hay list was euthanised on 3 february 2015 after suffering from laminitis. he was 9 years old." ]

[ "for the genus of snails from family bithyniidae, see gabbia (gastropod) .\ngabbia is a genus of a freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic prosobranch gastropod mollusks in the family bithyniidae .\nglöer & pešić (2012) recognized gabbia as a subgenus of the genus bithynia .\nspecies bithynia australis e. a. smith, 1882 accepted as gabbia smithii (tate, 1882) (invalid: secondary homonym of gabbia australis tryon, 1865; bithynia smithii and b. tryoni are replacement names )\nspecies bithynia robusta h. adams, 1870 accepted as gabbia robusta (h. adams, 1870) (original combination )\nspecies bithynia affinis e. a. smith, 1882 accepted as gabbia affinis (e. a. smith, 1882) (original combination )\ngabbia is a 2003 independent short - film directed by italian filmmaker francesco roder, who also wrote the script. it stars mexican actress claudia soberón .\ngabbia is a 2003 independent short - film directed by italian filmmaker francesco roder, who also wrote the script. it stars mexican actress claudia soberón .\npuillandre n, strong ee, bouchet p, boisselier mc, couloux a et al. (2009) identifying gastropod spawn from dna barcodes: possible but not yet practicable. mol ecol resour 9: 1311 - 1321. doi :\nspecies bithynia tryoni e. a. smith, 1887 accepted as gabbia smithii (tate, 1882) (unnecessary replacement name for bithynia australis e. a. smith, 1882 )\nfossils of freshwater mollusca from the fluvio - lacustrine sediments of the kathmandu basin are collected from localities in the upper part of the lukundol formation, of late pliocene to early pleistocene age, and the gokarna formation, of late pleistocene age. despite the temporal differences of the two localities, the dominant molluscan species in each locality are similar. the fossil molluscan fauna in the older lukundol formation is entirely composed of prosobranch gastropod shells belonging to the genus bellamya and opercula of the genus digoniostoma. the fauna in the younger gokarna formation includes similar prosobranch species with addition of one prosobranch species, along with three pulmonate gastropods, an unidentified terrestrial gastropod and a bivalve species. the additional prosobranch species belong to the genus gabbia, and the pulmonate gastropods are of the genera lymnaea, gyraulus, and planorbis. the only bivalve species belong to the genus pisidium .\n( of digoniostoma annandale, 1920) annandale n. & seymour sewell r. b. (1920). progress report on a survey of the freshwater gastropod molluscs of the indian empire and of their trematode parasites. indian journal of medical research. 8: 93 - 124. page (s): 103, 104 [ details ]\nthe genera wattebledia and bithynia formed monophyletic clusters as well, but gabbia did not. the selection of neotricula aperta gamma strain (in the same superfamily) from genbank as the outgroup appeared legitimate as it clustered separately from other snails in family bithyniidae. increased taxon, geographic, and gene sampling would be worthwhile to further explore the two ‘barcode outliers’ and the ability of coi to infer geographic provenance and phylogenetic affinities in this group .\ngabbia began production in early 2002, with a story that evolved from a 1 - minute video commercial screenplay to a 13 - minutes short - film script. the video was shot in late 2002 in sacile, a small town in north italy. mexican actress claudia soberón was cast as the lead after the first collaboration with the director francesco roder on the short film' l' ultimo grido'. her astonishing performance earned her the' best actress' award at the italian' notte di corti' in 2005. the premiere took place at the gradisca international video short film festival: the short film took the' quality student film' certificate from a jury headed by renowned italian filmmaker franco giraldi. the short film was then released in several other short film festivals in italy. a positive review was published in the popular' urltoken', considered one of the biggest web sites about horror films. gabbia\nis a really well crafter short - film\nwith\na solid direction by young francesco roder\nand starring\nan extraordinary claudia soberon\n, wrote reviewer federico caddeo .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nthis species is widely distributed in southern and northern india with no documentation of major threats and hence it is assessed least concern. in nepal it is found in low numbers and it is also reported from ganga river (nesseman\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nvan damme, d. , do, v. , garcía, n. , tran, l. & allen, d .\nthe species has a wide distribution. there is no information on threats to the species, but it is found in anthropogenic habitats and is assessed as least concern .\n1985, kim 2008) and to western taiwan (province of china). the species has been recorded from viet nam (bến tre province) and china (yuyao (\nand chiangshan (shandong province) ). in taiwan it is recorded from hsiaoliouchyou island on the western coast (chao\nfound in pools, ponds and paddy fields and other slow - moving waters. it is also an intermediate host for opisthorchiid liver flukes clonorchis sinensis .\nit is a common species in south asia, with no species specific threats. it is therefore assessed as least concern .\nthe species is found in india, myanmar, nepal, and pakistan and it should be looked for in bangladesh and bhutan. in india, it has been reported from uttar pradesh, andhra pradesh, karnataka and pondicherry (univ. of michegan mus. zool .) punjab, sikkim, assam, bihar, delhi, jharkhand, manipur, nagaland (naga hills), maharashtra, punjab, rajasthan, uttar pradesh, and west bengal (subba rao 1989; ramakrishna and dey 2007, nesemann\nthis species is abundant in stagnant water bodies but the population trend is unknown .\nit is found in stagnant waters such as small ponds, paddy fields and small streams. this species is the intermediate host of many (cercariae) trematodes (sewell 1922) .\ndiscover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal. plos one promises fair, rigorous peer review, broad scope, and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time .\ncitation: kulsantiwong j, prasopdee s, ruangsittichai j, ruangjirachuporn w, boonmars t, viyanant v, et al. (2013) dna barcode identification of freshwater snails in the family bithyniidae from thailand. plos one 8 (11): e79144. urltoken\ncopyright: © 2013 kulsantiwong et al. this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding: the study was supported by the higher education research promotion and national research university project (nru) of thailand, and the office of the higher education commission, ministry of education of thailand and through the health cluster (shep - gms), khon kaen university, thailand. jutharat kulsantiwong thanks the office of the higher education commission for supporting her phd program (che) in the department of parasitology, faculty of medicine, khon kaen university, thammasat university, and udonthani rajabhat university. the funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript .\nmolecular taxonomic methods have been used extensively to complement morphological approaches for species identification, and for establishing phylogenetic relationships [ 1 - 10 ]. particularly, species identification through dna barcoding has seen rapid adoption over the past decade. prior dna barcode studies have clearly established their effectiveness in the delimitation of animal species, and also contributed several advantages [ 11 - 13 ]. the ability of dna barcoding to identify all life stages has particular importance in medical parasitology, where it is not only important to identify the parasite and its final host, but also all its life stages and its intermediate hosts. thus, a multidisciplinary method of classification that includes morphological, molecular and distributional data is an essential prerequisite for understanding the epidemiology of any parasite - induced disease [ 7 ] .\nthe present study is the first to explore the application of dna barcoding in species identification in the family bithyniidae. we analyzed variation of the coi barcode region within 10 species / subspecies of bithyniidae using pairwise sequence comparisons. we then examined the effectiveness of dna barcoding in differentiating among these species .\nadult snails of the family bithyniidae (superfamily rissoacea) were collected with wire - mesh scoops or by hand in 2009 and 2010 from four regions of thailand: north, northeast, south, and central (figure 1, table 1). these regions were selected based on results from previous studies [ 26, 28, 35 ]. each collection site was recorded and its gps coordinates were determined using a garmin ® nuvi 203 (garmin (asia) co. , taiwan). the specimens for this study were collected mostly from public water reservoirs where no permits were required. owners of the private localities (a rice paddy and a waterfall) were asked for their permission. the owners gave their verbal consent for samples to be collected. all species of those snails are not endangered or protected. the snails were sorted and identified following the protocols in brandt [ 26 ], chitramvong [ 36 ], and upatham et al. [ 37 ]. in addition two subspecies (b. s. siamensis and b. s. goniomphalos) were categorized by geographic distribution .\neach snail was subsequently examined for trematode infections by testing for cercarial shedding twice within a week. prior to cercarial shedding, the snails were cleaned with dechlorinated tap - water. shedding was induced under 25 w electric light bulbs for 2 hours at room temperature during the day. for species that shed cercaria at night, black covers were used to achieve total darkness and snails were allowed to shed overnight. uninfected snails were soaked in phosphate buffered saline (pbs) containing antibiotics (200 unit / ml of penicillin and 100 µg / ml of streptomycin) for 3 to 4 hours before extraction of dna to ensure that bacterial contamination was minimized .\neach snail was dissected to remove its soft body parts, and kept at - 20 °c until further analysis. each specimen was labeled, databased and imaged. all specimen records are in the project ‘jut - mitochondrial dna barcodes identification for snail in family bithyniidae in thailand’ on bold, the barcode of life data systems [ 38 ] .\ntotal genomic dna was extracted from whole snail tissue using methods similar to those in winnepenninckx et al. [ 39 ]. snail tissue was first homogenized in lysis buffer (2% w / v cetyltri - ammonium bromide; ctab, 1. 4 m nacl, 0. 2% v / v β - mercaptoethanol, 20 mm edta, 100 mm trishcl ph 8, 0. 2 mg / ml proteinase k), and then incubated at 55 °c for 6 hours. subsequently, proteins were precipitated using phenol / chloroform (1: 1) once, followed by phenol / chloroform / isoamylalcohol (25: 24: 1), centrifuged at 13, 000 g for 10 min (4 °c) twice, and finally washed with chloroform (1: 1). the upper aqueous layer was removed, and dna was precipitated in isopropanol (2: 3 v / v), mixed gently by inverting the tube a few times, put on ice for 15 min, and then spun in a microcentrifuge at 13, 000 g for 5 min. after centrifugation, the supernatant was discarded; the dna pellets were washed in 75% absolute ethanol, and centrifuged at 13, 000 g for 5 min. after air - drying, the dna pellet was re - suspended in te buffer (10 mm tris, 1mm edta, ph 8. 0) and stored at - 20 °c until analysis. the dna concentration and purity were estimated by spectrophotometer (nanovue, ge healthcare uk limited, buckinghamshire, uk) at an absorbance of 260 and 280 nm wavelengths. the extracted genomic dna was then diluted to a working concentration of 10 ng / µl .\npcr protocols followed those used by the canadian centre for dna barcoding [ 40 ], with slight modifications. the pcr reaction was performed on a geneamp® pcr system 9700 thermo cycler (applied biosystem, foster city, ca). the partial mitochondrial coi gene was amplified using the primers shown in table 2 [ 41, 42 ] in a total reaction volume of 50 µl. the amplification reaction consisted of 10xpcr buffer for 5 µl, 10 mm dntp for 0. 25 µl, 50 mm mgcl 2 for 2. 5 µl, forward primer for 0. 5 µl, reverse primer for 0. 5 µl, platinum taq polymerase for 0. 24 µl, h 2 o for 36. 01 µl and template for 5 µl. standard conditions for coi gene amplification included initial denaturation at 94 °c for 1 min, five cycles of 94 °c for 30 sec, annealing at 45 - 50 °c for 40 sec, and extension at 72 °c for 1 min, following by 30 to 35 cycles of 94 °c for 30 sec, 51 to 54 °c for 40 sec, and 72 °c for 1 min, with a final extension at 72 °c for 10 min, followed by an indefinite hold at 4 °c [ 43 - 45 ]. pcr products were visualized on a 1. 5% agarose gel and the specific band was cut and its dna purified and then sequenced in the biochemistry department, faculty of medicine, khon kaen university; pacific science co. ltd (bangkok, thailand) and at the biodiversity institute of ontario, canada .\nforward and reverse dna sequences were assembled, and edited using chromas version 2. 23 [ 46 ], bioedit v. 5. 0. 6 [ 47 ] and codoncode v. 3. 01 (codoncode corporation, dedham, ma). alignment and homology analysis were performed using clustal x v. 1. 8 [ 48 ] and mega 4 [ 49 ] with pairwise nucleotide sequence divergences calculated using the kimura 2 - parameter (k2p) model [ 50 ]. base composition and distance summaries were obtained using the tools provided on the bold workbench (www. boldsystems. org) [ 38 ], but only sequences ≥ 350 bp were included in the analysis. a neighbour - joining (nj) tree was also created using bold to provide a preliminary display of the sequence divergences .\nten species / subspecies of bithyniidae were collected from sites across thailand (figure 1 and figure 2). a total of 217 individuals of these species / subspecies were analyzed for coi, and neotricula aperta gamma strain (family hydrobiidae, superfamily rissoacea) from genbank (accession: af af188222. 1 gi: 11493624 and af188220. 1 gi: 11493620) was used as outgroup. all 217 specimens were identified using morphological characteristics of the adult shells, radular patterns, geographic distribution [ 35 - 37 ], and confirmed by a malacologist. from 1 - 6 individuals of each species / subspecies from each of the five regions were analyzed, as shown in the neighbour - joining tree (figure s1). the sequences, and trace files, are available on bold (project: jut) .\nthe pairwise sequence divergences were different among species / subspecies (table s1). intraspecific k2p distances averaged 2. 3±0. 001% (range 0 - 9. 2 %), 4 - fold less than the mean congeneric sequence divergence of 8. 7±0. 002% (range 0 - 22. 2 %). the highest mean intraspecific sequence divergence for an individual species was 4. 93±0. 22% (range 0 - 9. 2 %) for wattebledia crosseana reflecting the fact that members of this species fell into two distinct sequence clusters (table 3). the mean sequence divergence across the family was also high, averaging 17. 1% (range 13. 0 - 21. 3 %). the distributions of intraspecific and interspecific divergences showed limited overlap (figure 3), because most (65. 4 %) intraspecific sequences showed less than 2% divergence while 83. 4% of the interspecific sequences possessed more than 3% divergence. as a result, sequence divergences for these snails are similar to those in previous barcoding reports on other organisms [ 2, 12 ]. hebert et al. [ 12 ] reported that coi sequence divergences among animal species from interspecific coi divergences within the phylum mollusca averaged 11. 1±5. 1% .\npairwise distances (k2p) for coi sequences from snail species in the family bithyniidae separated into two categories: (a) intraspecific; (b) interspecific .\nthe high intraspecific divergences in w. crosseana and g. wykoffi could indicate the presence of previously unrecognized cryptic species. dna barcoding has proven invaluable at detecting cryptic species, which in many cases, are subsequently corroborated by life history, morphological or other character sets [ 51 - 54 ]. for these two snail species, the clusters represent allopatric populations with no apparent morphological differences, so it is currently unclear if they represent merely isolated populations or separate entities with differences yet to be revealed. conversely, the sharing of identical barcode sequence in g. pygmaea and one northern thailand population of g. wykoffi may be indicative of introgressive hybridization, incomplete lineage sorting, misidentification, or a previously unrecognized synonymy. further investigations into these groups are necessary to untangle and confirm these predictions and the use of more holistic approaches to delimit species boundaries will be beneficial .\nan important finding in the present study is that the three first intermediate hosts (b. s. siamensis, b. s. goniomphalos and b. funiculata) of southeast asian liver fluke can all be distinguished by coi barcodes. all three taxa of bithynia sp. form monophyletic clusters, with 1. 5% divergence between the two subspecies of b. siamensis and both subspecies had 7. 1% divergence from b. funiculata (table 3). because the two subspecies of b. siamensis are morphologically indistinguishable, the capacity of dna barcoding to discriminate them is significant. moreover, morphological similarity has created taxonomic confusion and difficulties in the accurate identification of b. s. siamensis and b. s. goniomphalos which are currently believed to be distributed in the north, central, south and northeast of thailand [ 26, 29, 36 - 38 ]. as well, the capacity to rapidly diagnose all stages of the host’s life cycle is essential for better understanding of the epidemiology of this parasite - induced disease .\nthe barcoding success for the bithyniid species examined in this project was 80% , with nearly all taxa forming discrete monophyletic clusters (figure 4). the two exceptions are g. pygmaea and one population of g. wykoffi, which share an identical coi sequence (see above). these two taxa might possibly be cryptic species. however, the adult size of g. wykoffi is double that of g. pygmaea. distinct paraphyly was found in w. crosseana. the results indicated that w. crosseana samples from different localities may well represent cryptic species because they are morphologically similar but genetically distinct. cryptic species of w. crosseana might be resulted from some factors such as different localities which would develop to different genotype. g. wykoffi was separated into more than one geographically - restricted cluster respectively comprising collection localities from the central, north or northeast regions of thailand. these clusters might be cryptic species according to this analysis as same as w. crosseana. however, more comprehensive analyses of the systematics of these taxa using more specimens, representing their known geographic distribution, as well as more evidence from independent biological investigations, are required before this hypothesis can be verified .\nneighbour - joining tree (k2p) for 10 species / subspecies of snails in the family bithyniidae .\nthe number of individuals for each branch is given in parentheses. a detailed version of this tree, including locality information, is provided in figure s1 .\nsimilar studies which have also been reported in other organisms [ 52 - 59 ], yet over all dna barcoding has proven reliable in identifying species in more than 90% of the organisms investigated [ 60 ]. the neighbour - joining tree and me analysis also revealed that in general, individuals tended to cluster in accordance with collection localities (supporting information, figure s1, s2). the results from me analysis were very similar to the neighbor - joining analysis so the latter was used to generate diagrams .\nin summary, the present study has studied genetic - variation in ten species / subspecies of bithyniidae from thailand using coi. sequence divergences were lower for intraspecific than congeneric comparison. using coi, 80% of the studied snail taxa could accurately identified. in comparison with other methods for identifying snails in this family, dna barcoding is quicker, easier and more applicable, it is suitable for young snail identification which will be beneficial for understanding the epidemiology of opisthorchiasis transmission .\nneighbour - joining tree (distance model: kimura - 2 - parameter) of profile and test taxa; includes a list of bold with process id, taxa names, length of sequence and locality .\nminimum evolution tree (me) of 218 coi sequences of 10 species / subspecies of snails in the family bithyniidae. the number of individuals for each branch is given in parentheses .\nwe thank the staffs of the biodiversity institute of ontario, university of guelph, ontario, canada, especially mr. sean prosser for providing technical advice. dr. jeff webb aided with data analysis, while dr. jeremy r. dewaard provided valuable comments on the manuscript. we also thank assistant professor dr. pairat tarbsripair, the malacologist who confirmed our identification species of the specimens. fieldwork that provided the basis for this work would not have been completed without the gracious support from dr. pairat tarbsripair, dr. supawadee piratae, dr. panita khampoosa, chalermlap donthaisong, patpicha arunsan, dr. apiporn suwannatrai, and kulwadee suwannatrai .\nconceived and designed the experiments: jk st wr tb vv jr. performed the experiments: jk. analyzed the data: jk sp jr tb pp. contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools: jk sp pp pdnh. wrote the manuscript: jk st vv pp pdnh. collected specimens: sp. commentation: wr tb .\nthomas w, davis gm, chen ce, zhou xn, zeng px et al. (2000 )\n( gastropoda: rissooidea) in eastern china: molecular phylogeny, population structure, and ecology. acta trop 77: 215 - 227. doi :\nspecies (mollusca: planorbidae). parasitology 123: s197 - s209. pubmed :\njones cs, rollinson d, mimpfoundi r, ouma j, kariuki hc et al. (2001) molecular evolution of freshwater snail intermediate hosts within the\ndavis gm, wilke t, spolsky cm, qiu cp, qiu dc et al. (1998) cytochrome oxidase i - based phylogenetic relationships among the pomatiopsidae, hydrobiidae, rissoidae and truncatellidae (gastropoda: caenogastropoda: rissoacea). malacologia 40: 251 - 266 .\n) (mollusca, caenogastropoda, hydrobiidae) ]. zookeys 190: 55 - 79. pubmed :\nin the basin of mun and chi river, thailand by rapd. m. sc. thesis: the graduate school, khon kaen university, khon kaen, thailand. .\nby pcr. m. sc. thesis: the graduate school, khon kaen university, khon kaen, thailand. .\n( gastropoda: planorbidae), with emphasis on endemic species of the great east african lakes. zool j linn soc 151: 337 - 349. doi :\n: a review of the identification of species and the detection of infected snails. acta _ trop 111: 1 - 6. pubmed :\nkiatsopit n, sithithaworn p, boonmars t, tesana s, chanawong a et al. (2011) genetic markers for studies on the systematics and population genetics of snails ,\nhebert pdn, cywinska a, ball sl, dewaard jr (2003) biological identifications through dna barcodes. proc r soc lond b 270: 313 - 321. doi :\noxidase subunit 1 divergences among closely related species. proc r soc lond b 270: 96 - 99. doi :\nferri e, barbuto m, bain o, galimberti a, uni s et al. (2009) integrated taxonomy: traditional approach and dna barcoding for the identification of filarioid worms and related parasites (nematoda). front zool 6: 1 - 12. doi :\ninfection: pathogenesis and clinical features. arzneimittel forschung 34: 1167 - 1169. pubmed :\nosman m, lausten sb, el - sefi t, boghdadi i, rashed my et al. (1998) biliary parasites. dig surg 15: 287 - 296. doi :\nmairiang e, mairiang p (2003) clinical manifestation of opisthorchiasis and treatment. acta trop 88: 221 - 227. doi :\nsripa b, leungwattanawanit s, nitta t, wongkham c, bhudhisawasdi v et al. (2005) establishment and characterization of an opisthorchiasis - associated cholangiocarcinoma cell line (kku - 100). world j gastroenterol 11: 3392 - 3397. pubmed :\nsripa b, kaewkes s, sithithaworn p, mairiang e, laha t et al. (2007) liver fluke induces cholangiocarcinoma. plos med 7: 1148 - 1155. pubmed :\ninfected syrian golden hamsters. cancer res 38: 4634 - 4639. pubmed :\nand cholangiocarcinoma in northeast thailand. parasitol today 8: 86 - 89. doi :\n). iarc monogr eval carcinog risks hum 61: 121 - 175. pubmed :\nsithithaworn p, haswell - elkins mr, mairiang p, satarug s, mairiang e et al. (1994) parasite - associated morbidity: liver fluke infection and bile duct cancer in northeast thailand. int j parasitol 24: 833 - 843. doi :\nvatanasapt v, parkin dm, sriamporn s (2000) epidemiology of liver cancer in thailand. in: v. vatanasaptb. sripa. liver cancer in thailand: epidemiology, diagnosis and control. khon kaen, thailand: siriphan press. pp. 3 - 6 .\nwatanapa p, watanapa wb (2002) liver fluke - associated cholangiocarcinoma. br j surg 89: 962 - 970. doi :\nhonjo s, srivatanakul p, sriplung h, kikukawa h, hanai s et al. (2005) genetic and environmental determinants of risk for cholangiocarcinoma via\nin a densely infested area in nakhon phanom, northeast thailand. int j cancer 117: 854 - 860. doi :\nbrandt ram (1974) the non - marine aquatic mollusca of thailand. archiv mollusken 105: 1 - 423 .\ntropmed technical group (1986) snails of medical importance in southeast asia. southeast asian j trop med public health 17: 282 - 322. pubmed :\nsri - aroon p, butraporn p, limsomboon j, kerdpuech y, kaewpoolsri m et al. (2005) freshwater mollusks of medical importance in kalasin province, northeast thailand. southeast asian j trop med public health 36: 653 - 657. pubmed :\nrollinson d, stothard jr, jones cs, lockyer ae, de souza cp et al. (1998) molecular characterization of intermediate snail hosts and the search for resistance genes. mem inst oswaldo cruz 93: 111 - 116. doi :\n( motschulsky) (coleoptera: dytiscidae). syst entomol 30: 499 - 509. doi :\nrojo s, stahls g, perez - banon c (2006) testing molecular barcodes: invariant mitochondrial dna sequences vs. the larval and adult morphology of west palaearctic\nspecies (diptera: syrphidae: paragini). eur j entomol 103: 443 - 458 .\nshufran ka, puterka gj (2011) dna barcoding to identify all life stages of holocycliccereal aphids (hemiptera: aphididae) on wheat and other poaceae. ann entomol soc am 104: 39 - 42. doi :\nchitramvong yp, upatham es (1989) a new species of freshwater snail for thailand (prosobranchia: bithyniidae). walkerana 3: 179 - 186 .\nchitramvong yp (1991) the bithyniidae (gastropoda: prosobanchia) of thailand: comparative internal anatomy. walkerana 5: 161 - 206 .\nchitramvong yp (1992) the bithyniidae (gastropoda: prosobranchia) of thailand: comparative external morphology. malacol rev 25: 21 - 38 .\nsri - aroon p, butraporn p, limsoomboon j, kaewpoolsri m, chusongsang y et al. (2007) freshwater mollusks at designated areas in eleven provinces of thailand according to the water resource development projects. southeast asian j trop med public health 38: 294 - 301. pubmed :\nupatham es, sornmani s, kitikoon v, lohachit c, burch jb (1983) identification key for the fresh - and brackish - water snails of thailand. malacol rev 16: 107 - 132 .\nratnasingham s, hebert pdn (2007) bold: the barcode of life data system. retrieved onpublished at whilst december year 1111 from .\nwinnepenninckx b, backeljau t, de wachter r (1993) extraction of high molecular weight dna from mollusks. trends genet 9: 407. doi :\ncanadian centre for dna barcoding (ccdb) (2008) advancing species identification and discovery. available :\nfolmer o, black m, hoeh w, lutz r, vrijenhoek r (1994) dna primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit i from diverse metazoan invertebrates. mol mar biol biotechnol 3: 294 - 299. pubmed :\nivanova nv, zemlak ts, hanner rh, hebert pdn (2007) universal primer cocktails for fish dna barcoding. mol ecol notes 7: 544–548. doi :\nivanova nv, dewaard jr, hajibabaei m, hebert pdn (2005) protocols for high volume dna barcoding. available :\nivanova n, grainger c (2006) pre - made frozen pcr and sequencing plates. ccdb advances, methods release no. 4. available: .\n. ca / pa / ge / research / protocols / ccdb - advances. accessed 30 nov 2008 .\n. ccdb advances, methods release. retrieved onpublished at whilst december year 1111 from .\n. retrieved on. published at whilst december year 1111 from / pa / ge / research / protocols / ccdb - advances. accessed 30 nov 2008 .\nhall t (2008) bioedit sequence alignment editor for windows 95 / 98 / nt / xp. available: .\nlarkin ma, blackshields g, brown np, chenna r, mcgettigan pa et al. (2007) clustal w and clustal x version 2. 0. bioinformatics 23: 2947 - 2948. doi :\ntamura k, dudley j, nei m, kumar s (2007) mega4: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis (mega) software version 4. 0. mol biol evol 24: 1596 - 1599. available :\nkimura m (1980) a simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. j mol evol 16: 111 - 120. doi :\n. proc natl acad sci u s a 101: 14812 - 14817. doi :\nsmith ma, rodriguez jj, whitfield jb, deans ar, janzen dh et al. (2008) extreme diversity of tropical parasitoid wasps exposed by iterative integration of natural history, dna barcoding, morphology, and collections. proc natl acad sci u s a 105: 12359 - 12364. doi :\n( robertson) species group (hymenoptera, halictidae). zootaxa 2032: 1 - 38 .\noxidase i and internal transcriber spacer sequences. int j parasitol 40: 333 - 343. doi :\nmeyer cp, paulay g (2005) dna barcoding: error rates based on comprehensive sampling. plos biol 3: e422. doi :\nmeier r, shiyang k, vaidya g, ng pkl (2006) dna barcoding and taxonomy in diptera: a tale of high intraspecific variability and low identification success. syst biol 55: 715 - 728. doi :\n( diptera: calliphoridae). proc r soc lond b 274: 1731 - 1739. doi :\nlinares mc, soto - calderón id, lees dc, anthony nm (2009) high mitochondrial diversity in geographically widespread butterflies of madagascar: a test of the dna barcoding approach. mol phylogenet evol 50: 485 - 495. doi :\ndo these subject areas make sense for this article? click the target next to the incorrect subject area and let us know. thanks for your help !\njustification: this species has wide distribution in south india and occurs in large numbers in both natural and man made lentic habitats. hence it has been assessed as least concern .\nthis species has wide distribution and has been reported from kerala, karnataka and andra pradesh, india (ramakrishna and dey 2007). it has also been reported from punjab, but its correct identification in the area is doubtful .\nthere is no information on population trends and structure for this species. but when they occur, they are found in large numbers up to 20 individuals per m 2 (a. madhyastha pers. obvs .) .\nthis species found mainly in lentic water bodies such as ponds, tanks, ditches and man made habitats such as paddy fields and marshes. they are seen attached to aquatic vegetation as well .\nthere are no recorded threats to this species. its a very generalist species found in man made habitat also (aravind pers. obvs .) .\nno information available on the conservation action for this species, but none needed .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: c9a9a61a - 2b9c - 4f0b - 8365 - 678db1d165c9\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: b4370366 - 8bfd - 4823 - 92aa - 2072b6d9cba3\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 243937\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nan empty room. small. dark. dirty. a young woman is pushed in and the door is locked. it' s the beginning of the worst nightmare as her entire freedom is slowly taken away from her. forever .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 9 / 30 / 2016. the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe bithyniidae (mollusca: gastropoda: prosobranchia) of thailand: their comparative morphology, taxonomy and systematic relationships .\njavascript is disabled for your browser. some features of this site may not work without it .\nspecies bithynia hambergerae a. reischütz, n. reischütz & p. l. reischütz, 2008\n» species bithynia (digoniostoma) lithoglyphoides (nesemann & g. sharma, 2007) represented as bithynia lithoglyphoides (nesemann & g. sharma, 2007 )\nsubgenus bithynia (hydrobia) w. hartmann, 1821 accepted as hydrobia w. hartmann, 1821\n» species bythinia (hydrobia) proximoides capellini, 1880 † accepted as pseudamnicola proximoides (capellini, 1880) † (new combination (cf .) )\nspecies bithynia scalaris fuchs, 1877 † accepted as bythinella megarensis bukowski, 1896 † (secondary homonym of bythinella scalaris (slavík, 1869); bukowski (1896) invented b. megarensis as replacement name )\nspecies bithynia stanleyi e. a. smith, 1877 accepted as gabbiella stanleyi (e. a. smith, 1877) (original combination )\n( of bithynia (pseudemmericia) schlickum, 1968 †) schlickum, w. r. (1968). die gattungen briardia munier - chalmas und nystia tournouer. archiv für molluskenkunde. 98: 39 - 51. page (s): 47 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of bithynia (opisthorchophorus) beriozkina, levina & starobogatov, 1995) vinarski m. v. & kantor y. i. (2016). analytical catalogue of fresh and brackish water molluscs of russia and adjacent countries. moscow: a. n. severtsov institute of ecology and evolution of russian academy of science. 544 pp. [ details ]\n( of paludina (bythinia) stein, 1850) rolle, f. (1860). die lignit - ablagerung des beckens von schönstein in unter - steiermark und ihre fossilien. sitzungsberichte der kaiserlichen akademie der wissenschaften, mathematisch - naturwissenschaftliche classe. 41 (1), 7 - 46. , available online at urltoken page (s): 35 [ details ]\n( of bithynia (bithynia) leach, 1818) glöer p. & pešić v. (2012) the freshwater snails (gastropoda) of iran, with descriptions of two new genera and eight new species. zookeys 219: 11–61. [ 4 september 2012 ] [ details ]\n( of bulimus scopoli, 1777) wenz, w. (1923 - 1930). fossilium catalogus i: animalia. gastropoda extramarina tertiaria. w. junk, berlin. vol. i: 1 - 352 pp. (1923), vol. ii: 353 - 736 pp. (1923), vol. iii: 737 - 1068 pp. (1923), vol. iv: 1069 - 1420 pp. (1923), vol. v: 1421 - 1734 pp. (1923), vol. vi: 1735 - 1862 pp. (1923), vol. vii: 1863 - 2230 pp. (1926), vol. viii: 2231 - 2502 pp. (1928), vol. ix: 2503 - 2886 pp. (1929), vol. x: 2887 - 3014 pp. (1929), vol. xi: 3015 - 3387 pp. (1930). , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of bithynia (digoniostoma) annandale, 1920) glöer, p. ; bössneck, u. (2013). freshwater molluscs from nepal and north india with the description of seven new species (gastropoda: bithyniidae, lymnaeidae, planorbidae). archiv für molluskenkunde. 142 (1): 137 - 156. [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n> stream xœc '` 'a '` òc 'b '°0f\u0010f @ \u0000a\u0006f # \u0003ãŠ, †\u0006vf¾ = n »š¢\u0018²ãþ†, ol¾dãààhóg ^ ±ñâ•óŸx \\ œôvðoå \\ 1) ód’p¢¢z¡¢¢bº\u0010ˆ©¨¨\u000068 # € ½\u0018¤¯ú\u0001i6 æ\u0000k 'àc4±fx } €! úþï†7í»\u0018\u0000™y. á endstream endobj 83 0 obj <\nþï: \bprkb«¾© ~ \u0017²óûü©jzŽsŸ¥˜ŒxyŒ \\ j. \u0000pzˆíü³è | (ñòeyz) @ ïñ‹\u0015 *. ª = \u0003 + ‰ ^ ¸ \u0018a / + €ëg. ý, ãôë% §eŽ3—\u0001®ì‘ýb / ”h2? } \u000e /? wŽš\u0019 / ïêcnóx–xŒýåo µï + ¶mnödâ7üºø7‡cgˆ°’Œ¯üè§5 (ƒæ¼, mú–•¹ë‚ = [ & ] àªéœafs«% aŒñ\u0006†°t\nˆ1\u0019šþôõô –\u0017ätàùq6ìþ íl®¤² ~ èm\u0019¦åŠ€\u0019 (ëŒ5 ^ ½ 9óŒc. 1l3\u0012ö < ¼ > ð¡ü - \u0017ñó \u0015ò“ø„—9 & \u0016r\u0011 [; ky3\u0014á\u0019em% ìûk; ú! 2¥nœ6¶ 'h• (˜1¦ówé5nì \u0017œ6zç„òêœñf\u0006 ] íëat5d\u0013ù\u0015sf\u001b\u001bv1³©ùxo\u0000ïú! x\u0019×sö | \\ lw¼d\u0014t®êð < \u0002\u0016sa’ªâ±‹z¿èqm = \u0006 }, qŒ) ª ±ùùxk\u001aec% †o¼’þ¦ôîî\u0014¤®w¯ öû zìã! q. ? 2“òítéì $ ·nŸ0£% ´pc§ahc¼›µs < 2êè\bi€ôc\u0011\u0016m < 5‡\u0012m2m­\u0015aŠr÷ümqôu±\u001a §šŽ—qrç) 6frç3äìÿq, % '\u0012c; iz„\u0000è [) o \u0017\u000fny4ëù\n$ 泍 = y\u0015àc + u 'â\u0002\u0018lèõsí\nöŠj { iâð &, - 40\u001aæô\u001a\u0018è @ ”pl\u0005d% 49t× c\u0007¢––dºmŸç“ä§s߃ { w‹\u0004\nð - ÷\u0011¡6ú¿­‹1ˆ¯¼ $ æz? \u0010\u0019¾ß | øq # ¤) ð% ô², 2Œf¶š©äv { \u0019홱w­! \u0001¦m\u0000ð ^ 2£äj & - ° l5 \\ l \u000fë²\u0018ñk (] òâèŽsê '# •kú $ „° '\u0004. ”n둸 }? ¬4 \u0003 } áz­ó\u001a: ø\u0016 £ ‡6ˆž“î²íú) ð±9ºü¾ô¨\u0019mwîr¼ (¢ ækî p f\u000e òb # q \\ ø6\u0012† ¹hk¥úe3? ‘ï `? k¶òx¬ - v8 * à) ñy¬kt) «\u0017†ö\u0005’ \\ r÷ = \u0000®n· \\% \u0000•b4v ^ éûmšëãl\u0005ó ] ¡g°ð > ©ñ > + l£×2 ƒ°ô0’©yriú Šã½èù9ï ^ \\ ¹\u0003·ø% ? ã6rª \u0004† > ïíª\u0015þî‹ [ v _ r—­ôœƒú 6 î5c\b blá\u000e 첇b\u001b¿ sj™i¡\u0010nò [ uªt\u0007s îª\u0006h·: så '\u0012™ïï ^ w0\nóµ\u0004ôrå–\u0000if8\u0016 °óæ\u0014 } n«, \u0013\u0003êåoóª | húznw \u0006k\u0017áçõg6ñ\u00031í푞ô ³zìåÿ¥ < = ¦môûrwh\u0017i\nà§î䂄ë + shìñœ xvç\u0007y”! t—µr ¹èt¢œj–õ‡äìáxéïi0ï£ða \u0006 ~ åõj ²æ˜clšvìpks™ka»b ì þç\u0019 } \u0006% æòý‰rî' \u0019±\u0011¹ @ \by > þb˜ö\u000efx ÿ / â | \u0003% Šî®£ø˜”34h / oüdîò¶¹ & º) tà\u0015“hóŠfþŸ\u0013õ¨ß * ê2h ýꕃ (å— @ ˜·b¸ \u001b—ó\u0015í¯\u0013m˜¿¦§ã ^? sõõ + ù¤\u0016góˆíª5v°ì (âà¾\u0005 ™ _ y; þ×¼ @ ¬ali! &? \u0019i\u0018y¿z = †\u0005 [? % @ ›ö§\u0013t·û²wß\u0010. . - ³, žûãþv\u0002÷bµðöyü–\u0005ð5\u001bfd±véfñ\u0006ìû\u0018' t < ¬ { = ½u‹ + 꿀s / ^ } »¬0\u0000prê 1xhâ / xãr\u0019¸ / ’¹wxç, —\u0001óƒyk _ lqrú\u001b·ýódq <? ¤ ²\u0004ø¶ ý \u0010ipf\u0006·™7y½uú €Ž ^ òäéø³3doxéƒ e \u0003y9ˆ¼\u0002aå\u0012b | ¬já: m„ª } 7o\u000e²o\u0010™ cæ? < \u0017t4rc\u0002zµç¼¾ { wª2úe / ë´i < çë ] k† # ½ùjr¥‘‚ \\ ¯üý \\ ø’dßwi | ûl\u0007ñ¢ç2dë£ûöôù¡9Ž ^ ë\u0012ì\u001al = c = ‚\u0016ä * ì ›mþ\u000e‡3ö2ªŽ±úmþ $ ¥0. œg\u001a\u0005w / ~ “\u0011\n¬àº ß øv \\ ûxve | uóø r§9wy | åº\u0016wa\u0007eú\u0017«w¼a¾ ^ v\u0002êsz) v = f­c¾ ~ g»¹ì { k±8‰èzjh® e\u0018h7­r\u0012›¼âî [ j\u0002 = \u0015ò¬¤ïîfþ - º”½o\u0012ìátyve›0pø€óojq = 6tiã\bhkßúf×æ\u0007±å\u0011% j \u0013ùm & qxwt; 粗¾j ] ‚! m. , òlå; , u‹—° vºávíþ£\u0010嘌4ƒtö. ì‰áƒ - ý\u0019 ] ‚þ‡llä’b / åi²e èíöm / ±\u0011\u0011% 1 | ö’ [ ì¶d蚂\u000f6z4• ² } û2\nwù—f‹k\u0011l | ñšyçŒl ¾ìcfë 'g íz\u0003hå¡èº\u0010ó­ë\b ð‹z\u0018ûqr1% fý (ë _ ê (êý”, ñä \u0017ýèk! e¢û _ = 0¦ = 'êðæòmøû & ïäaôö9÷è\u0013tf\u000ey½r¯b höà = } ãiëåòu { òè™p3 [ \u0017 \\ c4a­\u0011špœ\u0001½\u0006ä = Ÿãve­7\u0019øë% zp󖻲6ዠê\u0012\u000f˜gÿô°ûóåz»ÿ¬¿¸â¡áúûè\u000eïxµ ðý ~ j ‹óó﫲ôcz‚£\u000e™íííŠ\u0019 } ^ \u000e”wþpùú»ãë\u000f•\u0011ú¦õ = ïa { b›d\u0015\u0000ñëñtô¬yì\u000eõj [ ŒŒdû - 0¦ \u0000€åc¹; \u0007òæ£pa \u0011sû3\u0017! ˆ\u001b\u0006ðú\u001b«\u0012! * ³x = ÷ô¤t! öh ³jn\u00079 {% ‰ > ú { \u0001 = ‹ér0 ø³—ׄf‡% ½\u0014ÿ슚è’\u0013\u001aó\u0013z ] \u0013 \\ +  \\ øiñk‘ î쥡颴ð\u0006‡! lz. $ y¹\u0000pqû¥ } ez: g‘9¤; ø \\ _ æë c\u0010çô\u00175¬ x5khמ (‘à¯qµý >? ® < »cߢá¶\u0005\u000f2ì * 5Š­®qx²òz } f⛠] ‘f\u0019väêõŸä\u0004¤åë = «ð { sçü ›± * »vv¾ð5ö‹‚38¢‡blþä÷ _ o (ì¯hïè귛™ü °ª©» o +, «a) ô * 1«\u0004‰éüú  - ¬’—ƒˆ—g—€ys5s†‘æé + ÷øò\u0005ï\u0002ú\u0001û\u0002®ñê3 ~ äz —¦xé k 旺ï\u0015àc jv $ m\u0006e * †œ š¾ï\u0002搃4\u000fˆöy) ‘tìwŠ .) ¢sçŽ4àé ] ê ^ 8 ø°áô f￙pá _ 5: s¡æýí³ÿ\u00075\u0001 endstream endobj 88 0 obj <\nì _ \u0012ðò < ã / ûî´sê |. õ\u001aî\u0012áå / ¤6ý _ £ó\u0016\u0014¥f´øc 릗€w©ð8ÿw±“gý\u0000\u0011´uìêð­b ^ ê\u0003·fµ®ïdp¸r« ´¥à»¡nc\u000f ­vgû ~ êqˆ / äýuìm³n\u0001smcƒäôâ¯ã\u0017ib \\ síj‰î? s\u0010½ñªzâ\u0017 _ @ ô / p < üûø0v\u0003¿ÿu¢ú\n2e\u0019é\u001b™v‡bw©zp„øá8·á\u0002\u0001\u0010y\u000fbâcïñbp²¡bùm\u00129×y×üŽ' \u0010 & v; ïqlðü { mg\u0015ªü (àé½ * daîü˜s¡üéiÿ ^ $ z¿ $ \u0000 ^ wc\u0007\u0002\u0012 Ÿ¬\u0002³Š _ já¼å\u0000; œ = \u0013p\u0014q¹½uƒ¸¦Ž¢9ìýadãki€zä!  > è\u000f > w°ºìš™flu€¢, å ôqqg­ [ ÿ ~ ¬âéý $\nj \u0019©\naá z - ë’h¯¨¢c® < 4 /' tãûfu | ßï€fj\u0002—\u0003÷ôh©y±øp '\u0017\u0005\u0005ôj\b‚ïw! \u0002ëþ¨rý; àð\u0017m; \u0005 & j; \u0016ép lx±¯r§îi \u0016jˆ / ] @ ¢ ] ø; Ÿp æ) j×ïv¤þŽ§±\u0018l\u0018g8“\u0017í5. ! 7pû\u0001âët, \u0016ìa¢¢ã½\u0004ìêôø»ù\u0016¯àv\u0001c8îŸ: < \u0015ß\bujáô£újÿ @ ¼\u001aa = éý $ àî < üf£é | –þz < ’æ’º§î' «ÿü‰l; ¾ | ¬›jõüf d±„äø¸% z (éœ à\u0001ᣛ«ò, “îƒ\u0005 o\u0007Ÿ * («9fw˜4l´! \u0003µb‡\u0017pi 'e” ¦ * ¢Š’\u0006 àíw×ó¸\u000epî \\ ¦\u0016ª™¥\u000es¢úi¥û9t l²\u0005°nûzúïò% \u0002‘¬ï8i4ð\u0019% '¸z _ ‹× '\u0012 & h -; ¹×9w\u0011ê \\? Ÿi (\u001bõ\u001aŸ < ¿4o¯äq“ $ \u0003­ïåúôŒnk ×þo4 @\nt—¦ ] הµnœ¼ | èúë < š, ©ôù¼ (ŸkfùzŸÿo‰5ýfµ ð\u000f5r\u0014m†®æó\n繜±q @ aicˆæ } äà ˜æ3 gð\u0018ùoëø­ > äx\u0005ãgk²‡\u0011 >\nc¥¥\u0006ëù‘\n\u0011ˆŽn } †àèóðaåå\n\u0002 0þlþà? n ì‰íº÷ü \\ pí뗺 nmžüpwþì¢ö\u0006\u0011 €ðx·\u001b\u0016ï§6º«ázþç„y $ ½' a ~ (¹, ¥v¹ + \u0016‡ @ þŒcó¦·½Šâ0\u0007i ‘‰: —õp @ êˆt - ëqí + üŠèt '- „·”àu½\u000epó\u001a: †ç\u0002\u001b„òºû1 añˆšûµâpö [ †åù5v¢z®ö3™\u000ef = \u00031ê€ü ]? v³ñ\u0010ukû µ‹ } e\u001b›\u0004Š ê\u0002\u0010û\u00045–þcªöþ¤tº’£aëy\u001aj\u0005õ / j\u0005´è‹ (´£mpëf¦”\u0018è£uïçn¯\u0003 \u0004à§x¹ / é ] ï ¦›q\u0018Žqèùd”' ¹â; ‹ (> ì\u0012 # êím\u0017²‘\bé¼ @ \u0016qû' ©\u00189yú¾äo { ù\u0014€f\u0003h¼qæbþ\u0013 ^ ó _ òëíf\u0018õdøô š\u0005²ãƒp ~ \u000eåfárù¶rúÿ ^ ý ñy * aýj! ²n\u0004 ãõ‡bšq8€ái ca * \u0015‹¯æj†\u0013; ¿½\u0004ó˜¸ñùˆçzøùï \u001bhòzë\u0016öï°3¥ir£; ÿ. öc1—ˆz\u0004p¯¼\u0018\u0016vâ4\u0000\ntº: ‚¤æ‹î' ×q\u0014 > c: - z! Š1ï\u0011\b™\u0016‚\n›u\u0010×\u0004t³˜q¤‰j = tþ1ãyµá < } x ~ ø # \u0015qœo­t·\u001aá ~ ûõ‹\u000eõÿ, “ß\u0011üded‚ûszµŠø { \\ ãr4t k { Šêé±fõ4nê †f > ±hž / £íépr¦¾»¶ïqñî µá§hò, ëª & \u0003Š / ÿ\u0001\u0019–Ž ] åq + ¾ ÷ ó [ ¶\n·ãþ©6ïyxæ\u0015\u001a•ï÷‘ä”uù²³mh ‚xèá\u001b. e¸y\u00136¯ 4 > ð”  jlþ3‹e6õw»£‘ŠŠš / ï ‘ §³¤´æ–îdtêáwú\u0000äj\u0013á\u0007 ¸ð¡4t '+ ‡®á¤‰– < à’t¡×†\u0006o¾\u0013ë\u0004hâ9½3yf ïãŸùl¯w\u0000\u0016\u001b‰7¹t øu\u0019ìùž - ±øñ\u0015å­¨\u001b } —õý8í·÷\bõô) ñ¡­û\u0002 ¾õpƒåó× yzg6z [! ñé% - 1¼ # êsë ƒ q\u0018ºü‘ÿ\u001aê麎žqo' Žê + ¶\u0012ïu2ã ³. ö\u0016xêø / ñ\u0014þê | 'ö®én / ³\u000e¤¸†ù1⠍ú\u0002\u001b ~ õ $? ëqùp: esué\u0018èä: ? < òwzn©ä\u001a\u0011k ]) ‚’õw”7žh³ly ÷omgëæ”efó - ê: »óá傗m8; 0÷\u001b 8híþ‚ @ { h¿‹ \\ ë\u0005y£\u001b \\ o4‚\u0002òw–c\u0011\u0006ä\u00047 \\: 5p\u001brwü¨yÿ. \u001aí\u0019fìe + z r: óçÿ¬\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0002\u0000! \u0001\u0001\u0000\u0000\u0000ø\u0000\u0002\u0003ÿýÿ\u0002þþþÿÿÿÿ\u0000\u0000\u0001ô\u0000\u0000\u00008'. ë'. \u0002siâ\u001b ¯µþg\u001b\bi\u0012ñû\u000fxy < ®4uõe '°š®h‚ \u0012·ˆj˜õâ×ã { ÷ã? ©\u0016ô0tj\u0005ñï û\u0001å\u0016—픉 ¦ï / \u0004ƒt0z è '¯ç @ ò®· þcõ ^ n\u0004ñr\u0014 & ¦Ž·ñ\u0004v—¡r\u0011”òõp ý\u0016; † v ] † (\u0017¸™ ¶û\u0005· ÿ? ¡ˆk - (9\u00158äˆñ wsßñé¤ñ! e\u0013ñë4¤×\ndistribution and abundance of macrozoobenthic species were investigated in open and shaded sites of tropical freshwater pond ecosystems in kolkata. water temperature of open sites was higher than the shaded sites but transparency value was lower at the lighted sites presumably related with the production of phytoplankton in the presence of sunlight. diversity of species was recorded highest (26 species) along with total benthos density (5999 no / m 2) at slightly illuminated open site. mean biomass was also highest at the slightly illuminated open site. total benthos density of macrozoobenthos was lower at the fully shaded and fully lighted sites. the greater occurrence and abundance of most macrozoobenthic species - including total benthos density and biomass at the slightly illuminated open site was probably associated with microhabitat suitability supported by moderate presence of macrophytes. higher quality food (algae and algal detritus) and thermal suitability as well as phototactic attraction of motile epibenthic gastropods and other organisms contribute to the greater abundance and production of biomass at this site .\n, 20th ed. , washington, dc: american public health association, 1998 .\nbehmer, d. j. and hawkins, c. p. , effects of overhead canopy on macroinvertebrate production in a utah stream ,\ncowell, b. c. and vodopich, d. s. , distribution and seasonal abundance of benthic macroinvertebrates in a subtropical florida lake ,\nlearner, m. a. , wifflams, m. h. , and hughes, b. d. , a survey of the macrofauna of the river cynon, a polluted tributary of the river taff (south wales) ,\nnirmalakumari, k. r. and nair, n. b. , relative abundance of predatory aquatic insects in the chackai canal, trivandrum, india ,\npandit, a. k. , pandit, s. n. , and kaul, v. , ecological relations between invertebrates and submerged macrophytes in two himalayan lakes ,\npearson, t. h. and rosenberg, r. , macrobenthic succession in relation to organic enrichment and pollution of the marine environment ,\npeeters, e. t. h. m. , gylstra, r. , and vos, j. h. , benthic macroinvertebrate community structure in relation to food and environmental variables .\nweatherhead, m. a. and james, m. r. , distribution and diversity of benthic macroinvertebrates in relation to physical and biological variables in the littoral zone of nine new zealand lakes ,\nroy, m. & nandi, n. c. russ j ecol (2010) 41: 428. urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nin the lukundol formation, fossil molluscan shells are abundant but poor in number of species and the assemblage is dominated by lacustrine taxa preferring permanent lentic water body of shallow depth. conversely, in the gokarna formation, species diversity is comparatively higher, with inhabitant of the shallow lacustrine to marginal less stable habitats. the fossil molluscan faunal composition is more similar to the recent fauna that inhabits the warmer southern terai region of nepal .\nacademic and professional development sub committee of the nepal geological society and nepal geological students’ society in collaboration with central department of geology has organized a training and interaction program entitled “mining and engineering geology in field” on 23 rd asadh 2075 at the conference hall of the central department of geology, kirtipur .\nnepal geological society p. o. box no. 231 kathmandu, nepal freephone: + 977 - 01 - 4437874 email: info @ urltoken" ]

{ "text": [ "gabbia is a genus of a freshwater snails with an operculum , aquatic prosobranch gastropod mollusks in the family bithyniidae .", "glöer & pešić ( 2012 ) recognized gabbia as a subgenus of the genus bithynia . " ], "topic": [ 2, 26 ] }

[ "gabbia is a genus of a freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic prosobranch gastropod mollusks in the family bithyniidae. glöer & pešić (2012) recognized gabbia as a subgenus of the genus bithynia." ]

[ "coleophora macedonica is a moth of the coleophoridae family. it is found in italy, croatia and the republic of macedonia .\ncoleophora ornatipennella hübner, 1796 = eupista ornatipennella (hubner, 1796) = tinea ornatipennella hübner, [ 1796 ] = porrectaria ornatea haworth, 1828 = coleophora agrammella rebel 1935 .\ncoleophora vibicella hübner, 1813 = multicoloria vibicella (hubner, [ 1813 ]) = tinea vibicella hübner, [ 1813 ] = ornix vibicipennella treitschke, 1833 = coleophora brunneella müller - rutz, 1922 .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 3 / 28 / 2016. the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nitaly, gerona, monte, 460 m, 6. 7. 2015, leg. & coll. skyva, det. richter ig. , gp 23806 igr\nbulgaria, pernik, bosnek, 950 m, 9. 8. 2013, leg. karsholt, det. richter ig. , coll. zmuc, wingspan mm .\nbulgaria, pernik, bosnek, 950 m, 9. 8. 2013, leg. karsholt, det. richter ig. , coll. zmuc, gp 23279 igr\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nje ne saurais que trop vous conseiller l’ouvrage du groupe d’etude des invertébrés armoricains sur les pyrales de la manche. a retrouver sur le site pour le commander .\naustria, belgium, bulgaria, great britain, hungary, germany, spain, italy, the netherlands, poland, portugal, romania, slovakia and the soviet union - the european part of france, the czech republic, switzerland, yugoslavia .\nregions of the russian federation: the volga - don, mid - volzhsky, south ural .\n[ 85 ] urltoken (insecta. pro previous version / cтарая версия insecta. pro )\nnote: you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments. please, create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc. .\nalbania, austria, belgium, bulgaria, hungary, germany, greece, italy, poland, romania, slovakia, france, czech republic, switzerland, estonia, yugoslavia .\nregions of the russian federation: the volga - don, central european, western caucasus, kaliningrad, lower volga, mid - volzhsky, south west siberian, south ural .\nalbania, austria, great britain, hungary, germany, greece, spain, italy, corsica, crete, latvia, malta, the netherlands, portugal, romania, sardinia, sicily, slovakia, france, czech republic, switzerland, sweden, estonia, yugoslavia .\naustria, belgium, france, germany, greece, denmark, ireland, spain, italy, corsica, crete, latvia, lithuania, netherlands, norway, poland, portugal, sardinia, sicily, the ussr - the european part, finland, france, czech republic, switzerland sweden, estonia, yugoslavia." ]

{ "text": [ "coleophora macedonica is a moth of the coleophoridae family .", "it is found in italy , croatia and the republic of macedonia .", "the larvae feed on the leaves of hyssopus officinalis and possibly thymus species . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 8 ] }

[ "coleophora macedonica is a moth of the coleophoridae family. it is found in italy, croatia and the republic of macedonia. the larvae feed on the leaves of hyssopus officinalis and possibly thymus species." ]

[ "teldenia moore, [ 1883 ]; lepid. ceylon 2 (2): 119; ts: teldenia alba moore\nteldenia specca; [ mob8 ]: 20, pl. 6, f. 33\nteldenia unistrigata; [ mob8 ]: 20, pl. 6, f. 30\nhave a fact about teldenia nivea? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for teldenia nivea? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a fact about teldenia desma? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for teldenia desma? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nteldenia specca wilkinson, 1967; trans. r. ent. soc. lond. 119: 314\nteldenia alba moore, [ 1883 ]; lepid. ceylon 2 (2): 120, pl. 124, f. 1, 1a - b; tl: ceylon\nwilkinson, 1967 a taxonoic revision of the genus teldenia mooore (lepidoptera: drepanindae: drepaninae) trans. r. ent. soc. lond. 119: 303 - 362\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb: the taxon name search is for single names only. for example, to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren, 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nne. himalaya, w. china - borneo, sumatra, palawan, buru, new guinea. see [ maps ]\npeninsular malaysia, borneo, sumatra, philippines, sulawesi, new guinea. see [ maps ]\nacidalia niveata pagenstecher, 1896; ent. nachr. 22 (4): 52; tl: celebes\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy .\ncopyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons, inc. all rights reserved\nenter your email address below. if your address has been previously registered, you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password. if you don' t receive an email, you should register as a new user\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nsign in to disable all ads. thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word. leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nthis page is under constant construction. this means that at any time new species can be added. please check this page now and then for more information .\nthe drepanidae are in papua represented by two subfamilies: thyatirinae (6 species) and drepaninae (46 species) .\nsingapura swinhoe, 1892 ssp. continua (warren, 1899) leucospila joicey & talbot, 1917 ustimacula warren, 1923 dissimilis warren, 1923 aurata warren, 1923\nlaszlo, gy. m. , g. ronkay, l. ronkay & th. witt, 2007. the thyatiridae of eurasia, including the sundaland and new guinea (lepidoptera). esperiana 13: 1 - 687. watson, a. , 1957. a revision of the genus tridrepana swinhoe (lepidoptera: drepanidae). bulletin of the british museum (natural history), entomology 4 (9): 407 - 500. watson, a. , 1967. a survey of the extra - ethiopean oretinae (lepidoptera: drepanidae). bulletin of the british museum (natural history), entomology 19 (3): 149 - 221." ]

{ "text": [ "teldenia pura is a moth in the drepanidae family .", "it was described by warren in 1899 .", "it is found in new guinea and on goodenough island , fergusson island and admiralty island .", "the length of the forewings is 11-13 mm for males and 9.5-15 mm for females .", "the fore - and hindwings are white and unmarked . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 1 ] }

[ "teldenia pura is a moth in the drepanidae family. it was described by warren in 1899. it is found in new guinea and on goodenough island, fergusson island and admiralty island. the length of the forewings is 11-13 mm for males and 9.5-15 mm for females. the fore - and hindwings are white and unmarked." ]

[ "pink bollworm life cycle - pink bollworm management (pdf | 44 kb) university of arizona. cooperative extension. see also: cotton insect publications for more factsheets\nurltoken - pink bollworm university of georgia. center for invasive species and ecosystem health .\nplantwise technical factsheet - pink bollworm (pectinophora gossypiella) cabi. plantwise knowledge bank .\nthe use of bt cotton will help prevent damage by pink bollworm. a recently developed transgenic cotton, bollguard ii, offers suppression of cotton bollworm, along with beet armyworms, pink bollworm, and tobacco budworm .\nspears, j. h. (1968) the westward movement of the pink bollworm .\npink bollworm causes failure of buds to open, fruit shedding, lint damage and seed loss .\ncoad, b. r. (1929) organization and progress of pink bollworm research investigations .\npink bollworm: program details california department of food and agriculture. plant health and pest prevention services .\nmeanwhile, the pink bollworm attack has delivered a double blow to farmers in flood - ravaged gujarat. most parts of the state where cotton was sown early are experiencing a pink bollworm attack yet again .\nbariola, l. a. (1978) suicidal emergence and reproduction by overwintered pink bollworm moths .\nfoote, l. (1988) pink bollworm program in the san joaquin valley, california. in\ngraham, h. m. (1978) sterile pink bollworm: field releases for population suppression .\nlegner, e. f. and medved, r. a. (1981) pink bollworm ,\nagriculture scientist d. mohan das inspecting cotton crop damaged by pink bollworm at jamidi in tamsi mandal of adilabad district. (right) the pink bollworms. -\nkunjeku e, 1984. the pink bollworm. zimbabwe agricultural journal, 81 (3): 119 - 120\nmabbett t, 1991. pink bollworm management with pheromones. international pest control, 33 (3): 59\nuc pest management guidelines - pink bollworm (sep 2015) university of california. statewide integrated pest management program .\nhenneberry, t. j. and clayton, t. e. (1982b) pink bollworm of cotton [\n( hymenoptera: trichogrammatidae), imported from australia as a parasitoid of pink bollworm (lepidoptera: gelechiidae) eggs .\nbariola, l. a. (1983) survival and emergence of overwintered pink bollworm moths (lepidoptera: gelechiidae) .\nfye, r. e. (1971) mortality of mature larvae of the pink bollworm caused by high soil temperatures .\n, an imported parasitoid of pink bollworm. in d. j. herber and d. a. richter (eds )\nslosser, j. e. and watson, t. f. (1972b) population growth of the pink bollworm .\nknow your cotton insect pest: pink bollworm (mar 2007; pdf | 2. 04 mb) india ministry of agriculture .\npink bollworm management in texas (dec 1994; pdf | 770 kb) texas a & m university. texas cooperative extension .\nferro, d. n. and rice, r. e. (1970) parasites of pink bollworm in southern california .\nel - lissy, o. , staten r. t. and antilla, l. (1993) control of pink bollworm ,\nlukefahr, m. j. and griffin, j. a. (1957) mating and oviposition habits of the pink bollworm .\nnoble, l. w. and robertson, o. t. (1964) methods for determining pink bollworm populations in bolls .\nreynolds, h. t. (1980) insecticides for control of pink bollworm populations. in h. graham (ed. )\njackson, c. g. (1980) entomophagous insects attacking the pink bollworm. in h. m. graham (ed. )\n( hymenoptera: trichogrammatidae), an egg parasitoid of pink bollworm (lepidoptera: gelechiidae), with emphasis on performance at high temperatures .\nnaranjo, s. e. , henneberry, t. j. and jackson, c. g. (1995) pink bollworm ,\nwatson, t. f. and fullerton, d. g. (1969) timing of insecticidal applications for control of pink bollworm .\nfound that virtually all larvae entered diapause from april to november. however, pink bollworm larvae do not appear to undergo a diapause in zimbabwe (\nbrazzel, j. r. and martin, d. f. (1957) oviposition sites of the pink bollworm on the cotton plant .\nlegner, e. f. and medved, r. a. (1979) influence of parasitic hymenoptera on the regulation of pink bollworm ,\nslosser, j. e. and watson, t. f. (1972a) influence of irrigation on overwinter survival of the pink bollworm .\ntoscano, n. c. and sevacherian, v. (1980) pink bollworm monitoring methods. in h. graham (ed. )\nwatson, t. f. (1980) methods for reducing winter survival of the pink bollworm. in h. graham (ed. )\nlingren, p. d. (1983) behavior of pink bollworm (lepidoptera: gelechiidae) adults during eclosion to departure from site of emergence .\nwatson, t. f. and larsen, w. e. (1968) effects of winter cultural practices on the pink bollworm in arizona .\nwilson, r. l. and wilson, f. d. (1976) nectariless and glabrous cottons: effect on pink bollworm in arizona .\ndomestic quarantine notices (title 7: agriculture, part 301) - pink bollworm u. s. government printing office. electronic code of federal regulations .\nmcdonald, r. e. and loftin, u. s. (1935) dispersal of the pink bollworm by flight or wind carriage of moths .\nrice, r. e. and reynolds, h. t. (1971) seasonal emergence and population development of the pink bollworm in southern california .\nfarmers showing bt cotton crops that were attacked by pink bollworm (inset) at a field in kadagamdoddi village near raichur on friday. — photos: santosh sagar\nlowry, w. l. and berger, r. s. (1965) investigations of pink bollworm resistance to ddt in mexico and the united states .\nlukefahr, m. j. and griffin, j. a. (1956) the effects of food on the longevity and fecundity of pink bollworm moths .\nstone, n. d. and gutierrez, a. p. (1986b) pink bollworm control in southwestern desert cotton ii. a strategic management model .\nin the san joaquin valley, pink bollworm is primarily managed with a host - free period. in southern california, sampling bolls is the most reliable way to monitor pink bollworm populations. see integrated pest management for cotton, 2nd edition, for detailed sampling methods and thresholds. the use of gossyplure, a sex attractant that disrupts mating when distributed throughout the field, may be effective against pink bollworm when it is supplemented with cultural control practices that minimize the number of overwintering bollworms .\nflint, h. m. and merkle, j. r. (1983) pink bollworm (lepidoptera: gelechiidae): communication disruption by pheromone composition imbalance .\nlindegren, j. e. , henneberry, t. j. and forlow jech, l. (1992) mortality response of pink bollworm to the entomopathogenic nematode\nwene, g. p. , sheets, l. w. and woodruff, h. e. (1961) emergence of overwintered pink bollworm in arizona .\nbrazel jr; gaines jc, 1956. the effects of pink bollworm infestations on yield and quality of cotton. journal of economic entomology, 49: 852 - 854 .\ngraham hm, 1980. pink bollworm control in the western united states. usda arm - w 16. agriculture reviews and manuals. usa: science and education administration .\nusda, 1948. pink bollworm. picture sheet no. 21. bureau of entomology and plant quarantine. agricultural research administration, u. s. department of agriculture .\nhagler, j. r. and naranjo, s. e. (1994b) determining the frequency of heteropteran predation on sweetpotato whitefly and pink bollworm using multiple elisas .\norphanides, g. m. , gonzales, d. and bartlett, b. r. (1971) identification and evaluation of pink bollworm predation in southern california .\nstone, n. d. and gutierrez, a. p. (1986a) pink bollworm control in southwestern desert cotton i. a full - oriented simulation model .\nvan steenwyk, r. a. , toscano, n. c. and page, a. l. (1978) dispersal of rubidium - marked pink bollworm .\nwatson, t. f. , barnes, k. k. and fullerton, d. g. (1970) value of stalk shredders in pink bollworm control .\nunlike the american bollworm, there is a drop in resistance to the pink bollworm in certain bt varieties, he admitted. it normally enters the plant in november - december. if the sowing time is optimum, the problem can be checked, he said .\nthe cotton crop in parts of gujarat, andhra pradesh and maharashtra has come under pink bollworm attack as there is an erosion of resistance to the pest in some transgenic varieties .\nbutler, g. d. , jr and henneberry, t. j. (1976a) biology, behavior, and effects of larvae of pink bollworm in cotton flowers .\nwinter irrigations can reduce populations of overwintering pink bollworms by as much as 50 to 70% ; flooding in december is more effective than flooding in november or january. take advantage of pink bollworm mortality afforded by winter irrigations and rotate to small grains or newly seeded alfalfa .\nramalho fs; jesus fmm, 1989. evaluation of electrodynamic and conventional insecticides against cotton boll weevil and pink bollworm. international pest control, 31 (3): 56 - 58\nbeasley, c. a. and adams, c. j. (1996) field - based, degree - day model for pink bollworm (lepidoptera: gelechiidae) development .\nclayton, t. e. and henneberry, t. j. (1982) pink bollworm: effect of soil moisture and temperature on moth emergence in field and laboratory studies .\nflint, h. m. , antilla, l. , leggett, j. e. and parks, n. j. (1996) seasonal infestation by pink bollworm ,\nfullerton, d. g. , crowder, l. p. and watson, t. f. (1975) overwinter survival of pink bollworm larvae in buried cotton bolls .\nadkisson, p. l. , bell, r. a. and wellso, s. g. (1963) environmental factors controlling the induction of diapause in the pink bollworm ,\nhummel, h. e. , gaston, l. k. and shorey, h. h. (1973) clarification of the chemical status of the pink bollworm sex pheromone .\nsingh jp; lather bps; mor br, 1988. exit behaviour of pink bollworm (pectinophora gossypiella) larvae. indian journal of agricultural sciences, 58 (3): 236 - 237\nwestphal, d. f. , gutierrez, a. b. and butler, g. d. , jr (1979) some interactions of the pink bollworm and cotton fruiting structures .\nin november 2009, monsanto' s scientists detected unusual survival of the pink bollworm pest while monitoring the bt cotton crop in gujarat. in january and february, samples taken from the field were tested in monsanto' s laboratories. it has been confirmed that pink bollworm is now resistant to the pest - killing protein of bt cotton in four districts — amreli, bhavnagar, junagarh and rajkot .\ndarling hs, 1951. pink bollworm, platyedra gossypiella (saund .), as a pest of cotton at zeidab, northern sudan. bulletin of entomological research, 42: 157 - 167 .\ndhawan ak; simwat gs, 1993. management of pink bollworm (pectinophora gossypiella) through a sprayable formulation of gossyplure. indian journal of agricultural sciences, 63 (3): 193 - 194\nyuan qc; wu w, 1986. the loss of yield and price of lint cotton due to boll damage by pink bollworm. acta phytophylactica sinica, 13 (2): 91 - 96\nbeasley, c. a. and adams, c. j. (1995) effects of irrigation, irrigation timing, and cotton boll burial on extent and pattern of pink bollworm spring emergence .\nburrows, t. m. , sevacherian, v. , browning, h. and baritelle, j. (1982) the history and cost of the pink bollworm in the imperial valley .\nhenneberry, t. j. and clayton, t. e. (1982c) pink bollworm: seasonal oviposition, egg predation, and square and boll infestations in relation to cotton plant development .\nosman aa; watson tf; sivasupramaniam s, 1992. inheritance of permethrin resistance in the pink bollworm (lepidoptera: gelechiidae). journal of economic entomology, 85 (2): 335 - 339\nstone, n. d. & a. p. gutierrez (1986). pink bollworm control in southwestern desert cotton. i. a field oriented simulation model ii. a strategic management model .\nfry, k. e. and henneberry, t. j. (1983) yield reduction in upland cotton due to pink bollworm infestation and boll rot. in j. brown (ed. )\nhenneberry, t. j. and clayton, t. e. (1982a) high soil temperatures and pink bollworm: effects on larval mortality, pupation, and reproduction of adults from surviving larvae .\nhenneberry, t. j. , kittock, d. l. and bariola, l. a. (1982) pink bollworm: effect of cotton types and planting date on early season infestations .\nirwin, m. e. , gill, r. e. and gonzales, d. (1974) field - cage studies of native egg predation of the pink bollworm in southern california cotton .\nflint, h. m. , merkle, j. r. and yamamoto, a. (1985) pink bollworm (lepidoptera: gelechiidae): field testing a new polyethylene tube dispenser for gossyplure .\nhenneberry, t. j. and leal, m. p. (1979) pink bollworm: effect of temperature, photoperiod and light intensity, moth age and mating frequency on oviposition and egg viability .\nbeasley ca; adams cj, 1995. effects of irrigation, irrigation timing, and cotton boll burial on extent and patterns of pink bollworm spring emergence. southwestern entomologist, 20 (1): 73 - 106\ngao zr; zhao hy; jiang yf, 1992. a study on the occurrence, damage and control of the pink bollworm in henan province. plant protection, 18 (4): 29 - 30 .\nthangaraju d; uthamasamy s, 1990. studies on the ecology and monitoring of pink bollworm, pectinophora gossypiella (saunders) on cotton. madras agricultural journal, 77 (3 - 4): 161 - 164\ndoane, c. c. and brooks, t. w. (1981) research and development of pheromones for insect control with emphasis on the pink bollworm. in e. mitchell (ed .) ,\nhuber, r. t. , moore, l. and hoffman, m. p. (1979) feasibility study of areawide pheromone trapping of male pink bollworm moths in a cotton insect pest management program .\nsimwat gs; dhawan ak; sidhu as, 1988. effect of constant temperature and relative humidity on the termination of larval diapause in pink bollworm. journal of insect science, 1 (2): 133 - 135\nveeresh k. , from the same village, who cultivated bt cotton on 18 acres of land said the crop was destroyed by the pink bollworm. he incurred a loss of over rs. 3. 5 lakh .\nhenneberry, t. j. , and s. e. naranjo. 1998. integrated management approaches for pink bollworm in the southwestern united states. integrated pest management reviews 3 (1): 31 - 52 .\ngaston, l. k. , kaae, r. s. , shorey, h. h. and sellers, d. (1977) controlling the pink bollworm by disrupting sex pheromone communication between adult moths .\nagricultural scientists and activists say monsanto' s advice is “ridiculous”. the bollgard ii product has no additional toxin to combat pink bollworm, says g. v. ramanjaneyulu of the centre for sustainable agriculture. it is simply that as a newer product, bollgard ii will take longer for the pest to develop resistance. anyway, the bt toxin is only active for 90 days, while pink bollworm is a late season pest, he adds .\nchamarasa malipatil, state president of karnataka rajya raitha sangha, claimed that around 40 per cent to 50 per cent of bt cotton was destroyed by the pink bollworm this year, not only in karnataka but also in telangana .\nthe state government estimated 25 per cent damage to the cotton sown in the state due to floods. heavy damage to the crops added to the woes of the farmers. the pink bollworm will increase input costs for farmers .\ngutierrez, a. p. , butler, g. d. , jr. and ellis, c. k. (1981) pink bollworm: diapause induction and termination in relation to fluctuating temperatures and decreasing photophases .\nhenneberry, t. j. (1994) pink bollworm sterile moth releases: suppression of established infestations and exclusion from noninfested areas. in c. o. calkins, w. klassen and p. liede (eds )\nwilson, f. d. , flint, h. m. , bariola, l. a. and chu, c. c. (1991) reduction of insecticide use associated with cotton resistant to pink bollworm .\ncai sh; xiong yq; ke dx; he bj, 1985. studies on the dynamics of pink bollworm population and the damage on cotton. insect knowledge (kunchong zhishi), 22 (2): 64 - 69\ntamhankar aj; rajendran tp; mamdapur vr, 2001. evaluation of a pheromone trap for the cotton pink bollworm pectinophora gossypiella saunders. international journal of pest management, 47 (1): 79 - 80; 4 ref .\nvaissayre m, 1987. attempted eradication of the pink bollworm, pectinophora gossypiella (saunders) by the mating distruption method in the bouake station, ivory coast. coton et fibres tropicales, 42 (4): 267 - 271\nbariola, l. a. , keller, j. c. , turley, d. l. and farris, j. r. (1973b) migration and population studies of the pink bollworm in the arid west .\nhenneberry, t. j. and clayton, t. e. (1985) consumption of pink bollworm (lepidoptera: gelechiidae) and tobacco budworm (lepidoptera: noctuidae) eggs by some predators commonly found in cotton fields .\nwatson, t. f. , carasso, f. m. , langston, d. t. , jackson, e. b. and fullerton, d. g. (1978) pink bollworm suppression through crop termination .\n“but we cannot control pink bollworm through pesticide spraying as it is inside the cotton boll. the cotton bolls look absolutely normal from outside. but, each boll is infected by the pink bollworm inside. the worm eats cotton seeds and thus prevents the development of cotton staple fibre around it well before the cotton boll opens, ” explained mr. veeresh. he opened cotton bolls that seemed normal on the outside and showed this reporter the worm in each one of them .\ngergis mf; moftah ea; soliman ma; khidr aa, 1990. temperature - dependant development and functional responses of pink bollworm pectinophora gossypiella (saund .). assiut journal of agricultural sciences, 21 (3): 119 - 128\n“just when i began feeling that it will be a bumper harvest, the pink bollworm pest began destroying the standing crop, ” lamented soma suresh reddy as he looked at the seemingly healthy tall plants on his two - acre cotton field .\nhenneberry, t. j. , lindegren, j. e. , forlow jech, l. and burke, r. a. (1995b) pink bollworm (lepidoptera: gelechiidae): effect of steinernematid nematodes on larval mortality .\nlingren, p. d. , henneberry, t. j. and popham, t. w. (1989) pink bollworm (lepidoptera: gelechiidae): highly and seasonal activity patterns of male moths as measured in gossyplure traps .\nnaranjo, s. e. and martin, j. m. (1993) comparative development, reproduction and oviposition of pink bollworm (lepidoptera: gelechiidae) on a resistant okra - leaf cotton, and commercial upland and pima cultivars .\nsevacherian, v. , toscano, n. c. , van steenwyk, r. a. , sharma, r. k. and sanders, r. r. (1977) forecasting of pink bollworm emergence by thermal summation .\nhutchison wd, 1999. review and analysis of damage functions and monitoring systems for pink bollworm (lepidoptera: gelechiidae) in southwestern united states cotton. southwestern entomologist, 24 (4): 339 - 362; 5 pp. of ref .\nstone, n. d. , gutierrez, a. p. , getz, w. m. and norgaard, r. (1986) pink bollworm control in southwestern desert cotton iii. strategies for control: an economic simulation study .\nreported that the use of the sex pheromones gossyplure and virelure were more economically viable than the use of conventional insecticides. early - season use of pheromone coupled with insecticides applied at low thresholds is generally most profitable, especially at low pink bollworm population densities (\nbeasley, c. a. , henneberry, t. j. , adams, c. and yates, l. (1985) gossyplure - baited traps as pink bollworm survey, detection, research and management tools in southwestern desert cotton growing areas .\ngutierrez, a. p. , butler, g. d. , jr, wong, y. and westphal, d. (1977) the interaction of pink bollworm (lepidoptera: gelechiidae), cotton, and weather: a detailed model .\nfor the first time anywhere in the world, biotech agriculture giant monsanto has admitted that insects have developed resistance to its bt cotton crop. field monitoring in parts of gujarat has discovered that the bt crop is no longer effective against the pink bollworm pest there .\nhenneberry tj; forlow jech l; burke ra, 1996. pink bollworm adult and larval susceptibility to steinernematid nematodes and nematode persistence in the soil laboratory and field tests in arizona. southwestern entomologist, 21 (4): 357 - 368; 20 ref .\nhandasab, a farmer from kadagamdoddi village in raichur taluk, spent rs. 2 lakh to cultivate bt cotton on 15 acres that he had taken on lease. before he could harvest the first round of yield, the entire field was destroyed by pink bollworm .\nadkisson, p. l. , robertson, o. t. and fife, l. c. (1962) planting date as a factor involved in pink bollworm control. in d. f. martin and r. d. lewis (eds )\ngouge dh; lee ll; henneberry tj, 1999. parasitism of diapausing pink bollworm pectinophora gossypiella (lepidoptera: gelechiidae) larvae by entomopathogenic nematodes (nematoda: steinernematidae, heterorhabditidae). crop protection, 18 (8): 531 - 537; 44 ref .\ngraham, h. m. , fife, l. c. , robertson, o. t. and adkisson, p. l. (1962) pink bollworm population dynamics. in d. f. martin and r. d. lewis (eds )\nhutchison, w. d. , beasley, c. a. , henneberry, t. j. and martin, j. m. (1988) sampling pink bollworm (lepidoptera: gelechiidae) eggs: potential for improved timing and reduced use of insecticides .\nel - adl ma; hosny mm; campion dg, 1988. mating disruption for the control of pink bollworm pectinophora gossypiella (saunders) in the delta cotton growing area in egypt. tropical pest management, 34 (2): 210 - 214, 243, 247\n“in order to control the spread of such pestilence in the coming kharif, pheromone traps should also be set up at cotton processing units. it has been observed that fields around the industrial area are worst affected by the pink bollworm, ” said dr. mohan das .\npink bollworm (pectinophora gossypiella (saunders) ) is a major pest of egyptian cotton fruiting forms. as the pressure to reduce toxic chemical applications increases, novel ways of limiting its impact are being sought. crop / pest models are one way of exploring management options .\nhutchison, w. d. , beasley, c. a. , henneberry, t. j. and martin, j. m. (1991) timing insecticide applications for pink bollworm (lepidoptera: gelechiidae) management: comparison of egg and larva treatment thresholds .\nstaten, r. t. , miller, e. , grunnet, m. and andres, e. (1987a) the use of pheromones for pink bollworm management in western cotton. in d. j. herber and d. a. richter (eds )\n“as per report from the central institute for cotton research (cicr), nagpur, there is a sporadic incidence of pink bollworm damage in maharashtra, andhra pradesh and gujarat, ” minister for state for agriculture parshottam rupala informed the lok sabha in a written answer on tuesday .\nlarvae are similar to yellow peach moth larvae but do not make as much webbing. the related species pink bollworm (pectinophora gossypiella) is a major pest overseas but currently restricted to north western australia. it could cause serious damage if it spread to eastern australian cotton regions .\nwalhood, v. t. , henneberry, t. j. , bariola, l. a. , kittock, d. l. and brown, c. m. (1981) effect of short - season cotton on overwintering pink bollworm larvae and spring moth emergence .\nkhidr aa; kostandy sn; abbas mg; el - kordy mw; el - gougary oa, 1990. host plants, other than cotton, for the pink boll worm pectinophora gossypiella and the spiny bollworm earias insulana. agricultural research review, 68 (1): 135 - 139\nwalters m; staten rt; roberson rc, 1998. pink bollworm integrated management technology under field trial conditions in the imperial valley, ca. 1998 proceedings beltwide cotton conferences, san diego, california, usa, 5 - 9 january 1998. volume 2. , 1282 - 1285 .\nbariola, l. a. , henneberry, t. j. and chu, c. c. (1987) prep and dropp for pink bollworm and boll weevil control in arizona and southern calfornia. in j. m. brown and t. c. wilson (eds )\nthe larva of the pink bollworm is very similar to that of the mallow moth (pectinophora malvelia) and the cotton stalk moth (platyedra vilella). these larvae can be distinguished on the basis of the chaetotaxy of the ninth ventral segment and some other characters that are described and tabulated by\nluo sb; yan jp; chai cj; liang sp; zhang ym; zhang y; le gk, 1986. control of pink bollworm, pectinophora gossypiella with bacillus thuringiensis in cotton fields. chinese journal of biological control, 2 (4): 167 - 169; 3 ref .\nbrooks, t. w. and kitterman, r. l. (1977) gossyplure h. f. - pink bollworm population suppression with male sex attractant pheromone released from hollow fibers, 1976 experiments. in d. j. herber and d. a. richter (eds) ,\ngouge, d. h. , reaves, l. l. , stoltman, m. m. , vanberkum, j. r. , burke, r. a. , jech, l. j. and henneberry, t. j. (1996) control of pink bollworm\ndhaliwal zs; joginder singh; sekhon hs; sidhu as, 1991. limitations in the use of thermal summation for describing the activity of pink bollworm, pectinophora gossypiella (saunders), in relation to phenology of upland cotton in punjab. tropical agriculture, 68 (3): 268 - 270\ntabashnik be; patin al; dennehy tj; liu yongbiao; miller e; staten rt, 1999. dispersal of pink bollworm (lepidoptera: gelechiidae) males in transgenic cotton that produces a bacillus thuringiensis toxin. journal of economic entomology, 92 (4): 772 - 780; 19 ref .\nhaynes, k. f. , miller, t. a. , staten, r. t. , li, w. g. and baker, t. c. (1987) pheromone trap for monitoring insecticide resistance in the pink bollworm (lepidoptera: gelechiidae) newton for resistance management .\nhenneberry, t. j. , gillespie, j. m. , bariola, l. a. , flint, h. m. , lingren, p. d. and kydonieus, a. f. (1981) gossyplure in laminated plastic formulations for mating disruption and pink bollworm control .\npink bollworm is a major pest of cotton in southern california deserts. while apparently established in the san joaquin valley, economic infestations have not occurred in this area. adults are small, grayish brown, inconspicuous moths. when their wings are folded, they have an elongated slender appearance. the wing tips are conspicuously fringed. young larvae are tiny, white caterpillars with dark brown heads. when mature, they are about 0. 5 inch long and have wide transverse pink bands on the back. to be able to see pink bollworm larvae, bolls have to be cracked open. the first and second instars are difficult to see against the white lint of the bolls. eggs are very small, slightly elongated, and laid under the calyx of green bolls .\nhagler, j. r. , naranjo, s. e. , bradley - dunlop, d. , enriquez, f. j. and henneberry, t. j. (1994) a monoclonal antibody to pink bollworm (lepidoptera: gelechiidae) egg antigen: a tool for predator gut analysis .\nhenneberry, t. j. , lindegren, j. e. , forlow jech, l. and burke, r. a. (1995a) pink bollworm (lepidoptera: gelechiidae), cabbage looper and beet armyworm (lepidoptera: noctuidae) pupal susceptibility to steinernematid nematodes (rhabdita: steinernematidae) .\ngodoy avila s; palomo gil a; garcfa hernßndez jl, 2000. evaluation of transgenic cotton (gossypium hirsutum l .) varieties resistant to pink bollworm (pectinophora gossypiella s .) i. yield. itea produccio ^ acute ~ n vegetal, 96 (3): 157 - 164; 6 ref .\nhussein nm; el - hamaky hma; refaei af; hegazy ma, 1990. joint action of certain insecticides, bacillus thuringiensis and their mixtures on the pink bollworm infestation in cotton plantation in egypt. mededelingen van de faculteit landbouwwetenschappen, rijksuniversiteit gent, 55 (2a): 307 - 312; 5 ref .\njamidi (adilabad dist .): for the cotton farmer, there is many a slip between the cup and the lip. take the instance of ryots in jamidi village of tamsi mandal whose crop has been damaged due to an unforeseen and severe attack by the pink bollworm (pectinophora gossypiella) pest this kharif .\nnaranjo, s. e. , g. d. butler, and t. j. henneberry. 2002. a bibliography of the pink bollworm, pectinophora gossypiella (saunders) (pdf | 1. 14 mb) (bibliographies and literature of agriculture no. 136). usda, agricultural research service .\nlindegren, j. e. , meyer, k. f. , henneberry, t. j. , vail, p. v. , jech, l. j. and valero, k. a. (1993b) susceptibility of pink bollworm (lepidoptera: gelechiidae) soil associated stages to the entomopathogenic nematode\n“the pink bollworm, with its negligible population, was not a threat to cotton crop when the bt technology was developed. but over a period of time, the worm massively increased its population and is now causing maximum damage to the crop, ” said dr. jayaprakash nidagundi, associate professor, plant breeding, uas - r .\nflint, h. m. , wilson, f. d. , parks, n. j. , reynoso, r. y. , stapp, b. r. and szaro, j. l. (1991) suppression of pink bollworm and effect on beneficial insects of a nectariless okra - leaf cotton germplasm line .\nlindegren, j. e. , henneberry, t. j. , raulston, j. r. , forlow jech, l. j. and valero, k. a. (1994) current status of pink bollworm control with entomopathogenic nematodes. in d. j. herber and d. a. richter (eds )\nmcveigh lj; critchley br; campion dg, 1983. control of the pink bollworm in egypt by mating disruption using pheromones. 10th international congress of plant protection 1983. volume 1. proceedings of a conference held at brighton, england, 20 - 25 november, 1983. plant protection for human welfare british crop protection council croydon uk, 268\nsimmons al; dennehy tj; tabashnik be; antilla l; bartlett a; gouge d; staten r, 1998. evaluation of b. t. cotton deployment strategies and efficacy against pink bollworm in arizona. 1998 proceedings beltwide cotton conferences, san diego, california, usa, 5 - 9 january 1998. volume 2. , 1025 - 1030; 17 ref .\nin spring, irrigations can also be used to promote early spring emergence of pink bollworm. if cotton is being followed with cotton, preirrigate in february and plant as early as possible, following guidelines to ensure adequate soil temperature for germination and emergence. plan irrigations of the crop to prevent even slight moisture stress and to promote maximum emergence of moths in advance of susceptible squares .\nwilson, f. d. , george, b. w. , fry, k. e. , szaro, j. l. , henneberry, t. j. and clayton, t. e. (1986) pink bollworm (lepidoptera: gelechiidae) egg hatch, larval success, and pupal and adult survival on okra - and normal - leaf cotton .\nrussell d. a. , radwan s. m. (1992) modelling the impact of cotton fruiting phenology on pink bollworm population dynamics in egypt. in: menken s. b. j. , visser j. h. , harrewijn p. (eds) proceedings of the 8th international symposium on insect - plant relationships. series entomologica, vol 49. springer, dordrecht\ndhawan ak; sidhu as; simwat gs, 1989. management of bollworm through chlorpyriphos in cotton system. journal of research, punjab agricultural university, 26 (4): 599 - 603\nstaten, r. t. , flint, h. m. , waddle, r. c. , winter, e. q. , zariti, r. e. , finnell, g. m. , hernandez, m. and yamomoto, a. (1987b) pink bollworm (lepidoptera: gelechiidae): large - scale field trials with high rate gossyplure formulation .\nbecause of the danger of secondary outbreaks, especially in the low desert valleys, it is wise to limit insecticide treatments to those periods when susceptible bolls are present and when sampling shows the percentage of infested bolls is above the treatment threshold. it is rarely necessary to apply insecticides against moths from the overwintered population of pink bollworm and, often, treatments are not needed against the first generation of moths that develop from larvae within squares. be alert, however, for high populations of pink bollworm moths when squares are developing, especially if other pests such as lygus bugs and armyworms are also threatening. mating disruptants and sterile moth releases, on the other hand, are most effective when aimed at the overwintering generation, usually about the time cotton plants have 6 to 8 leaves .\nwhen high population levels of pink bollworm occur, the objectives of management are to keep infestations below damaging levels in the current season—without creating secondary outbreaks of other pests—and to reduce the overwintering population that will threaten the following season' s crop. the main control tools are observance of host - free period (san joaquin valley), the judicious use of insecticides, timely crop termination and harvest, rapid crop destruction, properly timed winter and spring irrigations, and compliance with plowdown requirements. when pink bollworms are found in the san joaquin valley, a regional monitoring and sterile moth release program is implemented .\ndhawan ak; simwat gs; sidhu as, 1992. field evaluation of asymethrin (chinmix) for bollworm control on cotton. indian journal of plant protection, 20 (1): 24 - 26\nphillips, j. r. and nicholson, w. f. (1979) coping with the tobacco budworm / bollworm problem; community - wide management. in j. brown (ed. )\nchu, c. c. , henneberry, t. j. , weddle, r. c. , natwick, e. t. , carson, j. r. , valenzuela, c. , birdsall, s. l. and staten, r. t. (1996) reduction of pink bollworm (lepidoptera: gelechiidae) populations in imperial valley, california following mandating short - season cotton management systems .\nsimwat gs; dhawan ak; sidhu as, 1991. evaluation of methomyl alone and in combination with other insecticides for bollworm control on cotton in punjab. journal of research, punjab agricultural university, 28 (2): 215 - 218\nsuggest eight cultural control methods following a study of pink bollworm in the usa. in essence, they recommend the use of short - season cultivars appropriate to the seasonal climate of the area, not forcing regrowth and a second flowering cycle, rotating crops and specific recommendations for harvesting and dealing with crop debris. other cultural control methods, including land preparation, irrigation, sowing date, weed control, fertilization, crop rotation, use of trap crops and resistant varieties, are discussed by\nariela n; liora sh; mario r; roee s; rami ha, 2011. can tomato be a potential host plant for pink bollworm. in: world cotton research conference - 5, mumbai, india, 7 - 11 november 2011 [ ed. by kranthi, k. r. \\ venugopalan, m. v. \\ balasubramanya, r. h. \\ kranthi, s. \\ singh, s. \\ blaise. ]. new delhi, india: excel india publishers, 258 - 260. urltoken\nlarvae are up to 18 mm long and are yellowish - pink with a dark brown head and rows of darker markings along the back. moths are 12 mm long, are dark grey or silvery - grey and hold their wings over the body when at rest .\nbariola, l. a. , bartlett, a. c. , staten, r. t. , rosander, r. w. and keller, j. c. (1973a) partially sterilized adult pink bollworms: releases in cages and field cause chromosomal aberrations .\nbariola, l. a. , kittock, d. l. , arle, h. f. , vail, p. v. and henneberry, t. j. (1976) controlling pink bollworms: effect of chemical termination of cotton fruiting on populations of diapausing larvae .\ncochran, m. j. , nicholson, w. f. , parvin, d. w. and phillips, j. r. (1985) an assessment of the arkansas experience with bollworm management communities: evaluated from three perspectives. in j. brown (ed. )\naccording to farmers in the region, the cotton plants have reached flowering stage and the insect has started showing up on the flowers. “this is the initial stage of the bollworm attack. it is still curable, but once we have bolls on the plant, it will cause severe damage, ” said a farmer from jamnagar .\neliminate the food supply for pink bollworm by cutting off irrigation early enough to stop production of green bolls by early september. regardless of when the crop is terminated, immediately shred the cotton plants following harvest. shredding destroys some larvae directly and promotes rapid drying of unharvested bolls. if fall temperatures are high during september and much of october, leave crop debris on the soil surface for two or more weeks after the shredding operation to further destroy larvae. be sure to comply with plowdown requirements and cross disc or plow to a depth of at least 6 inches. in the san joaquin valley, there is a 90 - day host - free period that extends from plowdown to march 10 .\nbt cotton is genetically engineered with a gene from the bacteria bacillus thuringiensis (bt) and is toxic to the bollworm, a pest that preys on the cotton plant. there’s also the possibility that the plant is being attacked by other insects. a team of agricultural scientists from the university of agricultural sciences, raichur (uas - r) will be visiting some of the affected fields to study the pest menace .\n“the pest, which causes failure of buds to open, seed loss and damage to the lint, was first reported in august, which is quite unusual as pink bollworms are known to hit between november and february, which actually limits the damage to the crop, ” says d. mohan das, agriculture scientist from agriculture research station, adilabad. after visiting the fields in jamidi village, he termed the pest attack to be of severe proportions .\npink bollworms damage squares and bolls, the damage to bolls being the most serious. larvae burrow into bolls, through the lint, to feed on seeds. as the larva burrows within a boll, lint is cut and stained, resulting in severe quality loss. under dry conditions, yield and quality losses are directly related to the percentage of bolls infested and the numbers of larvae per boll. with high humidity, it only takes one or two larvae to destroy an entire boll because damaged bolls are vulnerable to infection by boll rot fungi .\ncotton seed based artificial diet has been standardized for continuous rearing of pink bollworm pectinophora gossypiella (saunders) at the central institute for cotton research, regional station, coimbatore. the ingredients of the diet are easily available and are cost effective. basic ingredients of the diet are cotton seed flour (processed) and chick pea flour, carbohydrate, protein, fat sources, multi vitamin, antimicrobial agents and agar as thickening agent are used as other ingredients. micro centrifuge tubes with lid were used as rearing containers. individual neonate larvae were released on each piece of the diet inside the micro centrifuge tube and the lids were closed. this prevented larval escape, retaining them inside the tubes and also prevented diet dehydration. the recovery of insect reared on diet was recorded as 95. 56% . egg hatchability and adult emergence were 100% while pupal malformation was nil. eggs, larval and pupal periods were recorded as 4. 8 ± 0. 632, 25. 10 ± 0. 994 and 7. 9 ± 0. 88 days, respectively. larval and pupal weights were recorded as 21. 40 mg ± 3. 63, 18. 00 mg ± 2. 73, respectively .\nthe pink bollworm (pbw), pectinophora gossypiella (saunders) (lepidoptera: gelechiidae), is the key pest in cotton (gossypium spp .) production areas in the southwestern united states and in many other cotton - producing areas of the world. the high costs of chemical control, continuing economic losses, secondary pest problems and environmental considerations suggest the need for ecologically oriented pbw management strategies. extensive research has resulted in a broad array of monitoring, biological control, cultural, behavioural, genetic and host plant resistance methods that can serve as a base for the formulation of integrated pbw management systems. the life history characteristics of the pbw, in particular the high mobility of adults, indicate the need for combinations of selected integrated pest management (ipm) components implemented over large geographical areas. the areas involved present a wide range of pbw population densities, differences in cotton production methods and social and environmental considerations. the best option is tailor - made systems for targeted management areas with the selection of ipm components based on the pbw population density, crop production methods and economic feasibility. the unlikelihood of eradication indicates the need for long - term monitoring and programme maintenance following successful area - wide management. the success of area - wide pbw management is highly dependent on participation in the planning, site selection, implementation and assessment phases of the programme by all segments of the agricultural community. a highly effective extension - - education communication programme is an essential component. local uncoordinated efforts have not reduced the economic status of this pest in any area where it is an established pest. the potential long - term benefits of pbw population suppression on an area - wide basis appear to justify area - wide efforts in terms of reduced costs, more effective control, less environmental contamination and other peripheral problems associated with conventional control approaches .\nthe company is advocating that indian farmers switch to its second - generation product to delay resistance further. monsanto' s critics say that this just proves the ineffectiveness of the bt technology, which was recently sought to be introduced in india in bt brinjal as well .\nuntil now, monsanto has held that “there have been no confirmed cases of poor field performance of bt cotton or bt corn attributable to insect resistance. ” although there have been cases of insects resisting the technology in the laboratory, monsanto held that “field resistance is the criterion of relevance to agricultural producers. ”\nnow that the company itself has admitted that its product has been proved ineffective against some insects on the fields of gujarat, its advice to farmers is to start using its second generation product instead. “farmers have another choice. we have a two - gene product called bollgard ii which has greater ability to delay resistance, ” says monsanto india' s director of scientific affairs rashmi nair. she also recommends that farmers conduct better monitoring and plant “refuges, ” or areas of non - bt crop which would attract insects .\n“all the hype about the effectiveness of bt against pests is bogus …this proves that you can' t stay ahead of the pest with … this shortsighted approach, ” says kavitha kuruganti of the kheti virasat mission. indian farmers with small holdings cannot be expected to give up large parts of their land for non - productive “refuges, ” added dr. ramanjaneyulu .\nmonsanto' s dr. nair says the central institute of cotton research (cicr) was informed about the resistance “about eight to ten days ago. ” the cicr, which has been collaborating in the field monitoring of bt cotton since 2003, has reported this to the genetic engineering approval committee (geac), she said. however, the ministry of environment and forests seems to have been unaware of the test results until monsanto issued a statement on friday .\nover the last month, the geac and the ministry have been at the centre of a storm regarding the government' s moratorium on bt brinjal' s commercial release. critics are now pointing to the ineffectiveness of bt cotton in gujarat to strengthen their case against bt brinjal as well .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncultural controls, with the exception of the use of bt cotton and the use of mating disruption and sprays of the entrust formulation of spinosad are acceptable to use on organically grown cotton .\ndo not apply insecticides to control larvae; larvae are either inside the boll or in the ground and therefore insecticide contact is difficult .\nthe following are ranked with the pesticides having the greatest ipm value listed first—the most effective and least harmful to natural enemies, honey bees, and the environment are at the top of the table. when choosing a pesticide, also consider information relating to air and water quality, resistance management, and the pesticide' s properties and application timing. not all registered pesticides are listed. always read the label of the product being used .\ncomments: do not graze or feed trash to livestock. certain formulations emit high amounts of volatile organic compounds (vocs); use\nregulations affect use for the san joaquin valley from may 1 to october 31, 2015 and 2016 .\n. highly toxic to bees; do not spray directly or allow to drift onto blooming crops or weeds where bees are foraging .\ncomments: do not graze or feed trash to livestock. very destructive to natural enemies; can result in buildup of spider mites and is not recommended in san joaquin valley. highly toxic to bees; do not spray directly or allow to drift onto blooming crops or weeds where bees are foraging .\ncomments: highly toxic to bees; do not spray directly or allow to drift onto blooming crops or weeds where bees are foraging .\ncomments: use of success allowed under a supplemental 24 (c) label. highly toxic to bees; do not spray directly or allow to drift onto blooming crops or weeds where bees are foraging .\nrestricted entry interval (rei) is the number of hours (unless otherwise noted) from treatment until the treated area can be safely entered without protective clothing. preharvest interval (phi) is the number of days from treatment to harvest. in some cases the rei exceeds the phi. the longer of two intervals is the minimum time that must elapse before harvest .\nrotate chemicals with a different mode - of - action group number, and do not use products with the same mode - of - action group number more than twice per season to help prevent the development of resistance. for example, the organophosphates have a group number of 1b; chemicals with a 1b group number should be alternated with chemicals that have a group number other than 1b. mode of action group numbers are assigned by irac (insecticide resistance action committee). for additional information, see their web site at urltoken\nstatewide ipm program, agriculture and natural resources, university of california all contents copyright © 2017 the regents of the university of california. all rights reserved .\nfor noncommercial purposes only, any web site may link directly to this page. for all other uses or more information, read legal notices. unfortunately, we cannot provide individual solutions to specific pest problems. see our home page, or in the u. s. , contact your local cooperative extension office for assistance .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nlike most websites we use cookies. this is to ensure that we give you the best experience possible .\ncontinuing to use urltoken means you agree to our use of cookies. if you would like to, you can learn more about the cookies we use .\nwe’d value your feedback on the tool. our survey takes only five minutes to complete .\nin the genus depressaria, this species has also been cited as ephestia gossypiella, gelechia gossypiella, gelechiella gossypiella and platyedra gossypiella .\n). the head is reddish brown in colour with pale, iridescent scales. antennae are brown and the basal segment bears a pecten of five or six long, stiff, hair - like scales. the labial palpi are long and curved upwards: the second segment bears a slightly furrowed hairy brush on the under side that becomes smooth distally and the terminal segment is shorter than the second. the proboscis is scaled .\nforewings are elongated - oval, pointed at the tips and bearing a wide fringe. the ground colour of the forewings is brown and they have fine dark scales that form vague patches in the region of the medial cells and at the wing base. the apical portion of the wing is dark brown with a transverse, light - coloured band. sometimes the wing bears a round medial spot .\nthe hind wings are broader than the fore wings, trapezoidal in form and silvery grey with a darker, iridescent hind margin. the wing fringe is ochreous and darker at the base and apex .\nlegs are brownish black with transverse, ochreous bands in the form of rings. the abdomen is ochreous toward the upper side, dark brown laterally and covered with ochreous - brown scales on the underside .\nin the genitalia, the male uncus is broad at the base, tapering to a point and the aedeagus has a hooked tip. the female ovipositor is weakly sclerotized .\neggs are white, elongated - oval, 0. 4 - 0. 6 mm in length and 0. 2 - 0. 3 mm wide. they are usually laid singly, or in groups of 5 - 10. larvae are pale coloured and 1 - 2 mm long when they first hatch. mature larvae are 12 - 15 mm long with a prominent pinkish coloration. pupae are reddish - brown and measure 8 - 10 mm in length .\np. gossypiella is distributed throughout tropical america, africa, asia, australasia, including subtropical regions, pakistan, egypt, usa (arizona) and mexico. the distribution map includes records based on specimens of p. gossypiella from the collection in the natural history museum (london, uk) .\na record of p. gossypiella in uzbekistan in cabi' s distribution maps of pests no. 13 (\nthe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. when several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. further details may be available for individual references in the distribution table details section which can be selected by going to generate report .\np. gossypiella is an oligophagous pest. in a survey of okra, deccan hemp (hibiscus cannabinus [ kenaf ]) and roselle (h. sabdariffa) in egypt in autumn 1988, p. gossypiella was found to prefer okra over cotton towards the end of the season when the cotton boll surface was hard (\np. gossypiella eggs are deposited on or near the cotton bolls at the time of flowering. young larvae emerge after 3 - 5 days (in optimum conditions), entering the cotton bolls shortly after emergence where they feed internally within the pod, making a small hole to the exterior to allow air to penetrate. larvae usually pass through four instars. after this they emerge from the top of the boll (in contrast to the behaviour of the noctuid cotton borers earias vittella and e. insulana which make exit holes in the lower half of the boll;" ]

{ "text": [ "the pink bollworm ( pectinophora gossypiella ) , spanish : lagarta rosada , is an insect known for being a pest in cotton farming .", "the adult is a small , thin , gray moth with fringed wings .", "the larva is a dull white , eight-legged caterpillar with conspicuous pink banding along its dorsum .", "the larva reaches one half inch in length .", "the pink bollworm is native to asia , but has become an invasive species in most of the world 's cotton-growing regions .", "it reached the cotton belt in the southern united states by the 1920s .", "it is a major pest in the cotton fields of the southern california deserts .", "the female moth lays eggs in a cotton boll , and when the larvae emerge from the eggs , they inflict damage through feeding .", "they chew through the cotton lint to feed on the seeds .", "since cotton is used for both fiber and seed oil , the damage is twofold .", "their disruption of the protective tissue around the boll is a portal of entry for other insects and fungi .", "in parts of india , the pink bollworm is now resistant to first generation transgenic bt cotton ( bollgard cotton ) that expresses a single bt gene ( cry1ac ) .", "monsanto has admitted that this variety is ineffective against the pink bollworm pest in parts of gujarat , india .", "infestation on susceptible cotton is generally controlled with insecticides .", "once a crop has been harvested , the field is plowed under as soon as possible to stop the life cycle of the new generation of bollworm .", "unharvested bolls harbor the larvae , so these are destroyed .", "the plants are plowed into the earth and the fields are irrigated liberally to drown out remaining pests .", "some farmers burn the stubble after harvest .", "surviving bollworms will overwinter in the field and re-infest the following season .", "populations of bollworms are also controlled with mating disruption , chemicals and releases of sterile moths which mate with wild females but fail to fertilize their eggs . " ], "topic": [ 12, 8, 1, 0, 20, 0, 12, 28, 8, 12, 4, 15, 12, 12, 12, 4, 12, 15, 14, 14 ] }

[ "the pink bollworm (pectinophora gossypiella), spanish: lagarta rosada, is an insect known for being a pest in cotton farming. the adult is a small, thin, gray moth with fringed wings. the larva is a dull white, eight-legged caterpillar with conspicuous pink banding along its dorsum. the larva reaches one half inch in length. the pink bollworm is native to asia, but has become an invasive species in most of the world's cotton-growing regions. it reached the cotton belt in the southern united states by the 1920s. it is a major pest in the cotton fields of the southern california deserts. the female moth lays eggs in a cotton boll, and when the larvae emerge from the eggs, they inflict damage through feeding. they chew through the cotton lint to feed on the seeds. since cotton is used for both fiber and seed oil, the damage is twofold. their disruption of the protective tissue around the boll is a portal of entry for other insects and fungi. in parts of india, the pink bollworm is now resistant to first generation transgenic bt cotton (bollgard cotton) that expresses a single bt gene (cry1ac). monsanto has admitted that this variety is ineffective against the pink bollworm pest in parts of gujarat, india. infestation on susceptible cotton is generally controlled with insecticides. once a crop has been harvested, the field is plowed under as soon as possible to stop the life cycle of the new generation of bollworm. unharvested bolls harbor the larvae, so these are destroyed. the plants are plowed into the earth and the fields are irrigated liberally to drown out remaining pests. some farmers burn the stubble after harvest. surviving bollworms will overwinter in the field and re-infest the following season. populations of bollworms are also controlled with mating disruption, chemicals and releases of sterile moths which mate with wild females but fail to fertilize their eggs." ]

[ "map of cope' s giant salamander distribution in washington state. learn more on the naturemapping foundation website .\nlarva of cope' s giant salamander photographed on land. credit: brad m. glorioso usgs national wetlands research center\nnobody expects the korean crevice salamander update. . now titled the korean crevice salamander\nsome views of an aquatic neotenic cope' s giant salamander and its habitat and a second one at the end next to an olympic torrent salamander on the olympic peninsula in mason county, washington .\npacific giant salamanders are known to hybridize with californian giant salamanders in a few of the streams of southern medocrine county in california. they are known to be sympatric with cope giant salamanders across the range of cope giant salamanders .\ncope' s giant salamander is found from washington south to northwestern oregon. source: amphibiaweb intended audience: general reading level: high school teacher section: no\nhabitat, mason county, washington. a large adult cope' s giant salamander was seen in the pool below the small falls at the bottom of this picture .\ncoastal giant salamander (dicamptodon tenebrosus) in life. credit: jeffrey marsten wikimedia\njones, l. l. c. , and p. s. corn. 1989. third specimen of a metamorphosed cope' s giant salamander (dicamptodon copei). northwestern naturalist 70: 37 - 38 .\ncope' s giant salamanders usually mature and reproduce almost entirely in their aquatic form without metamorphosing into terrestrial adults. this is called paedomorphosis or neoteny .\n4. conservation. there has been no apparent reduction in the range of cope’s giant salamanders. they are widely distributed through much of their range and can be locally abundant. while little is known about the effects of timber harvesting on cope' s giant salamanders, it is likely that development and deforestation may have resulted in the reduction of some populations. according to levell (1997), cope' s giant salamanders are listed as protected in oregon .\nloafman, p. , and jones, l. (1996).'' dicamptodon copei (cope' s giant salamander). metamorphosis and predation.'' herpetological review, 27, 136 .\nnussbaum, r. 1969. nests and eggs of the pacific giant salamander, dicamptodon ensatus .\ncope' s giant salamanders are found in clear, cold mountain streams. source: burke museum intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes\ncope' s giant salamanders rarely tranform into a terrestrial adult form. source: california herps intended audience: general reading level: n / a teacher section: no\ncope' s giant salamanders are only found in the pacific northwest. in washington state they are found in the olympic and the cascade mountains and willapa hills of southern washington\nwood, s. 1972. metabolic rate of larval and adult pacific giant salamanders, dicamptodon ensatus .\nsteele, c. a. , e. d. brodie, jr. , and j. g. maccraken. 2003. dicamptodon copei (cope' s giant salamander). reproduction. herpetological review 34: 227 - 228 .\nparker, m. 1994. feeding ecology of stream - dwelling pacific giant salamander larvae (dicamptodon tenebrosus) .\npacific giant salamander recovery team. recovery strategy for the pacific giant salamander (dicamptodon tenebrosus) in british columbia. victoria, british colombia: b. c. ministry of environment. 2010. accessed february 02, 2011 at urltoken .\no. predators. cope’s giant salamanders, pacific giant salamanders, common garter snakes (thamnophis sirtalis), and water shrews (sorex palustris) have been reported (nussbaum et al. , 1983; loafman and jones, 1996) .\nnussbaum, r. a. (1983).'' dicamptodon copei nussbaum. cope' s giant salamander.'' catalogue of american amphibians and reptiles. society for the study of amphibians and reptiles, 334. 1 - 334. 2 .\nb. cover. bury et al. (1991) found that cope’s giant salamanders (paedomorphic animals and larvae combined) primarily inhabited pools in mountain streams, using large stones for cover .\nc. michael hogan (2008) pacific giant salamander: dicamptodon ensatus, globaltwitcher. com, ed. n. stromberg\nfemale cope' s giant salamanders lay their eggs under rocks or logs and guard them. source: washington division of natural resources intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: no\nthe species in this family are about a foot in length, and most are brown with brown or black spots and splotches. they spend the day under logs or rocks and come out at night, especially after it rains. one species, cope' s giant salamander, has gills and lives in the water. another species, the california giant salamander, makes a barking sound when it is disturbed !\n(\nwildlife at risk in british colombia: pacific giant salamander\n, 1993; lannoo, 2005; sagar, et al. , 2007 )\nit reaches between 12. 4–19. 1 cm (4⅞–7½ in). the salamander resembles\nthe idaho giant salamander is found in northern idaho and extreme western montana. source: amphibiaweb intended audience: general reading level: high school teacher section: no\nthe idaho giant salamander can close to 13 inches in length. source: idaho digital library intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: no\nthe idaho giant salamander lays its eggs in theheadwaters of mountain streams. source: california herps intended audience: general reading level: n / a teacher section: no\nthis species has a limited range in oregon. cope' s giant salamanders rarely or never metamorphose, so they are highly vulnerable to channel dewatering and barriers to stream connectivity. given their small gill surface area, they are also sensitive to increases in temperature and sediment .\n(\nwildlife at risk in british colombia: pacific giant salamander\n, 1993; blood, et al. , 1993; lannoo, 2005; petranka, 1998 )\nthe idaho giant salamander is found near or in streams in forested areas. source: northern rockies natural history guide intended audience: general reading level: elementary school teacher section: no\nblood, d. , m. hames, r. pawlas. 1993 .\npacific giant salamander\n( on - line pdf). accessed november 18, 2009 at urltoken .\nthe cope' s giant salamanders habits in the wild are largely unknown. they generally do not metamorphose into adults. rather they mature sexually in the larval stage, known as paedomorphosis. however, approximately 66 adults have been found in the wild and mature larvae in the lab have been transformed via thyroid treatments .\nedwards, j. l. (1976) .\nspinal nerves and their bearing on salamander phylogeny .\ncope' s giant salamanders inhabit cold, clear, fast - flowing permanent streams in coniferous forests. they are typically associated with coarse substrates (e. g. , basalt). this species uses deep cobble, small boulders, in - channel logs, and other microhabitat features for foraging, refugia, and egg - laying .\nthe views expressed are those of the author (s) and are not necessarily those of scientific american .\nreproduction in which eggs are released by the female; development of offspring occurs outside the mother' s body .\nbreeding season pacific giant salamanders breed from spring through fall, with high altitude populations breeding later .\nchecklist of vertebrates of the united states, the u. s. territories, and canada, draft (2004 )\nprovince of british columbia: ministry of environment, lands and parks. wildlife at risk in british colombia: pacific giant salamander. victoria, british colombia: ministry of environment, lands and parks. 1993. accessed february 02, 2011 at urltoken .\nreproduction in these salamanders involves the production of a clutch of 25 - 115 eggs that are then guarded by the female, healed injuries on the bodies of these mothers indicating sometimes aggressive defence against predators (which are most likely other salamanders). the eggs are laid in hollows under logs or rocks, or in cavities at the sides of water bodies. the literature is somewhat confusing on where these nest sites are located but it appears that the metamorphosing species lay them in the terrestrial environment while cope' s giant salamander lays its eggs in streams and pools .\nn. sp. , from the pacific northwest, u. s. a. (amphibia: caudata: ambystomatidae) .\nthis article was written and prepared by u. s. government employees on official time, and is therefore in the public domain .\ncope' s giant salamander is found in the puget lowland forests along with several other western north america ecoregions. the puget lowland forests occupy a north - south topographic depression between the olympic peninsula and western slopes of the cascade mountains, extending from north of the canadian border to the lower columbia river along the oregon border. the portion of this forest ecoregion within british columbia includes the fraser valley lowlands, the coastal lowlands locally known as the sunshine coast and several of the gulf islands. this ecoregion is within the nearctic realm and classified as part of the temperate coniferous forests biome .\nnothing is yet known about the lifespan of pacific giant salamanders however, other species of aquatic salamander are known to be long - lived. given that the young take 5 to 6 years to reach reproductive maturity, they are likely a long - lived species as well .\nedwards, j. l. (1976) .\nspinal nerves and their bearing on salamander phylogeny .\njournal of morphology, 148, 305 - 328 .\nrepresentatives of most - but not all - salamander lineages, as illustrated for my textbook project (for more info click here). no dicamptodontid yet! credit: darren naish\npacific giant salamanders are the largest terrestrial salamander in the pacific northwest and are one of the largest terrestrial salamanders in the world. adults of this species may exhibit neoteny and retain gills to live a more aquatic lifestyle, or may metamorphose completely and live terrestrially. gilled, aquatic adults are common in more coastal populations and in those of british columbia .\nnote: all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve' s central databases as of november 2016. note: this report was printed on\npacific giant salamanders are predators of small mammals including mice, which may be of economic benefit to humans, as mice have become a prevalent pest for farms, industries and homes .\nsagar, j. , d. olson, r. schmitz. 2007. survival and growth of larval coastal giant salamanders (dicamptodon tenebrosus) in streams in the oregon coast range .\nblackburn, l. , p. nanjappa, and m. j. lannoo. 2001. an atlas of the distribution of u. s. amphibians. copyright, ball state university, muncie, indiana, usa .\nnussbaum, r. a. 1970. dicamptodon copei, n. sp. , from the pacific northwest, u. s. a. (amphibia: caudata: ambystomatidae). copeia 1970, 506 - 514 .\nthey have robust skulls, big teeth, they reach a reasonable size and they' re restricted (today) to northwestern north america. they' re the pacific giant salamanders ...\nin addition, pacific giant salamanders have a basal metabolic rate of 31. 2 + or - 4. 3 at a temperature of 15 degrees celsius. the value for basal metabolic rate is temperature dependent .\n, but it rarely transforms to a terrestrial stage. it is smaller overall with a narrower head and shorter limbs. it is brown above with patches of yellowish - tan covering clusters of white skin glands, its belly is dark bluish - gray. the salamander has 12–13 inconspicuous\nnussbaum, r. a. (1970) .\ndicamptodon copei, n. sp. , from the pacific northwest, u. s. a. (amphibia: caudata: ambystomatidae) .\ncopeia, 1970, 506 - 514 .\nfeeds on a wide variety of aquatic organisms including: immature insects, fish eggs, small fish, frog' s eggs and tadpoles. may eat its own larvae as well as the larvae of d. tenebrosus (nussbaum et al. 1983) .\nthe state that some animals enter during winter in which normal physiological processes are significantly reduced, thus lowering the animal' s energy requirements. the act or condition of passing winter in a torpid or resting state, typically involving the abandonment of homoiothermy in mammals .\nthis item may be protected under title 17 of the u. s. copyright law. it is available for non - commercial research and education. for permission to publish or reproduce, please contact the east texas research center at asketrc @ sfasu. edu .\ncomments: feeds on a wide variety of aquatic organisms including: immature insects, fish eggs, small fish, frog' s eggs and tadpoles. may eat its own larvae as well as the larvae of d. tenebrosus (nussbaum et al. 1983) .\noregon’s coast range, known for its dramatic scenery, is extremely diverse, with habitats ranging from open sandy dunes to lush forests and from tidepools to headwater streams. it follows the coastline and extends east through coastal forest to the border of the willamette valley and klamath mountains ecoregions\npacific giant salamanders occupy the coastal areas of british colombia, oregon, washington, and northern california. in british colombia, these salamanders are only found in the extreme southwest region, south of the fraser valley and in the chilliwack district .\nwhile it is mostly convention today to recognise a distinct' family' for this lineage, some authors include them within ambystomatidae, the mole salamander group that famously includes the axolotl and the barred and tiger salamanders. in current molecular phylogenies, ambystomatidae and dicamptodon are sister - groups, so they' re close whatever you do .\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\npacific giant salamanders likely impact prey populations of aquatic and terrestrial vertebrates, as well as aquatic invertebrates. high frequency of small mammals in the diet of large, terrestrial adults suggests that these salamanders may play a role in structuring the shrew and mice communities. parasitic helminths have been found in this species .\nridgely, r. s. , t. f. allnutt, t. brooks, d. k. mcnicol, d. w. mehlman, b. e. young, and j. r. zook. 2003. digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\nafter mating terrestrially, female pacific giant salamanders will migrate to fast - flowing streams to lay their eggs. the females will guard the aquatic clutches until the young hatch after 6 or 7 months. cannibalism is well documented among the males of the species, which may explain why the female is in attendance .\ncopyright notice: copyright © 2017 natureserve, 4600 n. fairfax dr. , 7th floor, arlington virginia 22203, u. s. a. all rights reserved. each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document. the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nvery little information is available about the mating system for pacific giant salamanders. courtship occurs from spring to fall, and reproductively mature, terrestrial females will migrate to streams to oviposit. field observations have suggested that the courtship ritual occurs terrestrially in crevices under rocks and logs, however, the courtship behavior has not been directly observed .\npacific giant salamanders exhibit slow growth rates and do not reach sexual maturity until 5 or 6 years of age. adults of this species may be terrestrial or aquatic; the aquatic being neotenes which retain many larval characteristics like external gills. neoteny seems to be more prevalent in certain, more coastal populations, specifically, british colombia salamanders are nearly all neotenes .\npacific giant salamanders are mostly nocturnal, though may be active during the early morning hours as well. female salamanders will perform migrations to suitable streams for oviposition, but currently this seems to be the only migrational behavior for this species. as most salamanders live within 50 m of a stream, these migrations are not significant and the species is considered sedentary .\nin british colombia however, pacific giant salamanders are considered nationally imperiled and are included in the canada species at risk act. they are considered important in conserving the biological diversity of native ecosystems in the region. to address these concerns, the british colombia ministry of environment created a management strategy in april 2010 to ensure a self - sustaining population in southwest british colombia .\nbury, r. b. , p. s. corn, k. b. aubry, f. f. gilbert and l. l. c. jones. 1991b. aquatic amphibian communites in oregon and washington. pages 353 - 62 in l. f. ruggerio (ed .). wildlife and vegetation of unmanaged douglas - fir forests. usda forest service pacific northwest research station, portland, oregon. gen. tech. rept. pnw - gtr - 285 .\npacific giant salamanders live in small to midsized streams. they also occupy moist, riverside forests. the type of stream bed they prefer is composed of large gravel to small boulders having some large logs in them with very little silt on the bottom of the stream. during rainy periods this species may also be found under forest litter such as leaves and small branches. this species can be found at elevations from sea level to 1830 m .\nlittle is actually known about the development of pacific giant salamanders. it is known that environmental conditions (such as the cold temperature of preferred streams) affect the growth and survival of the larvae. after they are laid, the eggs may take up to 7 months to hatch. larvae are 3 cm long upon hatching and feature large yolk sacs that will sustain them for 2 to 4 months. at this point, the young are about 40 cm in length, and can begin to hunt their own prey. metamorphosis begins 18 to 24 months after hatching, when the young are 92 to 166 mm in length .\nwhen it is time for the females to ovipost they migrate from upland habitats to streams. it is unknown if these salamanders breed yearly as the females have a significant parental investment of guarding her eggs for up to 7 months. most females appear to oviposit during early to mid may then they guard their eggs until hatching. the few nests that have been discovered have been in subterranean habitats in running water. these salamanders have one of the longest incubation periods of all salamanders. hatchlings appear in december and january about 6 to 7 months after oviposition. it takes 5 to 6 years for pacific giant salamanders to reach sexual maturity .\nthe following account is modified from amphibian declines: the conservation status of united states species, edited by michael lannoo (©2005 by the regents of the university of california), used with permission of university of california press. the book is available from uc press .\nii. breeding habitat. likely to be the same as egg deposition sites, which include hidden chambers under rocks and logs and in cutbanks (nussbaum et al. , 1983; steele et al. , 2003) .\ni. egg deposition sites. nussbaum et al. (1983) reported on nine nests found in nature. eggs are deposited in spring–fall. females placed their eggs in hidden chambers under rocks and logs and in cutbanks. steele et al. (2003) recently reported on two clutches .\nii. clutch size. clutches range from 25–115 eggs, averaging about 50. females guard the eggs, and conspecifics are often found with bite marks, which suggests nest defense. the two nests discovered by steele et al. (2003) contained 23 and 28 eggs .\ni. length of larval stage. in general, the species is larviform throughout its life and growth rates are unknown .\nv. post‑metamorphic migrations. unknown, but transformed individuals were usually found near streams .\nvi. neoteny. this species appears to be a near - obligate paedomorphic species .\ne. adult habitat. unknown for metamorphosed individuals and little studied for larviform adults. paedomorphic adults and larvae are usually associated with pools in small–moderately sized rocky mountain streams and, occasionally, montane lakes (nussbaum et al. , 1983; bury et al. , 1991) .\ng. territories. unknown, but individuals often have scars inflicted by conspecifics (nussbaum et al. , 1983), which may be due to nest protection, territoriality, or both .\nh. aestivation / avoiding dessication. surface activity is normally high during the summer (antonelli et al. , 1972), but individuals probably seek refuge during dessicating conditions .\nj. torpor (hibernation). surface activity is absent or reduced in the winter, at least in areas where temperatures are near freezing (antonelli et al. , 1972) .\nl. age / size at reproductive maturity. from 65–77 mm svl (nussbaum, 1976) .\nn. feeding behavior. branchiate adults may feed on larger prey, including tailed frog larvae and juveniles, small fish, and smaller congeners or their eggs (antonelli et al. , 1972; kaplan and sherman, 1980; nussbaum et al. , 1983; jones and raphael, 1998). they generally feed in streams, but sometimes venture out of the stream in wet weather (nussbaum et al. , 1983). diet for metamorphosed forms is unknown .\np. anti - predator mechanisms. unreported, but flight is evident (personal observations) .\npresent address: district biologist safford ranger district p. o. box 709 safford, arizona 85548 ljones02 @ urltoken\n> university of california, berkeley, ca, usa. accessed 10 jul 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\njustification: listed as least concern in view of its relatively wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\nthis species can be found in the olympic peninsula, washington, south through the southern cascades and willapa hills to streams that drain into the columbia river gorge in northwestern oregon, usa (stebbins 1985). it can be found from near sea level to about 975m asl (leonard et al. 1993) .\nthe total adult population size is unknown but it probably exceeds a few thousand. trend is poorly known. declining to stable in oregon (m. stern pers. comm. , 1997). probably stable for the past 20 years in washington where at least 100 localities are known (j. fleckenstein pers. comm. , 1997) .\nit can be found in streams and rivers in moist coniferous forests (water temperatures usually range from 8 - 14 c) (nussbaum et al. 1983). it is sometimes found in clear, cold mountain lakes and ponds, and sometimes occurs on land along water courses (jones and corn 1989). it lays eggs in nest chambers under stones, cutbanks, or logs (nussbaum et al. 1983) .\nlogging is the biggest threat to this species; logging could increase water temperatures to unsuitably high levels and result in siltation, which might detrimentally affect food resources. overall, it is considered to be only locally threatened .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nfrost, d. r. 1985. amphibian species of the world. a taxonomic and geographical reference. allen press, inc. , and the association of systematics collections, lawrence, kansas. v + 732 pp .\nin geographic contact with d. tenebrosus in northern oregon, but no hybridization occurs; see good (1989) for information on relationships among dicamptodon species .\nsmall range in washington and northwestern oregon; many occurrences; stable to slightly declining; the biggest threat is posed by increased stream temperatures and siltation resulting from logging .\ndue to latency between updates made in state, provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer, for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data. please refer to\nolympic peninsula, washington, south through the southern cascades and willapa hills to streams that drain into the columbia river gorge in northwestern oregon (nussbaum 1983, stebbins 1985 and southeastward to wasco county, oregon, east of the cascade crest (jones and corkran 2002). from near sea level to about 975 m (leonard et al. 1993) .\npossibly over 100 occurrences in washington, 70% excellent to good (j. fleckenstein, pers. comm. , 1997). fewer than 6 occurrences in oregon (oregon heritage program) .\nlogging is the biggest threat; logging could increase water temperatures to unsuitably high levels and result in siltation, which may detrimentally affect food resources .\ntrend is poorly known. declining to stable in oregon (mark stern, pers. comm. , 1997). probably stable for the past 20 years in washington (j. fleckenstein, pers. comm. , 1997) .\nlikely relatively stable in extent of occurrence, probably less than 25% decline in population size, area of occurrence, and number / condition of occurrences .\n( 20, 000 - 200, 000 square km (about 8000 - 80, 000 square miles) ) olympic peninsula, washington, south through the southern cascades and willapa hills to streams that drain into the columbia river gorge in northwestern oregon (nussbaum 1983, stebbins 1985 and southeastward to wasco county, oregon, east of the cascade crest (jones and corkran 2002). from near sea level to about 975 m (leonard et al. 1993) .\nnote: range depicted for new world only. the scale of the maps may cause narrow coastal ranges or ranges on small islands not to appear. not all vagrant or small disjunct occurrences are depicted. for migratory birds, some individuals occur outside of the passage migrant range depicted. for information on how to obtain shapefiles of species ranges see our species mapping pages at urltoken\napparently breeding and egg laying occur throughout spring, summer, and fall. female guards eggs until they hatch. clutch size is 25 - 115 (average 50, nussbaum et al. 1983). paedomorphic; few metamorphosed individuals have been found (jones and corn 1989) .\nthe 1980 eruption of mt. st. helens eliminated some habitat. predators: garter snakes, large larvae of dicamptodon, water shrews .\nstreams and rivers in moist coniferous forests (water temperatures usually range from 8 to 14 c) (nussbaum et al. 1983). sometimes found in clear, cold mountain lakes and ponds. sometimes occurs on land along water courses (jones and corn 1989). lays eggs in streams on the underside of rocks (steele et al. 2003) or in chambers under stones, cutbanks, or logs (nussbaum et al. 1983) .\noccurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals (including larvae or eggs) in or near appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and breeding .\nheavily traveled road, such that salamanders almost never successfully traverse the road; road with a barrier that is impermeable to salamanders; large impoundment or lake containing predatory fishes; areas of intensive development dominated by buildings and pavement .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks (2008). the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs (see local programs) and other contributors and cooperators (see sources) .\nbehler, j. l. , and f. w. king. 1979. the audubon society field guide to north american reptiles and amphibians. alfred a. knopf, new york. 719 pp .\ncorkran, c. c. , and c. thoms. 1996. amphibians of oregon, washington and british columbia. lone pine publishing, edmonton, alberta. 175 pp .\ngood, d. a. 1989. hybridization and cryptic species in dicamptodon (caudata: dicamptodontidae). evolution 43: 728 - 744 .\njones, l. l. c. , w. p. leonard, and d. h. olson, editors. 2005. amphibians of the pacific northwest. seattle audubon society, seattle, washington. xii + 227 pp .\njones, l. l. c. , and c. corkran. 2002. geographic distribution: dicamptodon copei. herpetological review 33: 217 .\nleonard, w. p. , h. a. brown, l. l. c. jones, k. r. mcallister, and r. m. storm. 1993. amphibians of washington and oregon. seattle audubon society, seattle, washington. viii + 168 pp .\nnussbaum, r. a. 1983. dicamptodon copei. catalogue of american amphibians and reptiles. 334: 1 - 2 .\nnussbaum, r. a. , e. d. brodie, jr. , and r. m. storm. 1983. amphibians and reptiles of the pacific northwest. university press of idaho, moscow, idaho. 332 pp .\nraphael, m. g. et al. 1997. the wildlife ecology team 1997 annual report. ecology of aquatic and riparian ecosystems under alternate management regimes. pp. 83 - 93. usfs, pacific northwest research station, olympia, wa .\nstebbins, r. c. 1985a. a field guide to western reptiles and amphibians. second edition. houghton mifflin company, boston, massachusetts. xiv + 336 pp .\nthe small print: trademark, copyright, citation guidelines, restrictions on use, and information disclaimer .\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer, the natureserve logo, and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve. any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\nnatureserve. 2017. natureserve explorer: an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ]. version 7. 1. natureserve, arlington, virginia. available http: / / explorer. natureserve. org. (accessed :\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely, james zook, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson, b. d. , g. ceballos, w. sechrest, m. f. tognelli, t. brooks, l. luna, p. ortega, i. salazar, and b. e. young. 2003. digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson, wes sechrest, marcelo tognelli, gerardo ceballos, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn, conservation international, and natureserve. 2004. global amphibian assessment. iucn, conservation international, and natureserve, washington, dc and arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union, conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used, copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text. any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve. nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication, estoppel, or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve. no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve. except as expressly provided above, nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n). your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\ncorner of 17th ave ne and ne 45th st. , seattle, wa 206. 543. 5590\ncorner of 17th ave. ne and ne 45th st. , seattle, wa\nthey have short, bushy gills, and have many small white skin glands all over the body .\nthey spend most days under rocks in the streams, but move about openly on the stream bottom in the evenings .\neggs are laid is spring and fall under rocks or logs in streams in hidden spots and are protected by the female .\neggs are white and laid one at a time and attached to the wall of the nest site. eggs can take up to 200 days before hatching .\nthis happens because most individuals do not respond to the hormones that normally would trigger metamorphosis in other salamanders .\nmain threats include habitat destruction from logging and habitat loss. view their status on the iucn red list of threatened species .\nexplore more of the amphibians & reptiles of washington or check out all about amphibians .\nwestern redback salamanders are found up to 1, 250 feet in elevation, higher than any other species in this family .\nstriped whipsnakes occur in specific parts of the western united states and northern mexico .\n17th ave ne and ne 45th st. , seattle, wa, united states\nthe east cascade ecoregion extends from the cascade mountains’ summit east to the warmer, drier high desert and down the length of the state. this ecoregion varies dramatically from its cool, moist border with the west cascades ecoregion to its dry eastern border, where it meets sagebrush desert landscapes .\nthe west cascades ecoregion extends from east of the cascade mountains summit to the foothills of the willamette, umpqua, and rogue valleys, and spans the entire length of the state of oregon. it is largely dominated by conifer forests, moving into alpine parklands and dwarf shrubs at higher elevations .\nassess distribution and habitat connectivity needs. gather basic information on life history and population ecology, including reproduction (parental care, number of clutches per female per year). determine the frequency of naturally - occurring terrestrial (metamorphosed) individuals. evaluate the effects of herbicides, fertilizers, other chemicals, non - native fish, and disease on this species .\nretain stream buffers to maintain cool water temperatures and water clarity. minimize sediment coating or embedding of rocky substrates. replace culverts as needed to remove barriers in continuous, natural streambed and streambank habitat. restrict chemical applications near streams. reduce the likelihood of non - native predators in streams .\nclassification from species 2000 & itis catalogue of life: april 2013 selected by c. michael hogan - see more .\njennifer hammock added an association between\ncentral and southern cascades forests habitat\nand\nlagopus leucura\n.\njennifer hammock added an association between\ncentral and southern cascades forests habitat\nand\npicoides albolarvatus\n.\njennifer hammock added an association between\ncentral and southern cascades forests habitat\nand\nmegascops flammeolus\n.\njennifer hammock added an association between\ncentral and southern cascades forests habitat\nand\nelgaria coerulea wiegmann 1828\n.\njennifer hammock added an association between\ncentral and southern cascades forests habitat\nand\nelgaria multicarinata blainville 1835\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na very rare fully - metamorphosed terrestrial adult form of this normally neotenic species, found at spirit lake on mt. st. helens by robert stebbins in 1974. © museum of vertebrate zoology, university of california, berkeley .\nthere aren' t many books devoted to fossil salamanders, but this exists at least. credit :\ngoode, d. a. 1989. hybridization and cryptic species in dicamptodon (caudata: dicamptodontidae). evolution 43, 728 - 744 .\nholman, j. a. 2006. fossil salamanders of north america. indiana university press, bloomington & indianapolis .\nroček, z. 1994. a review of the fossil caudata of europe. abhandlungen und berichte für naturkunde 17, 51 - 56 .\ndiscover world - changing science. explore our digital archive back to 1845, including articles by more than 150 nobel prize winners .\nscientific american is part of springer nature, which owns or has commercial relations with thousands of scientific publications (many of them can be found at urltoken). scientific american maintains a strict policy of editorial independence in reporting developments in science to our readers .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhome | wild files | n. h. animals | animals a - z | watch online\nthere are four species in this family. they are all found in coniferous forests in northwestern california, oregon, washington, idaho, and british columbia in canada. they have flat, stocky bodies; wide heads; bulging eyes; and a long, laterally - flattened tail .\nthe female in this family lays single eggs in streams. she cares for the eggs until they hatch. the larvae have external gills and four pairs of gill slits. the live in the water for 2 - 5 years .\nleast concern near threatened vulnerable endangered critically endangered extinct in wild extinct status and range is taken from icun redlist. if no status is listed, there is not enough data to establish status .\ndistributed in the coast ranges of the olympic peninsula, washington, to just south of the columbia river in northwestern oregon. also found in the cascade mountains of northern oregon and southern washington (nussbaum 1983; petranka 1998) .\ninhabit cold, fast - flowing streams in humid, coniferous forests. individuals may be found under rocks and woody debris (petranka 1998) .\n( petranka 1998). eggs are laid throughout the year, but primarily in the winter months. nests sites are on the undersides of rocks or other cover. females attend the eggs until hatching, and will aggressively defend against conspecific predators. clutch size ranges from 25 - 115, average about 50 (nussbaum et al. 1983) .\n( nussbaum 1970; nussbaum et al. 1983; loafman and jones 1996). larvae may emerge from streams on particularly wet nights (nussbaum et al. 1983 )\nboth through direct destruction of habitat and also through increased siltation of streams (petranka 1998) .\n( nussbaum 1970; 1976; 1983). recent genetic studies (dougherty et al. 1983; good 1989) have supported the recognition of these forms as separate species. the genus\nwas historically included as a subfamily (dicamptodontinae) in the family ambystomatidae, and was placed in a separate family, dicamptodontidae, based on features of the spinal nerves (edwards 1976) .\ndaugherty, c. h. , allendorf, f. w. , dunlap, w. w. , and knudsen, k. l. (1983).'' systematic implications of geographic patterns of genetic variation in the genus\nleonard, w. p. , brown, h. a. , jones, l. l. c. , mcallister, k. r. , and storm, r. m. (1993) .\nloafman, p. , and jones, l. (1996).''\nsociety for the study of amphibians and reptiles, 334. 1 - 334. 2 .\nnussbaum, r. a. , brodie, e. d. , jr. , and storm, r. m. (1983) .\nmeredith j. mahoney (molge at yahoo. com), museum of vertebrate zoology\n> university of california, berkeley, ca, usa. accessed jul 10, 2018 .\ndaugherty, c. h. , allendorf, f. w. , dunlap, w. w. , and knudsen, k. l. (1983).'' systematic implications of geographic patterns of genetic variation in the genus dicamptodon.'' copeia, 1983 (3), 679 - 691 .\ngood, d. a. (1989) .\nhybridization and cryptic species in dicamptodon (caudata: dicamptodontidae) .\nevolution, 43, 728 - 744 .\nleonard, w. p. , brown, h. a. , jones, l. l. c. , mcallister, k. r. , and storm, r. m. (1993). amphibians of washington and oregon. seattle audubon, seattle .\nnussbaum, r. a. (1976) .\ngeographic variation and systematics of salamanders of the genus dicamptodon strauch (ambystomatidae) .\nmiscellaneous publications of the museum of zoology, university of michigan, 149, 1 - 94 .\nnussbaum, r. a. , brodie, e. d. , jr. , and storm, r. m. (1983). amphibians and reptiles of the pacific northwest. university of idaho press, moscow, idaho .\npetranka, j. w. (1998). salamanders of the united states and canada. smithsonian institution press, washington and london .\nglobal range: (20, 000 - 200, 000 square km (about 8000 - 80, 000 square miles) ) olympic peninsula, washington, south through the southern cascades and willapa hills to streams that drain into the columbia river gorge in northwestern oregon (nussbaum 1983, stebbins 1985 and southeastward to wasco county, oregon, east of the cascade crest (jones and corkran 2002). from near sea level to about 975 m (leonard et al. 1993) .\nholotype: nussbaum, r. a. 1970. copeia. 1970 (3): 506, fig. 2 .\nparatype: nussbaum, r. a. 1970. copeia. 1970 (3): 506, fig. 2 .\nlikewise there are a small number of reptilian taxa within the ecoregion: common garter snake (thamnophis sirtalis); western terrestrial garter snake (thamnophis sirtalis); northern alligator lizard (elgaria coerulea); western fence lizard (sceloporus occidentalis); northwestern garter snake (thamnophis ordinoides); sharp - tailed snake (contia tenuis); yellow - bellied racer (coluber constrictor); and western pond turtle (clemmys marmorata) .\nthere are numberous mammalian taxa present in the puget lowland forests. a small sample of these are: creeping vole (microtus oregoni), raccoon (procyon lotor), southern sea otter (enhydra lutris), mink (mustela vison), coyote (canis latrans), black - tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus), pallid bat (antrozous pallidus), and harbour seal (phoca vitulina) .\na rich assortment of bird species present in this ecoregion, including the near threatened spotted owl (strix occidentalis), turkey vulture (cathartes aura), bald eagle (haliaeetus leucocephalus), blue grouse (dendragapus obscurus), as well as a gamut of seabirds, numerous shorebirds and waterfowl .\ncomments: streams and rivers in moist coniferous forests (water temperatures usually range from 8 to 14 c) (nussbaum et al. 1983). sometimes found in clear, cold mountain lakes and ponds. sometimes occurs on land along water courses (jones and corn 1989). lays eggs in streams on the underside of rocks (steele et al. 2003) or in chambers under stones, cutbanks, or logs (nussbaum et al. 1983) .\nnon - migrant: yes. at least some populations of this species do not make significant seasonal migrations. juvenile dispersal is not considered a migration .\nlocally migrant: no. no populations of this species make local extended movements (generally less than 200 km) at particular times of the year (e. g. , to breeding or wintering grounds, to hibernation sites) .\nlocally migrant: no. no populations of this species make annual migrations of over 200 km .\ncomments: total adult population size is unknown but likely exceeds a few thousand .\nlisted as least concern in view of its relatively wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\nreasons: small range in washington and northwestern oregon; many occurrences; stable to slightly declining; the biggest threat is posed by increased stream temperatures and siltation resulting from logging .\ndicamptodon copei feed on a variety of aquatic invertebrates and also small fish (trout and sculpin), eggs and tadpoles of tailed frogs (ascaphus), and smaller larval dicamptodon (nussbaum et al. 1983). predators are garter snakes (thamnophis), water shrews (sorex palustris), and d. tenebrosus (nussbaum 1970; nussbaum et al. 1983; loafman and jones 1996). larvae may emerge from streams on particularly wet nights (nussbaum et al. 1983 )\ncomments: trend is poorly known. declining to stable in oregon (mark stern, pers. comm. , 1997). probably stable for the past 20 years in washington (j. fleckenstein, pers. comm. , 1997) .\ncomments: likely relatively stable in extent of occurrence, probably less than 25% decline in population size, area of occurrence, and number / condition of occurrences .\nlogging is a threat to populations of d. copei both through direct destruction of habitat and also through increased siltation of streams (petranka 1998) .\ncomments: logging is the biggest threat; logging could increase water temperatures to unsuitably high levels and result in siltation, which may detrimentally affect food resources .\nis cold rivers and streams in coniferous forests, and occasionally in cold mountain lakes and ponds. eggs are laid terrestrially, under stones or logs. it is threatened by\ngeoffrey hammerson (2004) dicamptodon copei. in: iucn 2012. iucn red list of threatened species. version 2012. 2 .\njohn l. behler and f. wayne king (1979) national audubon society field guide to reptiles and amphibians, knopf, isbn 0394508246\ncomments: in geographic contact with d. tenebrosus in northern oregon, but no hybridization occurs; see good (1989) for information on relationships among dicamptodon species .\nthe dorsal surface of most adults is dark brown to nearly black and is covered with light brown spotting or marbling, though coloration varies between individuals and populations. the ventral side is unmarked and white or pale in color. young salamanders have bright golden marbling that becomes more diffuse and more conspicuous with age. the pattern may fade in very old adults but they usually retain some spotting on the head. larval salamanders metamorphosize when they reach 92 to 166 mm in length .\nrange basal metabolic rate 20. 7 to 63. 3 cm3. o2 / g / hr\nthe newly metamorphosed and sometimes paedomorphic individuals move out of streams during rainy, wet periods. some will remain in the vicinity of the streams while others go to higher ground. both the larvae and adults seek refuge from temperature extremes such as in winter during freezing temperatures .\nfrom what is known of these salamanders, they lead largely solitary lives but individuals will come together to breed. they exhibit very territorial behaviors and will forcefully guard burrows from intruders .\nit has been documented that the home range size of this species is between 3, 047 and 5, 196 metres squared .\ngenus), salmonids and conspecifics. when approached by predators salamanders employ a variety of anti - predator adaptations. these include tail lashing, biting, arching of the back, and skin secretions. they are also known to emit a warning bark. their black and brown marbled coloration is cryptic in their terrestrial and aquatic habitats .\nmike leighton (author), university of alberta, augustana campus, doris audet (editor), university of alberta, augustana campus, rachelle sterling (editor), special projects .\nliving in the nearctic biogeographic province, the northern part of the new world. this includes greenland, the canadian arctic islands, and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves. animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nhaving markings, coloration, shapes, or other features that cause an animal to be camouflaged in its natural environment; being difficult to see or otherwise detect .\nforest biomes are dominated by trees, otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .\nhaving a body temperature that fluctuates with that of the immediate environment; having no mechanism or a poorly developed mechanism for regulating internal body temperature .\noffspring are produced in more than one group (litters, clutches, etc .) and across multiple seasons (or other periods hospitable to reproduction). iteroparous animals must, by definition, survive over multiple seasons (or periodic condition changes)." ]

{ "text": [ "cope 's giant salamander ( dicamptodon copei ) is a species of salamander in the family dicamptodontidae , the pacific giant salamanders .", "it is native to washington and oregon in the pacific northwest region of the united states . " ], "topic": [ 7, 13 ] }

[ "cope's giant salamander (dicamptodon copei) is a species of salamander in the family dicamptodontidae, the pacific giant salamanders. it is native to washington and oregon in the pacific northwest region of the united states." ]

[ "this is the place for chrysozona definition. you find here chrysozona meaning, synonyms of chrysozona and images for chrysozona copyright 2017 © urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word chrysozona. also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word chrysozona and, of course, chrysozona synonyms and on the right images related to the word chrysozona .\nv. 8 (1921 - 1922) - annals of the transvaal museum. - biodiversity heritage library\nif you are generating a pdf of a journal article or book chapter, please feel free to enter the title and author information. the information you enter here will be stored in the downloaded file to assist you in managing your downloaded pdfs locally .\nthank you for your request. please wait for an email containing a link to download the pdf .\nsign up to receive the latest bhl news, content highlights, and promotions .\nbhl relies on donations to provide free pdf downloads and other services. help keep bhl free and open !\nthere was an issue with the request. please try again and if the problem persists, please send us feedback .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwalsingham thomas de grey 1897a. western equatorial african micro - lepidoptera. - transactions of the entomological society of london 1897 (1): 33–67, pls 2–3." ]

{ "text": [ "chrysocentris chrysozona is a moth in the family glyphipterigidae .", "it is from south africa .", "the wingspan is about 18 mm .", "the forewings are pale brownish-ochreous , the basal two-fifths suffused with grey and with a median transverse golden-metallic line , as well as four small indistinct pale ochreous spots on the posterior part of the costa , margined with rather dark grey anteriorly , the first three tipped with golden-metallic dots , the fourth giving rise to a golden-metallic subterminal streak reaching half across the wing .", "there is a triangular greyish blotch in the disc posteriorly , the apex anterior , crossed by several whitish longitudinal lines on the veins , and edged above by three small golden-metallic spots , of which the third is confluent with the third subcostal dot , and beneath by a black band marked with a row of four raised golden-metallic spots and also with whitish lines on vein 3 between these spots and vein 2 beneath them .", "a golden-metallic marginal streak is found around the apex and termen to this band .", "the hindwings are rather dark grey . " ], "topic": [ 2, 0, 9, 1, 1, 1, 1 ] }

[ "chrysocentris chrysozona is a moth in the family glyphipterigidae. it is from south africa. the wingspan is about 18 mm. the forewings are pale brownish-ochreous, the basal two-fifths suffused with grey and with a median transverse golden-metallic line, as well as four small indistinct pale ochreous spots on the posterior part of the costa, margined with rather dark grey anteriorly, the first three tipped with golden-metallic dots, the fourth giving rise to a golden-metallic subterminal streak reaching half across the wing. there is a triangular greyish blotch in the disc posteriorly, the apex anterior, crossed by several whitish longitudinal lines on the veins, and edged above by three small golden-metallic spots, of which the third is confluent with the third subcostal dot, and beneath by a black band marked with a row of four raised golden-metallic spots and also with whitish lines on vein 3 between these spots and vein 2 beneath them. a golden-metallic marginal streak is found around the apex and termen to this band. the hindwings are rather dark grey." ]

[ "species overview: : blue - crowned trogon (trogon curucui) = nr. more\nblue - crowned trogon - trogon curucui trogon couroucou = trogon couroucou trogons of the arizona boderlands gallery: © jan dungel site web: jandungel. more\n* blue - crowned trogon, trogon curucui * black - tailed trogon, trogon melanurus * ecuadorian trogon, trogon mesurus * slaty - tailed trogon, trogon massena * lattice - tailed trogon, trogon clathratus references - 1. ^ a b hilty, steven l. (2003), birds of venezuela, princeton university press, pp. 438, isbn 0 - 691 - 09250 - 8, http: / / www. amazon. more\nthe blue - crowned trogon is classified as least concern. does not qualify for a more at risk category. widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category .\nguianan trogon or violaceous trogon or lesser yellow - bellied trogo n (trogon violaceus) id: vocalizations described as a soft cow cow, cow .\nthe blue - crowned trogon is an endemic bird species from south america, which can be found in subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. its size is about 25 cm in which males have blue head whereas females have grey head .\nblue - crowned trogon (trogon curucui) linnaeus, 1766 summary taxon grid map wikipedia natureserve google: web | scholar itis birdlife google | flickr xeno - canto - photo: paulo albuquerque filho - pantaneiro mesmo photo powered by flickr. com. more\nblue - crowned trogon (trogon curucui, trogon couroucou). brazil, 2007. other similar articles: * golden orb web spider * 623 marine blue mega - pixels * south african giraffe * larder in south africa * feed of the comments. posted on monday, january 28th, 2008 at 23: 25. find more stories in birds, photo, photo safari. more\nblue - crowned trogon - the blue - crowned trogon' s range in south america is the southwestern and southeastern quadrants of the amazon basin with the northern limit being the amazon river. the range continues beyond the amazon basin south to northern argentina and paraguay, and eastwards to eastern coastal brazil as far south as northern espă­rito santo state; a third of the species range is outside the amazon basin .\nthe violaceous trogons were previously lumped together with the south american amazonian trogons (trogon ramonianus) and gartered trogons (trogon caligatus). however, most authorities now treat them as separate species based on genetic and vocalization data. different opinions exist and the taxonomy may change again in the future. these trogons are closely related to the white - tailed / green - tailed trogon (trogon viridis) and blue - crowned trogons (trogon curucui) .\ncall from male blue - crowned trogon about 8 meters high in nearby tree with distant calls from two females 25 meters or more away. recorded in forested area about 100 meters from ranger station located at entrance to calilegua np .\nthe blue - crowned trogon is found in a variety of habitats from eastern colombia, ecuador and peru through the amazon basin south of the river amazon and into northeast brazil. it is found in a wide variety of habitats from forest to scrub\nczech: trogon fialový, trogon pralesní... chinese: ?? ?? ?? ... danish: blågul trogon... dutch: violette trogon... german: veilchentrogon... estonian: herilase - järanokk... finnish: pikkutrogoni... french: trogon violacé, trogon violacé ou t. pattu... italian: trogone violaceo... japanese: himekinubanedori... norwegian: gulbrilletrogon... polish: trogon fioletowoglowy, trogon fioletowog? owy... portuguese: surucuá - miudinho, surucuá - pequeno, surucuá - pequfno - de - barriga, surucuá - violeta... russian: ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ... slovak: trogón amazonský, trogón fialkovohlavý... spanish: coa violacea, surucuá violeta chico, trogon violáceo, trogón violáceo, violette trogon... swedish: violetthuvad trogon\noriginal file name: blue - crowned trogon (trogon curucui). jpg resolution: 800x532 file size: 222577 bytes date: 2006: 02: 15 19: 45: 32 camera: nikon d40 (nikon corporation) f number: f / 6. 3 exposure: 10 / 500 sec focal length: 3000 / 10 upload time: 2008: 01: 11 15: 45: 27\ncollar, n. (2018). blue - crowned trogon (trogon curucui). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018) .\nthe shade of the blue of the head in the male differs between the violaceous trogon and the gartered trogon, but they can most easily be differentiated by their different vocalizations: the gartered has a slurred whistled cuh - cuh - cuh, and violaceous has a soft cow cow, cow .\nthe blue - crowned trogon' s range in south america is the southwestern and southeastern quadrants of the amazon basin with the northern limit being the amazon river. the range continues beyond the amazon basin south to northern argentina and paraguay, and eastwards to eastern coastal brazil as far south as northern espírito santo state; a third of the species range is outside the amazon basin .\nthe blue - crowned trogon' s range in south america is the southwestern and southeastern quadrants of the amazon basin with the northern limit being the amazon river. the range continues beyond the amazon basin south to northern argentina and paraguay, and eastwards to eastern coastal brazil as far south as northern espírito santo state; a third of the species range is outside the amazon basin .\nie’s ecuador tour travels through a variety of ecosystems, including dry forest, cloud forest and the lush amazon rainforest. as you explore these premier wildlife areas and protected habitats, watch for horned screamer, chestnut - fronted macaw, black - headed parrot, blue - crowned trogon and glowing puffleg. plus, you may also spot pink freshwater dolphin, giant otter and monk saki .\nmale: deep, shiny, violet - blue to blackish head and neck; green back with a blue hue towards the rump; blackish wings with some white, wavy lines; royal blue throat; orange yellow lower chest, abdomen and vent. the white - tipped undertail feathers have even black and white horizontal stripes. there may be a thin white line separating the chest from the yellow abdomen .\nrange: south america: central, east. the blue - crowned trogon' s range in south america is the southwestern and southeastern quadrants of the amazon basin with the northern limit being the amazon river. the range continues beyond the amazon basin south to northern argentina and paraguay, and eastwards to eastern coastal brazil as far south as northern espirito santo state; a third of the species range is outside the amazon basin .\ncitreoline trogon - its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, and heavily degraded former forest .\nwhite - tailed trogons have blue eye rings, rather than yellow; they are also larger in size and have whiter tails. male lacks barring in the undertail .\nwhite - tailed trogon - this relatively large species is about 11 in and weighs about 3 oz. like most trogons it has distinctive male and female plumages, with soft colourful feathers. the head and upper breast of the male are dark blue, and the back is green, becoming bluer on the rump. the lower underparts are orange yellow. the wings are black, vermiculated with white. in the amazonian white - tailed trogon the undertail has a black centre, broadly edged with white, but in the western white - tailed trogon the undertail is almost entirely white. the complete eye - ring is pale bluish .\nthe violaceous trogons (trogon violaceus) - also known as the guianan trogons - occur naturally in southern mexico, central america, and northern south america .\nblue - crowned trogon videos on the internet bird collection photo - medium res (dorsal view); article arthurgrosset photo no. 2 of 2 - (high res) photo - high res; article geometer—\nphotos from brazil\nphoto - medium / ~ high res; article christinevadai didn' t find what you were looking for. need more information for your travel research or homework? ask your questions at the forum about birds of argentina or help others to find answers. this article is licensed under the gnu free documentation license. more\ncollared trogon - it is a resident of tropical forests, where it nests in a hole in a termite nest or tree, with a typical clutch of two white eggs .\nmexican trogon - its natural habitat is subtropical and tropical moist montane forests. it prefers pine - evergreen and pine - oak woodland between 1, 200 and 3, 500 meters above sea level, occasionally lower ,\nviolaceous trogon - it is a resident of moist tropical forests, where it nests in a wasp, ant or termite nest or a hole in a rotten tree, with a typical clutch of two or three white eggs .\ncoppery - tailed trogon - it is a resident of the lower levels of semi - arid open woodlands and forests. it nests 2 - 6 m high in an unlined shallow cavity, usually selecting an old woodpecker hole, with a typical clutch of 2 - 3 eggs .\nrecommended citation birdlife international (2018) species factsheet: trogon curucui. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018. recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: birdlife international (2018) iucn red list for birds. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018 .\nthe male has a bill that is pale greyish - horn with a greenish, bluish or yellowish tinge. it also has an orange eye - ring. the face and throat are blackish while the crown neck and breast are a glossy greenish - blue as is the upper tail. the wing panel appears grey though it is actually black with fine white vermiculations .\nblack - throated trogon - like most trogons, it has distinctive male and female plumages and with soft colourful feathers. this relatively small species is 23 - 24 cm long and weighs 54 - 57 g, with a white undertail with black barring, a yellow bill and wing coverts which are vermiculated with black and white, but appear grey at any distance. the male black - throated trogon has a green head, upper breast and back, black face and throat, and golden yellow belly. the female has a brown head, upper breast and back, rufous upper tail and yellow belly. immatures resemble the adults but are duller, and young males have a brown throat, breast and wing coverts .\nslaty - tailed trogon - it is a resident of the canopy and higher levels of damp tropical forests, but comes lower in adjacent semi - open areas. it nests 3 to 15 m high in an occupied termite nest or decaying tree trunk, with a typical clutch of three white or bluish - white eggs laid in a chamber reached by an ascending tunnel. both sexes excavate the nesting chamber .\nthe male has a bill that is pale greyish - horn with a greenish, bluish or yellowish tinge. it also has an orange eye - ring. the face and throat are blackish while the crown neck and breast are a glossy greenish - blue as is the upper tail. the wing panel appears grey though it is actually black with fine white vermiculations. the female, shown in photos 3 and 4 has a red belly, white across the chest and a grey breast. the bill is blackish above and grey below .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nsacc. 2005 and updates. a classification of the bird species of south america. available at: urltoken .\njustification: this species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified, but this species is described as' fairly common' (stotz et al. (1996). trend justification: this species is suspected to lose 19. 8 - 25. 4% of suitable habitat within its distribution over three generations (22 years) based on a model of amazonian deforestation (soares - filho et al. 2006, bird et al. 2011). it is therefore suspected to decline by < 25% over three generations .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nthere are many ways to contribute—we need species information, photographs, audio, video, translations, maps, distribution data, and bird sightings. there' s a role for everyone !\n), in neotropical birds online (t. s. schulenberg, editor). cornell lab of ornithology, ithaca, ny, usa. retrieved from neotropical birds online :\npossibly closest to t. rufus, t. elegans, t. mexicanus, t. collaris and t. personatus; dna studies suggest, however, that nearest relatives may be t. violaceus and t. viridis (with t. chionurus). formerly current name variegatus is a junior synonym of curucui, whereas bolivianus is a synonym of peruvianus. three subspecies recognized .\nswainson, 1838 – foot of e andes from s colombia s to nw bolivia (r beni), and e to nc brazil (r tapajós) .\ngould, 1875 – e & s bolivia, sw brazil, paraguay and n argentina .\n24 cm; 39–63 g. male nominate race with bill yellow, orbital ring orange; forecrown, face and throat blackish; rest of crown, sides of neck and breast glossy greenish - ...\ndiet consists principally of insects, with typical items including hairy caterpillars, orthoptera (grasshoppers and bush - crickets), beetles ...\nrecorded may in colombia, jul in peru; sept in mato grosso, jul in pará, brazil; oct in bolivia, oct–dec in ne argentina. nest ...\nnot globally threatened. uncommon in colombia; fairly common in peru, where in floodplain - forest measured territories c. 7 ha, with as many as 8·5 pairs / km², but ...\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography. login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments. to make the most of all of hbw' s features, discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts, family texts, plates, audiovisual links, updates and related resources .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 55. 90 € (instead of 59. 90 €) 3 - year subscription package: 82 € (instead of 89. 85 € )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information, tracking references to their source (when available on the internet) .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 82. 5 € (instead of 89. 9 €) 3 - year subscription package: 122. 5 € (instead of 134. 85 € )\nthere is a registration fee of 20€. this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive. you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution, click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding (anonymously); markers do not indicate precise localities .\nthis species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nbird singing fairly high (about 5 - 8 m) in tree in foothill forest. responded to playback of its own song by increasing its rate of singing a bit, but never moved from its perch .\n95% certain, interval shortened. high - pass < 200hz, volume up .\nedge of lake in humid primary forest. reference: jn1. krabbe & nilsson (2003) (isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9) .\nsame as in trocur04, 05 and 06. lowland\nterra firme\nrainforest with patches of várzea. reference: lvia 193 - 198 (trocur7). krabbe & nilsson (2003) (isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9) .\nsame as in trocur04 and 05. lowland\nterra firme\nrainforest with patches of várzea. reference: lvia 171 - 181 (trocur6). krabbe & nilsson (2003) (isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9) .\nfirst 16 s natural, rest after playback. same as trocur04. lowland\nterra firme\nrainforest with patches of várzea. reference: lvia 147 - 159 (trocur5). krabbe & nilsson (2003) (isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9). filtered version on moore et al. (2013) urltoken\nlowland\nterra firme\nrainforest with patches of várzea. reference: lvia 160 - 169 (trocur4). krabbe & nilsson (2003) (isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9) .\ntall, humid primary hill forest admixed with smaller patches of\nvárzea\nin valleys. reference: xcib 222 - 230 (trocur5). krabbe & nilsson (2003) (isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9) .\n2 birds. tall, humid primary hill forest admixed with smaller patches of\nvárzea\nin valleys. reference: lxxxivb 407 - 452 (trocur2). krabbe & nilsson (2003) (isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9). filtered version on moore et al. (2013) urltoken\nid certainty 90% . (archiv. tape 305 side a track 8 seq. a )\nid certainty 90% . (archiv. tape 304 side a track 26 seq. a )\npurring notes from a female, with some handling noise. habitat: primary forest\nsonogram images © xeno - canto foundation. sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists, and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12, 000 regional checklists in avibase, offered in 9 different taxonomies, including synonyms more than 175 languages. each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community, and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page, such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition (incl. corrigenda vol. 1 - 2) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details. to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263, 338, 171 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nof the atlantic forest so it is a bit of a relief to hear that the two species do not occur together! compare the image galleries of the two species and look closely at the pattern of the underside of the tail and the upper breast, the most reliable way to tell them apart! like all trogons males are gorgeous, but despite their bright colouration can easily be overlooked as they sit still for long periods .\nfigure 1 - (fpave981ph) adult male ventral view, fuerte san carlos, departamento concepción (silvia centrón september 2006). figure 2 - (fpave982ph) adult female ventral view, bonito, departamento alto paraguay (alejandro gonzález october 2004 - urltoken). video - (fpave983vi) adult male, ruta trans - chaco km250 approximately, departamento presidente hayes (paul smith september 2010) .\ndesigned by paul smith 2006. this website is copyrighted by law. material contained herewith may not be used without the prior written permission of fauna paraguay. material on this page was provided by paul smith, silvia centrón and alejandro gonzález and is used with their permission .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nthe female, shown in photos 3 and 4 has a red belly, white across the chest and a grey breast. the bill is blackish above and grey below. this is at odds with some illustrations such as hbw and ridgely & greenfield which show a yellow bill though birds of northern south america and schulenberg' s birds of peru show the same bill colours as seen here. check also the photo gallery at wikiaves. there is a broken white eye - ring on the female while you can also see the white barring on the wings. the black undertail has white edges with black notches. there are recordings and a distribution map on xeno - canto, a distribution map by natureserve and additional information is available via avibase. there is a page in portuguese on wikiaves. .\nif you do not see a menu on the left, you may have arrived at this page from another site. please click home to get to my main page .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nproject noah is a tool to explore and document wildlife and a platform to harness the power of citizen scientists everywhere .\nillustraciencia premia y divulga la ilustración científica desde 2009. organiza cursos, exposiciones, actividades relacionadas con el dibujo y la ciencia y un certamen internacional de ilustración científica. nuestro lema es: ¡aún queda mucho por dibujar !\nas the author of illustration i have given permission and consent to be loaded in wikimedia commons with creative commons attribution share alike 3. 0 .\nsorry, we just need to make sure you' re not a robot. for best results, please make sure your browser is accepting cookies .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\noverview... alternate (global) names... subspecies, ranges & id\nwithin their range, these solitary trogons are generally resident (non - migratory) within their range. their primary habitats are tropical forest areas ranging from sea level up to 3, 300 feet (~ 1000 meters). they are most commonly found in evergreen and savanna forests, clearings, and plantations .\nthese birds demonstrate a strange behavior that is commonly referred to as\nanting .\nthis involves carving into ant nests and allowing ants to release formic acid on their bodies. the reason for this strange behavior may be to get rid of feather parasites, such as feather mites, or to control fungi or bacteria; however, some believe that they gain pleasure from this activity .\nrange: eastern venezuela, the guianas, adjacent northern brazil; and the island of trinidad .\nrange: northern amazonia (northeastern brazil) and southern venezuela south to east of the tapajós river (in southeastern amazonian brazil) .\nfemale: head, back and chest are dark grey. abdomen is a dull yellow belly. thin black and white wing bars. white eyerings are broken above and below the eye .\ntheir diet consists of small fruit and, to a lesser extent, insects and their larvae .\nviolaceous trogons are monogamous. these cavity nesters raise their young in large, active wasp, ant or termite mounts or in the holes of rotten trees. it is speculated that nesting in arboreal nests of termites and ants offers them some protection against predators .\nthe articles or images on this page are the sole property of the authors or photographers .\nthroughout history, crows, ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death. …\nplease note: any content published on this site is commentary or opinion, and is protected under free speech. it is only provided for educational and entertainment purposes, and is in no way intended as a substitute for professional advice. avianweb / beautyofbirds or any of their authors / publishers assume no responsibility for the use or misuse of any of the published material. your use of this website indicates your agreement to these terms .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation, e. g. an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature, an orthologous protein, a record from another database, etc. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more... < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages, faqs, uniprotkb manual, documents, news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website. please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins, you can use the ‘basket’ to save them, so that you can back to find or analyse them later. < p > < a href =' / help / basket' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome. this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the ‘correct annotation’ for any given protein. < p > < a href =' / help / annotation _ score' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein. note that the ‘protein existence’ evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence (s) displayed. < p > < a href =' / help / protein _ existence' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides any useful information about the protein, mostly biological knowledge. < p > < a href =' / help / function _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> function < / a > section describes the catalytic activity of an enzyme, i. e. the chemical reaction it catalyzes. this information usually correlates with the presence of an ec (enzyme commission) number in the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section. < p > < a href =' / help / catalytic _ activity' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system, without manual validation. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco: 0000256\n> more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > the < a href =\nurltoken\n> gene ontology (go) < / a > project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories: < p > < a href =' / help / gene _ ontology' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > uniprotkb keywords constitute a < a href =\nurltoken\n> controlled vocabulary < / a > with a hierarchical structure. keywords summarise the content of a uniprotkb entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest. < p > < a href =' / help / keywords' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name (s) and synonym (s) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence. < p > < a href =' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein, from commonly used to obsolete, to allow unambiguous identification of a protein. < p > < a href =' / help / protein _ names' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates if the gene coding for the protein originates from the hydrogenosome, the mitochondrion, the nucleomorph, different plastids or a plasmid. the absence of this section means that the gene is located in one of the main chromosomal element (s). < p > < a href =' / help / encoded _ on' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco: 0000313\n> more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name (s) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence. < p > < a href =' / help / organism - name' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein. this is known as the ‘taxonomic identifier’ or ‘taxid’. < p > < a href =' / help / taxonomic _ identifier' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism. it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree, with the more general grouping listed first. < p > < a href =' / help / taxonomic _ lineage' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell. < p > < a href =' / help / subcellular _ location _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n>' subcellular location' < / a > section describes the extent of a membrane - spanning region of the protein. it denotes the presence of both alpha - helical transmembrane regions and the membrane spanning regions of beta - barrel transmembrane proteins. < p > < a href =' / help / transmem' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section describes post - translational modifications (ptms) and / or processing events. < p > < a href =' / help / ptm _ processing _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ‘ptm / processing’ section denotes the presence of an n - terminal signal peptide. < p > < a href =' / help / signal' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ‘ptm / processing’ section describes the extent of a polypeptide chain in the mature protein following processing. < p > < a href =' / help / chain' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the tertiary and secondary structure of a protein. < p > < a href =' / help / structure _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain (s) present in a protein. < p > < a href =' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ‘family and domains’ section provides information about the sequence similarity with other proteins. < p > < a href =' / help / sequence _ similarities' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry. it also includes information pertinent to the sequence (s), including < a href =\nurltoken\n> length < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> molecular weight < / a >. < p > < a href =' / help / sequences _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not. < p > < a href =' / help / sequence _ status' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > the checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence. it is useful for tracking sequence updates. < / p > < p > it should be noted that while, in theory, two different sequences could have the same checksum value, the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low. < / p > < p > however uniprotkb may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes (paralogs). < / p > < p > the checksum is computed as the sequence 64 - bit cyclic redundancy check value (crc64) using the generator polynomial: x < sup > 64 < / sup > + x < sup > 4 < / sup > + x < sup > 3 < / sup > + x + 1. the algorithm is described in the iso 3309 standard. < / p > < p class =\npublication\n> press w. h. , flannery b. p. , teukolsky s. a. and vetterling w. t. < br / > < strong > cyclic redundancy and other checksums < / strong > < br / > < a href =\nurltoken\n> numerical recipes in c 2nd ed. , pp896 - 902, cambridge university press (1993) < / a >) < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ‘sequence’ section is used for sequence fragments to indicate that the residue at the extremity of the sequence is not the actual terminal residue in the complete protein sequence. < p > < a href =' / help / non _ ter' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence (s) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds (100% , 90% and 50 %) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters (< a href =\nurltoken\n> uniref < / a >). < p > < a href =' / help / similar _ proteins _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb. < p > < a href =' / help / cross _ references _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides general information on the entry. < p > < a href =' / help / entry _ information _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry, but it is not a stable identifier. each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot. < p > < a href =' / help / entry _ name' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section provides one or more accession number (s). these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries. upon integration into uniprotkb, each entry is assigned a unique accession number, which is called ‘primary (citable) accession number’. < p > < a href =' / help / accession _ numbers' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb, the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification (‘last modified’). the version number for both the entry and the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed. < p > < a href =' / help / entry _ history' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not, in other words, if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb (< strong > reviewed < / strong >) or to the computer - annotated trembl section (< strong > unreviewed < / strong >). < p > < a href =' / help / entry _ status' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more. . < / a > < / p >\nwe' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation (gdpr) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nwe’ve partnered with invision to make it easier to search and download our images in sketch and adobe® photoshop® .\n{ { t (' more _ than _ one _ credit', { zero: calc. totalcreditcost }) } }\nonce this video clip is done converting, you' ll be able to download it from your video conversion queue or download history .\neditorial use only photos don' t have any model or property releases, which means they can' t be used for commercial, promotional, advertorial or endorsement purposes. this type of content is intended to be used in connection with events that are newsworthy or of general interest (for example, in a blog, textbook, newspaper or magazine article) .\nthis format requires a quick conversion (usually under 5 mins) before download begins, or you can get the largest and smallest formats immediately .\nby clicking\nconfirm download\nyou agree that you' ve read and agree to all applicable license agreements for this download .\nfound in a variety of habitats but favors canopy and sub canopy of riverine forest. aslo in grassland savanna or semi - decideous dry forest, woodland edges or scrubs. found at least at 500m but also higher. in some areas even at 1750 meter in montane forest .\nthis species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nnest is built in an emtpy chamber of a termite nest usually 1 - 5 meters above ground. clutch size is 2 - 3 eggs .\navibirds, almere, netherlands 2001 - 2012 - your source to the birds of europe. contact? mail us: info { @ } avibirds. com\n. source: flickr urltoken date: taken on february 15, 2006. author: dario sanches urltoken\nfamily. it is found in argentina, bolivia, brazil, colombia, ecuador, paraguay, and peru. its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and heavily degraded former forest .\n' s range in south america is the southwestern and southeastern quadrants of the amazon basin with the northern limit being the amazon river. the range continues beyond the amazon basin south to northern argentina and paraguay, and eastwards to eastern coastal brazil as far south as northern esp? ? rito santo state; a third of the species range is outside the amazon basin .\nthe text in this page is based on the copyrighted wikipedia article shown in above url. it is used under the gnu free documentation license. you may redistribute it, verbatim or modified, providing that you comply with the terms of the gfdl .\nurltoken does not have the copyright for this image. this photograph or artwork is copyright by the photographer or the original artist. if you are to use this photograph, please contact the copyright owner or the poster .\ncopyleft © since 1995, animal pictures archive. all rights may be reserved .\nfrom lush rainforests to andean countryside, ecuador offers astounding biodiversity, rich cultural heritage and a distinct wild beauty. international expeditions’ ecudaor tour combines boutique accommodations — including a 17th century hacienda — in the vibrant andean countryside with a four - night cruise deep into the amazon aboard the all - suite m / v anakonda for a comprehensive immersion into nature! this active adventure allows for almost daily nature walks and boating excursions, along with opportunities to stroll through famed quito, otavalo and quaint villages .\nenjoy four nights aboard the m / v anakonda, a vessel featuring an expansive observation deck, outdoor jacuzzi and an al fresco lounge and kayaks. concierge service on this riverboat allows you to request special activities, including night camping in luxury tents, for an incredibly personal amazon experience .\nthis journey was crafted to offer you chances to discover andean culture with weaving demonstrations, market visits and while learning to make traditional instruments and figurines in the otavalo area .\nfly independently to quito and spend tonight at hotel patio andaluz. (meals aloft )\nspend our morning touring the city, visiting independence square, the renowned baroque / moorish church of san francisco and panecillo hill, where the winged virgin of quito watches over her city. drive through the colorful zuleta region, stopping first at calderon where ornamental figurines are made from baked bread. pass rose plantations en route to the famed otavalo artisan market. browse for tapestries and handicrafts while chatting with friendly otavaleños. stop in the town of peguche for a weaving demonstration and hike a trail to the cascada de peguche waterfall, where locals engage in traditional purification baths. call on an andean musical instrument workshop before checking into hacienda cusin, home for two nights. (b, l, d )\nspend our morning in the lively community to cotacachi before an afternoon at cuicocha lake, inside the volcanic crater of mount cotacachi. as we hike and enjoy a scenic boat ride, watch for fox, llama, andean duck and perhaps even andean condor. (b, l, d )\nfly to the frontier city of coca, and board excursion boats that take us along the napo river to the m / v anakonda, home for four nights. this evening, enjoy a nocturnal jungle walk, giving us our first chance to experience the sounds and sights of the amazon by night. sparkling fireflies and phosphorescent eyes will undoubtedly astonish you in this magical birthplace of life. led by your guide, searching for nocturnal animals can be an unforgettable experience. (b, l, d )\nspend three days discovering ecuador’s amazon under the guidance of accomplished naturalists. during daily lectures, learn about this delicate environment and even try your hand at making local handicrafts. the only way to actually visit this flooded ecosystem is by canoe, a ride that will reveal the beauty of a lush jungle world. learn about the relationship between plants and animals while closely watching out for samples of amazonia’s fascinating biodiversity at every turn. boating excursions also allow for personal exploration of the ecuadorian amazonia, home to the legendary pink river dolphin, black caiman and anaconda. we may also find river turtles and common squirrel monkey, as well as the primitive hoatzin. this bird is known locally as\nthe stinky turkey .\nfrom an observation tower perched 100 feet above the forest, enjoy a unique perspective on this verdant wilderness. venture into limoncocha biological reserve, a fascinating protected area where more than 478 bird species and several monkey species have been recorded. nighttime excursions will give us an opportunity to spot black caiman .\ncall on a small community perched on the banks of the napo river, interacting with welcoming families and learning about the education system in these remote villages. (b, l, d daily )\ntransfer to the airport, where you board independent flights home, arriving late tonight. (b )\nhotel patio andaluz quito is an elegant boutique hotel located just steps from independence plaza. the hotel offers 32 comfortable rooms, all housed in a colonial - era house. rooms feature complimentary wi - fi, tv with cable, ac / heat and a personal safe .\nhacienda cusin is a restored 17th - century estate in the ecuadorian sierra. guest rooms and salons, furnished with antiques and select andean crafts, and overlook acres of landscaped perennial gardens, ancient trees, and often snow - capped mountains. hacienda cusin’s guest rooms include bathroom with hair - dryer, antiques and / or andean - craft furnishings, armchair / s, writing desk, garden or mountain views, and wi - fi .\nthe all - suite m / v anakonda plies the remote wilderness of ecuador’s amazon, allowing you access to pristine reserves and the region’s 15 indigenous communities while savoring elegant accommodations. your small group of no more than 40 guests enjoys extraordinary common areas onboard, including a reading room, al fresco dining, lounge, outdoor jacuzzi and an observation deck .\nwhen not taking advantage of canoeing, hiking and kayaking excursions — or watching the passing scenery from one of the comfortable hammocks, retreat to your spacious suite. each air - conditioned suite offers panoramic windows, ample bathrooms and even an en suite sitting area .\ndining on the m / v anakonda is truly part of your amazon experience, with a menu combining ecuadorian dishes highlighting rich rainforest ingredients to international classics .\nenjoy an intimate group of no more than 18 while exploring quito & otavalo .\ndiscover andean culture with weaving demonstrations, market visits & while learning to make traditional instruments & figurines in the otavalo area .\nfour nights aboard the m / v anakonda, a vessel featuring an expansive observation deck, outdoor jacuzzi & an al fresco lounge & kayaks .\nyou' ve got a dream trip in mind. let' s make it a reality .\nover the last decade or so, the environmental news coming out of brazil has been full of heartbreaking reports about deforestation, water pollution, and a broad range of threats endangering countless amazon animals .\neach year, international expeditions supports a range of initiatives both through direct donations and indirectly through the employment of indigenous naturalist guides, hospitality staff, facility owners and crew. just by traveling with ie, you are contributing to conservation and community projects worldwide .\nin recent years the cruise industry has been favoring a “bigger is better” approach, with heaps of publicity surrounding so - called mega - ships that carry 5, 000 to 6, 000 passengers .\ndespite its small size (around 110, 000 square miles), ecuador is one of the most diverse travel destinations in the world .\nwhile iconic places like machu picchu and the parthenon are hot spots for travelers, lesser known sites across the globe offer insight into our past without the pesky crowds." ]

{ "text": [ "the blue-crowned trogon ( trogon curucui ) is a species of bird in the family trogonidae .", "it is found in argentina , bolivia , brazil , colombia , ecuador , paraguay , and peru .", "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and heavily degraded former forest . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 24 ] }

[ "the blue-crowned trogon (trogon curucui) is a species of bird in the family trogonidae. it is found in argentina, bolivia, brazil, colombia, ecuador, paraguay, and peru. its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and heavily degraded former forest." ]

[ "birdlife international (2008). curlew sandpiper - species factsheet. birdlife international. available from: urltoken .\na stunning summer - plumaged curlew sandpiper can be a captivating sight for anyone on an early autumn day out .\nthe latest sighting details and map for curlew sandpiper are only available to our birdguides ultimate or our birdguides pro subscribers .\n“eight to ten curlew sandpiper (calidris ferrugine) present at this site, solitary or in pairs mixing with other waders .\nthe curlew sandpiper feeds on insects and their larvae when breeding. otherwise, it feeds on small marine invertebrates, especially polychaete worms .\nthreatened species of the northern territory - curlew sandpiper, calidris feruginea (ward, s. , 2012b) [ information sheet ] .\ncurlew sandpiper. adult, non - breeding. manukau harbour, auckland, january 2010. image © neil fitzgerald by neil fitzgerald urltoken\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - curlew sandpiper (calidris ferruginea )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - curlew sandpiper (calidris ferruginea )\ntitle =\narkive species - curlew sandpiper (calidris ferruginea )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\ndawes, j. 2011. the declining population of curlew sandpiper calidris ferruginea indicates that it may now be endangered in new south wales. stilt 60: 9 - 13\nriegen, a. c. 2013 [ updated 2017 ]. curlew sandpiper. in miskelly, c. m. (ed .) new zealand birds online. urltoken\nrogers, k. g. & k. gosbell (2006). demographic models for red - necked stint and curlew sandpiper. the stilt. 50: 205 - 214 .\ncalls and songs: sounds by xeno - canto the curlew sandpiper gives a soft, rippling “kirrip” or “prrriit”. the song is more complex, including series of chatters, trills and whinnies .\nthe curlew sandpiper breeds on the tundra in siberia and alaska. it is a highly migratory bird that winters in areas from western europe and southern asia to southern africa and australia (2) .\nholmes, r. t. and pitelka, f. a. (1964) breeding behaviour and taxonomic relationships of the curlew sandpiper. the auk, 81 (3): 362 - 379 .\ncox' s sandpiper (calidris paramelanotos) was described as a new species in 1982, but is now known to be a hybrid between a female curlew sandpiper and a pectoral sandpiper (c. melanotos) (christidis & boles 2008; mccarthy 2006). sighting of cox' s sandpipers in australia are said to be numerous but have not been verified (higgins & davies 1996). curlew sandpipers have also been reported to hybridise with white - rumped sandpipers (calidris fuscicollis) (mccarthy 2006) .\nforages mostly in shallow water, probing in mud with bill, sometimes picking items from surface. when feeding with dunlins, curlew sandpiper often wades in slight deeper water, and tends to eat larger items .\nthe curlew sandpiper is found on intertidal mudflats of estuaries, lagoons, mangroves, as well as beaches, rocky shores and around lakes, dams and floodwaters. its breeding habitat is the lowland tundra of siberia .\nthe curlew sandpiper is an elegant, slender sandpiper; its relatively long thin legs (always black), long thin decurved bill and white rump distinguish it from all other small sandpipers. in breeding plumage the curlew sandpiper is dark red with fine white fringes to the body feathers, and the back is grey to black with red spots, contrasting with the white rump. the non - breeding plumage is very plain, with light grey - brown upperparts with fine white fringes to feathers, and mostly white underparts and bold white rump .\nrange: the curlew sandpiper breeds on the tundra of arctic siberia, from yamal peninsula to n chukotskiy peninsula. it winters from sub - saharan africa through middle - east, and s and se asia to australasia .\nthe curlew sandpiper breeds in the northern summer in siberia and alaska. the female builds the nest, incubates the eggs and raises the young alone. the exposed nest is a shallow depression on a ridge in the lowland tundra .\n“waders are a hard group for me to id but fortunately curlew sandpipers are one of the easier ones. ”\nthe curlew sandpiper is listed on appendix ii of the agreement on the conservation of african - eurasian migratory waterbirds (aewa), an ongoing effort headed by the convention of migratory species (cms) to help protect 255 species of migratory birds that are dependent on wetlands at some point in their annual cycle (13). in the uk, the rspb manages a large number of wetland reserves, such as titchwell marsh, in order to maintain migratory habitat for birds such as the curlew sandpiper (3) .\nthe australasian wader studies group (awsg) has been monitoring wader populations at a number of important areas around australia since the early 1980s (gosbell & clemens 2006) and fluctuations in numbers of the curlew sandpiper have been well documented through the awsg population monitoring program .\nbehaviour in the wild: the curlew sandpiper feeds on crustaceans (amphipods and shrimps), molluscs, marine worms and insects (mainly flies and beetles). insects are the main part of the diet during the breeding season. some seeds can be eaten too .\nsimilar species: western and broad - billed sandpipers have slightly decurved bills but are smaller with much shorter legs. dunlin also has a slightly decurved bill but the bill is not as long and fine as curlew sandpiper and its legs are shorter. dunlin breeding plumage is very different, with a black belly, but winter plumages are similar. the legs of the stilt sandpiper are greenish, never black .\ninterestingly, the abundance of the curlew sandpiper has been discovered to depend on the lemming population (lemmus sibirica and dicrostonyx torquatus), which fluctuates on a three - year cycle; during years when the numbers of lemmings plummets, predators such as the arctic fox (alopex lagopus) and the skua (stercorarius skua) switch to feed on juvenile curlew sandpipers instead (10) (11) .\nthe curlew sandpiper is a small slender sandpiper about the size of a wrybill, which is also the species it usually associates with at high tide in new zealand. it is a regular summer visitor to new zealand, but in declining numbers. the global population is thought to be increasing but the east asian - australasian flyway population is in decline. probably fewer than 40 birds now reach new zealand each summer .\na small flock of curlew sandpipers stands in a marsh, the flock is flushed and fly above the marsh. check my website urltoken\nmyers jp: cross - seasonal interactions in the evolution of sandpiper social systems. behav ecol sociobiol. 1981, 8: 195 - 202 .\nthe oldest recorded stilt sandpiper was at least 11 years, 1 month old, when it was recaptured and rereleased during banding operations in texas .\nthe curlew sandpiper is a migratory species from the northern hemisphere, moving south to australia, africa, the persian gulf, india and south - east asia. it arrives in september and returns in april. some birds, usually juveniles, overwinter in australia. according to the australian wader studies group (awsg), a flagged (marked with a tag) curlew sandpiper was sighted in sri lanka on 20 august 2005. this is the first australian wader ever to be reported from that country and suggests that the migration route of this species extends further west than originally thought .\nintroduction: the curlew sandpiper is a medium - sized shorebird with long, decurved black bill and very distinctive breeding plumage. it has pointed wings and fan - shaped tail. it breeds on the tundra of arctic siberia, and performs long - distance migration to spend the winter in africa, s and se asia and australasia, travelling a distance of 15, 000 kilometres. the curlew sandpiper is threatened by habitat loss, especially on stopover habitats. but pollution, illegal hunting and human disturbances and developments affect significantly the population of this species. it is currently classified as near threatened .\na waterbird count performed 6. - 17th august 1998 resulted in a count of curlew and estimated 74. 000 - 75. 000 individuals .\nthe curlew sandpiper has been identified as a conservation value in the north - west (dsewpac 2012y) marine region. see schedule 2 of the north - west marine bioregional plan (dsewpac 2012y) for regional advice. maps of biologically important areas have been developed for curlew sandpiper in the north - west (dsewpac 2012y) marine region and may provide additional relevant information. go to the conservation values atlas to view the locations of these biologically important areas. the\nspecies group report card - seabirds & migratory shorebirds\nfor the north - west (dsewpac 2012y) marine region provides additional information .\nroselaar, c. s. (1979) variation in numbers of curlew sandpipers (calidris ferruginea). watervogels, 4: 202 - 210 .\nthe curlew sandpiper is similar to a dunlin, but in autumn it looks cleaner and paler with a white eyestripe. it has a longer, more down - curved bill than a dunlin and will feed in slightly deeper water. deep chestnut breeding plumage unmistakable in spring and summer. in flight it shows a bright white rump .\nwhere to see: estuaries such as the north bull in county dublin, tacumshin in county wexford and ballycotton in county cork are reliable sites to see curlew sandpipers .\nthe diet of the curlew sandpiper mainly consists of insects and other small invertebrates such as crustaceans, molluscs and worms, but it will also occasionally feed on seeds and other plant material (7). it uses its magnificent bill to forage in the mud for prey, and probes continuously as it walks quickly across its habitat (7) .\nthe curlew sandpiper in breeding plumage has head, neck and underparts deep chestnut - red. the crown is streaked with dark brown. mantle and scapulars are dark brown with white and chestnut fringes. the wing - coverts are mostly grey. the long, decurved bill is black. the eyes are dark brown. legs and feet are black .\nformerly placed in genus erolia. specific name formerly listed as testacea, but ferruginea has priority. form described as c. paramelanotos (“cox’s sandpiper”) shown to be a hybrid between present species and (almost certainly) c. melanotos; c. (pisobia) cooperi (“cooper’s sandpiper”) probably a hybrid between present species and c. acuminata. monotypic .\ncurlew sandpipers breed in the high arctic from central to eastern siberia, and formally around barrow in alaska. their non - breeding grounds are in sub - saharan africa (right across the continent, along rivers and lakes and as far south as south africa) and also australasia, at coastal and inland sites. in new zealand curlew sandpipers are rarely seen away from mudflats or shallow coastal pools. curlew sandpiper can be found in major harbours and estuaries from parengarenga, far north to awarua bay, southland, although its strongholds are now manukau harbour and lake ellesmere. vagrant birds have also reached chatham island (january 1977) and enderby island, auckland islands (1972 - 73) .\ncurlew sandpipers like saltmarshes with muddy pools and shallow coastal lagoons. largest numbers along the e england coast in autumn in places like the rspb' s titchwell marsh reserve .\nminton, c. (1996). analysis of overseas movements of red - necked stints and curlew sandpipers. victorian wader study group bulletin. 20: 39 - 43 .\n18–23 cm; 44–117 g; wingspan 38–46 cm. medium - sized sandpiper with longish neck and legs, and long, decurved bill; head, neck and all underparts rusty ...\nthe curlew sandpiper is a common summer migrant from north - eastern siberia and alaska, found in many australian coastal sites and may also be seen inland in suitable habitats. it is most common in the far south - east and north - west of australia. it is also found in africa, across southern asia to indonesia and new guinea, and in new zealand .\nchristidis l, davies k, westerman m, christian pd, schodde r: molecular assessment of the taxonomic status of cox' s sandpiper. condor. 1996, 98: 459 - 463 .\nin its boldly barred breeding plumage, the stilt sandpiper is easily identified. in its gray nonbreeding plumage, it is much less distinctive and appears to be intermediate between a yellowlegs and a dowitcher .\ndann, p. (1999a). feeding periods and supratidal feeding of red - necked stints and curlew sandpipers in western port, victoria. emu. 99: 218 - 222 .\ndann, p. (1999b). foraging behaviour and diets of red - necked stints and curlew sandpipers in south - eastern australia. wildlife research. 27: 61 - 68 .\nthe breeding range of the curlew sandpiper is mainly restricted to the arctic of northern siberia, including yamal peninsula east to kolyuchiskaya gulf, chokotka peninisula, and also new siberian island. they are a passage migrant through europe, north africa, kazakhstan, west and south - central siberia, ussuriland, china, taiwan, japan, the philippines, west melanesia, wallacea and new guinea .\na big flock of waders (most of them are curlew sandpipers) stands in a steppe zone, with small swamps, ponds and pastures. the birds fly off. check my website urltoken\nin large part, the observed decline in curlew sandpiper numbers across australia stems from ongoing loss of intertidal mudflat habitat at key migration staging sites in the yellow sea (murray et al. , 2014). as such, qualification under criterion a2 rather than a1 is warranted. however, threats are occurring locally in australia, such as coastal development and recreational activities causing disturbance, also impact the species .\ncurlew sandpipers generally roost on bare dry shingle, shell or sand beaches, sandspits and islets in or around coastal or near - coastal lagoons and other wetlands, occasionally roosting in dunes during very high tides and sometimes in saltmarsh (higgins & davies 1996). they have also been recorded roosting in mangroves in inverloch, victoria (minton & whitelaw 2000) .\nthe shorebird community occurring on the relict tidal delta sands at taren point\nhas been listed as an endangered ecological community in nsw (nsw decc 2005d). the curlew sandpiper is one of 20 wader species that make up this community .\nthe curlew sandpiper is a small to medium - sized wader (migratory shorebird). it has a long, black bill with a down - curved end and black legs and feet. in its non - breeding plumage, it is grey - brown above, white below, with a white wing bar visible in flight. in breeding plumage, it is bright reddish brown below and the wings are barred black .\nthe degradation of several important sites in china, south korea, the south - east coast of india and namibia, as a result of activities such as drainage, pollution, and certain agricultural methods, is considered a threat to this migratory species (1) (12). the curlew sandpiper is also susceptible to avian influenza and avian botulism, and so any future outbreaks of these diseases may impact this species (1) .\nhabitat: the curlew sandpiper breeds in wet, grassy tundra, along the coasts but also on islands in the arctic ocean. it often nests along low ridges and slight slopes in the tundra. during winter, it is mainly on the coasts where it can be seen on muddy or sandy tidal flats, beaches and salt - marshes. inland, it frequents the muddy edges of ponds and lakes, large rivers, marshes and flooded areas .\n] and is found in our supertree. the supertree resolves the thinocoridae and pedionomidae as sister taxa and this group is sister to the jacanidae and rostratulidae. the large scolopacidae clade is at the base of the sandpiper clade consistent with recent molecular studies [\nnumbers in south east tasmania have decreased by 100% in the period 1973 – 2014, with no curlew sandpipers recorded during coordinated summer counts in 2008, and 2010 – 2014 inclusive (woehler pers. comm. , 2014) .\nvan gils, j. , wiersma, p. , kirwan, g. m. & sharpe, c. j. (2018). curlew sandpiper (calidris ferruginea). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018) .\nthe curlew sandpiper is migratory. the males leave the breeding grounds in late june / early july, about 3 - 4 weeks before the females. they reach africa from mid - july in north, and mostly september in south. it reaches australia in late august / early september. the juveniles migrate 4 - 6 weeks later than adults. the return migration occurs in late april to may. the breeding grounds are reoccupied from early june. the 1st year birds often remain on the breeding areas .\nthe curlew sandpiper is a common visitor during the australian summer, congregating in large flocks, sometimes comprising thousands of birds, at sheltered intertidal mudflats and also at the muddy margins of terrestrial wetlands. they often mix with other species of shorebirds, pecking at invertebrates on the surface of the mud or making shallow probes below its surface, sometimes wading in belly - deep water while probing. feeding becomes more intense as migration time approaches, with birds fuelling up for their long flight back to their breeding grounds in siberia .\nat the beginning of the breeding season, the curlew sandpiper establishes the territory by calling, often perched on mound or some elevated place. the male performs a low flight display with slow wingbeats interspersed with glides and accompanied by song. other displays show the male pursuing the female in flight. on the ground, the male circles the female, running in zigzag pattern with raised wings and fanned tail, in order to expose the white rump. both mates also perform ritualized nest - making movements. the male does not take part in nesting duties .\nblomqvist, s. , holmgren, n. , akesson, s. , hedenstrom, a. and pettersson, j. (2002) indirect effects of lemming cycles on sandpiper dynamics: 50 years of counts from southern sweden. oecologia, 133 (2): 146 - 158 .\nschekkerman, h. , van roomeni, m. w. j. and underhill, l. g. (1998) growth, behaviour of broods and weather - related variation in breeding productivity of curlew sandpipers calidris ferruginea. ardea, 86 (2): 153 - 168 .\nduring the non - breeding period, they occur throughout africa, south of southern mauritania and ethiopia, along the valley of the nile river and in madagascar. they also occur in asia, from the coastal arabian peninsula to pakistan and india, through indomalaya, south - east asia and indochina to south china and australasia (higgins & davies 1996). the global population size of the curlew sandpiper is 1 350 000 (delany & scott 2002 as cited in bamford et al. 2008). the global extent of occurrence is estimated at 100 000–1 000 000 km² (birdlife international 2008) .\nmost waders migrating along the eaaf, particularly those using coastal and inland wetlands in china and korea, are under serious threat from habitat loss, due mostly to reclamation and human based development and disturbance in the region. breeding grounds and most wintering sites are probably secure, although inland wetlands used by curlew sandpiper in southern australia have decreased in recent years, due to low rainfall and increased water usage for irrigation. the bohai bay in china is known be an important northward staging site; this region is experiencing massive industrial development, and so the population is likely to be further impacted in the coming years .\nin australia, curlew sandpipers occur around the coasts and are also quite widespread inland, though in smaller numbers. records occur in all states during the non - breeding period, and also during the breeding season when many non - breeding one year old birds remain in australia rather than migrating north .\nthe curlew sandpiper is a very long distance migrant, although much of the migration and staging strategy is not fully understood. they reach new zealand in september and october and are one of the last waders to leave in april and even the first week of may. twenty - one have been banded in new zealand on the manukau harbour, firth of thames and manawatu estuary. there have been regular resightings of these at the banding sites over several years, indicating some site faithfulness. a bird banded in its first year on the manukau harbour in april 1992 was retrapped 11 years later in victoria, in january 2003 .\nreproduction of this species: the breeding season takes place in june - july. the curlew sandpiper nests on the tundra close to marshes and pools, or along low ridges and gentle slopes in the wet, grassy tundra. the nest is on the ground, with a density ranging from 2 - 3 nests / km², sometimes 200 - 300 metres apart, or up to 50 birds / km². the nest is a shallow scrape on the ground, lined with leaves, moss and lichens. it is built by the female alone. sometimes, several females may nest close together, involving probably better nest defence .\nthe main southward migration route of the stilt sandpiper passes through the middle of the continent, west of the mississippi river. from here, in fall the species migrates over water to the caribbean or northern south america, where many birds interrupt their migration to molt flight feathers before continuing to winter haunts in inland central south america .\ncurlew sandpipers breed in high arctic tundra. females incubate the clutch of 4 eggs alone, the males having left the breeding grounds soon after egg laying. young are protected by the female until fledged. as with most sandpipers, chicks leave the nest soon after hatching and feed themselves on insects and other small invertebrates .\nlonger decurved bill and much cleaner underparts. almost all curlew sandpipers occurring here are juveniles, which show a clean white belly, warm peachy tones on the breast and pale - fringed wing feathers giving a scaly effect to the upperwing. occurs in very small groups or singly, in coastal marshes and estuaries, usually with dunlin .\nthis species is distinct, with its combination of small size, slim build, long decurved black bill, and long black legs. however, it may be confused with the dunlin (calidris alpina) as they are very similar in size and shape. they may also be confused, but less so, with the sharp - tailed sandpiper (calidris acuminata) as they are also similar in size, and breeding plumage, and the adult is similar to the breeding red knot (calidris canutus). in non - breeding and juvenile plumages, they can also be confused with non - breeding and juvenile white - rumped sandpiper (calidris fuscicollis), and in non - breeding plumages can be confused with non - breeding dunlin (higgins & davies 1996) .\nthree main lineages are revealed: i) the plovers and allies; ii) the gulls and allies; and iii) the sandpipers and allies. the relative position of these clades is unresolved in the strict consensus tree but a 50% majority - rule consensus tree indicates that the sandpiper clade is sister group to the gulls and allies whilst the plover group is placed at the base of the tree. the overall topology is highly consistent with recent molecular hypotheses of shorebird phylogeny .\na few curlew sandpipers turn up on the atlantic coast every year, rewarding birders who scan through the shorebird flocks. elsewhere in north america, this eurasian wader is only a rare visitor. it has nested at point barrow, alaska, but in most years it is completely absent there. most of those seen as migrants are adults in bright rusty - red breeding plumage; young birds and adults in winter plumage are more likely to be overlooked .\nmale curlew sandpipers do not take part in parental care, instead females group together to build nests, incubate and raise their broods. between two to six females may nest close together; a behaviour that means that females can cooperate in predator defence (9). during the hatchlings’ first week of life, the female moves them from their nesting site to ‘rearing areas’ of moist, grassy tundra, where prey is more readily available (9) .\nthe global population of curlew sandpipers is estimated at 1. 8 - 1. 9 million and thought to be increasing. however, the east asian - australasian flyway (eaaf) population was estimated at 180, 000 in 1993 and is probably in decline. numbers in new south wales dropped from several thousand in the 1980s to less than 400 by 2010. less than 40 have reached new zealand each summer since 2000, with rarely more than 2 - 3 overwintering .\nthis species forages mainly on invertebrates, including worms, molluscs, crustaceans, and insects, as well as seeds. outside australia, they also forage on shrimp, crabs and small fish. curlew sandpipers usually forage in water, near the shore or on bare wet mud at the edge of wetlands. on wet mud they forage by pecking and probing. they probe in shallow water, and jab at the edge of the water where a film of water remains on the sand. they glean from mud, from the surface of water, or in drier areas above the edge of the water. for a' jab' less than half the length of the bill is inserted into the substrate; a probe is performed with a slightly open bill inserted to its full length. curlew sandpipers may wade up to the belly, often with their heads submerged while probing. they often forage in mixed flocks (dann 1999b), including with red - necked stints (\n18 - 23 cm medium - sized sandpiper. longish neck and legs and long, decurved bill. head, neck and all upperparts rusty rufous to deep chestnut - red, with dark streaks on crown. mantle and scapulars dark brown with chestnut and whitish fringes. wing coverts greyer. female normally has longer bill, paler and more likely to have white barring on underparts. non - breeding adult plain grey above, white below, white supercilium and sides of breast washed grey. juvenile similar to non - breeding adult (van gils and wiersma 1996) .\ncurlew sandpipers mainly occur on intertidal mudflats in sheltered coastal areas, such as estuaries, bays, inlets and lagoons, and also around non - tidal swamps, lakes and lagoons near the coast, and ponds in saltworks and sewage farms. they are also recorded inland, though less often, including around ephemeral and permanent lakes, dams, waterholes and bore drains, usually with bare edges of mud or sand. they occur in both fresh and brackish waters. occasionally they are recorded around floodwaters (higgins & davies 1996) .\nthis species does not breed in australia. in siberia, nesting occurs during june and july (hayman et al. 1986). the nest is a cup positioned on the margins of marshes or pools, on the slopes of hummock tundra, or on dry patches in polygonum tundra (birdlife international 2008). curlew sandpipers usually have a clutch size of four eggs (johnsgard 1981). the oldest recorded bird was over 19 years old (leishman 2008). other records of longevity include a bird banded at werribee sewerage farm, victoria, which was recaptured at this site over 18 years and one month after being banded (ea 1999e) and three birds recaptured in victoria which were at least 16 years old (minton et al. 2001a) .\ncurlew sandpipers forage on mudflats and nearby shallow water. in non - tidal wetlands, they usually wade, mostly in water 15–30 mm, but up to 60 mm, deep. they forage at the edges of shallow pools and drains of intertidal mudflats and sandy shores. at high tide, they forage among low sparse emergent vegetation, such as saltmarsh, and sometimes forage in flooded paddocks or inundated saltflats. occasionally they forage on wet mats of algae or waterweed, or on banks of beachcast seagrass or seaweed. they rarely forage on exposed reefs (higgins & davies 1996). in roebuck bay, northern western australia, they are also said to feed on part of the mudflats that have been exposed for a longer period, foraging in small groups (tulp & de goeij 1994) .\norder charadriiformes (shorebirds) is an ideal model group in which to study a wide range of behavioural, ecological and macroevolutionary processes across species. however, comparative studies depend on phylogeny to control for the effects of shared evolutionary history. although numerous hypotheses have been presented for subsets of the charadriiformes none to date include all recognised species. here we use the matrix representation with parsimony method to produce the first fully inclusive supertree of charadriiformes. we also provide preliminary estimates of ages for all nodes in the tree .\nthe supertree hypothesis presented herein is (to our knowledge) the only complete phylogenetic hypothesis of all extant shorebirds. despite concerns over the robustness of supertrees (see discussion), we believe that it provides a valuable framework for testing numerous evolutionary hypotheses relating to the diversity of behaviour, ecology and life - history of the charadriiformes .\n]) present an exceptional group for studying numerous evolutionary hypotheses. their remarkable diversity of social mating system, parental care, sexual dimorphism, ecology and life - history make them an ideal group for unravelling the mechanisms of, for example, sexual selection and sexual conflict. previous comparative studies have made significant contributions to our understanding of the evolution of mating systems [\n]. however, the shorebird studies listed above were limited by the lack of a complete phylogeny for the group. most of these studies are based on derivations of the seminal work of sibley and ahlquist [\n], yet this study included less than a quarter of extant and recently extinct shorebird species. recently extinct taxa (according to monroe and sibley [\n] data suggests that they are a highly derived sister group to stercorariini (skuas and jaegers), larini (gulls), sternini (terns), and rynchopini (skimmers). it is important to note that taxon coverage differs between these studies and this may be an important factor in determining the tree topology. specific phylogenies have been derived, for example, for sandpipers [\n] using dna sequence data. in contrast, morphological evidence provided the basis for chu' s [\n] presented the most complete data set of 227 charadriiformes species. however, despite the plethora of cladograms for particular shorebird groups (see reviews by sibley and ahlquist [\nprevious hypotheses shorebird phylogeny. family and subfamily level relationships of shorebirds based on: a) morphological data [ 19 ]; b) dna - dna hybridisation [ 16 ]; c) sequence analysis of rag - 1 [ 20, 21 ], cytochrome - b [ 22 ] and myoglobin intron ii [ 21 ] .\nnumerous methods and types of data can be used to infer phylogeny. frequently, as in charadriiformes, a single analysis incorporating all taxa of interest is absent. under the principle of total evidence [\n], all sources of phylogenetic information should be combined to maximize their explanatory power. eernisse and kluge [\n] define total evidence as a method for seeking the best fitting phylogenetic hypothesis for an unpartitioned set of synapomorphies (shared derived characters) using character congruence (characters combined in a supermatrix). hence, this method combines the primary data (molecular, morphological and behavioural characters) into a single analysis. the approach is powerful because weak signals in the partitioned data sets may be enhanced when combined, and previously obscured relationships may be revealed [\nthe total evidence approach has both practical and theoretical problems. first, only certain types of data can be combined. for example, nucleotide sequences and morphological traits can be readily assessed together as characters, but it is not generally possible to include nucleotide sequences and genetic distance data in a single analysis [\n] suggest a distance based approach to combine otherwise incompatible data in a total evidence analysis, although this method has not been tested beyond a single application. the consequence is that it is rarely possible to combine all sources of data in practice and the lack of overlap in combinable data sets may result in a reduction of the number of taxa included. second, miyamoto and fitch [\n] contend that combining data sets is rarely justified because partitions of phylogenetic data are real and unequivocal. they argue that several partitions producing similar topologies provide multiple lines of independent evidence supporting that topology .\nexclusion of certain data types. this is particularly true of charadriiformes phylogeny, where one of the most significant contributions to the field – dna - dna hybridisation – cannot be included. an alternative set of techniques, collectively termed supertrees (e. g. , matrix representation with parsimony, mrp; [\n]), enables combination of trees (rather than raw data) from otherwise incompatible sources. mrp methods code source phylogenies based on the presence and absence of taxa at each node of the tree [\n] and are thus one step removed from the primary data. it is important to recognise that supertrees should not be regarded as a replacement for exhaustive phylogenetic studies of the primary data and there are drawbacks to the methods (see discussion). however, they do enable very large phylogenies to be constructed rapidly [\nshorebirds are particularly well suited for supertree treatment, since there are numerous incomplete phylogenies available and a broader phylogeny is desirable to facilitate powerful analyses of numerous evolutionary hypotheses (see above). here, we present the first complete composite phylogeny of extant and recently extinct [\n] shorebirds using the mrp approach. we are therefore combining data on tree topologies, and not conducting a simultaneous analysis on the original data. we also use fossil and molecular data to estimate divergence times (see methods). the combination of complete taxonomic coverage and the inclusion of branch lengths provide the basis for future comparative analyses of charadriiformes evolution. in addition, conflicting and unresolved areas of charadriiformes phylogeny are revealed .\nwe found 1469 equally short trees of length 1847 steps using the parsimony ratchet approach (see methods). this compares favourably to a standard heuristic search that yielded shortest trees of 1853 steps. all subsequent results and discussion refer to the parsimony ratchet analyses. figure\nshow the species level phylogeny. the full 50% majority rule consensus and the strict consensus trees are available as\nrespectively. the 50% majority - rule consensus tree is well resolved (73. 1% ; 255 nodes out of a possible 349 in a fully bifurcating tree), although the strict consensus tree is only 49. 6% resolved (173 from 349 possible nodes). the majority rule tree includes nine novel clades (numbers 20, 29, 57, 85, 89, 108, 122, 139, 140) that do not appear in any of the source trees; all of these occur towards the tips of the tree. this is a general problem in supertree construction and such clades should be collapsed as they have no support [\n]. to demonstrate where the mrp method has performed badly we have included the novel clades in all figures and list details in the figure legends. in addition, 58 nodes are supported by only one character (see\n). each of these nodes is left over from a single source tree. assessing the support for such nodes is problematic because this may simply reflect a lack of research directed at the taxa in question. a major challenge for supertree construction is to develop measures of support that reflect the robustness of nodes in the source trees. we list the number of characters supporting each node (\n) but stress that these are not measures of tree robustness and may not be directly comparable even within the same tree. this is because the taxon coverage across source trees is highly variable so some nodes have more potential support than others. furthermore, because measures of support used in the source trees differ between studies (some source trees include no measures of support), it is impractical and of dubious value to use these measures to assess the robustness of the supertree .\nsummary of shorebird supertree. family and subfamily level relationships of shorebirds based on 50% majority rule tree. numbers on nodes refer to age estimates in additional file 1. boxed node numbers indicate that node collapses to its immediate ancestor in the strict consensus tree (see also additional files 2 and 3 for the full 50% majority rule and strict consensus trees respectively) .\nphylogeny of larini. 50% majority rule supertree showing the relationships of the larini. numbers on nodes refer to age estimates in additional file 1. boxed node numbers indicate that node collapses to its immediate ancestor in the strict consensus tree (see also additional files 2 and 3 for the full 50% majority rule and strict consensus trees respectively) .\nphylogeny of sternini. 50% majority rule supertree showing the relationships of the sternini. numbers on nodes refer to age estimates in additional file 1. boxed node numbers indicate that node collapses to its immediate ancestor in the strict consensus tree (see also additional files 2 and 3 for the full 50% majority rule and strict consensus trees respectively) .\n, alcinae, and glareolidae. numbers on nodes refer to age estimates in additional file 1. boxed node numbers indicate that node collapses to its immediate ancestor in the strict consensus tree (see also additional files 2 and 3 for the full 50% majority rule and strict consensus trees respectively). node numbers 139 and 140 have no support from any source tree and are novel clades .\nphylogeny of jacanidae, rostratulidae, thinocoridae, pedionomidae and scolopacidae 50% majority rule supertree showing the relationships of the jacanidae, rostratulidae, thinocoridae, pedionomidae and scolopacidae. numbers on nodes refer to age estimates in additional file 1. boxed node numbers indicate that node collapses to its immediate ancestor in the strict consensus tree (see also additional files 2 and 3 for the full 50% majority rule and strict consensus trees respectively). node numbers 85 and 89 have no support from any source tree and are novel clades .\nphylogeny of scolopacidae 50% majority rule supertree showing the relationships of the scolopacidae. numbers on nodes refer to age estimates in additional file 1. boxed node numbers indicate that node collapses to its immediate ancestor in the strict consensus tree (see also additional files 2 and 3 for the full 50% majority rule and strict consensus trees respectively). node numbers 108 and 122 have no support from any source tree and are novel clades .\nphylogeny of pluvianellidae, chionidae, burhinidae, haematopodini and recurvirostrini 50% majority rule supertree showing the relationships of the pluvianellidae, chionidae, burhinidae, haematopodini and recurvirostrini. numbers on nodes refer to age estimates in additional file 1. boxed node numbers indicate that node collapses to its immediate ancestor in the strict consensus tree (see also additional files 2 and 3 for the full 50% majority rule and strict consensus trees respectively). node numbers 20 and 29 have no support from any source tree and are novel clades .\nphylogeny charadriinae 50% majority rule supertree showing the relationships of the charadriinae. numbers on nodes refer to age estimates in additional file 1. boxed node numbers indicate that node collapses to its immediate ancestor in the strict consensus tree (see also additional files 2 and 3 for the full 50% majority rule and strict consensus trees respectively). node number 57 have no support from any source tree and are novel clades .\nthe majority of unresolved nodes in the shorebird supertree are located towards the tips of the phylogeny. for example, the genus\n) in the majority - rule tree. only the latter relationship remains in the strict consensus tree. in addition, clades including the genera\nare poorly resolved. this may reflect a bias in phylogenetic studies of shorebirds. for instance, we found six source trees for alcinae [\n] indicate that this may be a problem for shorebird studies in general and reported a strong skew favouring research on northern hemisphere species .\nin contrast to the within genera relationships, the generic and family levels are generally well resolved. the supertree indicates three monophyletic charadriiformes lineages (figure\n). family and subfamily resolution within each lineage is high, however the relative position of each group is unresolved in the strict consensus tree. this is an important point because the deepest relationships of shorebird phylogeny are contentious [\n, alcinae, and glareolidae) are sister to the sandpipers and allies (scolopacidae, jacanidae, rostratulidae, thinocoridae, pedionomidae). the most basal lineage includes the plovers and allies (charadriinae, pluvianellidae, chionidae, burhinidae, haematopodini and recurvirostrini). the gulls and allies clade is most consistent with dna - dna hybridisation [\n], indicating that larini are sister to sternini and that rynchopini are sister to this group. this conflicts with morphology - based topologies where stercorariini are sister to larini and sternini with rynchopini basal to both. indeed, the position of stercorariini remains controversial and most recently they were placed as sister to alcinae [\n] places alcinae at the base of the whole charadriiformes tree with stercorariini sister to larini. thus, the position of alcinae is uncertain and appears to be dependent on the type of data, with fundamental differences between molecular based analyses and morphological analyses. the taxon sampling of previous morphological and molecular studies varies considerably and it may be this, rather than genuine differences in the phylogenetic signal of different data types, that is the cause of conflict in resolving the phylogenetic position of alcinae. however, it is encouraging that van tuinen\n] suggested that new unpublished osteological data are consistent with the more derived position indicated by molecular data. the supertree resolves glareolidae outside the larini, sternini, rynchopini, stercorariini ,\n, alcinae clade. this is also the case with recent molecular and previous dna - dna hybridisation studies. morphological studies have failed to resolve the position of glareolidae, placing the family in a large polytomy with all other major groups except alcinae and the sandpipers and allies (fig .\n]. we did not include this species in the supertree because to date paton et al. [\n] remains the only study to reveal an apparently robust relationship. more diverse sampling of the buttonquails (turnicidae) is essential to corroborate the general affinities of this family .\nthe relationships within the plover clade appear to be reasonably stable. morphological, molecular, and dna - dna hybridisation all place charadriinae as sister to haematopodini and recurvirostrini; our supertree is consistent with these relationships. however, it is not clear whether burhinidae and chionidae are sister to each other [\n) and places this as sister to chionidae. if pluvianellidae are excluded, the supertree is consistent with the sister group relationship of burhinidae and chionidae .\ntaken together, it is evident that the supertree is generally more consistent with molecular data (both recent sequence studies and dna - dna hybridisation) than with analyses based on morphology. however, it is of course possible that this reflects the greater number of molecular source trees available rather than indicating that molecular data is actually better at resolving shorebird phylogeny. we included several large morphological phylogenies [ e. g [\nthe higher resolution of the majority - rule tree means it is more likely to be of use in comparative studies. we therefore estimated node ages for this topology only (see\n). we stress that our estimates of node dates are a first attempt at dating the whole tree and have several limitations. first, the fossils used to calibrate seven nodes in the tree are unlikely to be the earliest members of their respective families thus these dates will be underestimates. second, we assumed that the fossils are grouped with the extant members of the family but this requires formal testing in a phylogenetic framework. third, the pure birth model assumes that no extinction occurs but this may be unrealistic and it is likely that extinction processes have reduced the representation of older lineages [\n]. furthermore, this model is derived from the topological structure of the tree so errors in tree reconstruction will likely lead to errors in branch length estimation. however, this approach has been employed previously in supertrees of primates [\n] explicitly to facilitate comparative analyses. despite these caveats, simulation studies have demonstrated that comparative methods such as independent contrasts are robust to errors in branch length [\n] and no viable alternative for dating supertrees has been proposed. nonetheless, we urge that alternative branch length assumptions are explored if the shorebird supertree is used in future comparative studies. at present, the calibrated rag - 1 tree of paton et al. [\n] remains arguably the most thorough and reliable measure of divergence times for charadriiformes .\na fuller understanding of the phylogenetic affinities of fossil shorebirds will probably improve estimates of node ages for the group. for example, the extinct form graculavidae, is represented by fossils from the maastrichtian of new jersey [\n] suggests that it may be basal and a formal corroboration of this would support proposals for a late cretaceous origin of shorebirds. the difficulties in dating the shorebird tree are further illustrated by fossil representatives of recurvirostrini and burhinidae which are much older than current estimates suggests. the earliest record of the recurvirostrini is estimated to be over 50 million years old [\n]. there is clearly a need for an integrated phylogenetic study including both extinct and extant shorebirds .\nsupertrees are still at an early stage of development and many aspects of mrp, and supertree methods in general, are not yet clearly understood. steps can be taken to ensure that the supertree includes the most appropriate sets of sources trees, such as only using trees from explicitly phylogenetic studies. this is not always straightforward and could result in the exclusion of important information. for instance, in our shorebird supertree, we included sibley and ahlquist' s dna - dna hybridisation tapestry [\n] although this is based on distance measures rather than more rigorous phylogenetic methods. even if very strict tree selection criteria are applied, there are still likely to be biases in the data set. for example, not all source trees are equally well supported, yet in most supertree analyses each tree is treated equally [\n] it is rarely possible in practice. many source trees do not have support values and those that do may use different methods, (e. g, bootstrapping or decay indices) which cannot be directly compared with each other. an additional problem that has not been fully resolved relates to correlations between source trees [" ]

{ "text": [ "the curlew sandpiper ( calidris ferruginea ) is a small wader that breeds on the tundra of arctic siberia .", "the genus name is from ancient greek kalidris or skalidris , a term used by aristotle for some grey-coloured waterside birds .", "the specific ferruginea is from latin ferrugo , ferruginis , \" iron rust \" referring to its colour in breeding plumage .", "it is strongly migratory , wintering mainly in africa , but also in south and southeast asia and in australasia .", "it is a vagrant to north america . " ], "topic": [ 7, 19, 23, 14, 21 ] }

[ "the curlew sandpiper (calidris ferruginea) is a small wader that breeds on the tundra of arctic siberia. the genus name is from ancient greek kalidris or skalidris, a term used by aristotle for some grey-coloured waterside birds. the specific ferruginea is from latin ferrugo, ferruginis, \" iron rust \" referring to its colour in breeding plumage. it is strongly migratory, wintering mainly in africa, but also in south and southeast asia and in australasia. it is a vagrant to north america." ]

[ "select an image: 1. black - crowned fulvetta 2. black - crowned fulvetta 3. black - crowned fulvetta 4. black - crowned fulvetta 5. black - crowned fulvetta > > adult 6. black - crowned fulvetta 7. black - crowned fulvetta 8. black - crowned fulvetta 9. black - crowned fulvetta\nblack - crowned fulvetta (alcippe klossi) is a species of bird in the pellorneidae family .\n12–12·5 cm. very small olive - brown and whitish babbler with black - and - white head pattern and pale rufous - ochre wingpanel. crown and nape area are sooty black ...\ncollar, n. & robson, c. (2018). black - crowned fulvetta (schoeniparus klossi). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018) .\nmonotypic species endemic to vietnam. separated from rufous - winged fulvetta alcippe castaneceps following collar, n. j. (2006) a partial revision of the asian babblers (timaliidae). forktail 22: 85 - 112 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nclements, j. f. , t. s. schulenberg, m. j. iliff, d. roberson, t. a. fredericks, b. l. sullivan, and c. l. wood. 2017. the ebird / clements checklist of birds of the world: v2017. downloaded from\nthree checklists are available. the first is the 2017 edition of the clements checklist (clements checklist v2017); the second is the 2017 edition of the ebird taxonomy (ebird v2017); and the third is the “master” or integrated checklist, which includes all entries in both the clements checklist and the ebird taxonomy .\nclements checklist v2017 (3. 7 mb excel spreadsheet or 6. 1 mb csv file) includes species, groups, and subspecies, with brief range descriptions .\nebird taxonomy v2017 (1. 4 mb excel spreadsheet and 2. 5 mb csv file). includes all categories that are reportable in ebird (including all taxa except subspecies from ebird / clements checklist) and is formatted with additional fields from ebird. details of the ebird update will be posted soon on the ebird homepage .\nebird / clements checklist v2017 (3. 1 mb excel spreadsheet or 6. 2 mb csv file) combines all taxa from the clements checklist and all additional categories from the ebird taxonomy, with brief range descriptions for all taxa .\nsong a long series of short, thin, shrill, high - pitched notes, starting stressed and trailing off ...\npresumably small invertebrates. occurs in pairs or in flocks, flocks sometimes quite large, moving quickly through lower storey to middle ...\nnot assessed. fairly common within tiny global rage. present in thuong da nhim and chu yang sin nature reserves (da lat plateau), where fairly common on mt lang bian .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography. login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments. to make the most of all of hbw' s features, discover our subscriptions now !\nnewly accepted family, based on results of numerous molecular studies # r # r # r # r, and essentially comprising taxa previously buried in a broad timaliidae (see above), with addition of graminicola and laticilla from sylviidae and cisticolidae, respectively # r .\ntraditionally merged into alcippe (now in leiotrichidae), while some species have been included in pseudominla; however, molecular data require resurrection of present genus, and place type species of pseudominla herein # r # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts, family texts, plates, audiovisual links, updates and related resources .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 55. 90 € (instead of 59. 90 €) 3 - year subscription package: 82 € (instead of 89. 85 € )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information, tracking references to their source (when available on the internet) .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 82. 5 € (instead of 89. 9 €) 3 - year subscription package: 122. 5 € (instead of 134. 85 € )\nthere is a registration fee of 20€. this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive. you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution, click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding (anonymously); markers do not indicate precise localities .\na small group feeding low in quite dense montane forest. same birds as on xc175799, xc175800, xc175801. [ this track has been edited to remove other loud vocalisations of other species ]\na small group feeding low in quite dense montane forest. same birds as on xc175799, xc175800 .\na small group feeding low in quite dense montane forest. same birds as on xc175799 .\nsome six or so birds in loose flock nearby; what we hear are utterly soft calls of the birds as they work the branches for food. birds at close range, perhaps at times only 5m away .\nsonogram images © xeno - canto foundation. sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nalthough this species may have a restricted range, it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international (2018) species factsheet: schoeniparus klossi. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018. recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: birdlife international (2018) iucn red list for birds. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018 .\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists, and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12, 000 regional checklists in avibase, offered in 9 different taxonomies, including synonyms more than 175 languages. each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community, and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page, such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition (incl. corrigenda vol. 1 - 2) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details. to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263, 332, 277 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo, j. , collar, n. j. , christie, d. a. , elliott, a. , fishpool, l. d. c. , boesman, p. and kirwan, g. m. 2016. hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world. volume 2: passerines. lynx edicions and birdlife international, barcelona, spain and cambridge, uk .\njustification: although this species may have a restricted range, it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthis species is confined to southern annam, vietnam, where it is recorded from the southern vietnamese lowlands, da lat plateau and kon tum plateau endemic bird areas .\nthe global population size has not been quantified, but the species is described as fairly common within its tiny range (del hoyo et al. 2007). trend justification: the population is suspected to be stable since although its habitats are at risk from forest conversion to cashew and to coffee, this species is tolerant of degraded habitats .\nthis species is found in the understorey of broadleaved evergreen forest, secondary growth, and forest edge at 1, 510 - 2, 100 m elevation. it has also been found in lowland semi - evergreen forest, lowland evergreen forest and lower montane forest, with records from elevations down to 50 m in the northern part of the range (del hoyo et al. 2007). it is known to persist in forests that have been logged, burnt and suffered defoliant spraying during the vietnam war. it occurs in early successional stages of re - growth and may occur in higher densities in second growth than primary growth (j. eames in litt. 2007) .\nalthough its habitats are at risk from forest conversion to cashew and to coffee, this species' tolerance of degraded habitats and wide altitudinal range suggest that it is not at immediate threat .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhome | wild files | n. h. animals | animals a - z | watch online\nthere are 326 species of birds in this family. most speices are found in asia and africa. they are small to medium - sized birds between 3. 5 - 16 inches in length. they have short, rounded wings; soft, fluffy plumage; and strong legs. their bills vary in size and shape. they are usually dull in color. they eat\nleast concern near threatened vulnerable endangered critically endangered extinct in the wild extinct status and range is taken from icun redlist. if no status is listed, there is not enough data to establish status." ]

{ "text": [ "the black-crowned fulvetta ( alcippe klossi ) is a bird species until recently counted as sub-species of the rufous-winged fulvetta .", "it is endemic to vietnam . " ], "topic": [ 12, 0 ] }

[ "the black-crowned fulvetta (alcippe klossi) is a bird species until recently counted as sub-species of the rufous-winged fulvetta. it is endemic to vietnam." ]

[ "bob corrigan set\nimage of papilio memnon\nas an exemplar on\npapilio memnon linnaeus, 1758\n.\nhere you can see some photos of papilio memnon (great mormon) (male above / female below). papilio memnon is a member of the\npapilio memnon - awesome caterpillar mimicking a snake! at dierenpark emmen. - youtube\nhere you can see the subspecies papilio memnon clathratus (male left; female right) .\nhere you can see the subspecies papilio memnon pryeri (male left; female right) .\nhere you can see the subspecies papilio memnon thunbergi (male left; female right) .\njennifer hammock split the classifications by mcz resource from papilio memnon agenor to their own page .\n156 papilio memnon agenor stock photos, vectors, and illustrations are available royalty - free .\npapilio memnon occurs in india, nepal, myanmar, thailand, laos, cambodia and china .\nlīgo dienas brīnums tropu tauriņu mājā - ginandromorfs papilio memnon dižtauriņš. puse tēviņš, puse mātīte! urltoken\nimage of great mormon butterfly (papilio memnon agenor linnaeus, 1758) on nature background. insect animal\n156\npapilio memnon agenor\nstock photos, vectors, and illustrations are available royalty - free .\nthe females of papilio memnon is famous for a large diversity of morphological and coloration forms. many female forms are mimics of other distasteful papilio species .\ni guess it' s a papilio memnon agenor female, and the above picture seems resemble to the male .\nimage of great mormon butterfly (male) on green leaves. insect animal. (papilio memnon agenor linnaeus, 1758 )\npapilio memnon agenor is a subspecies of asian exotic butterfly. colored picture from below with green plants in the blurred background .\nvijay barve marked\nfile: memnon1b8676. jpg\nas trusted on the\npapilio memnon (linnaeus, 1758 )\npage .\nthe great mormon (papilio memnon agenor) butterfly resting on a tree branch. his wings are closed and backlit by the sun .\nmalaysia - circa 1970: a stamp printed in malaysia from the\nnational\nissue shows papilio memnon agenor butterflies, circa 1970 .\nuģis piterāns on twitter :\nlīgo dienas brīnums tropu tauriņu mājā - ginandromorfs papilio memnon dižtauriņš. puse tēviņš, puse mātīte! urltoken\npapilio memnon is a butterfly from the australasia / indomalaya (australia) ecozone. you can observe this butterfly from myanmar until japan and indonesia .\npapilio memnon agenor female form alcanor. this tailed form is a mimic of the unpalatable (toxic) atrophaneura swallowtails, while form agenor is non - mimetic\nnumber: 146 family: papilioniidae sub - family: papilioniinae species: papilio memnon agenor linnaeus, 1758 common name (s): th ...\nat first sight, i though it' s a new species to me. then i understand it may be great mormon (papilio memnon) female form butlerianus .\namounts of the four metal ions in the meconium of japanese male papilio butterflies .\namounts of the four metal ions in the meconium of japanese female papilio butterflies .\namounts of the four metal ions in the eggs of five japanese papilio species .\ni came across your excellent blog while researching papilio species. we have a problem identifying a male papilio photographed in an exhibit which has 3 papilio species: memnon, lowii and rumanzovia. this male has very short tails. can any of your contributors give us a positive id please? this is my colleague’s post with photo: urltoken thanks, colin knight\nthe fore wings are black. the underside of papilio memnon is dark - brown. at the outer edge there are many brown stripes. next to the body there is a red spot .\nhere are about 60 species of papilio in the oriental region, and 210 species worldwide .\npapilio memnon is found over a wide range from india south through indo - china and through malaysia and east past java. although the males are similar, the females from different locales can be quite unusual .\npapilio memnon is a swallowtail butterfly living in the malay archipelago and indonesia. the females come in a variety of morphs. the most common morphs, such as anchanes, mimic natural models which are unpalatable to birds .\none of the museum' s gynandromorphs was a great mormon (papilio memnon) from asia, which emerged in 2011. its male half was almost black, but the female half was paler with blue, red and tortoiseshell flecks .\npapilionidae troides sp. + + byasa cf. dasarada + papilio nephelus + papilio helenus + + papilio polytes + + papilio memnon + + papilio paris + + + papilio doddsi + lamproptera curius + pieridae pieris canidia + + appias lalage + appias lyncida + appias albina + hebomoia glaucippe + eurema sp. + + + catopsilia pomona + + + nymphalidae thauria lathyi + faunis eumeus + danaus genutia + + parantica aglea + + euploea mulciber + + + euploea core + + tirumala septentrionis + + kallima\ninachus\n+ melanitis leda + + melanitis phedima + + neope muirheadii + mycalesis mucianus + + mycalesis malsara lethe confusa + + lethe europa + lethe chandica + lethe mekara + ypthima baldus + + acraea issoria + parthenos sylvia + polyura cf. athamas + pseudergolis wedah + athyma selenophora +\n. the first description was in 1758 by linnaeus. the wingspan is about 13 – 15 cm. this butterfly is a member of the family papilionidae. the basic colour of papilio memnon is black. this species has a very strong sexual dimorphism .\npapilio memnon is polymorphic, i. e. it produces several different colour forms. males of all forms are black, finely peppered with greenish or blue scales. in the sumatran race coeruleus the blue scales almost completely obscure the hindwing ground colour .\nfemales exist in at least 20 varieties, some of which have spatulate tails while others are tailless. in most female forms the forewings are brown with dark intraneural streaks. the hindwings are black with patches of red, orange and / or white. papilio memnon can be distinguished from most other papilio species by the presence of a red patch at the base of the wings on the underside .\nin the p. memnon there appear to be at least five loci in the mimicry supergene: t, w, f, e and b .\nwatanabe m (1983) in between forest and plain—the biology of papilio xuthus. tatara - shobou, yonago, japan, in japanese\nabsorption and excretion of na +, k +, mg 2 +, and ca 2 + in papilio butterflies (ys01) .\nabsorption and excretion of na +, k +, mg 2 +, and ca 2 + in papilio butterflies (ps) .\nabsorption and excretion of na +, k +, mg 2 +, and ca 2 + in papilio butterflies (ys05) .\nthe hind wings of papilio memnon are black. the edge is wavy. the outer half of the wing has blue stripes. the underside is dark - brown. the outer half of the wing is brown and contains two chains of black spots. next to the body there are two red spots .\npapilio memnon is a species that can exploit a variety of habitats due to its ability to feed on a wide range of rutaceous plants, including cultivated citrus. this butterfly is very common and can also be seen all year round in the middle of big cities - the cultivation of citrus plants has ensured this .\nwow! !! ! they' re are so beautiful. . and complete life cycle of p. memnon, , so amazing. . thanks. hadiani. rahmi\np. memnon agenor is the taxon occurring in vietnam. three forms of female are known in the country viz. f. agenor, f. alcanor and f. distantianus\nnumber: 148 family: papilioniidae sub - family: papilioniinae species: papilio polytes polytes linnaeus 1758 common name (s): the ...\npapilio dialis belongs to the subgenus achillides (\npeacocks swallowtails\n). the other representants of this subgenus recorded in vietnam are p. paris, p. arcturus\nin singapore, the great helen does not appear to puddle at damp streams like its cousins the red helen (papilio helenus helenus) - found in malaysia, and the blue helen .\nwhat could better illustrate transformation than the life - cycle of a butterfly? this is the metamorphosis of papillio memnon, lowi druce and rumanzovia, all types of swallowtail and mormon butterflies, as seen at the butterflies in the glasshouse event at rhs wisley gardens .\nthese trays were placed at specific experimental sites near locations where papilio butterflies had already been observed to puddle. in most trials, all 10 trays were used. trays containing the 10 mm na + solution were always included, even in experiments in which only a few trays were used. as in previous experiments, a dead male of p. xuthus, papilio maackii, and / or p. protenor was pinned on each tray as a decoy to orient butterflies to the trays (arms et al. 1974; beck et al. 1999). all trays placed at an experimental site were marked with decoys of the species or combination of species selected based on the papilio species that were puddling there at the time .\nall the papilio species that occur on the main island of japan (p. machaon, p. xuthus, p. maackii, p. bianor, p. helenus, p. protenor, p. macilentus and p. memnon) were used for the experiments. these butterflies are generally common in japan and are not protected by law; thus, the butterflies or their larvae were easily obtained from locations where permission for collecting butterflies for experiments was not necessary, such as in our home gardens or in those at our institute .\npuddling by p. machaon, p. xuthus, and p. memnon was rarely observed, especially in the field, even though both p. machaon and p. xuthus are very common in japan. we obtained results for p. machaon only at senjô, ishikawa, and for p. xuthus only at aridagawa, wakayama .\ninsect contact chemosensilla typically have four or five receptor neurons at most. we recorded the responses of sucrose receptor neurons in the proboscis sensilla of butterflies, and they showed that sucrose receptors are surely responsible for sucking nectar from flowers (inoue et al. 2009). our present experiments showed that moderate concentrations of na + solutions were preferred by japanese papilio butterflies and that the proboscis sensilla housed na + receptor neurons to detect various concentrations of na +. given the measured na + concentrations in the puddling sites in the natural field, we showed that japanese papilio butterflies puddle using na + detected and measured in concentration by the contact chemosensilla in the proboscis .\nthe host plants of the swallowtails include several species of rutaceae (e. g. citrus, murraya, zanthocylum and luvunga) and aristolochiacea (a. acuminata, a. ringens and a. foveolata). of the five species of swallowtails found in singapore, one belongs to the genus pachliopta and the other four belong to the genus papilio. all the species have jet black opaque eyes and robust clubbed antennae .\nthe survey was mainly conducted in degraded forest at the foothills, in better quality forest at around 500 - 600m asl. ca. 75 species were recorded, most of them wide - ranging, common species with broad habitat tolerance. among them a few new species for me. highlights: byasa cf. dasarada (few individuals around bauhinia flowers, spotted with binoculars), papilio dialis doddsi, suada albolineata. ba vi is an amazing place and i know that there are loads of interesting species waiting to be found .\nthe butterfly proboscis is formed from a pair of right and left galeae, and small hairs are present on the inside wall of the galeae (eastham and eassa 1955; sellier 1975; krenn 1998). although the roles of these structures have not been examined thoroughly, we recently succeeded in recording impulse activity from these structures in response to sucrose stimuli in p. xuthus (inoue et al. 2009). we showed that papilio butterflies had no apparent taste sensilla on the outside of the proboscis; thus, the structures inside the proboscis must function as taste sensilla for sugar intake from flower nectar .\nexperiments were mainly performed between 08: 30 and 11: 30, which is when japanese papilio butterflies frequently puddle. to avoid any positional effects of the trays on the presence of butterflies at a given tray, tray position was changed every 5 or 15 min. some naturalists have suggested that the existence of “living” puddling butterflies might induce other butterflies to want to puddle; actually, we often observed that quite young individuals followed slightly older individuals and landed on our trays with them. therefore, butterflies that continued to puddle in the moved trays were taken out of the trays and allowed to fly away .\nrepresentative impulse responses to solutions with four different species of metal ions (a) and three concentrations of nacl (b). responses were recorded from the two different sensilla in the proboscis of a male papilio xuthus taken from toyohashi, aichi prefecture, on july 26, 2007. a1 10 mm nacl, a2 10 mm kcl, a3 10 mm cacl 2, a4 10 mm mgcl 2, b1 1 mm nacl, b2 10 mm nacl, b3 100 mm nacl. vertical scale bar in a = 0. 1 mv; b = 0. 5 mv; horizontal scale bar = 0. 1 s\npuddling scores of eight species of 212 male papilio butterflies and a female p. protenor in response to test solutions in puddling trays. numerical values in (a, b, c) are as follows: a, the number of butterflies that were estimated as showing a “score 1” behavior to a corresponding test solution; b, the number of butterflies that were estimated as demonstrating a “score 2” behavior to a corresponding test solution; c, the number of butterflies that were estimated as showing a “score 3” behavior to a corresponding test solution. the scores were high for puddling behaviors to the nacl solutions in all species of butterflies\nas described above, na + intake from puddling behavior is well known, and the na + detection system of butterflies is present at least on tarsi. we believe that the presence or absence of sipping is important when deciphering the relationship between puddling behavior and taste sensitivity as a means of evaluating the role of the puddling behavior. we have often observed that papilio butterflies search for puddling points by hovering and locate puddling sites by touching water solutions with the tip of their proboscises but not with their legs (e. g. , unno 2009). thus, we hypothesized that butterflies detect na + in water via contact with chemosensilla inside the proboscis .\nthe behaviors of all papilio butterflies that visited our experimental sites were recorded and scored as follows: score 1, a butterfly lands on one of the trays, tastes the solution, and then immediately takes off; score 2, a butterfly lands on one of the trays, tastes the solution, sips the solution for a few seconds while its wings are fluttering, and then takes off; score 3, a butterfly lands on one of the trays, stops fluttering its wings, and sips the solution for longer than 10 s. some butterflies had different behavioral scores on the same tray in sequential trials. in such cases, the score during the last trial was adopted .\nall butterflies, male and female, excreted large amounts of k + in the meconium compared with the other three ions; hence, the k + excreted during puddling might represent what was retained in the bodies after pupation. the changes in na + and k + concentrations in the hemolymph and the meconium after eclosion (0–5 hours) of pieris brassicae were measured in [ 17 ]. the author also measured the na + and k + changes in the hemolymph that resulted from diuresis after the eclosion of papilio demodocus, acraea horta and danaus chrysippus [ 18 ]. although the author did not distinguish between male and female samples, butterflies excreted more k + than na +, which was similar to the results of the current study .\nto collect the meconium, we glued each butterfly pupa to the inner bottom of a 300 ml disposable polystyrene drinking cup using cemedine super - x gold (cemedine co. , ltd .). a paper foothold made of a kimwipe tissue was attached to the inner sidewall of each cup for the emerged butterfly. after butterfly emergence, the inside of the cup was rinsed with 40 ml of milli - q water, and the water, with the pupal case and paper foothold, was transferred to a disposable 50 ml polyethylene tube. all papilio butterfly pupae that could be obtained were used, which included male and female samples. all emerged butterflies were introduced into the rearing cages and were used for other experiments or to obtain the next generation .\nin puddling responses to other cation species, some butterflies scored 2 or 3 to k + and ca 2 + and scored 2 to mg 2 +. even if the first puddling event at the k + or ca 2 + tray was scored as 2 or 3, the second or subsequent puddlings at the 10 mm k +, 10 mm ca 2 +, 10 mm mg 2 +, or 1 m na + trays were scored as 1 after the 10 mm na + tray was identified. these behavioral experiments showed that puddling is strongly induced by na + in papilio butterflies and is not induced by other cations. our interpretations mentioned above are mostly consistent with those of kitaoka (1950); kuwabara (1951); arms et al. (1974), and beck et al. (1999), although those studies differed in butterfly species and / or experimental bases of the behavioral analysis .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nphilosophical transactions of the royal society of london. series b, biological sciences, volume 254, issue 791, pp. 37 - 89\nthis text was harvested from a scanned image of the original document using optical character recognition (ocr) software. as such, it may contain errors. please contact the royal society if you find an error you would like to see corrected. mathematical notations produced through infty ocr .\nyou may be able to gain access using your login credentials for your institution. contact your library if you do not have a username and password .\npay per article - you may access this article or this issue (from the computer you are currently using) for 30 days .\nregain access - you can regain access to a recent pay per article or pay per issue purchase if your access period has not yet expired .\nthank you for your interest in spreading the word on philosophical transactions of the royal society b: biological sciences .\nnote: we only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. we do not capture any email address .\nmessage body (your name) thought you would like to see the philosophical transactions of the royal society b: biological sciences web site .\nlinnaeus, 1758 – great mormon. kunte, k. , s. sondhi, and p. roy (chief editors) .\nif mentioning specific images please give media code (s). for misidentifications please list reasons to assist in diagnosis .\ncopyright © 2018, all rights reserved. national centre for biological sciences (ncbs) holds copyright for all the original material and compilations on this website, although contributing writers and photographers may hold copyright for their material as cited. material from this website can be used freely for educational, basic research and conservation purposes, provided that this website is acknowledged and properly cited as the source. contact us to obtain prior permission for any other use, including for large data downloads and collaborative research .\nthe body (abdomen) is black. the thorax and the head are also black .\nsex differences: the basic colour of the female is brown. the fore wings are light - brown and have many brown stripes. next to the body there is a yellow spot. the hind wings are brown and they have tails. next to the body there is a big white area with dark - brown veins. at the edge there is a chain of yellow spots. at the inner edge there is a black eye - spot .\nthe first description of this butterfly was in 1758 by linnaeus. there are many subspecies .\ncites: (convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora): - no entry - (as at 22. 05. 2009 )\neu regulation on trading with species of wild fauna and flora - no entry - (as at 07. 07. 2009 )\niucn red list of threatened species: - no entry - (as at 2009) (see: www. urltoken\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nmale. this polymorphic, female - limited batesian mimicry was first described by alfred russel wallace (1865) .\nthe male upperside is black dusted with blue. on the underside, the hindwing has a red tornal patch and both wing bases are red .\nthe great mormon is an interesting butterfly in that it has many different female forms. this large\nswallowtail\nfeeds on citrus, in particular, the pomelo. it is fairly common in singapore, and can usually be found along jungle paths and feeding on flowering plants .\nthe female forms esperi, butlerianus, agenor and very rarely, ityla are found in singapore. the form butlerianus was recently spotted on the island of pulau ubin, one of singapore' s offshore islands. this form has not be seen on the main island in recent years .\nthis checklist is updated regularly and validated in consultation with dr laurence g kirton (forest research institute of malaysia), and previously, the late col john n eliot, (of the butterflies of the malay peninsula, edition 4). contributions to the sightings and latest additions to the singapore checklist are with special thanks to the hardworking members of butterflycircle .\nsingapore is home to 324 species of butterflies, that are feeding on 188 species of hostplants .\nthe latest update in 2008 is consistent with the recent re - classification developments and updates to c & p4; in the malaysian nature journal 59 (1), pp 1 - 49, and dna mapping of the family nymphalidae by wahlberg et al, whereby the subfamilies nymphalinae, heliconiinae, limenitidinae, cyrestinae and apaturinae are now applicable to the singapore checklist. the family riodinidae, which was earlier placed as a subfamily of lycaenidae, has also been reinstated to the family level .\ncopyright © 2004 - 2018, butterflycircle. com. all rights reserved. no part of this website and its contents may be reproduced without prior permission from the webmaster .\nthis species is found in rainforest at elevations between sea level and about 800m .\nthe larvae feed on a wide range of foodplants including fortunella, poncirus, severenia, atalantia, paramygnia, toddalia, xanthoxylum, citrus (rutaceae), magnolia, michelia (magnoliaceae) and aristolochia (aristolochiaceae) .\nmales sometimes imbibe mineralised moisture from wet ground but both sexes are more commonly seen when nectaring at flowering bushes .\nall photographs, text & website design are the property of adrian hoskins unless otherwise stated, and are protected by copyright. photographs or text must not be published elsewhere in part or in whole without prior written consent of adrian hoskins .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nunlike the camouflage polymorphism in the peppered moth, each of the different morphs is thought to be controlled by a multi - locus genotype .\nthe loci in question are so tightly linked that rare recombinants practically never arise - this explains why the different multi - locus genotypes appear, when crossed, to segregate like single locus genotypes. a set of genes so tightly linked that they behave like a single locus has been termed a supergene. however, a sufficiently large number of crosses should be able to break one of the supergenes into different combinations .\nthe rare anura morph (pictured opposite) is thought to be a recombinant between the t - locus and the other four .\na female and two males. filmed at kaeng krachan national park, thailand on 11th march 2013 with a canon powershot sx30 is hand held .\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nreceived 2012 jul 11; revised 2012 oct 1; accepted 2012 oct 3 .\nthe online version of this article (doi: 10. 1007 / s00114 - 012 - 0976 - 3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users .\nten semitransparent trays made of polyethylene (330 × 220 × 45 mm) were prepared for this experiment. each tray was filled with 2. 2 l of sand (kawasuna™, tachikawa heiwa nouen, kanuma, tochigi, japan) that had been washed with at least 10 l of milli - q water (millipore, billerica, ma, usa) and freeze dried. ten different metal ion solutions were made, i. e. , 10 mm nacl, 10 mm kcl, 10 mm cacl 2, 10 mm mgcl 2, 1 mm nacl, 100 mm nacl, 1 m nacl, 10 mm nano 2, 10 mm nahco 3, and 10 mm nah 2 po 4. a total of 3 dl of each solution was poured into a given tray to saturate the dried sand within the tray. these trays were rinsed with 1. 5 l of the corresponding solution after every use to minimize contamination by foreign substances and to avoid fluctuations in ion concentrations, i. e. , changes in concentration due to evaporation, elution from broken sand, and dilution by wash water .\nthe butterflies used in this experiment were male p. xuthus, male p. bianor, and male p. protenor. all butterflies used in these studies were caught in the field or obtained from the butterfly house of the adachi park of living things, tokyo, japan. although p. xuthus rarely puddles, this species is very common and is representative of the subgenus princeps in japan. additionally, the interior structures of the proboscis of this species have been previously shown by inoue et al. (2009) .\nwere approximately 20 mm in length. all contact chemosensilla inside the proboscises of both\nscanning electron microscope images of the taste sensilla on the inner galea wall of the proboscis in p. bianor (a) and p. protenor (b); bar = 10 μm\n) in our trays at the 28 field experimental sites and two greenhouses. the species and places / dates of this experiment are shown in table\n, all scores were combined in the subsequent analyses. statistical results of the behavioral experiments were obtained using fisher' s exact test (\n< 0. 01). in this analysis, scores of 1 and 2 were treated as one group .\nall butterflies, except for one described below, had scores of 3 for 10 mm nacl, whereas the scores were lower for other chloride solutions and for those containing different metal ions at the same concentration (fig .\ncomparison of taste preferences based on the results of all observed male butterflies. a differences among metal ions; b differences among anions; and c differences among nacl concentrations. the number at the top of each bar shows the total number of examined butterflies, and the letters on the right side of each bar show the grouping results obtained by fisher' s exact test (p < 0. 01). in this statistical analysis, scores of 1 and 2 were treated as one group. see text for definitions of scores 1, 2, and 3\nion concentrations, i. e. , 1 mm nacl, 10 mm nacl, 100 mm nacl, and 1 m nacl, were examined (fisher' s exact test ,\n). for both 1 mm nacl and 100 mm nacl, a score of 3 was the most frequent, and a score of 1 the least frequent. for 1 m nacl, a score of 2 was the most frequent, and 3 the least frequent. all scores for 10 mm nacl concentrations except one were scores of 3 .\nscore transition patterns with respect to nacl concentration were analyzed as shown in fig .\n. the numbers of butterflies that scored 1, 2, or 3 for 1 mm nacl and that shifted to score 3 for 10 mm nacl were 8, 15, and 22, respectively. thirty - one butterflies were recorded as scoring 3 for both 10 and 100 mm nacl. the numbers of butterflies scoring 3 for 10 mm nacl and scoring 1, 2, and 3 for 100 mm nacl were 2, 10, and 31, respectively. in other words, the fraction of high scores increased with increasing nacl concentration from 1 to 10 mm nacl in 23 of 46 individuals, and it decreased from 10 mm to 1 m nacl in 12 of 44 individuals. one\nshowed an exceptional score pattern, scoring 1 both for 1 and 10 mm nacl and scoring 3 for 100 mm nacl .\nconcentration–response curves for nacl concentration versus puddling score for each butterfly that exhibited a response to both 1 mm nacl and 10 mm nacl and / or 10 mm nacl and 100 mm nacl. the width of each line corresponds to the number of butterflies that showed the combination of results for both 1 mm nacl and 10 mm nacl or 10 mm nacl and 100 mm nacl. numbers beside each line show the numbers of butterflies that displayed the combination of results\nbutterflies puddling at the sampling sites. the concentrations of metal ions at natural pudding sites were 0. 06–5. 99 mm for na\n. metal ion concentrations were quite low at most puddling sites. the concentrations of four cation species varied widely among the sampled solutions. the concentration ratios of the solutions varied, and no particular patterns were observed. the na\nconcentrations in the solutions that were sampled from natural puddling sites were less than 1 mm in 48 of 60 samples, even though most of the samples were collected from sites exposed to sunlight on sunny days .\n( a1). impulses were discharged immediately after the stimulus onset and then increased gradually in frequency. thereafter, the impulse frequencies became constant over a few seconds. in recordings taken from three sensilla of\n, impulses showed a delayed discharge after stimulus onset, but the delay time became shorter, and impulse frequency became higher with greater concentrations of nacl (fig .\n( a2) ). some of these responses were similar to the responses to 10 mm nacl with respect to impulse size and the time course of the response. in contrast, the impulse responses to 10 mm cacl\n, which were recorded from the same sensillum, showed a relatively lower impulse height and were discharged irregularly (fig .\nwe analyzed the relationship between the response magnitude and nacl concentration in cases where the impulse frequency could be clearly quantified across a nacl concentration range of 1 to 100 mm (fig .\n). we identified three different patterns based on this relationship. the response magnitudes increased with increasing nacl concentrations in 25 neurons (type 1), were largest at 10 mm nacl in 13 neurons (type 2), and decreased with increasing concentrations of nacl in seven neurons (type 3). these three types of receptor neurons were present in different sensilla of single butterflies .\nconcentration–response relationships for nacl concentration versus electrophysiological response recorded from the taste sensilla on the inner galea wall of the proboscis of p. xuthus, p. bianor, and p. protenor. the number of spikes was counted during the period from 0. 13 to 1. 13 s after contact with the recording electrode. values are mean ± se. see text: types 1–3\nwe obtained behavioral and electrophysiological results necessary to resolve the inducing factors for butterfly puddling behavior and also obtained morphological and chemical empirical data to support the behavioral and electrophysiological results. in the behavioral experiments, most butterflies had scores of 3 for solutions of 10 mm na\n). fluctuations in ph caused by weak acids (i. e. , no\nsolutions. most of these butterflies were discouraged from visiting the trays by many other butterflies that had already puddled there. thus, they appeared to be disrupted when attempting to puddle, which might be the reason for their low scores. one\nmale had a distinctive response, scoring 3 to 100 mm nacl and 1 to both 1 and 10 mm nacl. he came to our experimental site alone; thus, this behavior was not the result of competition with other butterflies. these results indicate that puddling behaviors are initiated by na\nin the experiment using hplc for measurements of ion concentrations at puddling sites in the field, the concentrations of k +, ca 2 +, and / or mg 2 + in samples from many puddling sites were found to be higher than that of na +. thus, cations other than na + probably do not affect the induction of puddling behaviors in natural solutions. the butterflies that identified the na + - dense solutions in our trays did not puddle in natural sites, and they returned to our trays to puddle during our experiments, with only two exceptions. na + concentrations at all sites measured in this experiment were less than 10 mm, and butterflies might select sites of more concentrated na + for puddling in natural environments .\n), appear to be important in the inducement of puddling behavior. although whether these receptor neurons respond to kcl is unclear, this does not seem to be an issue in the field, as k\n, small and irregularly discharged impulses were recorded from the sensilla housing this type of receptor neuron. we suggest that these impulses belong to receptor neurons that differ from those that respond to nacl .\nsome neurons showed discharge impulses that were delayed relative to the stimulus onset in response to lower concentrations of nacl (fig .\n( b1 and b2) ). furthermore, as the stimulus strength increased, the impulse frequency increased, and the delay time was reduced. this response pattern might make the butterflies react more quickly to stronger stimuli. similar delayed patterns of impulse discharge were sometimes observed in response to 10 mm cacl\nwhen we recorded from the same sensilla. therefore, we infer that these sensilla are a different type from the major sensilla described above. further investigation is needed to identify sensillum types. the concentrations of mg\nat some puddling sites in the field, and puddling occurred at such sites. thus, we infer that mg\nin solutions reduced the number of butterflies that preferred such solutions. therefore, na\n”, at least two butterflies showed abnormal behavior after sipping the 1 m nacl solution. in humans, excessive intake of na\ncan cause many diseases such as hypertension. there may be some “safety system” related to the detection of na\nour current experiments also prompted at least three other novel questions. one is whether a relationship is present between proboscis length and the number of contact chemosensilla within it. the proboscis lengths of male\nspecies. the second question is why the frequency of puddling behavior differs among different species. although puddling behaviors by\nspecies in our field experiments. furthermore, we found no fundamental differences in the electrophysiological responses of the proboscis sensilla of\n, in which puddling behaviors were frequently observed in the field. whether these differences might be related to geology, host plant selection, and / or other factors remains unknown. the third question is why the different types of dose response patterns for na\nthis article is distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and the source are credited .\nbutterflies coming to wet riverbed. kaeng krachan, thailand. 02 may 2012 .\narms k, feeny p, lederhouse rc. sodium: stimulus for puddling behavior by tiger swallowtail butterflies ,\nbeck j, muhlenberg e, fiedler k. mud - puddling behavior in tropical butterflies: in search of proteins or minerals ?\nboggs cl, jackson la. mud puddling by butterflies is not a simple matter .\ninoue ta, asaoka k, seta k, imaeda d, ozaki m. sugar receptor response of the food - canal taste sensilla in a nectar - feeding swallowtail butterfly ,\nkusano t. the sensitivities of the tarsal chemoreceptors of various species of butterflies to sucrose and sodium chloride .\nlederhouse rc, ayres mp, scriber jm. adult nutrition affects male virility in\nminnich de. an experimental study of the tarsal chemoreceptors of two nymphalid butterflies .\nnorris mj (1935) the feeding - habits of the adult lepidoptera heteroneura. trans r ent soc lond 85: 61–90\npivnick ka, mcneil jn. puddling in butterflies: sodium affects reproductive success in\nscriber jm, ayres mp. observations on the puddling behavior of the canadian tiger swallowtail butterfly ,\nsellier r. étude ultrastructurale en microscopie électronique par balayage des organs sensoriels de la trompe des lepidoptères rhopalocères .\nunno k (2009) butterflies [ a collection of photographs of butterflies in nature, isbn 978 - 4 - 904309 - 04 - 9 ]. tokyo university of agriculture and technology press, in japanese\na very interesting species as the female can be found in many different forms (hence the english name of mormon !), some of which have tails. forms seen on the island are\n. the females each mimic another species of the papilionidae, and normally, this model species is found in the same area as the mimic. as usual, koh samui likes to do things differently. the model for\n, which has not been found on the islands. likewise, the model for\n( neither on samui or pha ngan). the only form, where its model is found on samui (not yet on pha ngan), is\nthis was originally a forest species, but it has been able to change its habits taking advantage of the cultivation of its preferred foodplants, citrus sp. , particularly the pomelo, and now can be commonly found all over the island .\nfully known. more detailed life history information is available from the following resource: butterflycircle blog (courtesy of dr. horace tan) .\nnepal, indo - china, thailand and malaysia. (other subspecies are to be found india to the southern islands of japan, also borneo, sumatra and java. )\nphotography locations: hanoi city, ba vi n. p. (hanoi )\nmales are much more commoner - or at least much more frequently sighted - than females .\nfemale form agenor on duranta erecta - an extremely popular nectar source for a wide variety of butterflies. widely cultivated as an ornamental plant in tropical and subtropical gardens throughout the world, and has become naturalized in many places .\nkeen birdwatcher with a love of the natural world, all that is beautiful and ugly and everything in between. my peace comes from being outdoors in amongst nature .\n, i am always actively aware of butterflies, and tried to photograph (and sometimes collect) specimens as much as possible .\ni hope that the more people who see the beauty of these fascinating creatures, the more it will lead to an appreciation that we need to be more pro - active in protecting them against the actions of humans that seem to only be concerned with\ndevelopment\nand monetary profit .\ns mostly around hanoi (ba vi, tam dao and cuc phuong national parks) .\nbeautiful and graceful, varied and enchanting, small but approachable, butterflies lead you to the sunny side of life .\nnumber: 124 family: hesperiidae sub - family: hesperiinae species: parnara cf. ganga (evans, 1937) common name (s): the continental ...\nwell, another trip to cuc phuong has yielded yet another species for my personal records. it had been raining all week and i was desperate ...\nlast year, i conduct regular surveys at ba vi national park (located 70 km west of hanoi). regular sampling was carried out from march to ...\nestablished in 1986 for the purpose of conserving limestone forests and musk deer, moschus berezovskii, the huu lien nature reserve is ju ...\nfamily: saturniidae sub - family: saturniinae species: attacus atlas linnaeus, 1758 common name (s): the atlas moth photography locat ...\nnumber: 82 family: nymphaliidae sub - family: satyriinae species: penthema lisarda michallati (janet, 1894) common name (s): the ye ...\nnumber: 252 family: nymphaliidae sub - family: danaiinae species: euploea mulciber mulciber (cramer, [ 1777 ]) common name (s): the s ...\nnumber: 109 family: hesperiidae sub - family: hesperiinae species: potanthus sp. common name (s): dart sp. photography location: ta ...\nthe garden is open daily 9 a. m. - 5 p. m. summer hours: thursdays, june 7 – sept. 13, 2018, open 9 a. m. - 9 p. m. , for flowers after 5. open at 8 a. m. on sat. & sun. , may 26 – sept. 2, 2018 for early morning summer hours closed thanksgiving day, dec. 24 & dec. 25\nsome butterflies look different depending on if the are male or female. this is called sexual dimorphism. the male often has brighter colors to attract the female’s attention, however there may be other characteristics such as size, tails, or wing patterns that differentiate them. here’s your guide to telling the difference between the sexually dimorphic butterflies you’ll see in butterflies live! please note that our selection of butterflies changes often, so we may not have all these butterflies at all times. new butterflies are released daily at 10 a. m. (and 10 a. m. and 2 p. m on saturdays) .\nfast fact: females are much larger than the males, and their wings are black with white markings .\nfast fact: the male mocker swallowtail has a tail, while the female is tailless .\nfast fact: male great mormons never have tails, while females may or may not .\nfast fact: male scarlet mormon butterflies display only a little scarlet color on the outside of their wings, while female scarlet mormons have red on both sides of their wings .\nfast fact: females are polymorphic, meaning there is variation in the way they look. here’s one example of a female scarlet mormon .\nfast fact: the leopard lacewing can be found in lowland and upland rainforest habitats .\nfast fact: this species exhibits sexual dimorphism, which is the term for males and females having different patterns or sizes .\nfast fact: the females have more brown on th top side of their wings, whereas the males only have a little bit of brown .\nfast fact: the great orange tip butterfly is the largest species of the pieridae family in asia .\n© 2014 - 2018 lewis ginter botanical garden | 1800 lakeside avenue | richmond, virginia 23228 | 804. 262. 9887\nmany butterfly species have been experiencing the northward range expansion and physiological adaptation, probably due to climate warming. here, we document an extraordinary field case of a species of lycaenid butterfly, zizeeria maha, for which plastic phenotypes of wing color - patterns were revealed at the population level in the course of range expansion. furthermore, we examined whether this outbreak of phenotypic changes was able to be reproduced in a laboratory .\nour results support the notion that the outbreak of the modified phenotypes in the recent range - margin population was primed by the revelation of plastic phenotypes in response to temperature stress and by the subsequent genetic process in the previous range - margin population, followed by migration and temporal establishment of genetically unstable founders in the recent range margins. this case presents not only an evolutionary role of phenotypic plasticity in the field but also a novel evolutionary aspect of range expansion at the species level .\n]. such changes are well within the range of normal physiological adaptation to different environmental conditions .\n, is a species of japanese lycaenid butterfly with an expanding distribution range probably due to climate warming. we have previously reported that the distribution of\nhad been expanding northward since 1991 and it reached fukaura, aomori prefecture, the northernmost part of honshu mainland, japan, in 2000 (fig .\nin fukaura and other areas are associated with a northward range expansion of the species and are not artifacts of previously unknown populations. moreover, similar northward range expansion was found not only in\nis a real phenomenon and is highly likely to be due to the warming climate .\nto the north in honshu mainland, japan. inset shows the locations of fukaura, hiratsuka, and tokyo in the japanese islands. (\n) temperature dynamics of fukaura from 1994 to 2005. highest (shown in red), average (black), and lowest (blue) temperature records for a given year are indicated. the highest temperature in fukaura had steadily increased year by year since 1996 until 2000. in 2001, the highest and lowest temperature suddenly dropped. (\nin fukaura (line graph). relative population size is indicated as bar graph. asterisks indicate a possible psychological bias. that is, the 2002 data (indicated by double asterisks) may be an overestimate, and the 2003 data (a single asterisk) may be an underestimate. similarly, for 2004 and 2005, the modification occurrence is connected with broken lines (instead of continuous lines) and the relative population size is indicated by white bars (instead of yellow bars) to indicate the incompleteness of data records for these years. (" ]

{ "text": [ "papilio memnon , the great mormon , is a large butterfly native to southern asia that belongs to the swallowtail family .", "it is widely distributed and has thirteen subspecies .", "the female is polymorphic and with mimetic forms . " ], "topic": [ 19, 5, 9 ] }

[ "papilio memnon, the great mormon, is a large butterfly native to southern asia that belongs to the swallowtail family. it is widely distributed and has thirteen subspecies. the female is polymorphic and with mimetic forms." ]

[ "how can i put and write and define viti levu giant pigeon in a sentence and how is the word viti levu giant pigeon used in a sentence and examples? 用viti levu giant pigeon造句, 用viti levu giant pigeon造句, 用viti levu giant pigeon造句, viti levu giant pigeon meaning, definition, pronunciation, synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha. net .\nthe\n' viti levu giant pigeon\n' (\nnatunaornis gigoura\n) is an extinct flightless pigeon of viti levu, the largest island in fiji .\nanother large, flightless pigeon, the viti levu giant pigeon (\nnatunaornis gigoura\n), was described in 2001 from subfossil material from fiji .\nviti levu giant pigeon ioc v7. 3: not in the list birdtheme specid 3473 links will open countrypage in new window\nthe viti levu giant pigeon (natunaornis gigoura) is an extinct flightless pigeon of viti levu, the largest island in fiji. it was only slightly smaller than the dodo (raphus cucullatus) and rodrigues solitaire (pezophaps solitaria) .\nin 1998 worthy excavated subfossil bones in fiji, where he found remains of the flightless viti levu giant pigeon (\nnatunaornis gigoura\n), the viti levu scrubfowl (\nmegapodius amissus\n), the viti levu snipe (\ncoenocorypha miratropica\n), the giant fiji ground frog (\nplatymantis megabotoniviti\n), and the small freshwater crocodile\nvolia athollandersoni\n.\nwe hope that the following list of synonyms for the word viti levu giant pigeon will help you to finish your crossword today. we' ve arranged the synonyms in length order so that they are easier to find .\nthis article is part of project columbiformes, a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each pigeon and dove, including made - up species .\nwe don' t know when or if this item will be back in stock .\nno kindle device required. download one of the free kindle apps to start reading kindle books on your smartphone, tablet, and computer .\nprime members enjoy free two - day shipping, free same - day or one - day delivery to select areas, prime video, prime music, and more .\nafter viewing product detail pages, look here to find an easy way to navigate back to pages that interest you .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwe use cookies on the crossword solver to help our site work, to understand how it is used and to tailor the advertisements shown on our site. some of these cookies will send your data to our advertising partners. advertising ensures that the site free to use .\nby clicking\naccept\n, you agree to us doing so. if you do not agree, you can click\nmanage\nbelow to review your options .\nsearch for clues, synonyms, words, anagrams or if you already have some letters enter the letters here using a question mark or full - stop in place of any you don' t know (e. g .\ncros... rd\nor\nhe? p\n)\nwe' ve listed any clues from our database that match your search. there will also be a list of synonyms for your answer. the synonyms have been arranged depending on the number of charachters so that they' re easy to find .\nif a particular answer is generating a lot of interest on the site today, it may be highlighted in orange .\nif your word has any anagrams, they' ll be listed too along with a definition for the word if we have one .\nif you have a moment, please use the voting buttons (green and red arrows) near the top of the page to let us know if we' re helping with this clue. we try to review as many of these votes as possible to make sure we have the right answers. if you would like to suggest a new answer (or even a completely new clue) please feel free to use the\nkeyword search - try again, but check your spelling, and / or use fewer search terms .\nif we don' t have it today, create a' want' and receive an automated email when the item is listed for sale .\nfind books from over 100, 000 booksellers worldwide, for easy searches and price comparison .\nby using the web site, you confirm that you have read, understood, and agreed to be bound by the terms and conditions. © 1996 - 2018 abebooks inc. all rights reserved. abebooks, the abebooks logo, abebooks. com ,\npassion for books .\nand\npassion for books. books for your passion .\nare registered trademarks with the registered us patent & trademark office .\nby using the web site, you confirm that you have read, understood, and agreed to be bound by the terms and conditions. copyright © 1996 - 2018 abebooks inc. & abebooks europe gmbh. all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article is part of project aves, a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each bird, including made - up species .\nthis article is part of project monotypic genera, a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each monotypic genera, including made - up species .\nthis article is part of project bird genera, a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each genus, including made - up genera .\nthis article is part of project extinct, a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each extinct species, including made - up species .\ncan' t find a community you love? create your own and start something epic .\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists, and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12, 000 regional checklists in avibase, offered in 9 different taxonomies, including synonyms more than 175 languages. each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community, and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page, such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details. to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263, 338, 141 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy\nremains of this species were discovered in october 1998. its first description was published in 2001. the holotype is in the collection of the museum of new zealand te papa tongarewa .\nthe generic name\nnatunaornis\nis named after natuna, the oldest chief of the volivoli people in the sigatoka valley, wherein the fossil bones of the type species were first found. the specific name reflects both the large size of this fossil species and its proposed affinities to the crowned pigeons of genus goura .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken" ]

{ "text": [ "the viti levu giant pigeon ( natunaornis gigoura ) is an extinct flightless pigeon of viti levu , the largest island in fiji .", "it was only slightly smaller than the dodo ( raphus cucullatus ) and rodrigues solitaire ( pezophaps solitaria ) .", "remains of this species were discovered in october 1998 .", "its first description was published in 2001 .", "the holotype is in the collection of the museum of new zealand te papa tongarewa .", "the generic name \" natunaornis \" is named after natuna , the oldest chief of the volivoli people in the sigatoka valley , wherein the fossil bones of the type species were first found .", "the specific name reflects both the large size of this fossil species and its proposed affinities to the crowned pigeons of genus goura . " ], "topic": [ 19, 12, 17, 19, 3, 25, 26 ] }

[ "the viti levu giant pigeon (natunaornis gigoura) is an extinct flightless pigeon of viti levu, the largest island in fiji. it was only slightly smaller than the dodo (raphus cucullatus) and rodrigues solitaire (pezophaps solitaria). remains of this species were discovered in october 1998. its first description was published in 2001. the holotype is in the collection of the museum of new zealand te papa tongarewa. the generic name \" natunaornis \" is named after natuna, the oldest chief of the volivoli people in the sigatoka valley, wherein the fossil bones of the type species were first found. the specific name reflects both the large size of this fossil species and its proposed affinities to the crowned pigeons of genus goura." ]

[ "the following term was not found in genome: paradoxoglanis cryptus [ orgn ] .\nparadoxoglanis cryptus is a species of electric catfish endemic to the democratic republic of the congo, where it occurs in the kagala river .\nas paradoxoglanis cryptus norris 2002 malapteruridae. distribution: kagala river, itimbiri basin, congo river system, africa. habitat: freshwater. more\nparadoxoglanis cryptus is only known from the type locality: near aketi on the kagola river, tributary of the itimbiri river (central congo river basin) (norris 2002) .\n2) paradoxoglanis cryptus norris 2002 1. 3) paradoxoglanis parvus norris 2002 2) genus หรือ สกุล malapterurus. มีวิธีการจำแนกออกเป็น 2 กลุ่ม โดยใช้ความกว้าง หรือ แคบ ของแถบฟันส่วนหน้าของขากรรไกรบนและล่างเป็นเกณฑ์ 2. 1) ชนิดที่มีแถบฟันแคบ ได้แก่. 2. 1. 1) malapterurus electricus (gmelin 1789) 2. 1. more\nparadoxoglanis cryptus is a species of catfish of the family malapteruridae. stub icon this catfish - related article is a stub. you can help wikipedia by expanding it. v • d • e retrieved from\nhttp: / / en. wikipedia. more\njustification: paradoxoglanis cryptus is only known from the type locality: near aketi on the kagola river, itimbiri tributary (central congo river basin) (norris 2002). the species may be more widespread than is currently known. more information is needed on the species distribution before an assessment can be made .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nbrummett, r. , mbe tawe, a. n. , dening touokong, c. , reid, g. m. , snoeks, j. staissny, m. , moelants, t. , mamonekene, v. , ndodet, b. , ifuta, s. n. b. , chilala, a. , monsembula, r. , ibala zamba, a. , opoye itoua, o. , pouomogne, v. , darwall, w. & smith, k .\nlogging and a low level of diamond mining (lower value) are possible threats. transport of the logs on the river is of minor importance .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4. 0 license\nfroese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nis only known from the type locality: near aketi on the kagola river, tributary of the itimbiri river (central congo river basin) (norris 2002) .\nafrica: kagala river near aketi, itimbiri tributary (ref. 44050, 78218 )\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more..." ]

{ "text": [ "paradoxoglanis cryptus is a species of electric catfish endemic to the democratic republic of the congo , where it occurs in the kagala river .", "this species grows to a length of 11.9 centimetres ( 4.7 in ) sl . " ], "topic": [ 7, 0 ] }

[ "paradoxoglanis cryptus is a species of electric catfish endemic to the democratic republic of the congo, where it occurs in the kagala river. this species grows to a length of 11.9 centimetres (4.7 in) sl." ]

[ "depressaria besma clarke, 1947; j. wash. acad. sci. 37 (1): 14, f. 5, 12; tl: fort lewis, pierce co. , washington\ndepressaria besma; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 23; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 74, pl. 5, f. 10; [ nacl ], # 937; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria genistella walsingham, 1903; ent. mon. mag. 39: 266\ndepressaria radiosquamella walsingham, 1898; ent. mon. mag. 34: 132\ndepressaria hystricella möschler, 1860; wien. ent. monats. 4: 275\ndepressaria subalbipunctella lvovsky, 1981; trudy zool. inst. leningr. 103: 78\ndepressaria irregularis matsumura, 1931; 6000 illust. insects japan. - empire: 1090\ndepressaria krasnowodskella hannemann, 1953; mitt. zool. mus. berl. 29: 314\ndepressaria kollari zeller, 1854; linn. ent. 9: 336; tl: sidney\ndepressaria bupleurella heinemann, 1870; schmett. dtl. scweitz. (2) 3: 171\ndepressaria beckmanni heinemann, 1870; schmett. dtl. scweitz. (2) 3: 179\ndepressaria nemolella svensson, 1982; ent. scand. 13 (3): 293; tl: sweden\ndepressaria ivinskisi lvovsky, 1990; ent. obozr. 69 (3): (638 - 655 )\ndepressaria hannemanniana lvovsky, 1990; ent. obozr. 69 (3): (638 - 655 )\ndepressaria rjabovi lvovsky, 1990; ent. obozr. 69 (3): (638 - 655 )\ndepressaria zelleri staudinger, 1880; horae soc. ent. ross. 15 (2 - 3): 300\ndepressaria assalella chrétien, 1915; ann. soc. ent. fr. 84: 343; tl: gafsa\ndepressaria chlorothorax meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (13): 392; tl: palestine, nazareth\ndepressaria compactella caradja, 1920; dt. ent. z. iris 34 (1 / 2): 133\ndepressaria niphosyrphas meyrick, 1931; exotic microlep. 4 (5): 120; tl: s. ussuri\ndepressaria saharae tabelli buchner, 2017; zookeys 684: 143; tl: canary is. , tenerife, guimar\ndepressaria aurantiella tutt, 1893; ent. rec. j. var. 4: 241; tl: deal\ndepressaria lacticapitella klimesch, 1942; zs. wiener entver. 27: 148, pl. 12, f. 1\ndepressaria pentheri rebel, 1904; ann. mus. wien 19: 360, pl. 5, f. 26\ndepressaria basicostata matsumura, 1931; 6000 illust. insects japan. - empire: 1089; tl: japan, sapporo\ndepressaria artemisiella mcdunnough, 1927; can. ent. 59: 271; tl: seton l. , british columbia\ndepressaria discipunctella var. helladicella rebel, 1906; berl. ent. z. 50 (3 / 4): 311\ndepressaria fuscipedella chrétien, 1915; ann. soc. ent. fr. 84: 343; tl: frenda, oran\ndepressaria leptotaeniae clarke, 1933; can. ent. 65: 87, pl. 4; tl: pullman, washington\ndepressaria hofmanni stainton, 1861; nat. hist. br. tineina 6: 176, pl. 5, f. 2\ndepressaria pyrenaella sumpich, 2013; ent. rec. j. var. 125 (3): (114 - 118 )\ndepressaria taciturna meyrick, 1910; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 20 (1): 166; tl: simla\ndepressaria clausulata meyrick, 1911; ann. transv. mus. 3 (1): 74; tl: ngqeleni, west pondoland\ndepressaria colossella caradja, 1920; dt. ent. z. iris 34 (1 / 2): 133; tl: tjutjuje\ndepressaria saharae gaston & vives, 2017; arquivos ent. 17: 352; tl: spain, burgos, la vid, 850m\ndepressaria floridella mann, 1864; wien. ent. mon. 8 (6): 186, pl. 4, f. 14\ndepressaria basicostata; ridout, 1981, ins. matsumurana 24: 31, pl. 1, f. 1; [ nhm card ]\ndepressaria panurga meyrick, 1920; ann. s. afr. mus. 17 (4): 289; tl: cape colony, knysna\ndepressaria prospicua meyrick, 1914; ann. s. afr. mus. 10 (8): 249; tl: cape colony, capetown\ndepressaria reticulatella bruand, 1851; mém. soc. doubs 3 (3, livr. 5 - 6): 39; tl: france\ndepressaria orthobathra meyrick, 1918; ann. transv. mus. 6 (2): 31; tl: natal, umkomaas; zululand, nkwaleni\ndepressaria indecorella rebel, 1917; verh. zool. - bot. ges. wien 67 (s. b .): 25; tl: orenburg\ndepressaria (group hystricella - taciturna); buchner, kemal & kizildag, 2018, centr. ent. stud. misc. pap. 170: 10\ndepressaria juliella busck, 1908; proc. ent. soc. wash. 9 (1 - 4): 91; tl: pecos, new mexico\ndepressaria (group hystricella - taciturna) hystricella; buchner, kemal & kizildag, 2018, centr. ent. stud. misc. pap. 170: 11\ndepressaria (group hystricella - taciturna) taciturna; buchner, kemal & kizildag, 2018, centr. ent. stud. misc. pap. 170: 10\ndepressaria (group hystricella - taciturna) nomia; buchner, kemal & kizildag, 2018, centr. ent. stud. misc. pap. 170: 10\ndepressaria (group hystricella - taciturna) irregularis; buchner, kemal & kizildag, 2018, centr. ent. stud. misc. pap. 170: 10\ndepressaria sp. b; mckenna & berenbaum, 2003, j. lep. soc. 57 (1): 40 (modoc co. , ca )\ndepressaria ultimella stainton, 1849; trans. r. ent. soc. lond. 5: 166, pl. 17, f. 6; tl: lewes\ndepressaria cinderella corley, 2002; nota lepid. 24 (4): 29; tl: portugal, alto alentejo, serra de são mamede, minhota, 650m\ndepressaria cervicella herrich - schäffer, 1854; syst. bearb. schmett. europ. 5 (64): 130, (53) f. 431 - 432\ndepressaria despoliatella erschoff, 1874; in fedschenko, travels in turkestan. 2 (5): 101, pl. 6, f. 113; tl: maracanda\ndepressaria rhodoscelis meyrick, 1920; ann. s. afr. mus. 17 (4): 288; tl: cape colony, gt. winthoek, 4500ft\ndepressaria (depressariini); hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 57, 9; [ nacl ], 12; [ fe ]\ndepressaria multifidae clarke, 1933; can. ent. 65: 85, pl. 4; tl: snake r. , whitman co. , opposite clarkston, washington\ndepressaria pteryxiphaga clarke, 1952; smithson. misc. collec. 117: 16, pl. 6, f. 3, 4; tl: ten sleep, wyoming\ndepressaria macrotrichella rebel, 1917; verh. zool. - bot. ges. wien 67 (s. b .): 26; tl: schahkuh, n. iran\ndepressaria villosae corley & buchner, 2018; ent. rec. j. var. 130: 105; tl: portugal, trás - os - montes, parâmio, vilarinho, 780m\ndepressaria nomia butler, 1879; ill. typical spec. lep. het. colln br. mus. 3: 82, pl. 60, f. 13; tl: yokohama\ndepressaria atrostrigella clarke, 1941; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 90 (3107): 168, pl. 35, f. 194; tl: aweme, manitoba\ndepressaria palousella clarke, 1941; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 90 (3107): 171, pl. 48, f. 284; tl: pullmann, washington\ndepressaria constancei clarke, 1947; j. wash. acad. sci. 37 (1): 5, f. 2, 9; tl: yreka, siskiyou co. , california\ndepressaria betina clarke, 1947; j. wash. acad. sci. 37 (1): 9, f. 3, 10; tl: gilmer, klickitat co. , washington\ndepressaria moya clarke, 1947; j. wash. acad. sci. 37 (1): 13, f. 4, 11; tl: hornbrook, siskiyou co. , california\ndepressaria kailai lvovsky, 2009; zoosyst. rossica 18 (1): 70; tl: kazakhstan, 43°24' n 75°02' e, dzhambul prov. , 70km nne of frunze, 950m\ndepressaria (group hystricella - taciturna) bayindirensis buchner, kemal & kizildag, 2018; centr. ent. stud. misc. pap. 170: 11; tl: turkey, izmir, bayindir\ndepressaria armata clarke, 1952; smithson. misc. collec. 117: 19, pl. 6, f. 5; tl: slate peak, whatcom co. , washington, 6500'\ndepressaria f. / sp. ? albiocellata staudinger, 1871; horae soc. ent. ross. 7 (1870): 247, pl. 3, f. 8; tl: greece\ndepressaria schellbachi clarke, 1947; j. wash. acad. sci. 37 (1): 10, f. 6, 13; tl: sshohone point, grand canyon, arizon, 7050'\ndepressaria angelicivora clarke, 1952; smithson. misc. collec. 117: 15, pl. 6, f. 1 - 2; tl: macdonald pass, 15 mi w of helena, montana, 6100'\ndepressaria eleanorae clarke, 1941; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 90 (3107): 178, pl. 38, f. 204, pl. 47, f. 279; tl: hymers, ontario\ndepressaria artemisiella; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 67, pl. 4, f. 35; [ nacl ], # 927; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria cinereocostella; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 63, pl. 4, f. 6 - 11; [ nacl ], # 921; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria yakimae clarke, 1941; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 90 (3107): 185, pl. 37, f. 201, pl. 48, f. 285; tl: yakima, yakima co. , washington\ndepressaria sp. a; mckenna & berenbaum, 2003, j. lep. soc. 57 (1): 39 (park co. , wy, lemhi co. , ca, alpine co. , ca, modoc co. , ca )\ndepressaria togata; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 75, pl. 5, f. 11 - 12, 15; [ nacl ], # 939; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria alienella; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 12; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 66; [ nacl ], # 926; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria whitmani clarke, 1941; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 90 (3107): 182, pl. 36, f. 200, pl. 48, f. 286; tl: snake r. , whitman co. , wahsington, opposite clarkston\ndepressaria angustati clarke, 1941; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 90 (3107): 189, pl. 36, f. 198, pl. 48, f. 287; tl: skyline ridge, mt baker distr. , whatcom co. , washington, 6200'\ndepressaria atrostrigella; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 20; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 62, pl. 4, f. 2; [ nacl ], # 918; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria schellbachi; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 125; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 70, pl. 4, f. 38; [ nacl ], # 931; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria angelicivora; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 14; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 70, pl. 4, f. 39; [ nacl ], # 932; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria yakimae; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 148; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 71, pl. 5, f. 4; [ nacl ], # 934; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria moya; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 95; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 72, pl. 5, f. 8; [ nacl ], # 936; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria pteryxiphaga; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 118; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 74, pl. 5, f. 9; [ nacl ], # 938; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria armata; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 18; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 75, pl. 5, f. 14; [ nacl ], # 940; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria angustati; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 14; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 75, pl. 5, f. 13; [ nacl ], # 941; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria juliella; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 76; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 65, pl. 4, f. 14 - 17; [ nacl ], # 923; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria eleanorae; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 50; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 66, pl. 4, f. 21 - 22; [ nacl ], # 925; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria constancei; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 38; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 67, pl. 4, f. 28 - 31; [ nacl ], # 928; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria whitmani; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 147; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 68, pl. 4, f. 36 - 37; [ nacl ], # 930; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria leptotaeniae; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 81; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 70, pl. 4, f. 40 - 41; [ nacl ], # 933; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria multifidae; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 95; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 72, pl. 5, f. 5 - 7; [ nacl ], # 935; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria betina; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 24; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 68, pl. 4, f. 23, 32 - 34; [ nacl ], # 929; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb: the taxon name search is for single names only. for example, to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren, 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhodges, r. w. , 1974. moths of america north of mexico, fascicle 6. 2, p. 74; pl. 5. 10. order\n=; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 57; [ nacl ], 12; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]; [ afromoths ]\n=; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 57; [ nacl ], 12; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\neu, ..., nova scotia, s. canada, british columbia - arizona, washington. see [ maps ]\n=; karsholt, lvovsky & nielsen, 2006, nota lepid. 28 (3 / 4): 184; [ fe ]\n=; karsholt, lvovsky & nielsen, 2006, nota lepid. 28 (3 / 4): 184\nlarva on heracleum lanatum, pastinaca sativa hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 65 mckenna & berenbaum, 2003, j. lep. soc. 57 (1): 39\ncanary is. , france, ausria, s. germany, .... see [ maps ]\neu, ..., washington, british columbia, montana, sw. manitoba. see [ maps ]\n=; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 63; [ nacl ], # 919; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on artemisia drancunculoides hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 63\nmorocco, tunisia, spain, hungary, sicily, dalmatia, asia minor, palestine, .... see [ maps ]\nmarcella marcidella walsingham, 1907; ent. mon. mag. 43: 215\nlarva on (for prangosella) prangos ferulacea walsingham, 1903, ent. mon. mag. 39: 268\nlibya, eu, caucasus, ..., mongolia. see [ maps ]\nbadiella frustratella rebel, 1936; dt. ent. z. iris 50: 97\nhungary, balkans, greece, sweu, asia minor, palestine. see [ maps ]\nlarva on pimpinella villosa corley & buchner, 2018, ent. rec. j. var. 130: 105\n=; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 65; [ nacl ], # 924; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]; [ fe ]\n=; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 66; [ nacl ], # 924; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on cicuta douglasi hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 66, oenanthe sarmentosa mckenna & berenbaum, 2003, j. lep. soc. 57 (1): 39\nswitzerland, dalmatia, balkans, sicily, .... see [ maps ]\nthoracella müller - rutz, 1922 ²; mitt. schweiz. ent. ges. 13 (5): 237\n603x653 (~ 83kb) russia: moscow area (36°25' e, 56°00' n), 9. 5. 2009, photo ©\nsweu, sardinia, sicily, dalmatia, croatia, asia minor, palestine. see [ maps ]\nlarva on conopodium capillifolium corley, 2002, nota lepid. 24 (4): 31\nceu, hungary, dalmatia, austria, ..., =. see [ maps ]\ndanilevskyi lvovsky, 1981; trudy zool. inst. leningr. 103: 73\ndjakonovi lvovsky, 1981; trudy zool. inst. leningr. 103: 82\nfilipjevi lvovsky, 1981; trudy zool. inst. leningr. 103: 80\nillepida hannemann, 1958; dt. ent. z. 5 1: 461\njugurthella (lucas, 1849) (haemylis); explor. sci. algérie (zool .) 3: 411, pl. 4, f. 10\nkarmeliella amsel, 1935; mitt. zool. mus. berl. 20 (2): 295\nkasyi hannemann, 1976; dt. ent. z. 23 (4 - 5): 239\nkondarella lvovsky, 1981; trudy zool. inst. leningr. 103: 75\nlongipennella lvovsky, 1981; trudy zool. inst. leningr. 103: 75\nmanglisiella lvovsky, 1981; trudy zool. inst. leningr. 103: 78\nparahofmanni hannemann, 1958; dt. ent. z. 5 1: 564\npetronoma meyrick, 1934 ²; exotic microlep. 4 (15): 475\nplatytaeniella hannemann, 1977; dt. ent. z. 24 (1 - 3): 41\nschaidurovi lvovsky, 1981; trudy zool. inst. leningr. 103: 75\nsibirella lvovsky, 1981; trudy zool. inst. leningr. 103: 80\nspectrocentra meyrick, 1935 ²; exotic microlep. 4 (18 - 19): 593\nsubhirtipalpis hannemann, 1958; dt. ent. z. 5 1: 463\ntabghaella amsel, 1935; mitt. zool. mus. berl. 20 (2): 294\nvarzobella lvovsky, 1982; ent. obozr. 61 (3): 582\nsw. manitoba, nova scotia - na. georgia, nebraska. see [ maps ]\n=; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 64; [ nacl ], # 921; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on oxypolis rigidior, sium suave, cicuta maculata, carum carvi, ligusticum scoticum hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 64\nwashington, oregon, wyoming, utah, new mexico. see [ maps ]\nlarva on cicuta occidentals hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 65, cicuta maculata mckenna & berenbaum, 2003, j. lep. soc. 57 (1): 39\nnova scotia, connecticut, s. canada, british columbia - california, arizona, northwest territories. see [ maps ]\n=; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 66; [ nacl ], # 926; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on artemisia, achillea hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 67\nlarva on artemisia hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 67\nlarva on lomatium californicum hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 78\nlarva on lomatium nudicaule, l. triternatum, l. columbianum, l. dissectum hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 68, lomatium triternatum mckenna & berenbaum, 2003, j. lep. soc. 57 (1): 39\nlarva on lomatium macrocarpum hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 70\nlarva on lomatium macdougalii hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 70\nlarva on angelica arguta hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 70 mckenna & berenbaum, 2003, j. lep. soc. 57 (1): 39\nlarva on lomatium dissectum mckenna & berenbaum, 2003, j. lep. soc. 57 (1): 39, leptotaenia multifida ?\nlarva on pteryxia terebenthina foeniculacea hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 72\nlarva on lomatium columbianum hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 72, lomatium grayi, pteryxia terebinthina var. californica, p. terebinthina var. foeniculacea mckenna & berenbaum, 2003, j. lep. soc. 57 (1): 39\nlarva on lomatium vaginatum hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 74\nlarva on lomatium utriculatum hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 74\nlarva on preryxia terebinthina hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 74, pteryxia terebinthina var. calcarea mckenna & berenbaum, 2003, j. lep. soc. 57 (1): 39\nmontana, british columbia - arizona, oregon, washington. see [ maps ]\n=; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 75; [ nacl ], # 939; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on lomatium ambiguum, lomatium triternatum macrocarpum, perideridia bolanderi, preryxia terebenthina foeniculacea hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 75, lomatium togata, brandegei mckenna & berenbaum, 2003, j. lep. soc. 57 (1): 39\nlarva on lomatium brandegei hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 75\nlarva on lomatium angustatum hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 76\npleurota aragonella seebold, 1899; dt. ent. z. iris 11 (2): 297 (ragonot i. l. )\noecophora pavoniella amary, 1840; eserc. accad. aspir. nat. , napoli 2 (1): 84, pl. 6, f. 1a - b\n[ afromoths ] de prins, j. & de prins, w. , 2013\nsangmi lee, richard brown & sibyl bucheli. gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ ² ] this may require parentheses or not. i don' t have the necessary information for this taxon .\nnatürliche familien des thierreichs. aus dem französischen, mit anmerkungen und zusätzen in latreille ,\nlepidoptera britannica, sistens digestimen novam lepidopterorum quae in magna britannica reperiunter... adjunguntur dissertationes variae ad historiam naturalam spectantes\nsystematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa, zugleich als text, revision und supplement zu j. hübner' s sammlung europäischer schmetterlinge, die schaben und federmotten, (1847 -) 1853 - 1855 )\nthe moths of america north of mexico including greenland. fascicle 6. 2. gelechioidea, oecophoridae\n) in the caucasus, with a discussion of the nomenclature of a. heracliana (linnaeus )\nexploration scientifique de l' algerie pendant les annees 1840, 1841, 1842. histoire naturelle des animaux articules (3) insectes\nsp. n. - a confused species from south - western europe (lep. : depressariidae )\nzeller, 1854 die depressarien und einige ihne nahe stehende gattungen linn. ent. 9: 189 - 403, pl. 2 - 3\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy." ]

{ "text": [ "depressaria besma is a moth in the depressariidae family .", "it was described by clarke in 1947 .", "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from washington and california .", "the wingspan is 17 – 20 mm .", "the forewings are fuscous , almost black basally .", "the hindwings are light greyish fuscous , but darker outwardly .", "the larvae feed on lomatium utriculatum . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 1, 1, 8 ] }

[ "depressaria besma is a moth in the depressariidae family. it was described by clarke in 1947. it is found in north america, where it has been recorded from washington and california. the wingspan is 17 – 20 mm. the forewings are fuscous, almost black basally. the hindwings are light greyish fuscous, but darker outwardly. the larvae feed on lomatium utriculatum." ]

[ "sir f. johnatone' s friar' s balsam, 9 st (t .\nbetting— 8 to 1 on friar' s balsam, 8 to 1 agst .\nhave a fact about friar' s balsam (horse)? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for friar' s balsam (horse)? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nmore about friar' s balsam. press, volume xlvi, issue 7258, 18 january 1889\nmore about friar' s balsam. , press, volume xlvi, issue 7258, 18 january 1889\npapers past | more about friar & # 39; s balsam. (press, 1889 - 01 - 18 )\nfix up the job quick as you can, and i' ll have a drink of friar' s balsam afterwards .\nyou go and recover yourself with an infusion of friar' s balsam and don' t come back until i call .\nat the date of last advices by the' frisco mail friar' s balsam had advanced to 2 to 1 taken about his chance in the derby .\nfriar' s balsam (med .), a stimulating application for wounds and ulcers, being an alcoholic solution of benzoin, styrax, tolu balsam, and aloes; compound tincture of benzoin. - - brande & c .\nrubbing the horse’s nose in vinegar and oil or getting it to inhale friar’s balsam before riding is said to help in some cases, as the fumes may have a dampening effect. using sunblock on sensitive pink noses has also helped some patients .\nvoter (1894) friar' s balsam mavourneen by barcaldine. 4x5 to stockwell, sister bird & orlando, 4x5x5 to stockwell, 5x5 to melbourne | pinterest | thoroughbred ho…\nahead, a copse of poplars, rising like flaming amber swords, was wafting balsam down the woodland ride towards her, evoking the times she used to inhale friar' s balsam under a towel as a child, reminding her all too violently of her mother and mike .\nto help cut through the mystery, here’s a horse racing jargon buster to clarify the meaning of some of the most commonly used horse racing terms .\nfriar' s lantern, the ignis fatuus or will - o' - the - wisp. - - milton .\nabstract the first of the\nclassic\nraces of the season has resulted in the defeat of one of the hottest favourites for a two thousand ever knows. friar' s balsam, a colt owned by\nminoru (1906) cyllene - mother siegel by friar' s balsam. 3x4 to hermit, 4x4 to sterling. 13 starts 7 wins 2 seconds 2 thirds. won 1909 2000 guineas (en… | pinteres…\nfriar \\ fri\nar \\, n. [ or. frere, f. fr [ 'e ] re brother, friar, fr. l. frater brother. see brother. ]\nfriar' s cowl (bot .), an arumlike plant (arisarum vulgare) with a spathe or involucral leaf resembling a cowl .\nwin – betting on a horse to win means you only get paid if the horse comes first. full odds are paid if the selection wins .\nbay mare, bred by the duke of devonshire, 1894 by friar’s balsam (2) out of chaplet by beadsman (13) out of madame eglantine by cowl (2) (a. d. g. b. vol. xiii, p. 37 )\nlength – a measurement unit of about 8 feet or approximately the length of one horse. you might hear a horse is four lengths ahead, for example .\nayrshire ran only three times in 1889, but won two of the season' s most valuable prizes. on his four - year - old debut on 11 may ayrshire faced a strong field, including friar' s balsam (who started odds - on favourite) and seabreeze in the £10, 000 royal stakes at kempton park. ridden by jack watts, ayrshire took the lead turning into the straight as friar' s balsam dropped away, but he was soon challenged by seabreeze. the two leaders pulled well clear of the remainder, with ayrshire holding off the filly' s sustained challenge to win comfortably by a length. [ 23 ]\nbay mare, bred by mr. a. and c. von weinberg, 1900 by saraband (14) out of bayolia, by friar’s balsam (2) out of chaplet, by beadsman (13) (a. d. g. b. vol. xiii, p. 35\nbreeder: lord alington 1887: won molecomb stakes 1887: won dewhurst stakes 1887: won richmond stakes 1887: won new stakes (norfolk stakes) 1887: won july stakes 1887: won middle park stakes 1888: won champion stakes officially registered as\nfriar' s balsam\n. (close )\non 8 june at royal ascot seabreeze started as a 5 / 1 shot for the biennial stakes over five and half furlong two - year - old course. seabreeze led the field from the start and despite being challenged by dieman' s land in the final two furlongs, she extended her lead and won by five lengths. beaufort' s hark was second and anarch third. [ 6 ] two days later she stepped up in class for the new stakes, where, conceding weight to all the other runners, she started as the 100 / 30 joint - second - favourite with ayrshire; friar' s balsam starting as the 13 / 8 favourite. after a couple of false starts, friar' s balsam, racing down the centre of the track, led the field. bartizan and seabreeze were also near the front, but were racing down the right - hand side of the course. at the half - way point of the five and a half furlong race, bartizan faded away, promoting seabreeze to second and ayrshire to third place. ayrshire also faded before the finish, which was fought out between friar' s balsam and seabreeze. in the end friar' s balsam pulled away to win by three lengths. seabreeze was second, well clear of third placed ayrshire. [ 7 ]\nseabreeze returned as a four - year - old for the royal stakes at kempton park. despite her victories the previous season she started at 10 / 1, with the opposition including friar' s balsam, melanion and ayrshire. odds - on favourite friar' s balsam began to struggle with half a mile still to run. as the field turned into the straight ayrshire took the lead from wishing gate and was followed through by seabreeze. the pair quickly drew away from the pack, but seabreeze could not overhaul ayrshire and lost out to him by one length. this second place earned her £500. [ 26 ]\nmr gore' s jumping horse, wildboy, is to be turned loose for a fortnight or so. his legs give his owner some anxiety .\nin 1887 there was a brilliantly precocious colt called friar’s balsam and he swept through the british juvenile pattern races, winning the new stakes, july stakes, richmond stakes, middle park stakes and dewhurst stakes. after bursting an abscess in his mouth during the 2, 000 guineas, he later returned to beat minting in the champion stakes of 1888 .\nwhen they entered the bedroom humphrey cobbler was invisible, but in the old - fashioned bed, shaped rather like an elegant sleigh, a heap of bedclothes showed that he was sitting up and bending forward, and a strong smell, and some very loud sniffings and exhalations, made it clear that he was inhaling the fumes of friar' s balsam .\nat newmarket she then finished second, three quarters of a length behind odds - on favourite friar' s balsam, in the july stakes. [ 8 ] at goodwood she was a very strong favourite for the ham stakes. after stalking leader lunan until the four runners had a furlong to run, she made her challenge and won easily by a length from lunan. [ 9 ] on 27 september, at the odds of 1 / 10, she easily won the buckenham stakes by three lengths from her only rival nina. in the very next race, seabreeze was made odds - on favourite for the boscawen stakes. in the final 100 yards of the race seabreeze challenged leader disappointment and beat her by a neck, with the pair being four lengths clear of third placed love in idleness. [ 10 ] in the middle park plate seabreeze again faced friar' s balsam, who started as the 4 / 9 favourite. friar' s balsam again made the running. he was never caught and beat hazlehatch by a length and a half. seabreeze was a further two lengths back in third. [ 11 ]\naintree racecourse is best known for hosting the annual grand national, the most famous horse race of the year .\nn. (context medicine english) an alcoholic solution of benzoin, styrax, tolu balsam, and aloes, used as an inhalant and to treat damaged skin .\nboth paradox and ormonde were trained by the pre - eminent trainer of the era, the incomparable john porter. in all porter trained a record 8 winners of the dewhurst stakes: paradox (1884), ormonde (1885), friar’s balsam (1887), orme (1891), matchbox (1893), vesuvian (1896), hawfinch (1897) and frontier (1898) .\nthe most well - known traditional use of benzoin was in friar' s balsam which is used as an inhalant for sore throats and respiratory conditions. ballet dancers also used it to heal and prevent cracked toes. in ancient times it was said to drive out evil spirits; this expression is usually an indication that the oil will dispel emotions such as anger and fear, and this is true of benzoin .\nnatural horse magazine 13318 n walking y lane, prescott, az 86305 copyright 2014 - all rights reserved in all countries .\nfriars balsam (gb) ch. h, 1885 { 2 - k } dp = 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 (0) di = inf cd = inf\n© copyright 2002 - 2005 curly horse pedigree database. all rights reserved. designed by k & w; web solutions, ltd .\nas well as the annual crabbie’s grand national festival, aintree hosts a number of other prestigious horse racing events throughout the season, including some evening racing in summer and the old roan chase day in october .\nfor example, a £1 bet at 4 / 1 that wins will result in returns of £5 – the £1 stake back plus 4 times that stake as winnings. a £1 bet on a horse at 100: 1 odds would pay out £101 in total. however, the horse at 100 / 1 is highly unlikely to win, while the horse at 4 / 1 has a very good chance .\noutcrop: (out of chambiges) yorkshire oaks, park hill s. dam of outback (2nd yorkshire oaks); that one' s daughter\nguardian masks from the us (visit: urltoken). these masks cover the horse’s eyes, excluding ultra - violet light. this may alleviate the problem in horses whose headshaking seems to be triggered by light .\non a classic headshaking day (bright and sunny in the spring or summer), the horse will flip its nostrils and upper lip .\nst. blaise was sent to the belmont stud in the u. s .\nso it' s fascinating how some families\nmigrating\naround the world .\nmr. d. baird' s br. briar - root, by springfield—\nmr. f. iawson' s br. sawdust, by see saw— befuse\nthe question is, was it the horoscope of minoru that convinced col. hall walker that he was a sure thing to win the derby or was it his pedigree? when we look at minoru’s pedigree it is evident that his pedigree contains the same pattern found in the queen’s latest classic winner estimate. the pattern is male line reinforcement of the tail female line. if you look at the pedigree of mother siegel the dam of minoru, her 4 th dam is chanoinesse, a full sister to hermit, while her sire friar’s balsam is a son of hermit. this pattern when found in the female line is a harbinger to emerging classic ability .\nfriar skate (zo [\no ] l .), the european white or sharpnosed skate (raia alba); - - called also burton skate, border ray, scad, and doctor .\nalways buy a horse in the summer or, get the owner to sign a declaration that the animal is not a headshaker. remember, however, that should the problem start the first spring you own the horse, you would still have to prove that its previous owner knew about the condition .\nodds are the chances a horse has of winning a particular race. they are usually expressed as two figures with a forward slash in the middle, such as ‘8 / 1’. the lower the odds the higher chance a horse has of winning but the lower the pay out if it does .\nthere are many more horse racing words but with this list you should be able to understand enough to enjoy the day and have a little flutter .\nthe brazilian government have purchased the english horse gay hermit, by hermit, for £4500, and he is intended for stud purposes at buenos ayres .\nayrshire made his debut in the £5, 000 whitsuntide plate over five furlongs at manchester for which he was made 5 / 2 favourite. in a “splendid race” run in thick mist ayrshire finished third, beaten a neck and a head by the filly briar - root who went on to win the 1000 guineas in 1888, and an unnamed ”ellangowan colt” (later named caerlaverock). [ 7 ] he was then sent to royal ascot for the new stakes in which he finished third to the year’s leading two - year - old friar' s balsam and the filly seabreeze. [ 8 ]\nthe late abram s. hewitt describes the race in great breeders and their methods .\nmr armitage' s hunter, all fours, died on the passage to england .\nmr. l. de bo ths child' s b. her jiaiesty— by bobert\nsellers set the item' s declared value and must comply with customs declaration laws .\nwhen ridden, and usually as you start to trot, you may find that the head starts to toss about uncontrollably and your horse becomes very distressed .\nsome come to cheltenham ladies day for the horse racing, and some come for the fashion. our bloggers were charmed by tweed and fascinated by fascinators :\nthe typical movement is unmistakable. it is violent and the horse behaves as though it has a bee up its nose. as you ride forward, its head will suddenly go up and then sharply down, accompanied by a loud clearing of the nostrils. the horse may also strike out with a front foot .\nhorse racing is a fascinating sport populated with a whole lot of jargon that can make it seem mysterious and intimidating to the first - time spectator or bettor .\nthe next really significant horse to win the race though was the diminutive hyperion, a horse short in size but mighty in heart and on talent. hyperion won the dewhurst stakes of 1932 and the following season landed the chester vase, derby and st leger before becoming the most successful british stallion of the 20 th century .\ncuke of beaufort' s b. or br. magenta, by ben, 1 1\nduke of westminster' s isarile, i yrs. , 7 st. 10 lb .\nduke of beaufort1 s the cob, 5 yrs. , 8 st. 10 lb .\nmr. a. taylor' s sfcourhead, aged, 8 st. 8 lb .\nmr. trulock - hankin' s scotch monk, 3 yrs. , 5 st .\nowner: mrs. karen taylor and dr. and mrs. hill' s tayhill stables\nessentially, each - ways bets are two bets in one. so, a £1 each - way bet costs £2, made up of a £1 win bet and a £1 place bet. the place bet (backing a horse to come as a runner - up) pays out at fractional odds, usually ¼ of the full odds. if the horse wins, both bets are honoured. if the horse places, only the £1 place bet pays, with the £1 win bet lost .\nthe grand national is one of britain’s most prestigious events. it takes pride of place alongside wimbledon, the ashes and the fa cup final as one of the country’s sporting crown jewels .\neach - way – an each - way bet is effectively two bets: one win and one place. each bet is even, so a £1 each - way bet costs £2. if the horse wins, both stakes are paid. if the horse places, the £1 place stake is paid but the £1 win stake is lost .\nwhen it comes to the specials market however, you’re able to do more than pick a winner. have your say on the potential score line, pick which manager’s next in the sack race, or who’s going to miss a penalty at the weekend; there’s everything to play for .\nitems delivered internationally may be subject to customs processing depending on the item' s declared value .\nafter wollow’s victory in the dewhurst stakes, o’brien sent his flashy chestnut colt the minstrel – a son of northern dancer, across the irish sea to win the 1976 renewal, finishing the season unbeaten in 3 races. having been defeated in the following year’s guineas, the minstrel won the derby, irish derby and king george, proving a tough and honest horse .\nplease keep me up to date with special offers and news from horse & hound and other brands operated by ti media limited via email. you can unsubscribe at any time .\nviscount chaplin) for 1, 000 guineas from middle park stud' s annual yearling auction. hermit was trained by george bloss with oversight from chaplin' s racing manager, captain james machell. hermit stood at chaplin' s blankney stud throughout his stud career and died there in 1890 .\nthe difficulty is that, while a person can help you to pinpoint the trigger and map the centre of the pain, this is not an option with horses. the trigger may be via the horse’s nose, ears or eyes, or it may be stress - related .\nfully understanding factors such as form, going etc. takes time and practice, but it always helps to read a little about the horse you have chosen before placing your bet .\n8. aldaniti’s win in 1981 didn’t leave a dry eye in the house. jockey bob champion had recovered from cancer to ride the winner, while the horse itself had returned from a career threatening injury. their story was later turned into the film champions, starring john hurt .\nmr. c. archer' s everafield, 4 yrs. , 6 st. 8 lb .\nmr. abington' s what not, 3 yrs. , 6 st. 81b. (carried\nmr. yyners' s fallow chat, 8 yrs. , 6 st. (5 lb .\nbuy a nose net. if it works, you will be able to ride your horse as normal. the nose net produced by equilibrium is the only one allowed in affiliated competitions .\n3. red rum remains one of the most famous race horses of all time. ginger mccain’s star won the renewal in 1973, 1974 and 1977. he’s credited with reviving the fortunes of the race .\noutside of horse racing, aintree can be booked as a venue for all manner of events, from weddings and christmas parties to business conferences, all with the option to be fully catered .\nmr. j. howard' s winter cherry, 5 yrs. , 6 st. 9 lb .\nmr. melville' s horton, 4 yis. , 6 st. 8 lb. (m .\nsir b. jardine' s mosque, 4 yrs, 6 st. 7 lb. (g .\nbreeder: robert j. kleberg, jr.' s king ranch, in the name of max hirsch\nbefore we take up queen elizabeth ii’s ascot gold cup winner, estimate, let’s look back in time to another classic winner racing in the colors of another reigning monarch king edward vii. the horse is minoru and there is an interesting story associated with him. minoru’s breeder was col. william hall walker an eccentric brewer from liverpool. hall walker insisted on knowing the exact time of a foal’s birth so that he could cast their horoscope to determine their fortune. hall walker was convinced that minoru’s horoscope made him a sure thing for the derby. with this bit of information in mind he convinced lord marcus beresford (racing manager to king edward vii) that a win in the derby by the reigning monarch would enhance popular support for the monarchy .\ntry moving your horse to a yard in a new area. the change in environment may remove the trigger for an attack, and a move has been known to solve the problem in some cases .\nsubscribing to horse has never been easier. you can enjoy the convenience of doorstep delivery at big savings on the full subscription rate, as well as avoiding any cover price rise during your subscription period .\nprophets make mistakes in places other than new zealand. ♦• playfair is a horse that will be outclassed at aintreo\nwas the dictum of one of the leading london scribes in the middle of february .\nkent farrington and creedance steal spotlight in u. s. open $ 216, 000 grand prix csi 3 *\nknight of mercy: a sprinter handicapper of note, winner of the steward' s cup and wokingham h .\na year after petrarch had won the middle park, chamant became the first horse to win both the middle park stakes and the dewhurst stakes and the following year he also added the 2, 000 guineas .\ntalk of the horsemen; the fall meeting of the westchester racing asssociation will open on saturday. the friar to be retired meddler, the imported stallion for which the late w. h. forbes paid $ 70, 000, will be sold at auction at the morris park meet .\nover 500m people from around the globe will tune into this year’s renewal and try to pick a winner from the 40 - strong field of runners. it’s come a long way since the race was first won by lottery in 1839 .\nknowledge management platform. it allows users to manage learning and research. visit defaultlogic' s other partner sites below :\nchief of fourmile aphc f - 2219 (orig t - 373) 1952 dark blue roan w / blanket 1955, 1956, 1958 nat' l ch. perf. horse 1955, 1958 nat' l race winner 1961 world ch. nez perce s / r sire of aphc race & stakes winners aphc hall of fame 1988 .\nbaron calthorpe retired seabreeze to stud. after calthorpe' s death in 1893 she was purchased by archibald primrose, 5th earl of rosebery, for 3, 600 guineas. [ 31 ] as a broodmare, seabreeze' s foals included :\nhorse racing is not the only type of racing ever held at aintree. from the 1950s until the early 80s, the venue was also used for motor racing and hosted the formula one british grand prix five times .\napollonia’s sire is djebel, her dam is by pharis, her granddam is by tourbillion and her great granddam is by asterus. when marcel boussac looked for an outcross for apollonia he unfortunately chose iron liege a beautifully bred kentucky derby winner by north america’s leading sire bull lea. he had no way of knowing that all of the bull lea’s would fail as stallions .\nthe race was formerly staged during newmarket’s cambridgeshire meeting in late september or early october and became restricted to colts in 1987 .\nsweetbriar' s fore legs have lately swelled in the fetlock joints, and this gives the limbs an unsightly appearance. but, strange to say, the swelling is not puffy, as can be readily found by running tbe fingers over tfce affected parts, and though these jumps are a distinct blemish they do not seem to interfere with the action — the proof of which is that the swelling was worse than it now is when tbe mare won her races at th« > forbury and palmerston lately.' mr anderson' s baker, until lately an inmate of this stable, baa been blistered and turned one, and this departure leaves an empty box, which mr mercer would like to fill with a good trotter. friar' s balsam, who, by the way, occupies ormonde' s old hex at ktngsejere, is at evens for th < - two thousand, or was at the date, of last advicis. all going well with this colt, he will compete in the spring classic races and then have\na spell till the st. leger. sword dance haying turned up, bis, toes so early in bis career, we shall' only have one season' s foals by which to determine the pro -\nwith the headline: talk of the horsemen; the fall meeting of the westchester racing asssociation will open on saturday. the friar to be retired meddler, the imported stallion for which the late w. h. forbes paid $ 70, 000, will be sold at auction at the morris park meet .\ntalk of the horsemen; the fall meeting of the westchester racing asssociation will open on saturday. the friar to be retired meddler, the imported stallion for which the late w. h. forbes paid $ 70, 000, will be sold at auction at the morris park meet. - the new york times\nthis feature allows you to add personal notes to any horse record. only you will be able to see or add to these personal notes. this feature is only available in the sporthorsedata pro version which will be available soon .\nhow to recognise a true headshaker should your horse appear to start shaking its head in an agitated manner, the first thing to establish is that it is, in fact, a true headshaker. watch out for the following :\nin 1952 pinza won the dewhurst stakes and became immortalised the following year as he was the horse who finally gave sir gordon richards a winning mount in the derby and also won the king george vi and queen elizabeth diamond stakes .\ncall boy won the 1926 renewal and after running well in the following year’s 2, 000 guineas, added the epsom derby .\nthe event was founded by thomas gee and was established in 1875 and was originally titled the “dewhurst plate”. it is named after gee’s dewhurst stud at wadhurst. the first four winners all went on to win one or more of the next year’s classics .\nthe autumn of 1999 saw the rowley mile fixtures moved to the july course as newmarket’s new grandstand was being built. in the dewhurst stakes, barry hills’s unbeaten colt distant music proved far too good for his rivals, sealing his position as champion 2 year old colt. among those he beat was king’s best who gained revenge by winning the 2, 000 guineas the following spring .\nseabreeze (1885–1909) was a british thoroughbred racehorse. she won several races as a two - year - old including the ascot biennial stakes, but was overshadowed by friar' s balsam. as a three - year - old she was even better. after finishing as the runner - up in the 1000 guineas, she won the oaks stakes, coronation stakes, lancashire plate, st. leger stakes and newmarket oaks. seabreeze stayed in training as a four - year - old, when she ran in top - class races, but didn' t win. she was owned by frederick henry william gough - calthorpe, 5th baron calthorpe, and trained by james jewitt. as a broodmare she produced some high class runners, but none met with the same success as their dam .\nfriar bird (zo [\no ] l .), an australian bird (tropidorhynchus corniculatus), having the head destitute of feathers; - - called also coldong, leatherhead, pimlico; poor soldier, and four - o' clock. the name is also applied to several other species of the same genus .\nallergy testing and hypo - sensitisation. some vets may be willing to send off blood samples for allergy testing. results are followed by a course of injections aimed at desensitising the horse, which can take up to a year to complete .\nhowever paradox proved the hors d’ouevres to the following year’s champion juvenile, who would prove a champion on many levels. in fact to many, ormonde was simply the horse of the 19 th century. as a 3 year old he won the triple crown and his career also included 2 wins in the hardwicke stakes and success in the champion stakes as he retired unbeaten .\nvoter was second on the american general sire list in 1906 and was fifth in 1907 and 1908. according to clio hogan' s\namid the excitement and glamour, eight of the uk’s top lifestyle bloggers enjoyed the luxury and hospitality of the gold ticket festival package .\nmr h. goodman' s yearling colt by cadogan out of maritana may be seen doing regular work at the forbury every day .\ncertainly the middle park stakes does not hold the same sway it did 50 years ago, when it was a major pointer to the following year’s classics. often the speedier early season type of horse competes in the race nowadays and it has perhaps more bearing on the following year’s major sprints. however every so often a rodrigo de triano might come along and the race remains one of the big prizes of the year as one of only three group 1 races exclusively run for two year old colts in britain .\nthe champion stakes is a group 1 flat horse race for three - year - old and above thoroughbreds run over a distance of 1 mile 2 furlongs (2, 012 metres) at newmarket racecourse in october. it was first run in 1877 .\nthe national library of australia' s copies direct service lets you purchase higher quality, larger sized photocopies or electronic copies of newspapers pages .\nthree years later the great bahram gave notice of his immense talent as he won the gimcrack stakes and middle park stakes. in 1935 he was a fantastic winner of the triple crown and became the last horse to accomplish this feat before nijinsky in 1970 .\nthese are just a few of the ways of betting on horse racing. what type of bet you choose will depend on whether you can afford to make a risky bet for potentially higher returns or prefer to make a lower risk bet for smaller returns .\nthe dewhurst stakes is a group 1 flat horse race for two - year - old thoroughbred colts and fillies run over a distance of 7 furlongs (1, 408 metres) at newmarket racecourse in october. it was first run in 1875. this race is considered the most prestigious in the uk two - year - old calendar and often provides the winter favourite for the following season' s classic races .\nin 2012 reckless abandon became the latest horse to complete the prix morny - middle park stakes double, having already won the norfolk stakes and prix robert papin. he ended the year unbeaten in 5 races but ran well without winning as a 3 year old sprinter .\nthe first winner of the race was a horse called the rake in 1866 and just five years later, the 1871 winner was called prince charlie and the following years he went on to become the first colt to land the middle park - 2, 000 guineas double .\nhealth is impossible when the blood is impure thick, and sluggish, or s when it is thia and im.' poverished. such conditions give rise to boils, pimples, headaches, neuralgia, rheumatism, and other disorders. ayer' s sarsaparllla purifies, invigorates, and vitalises the blood .\nsometimes, the head movement will be side - to - side. in severe cases, the horse may dive at trees in an attempt to rub its head, or may drag its nose along the ground. even in the stable, some horses will wiggle their muzzle .\nnominations for the handicaps at the dunedin jockey club' s may meeting close on the 14th inst. it will be seen by the full report of the\nunfortunately, in certain cases, riding is not an option: liverpool veterinary school followed horses referred to the school for five years, and four out of 11 had to be retired. some owners may face the decision to have the horse put down if it is considered dangerous .\nthis feature allows you to add horses to your favourite' s list. when new information is added or updated to this record you will receive a notification. you can access your favourite' s list from your user account. this feature is only available in the sporthorsedata pro version which will be available soon .\nbold lad and petingo were smart winners of the race in the 1960s but both failed to add classic glory the following season. right tack however, won the 1968 middle park stakes and the following season became the first horse to win both the english and irish 2, 000 guineas .\nplace – a place bet usually means you are betting fractional odds that a horse will come in the top three. with five to seven horses racing, place bets only pay on the first two, or with 16 or more in a handicap race the first four places are paid .\nfamous names including red rum, amberleigh house, papillon and hedgehunter have claimed first place since. red rum won the race three times and remains the leading horse in national history. he was trained by ginger mccain, who shares the leading trainer title with fred rimell and george dockeray .\nthe grand national has showcased some of the most legendary jockeys throughout the history of horse racing. this tough annual race is often full of surprises and, with no less than five winners coming in at odds of 100 / 1, is by no means an easy race to predict .\nlascaris – a bay colt sired by ladas and foaled in 1898. he finished third in the princess of wales' s stakes in 1902. [ 40 ]\nwinner new approach teofilo sir percy shamardal milk it mick tout seul rock of gibraltar tobougg distant music mujahid xaar in command alhaarth pennekamp grand lodge zafonic dr devious generous dashing blade prince of dance scenic no race ajdal huntingdale kala dancer el gran señor diesis wind and wuthering storm bird monteverdi tromos try my best the minstrel wollow grundy cellini lunchtime crowned prince mill reef nijinsky ii ribofilio hametus dart board pretendre silly season king' s lane follow suit river chanter bounteous ancient lights billum torbella iii crepello dacian my smokey infatuation pinza marsyad turco emperor royal forest pride of india migoli hypericum paper weight effervescence umiddad canyonero fettes no race casanova manorite sultan mahomed bala hissar hairan mrs rustom hyperion firdaussi sangre grace dalrymple brienz toboggan money maker review order zionist salmon trout hurry off lembach no race prince galahad knight of blyth my dear telephus atheling let fly kennymore louvois white star king william lemberg bayardo rhodora my pet picton rouge croix henry the first rock sand game chick lord bobs democrat frontier hawfinch vesuvian st. frusquin raconteur matchbox meddler orme corstorphine le nord donovan friar' s balsam rêve d' or ormonde paradox queen adelaide ladislas dutch oven bal gal grace cup wheel of fortune pilgrimage chamant kisber\nlearning what each type of bet means, how risky it is and how high the expected returns can be helps spectators enjoy their betting experience much more. the following glossary of the types of bets on horse racing should help you learn how to bet on horses depending on your capacity for risk .\nfor a beginner it is usually best to stick to two types of bet: win and each - way. a win bet is placed at full odds and pays out as shown above if that horse wins. an each - way bet is a little more complicated but a little less risky .\nthree years later, the 1884 dewhurst stakes was won by a colt of rare quality called paradox. once again the race proved a platform for a hugely successful 3 year old campaign which saw the horse win the 2, 000 guineas, grand prix de paris, sussex stakes and champion stakes .\ncinderella (1888), out of mazurka, by see - saw, was another hermit daughter imported into the u. s. she became a member of james r. keene' s broodmare band at castleton farm near lexington, kentucky. her best offspring was the commando colt peter pan, winner of the belmont stakes .\nas a result, it’s perhaps no surprise that bookies allow you to bet on whether a spot kick will be awarded and whether the taker will score or miss .\nbetting on the horses is a great way to make a day out even more exciting. the jubilation when your horse romps home, the disappointment when it comes in last, all combined with the chance to win some cold hard cash – betting makes the racing much more personal and much more entertaining .\nplacing a bet on a race can up the ante in terms of excitement, giving you more to shout about as the horses charge towards the finish post. if you’re a beginner in the world of betting, this advice can help you figure out how to pick the best horse on the day .\n' totalisator at waikouaiti, £529; or £224 less than last year.'' tho first of idalium' s stock to win a race — at least it is the first of which i have any knowledge — is a three - year - old named highland chief, who' pulled off the maiden plate at the peninsula meeting last week. , maniac' s poor performance in the palmerston trot is explained by the rough course causing the horse to strike himself, after which he would not try. it would have been some compensation for braving the diabolical weather to have seen this nag and duchess fighting out a finish. 1 ,\nin true st. patrick’s day spirit, the menu featured a host of festive, irish - inspired options. our bloggers tucked in to a three - course buffet :\na well - made chestnut horse standing 15. 2 - 1 / 2 hands, hermit had extremely powerful hindquarters. he could not be faulted for gameness but was said to have had a rather delicate constitution. he was a known bleeder, a trait that ran on both sides of his pedigree. he was extremely gentle and good - natured even as a stallion, so much so that owner harry chaplin would let his own small children ride on hermit' s back .\nyou can even bet on how many corners will be awarded during that period. in fact, there’s virtually no limit to the precise predictions on which you can place bets .\nan item that has been previously used. see the seller’s listing for full details and description of any imperfections. see all condition definitions - opens in a new window or tab\n) :\nhe [ voter ] was a horse of enormous power. his back was cloven like a ram' s, and he had immense propelling power in his quarters, but he ran too fast to stay far. besides, his temper was so bad he often wore himself out before a race .\na chestnut, voter was also markedly over at the knee. he was a first - class sprinter and weight carrier but did not stay further than a mile and preferred shorter trips .\nin spite of his success as a racehorse and sire, voter' s largest foal crop was just 18 foals, and three of his american crops numbered less than 10 foals .\nayrshire' s sire, hampton was a successful stayer who won both the goodwood cup and the doncaster cup. hampton was champion sire in 1887 and sired, in addition to merry ayrshire, the derby winners ladas and merry hampton as well as the influential sires bay ronald and royal hampton. [ 4 ] ayrshire’s dam atalanta, who had once been sold for half a crown, [ 5 ] was a successful racehorse who went on to produce several good winners including the st. james' s palace stakes winner troon. [ 6 ]\npriestess (1889), from an unnamed lord lyon mare, was half - sister to mimi (by barcaldine), a winner of the one thousand guineas and epsom oaks in 1891. she was bred at sir tatton sykes' s sledmere stud in yorkshire and sold to sir joseph blundell. in her only season at age two, she won four races, including the somerville stakes and the prendergast stakes at newmarket. bred to blundell' s stallion, common, she produced that stallion' s only classic winner, nun nicer, that took the one thousand guineas in 1898. she also was the dam of nun nicer' s full brother, the bishop, a winner of seven races. priestess died in 1908 .\n.... looks like she' s got the tail to match... . glad they' ve left her forelock alone... . really suits her personality .\nnearula became the first significant winner of the 1950s when he won the 1952 middle park stakes. the yorkshire trained colt won the following season’s 2, 000 guineas, st james’s palace stakes and champion stakes in a fabulous career. our babu was another notable winner of this decade, following up his 1954 middle park triumph with a win in the 2, 000 guineas .\nmortimer, roger; onslow, richard; willett, peter (1978). biographical encyclopedia of british flat racing. macdonald and jane’s. isbn 0 - 354 - 08536 - 0 .\nwith stalker and mister majestic winning the middle park stakes, there appeared to be a growing trend with the race producing future sprinters rather than classic contenders. gallic league’s 1987 victory maintained the trend although he beat future top stallion rahy and the top class colt persian heights, who would win the st james’s palace stakes and be disqualified after finishing first in the matchmaker international stakes of 1988 .\nfrom american papers to hand i learn that cheviot will probably have another turn at racing before being sent to the stud. the horse was landed on the 21st january, and the yankees are loud in their praises of the new zealandbred sire, but one of the scribes goes a step beyond the truth when he speaks of cheviot having won the dunedin cup\nanother brilliant colt appeared in the 1888 middle park stakes, which was won in terrific style by donovan. the colt had started off winning the brocklesby stakes at lincoln and later won at the royal meeting. after landing the middle park stakes donovan stepped up to 7 furlongs and became the latest horse to add the dewhurst stakes and by the season’s end, had won 11 of his 13 races. as a 3 year old, donovan won the derby and st leger and was denied a triple crown by just a head in the 2, 000 guineas .\nthe main point of interest in connection with the matter is, what are the company going to do to replace his loss? i for one hope that they will not go 12, 000 miles to find sword dance' s successor, when there are first - class colonial - bred horses to be got. the public will be anxious to know the company' s decision on this point .\nhow the old fashioned races in england are falling off may be judged from the fact that for this year' s two thousand guineas stakes only six horses ran, representing three stables and four owners .\nin 1983 there was a shock winner of the middle park stakes as cecil’s red hot favourite vacarme was comprehensively beaten by the outsider creag - an - sgor. the following year bassenthwaite took the race .\na good field assembled for the 2015 race, with the outstanding colt shalaa again proving too good for his rivals and beating buratino by ½ a length to confirm himself europe’s champion two year old sprinter .\nfor £102, our bloggers enjoyed a great view of the track, filled their boots at a gourmet buffet and were granted access to the winner’s enclosure. all of which amounted to an incredible experience :\nraced over the straight 7 furlongs of newmarket’s rowley mile, the dewhurst stakes has been one by many of the outstanding horses in the history of flat racing and is open to juvenile colts and fillies .\nin 1978 the flashy chestnut tromos looked really exciting as he defeated more light by 3 lengths but he flopped in the following year’s craven stakes and never ran in britain again. the 1979 dewhurst then returned to familiar surrounds as the sangster - o’brien - piggott trinity were successful with monteverdi, who beat among other the follow year’s derby winner henbit. monteverdi never quite hit the heights as a 3 year old .\nthere are many different types of bet that you can place on a horse. the benefit of this is that you have plenty of options, but of course this could be confusing if you don’t have much experience of betting. some options are highly risky and others are much more likely to see a return – but how do you determine which one to go for ?\nlast week i saw m' donald riding about on a rather likely - looking nag, and on making inquiries i found it was old mokarakara, very much in the rough — unrecognisable in fact as a racer — but looking sound and lusty. cotton has put the ham horse into training again, and has hopes of getting another race out of this old slave .\n“but we did take a walk around to really take in the whole atmosphere, and you can’t help but really get into the ‘races’ feeling when you’re there – it’s pretty contagious. ” – emily, emilybecca\nin freezing cold temperatures, the 1981 dewhurst stakes was won by the henry candy trained wind and wuthering, who went on to finish a close second to zino in the following year’s 2, 000 guineas .\nin 2011 the dewhurst stakes produced yet another jim bolger winner as parish hall defied his previous form to beat future irish 2, 000 guineas winner power and the later st james’s palace stakes winner most improved .\nanother outstanding colt from the 1970s was grundy, the chestnut horse trained by peter walwayn, who would go on to win the derby and the “race of the century” when beating bustino in that never to be forgotten 1975 king george vi and queen elizabeth diamond stakes. a year earlier he had really established himself with a brilliant 6 length demolition of the very smart irish colt steel heart." ]

{ "text": [ "friar 's balsam ( 1885 – 1899 ) was an english thoroughbred racehorse .", "he was the outstanding british two-year-old of 1887 , when he was unbeaten in seven races .", "he was a sick horse when a beaten favourite in the following year 's 2000 guineas , but returned in the autumn to beat minting in the champion stakes .", "friar 's balsam was retired to stud where he had some success as a sire of winners .", "he was trained at kingsclere by john porter for lord alington and sir frederick johnstone . " ], "topic": [ 22, 14, 14, 7, 22 ] }

[ "friar's balsam (1885 – 1899) was an english thoroughbred racehorse. he was the outstanding british two-year-old of 1887, when he was unbeaten in seven races. he was a sick horse when a beaten favourite in the following year's 2000 guineas, but returned in the autumn to beat minting in the champion stakes. friar's balsam was retired to stud where he had some success as a sire of winners. he was trained at kingsclere by john porter for lord alington and sir frederick johnstone." ]

[ "hypsopygia placens is a species of snout moth in the genus hypsopygia. it is found in japan, korea, china and russia .\nhypsopygia nonusalis is a species of snout moth in the genus hypsopygia. it was described by walker in 1859, and is known from malaysia, india, sri lanka and taiwan .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken" ]

{ "text": [ "hypsopygia decoloralis is a species of snout moth in the genus hypsopygia .", "it is found in australia .", "the wingspan is about 30 mm .", "adults have brown wings with a pale submarginal line . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 8 ] }

[ "hypsopygia decoloralis is a species of snout moth in the genus hypsopygia. it is found in australia. the wingspan is about 30 mm. adults have brown wings with a pale submarginal line." ]

[ "panacela syntropha - urdu meaning and translation of panacela syntropha, translation, multiple word search (seperate words with space), english to urdu machine translation of panacela syntropha and more .\npanacela syntropha is a moth in the eupterotidae family. it was described by turner in 1922. it is found in australia, where it has been recorded from queensland .\nthis genus needs a serious revision. three species in the genus panacela is recognised from australia, but when looking at dna sequences of australian specimens, it looks like there are 7 different species within the genus. dna sequences of panacela lewinae, panacela nyctopa and panacela syntropha are all over the place, but they fall into 7 clusters well defined from each other. for that reason i have made no attempt to separate my specimens and therefore put them all under panacela spp. , awaiting a revision .\npanacela (panacelinae); forbes, 1955, tijdschr. ent. 98: 131\nlewinibombyx strand, 1929; in seitz, die gross - schmett. erde 10: 381; ts: bombyx lewinae lewin\nsemuta pristina walker, 1865; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 32: 547; tl: swan river, moreton bay\nmallodeta nyctopa turner, 1922; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 47: 359; tl: queensland, national park\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nwalker, 1865 list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 31: 1 - 322 ([ 1865 ]), 32: 323 - 706 (1865), 33: 707 - 1120 (1865), 34: 1121 - 1534 ([ 1866 ]), 35: 1535 - 2040 (1866 )\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb: the taxon name search is for single names only. for example, to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren, 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: b6f1ab16 - bbe8 - 4f8f - 97ba - ef7c8e8abe17\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 348410\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe source code for museums victoria collections is available on github under the mit license .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 / / en\n( from lamington nat. park, qld - 700 m. a. s. l .) )\n( from lamington nat. park, qld - 700 m. a. s. l. )\nall rights reserved. no part of this publication may be reproduced (except brief passages for the purpose of a review), stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the author." ]

{ "text": [ "panacela syntropha is a moth in the eupterotidae family .", "it was described by turner in 1922 .", "it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from queensland .", "the wingspan is 26-28 mm for males and about 40 mm for females .", "the forewings are reddish-grey ( in males ) to fuscous-grey ( in females ) with an outwardly curved fuscous line from before the mid-costa to before the mid-dorsum .", "the postmedian and subterminal lines consist of minute fuscous dots on the veins .", "the hindwings are reddish-grey . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 1, 1, 1 ] }

[ "panacela syntropha is a moth in the eupterotidae family. it was described by turner in 1922. it is found in australia, where it has been recorded from queensland. the wingspan is 26-28 mm for males and about 40 mm for females. the forewings are reddish-grey (in males) to fuscous-grey (in females) with an outwardly curved fuscous line from before the mid-costa to before the mid-dorsum. the postmedian and subterminal lines consist of minute fuscous dots on the veins. the hindwings are reddish-grey." ]

[ "barna páll - gergely marked\ndistorsio kurzi\nas trusted on the\ndistorsio kurzi\npage .\ndistorsio kurzi? - personidae - philippines seashell - 25. 7mm - # 4955\ndistorsio kurzi? - personidae - philippines seashell - 25. 7mm - # 4955 on ebid new zealand | 137727068\ndistorsio (rhysema) clench & r. d. turner, 1957 accepted as distorsio röding, 1798\nspecimen shell: distorsio kurzi each seashell we have have been carefully picked to ensure the highest seashells quality. these shells come from all over the philippines, provided by fishermen (philippines - bohol island), divers, personidae specimen shell: distorsio kurzi petuch and harasewych 1980\nsubgenus distorsio (rhysema) clench & r. d. turner, 1957 accepted as distorsio röding, 1798\n» subgenus distorsio (rhysema) clench & r. d. turner, 1957 accepted as distorsio röding, 1798\nspecies distorsio reticulata röding, 1798 accepted as distorsio reticularis (linnaeus, 1758) (objective synonym of d. reticularis )\n» species distorsio reticulata röding, 1798 accepted as distorsio reticularis (linnaeus, 1758) (objective synonym of d. reticularis )\nsea shell information on: ts105529 - personidae distorsio - > kurzi. this specimen is of personidae. the specimen shell of groupe: distorsio. shell found on the philippines. shell is of exceptional quality. more sea shell information\n^ a b distorsio kurzi petuch & harasewych, 1980. worms (2010). distorsio kurzi petuch & harasewych, 1980. in: bouchet, p. ; gofas, s. ; rosenberg, g. (2010) world marine mollusca database. accessed through: world register of marine species at urltoken on 14 august 2010 .\n» subspecies distorsio constricta floridana olsson & mcginty, 1951 accepted as distorsio mcgintyi emerson & puffer, 1953 (invalid: secondary junior homonym of personella floridana gardner, 1947; d. mcgintyi is a replacement name )\nfamily: personidae born: 1791, gmelin genus and description: distorsio kurzi, 23 - 24 mm, f + + / f + + +, set of 3 specimens origin: collected by a local fishermen by nets off olango island, cebu philippines, june 2013 .\nfamily: personidae born: 1961, habe & kuroda genus and description: distorsio kurzi, 32. 5 & 34 mm, f + + + / gem, set of 2 specimens, deep water origin: collected by a local fishermen by nets off panglao island, bohol philippines, july 2013\nfamily: personidae born: 1980, petuch & harasewych genus and description: distorsio kurzi, 32. 5 & 36 mm, f + + + / gem, set of 2 specimens, deep water origin: collected by a local fishermen by nets off panglao island, bohol philippines, july 2013 .\n» species distorta acuta perry, 1811 accepted as distorsio reticularis (linnaeus, 1758) (objective synonym of d. reticularis )\n( of distorsio (distorsio) röding, 1798) clench w. j. & turner r. d. (1957). the family cymatiidae in the western atlantic. johnsonia. 3 (36): 189 - 244. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n» species persona djunggranganensis k. martin, 1916 † accepted as distorsio djunggranganensis (k. martin, 1916) † (original combination )\n( of distorsio (rhysema) clench & r. d. turner, 1957) clench w. j. & turner r. d. (1957). the family cymatiidae in the western atlantic. johnsonia. 3 (36): 189 - 244. , available online at urltoken page (s): 236 [ details ]\nshells of distorsio reticularis can reach a length of 40–94 millimetres (1. 6–3. 7 in). these shells are fusiform, inflated and roughly sculptured with axial and spiral ribs and low axial varices. spire whorls are irregular, with a wavering suture. the aperture is narrow and distorted (hence the genus name), with strong teeth on the lips and a moderately developed callus. siphonal canal is rather long and dorsally recurved. operculum is corneous, irregularly ovate .\nbeu a. g. (1998). résultats des campagnes musorstom: 19. indo - west pacific ranellidae, bursidae and personidae (mollusca: gastropoda), a monograph of the new caledonian fauna and revisions of related taxa. mémoires du muséum national d' histoire naturelle. 178: 1 - 255. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43. 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed. my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nhow to buy? if you want to buy an item, click the\nbuy now\nbutton on this page. once you' ve pressed the\nbuy now\nitem, you will be forwarded to a fill - up form page. after filling up the form and when you submit your order, the item will be reserved for you automatically after a few hours .\nterms of payment / shipping all prices are in us dollars and the shipment cost is not include. all orders will be confirmed by e - mail with the cost of shells and postage included. the parcel will be sent via registered air mail at the cost price following receipt of payment .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nin: okutani, t. (ed .), marine mollusks in japan. tokai university press, tokyo, 293 (in japanese) .\noccurrence record in darwincore format (elements of obis schema and some of dwc1. 4 )\n{ { t (' get _ image _ for', { price: formatprice (selectedsize. premiumpacksavings. priceperimage) }) } }\n{ { t (' buy _ card. add _ to _ cart') } }\n{ { t (' buy _ card. update _ cart') } }\n{ { t (' buy _ card. view _ cart') } }\n{ {: : t (' download _ workflow. add _ notes') } } { {: : t (' errors. messages. enter _ required _ info') } }\n{ {: : t (' download _ workflow. project _ codes') } } { {: : t (' download _ workflow. select _ project _ code') } } { { projectcode } } { {: : t (' errors. messages. enter _ required _ info') } }\n{ {: : t (' download _ workflow. download _ will _ be _ saved _ to _ dropbox') } }\n{ {: : t (' buy _ card. calculate _ price _ cta') } }\n{ {: : t (' buy _ card. save _ to _ cart _ cta') } }\n{ {: : t (' buy _ card. view _ cart') } }\n{ {: : t (' site _ specific. getty. request _ preview') } }\n{ {: : t (' download _ workflow. usage _ rights _ restrictions') } }\n{ {: : t (' download _ workflow. eza _ restrictions _ info') } }\n{ {: : t (' download _ workflow. eza _ agreement _ title') } }\n{ {: : t (' download _ workflow. eza _ agreement _ check _ info') } }\n{ {: : t (' buy _ card. download _ button') } }\nmix and match royalty - free images, videos, and editorial with packs that never expire. *\n{ { t (' save _ amount', { amount _ saved: formatprice (selectedsize. premiumpacksavings. fivepackpricing. amountyousave) }) } }\n{ { t (' save _ amount', { amount _ saved: formatprice (selectedsize. premiumpacksavings. tenpackpricing. amountyousave) }) } }\n{ { t (' compared _ with _ single _ price', { price: formatprice (selectedsize. price) }) } }\nyou are welcome to use content from the getty images site on a complimentary basis for test or sample (composite or comp) use only, for up to 30 days following download. however, unless a license is purchased, content cannot be used in any final materials or any publicly available materials. no other rights or warranties are granted for comp use .\nthe ibm strategic repository for digital assets such as images and videos is located at urltoken. this repository is populated with tens of thousands of assets and should be your first stop for asset selection .\nröding p. f. (1798). museum boltenianum sive catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis naturae quae olim collegerat joa. fried. bolten m. d. p. d. pars secunda continens conchylia sive testacea univalvia, bivalvia et multivalvia. , available online at urltoken page (s): 133 [ details ]\n( of calcarella souleyet, 1850) souleyet [ l. f. a. ]. (1850). description d' un nouveau genre de coquilles univalves. journal de conchyliologie. 1: 246 - 249. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of distortrix link, 1807) link d. h. f. (1807 - 1808). beschreibung der naturalien - sammlung der universität zu rostock. rostock: adlers erben. 1 abt. [ part 1 ], pp. 1 - 50; 2 abt. [ part 2 ], pp. 51 - 100; 3 abt. [ part 3 ], pp. 101 - 165; abt. 4 [ part 4 ], pp. 1 - 30; abt. 5 [ part 5 ], pp. 1 - 38 [ 1808 ]; abt. 6 [ part 6 ], pp. 1 - 38. , available online at urltoken page (s): 122 - 123 [ details ]\n( of persona montfort, 1810) montfort p. [ denys de ]. (1808 - 1810). conchyliologie systématique et classification méthodique des coquilles. paris: schoell. vol. 1: pp. lxxxvii + 409 [ 1808 ]. vol. 2: pp. 676 + 16 [ 1810 (before 28 may) ]. , available online at urltoken page (s): 2: 602 [ details ]\n( of distorta perry, 1811) perry g. (1811). conchology, or the natural history of shells: containing a new arrangement of the genera and species, illustrated by coloured engravings executed from the natural specimens and including the latest discoveries. london, miller pp. 4 + 61 pl. :, available online at urltoken page (s): pl. 10 [ details ]\n( of distorta perry, 1811) clench w. j. & turner r. d. (1957). the family cymatiidae in the western atlantic. johnsonia. 3 (36): 189 - 244. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nwe are using cookies for the best presentation of our site. continuing to use this site, you agree with this. ok\n» species distorsionella beui f. riedel, 2000 accepted as distorsionella lewisi (beu, 1978) (synonym )\n( of personinae gray, 1854) gray, j. e. (1854 [\n1853\n]). on the division of ctenobranchous gasteropodous mollusca into larger groups and families. proceedings of the zoological society of london. 21: 32 - 44. , available online at urltoken page (s): 37 [ details ]\nbouchet p. & rocroi j. - p. (2005). classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. malacologia. 47 (1 - 2): 1 - 397 isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4. [ details ]\nitem is from australia, bids are aud (a $), nzd (nz $) prices are estimates .\neconomy air = a $ 12. 15 (nz $ 13. 50) economy air = a $ 16. 00 (nz $ 17. 77 )\naustralian customers can pay by direct bank deposit (preferred), paypal or cheque. overseas customers please pay by paypal unless other arrangements have been made\nprices quoted below are for regular airmail. please note that we can register and / or insure on larger orders. please enquire .\ncombining items in the one package is the most economical way to buy as postage stays the same up to 500grams .\nas postage figures vary dramatically from state to state and country to country please message us if you need an accurate quote .\nwe offer a money - back guarantee if not happy with the item. money will be refunded once the item has been returned in its original condition. return postage is the buyers responsibility .\nthis is a single item listing. if an auction is running, the winning bidder will be the highest bidder .\nit' s been 8 years since joining ebid! 300, 000 auctions then, now 3. 5 million +! thanks ebid, great having an alternative site to the other two big sites. i' ve tried several other auction sites but have found ebid to be best site in terms of usability, site layout, friendly forums, fair feedback system & most of all. . listening & responding to it' s site users. thx gazza & mark\n42 created tue 10 jul 2018 21: 27: 01 (nzst). copyright © 1999 - 2018 ebid ltd\nthis listing has ended. the seller has relisted this item or one like this .\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties, taxes, brokerage and other fees. this amount is subject to change until you make payment. for additional information, see the global shipping program terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties, taxes, brokerage and other fees. this amount is subject to change until you make payment. if you reside in an eu member state besides uk, import vat on this purchase is not recoverable. for additional information, see the global shipping program terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nestimated delivery dates - opens in a new window or tab include seller' s handling time, origin zip code, destination zip code and time of acceptance and will depend on shipping service selected and receipt of cleared payment - opens in a new window or tab. delivery times may vary, especially during peak periods .\nitems shipping internationally may be subject to customs processing depending on the item' s declared value .\nsellers set the item' s declared value and must comply with customs declaration laws .\ncopyright © 1995 - 2018 ebay inc. all rights reserved. accessibility, user agreement, privacy, cookies and adchoice\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more\n. each record tells when. see dataset links for citations & terms of use .\nthis marine species occurs off southeast africa, the andamans and in the western pacific .\nthis species is widespread in the indo - western pacific, including the persian gulf, to melanesia, north to japan, china sea, taiwan, philippines and south to queensland .\nthese sea snails live in tropical coral reef, at depths of about 10 to 100 m .\nthes sea snails probably are carnivorous. sexes are separate. after hatching larvae are free - swimming." ]

{ "text": [ "distorsio kurzi , common name kurz 's distorsio , is a species of medium-sized sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family personidae , the distortio snails . " ], "topic": [ 2 ] }

[ "distorsio kurzi, common name kurz's distorsio, is a species of medium-sized sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family personidae, the distortio snails." ]

[ "lynch alfaro, j. w. , silva, j. s. and rylands, a. b. 2012. how different are robust and gracile capuchin monkeys? an argument for the use of sapajus and cebus. american journal of primatology 74 (4): 273–286 .\nlynch alfaro, j. w. ; silva, j. s. & rylands, a. b. (2012) .\nwe' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation (gdpr) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates the name (s) of the gene (s) that code for the protein sequence (s) described in the entry. four distinct tokens exist: ‘name’, ‘synonyms’, ‘ordered locus names’ and ‘orf names’. < p > < a href =' / help / gene _ name' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name (s) and synonym (s) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence. < p > < a href =' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain (s) present in a protein. < p > < a href =' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein. note that the ‘protein existence’ evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence (s) displayed. < p > < a href =' / help / protein _ existence' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name (s) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence. < p > < a href =' / help / organism - name' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section provides one or more accession number (s). these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries. upon integration into uniprotkb, each entry is assigned a unique accession number, which is called ‘primary (citable) accession number’. < p > < a href =' / help / accession _ numbers' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry. it also includes information pertinent to the sequence (s), including < a href =\nurltoken\n> length < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> molecular weight < / a >. < p > < a href =' / help / sequences _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence (s) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds (100% , 90% and 50 %) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters (< a href =\nurltoken\n> uniref < / a >). < p > < a href =' / help / similar _ proteins _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > the checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence. it is useful for tracking sequence updates. < / p > < p > it should be noted that while, in theory, two different sequences could have the same checksum value, the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low. < / p > < p > however uniprotkb may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes (paralogs). < / p > < p > the checksum is computed as the sequence 64 - bit cyclic redundancy check value (crc64) using the generator polynomial: x < sup > 64 < / sup > + x < sup > 4 < / sup > + x < sup > 3 < / sup > + x + 1. the algorithm is described in the iso 3309 standard. < / p > < p class =\npublication\n> press w. h. , flannery b. p. , teukolsky s. a. and vetterling w. t. < br / > < strong > cyclic redundancy and other checksums < / strong > < br / > < a href =\nurltoken\n> numerical recipes in c 2nd ed. , pp896 - 902, cambridge university press (1993) < / a >) < / p >\ncopyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons, inc. all rights reserved\nenter your email address below. if your address has been previously registered, you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password. if you don' t receive an email, you should register as a new user\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\njustification: listed as least concern as the species is widespread and there are currently no major threats resulting in a significant overall population decline that would warrant listing in a threatened category or listing as near threatened. although declines need to be considered over a period of 45 years (three generations), the species is more of a habitat generalist than other species with similar life - histories. however, it is declining in some parts of its range .\nthere are no major threats. it is hunted for subsistence purposes in some of its range, but human population density is typically low in those areas. hunting (by indigenous peoples) and forest loss are the main threats in eastern paraguay (stallings 1985). as elsewhere in its range, in paraguay, sapajus cay is the most common primate pet .\nthis species is present in a number of protected areas: argentina el rey national park province of salta (44, 162 ha) (brown et al. 1986; brown 1989) calilegua national park, province of jujuy (76, 000 ha) (brown et al. 1986; brown 1989) baritú national park province of jujuy (72, 000 ha) (brown et al. 1986; brown 1989) bolivia noel kempff mercado natonal park (1, 500, 000 ha) (wallace et al. 1998) brazil pantanal matogrossense national park (136, 046 ha) (in range) serra da bodoquena national park (77, 232 ha) (in range) acurizal private reserve (rppn) fazenda penha private reserve (rppn) fazenda boqueirão private reserve (rppn) fazenda singapura private reserve (rppn) fazenda américa private reserve (rppn) fazenda trevo private reserve (rppn) fazenda floresta negra private reserve (rppn) paraguay ybicui national park (5, 000 ha) (stallings 1985) cerro cora national park (5, 500 ha) (stallings 1985) caaguazu national park (6, 000 ha) (stallings 1985) kuri y national reserve (2, 000 ha) (stallings 1985) yakui protected forest (1, 000 ha) (stallings 1985) nacunday protected forest (1, 000 ha) (stallings 1985) it is listed on cites appendix ii .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation, e. g. an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature, an orthologous protein, a record from another database, etc. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more... < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages, faqs, uniprotkb manual, documents, news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website. please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins, you can use the ‘basket’ to save them, so that you can back to find or analyse them later. < p > < a href =' / help / basket' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more. . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome. this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the ‘correct annotation’ for any given protein. < p > < a href =' / help / annotation _ score' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides any useful information about the protein, mostly biological knowledge. < p > < a href =' / help / function _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > the < a href =\nurltoken\n> gene ontology (go) < / a > project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories: < p > < a href =' / help / gene _ ontology' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > uniprotkb keywords constitute a < a href =\nurltoken\n> controlled vocabulary < / a > with a hierarchical structure. keywords summarise the content of a uniprotkb entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest. < p > < a href =' / help / keywords' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco: 0000313\n> more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein, from commonly used to obsolete, to allow unambiguous identification of a protein. < p > < a href =' / help / protein _ names' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein. this is known as the ‘taxonomic identifier’ or ‘taxid’. < p > < a href =' / help / taxonomic _ identifier' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism. it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree, with the more general grouping listed first. < p > < a href =' / help / taxonomic _ lineage' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell. < p > < a href =' / help / subcellular _ location _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not. < p > < a href =' / help / sequence _ status' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ‘sequence’ section is used for sequence fragments to indicate that the residue at the extremity of the sequence is not the actual terminal residue in the complete protein sequence. < p > < a href =' / help / non _ ter' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb. < p > < a href =' / help / cross _ references _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides general information on the entry. < p > < a href =' / help / entry _ information _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry, but it is not a stable identifier. each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot. < p > < a href =' / help / entry _ name' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb, the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification (‘last modified’). the version number for both the entry and the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed. < p > < a href =' / help / entry _ history' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not, in other words, if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb (< strong > reviewed < / strong >) or to the computer - annotated trembl section (< strong > unreviewed < / strong >). < p > < a href =' / help / entry _ status' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\nenglish spanish online dictionary term bank, where you can search in more than 2 million words in categories and different pronunciation options .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation, google, and apple. you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques; in live mode. quite the same wikipedia. just better .\nthis page was last edited on 12 february 2018, at 06: 27 .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia. text is available under the cc by - sa 3. 0 unported license. non - text media are available under their specified licenses. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc. wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation." ]

{ "text": [ "azaras 's capuchin or hooded capuchin ( sapajus cay ) is a species of robust capuchin .", "it occurs in eastern paraguay , southeastern bolivia , northern argentina , and brazil , at mato grosso do sul and mato grosso states , in pantanal .", "formerly , it was considered a subspecies of black-striped capuchin , according to groves ( 2005 ) with the name cebus libidinosus paraguayanus , but silva jr. ( 2001 ) considered it a separated species . " ], "topic": [ 21, 13, 21 ] }

[ "azaras's capuchin or hooded capuchin (sapajus cay) is a species of robust capuchin. it occurs in eastern paraguay, southeastern bolivia, northern argentina, and brazil, at mato grosso do sul and mato grosso states, in pantanal. formerly, it was considered a subspecies of black-striped capuchin, according to groves (2005) with the name cebus libidinosus paraguayanus, but silva jr. (2001) considered it a separated species." ]

[ "this is the place for thomaswitti definition. you find here thomaswitti meaning, synonyms of thomaswitti and images for thomaswitti copyright 2017 © urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word thomaswitti. also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word thomaswitti and, of course, thomaswitti synonyms and on the right images related to the word thomaswitti .\n346 a. kun figs 12–13. ethmia l in eatonotella moore, 1867, genitalia: 12 = male, kun gen. no. 263, 13 = female, kun gen. no. 251 acta zool. hung. 50, 2004\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb: the taxon name search is for single names only. for example, to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren, 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\n| | best supported on google chrome, firefox 3. 0 +, internet explorer 8. 0 +, safari 4. 0 +, opera 10 +. powered by the open source biodiversity informatics platform. technology partner strand life sciences\nwas born in bad reichenhall at 2. 9. 1947. in munich he attended the oskar von miller gymnasium and later studied economics at the ludwig maximilian university (lmu). in 2013 the dr. h. c. rer. nat. was granted to him by the dean of the lmu. in 2014 the\nakademiepreis\nof the' bavarian academy of sciences' was granted to him by akademiepräsident prof. dr. karl - heinz hoffmann. in 2017 he became professor at the faculty of entomology of university of sciences, techniques and technologies of bamako, mali .\n( nach witt, t. j. - 1977. mitt. münch. ent. ges. 66: 142. )\n) sensu seitz i and ii. starting his collection in the vicinity of munich, soon he and his friend by this task, peter zeller (who then tragically died in an accident at his mid - 20es in nepal), have regularly inspected interesting biotopes at foothills of alps and in bavarian mountains. soon witt became a member of entomological society of munich and got into contact with many lepidopterologists and employees of bavarian state collection for zoology, munich. he had spent a large portion of his free time in lepidopterology section of the institute, where he was glad to provide his help as a volunteer, working together with custodians of that time franz daniel (1895 - 1985), josef wolfsberger, dr. wolfgang dierl, leo sheljuzhko and with director of the institute dr. walter forster (1910 - 1986) (obituary see witt 1988). he had also opportunity to communicate with many native and foreign scientists, who have visited the institute. since 1970 until 1997 he has been in charge of booking - office at the entomological society of munich. he had especially strong learner - teacher connection with specialist on\ndr. karl - heinz wiegel, munich and specialist on bombyces and sphinges franz daniel (obituary see witt 1987a), who both included him intimately to his work. since 1982 thomas witt (f. r. e. s .) is fellow of the royal entomological society of london .\nthe productive cooperation caused daniel, who initially thought to bequeath his collection to the zoological state collection, to change his mind, already during his life leaving it to witt, whom he considered as a successor of his studies. thus, witt defined the goal of his lepidopterological activity :\nstudy of systematics and taxonomy of\nbombyces et sphinges sensu seitz ii\nunder synthetical approach to the their habitus, morphology, geographic distribution, biology, behavior, dna - analysis and some other characteristics .\npreviously united by seitz under “bombyces and sphinges”, these families are not any more considered as a unit, being positioned among different taxonomic groups. now they belong to either macro - or microlepidoptera. systematic list of the families (after fletcher & nye (1975 - 1984) ), includes the following ones in an alphabetical order :\narctiidae, axiidae, brahmaeidae, bombycidae, callidulidae, camptolomidae, cossidae, cyclidiidae, dilobidae, drepanidae, endromidae, epicopeidae, epiplemidae, epipyropidae, eupterotidae, hepialidae, heterogynidae, lasiocampidae, lemoniidae, limacodidae, lymantriidae, megalopygidae, nolidae, notodontidae, psychidae, saturniidae, sesiidae, sphingidae, syntomidae, thaumetopoeidae, thyatiridae, thyretidae, thyridae, uranidae, zygaenidae .\nwitt started a systematic study of the literature on these lepidopteran families, making species cards. daniel started monitoring the literature since the appearance of seitz supplement volume in 1933, putting it in his card index. witt took this card index and re - sorted it in accordance to author - symbol method, developed by wiegel (wiegel 1969, nachrichtenblatt d. bayerischen entomologen 18: 106 - 112), and used in his collection. since 1972, the year when daniel stopped his research activity due to the age and gave his collection to witt, the latter alone has been carrying out the task of systematizing the literature. cataloging had followed constantly the author - symbol scheme and since 1993 is being supported by specially developed computer software. therefore, the literature on mentioned families since 1933 until nowadays is substantially systematized .\nsystematics and corresponding arrangement of species have initially followed the work of seitz. however, there have been constant changes due to the new data. witt collection followed them, as far as possible rearranging material according to modern systematic views, suggested in articles, revisions, monographs and catalogues .\nthe result of the mentioned activity is not only in making the collection of lepidoptera, which is catalogued for users. the true result, which is in fact a recording of what is known about mentioned lepidopteran families to - date, consists of two components :\n, their conservation and openness to new materials. various computer based catalogues serve to estimate the slides' collection :\ncatalogue of genitalia slides: about 30. 000 microscopic slides of orders rhopalocera and heterocera are distributed among seven cabinets under criteria: current number of specimen – species or definition – location – preparator – number given by preparator .\ncatalogue of types under criteria: order – number of family – family – genus – species or definition – holotype, lectotype, neotype – paratypes, cotypes, syntypes currently ca. 2. 800 holotypes and ca. 77. 000 paratypes are preserved .\nstate of knowledge on different families and genera is very different. notes on that along with current and planned research projects, activities of the corresponding scientists etc. are provided in the introduction chapter to each particular family .\nwhile daniel has primarily worked with palearctic fauna and partially with that of oriental region, witt added a nearctic region to the list. since the beginning of 90th, the data from south america and africa has also being collected .\nhistoric limits, of course, hinder the systematic study and understanding of families .\n). anyway, the widening of geographical borders of studies should be a long - term goal .\nthe material from africa also steadily was increasing by taking part in the results of expeditions to congo, namibia, kenya, tanzania, southafrica and madagascar. the results of the sahara - crossing lepidopterist harald\nmauretania and mali close the gap of knowledge of the distribution in the west as well as the results of his collecting trips from libya to ethiopia. the lighttrapping by dr. günther\nfrom the eastern region of egypt to the border of sudan bring new knowlwdge. further collecting trips by vladimir gurko to sudan as well as aidas saldaitis to the island of sokotra also bring further new knowledge .\nworking on such a big number of very heterogenous lepidopteran families in the form, which has been practiced by daniel, is no longer possible. problem statements and methods for different families, along with a lavish quantity of new publications, are more than one specialist can deal with. a rare day with an immense material coming from expeditions elapses without a discovery of new species for the region, previously unrecorded sex for the species, new population, which can be considered as subspecies or new species, or obtaining a new information, which can be a corner - stone in understanding of the problem, on which colleagues are working and should be informed on. the new species in the literature is quite often based on few specimens, whereas more extensive series from various regions, which could greatly improve the description, are available .\ntherefore, witt has looked and is looking now for the contacts with lepidopterologists, who devoted themselves to the study of families, represented at the museum. past years brought contacts with a number of qualified specialists, who accomplished the study of an immense new material on certain families. regular cooperation, experiences exchange and co - authorship in publications brought to the museum so - called\nin october 2011 thomas witt was elected as a research associate of the mcguire center for lepidoptera and biodiversity at the florida museum of natural history, university of florida, gainesville .\nthe mcguire center for lepidoptera and biodiversity serves both research and public education functions. the center includes the living butterfly rainforest and exhibit space that features information about lepidoptera and rainforests worldwide, as well as 39, 000 square feet of research laboratories and collection space .\nmcguire center for lepidoptera and biodiversity, 308 hull road, po box 112710, gainesville, fl 32611 - 2710, u. s. a .\nin den räumen der zoologischen sammlung des bayerischen staates der titel eines doktor honoris causa rerum naturalium an dipl. - kfm. thomas j. witt durch den prodekan der fakultät für biologie der lmu, prof. dr. jörg nickelsen, verliehen .\ndie feier fand in einem festlichen rahmen statt und nach der festansprache von prof. dr. haszprunar, generaldirektor der staatlichen naturwissenschaftlichen sammlungen bayerns (snsb), sprachen dr. axel hausmann (zsm), der aus ungarn angereiste prof. dr. zoltán varga (universität debrecen) und prof. dr. michael boppré (albert - ludwigs - universität freiburg i. br .). dieser führte das auditorium in die welt südamerikanischer bärenspinner ein (“bärenspinner: gifte, düfte und mehr”) und eröffnete dabei eine faszinierende perspektive interdisziplinärer forschung weit über die grenzen von systematik und taxonomie im engeren sinne .\nbedankte sich mit einem leidenschaftlichen plädoyer für verstärkte bemühungen zur erfassung und zum erhalt der biodiversität unserer erde und zeigte auf, welche rechtlichen und organisatorischen rahmenbedingungen geeignet und nötig sind, um die internationale zusammenarbeit in der forschung und den aufbau von forschungssammlungen zu begünstigen. die beiliegende\nam samstag, 6. dezember 2014 fand im herkulessaal der münchner residenz die jahresfeier der bayerischen akademie der wissenschaften in anwesenheit von staatsminister ludwig spaenle statt .\ndaran anschließend wurden durch akademiepräsident prof. dr. karl - heinz hoffmann sechs preise verliehen, unter anderem an dr. h. c. thomas j. witt wegen seiner verdienste um die erforschung von schmetterlingen und seines herausragenden engagements zur förderung wissenschaftlicher projekte im bereich der biodiversitätsforschung. mehr informationen über verleihung des akademiepreises 2014\nin 2017 he became professor at the faculty of entomology of university of sciences, techniques and technologies of bamako, mali .\npatronyms – taxa named after dr. h. c. thomas j. witt\n) are not defined by the specialization, but filled with a rich data on different families or represent an attempt of outlining a general picture. we should mention some projects of particular importance :\nmoths of vietnam with special reference to mt. fan - si - pan\nis founder of the witt catalogue, a series of about 60 volumes on noctuoidea planned to be published within the forthcoming 25 years: „ the witt catalogue - a taxonomic atlas of the eurasian noctuoidea”. in 2014 he founded the book series “proceedings of the museum witt“ in cooperation with the state nature research centre in vilnius, lithuania .\nfull text of\ncentre for entomological studies ankara, cesa news nr. 84\nfull text of\ncentre for entomological studies ankara, cesa news nr. 84\nto download the document in pdf format - child centre: expert ...\nto download the complete document in pdf format. - trinidad and ...\nyou have already flagged this document. thank you, for helping us keep this platform clean. the editors will have a look at it as soon as possible .\nmagazine: download in portable document format (pdf) - acta zoologica..." ]

{ "text": [ "ethmia thomaswitti is a moth in the depressariidae family .", "it was described by kun in 2004 .", "it is found on sulawesi .", "the habitat consists of lowland rain forests and lower montane forests .", "the wingspan is 42 – 43 mm .", "the forewings are overlaid with black markings on a yellowish background .", "there is one spot at the middle of the wing .", "the hindwings are yellow , but brighter yellow at the base . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 24, 9, 1, 1, 1 ] }

[ "ethmia thomaswitti is a moth in the depressariidae family. it was described by kun in 2004. it is found on sulawesi. the habitat consists of lowland rain forests and lower montane forests. the wingspan is 42 – 43 mm. the forewings are overlaid with black markings on a yellowish background. there is one spot at the middle of the wing. the hindwings are yellow, but brighter yellow at the base." ]

[ "subfamily leptobotiinae – leptobotia, parabotia. subfamily botiinae – botia, chromobotia, sinibotia, syncrossus, yasuhikotakia .\ntribe leptobotiini – leptobotia, parabotia, sinibotia. tribe botiini – ambastaia, botia, chromobotia, syncrossus, yasuhikotakia .\nsome behavioural routines exhibited by yasuhikotakia spp. have been recorded often enough that they’ve been assigned non - scientific terms for ease of reference .\nyasuhikotakia spp. are gregarious, form complex social hierarchies and should be maintained in groups of at least 5 or 6 specimens, preferably 10 or more .\nmore recently kottelat (2012) erected the genus ambastaia to accommodate a. nigrolineata and a. sidthimunki, two former members of both botia and yasuhikotakia .\nthe genus yasuhikotakia was erected by nalbant (2002) to include some former members of botia which were previously referred to as the botia modesta ‘group’ following taki (1972) .\nwhile yasuhikotakia spp. appear to be chiefly carnivorous they will also eat vegetative matter if available, often including soft - leaved aquatic plants. the natural diet consists primarily of aquatic molluscs and other benthic invertebrates .\nno reports of breeding in private aquaria exist but some yasuhikotakia species are farmed commercially for the hobby via the use of hormones (y. lecontei is not one of them as far as we know) .\nwhile yasuhikotakia spp. appear to be chiefly carnivorous they will also eat vegetative matter if available, often including soft - leaved aquatic plants. the natural diet comprises aquatic molluscs, insects, worms, and other invertebrates .\notherwise be sure to provide plenty of cover as yasuhikotakia spp. are inquisitive and seems to enjoy exploring their surroundings. rocks, wood, flower pots and aquarium ornaments can be used in whichever combination to achieve the desired effect .\nsome yasuhikotakia species, including y. modesta, are farmed commercially for the hobby via the use of hormones but reports of breeding by private aquarists are unheard of, possible because the majority are seasonal, migratory spawners in the wild .\nambastaia nigrolineata and a. sidthimunki were found to be more closely - related to both sinibotia and syncrossus than yasuhikotakia, despite being considered members of the latter at the time. šlechtová et al. also proposed the use of subfamily names under the following system :\nthe family botiidae has been widely considered a genetically distinct grouping since nalbant (2002), having previously been considered a subfamily (botiinae) of the family cobitidae. nalbant also moved some previous members of botia into the new genus yasuhikotakia based on a number of morphological characters .\nas with most other members of the yasuhikotakia genus, these are feisty and definitely not suitable for the peaceful community aquarium. as with all botiid loach species, these require company of their own kind. three specimens should be considered the absolute minimum, and more than five is better .\nsuitable tank mates could consist of groups of other boisterous loach species, such as yasuhikotakia morleti, y. eos, y. lecontei, and any of the pointy - headed syncrossus ‘tiger loach’ species, or shoals of fast moving midwater fish such as some of the medium - sized barbs .\nyasuhikotakia spp. also possess sharp, motile, sub - ocular spines which are normally concealed within a pouch of skin but erected when an individual is stressed, e. g. , if removed from the water. care is therefore necessary as these can become entangled in aquarium nets and those of larger specimens can break human skin .\nthis differs from all other yasuhikotakia species in having a large dark mark on the caudal peduncle that forms a complete ring around it and which is outlined anteriorly as well as posteriorly by complete pale rings. it differs from all species (except y. morleti) in having dorsal, anal, and caudal fins pale or bright yellow .\nyasuhikotakia eos is an aggressive fish, that is best maintained in either a species - only aquarium, or with other belligerent loach species in an' aggressive loach aquarium' with tankmates such as y. lecontei, y. morleti, or the tiger - botia group (syncrossus species). they should be kept in social groups of at least 5 specimens in order for them to form a natural hierarchy .\ncan be confused with juvenile yasuhikotakia nigrolineata. body pale gold or silver, with dark chocolate markings in a chain - or ladder - like pattern. the open areas between the dark markings may be circular or square, even on the same fish. the extent to which the dark markings continue into the belly is quite variable, with some individuals having almost two complete rows of “links” and others having one row with a pale belly beneath .\nit co - occurs with yasuhikotakia modesta, y. morleti, and syncrossus helodes across much of its range and in a survey of the mun river conducted in surin province, northeastern thailand was collected alongside a host of other fish species including those three plus acantopsis choirorhynchos, lepidocephalichthys hasselti, barbonymus altus, b. gonionotus, cyclocheilichthys apogon, c. repasson, discherodontus ashmeadi, epalzeorhynchos frenatum, esomus metallicus, hampala dispar, h. macrolepidota, mystacoleucus marginatus, barilius koratensis, osteochilus hasseltii, raiamas guttatus, rasbora borapetensis, r. dusonensis, r. rubrodorsalis, r. trilineata, puntius orphoides, ‘ puntius ‘ partipentazona, gyrinocheilus aymonieri, trichopodus pectoralis, t. trichopterus, trichopsis pumila, t. vittata, pseudomystus siamensis, mystus singaringan, kryptopterus cryptopterus, and mastacembelus favus .\nit co - occurs with yasuhikotakia lecontei, y. morleti, and syncrossus helodes across much of its range and in a survey of the mun river conducted in surin province, northeastern thailand was collected alongside a host of other fish species including those three plus acantopsis choirhynchos, lepidocephalichthys hasselti, barbonymus altus, b. gonionotus, cyclocheilichthys apogon, c. repasson, discherodontus ashmeadi, epalzeorhynchos frenatum, esomus metallicus, hampala dispar, h. macrolepidota, mystacoleucus marginatus, barilius koratensis, osteochilus hasseltii, raiamas guttatus, rasbora borapetensis, r. dusonensis, r. rubrodorsalis, r. trilineata, puntius orphoides, ‘ puntius ‘ partipentazona, gyrinocheilus aymonieri, trichopodus pectoralis, t. trichopterus, trichopsis pumila, t. vittata, pseudomystus siamensis, mystus singaringan, kryptopterus cryptopterus, and mastacembelus favus .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, select family and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .\n, select country and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by eagbayani, 30. 11. 04, , php script by cmilitante, 05 / 11 / 2010, last modified by cmilitante, 14 / 03 / 2013\nfreshwater; demersal; ph range: 6. 0 - 8. 0; dh range: 5 - 12; potamodromous (ref. 51243). tropical; 26°c - 30°c (ref. 1672 )\nasia: mekong and chao phraya basins (ref. 12693), and mae khlong basin (ref. 12041) .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 25. 0 cm sl male / unsexed; (ref. 27732 )\ndorsal soft rays (total): 12 - 13; anal soft rays: 8 - 10; vertebrae: 30 - 32. usually 8 branched dorsal rays; a bluish to greyish body (in life); a dark vertical bar at caudal - fin base and bright orange to red fins in life (ref. 27732); lacks a mid - dorsal stripe at all ages; large ethmoid spine perpendicular to snout when viewed from above; large mental lobe; young may be iridescent green with numerous narrow black bars (ref. 12693) .\nusually found in large rivers with a muddy substrate (ref. 27732). occurs in flooded fields (ref. 12975). feeds at night on worms, crustaceans and insects (ref. 7020). oviparous (ref. 205). a strongly migratory species (ref. 9497). above the khone falls of the mekong basin, it migrates into tributaries and small streams, where it spawns during the early flood season. when water starts to recede, it moves back to the main tributaries and to the mekong mainstream. an upstream migration occurs from the mekong delta, around the saline intrusion zone to just below the khone falls between november and march. this migration is reportedly triggered by receding water levels. from may to july, the species migrates the opposite way, downstream from the khone falls to flooded areas in southern cambodia and the mekong delta in viet nam (ref. 37770). two individuals reared in captivity were reported to live up to eight years or more wherein one fish attained a size of 210 g and 9. 577 cm sl while the other fish reached 200 g and 10. 03 cm sl (eric baran, pers. comm. , 2015) .\noviparous (ref. 205). distinct pairing during breeding (ref. 205) .\nkottelat, m. , 2004. botia kubotai, a new species of loach (teleostei: cobitidae) from the ataran river basin (myanmar), with comments on botiine nomenclature and diagnosis of a new genus. zootaxa 401: 1 - 18. (ref. 50472 )\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5078 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 01000 (0. 00415 - 0. 02411), b = 3. 02 (2. 81 - 3. 23), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this (sub) family - body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 4 ±0. 43 se; based on food items .\nresilience (ref. 69278): medium, minimum population doubling time 1. 4 - 4. 4 years (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): moderate vulnerability (43 of 100) .\nfreshwater; demersal; ph range: 6. 0 - 6. 5; dh range: ? - 8. tropical; 24°c - 28°c (ref. 2060 )\nasia: mekong basin (ref. 27732) and chao phraya basin (ref. 26336) .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 15. 0 cm sl male / unsexed; (ref. 27732 )\ndorsal soft rays (total): 12 - 13; anal soft rays: 8 - 10; vertebrae: 33 - 36. has 8 branched dorsal rays; in life, a brown to yellowish body; a large blackish blotch on the caudal peduncle; dusky yellow fins (ref. 27732); lacks a mid - dorsal stripe at all ages, young may have many narrow black bars; erect ethmoid spine perpendicular to snout when viewed from above; large mental lobe (ref. 12693) .\napparently associated with fast waters and stony to rocky substrate (ref. 27732). found in medium to large - sized rivers (ref. 12975). occurs at the bottom of flowing rivers. takes shelter in crevices and under bottom cover of rocks, tree limbs or other objects during the day and comes out to forage at dusk and night time. feeds on mollusks and other benthic invertebrates. when young of the year return to the river in november and december, this species, along with b. helodes, b. morleti and b. modesta is often used as food for fish reared in cages. commonly seen in the aquarium trade (ref. 12693) .\nrainboth, w. j. , 1996. fishes of the cambodian mekong. fao species identification field guide for fishery purposes. fao, rome, 265 p. (ref. 12693 )\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 00661 (0. 00295 - 0. 01482), b = 3. 03 (2. 84 - 3. 22), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this (sub) family - body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 4 ±0. 45 se; based on food items .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low to moderate vulnerability (34 of 100) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\nfreshwater; demersal; ph range: 6. 0 - 8. 0; dh range: 5 - 12. tropical; 26°c - 30°c (ref. 1672 )\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 10. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 7020 )\ndorsal soft rays (total): 12 - 13; anal soft rays: 9 - 10; vertebrae: 28 - 30. has 7 - 9 branched dorsal - fin rays; a mid - dorsal stripe from head to tail, extending ventrally as vertical bar on caudal peduncle; erect ethmoid spine perpendicular to snout when viewed from above; large mental lobe; body golden brown, sometimes with a series of narrow bars in young individuals (ref. 12693); a few vertical dark vermiculations on flank; few black dots on caudal fin (ref. 43281) .\noccurs in medium to large - sized rivers (ref. 12975). inhabits standing and flowing waters. found in crevices in rocks or excavates burrows under rocks or logs (ref. 12693), usually in sandy habitats (ref. 43281). feeds on mollusks and benthic invertebrates. oviparous (ref. 205). probably moves into temporarily flooded areas during high water levels. young of the year return to rivers in november and december in the lower mekong. commonly seen in aquarium trade (ref. 12693) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 5 ±0. 44 se; based on food items .\nresilience (ref. 69278): high, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low vulnerability (23 of 100) .\nthe red - finned form of this species is rarely - traded. image shows a young adult specimen .\na healthy adult - this species makes an excellent tankmate for peaceful, medium - sized cyprininds .\nnamed for dr. john l. leconte, entomologist and contributor to the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia fish collection .\ndetailed occurrence records have proven difficult to obtain but this species was described from the town of khemmarat, ubon ratchathani province, eastern thailand, located at the border with laos on the right - hand bank of the mekong river .\nit’s since been collected throughout much of the middle and lower mekong basins in thailand, laos, cambodia, and vietnam plus the chao phraya and mae klong drainages in western and central thailand .\naccording to rainboth (1996) this species inhabits ‘bottom depths of flowing rivers’ and forages under cover of dusk and darkness, spending daylight hours concealed among rocks, tree roots or other submerged objects .\nall botiids need a well - structured set - up although the actual choice of décor is more - or - less down to personal taste .\na natural - style arrangement could include a substrate of sand or fine gravel with lots of smooth, water - worn rocks and pebbles plus driftwood roots and branches .\nlighting can be relatively subdued and plants able to grow in such conditions like microsorum pteropus (java fern), taxiphyllum barbieri (‘java’ moss) or anubias spp. can be added if you wish. these have an added benefit as they can be attached to pieces of décor in such a way as to provide useful shade .\nbear in mind that they like to squeeze themselves into small gaps and crevices so items with sharp edges should be omitted, and any gaps or holes small enough for a fish to become trapped should be filled in with aquarium - grade silicone sealant. a tightly - fitting cover is also essential as these loaches do jump at times .\nalthough botiids don’t require turbulent conditions they do best when the water is well - oxygenated with a degree of flow, are intolerant to accumulation of organic wastes and requires spotless water in order to thrive .\nfor these reasons they should never be introduced to biologically immature set - ups and adapt most readily to stable, mature aquaria. in terms of maintenance weekly water changes of 30 - 50% tank volume should be considered routine .\nthey’re largely unfussy feeders but must be offered a varied diet comprising quality dried products, live or frozen bloodworm, tubifex, artemia, etc. , plus fresh fruit and vegetables such as cucumber, melon, blanched spinach, or courgette .\nhome - made foods using a mixture of natural ingredients and bound with gelatin are also highly recommended .\nchopped earthworm can also provide a useful source of protein but should be used sparingly, and while most botiids also prey on aquatic snails though should never be considered the answer to an infestation since they’re not obligate molluscivores .\nonce settled into an aquarium they’re bold feeders and often rise into midwater at meal times .\nseveral sf members have experience with this species and all report it to be milder in temperament than some congeners such as y. eos and y. morleti .\nthat said slow - moving or long - finned fishes are best omitted with active, pelagic cyprinids such as many devario, rasbora, ‘ puntius ‘, and some danio spp. representing more suitable tankmates .\nin terms of other bottom - dwellers it should coexist relatively peacefully with most botia and syncrossus spp. or in very large tanks, chromobotia macracanthus. some cobitid and nemacheilid loaches are also possibilities as are members of epalzeorhynchos, crossocheilus, garra, and many catfishes .\nas always, thorough research prior to selecting a community of fishes is the best way to avoid potential problems .\nwhen kept singly they can become withdrawn or even aggressive towards similarly - shaped fishes, and if only a pair or trio are purchased the dominant individual may stress the other (s) to the extent that they stop feeding .\nthat said they seemingly require regular contact with conspecifics, a fact exemplied by a number of behavioural rituals which have been recorded consistently in aquaria (see ‘notes’) .\nsexually mature females are normally fuller - bodied and grow a little larger than males .\nin the mekong basin spawning occurs at the onset of the wet season when adults migrate into tributary drainages where the juveniles remain in the early stages of life, dispersing into perennial channels in november / december when the flow in the tributaries begins to recede. juveniles also have a series of dark, vertical bars on the flanks which fade as they reach maturity .\nthis species is sometimes confused with y. modesta though in reality the two are readily distinguishable from one another by body shape since y. lecontei is a slimmer, more elongate fish .\nfurther, in y. lecontei the overall body colouration is usually brownish with a gold / green sheen and the dark markings present on either side of the caudal peduncle tend to be roundish and not meet on the ventral surface of the fish whereas in y. modesta base body colour is most often bluish with blue / green sheen and when present the dark caudal peduncle markings tend to form a continuous bar around the entire peduncle .\nalthough most populations have dusky yellow fins there is at least one form displaying reddish orange finnage which has led to further confusion with y. modesta. another geographical variant has a yellow caudal - fin but the dorsal is the same colour as the comparatively deeper body .\nwhile the former appears to be the fish described as botia pulchripinnis paysan, 1970, a name currently considered a synonymous with y. lecontei, the latter appears to be undescribed. it’s been referred to either as a form of y. lecontei, y. modesta or y. sp. ‘blue fin ‘, and is included here on sf in the y. modesta profile since it resembles that species most closely in terms of body shape .\nmembers are defined by the following combination of characters as given by kottelat (2004): mental lobe not developed in a barbel, with a pair of fleshy papillae at its anterior edge; fronto - parietal fontanelle large and wide; anterior chamber of gas bladder partly covered by bony capsule; posterior chamber large; top of supraethmoid narrow; optic foramen small; anterior process of premaxilla entire, not surrounding a cavity; rostral process long, with a more or less distinct ridge along inner edge; suborbital spine strongly curved backwards and bifid; head naked .\nlater kottelat (2004) made further modifications to the taxonomy, raising chromobotia for b. macracanthus and confirming that species previously included in the genus hymenophysa should instead be referred to syncrossus .\nthe former alteration was based on colour pattern plus some morphological characters and the latter because hymenophysa not only represents a spelling mistake (mcclelland’s original spelling was hymenphysa) but is a junior synonym of botia .\nphylogenetic studies by tang et al. (2005) and šlechtová et al. (2006) have largely confirmed this system to be correct although the latter disagreed with the placement of sinibotia, finding it to be more closely related to the tribe botiini .\nwithin these botia appears to be the basal, i. e. , most ancient, lineage and in a more - detailed phylogenetic analysis šlechtová et al. (2007) confirmed the validity of the family botiidae with the genera listed above as members rather then being grouped into subfamilies. this more recent, simpler system is the one we currently follow here on sf .\nfor example during dominance battles (these occur most frequently when the fish have been introduced to a new tank, or new individuals added to an existing group) the protagonists normally lose much of their body patterning and colouration, a phenomenon that’s come to be known as ‘greying out’ .\nsuch displays will sometimes also happen within an established group as individuals seek to improve social ranking but are usually nothing to worry about .\ninterestingly some observations suggest that the character of the highest - ranked, or alpha, fish appears to affect that of the whole group though it must be said that scientific studies of botiid loach behaviour are virtually non - existent .\nit certainly seems that they display a degree of ‘personality’ with some specimens being naturally bolder or more aggressive than others, for example. the alpha is normally the largest specimen within the group and often female .\n‘shadowing’ is an interesting behaviour in which younger individuals swim flank - to - flank with older, mimicking their every movement. some keepers report that more than one smaller fish may shadow a larger simultaneously, with even three or four on each side !\nthe reason for it is unknown; it may relate to a group staying in touch with one another when rivers swell during times of flooding, perhaps reducing drag by swimming ‘in formation’ or having some other communicative function .\nit’s been observed in aquaria with both high and low water flow and seems to be habitual to the extent whereby some individuals will shadow other fishes if no conspecifics are present .\nsound also appears to be an important factor in communication since these loaches are able to produce audible clicking sounds, these increasing in volume when the fish are excited. the behavioural aspects of this phenomenon remain largely unstudied but the sounds are thought to be produced by grinding of the pharyngeal (throat) teeth or subocular spines .\na further curiosity is the so - called ‘loachy dance’ which involves an entire group swimming in a constant, restless fashion around the sides of the tank, usually utilising the full length and height .\nthe reasons for this are unknown and reports as to when it occurs vary but the most common triggers appear to be the addition of food, fresh water or new conspecifics, and it can last anything from a few minutes to a day or more .\nbotiids also often settle at peculiar angles, wedged vertically or sideways between items of décor, or even lying flat on the substrate. this is no cause for alarm and appears to be a natural resting behaviour .\nbotiids are also susceptible to a condition commonly referred to as ‘skinny disease’ and characterised by a loss of weight. this is especially common in newly - imported specimens and is thought to be caused by a species of the flagellate genus spironucleus .\nit’s treatable although the recommended medication varies depending on country. hobbyists in the uk tend to use the antibiotic levamisole and those in the united states fenbendazole (aka panacur) .\nfowler, h. w. , 1937 - proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 89: 125 - 264 zoological results of the third de schauensee siamese expedition. part viii, fishes obtained in 1936 .\ngrant, s. , 2001 - ichthyofile no. 1: 1 - 8 the botia modesta complex (cobitidae, botiinae) .\nkottelat, m. , 2012 - raffles bulletin of zoology supplement 26: 1 - 199 conspectus cobitidum: an inventory of the loaches of the world (teleostei: cypriniformes: cobitoidei) .\nkottelat, m. , 2001 - wht publications, colombo: 1 - 198 fishes of laos .\nkottelat, m. , 2004 - zootaxa 401: 1 - 18 botia kubotai, a new species of loach (teleostei: cobitidae) from the ataran river basin (myanmar), with comments on botiinae nomenclature and diagnosis of a new genus .\nnalbant, t. t. , 2002 - travaux du museum d' histoire naturelle' grigore antipa' 44: 309 - 333 sixty million years of evolution. part one: family botiidae (pisces: ostariophysi: cobitoidea) .\nnalbant, t. t. , 2004 - travaux du museum d' histoire naturelle' grigore antipa' 47: 269 - 277 hymenphysa, hymenophysa, syncrossus, chromobotia and other problems in the systematics of botiidae. a reply to maurice kottelat .\nrainboth, w. j. , 1996 - fao, rome: 1 - 265 fishes of the cambodian mekong. fao species identification field guide for fishery purposes .\nsaowakoon, h. , s. saowakoon, a. padoongpoj, and k. jindapol, 2005 - proceedings of 7th technical symposium on mekong fisheries: 225 - 235 surveys of native freshwater fi shes in surin province, thailand .\ntaki, y. , 1972 - japanese journal of ichthyology 19 (2): 63 - 81 botia eos, a new spiny loach from thailand and laos, with notes on some related forms in asia .\ntang, q. , b. xiong, x. yang and h. liu, 2005 - hydrobiologia 544 (1): 249 - 258 phylogeny of the east asian botiine loaches (cypriniformes, botiidae) inferred from mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences .\ntang, q. , h. liu, r. mayden, and b. xiong, 2006 - molecular phylogenetics and evolution 39 (2): 347 - 357 comparison of evolutionary rates in the mitochondrial dna cytochrome b gene and control region and their implications for phylogeny of the cobitoidea (teleostei: cypriniformes) .\nšlechtová, v. , j. bohlen and h. h. tan, 2007 - molecular phylogenetics and evolution 44 (3): 1358 - 1365 families of cobitoidea (teleostei; cypriniformes) as revealed from nuclear genetic data and the position of the mysterious genera barbucca, psilorhynchus, serpenticobitis and vaillantella .\nšlechtová, v. , j. bohlen, j. freyhof, and p. ráb, 2006 - molecular phylogenetics and evolution 39 (2): 529 - 541 molecular phylogeny of the southeast asian freshwater fish family botiidae (teleostei: cobitoidea) and the origin of polyploidy in their evolution .\nthis is the red - finned form of the species most - often seen in the trade ...\n... and this is the yellow - finned one with blue dorsal which may represent a different species .\nthis species was described from the town of phra nakhon si ayutthaya, ayutthaya province, central thailand, located at the confluence of the chao phraya, lopburi, and pa sak rivers .\nin the mekong several populations are known to exist which may overlap slightly during the spawning season, and especially in the upper part of the system. of the wild fish collected for the aquarium trade, many are thought to originate from the songkhram river, a mekong tributary in northeastern thailand .\nthis species is apparently quite common across its native range and according to rainboth (1996) shows a preference for flowing waters where it takes refuge among submerged rocks, tree roots, etc. , during daylight hours, emerging to forage under cover of darkness .\nit undergoes seasonal migrations as part of its life cycle (see ‘reproduction’) and can thus be found in various habitat - types depending on the time of year from main river channels to smaller tributary drainages and temporarily - flooded zones .\nmilder in temperament than some congeners such as y. eos and y. morleti but prone to occasional phases of aggression and may nip trailing finnage. slow - moving or long - finned fishes are best omitted with active, pelagic cyprinids such as many devario, rasbora, barilius, ‘ puntius ‘, and some danio spp. representing more suitable tankmates .\nwhen kept singly they can become withdrawn or even aggressive towards similarly - shaped fishes, and if only a pair or trio are purchased the dominant individual can stress the other (s) to the extent that they stop feeding .\nfor example, in the lower mekong basin y. modesta undergoes an upstream migration, apparently triggered by receding water levels, between november and march each year whereas from may to july it migrates in the opposite direction as waters rise once more .\nit thus enters flooded areas to spawn at the onset of the wet season, with eggs and fry dispersed into flooded zones of southern cambodia and the mekong delta region .\nin the upper mekong, above khone falls, the species has been recorded to migrate upstream from fenruary to may alongside a henicorhynchus sp .\nit enters smaller tributaries and streams and again spawns at the start of the rainy season with eggs and fry similarly swept into flooded areas where they complete the initial stages of development .\nthe precise pattern of migrations is therefore slightly different in the upper mekong since the adults must move into tributaries to access flooded zones, whereas in the lower basin they can do so directly via the main river channel .\neggs were recorded between february and july with a strong peak in may and june while juveniles of around 20 mm tl were observed at various times depending on locality, dispersing into perennial channels when water depth / flow in tributaries and flood plains begins to recede .\nthey have a series of dark, vertical bars on the flanks which fade as they reach maturity .\nthis species is one of the more commonly - encountered botiids in the hobby and is also sold as ‘blue’, ‘orange - finned’, or ‘red - finned’ botia / loach. it’s sometimes subject to artificial colouring with bright blue or purple dyes and we strongly recommend you do not purchase such fish (they’re illegal in several countries) .\nnot only is there a welfare issue to consider but also the fact that the health of the fish is normally compromised during the process leaving them less vigorous and more susceptible to disease. the dyed fish are normally sold as ‘blueberry’ or ‘raspberry’ loach / botia .\nit’s sometimes confused with y. lecontei though in reality the two are readily distinguishable from one another by body shape since y. modesta is a deeper - bodied, more compact fish .\nfurther, in y. lecontei the overall body colouration is usually brownish with a gold / green sheen and the dark markings present on either side of the caudal peduncle tend to be roundish and not meet on the ventral surface of the fish whereas in y. modesta base body colour is most often bluish with blue / green sheen and when present (it isn’t always) the dark caudal peduncle markings tend to form a continuous bar around the entire peduncle .\nthere exist both red and yellow - finned colour variants, with the latter sometimes referred to as y. sp. ‘blue fin ‘ or, incorrectly, y. lecontei. the former name is derived from the fact that the dorsal fin is the same colour as the body rather than the caudal fin, unlike in the red - finned form where both caudal and dorsal fins are the same colour, which has led to speculation it may represent an undescribed species .\napparently both can be found living alongside one another in nature, but the red - finned form is predominant in the mekong drainage and yellow - finned the chao phraya. at time of writing both are considered to be y. modesta .\nbleeker, p. , 1864 - nederlandsch tijdschrift voor de dierkunde 2: 11 - 14 description de deux espèces inédites de cobitioïdes .\nsokheng, c. , c. k. chhea, s. viravong, k. bouakhamvongsa, u. suntornratana, n. yoorong, n. t. tung, t. q. bao, a. f. poulsen, and j. v. jørgensen, 1999 - assessment of mekong fisheries: amfp report 2 / 99. vientiane, lao, p. d. r. fish migrations and spawning habits in the mekong mainstream: a survey using local knowledge (basin - wide) .\ntang, q. , b. xiong, x. yang, and h. liu, 2005 - hydrobiologia 544 (1): 249 - 258 phylogeny of the east asian botiine loaches (cypriniformes, botiidae) inferred from mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences .\nšlechtová, v. , j. bohlen, and h. h. tan, 2007 - molecular phylogenetics and evolution 44 (3): 1358 - 1365 families of cobitoidea (teleostei; cypriniformes) as revealed from nuclear genetic data and the position of the mysterious genera barbucca, psilorhynchus, serpenticobitis and vaillantella .\nsinking pellets, granules or wafers, meaty frozen foods such as mosquito larvae, vitamin - enriched brineshrimp, mysis shrimp and chopped prawns, among others .\nlittle is known about exact parameters, so stable neutral conditions are recommended. ph: 6. 8 - 7. 2, general hardness 8 - 18 gh. temperature: 26 - 29°c / 79 - 84°f .\nthe loaches will form a natural hierarchy with the dominant alpha in charge of her / his subordinates. a good - sized group is not only more natural, but will help spread the aggression so that no individual takes the continual brunt of another’s belligerence. keeping this type of loach as single specimens will suppress their natural behaviour. if peaceful loaches are what you desire, opt for another species !\nideally, the tank will be at least 120cm / 47” long with excellent filtration, fast water movement and a high level of oxygenation .\nthe substrate should be soft sand or very fine rounded gravel to protect delicate sensory barbells, as these fish are superb diggers. the placement of pieces of bogwood, rocks / cobbles and robust plants within must be carefully considered. the aim is to create a huge network of hidey - holes and crevices, with a large open swimming space along the front of the tank .\nwhen creating these refuges, the line of sight to the other shelters should be interrupted with a barrier — another piece of décor — which prevents the aggressor from immediately being able to see the loach she / he had just taken issue with, and which had swum away. having at least two or three shelters per fish also helps. dim lighting is preferable and a well - covered tank is a must .\nin addition, y. splendida has very distinctive round, oval, or oblong dark spots on the caudal fin. these are fewer and larger than those seen on y. caudipunctata, and y. splendida does not possess the spotting on the dorsal fin as seen on y. caudipunctata. when settled, 14 - 19 narrow irregular bars show on its sides .\nexpect to pay upwards of £65 per loach as this is a species that really must be kept together in good - sized groups .\n© 1955 - 2016 bauer consumer media limited are authorised and regulated by the financial conduct authority (firm reference no. 710067) media house, peterborough business park, peterborough, pe2 6ea .\ndistribution: mekong basin, chao phraya and maeklong basins (cambodia, laos, thailand, vietnam) .\ncare: sun loaches hail from rapidly flowing rivers and will appreciate a good amount of water movement and aeration in the aquarium. the aquarium should be at least 4ft long, and furnished with a sand substrate and plenty of hiding places amongst cobbles, rocks, and bogwood .\nfeeding: most aquarium foods are eagerly accepted - sinking catfish pellets, frozen mosquito larvae, brineshrimp, daphnia, mysis shrimp etc. larger specimens will enjoy chopped prawns (salad shrimp). will eat soft leaved aquatic plants, and is excellent at keeping snail populations under control .\nwater parameters: ph: 6. 0 - 7. 5, hardness: soft and slightly acidic is best. max dh: 12 .\nbreeding: no reports of aquarium spawnings. in the wild they are said to migrate to flooded regions to spawn .\nfalse reports of curbing aggression levels by keeping one per tank is simply cruel and will result in a reclusive fish that does not behave as nature intended .\nthis species is nocturnal and can be observed well under blue moon lighting in the evenings .\njuveniles usually sport dark vertical bars along the flanks. y. eos has 10 - 11 branched dorsal ray fins, whereas the similar - looking species y. modesta has 9 .\nspecific name refers to the caudal fin covered with small dots (ref. 13469 )\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 9. 0 cm sl male / unsexed; (ref. 27732 )\ndorsal soft rays (total): 12; anal soft rays: 7 - 10; vertebrae: 32 - 33. eight branched dorsal rays; a large blackish blotch on the caudal peduncle; one or two small, vertically elongated bars on the dorsal half of the body behind the dorsal - fin base; numerous small blackish dots on the caudal fin (ref. 27732) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 4 ±0. 4 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low to moderate vulnerability (26 of 100) .\n75 gallon planted aquarium - red tail shark, rainbow shark, clown loach, red tail loaches, etc .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nbasins in thailand, viet nam, lao pdr and cambodia. the species is heavily utilised in the aquarium trade and further research is required. however, given the wide distribution, it is assessed as least concern at present .\nusually found in large rivers with a muddy substrate, and occasionally in flooded fields. feeds at night on worms, crustaceans and insects. oviparous .\na strongly migratory species. above the khone falls of the mekong basin, it migrates into tributaries and small streams, where it spawns during the early flood season. when water starts to recede, it moves back to the main tributaries and to the mekong mainstream. an upstream migration occurs from the mekong delta, around the saline intrusion zone to just below the khone falls between november and march. this migration is reportedly triggered by receding water levels. from may to july, the species migrates the opposite way, downstream from the khone falls to flooded areas in southern cambodia and the mekong delta in viet nam (sokheng\nno information available. capture of fish from the wild for the aquarium trade should be monitored .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nrecorded from the mekong, chao phraya and maeklong basins in thailand and cambodia, and from peninsular thailand, the species is assessed as least concern at present. further research into population trends and potential threats, including harvesting for the aquarium trade, is required .\nrecorded from the mekong, chao phraya and maeklong basins in thailand and cambodia, and from peninsular thailand .\noccurs in medium to large - sized rivers (taki 1978) in standing and flowing waters. found in crevices in rocks, usually over sandy substrates. feeds on molluscs and benthic invertebrates. probably moves into temporarily flooded areas during high water levels (rainboth 1996). young of the year return to rivers in november and december in the lower mekong .\nresearch into the harvest and trade of the species is needed, as well as specific environmental threats .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 10. 0 cm sl male / unsexed; (ref. 30857 )\ndorsal soft rays (total): 12; vertebrae: 31. differs from all other species in having a large dark mark on caudal peduncle forming a complete ring (i. e. going completely around caudal peduncle) and outlined anteriorly as well as posteriorly by complete pale rings. it differs from all species except b. morleti in having dorsal, anal, and caudal fins pale or bright yellow, with distinctive round, oval, or oblong dark spots on caudal fin. it entirely lacks the complete dorsomedian black stripe diagnostic of the species b. morleti. spots on the caudal fin fewer but larger, and submarginal dark stripe on dorsal and anal fins better defined than in b. morleti (ref. 31466). dorsal fin with 8 branched rays; 14 - 19 narrow irregular bars on side (ref. 43281) .\ninhabits swift or moderately swift, clearwater, foothill streams with predominantly rocky or cobblestone bottom (ref. 31466). collected together with b. sidthimunki / i > and botia (hymenophysa sp. (ref. 31466) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 5 ±0. 4 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low to moderate vulnerability (27 of 100) .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nchained loach, chipmunk loach, dwarf botia, dwarf chained loach, dwarf loach, ladderback loach, monkey botia, mouse loach, pygmy loach, sid, sid the monkey, skunk loach, etc .\ntropical freshwater. prefers warmer temperatures of 26° to 28°c (79° to 82°f) .\na soft substrate, plants and / or driftwood for hiding places, and open space for swimming will suit this gregarious species. tankmates should be peaceful and not likely to be disturbed by the energetic behaviors of the loaches .\nan omnivore. will greedily take any aquarium fare, and they go absolutely crazy for live blackworms. their diet must include some plant material, and sinking wafers produce a feeding frenzy that is fun to watch .\nthere are a few reports of aquarium spawnings, and they are commercially spawned in asia, presumably with hormone injections. tank spawnings have all been with very large groups of fish—several dozen or more. since this fish is alternately reported as extinct or near - extinct in the wild, it is vital to establish captive breeding sources. in the past year or two the typically high price of this animal has dropped a bit, undoubtedly due to increased commercial breeding .\nthis is truly a dwarf loach. the botiine loaches are aquarium favorites, but many are simply too large for most tanks, especially when you take into account that most species are extremely social and have to be kept in schools. the ever - popular clown loach chromobotia macracanthus is a perfect example, with an eventual length of 16 inches. this loach, however, packs all the spunk and energy typical for the group into a small package. they are among the most diurnal of the botiinae and also spend a lot of time off the substrate, swimming up in the water column. this is a perfect fish for many community tanks, but please do both the fish and yourself a favor and purchase a large group. your pets will be happy, and you will get a grand show every time you stop to watch your aquarium .\neschmeyer, w. n. ; fricke, r. ; van der laan, r. (eds). (2017). catalog of fishes: genera, species, references. electronic version. , available online at urltoken [ details ]" ]

{ "text": [ "yasuhikotakia ( mekong loaches ) is a genus of botiid loaches , many which are popular aquarium fish .", "it is named in honor of japanese collector/researcher dr. yasuhiko taki .", "this genus has been separated from the genus botia in the paper by maurice kottelat in 2004 .", "fishes of the genus yasuhikotakia are found inhabiting river systems in indochina such as the mekong , chao phraya , and mae klong . " ], "topic": [ 22, 25, 26, 6 ] }

[ "yasuhikotakia (mekong loaches) is a genus of botiid loaches, many which are popular aquarium fish. it is named in honor of japanese collector/researcher dr. yasuhiko taki. this genus has been separated from the genus botia in the paper by maurice kottelat in 2004. fishes of the genus yasuhikotakia are found inhabiting river systems in indochina such as the mekong, chao phraya, and mae klong." ]

[ "proposed phylogenetic relationships of extant sponge classes, eumetazoa, and eiffelia globosa. eiffelia is shown as a stem hexactinellid (silicispongea) and a derived member of the “heteractinida” (stem calcarea). eiffelia and early hexactinellids share tetraradial hexactines and a quadruled spicule geometry, but the spicules of the latter are entirely siliceous .\neiffelia is thought to fall near the divergence of the calcareous and hexactinellid sponges (botting and butterfield, 2005) .\nwith reverso you can find the german translation, definition or synonym for turris eiffelia and thousands of other words. you can complete the translation of turris eiffelia given by the german - english collins dictionary with other dictionaries: wikipedia, lexilogos, langenscheidt, duden, wissen, oxford, collins dictionaries ...\noriginally described by walcott in 1920, little research concentrated on eiffelia until it was re - described by rigby in 1986 as part of his review of burgess shale sponges. additional specimens collected by the royal ontario museum were described subsequently by rigby and collins (2004). bearing characteristics of both the calcareous and hexactinellid sponges, eiffelia has been important in determining higher - level evolutionary relationships within the sponges. eiffelia spicules form by the accretion of phosphate on a siliceous core, which provides a possible evolutionary transition between the minerals used in the construction of spicules (botting and butterfield, 2005 )\n3d animation of the sponges eiffelia globosa, choia ridleyi, diagoniella cyathiformis, hazelia conferta, pirania muricata, vauxia bellula, and wapkia elongata and the sponge - like chancelloria eros a sponge - like form covered of star - shaped spines .\neiffelia – from the nearby eiffel peak, named on account of its resemblance to paris’ eiffel tower. the tower bears the name of alexandre gustave eiffel (1832 - 1923), a french engineer famous for building many large steel structures .\nbotting, j. p. and n. j. butterfield. 2005. reconstructing early sponge relationships by using the burgess shale fossil eiffelia globosa, walcott. proceedings of the national academy of sciences, 102 (5): 1554 .\nimplications for phylogeny. on the basis of its preserved morphology and growth patterns, eiffelia could be regarded either as a peculiar hexactinellid with hexaradiate spicules or a peculiar calcarean with tetraradiate spicules, although there is no compelling evidence to prefer one interpretation over the other (table 1). such mosaics of morphological features are common in the early fossil record and increasingly are being recognized, not as bizarre experiments in early evolution, but as the stem - group “intermediate” stages linking extant higher - order taxa (9). in this light, eiffelia is readily interpreted as intermediate between the heteractinid calcareans and the protospongioid hexactinellids .\nproposed transition from magnesium calcite (calcarea) to opal (silicospongea) spicules based on the bilayered structure exhibited by eiffelia. (a) calcarean spicule with outer sheath of collagen fibrils. (b) secondary precipitation of opal onto the collagenous sheath (as represented by eiffelia). (c) further increase in opal precipitation, accompanied by reduction of the calcaean sheath to an axial filament and loss of hexaradial symmetry. mg - ca, magnesium calcite; acc, amorphous calcium carbonate; cfs, collagen fibril sheath; op, opal; sl / um, silicalemma / unit membrane or second collagen fibril sheath .\ndescription. in life, eiffelia was globose, up to 6 cm in diameter, with a lattice of spicules loosely arranged into a single layer (16, 17). spicules occur in multiple size orders with the largest (first - order) spicules defining the overall geometry and smaller order spicules progressively filling the intervening spaces. both walcott (16) and rigby (17, 22) identified the spicules as hexaradiate, but our reexamination reveals the additional presence of tetraradiate, including hexactine, spicules. as with most nonmineralized and lightly mineralized structures in the burgess shale, eiffelia typically occurs flattened on bedding planes, the individual elements defined by reflective films with very slight relief .\nthere are sufficient near - complete specimens of usnm eiffelia, including those with poor preservation of small spicules, to follow botting' s (23) approach to analyzing growth patterns. the results show a proportional increase in maximum spicule ray length with sponge diameter, indistinguishable from the pattern observed in primitive hexactinellids and demosponges, but subsequently modified in various ways in almost every sponge lineage (23) .\nrecognition of a probable (hexactinellida plus demospongea) (calcarea plus eumetazoa) topology is interesting, but molecular studies do little to constrain character polarity and, thus, the nature of the common ancestral node. by contrast, our analysis of eiffelia provides direct evidence for both the derivation of demosponges from total - group (probably stem) hexactinellids (cf. ref. 45) and the derivation of eumetazoa from (probably stem) calcareans (see fig. 4). unfortunately, calcarean / hexactinellid polarity remains unresolved because of the lack of unequivocal outgroup comparisons, although we offer a calcarean - to - hexactinellid trajectory in light of the mineralogical transition suggested by eiffelia (see below). future fossil discoveries of demonstrable stem - group poriferans with preserved or implied mineralogy and symmetry will be needed to disprove or corroborate this hypothesis .\nall of the selected fossils were studied by using a binocular stereoscope with camera lucida attachment. rom 57022 was also analyzed by using backscattered scanning electron microscopy and electron - dispersive fourier analysis, with parts studied in a petrographic thin section or treated locally with concentrated hydrofluoric acid (hf). in addition to documenting the morphology of the constituent spicules, we consider the geometry of spicule arrangement in eiffelia and develop a model of mineralogical transition in early sponge evolution .\nclose examination of the margins of spicules in rom 57022 shows a distinct bilayered construction, the outer region consistently 200 - 300 μm wide (fig. 2 b). walcott (16) noted this finding in the type material (see fig. 1 c), and it appears to have been the basis of his interpretation that the spicules contained a central canal. certainly the same double - walled spicules can be seen in the type material, but the original constitution has been obscured by pervasive diagenesis; we assume that eiffelia spicules were originally solid, like those of later heteractinids (14). in a cross section, the outer layer of eiffelia spicules is distinguished by thickening and the divergence of the otherwise collapsed, essentially coalesced, carbonaceous film (fig. 2 c). although there is no remnant of the original mineralogy, the conspicuously different responses of these two spicule layers to diagenesis points to marked differences in composition .\nchancelloriids are problematic cambrian fossils with a sponge - like form, including multirayed, lightly mineralized sclerites surrounded by a thin, reflective, carbonaceous film (51) similar to that associated with eiffelia and pirania (but also most other organically preserved fossils). unlike sponge spicules, however, chancelloriid sclerites are “hollow” and constructed of multiple elements, making it difficult [ although not impossible (51) ] to accommodate them within the poriferan bodyplan (55, 56). even so, it may be worth considering their structure with reference to our model of mineralogical transition: in this case the originally calcitic core may simply have abandoned mineralization but retained the original form of the “calcarean” organic sheath (rather than having it condense to an axial filament as we propose for the transition to silicispongea). in other words, the bipartite constitution of chancelloriid rays (the hollow core and lightly mineralized wall) conceivably corresponds to the bipartite constitution of eiffelia spicules .\nmineralogical transition: an hypothesis. the evolution of silicisponges from a primitive calcarean requires a number of fundamental shifts in spicule structure, including a transition from an external organic sheath to an internal filament (46, 47) and from a composite magnesium calcite / amorphous calcium carbonate (acc) (48) mineralogy to opal. given the consistent positioning and size - order relationships of spicules between eiffelia and early hexactinellids, it appears that spicules underwent a transformation rather than a loss and subsequent replacement .\neiffelia is usually preserved as a flattened net of spicules within a single layer, forming a mesh with an approximately circular outline 1 to 6 cm in diameter. spicules occur in at least five distinct size ranges. the largest ones usually take the form of six - pointed stars (hexaradiate), whereas the smallest ones usually have only four - pointed ends. the rays generally run parallel to one another, producing a somewhat geometric lattice - like appearance. the largest spicules, spaced a few millimetres apart from one another, enclose spicules of the second size class between their slender tapering rays. the smaller spicules, which are so small as to rarely be preserved, fill the remaining gaps in the mesh. the spicules themselves are joined by a small central disc formed from flared - out sections of their bases at the point where the six spines meet. eiffelia’s spicules supported a thin wall that would have formed an orb - shaped sac perforated with occasional small elliptical openings (ostia) .\nthe bilayered construction of eiffelia spicules (figs. 1 c and 2 b) clearly identifies two components of distinctly different chemical and / or physical properties. comparison might be made with the differentiated magnesium calcite / amorphous calcium carbonate composition of extant calcarean spicules (cf. ref. 48), but the similar diagenetic lability of these two carbonate phases is unlikely to account for the observed differences. moreover, it is the outer layer that is more substantially preserved in the fossils, but in modern calcareans it is the core that is composed of the more stable magnesium calcite. insofar as a mineralogical transition is demanded in most transformational scenarios between calcareans and silicisponges, and given the widespread capacity for combined calcium carbonate and silica biomineralization among extant and fossil sponges (49), we suggest that the two layers of eiffelia spicules represent distinct carbonate and opaline silica phases. assuming a calcarea to hexactinellida polarity, the spicule core is likely to have been calcareous and surrounded by a secondary layer of opaline silica .\nas a stem - group hexactinellid, eiffelia globosa joins a growing list of problematic cambrian fossils recognized as key intermediate stages linking higher - order taxa (e. g. , refs. 53 and 54). in this instance, the mosaic of calcarean and hexactinellid characters documents the morphological transition between two poriferan “classes” (table 1), with the peculiarly bilayered spicules suggesting a heuristic, possibly even correct, model for understanding the mineralogical transition between the calcarea and silicispongea (fig. 5) .\nmorphology of eiffelia globosa (rom 57023). (a) whole specimen. (b - g) details of a, showing tetraradiate spicules. note the quadruled arrangement of tetraradiates in e and f, and evidence of a central vertical ray in c and g. (h) spicule showing evidence of bilayered construction. (scale bar: a, 3 mm; f, 0. 50 mm; d, 0. 45 mm; b, e, and g, 0. 35 mm; c and h, 0. 20 mm. )\nmorphology of eiffelia globosa (rom 57022). (a) bedding - plane view, reflective patches are fragments of hf - resistant carbonaceous film. note the slight color / textural difference between the shale matrix and spicules where the film has peeled away (both aluminosilicate). the poorly defined material interspersed between the spicules is also hf - resistant. (b) detail of spicule ray showing bilayered structure and fragments of carbonaceous film. (c) perpendicular - to - bedding thin section through spicule ray showing divergence of the carbonaceous film in the cortical layer .\ncamera lucida drawings from the type material of eiffelia globosa showing tetraradiate spicules. (a) usnm 200648. (b) usnm 200653. (c and d) usnm 200638. tetraradiate spicules are shaded in a - d. (e) usnm 200656. (f) artificial construction obtained by tracing of e with all remaining hexaradiates replaced by tetraradiates, revealing an irregular quadruling habit (see discussion). (g) illustration of perfect quadruling as seen in protospongia. (scale bar: a, 1 mm; b - f, 2 mm. )\nusnm - type material. only six of 30 eiffelia specimens in the usnm - type collection were sufficiently well preserved to allow detailed analysis of smaller spicules and sufficiently large to distinguish true absence of tetraradiate spicules from sampling error. of these six, all except usnm 66523 include tetraradiate spicules, and in the case of usnm 200656, they comprise more than one - half of all spicules (fig. 3 e). in all instances, the largest spicules are hexaradiate, whereas most tetraradiates are third - order or smaller (fig. 3 a - e) .\nalthough the polarity of the transition cannot be established from the available molecular data, we suggest the possibility that calcarea are paraphyletic with respect to silicispongea; the definitive resolution of this issue depends on clarification of many aspects of basal metazoan phylogeny. however the relationships are eventually resolved, eiffelia now joins protospongia (12), canistrumella (17), and various other problematic paleozoic sponges in its exclusion from any class - level crown group. as such, it offers key insights into the deep interrelationships of the porifera, particularly in light of the conflicting results arising from recent molecular analyses .\nrom 57023. rom 57023 (fig. 1) is an articulated but incomplete eiffelia with an estimated body diameter of ≈25 mm. spicules vary widely in size and appear to fall into five distinct size orders, although, on the assumption of an incremental size - order ratio of 1. 3 - 1. 4, we infer a total of seven. the largest measured spicules have a ray length of > 4. 5 mm, a central disk diameter of 0. 65 mm, and a basal ray diameter of 0. 18 mm; the smallest have ray lengths of just 0. 2 - 0. 3 mm .\nin usnm 200656, 25 of 38 visible spicules are tetraradiate and allow a determination of their larger - scale arrangement in the eiffelia skeleton. beginning with a camera lucida tracing of the specimen (fig. 3 e), we assumed a fixed orientation for the majority of spicules but replaced the few remaining hexaradiates with tetraradiates of equal size, orthogonal to the fixed orientation, or rotated to reflect the original orientation of each hexaradiate if this orientation differed from the fixed direction (fig. 3 f). the result is a pattern of irregular quadruling (quadruling is a rectangular grid subdivided by orthogonal spicules, with members of each smaller order positioned in the center of spaces between the previous order; see fig. 3 g) identical to that of early protospongioids .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nglobosa – from the latin globus, “globe or ball, ” reflecting the organism’s shape .\nlectotype – usnm 66522, in the national museum of natural history, smithsonian institution, washington, dc, usa .\nother deposits: e. araniformis missarzhevsky and mambetov, 1981 from several early cambrian small shelly fossil deposits (bengtson et al. , 1990; skovsted, 2006) .\nlower cambrian to middle cambrian bathyuriscus - elrathina zone (approximately 505 million years ago) .\nrelatively rare in the walcott quarry where it represents only 0. 1% of the walcott quarry community (caron and jackson, 2008) .\nthe sponge sat on the sea floor possibly sticking on hard surfaces. particles of organic matter were extracted from the water as they passed through canals in the sponge’s wall .\nbengtson, s. s. conway morris, b. j. cooper, p. a. jell and b. n. runnegar. 1990. early cambrian fossils from south australia, 9, 364 p .\ncaron, j. - b. and d. a. jackson. 2008. paleoecology of the greater phyllopod bed community, burgess shale. palaeogeography, palaeoclimatology, palaeoecology, 258: 222 - 256 .\nrigby, j. k. 1986. sponges of the burgess shale (middle cambrian), british columbia. palaeontographica canadiana, 2: 1 - 105 .\nrigby, j. k. and d. collins. 2004. sponges of the middle cambrian burgess shale and stephen formations, british columbia. royal ontario museum contributions in science, 1: 1 - 155 .\nskovsted, c. b. 2006. small shelly fauna from the upper lower cambrian bastion and ella island formations, north - east greenland. journal of paleontology, 80: 1087 - 1112 .\nwalcott, c. d. 1920. middle cambrian spongiae. smithsonian miscellaneous collections, 67 (6): 261 - 364 .\nedited by james w. valentine, university of california, berkeley, ca (received for review august 10, 2004 )\nall of the first - order spicules in this specimen are hexaradiate and appear to lack perpendicular rays. second - order spicules are also predominantly hexaradiate; however, the smaller size orders are increasingly dominated by tetraradiates. in the smallest size class, for example, tetraradiates outnumber hexaradiates by a ratio of 10: 1. the largest certain tetraradiate has rays 3. 5 mm long, equivalent to the second - order hexaradiates .\nas the name implies, adjacent rays of tetraradiate spicules in rom 57023 tend to diverge at angles of 90°, although this value can vary by up to 10° (fig. 1 b). at least some also preserve evidence of a compressed ray (or rays) oriented perpendicular to the plane of the other four (fig. 1 d). by contrast, the hexaradiate spicules exhibit generally regular 60° radial symmetry and show no evidence of perpendicular rays (ref. 16, p. 324). the tetraradiates also differ from adjacent, similarly sized hexaradiates in having a smaller basal disk (see fig. 1 b and d) .\nrom 57022. rom 57022 (fig. 2) was collected as a small fragment exposing five articulated hexaradiate spicules and comprising just three size orders (maximum ray length 5 mm). preservation of this specimen is excellent, however, and reveals a number of significant features. the spicules show slight relief, and the surface of each spicule is defined by a thin (< 1 μm), hf - resistant, reflective carbonaceous film. the interior of the spicules (i. e. , the material lying beneath the carbonaceous film and responsible for the slight topographic relief) is composed of diagenetic aluminosilicates, readily distinguished from the surrounding shale by its distinct cation composition (unpublished results) and differential response to hf .\nlike derived hexactinellids, most extant calcareans are characterized by thickened body walls and irregularly arranged spicules. the simplest (“ascon”) forms, however, are structurally equivalent to the protospongioids, with axial symmetry and an outer wall composed of a single layer of spicules. although morphologically distinct microscleres are absent, calcarean spicules often occur in two or more sizes, either of two distinct magnitudes (e. g. , ref. 31) or varying over a range. in the latter case, the sequence can sometimes be separated into successive size orders, related by a constant geometric factor that is typically 1. 1 - 1. 5, often near 1. 3 (j. p. b. , unpublished data); such size ordering has not been observed in demosponges. interestingly, first - order spicules in the simplest extant calcareans (clathrinida) and early paleozoic hexactinellids (protospongioidea) are both arranged rhomboidally, with the quadruled arrangement generated by positioning of subsequent orders .\nthe discovery of an evolutionary intermediate between hexactinellids and calcareans argues strongly against a basal hexactinellida because this result would require repeated derivation of siliceous spicules secreted onto axial filaments, in hexactinellids and demosponges, and perhaps also homoscleromorpha. by providing evidence of a direct link between calcarea and hexactinellida, it also categorically excludes some less well supported topologies such as that of adams (5), in which calcarea are nested among cnidaria and ctenophora. in contrast, the hypothesis of silicisponge monophyly that is emerging prominently from neontological work is entirely consistent with our data .\nwe thank e. valiulis (usnm) and d. collins (rom) for access to specimens; s. finney and u. balthasar for technical assistance in preparation and chemical analysis; and the two anonymous referees for constructive comments. j. p. b. was funded by a junior research fellowship at christ' s college, cambridge. this work is cambridge earth science contribution no. 8076 .\nabbreviations: hf, hydrofluoric acid; rom, royal ontario museum; usnm, u. s. national museum .\n, eds. zhuravlev, a. y. & riding, r. (columbia univ. press, new york), pp .\nborchiellini, c. , manuel, m. , alivon, e. , boury - esnault, n. , vacelet, j. & le parco, y. (\nbengtson, s. , conway morris, s. , cooper, b. j. , jell, p. a. & runnegar, b. n. (\n, eds. reitner, j. & keupp, h. (springer - verlag, berlin), pp .\nmanuel, m. , borchiellini, c. , alivon, e. , le parco, y. , vacelet, j. & boury - esnault, n. (\ncavalier - smith, t. , allsopp, m. t. , chao, e. e. , boury - esnault, n. & vacelet, n. (\nlafay, b. , boury - esnault, n. , vacelet. j. & christen, r. (\nborchiellini, c. , boury - esnault, n. , vacelet, j. & le parco, y. (\nborchiellini, c. , chombard, c. , manuel, m. , alivon, e. , vacelet, j. & boury - esnault, n. (\n, eds. hooper, j. n. a. & van soest, r. m. w. (kluwer / plenum, new york), pp .\nshu d. - g. , conway morris, s. , han, j. , zhang, z. - f. & liu, j. - n. (\nnote: we only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. we do not capture any email address .\nmessage body (your name) thought you would like to see the pnas web site .\nresearchers used field data from 2012 to 2015 to study mortality and allele frequency changes in the sea star pisaster ochraceus during a mass mortality event in northcentral california, and found that surviving adult and juvenile sea stars experienced 81% mortality and allele shifts, according to the authors .\na survey of more than 4, 600 american adults conducted in 1995 - 1996 and in 2011 - 2014 suggests that among individuals of low socioeconomic status, negative affect increased significantly between the two survey waves, whereas life satisfaction and psychological well - being decreased .\na study of cognitive ability in norwegian males born from 1962 to 1991 suggests that environmental factors rather than changing genetic composition of families likely account for most of the change in norwegian population iq .\nthe mathematical tools behind recent gerrymandering cases have brought a modicum of precision into the political arena—but this rigor hasn’t always been enough to spur policy changes .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site. please turn it on before proceeding .\nfull reference: v. v. missarzhevsky and a. m. mambetov. 1981. stratigrafiya i fauna pogranichnykh sloyev kembriya i dokembriya malogo karatau [ stratigraphy and fauna of the precambrian - cambrian boundary beds of the malyy karatau ]. trudy ordena trudovogo krasnogo znameni geologicheskiy institut akademiya nauk sssr 326: 1 - 90\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site. we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nsorry, preview is currently unavailable. you can download the paper by clicking the button above .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we' ll email you a reset link .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nyou want to reject this entry: please give us your comments (bad translation / definition, duplicate entries... )\nto add entries to your own vocabulary, become a member of reverso community or login if you are already a member." ]

{ "text": [ "eiffelia is a genus of sponges known from the middle cambrian burgess shale .", "60 specimens of eiffelia are known from the greater phyllopod bed , where they comprise 0.11 % of the community .", "it belongs in the hexactinellid stem group . " ], "topic": [ 26, 0, 26 ] }

[ "eiffelia is a genus of sponges known from the middle cambrian burgess shale. 60 specimens of eiffelia are known from the greater phyllopod bed, where they comprise 0.11% of the community. it belongs in the hexactinellid stem group." ]

[ "the order neritopsina contains the families neritidae, phenacolepadidae, neritopsidae, helicinidae, hydrocenidae, and titiscaniidae .\nnon - marine mollusks of borneo. ii pulmonata: pupillidae, clausiliidae. iii prosobranchia: hydrocenidae, helicinidae\nhydrocenidae are herbivorous grazers, feeding on detritus, algal spores, moss and lichens by scraping their radula (teeth) along the substrate .\nthe neritopsina are the first clade in the gastropod lineage that has undergone the extensive evolutionary radiations observed across the gastropoda. the group has shell morphologies that range from coiled conical snails (hydrocenidae) to limpets (phenacolepadidae), and even slugs (titiscaniidae). while conical shells are seen in hydrocenidae, none appear to have developed very high - spired shells. multiple terrestrial (helicinidae, hydrocenidae) and freshwater invasions have occurred (neritidae), with some freshwater taxa still having an estuarine or marine larval phase .\nthis is one of the six major gastropod lineages and contains a large number of terrestrial species in three families; helicinidae and proserpinidae in the superfamily helicinoidea and hydrocenidae in the superfamily hydrocenoidea .\nhydrocenidae are a small family of snails that occur from europe and africa through asia to the pacific region including australia and new zealand. in australia there are only six described species in two genera (\nthe mating behaviour of hydrocenidae is poorly known but sexes are separate and fertilisation is internal. development is direct with juvenile snails hatching from small oval pale or transparent gelatinous eggs that are laid by the female in clusters on the ground in leaf litter or attached to rocks .\ntwo new cave prosobranch snails from papua new guinea: selmistomia beroni n. gen. n. sp. (caenogastropoda: hydrobiidae) and georissa papuana n. sp. (archaeogastropoda: hydrocenidae). (zoological results of the british speleological expedition to papua new guinea 1975. )\nin australia and new zealand, hydrocenidae occur on tree trunks, in leaf litter, rotten logs and vine thickets in closed forests. species are also often found in association with limestone outcrops. on pacific islands and in south - east asia a number of species have been recorded from caves. several species, such as the endemic australian species\nty - jour ti - a new species of land snail of the genus georissa (gastropoda: hydrocenidae) from the philippine islands t2 - the nautilus. vl - 112 ur - urltoken pb - american malacologists, inc. , etc. cy - melbourne, fla. , etc. , py - 1998 sp - 109 ep - 112 sn - 0028 - 1344 er -\nhydrocenidae are poorly known, tiny terrestrial snails. they have ovate to globose, conical - spired shells and a semi - circular calcareous operculum that possesses a digit - like protrusion on the surface of attachment to the foot. true head tentacles are absent although a pair of broad lateral invaginable appendages may be present, and the pair of large eyes are positioned in papillae. the ctenidium (gill) is absent and the mantle cavity is highly vascularised and functions as a lung. hydrocenidae are very small snails being less than 10mm in diameter with a shell height of less than 5mm with some species only having a shell height up to 2 mm and width up to 1 mm. shells are typically dull - coloured and mottled that blend into their habitats well .\nin my phd project, i will focus on the evolutionary patterns of shelled organisms (gastropoda: hydrocenidae) to reveal and interpret the divergence in three character systems (i - iii). to be able to correlate (i) shell shape changes in phylogeny with shifts in environment, i will also undertake the study of (ii) microhabitat niche evolution. this will make me able to reconstruct the evolutionary history of shell shape in the organism of interest through time. finally, the patterns of character evolution in a set of traits with a direct interface with the environment (i. e. , the shell) will be contrasted with a second set of morphological characters for which such a link does not exist, namely, the genitalia (iii). thus, this study aims to answer several questions related to physical and biological characters that occur within the genus georissa (gastropoda: hydrocenidae), which are :\n@ article { bhlpart40009, title = { a new species of land snail of the genus georissa (gastropoda: hydrocenidae) from the philippine islands }, journal = { the nautilus. }, volume = { 112 }, copyright = { in copyright. digitized with the permission of the rights holder. }, url = urltoken publisher = { melbourne, fla. , etc. , american malacologists, inc. , etc. }, author = { }, year = { 1998 }, pages = { 109 - - 112 }, }\nmost nerite marine species are quite common on open shores. however, freshwater and terrestrial species are often more restricted in their distribution and more susceptible to disturbance; this is certainly the case in the neritopsina. ten freshwater members of the neritidae and 23 terrestrial snails (17 helicinidae and six hydrocenidae) are listed on the iucn red list. habitat destruction is the largest threat to these species, with deforestation directly affecting terrestrial species and increased sedimentation load impacting freshwater species. freshwater species are also affected by water diversion and reservoir projects, as well as pollution .\nneritopsina shell morphology covers most forms seen in the gastropoda: coiled to limpet, and even shell - less slugs. the neritopsina have a distinctive juvenile shell, or protoconch, and most species absorb the internal partitions of the shell as they grow, permitting the snail' s body to remain more limpet - like rather than coiled. neritopsis radula does not absorb the internal partitions of its shell and, based on this and other anatomical characters, is thought to represent the most basal taxon. the most typical coiled morphologies are seen in the terrestrial groups helicinidae and hydrocenidae, and are similar to those seen in coiled vetigastropod groups such as the turbinidae. all limpet morphologies are marine groups and include both conical and coiled forms, again similar to that seen\nin a previous paper, we have reported on a new, troglobitic species of georissa and its possible parapatric origin from georissa saulae benthem - jutting, 1966, which occurs outside the cave system of batu sanaron, a limestone outcrop in sabah, malaysian borneo. these analyses were based on genetic and morphometric data. here, we formally describe the new species adding anatomical data derived from dissections and histological serial sections as well as fine structural data of shell, operculum and radula, and compare it with its stem species. the two species differ in shell and radular morphology as well as genital characters. since we found anatomical differences between very closely related species, we assume that dissections would be of general use for the taxonomy of georissa and the remaining nominal genus - group taxa of the poorly known hydrocenidae .\nwe present reviews of the sabah (malaysia, on the island of borneo) species of the following problematical genera of land snails (mollusca, gastropoda): acmella and anaglyphula (caenogastropoda: assimineidae); ditropopsis (caenogastropoda: cyclophoridae); microcystina (pulmonata: ariophantidae); philalanka and thysanota (pulmonata: endodontidae); kaliella, rahula, (pulmonata: euconulidae); trochomorpha and geotrochus (pulmonata: trochomorphidae). next to this, we describe new species in previously revised genera, such as diplommatina (diplommatinidae); georissa (hydrocenidae); as well as some new species of genera not revised previously, such as japonia (cyclophoridae); durgella and dyakia (ariophantidae); amphidromus, and trachia (camaenidae); paralaoma (punctidae); curvella (subulinidae). all descriptions are based on the morphology of the shells. we distinguish the following 48 new species: acmella cyrtoglyphe, acmella umbilicata, acmella ovoidea, acmella nana, acmella subcancellata, acmella striata, and anaglyphula sauroderma (assimineidae); ditropopsis davisoni, ditropopsis trachychilus, ditropopsis constricta, ditropopsis tyloacron, ditropopsis cincta, and japonia anceps (cyclophoridae); diplommatina bidentata and diplommatina tylocheilos (diplommatinidae); georissa leucococca and georissa nephrostoma (hydrocenidae); durgella densestriata, dyakia chlorosoma, microcystina microrhynchus, microcystina callifera, microcystina striatula, microcystina planiuscula, and microcystina physotrochus (ariophantidae); amphidromus psephos and trachia serpentinitica (camaenidae); philalanka tambunanensis, philalanka obscura, philalanka anomphala, philalanka rugulosa, and philalanka malimgunung (endodontidae); kaliella eurytrochus, kaliella sublaxa, kaliella phacomorpha, kaliella punctata, kaliella microsoma, rahula delopleura, (euconulidae); paralaoma angusta (punctidae); curvella hadrotes (subulinidae); trochomorpha trachus, trochomorpha haptoderma, trochomorpha thelecoryphe, geotrochus oedobasis, geotrochus spilokeiria, geotrochus scolops, geotrochus kitteli, geotrochus subscalaris, and geotrochus meristorhachis (trochomorphidae) .\nin marine and freshwater realms, neritopsines are typically associated with hard substrates such as coral, beach rock, basalt outcrops and cobbles, and others. several taxa (smaragdiinae) are also associated with marine angiosperms in shallow near - shore marine habitats. two terrestrial invasions, the helicinidae and the hydrocenidae, are both associated with moist forest floors and the trunks of trees. the helicinidae are also found in xeric habitats, and may be partially or completely aboreal. both terrestrial groups are often associated with limestone geologies. multiple freshwater invasions have also occurred within the neritidae, including the septaria of freshwater streams on tropical pacific islands and the radiation of theodoxus species in the river systems of europe and central asia. in the tropical pacific, some freshwater taxa still have an estuarine or marine period in their larval phase before returning to freshwater streams and rivers. neritopsines also occur in the deep sea, and are associated with dysoxyic habitats and vent and seep communities .\nwe present reviews of the sabah (malaysia, on the island of borneo) species of the following problematical genera of land snails (mollusca, gastropoda): acmella and anaglyphula (caenogastropoda: assimineidae); ditropopsis (caenogastropoda: cyclophoridae); microcystina (pulmonata: ariophantidae); philalanka and thysanota (pulmonata: endodontidae); kaliella, rahula, (pulmonata: euconulidae); trochomorpha and geotrochus (pulmonata: trochomorphidae). next to this, we describe new species in previously revised genera, such as diplommatina (diplommatinidae); georissa (hydrocenidae); as well as some new species of genera not revised previously, such as japonia (cyclophoridae); durgella and dyakia (ariophantidae); amphidromus, and trachia (camaenidae); paralaoma (punctidae); curvella (subulinidae). all descriptions are based on the morphology of the shells. we distinguish the following 48 new species: acmella cyrtoglyphe, a. umbilicata, a. ovoidea, a. nana, a. subcancellata, a. striata, and anaglyphula sauroderma (assimineidae); ditropopsis davisoni, d. trachychilus, d. constricta, d. tyloacron, d. cincta, and japonia anceps (cyclophoridae); diplommatina bidentata and d. tylocheilos (diplommatinidae); georissa leucococca and g. nephrostoma (hydrocenidae); durgella densestriata, dyakia chlorosoma, microcystina microrhynchus, m. callifera, m. striatula, m. planiuscula, and m. physotrochus (ariophantidae); amphidromus psephos and trachia serpentinitica (camaenidae); philalanka tambunanensis, p. obscura, p. anomphala, p. rugulosa, and p. malimgunung (endodontidae); kaliella eurytrochus, k. sublaxa, k. phacomorpha, k. punctata, k. microsoma, rahula delopleura, (euconulidae); paralaoma angusta (punctidae); curvella hadrotes (subulinidae); trochomorpha trachus, t. haptoderma, t. thelecoryphe, geotrochus oedobasis, g. spilokeiria, g. scolops, g. kitteli, g. subscalaris, and g. meristorhachis (trochomorphidae) .\nland snails diversity was investigated from limestone areas in trang province, southern thailand. the stataions werekhao plu, khao namrab, had yong ling, chao khun cave, khao koab, khao pina, khao puchao, chaomai beach, and rajmonkol beach. the numbers of 16 families 27 genera and 45 species were reported. all of these species are belonging to family hydrocenidae, 1 genus and 4 species, family cyclophoridae, 5 genera and 10 speciesfamily diplommatinidae, 1 genus and 4 species, family alycaeidae 1 genus and 1 species, family pupinidae, 2 genera and 3 species, family achatinidae, 1 genus and 1 species, family ariophantidae, 4 genera and 5 species, family camaenidae, 2 genera and 4 species, family streptaxidae, 1 genus and 1 species, family pupillidae, 3 genera and 6 species, family subulinidae, 2 genera and 2 species, family cerastuidae 1 genus and 1 species, family helicarionidae, 1 genus and 1 species, family rathouisiidae, 1 genus and 1 species, and family veronicellidae 1 genus and 1 species respectively .\n< mods xmlns: xlink =\nurltoken\nversion =\n3. 0\nxmlns: xsi =\nurltoken\nxmlns =\nurltoken\nxsi: schemalocation =\nurltoken urltoken\n> < titleinfo > < title > a new species of land snail of the genus georissa (gastropoda: hydrocenidae) from the philippine islands < / title > < / titleinfo > < typeofresource > text < / typeofresource > < genre authority =\nmarcgt\n> < / genre > < note type =\ncontent\n> 112 < / note > < relateditem type =\nhost\n> < titleinfo > < title > the nautilus. < / title > < / titleinfo > < origininfo > < place > < placeterm type =\ntext\n> melbourne, fla. , etc. , < / placeterm > < / place > < publisher > american malacologists, inc. , etc. < / publisher > < / origininfo > < part > < detail type =\nvolume\n> < number > 112 < / number > < / detail > < extent unit =\npages\n> < start > 109 < / start > < end > 112 < / end > < / extent > < date > 1998 < / date > < / part > < / relateditem > < identifier type =\nuri\n> urltoken < / identifier > < accesscondition type =\nuseandreproduction\n> in copyright. digitized with the permission of the rights holder. < / accesscondition > < / mods >\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\ngenus chondrella pease, 1871 accepted as georissa (chondrella) pease, 1871 represented as georissa w. t. blanford, 1864 (original rank )\ngenus omphalorissa wenz, 1938 accepted as georissa w. t. blanford, 1864\ngenus petrorissa habe, 1958 accepted as georissa w. t. blanford, 1864\ntroschel f. h. (1856 - 1893). das gebiss der schnecken zur begründung einer natürlichen classification. nicolaische verlagsbuchhandlung, berlin. vol. 1: i - viii, 1 - 252 pls 1 - 20 [ 1856 - 63 ]. vol. 2: i - ix, 1 - 246, 247 - 409 [ continued by thiele ] pls 1 - 32 [ 1866 - 1893 ] [ for dates of publication, see robertson, 1957: nautilus 70 (4): 136 - 138 ]. , available online at urltoken page (s): 83 [ details ]\nbouchet p. , rocroi j. p. , hausdorf b. , kaim a. , kano y. , nützel a. , parkhaev p. , schrödl m. & strong e. e. (2017). revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. malacologia. 61 (1 - 2): 1 - 526. [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of georissidae blanford, 1864) bouchet p. , rocroi j. p. , hausdorf b. , kaim a. , kano y. , nützel a. , parkhaev p. , schrödl m. & strong e. e. (2017). revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. malacologia. 61 (1 - 2): 1 - 526. [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others. more information! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey' s business dictionary (german - english). thanks on that account! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome! questions and answers\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 3. 0 australia license .\nkarin mahlfeld added text to\nbrief summary\non\ncavellia irregularis (suter, 1890 )\n.\nkarin mahlfeld added text to\nbrief summary\non\ncavellia brouni (suter, 1891 )\n.\nkarin mahlfeld added text to\nbrief summary\non\ncavellia buccinella (reeve, 1852 )\n.\nkarin mahlfeld added text to\nbrief summary\non\ncavellia biconcava (pfeiffer, 1853 )\n.\nkarin mahlfeld added text to\nbrief summary\non\ncavellia anguicula (reeve, 1852 )\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology, inc. in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only, as we handle very few foreign shells in general. as time goes, the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nclick on an image to view all the information: family, species, author, date, and full locality .\n© 1996 - 2018 guido t. poppe & philippe poppe - conchology, inc. (0. 833 seconds. )\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website. by continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. you can change your cookie settings at any time .\ncorrespondence: m. haase; e - mail: martin. haase @ urltoken\nspecimens were collected in front of (georissa saulae) and inside (georissa filiasaulae new species) the cave system of the karstic limestone outcrop batu sanaron (fig. 1). this outcrop measuring 600 by 300 m and dating from the oligocene (yin, 1985) is located in the sepulut valley in the interior province of sabah, malaysian borneo. the cave system including a small stream (francis, 1987) is now partly explored (m. schilthuizen, unpublished maps). the surrounding vegetation of batu sanaron consists of logged lowland dipterocarp rain forest on gently sloping ground. the limestone itself is covered with calciphilous vegetation (vermeulen & whitten, 1999) .\nmap of limestone outcrop batu sanaron. circles, georissa filiasaulae new species; squares, georissa saulae; filled symbols, sampling sites (see also schilthuizen et al. , 2005) .\nshells were measured under a dissecting microscope equipped with a measuring graticule. shell height was taken along the spiral axis and shell width perpendicularly. aperture height was measured at the inside of the aperture from the basal columellar corner to the parietal columellar corner. aperture width was defined as the largest distance between columella and palatal side. whorls were counted to the nearest eighth of a whorl. the anatomy was investigated by dissection as well as histologically. two females and two males of g. saulae and two females and three males of g. filiasaulae sp. nov. were dissected. histological serial sections were prepared from four females and two males of the former and four females and one male of the latter. the paraffin sections were 7 µm thin and were stained in heidenhain' s azan. the genitalia and digestive system of g. saulae were reconstructed from one section series of each sex using the programme surfdriver 3. 5 (moody & lozanoff, 1999) .\nshells, opercula and radulae were investigated by scanning electron microscopy using a hitachi s - 2460 n natural scanning electron microscope. these hard parts were cleaned with sodium hypochlorite prior to mounting and sputter - coated with gold .\ntype material of the new species is deposited in the borneensis collection of the universiti malaysia sabah (bor / mol) and the zoological museum of berlin (zmb). types from the zoological museum of the university of amsterdam (zma) were also examined .\nshells. a, b, e. georissa filiasaulae new species. c, d, f. georissa saulae. e, f. protoconchs. scale bars a–d = 1 mm e, f = 500 µm .\ntypes: holotype: bor / mol / 3795; six paratypes (shells): bor / mol / 3491; seven paratypes (two shells, five histological series): zmb 107143 - 107149, all from the type locality (fig. 1): 120 m from south entrance into cave system of the karstic limestone outcrop batu sanaron, sepulut valley, interior province of sabah, borneo, malaysia; 450 m asl; 04°42. 052' n, 116°36. 016' e .\netymology: filia (latin) means daughter. the name of the new species refers to its stem species georissa saulae (see schilthuizen et al. , 2005) .\ndescription: shell (fig. 2 a, b, e): without colour, conical, about 1. 2 times higher than wide (table 1), whorls convex, stepped; columella only in body whorl, dissolved in upper whorls; protoconch globular, comprising 0. 5 whorls, with meshed sculpture, clearly delimited against teleoconch; teleoconch comprising up to 2. 375 whorls, smooth; aperture ovate, only slightly higher than wide, lip thin; umbilicus closed by columellar shield .\nabbreviations: ah, aperture height; aw, aperture width; cv, coefficient of variation adjusted for sample size; n, number of specimens; max, maximum; min, minimum; sd, standard deviation; sh, shell height; sw, shell width; measurements in mm .\noperculum (fig. 3 a): corneous, yellow, elongate - ellipsoidal, nucleus submarginal, concentric growth lines; long, slightly arched peg arising from white, noncalcareous base .\nopercula. a. georissa filiasaulae new species. b, c. georissa saulae. a, b. inside with peg. c. outside. scale bar = 200 µm .\nexternal features: cephalic tentacles very short lobes; epidermis without pigment; eyes black .\ndigestive system: radula (fig. 4 a–c) long reaching backwards over distal third of style sac, rhipidoglossate without central teeth, seven rows of teeth on each side becoming more slender, longer and delicate towards outside with outer teeth being about three times longer than inner teeth; all teeth with 15–18 denticles, denticles alternately long and short, this length difference most pronounced in inner - most teeth, where large denticles are almost claw - like, length difference decreasing towards outside, denticles of outer - most teeth no longer dimorphic; stomach with style sac but lacking appendages; intestine with two loops on opposing sides of style sac, then following straight along the pallial genitalia .\nradulae. a–c. georissa filiasaulae new species. d–f. georissa saulae. a. teeth 2–7 from right half - row. b. third line of teeth from left side. c. teeth 3–7 from left half - row. d. teeth 4–7 from left half row. e. left half - row. f. detail from e. scale bars a, c = 10 µm, b, e, f = 5 µm; d = 1 µm .\nexcretory system: kidney a long tube forming an elongate loop of about 360°, distal end bent backwards, tapering before opening into mantle cavity .\nmale genitalia (fig. 5): testis a large sac of undefined shape; sperm storing vesicula seminalis coiling as a regular spiral with vas efferens forming nucleus and distal end continuing as delicate vas deferens towards male gland mass; male gland mass uniformly white, consisting of main body and diverticulum joining main body at about two - fifths of length; diverticulum very long, forming an ‘extended’ s shape, lying against stomach and embracing posterior loop of intestine; appendix resembling a female receptaculum seminis arising from distal end of diverticulum; posterior fifth of main body bent; vas deferens entering diverticulum ventrally in anterior third, still very delicate, easily destroyed and overlooked in dissections; genital opening at anterior end of male gland mass; no copulatory organ .\nmale genitalia of georissa filiasaulae new species. a. lateral. b. dorsal. c. dorsal, organs separated. abbreviations: a, appendix; dv, diverticulum; mb, main body. scale bar = 500 µm .\nfemale genitalia (fig. 6): ovary a large sac of undefined shape; oviduct proximally thinner than distally, at transition from thin to thick reddish - brown in one specimen, entering female gland mass in posterior fourth to fifth; receptaculum seminis pear - shaped with long duct, arising close to junction of oviduct and female gland mass; bursa copulatrix massive, pear - shaped with short, thick duct entering female gland mass distal to oviduct; female gland mass with two glandular portions, anterior third white, posterior portion yellow, occasionally, female gland mass and adjoining intestine entirely orange; genital opening at anterior end of female gland mass .\nfemale genitalia of georissa filiasaulae new species. a. lateral. b. dorsal. c. dorsal, organs separated. abbreviations: ag, anterior gland; bc, bursa copulatrix; bd, bursal duct; od, oviduct; pg, posterior gland; rs, receptaculum seminis. scale bar = 500 µm .\nhabitat and distribution: wet limestone walls with black encrustations inside the cave system of batu sanaron .\nhydrocena saulae van benthem - jutting, 1966: 40–41, fig. 2 (laying cave, crocker range, keningau, sabah, malaysia; holotype zma moll. 3. 66. 003, cat. no 135731) .\nmaterial examined: holotype zma moll. 3. 66. 003, cat. no 135731, 142 paratypes zma moll. 3. 66. 004, cat no 13559843, laying cave, crocker range, keningau, sabah, malaysia. other material: in front of southern entrance into cave system of the karstic limestone outcrop batu sanaron, sepulut valley, interior province of sabah, borneo, malaysia; 450 m asl; 4°42. 052' n, 116°36. 016' e .\ndescription: shell (fig. 2 c, d, f): clear, reddish - brown, conical, about 1. 3 times higher than wide (table 1), whorls convex, stepped; columella only in body whorl, dissolved in upper whorls; protoconch globular, comprising 0. 5 whorls, with meshed sculpture, clearly delimited against teleoconch; teleoconch comprising up to 2. 75 whorls, with 3–6 spiral bands of nodes, which are most prominent at the periphery; aperture ovate, only slightly higher than wide, lip thin; umbilicus closed by columellar shield .\noperculum (fig. 3 b, c) and external features: as in g. filiasaulae new species .\ndigestive system (figs 4 d–f, 7, 8): radula long reaching backwards over proximal third of style sac, rhipidoglossate without central teeth, seven rows of teeth on each side becoming more slender, longer and delicate towards outside with outer teeth being about 4–5 times longer than inner teeth; all teeth with 12–15 denticles, denticles alternately long and short, this length difference most pronounced in inner - most teeth, where large denticles are almost claw - like, length difference decreasing towards outside, denticles of outer - most teeth no longer dimorphic; otherwise digestive system as in g. filiasaulae new species .\nexcretory system (fig. 7): as in g. filiasaulae new species .\nreconstructions of digestive system and genitalia of georissa saulae. a. male. b. female. abbreviations: dg, digestive gland; dv, diverticulum of male gland mass; fgm, female gland mass; in, intestine; k, kidney; mb, main body of male gland mass; od, oviduct; oe, oesophagus; ov, ovary; ph, pharynx; rd, radular sheath; rp, renal pore; ss, style sac; st, stomach; t, testis; vs, vesicula seminalis. scale bar = 100 µm .\nreconstruction of digestive system of georissa saulae, section of radular sheath removed. abbreviations: do, opening of digestive gland; in, intestine; oe, oesophagus; ph, pharynx; rd, radular sheath; ss, style sac; st, stomach. scale bar = 100 µm .\nmale genitalia (figs 7 a, 9): testis a large sac of undefined shape; sperm storing vesicula seminalis coiling irregularly; vas deferens delicate; male gland mass consisting of main body and diverticulum joining main body at about two fifths of length; diverticulum very long, forming an ‘extended’ s, lying against stomach and embracing posterior loop of intestine; appendix resembling a female receptaculum seminis arising from distal end of diverticulum; main body straight; in histological sections diverticulum consisting of four differently staining glandular portions, main body of three; vas deferens entering diverticulum ventrally in anterior third, still very delicate; genital opening at anterior end of male gland mass; no copulatory organ .\nreconstruction of male genitalia of georissa saulae. a. postero - dorsal. b. lateral aspect. abbreviations: a, appendix; go, genital opening; mg1–7, male glands 1–7; vd, vas deferens. scale bar = 100 µm .\nfemale genitalia (figs 7 b, 10): ovary a large sac of undefined shape; oviduct proximally thinner than distally, with three differently staining portions, entering female gland mass in posterior fourth to fifth; receptaculum seminis pear - shaped with long duct, arising close to junction of oviduct and female gland mass; bursa copulatrix a massive, elongate sac with short, thick duct entering female gland mass distal to oviduct; female gland mass macroscopically with two glandular portions, anterior third white, posterior portion yellow, histologically each portion consisting of three differently staining glandular sections; genital opening at anterior end of female gland mass .\nreconstruction of female genitalia of georissa saulae. a. left. b. right aspect. abbreviations: bc, bursa copulatrix; bd, bursal duct; fg1–6, female glands 1–6; od1–4, oviduct 1–4; ov, ovary; rs, receptaculum seminis. scale bar = 100 µm .\nhabitat and distribution: on limestone and other rocks, in soil of coastal and lowland forests throughout central and western sabah .\nthe morphological differences between georissa filiasaulae new species and its stem species georissa saulae have already been discussed by schilthuizen et al. (2005). in brief, the shell of g. filiasaulae is larger, proportionately wider, and lacks pigment as well as any spiral sculpture. apart from these, we also found differences in radular morphology and in anatomy. radular teeth of g. filiasaulae have more denticles and the length difference between inner - and outermost teeth is smaller. in males of the new species the vesicula seminalis is a regular spiral whereas in g. saulae it coils irregularly, and the posterior end of the main body of the male gland mass is bent in the former whereas it is straight in the latter. females of g. filiasaulae have a smaller bursa copulatrix and the female gland mass as well as the adjoining intestine may be orange. in contrast, the female gland mass of g. saulae always has white and pale yellow portions .\nsuperficially, g. filiasaulae may resemble g. borneensis smith, 1895 and g. xesta thompson & dance, 1983. however, both these have a more or less distinct shell sculpture, whereas g. filiasaulae is absolutely smooth, and both are much narrower than the new species (see thompson & dance, 1983) .\nwe have no explanation as to why the female gland mass and intestine of g. filiasaulae are occasionally orange. the function of the different glandular portions of the distal genitalia of both sexes is not known. in addition, our findings are quite different from the few published accounts on hydrocenids (thiele, 1910; berry, 1965; bernasconi, 1995; see below). therefore, we chose very general terms to identify these parts in order to avoid the suggestion of certain functions or homologies .\nthe distal genitalia of males and females are surprisingly similar and obviously develop from identical anlagen. the posterior part of the main body of the male gland mass appears to correspond to the large bursa copulatrix, the diverticulum to the oviduct, and the appendix is identical in shape and position with the receptaculum seminis .\nthere are only few accounts on the anatomy of hydrocenids. most recently, bernasconi (1995) described radula, stomach and intestine, and the genitalia of georissa papuana bernasconi, 1995 from the western province of papua new guinea. while the traits of the digestive system are in accordance with our findings, the organization of the genitalia appears to be considerably different. in females, the oviduct is distally thickened before entering the female gland mass. the seminal receptacle is connected to the female gland mass and the bursa copulatrix is globular and has a relatively narrower and longer duct than our species. the male genitalia of g. papuana lack the blind extension of the main body of the gland mass as well as the small appendix. what we call the diverticulum in the species from borneo is much shorter in g. papuana .\nberry' s (1965) description of the genitalia of hydrocena monterosatiana godwin - austen & nevill, 1879 from peninsular malaysia is more similar to bernasconi' s than to our findings. berry did not find a seminal recaptacle in females, assuming that what he identified as receptacle was in fact the bursa copulatrix. the male genitalia have two diverticula, one distal, close to the genital pore, the other one in a more central position. the small appendix of the bornean species seems lacking as well .\nin contrast, thiele' s (1910) description of the female genitalia of hydrocena cattaroensis (l. pfeiffer, 1841) from montenegro, based on the manual reconstruction of histological serial sections, is very similar to our results. the only difference is the receptaculum seminis arising directly from the female gland mass and not from the distal oviduct as in our georissa species. thiele also investigated the remaining organ systems, but gave only verbal descriptions, or at best figures of sections. therefore, further comparisons were too difficult .\nthe distinct differences in genital anatomy discussed above suggest that more than two genera are involved. since we also found anatomical differences between very closely related species, we assume that dissections will be of general use for species - level taxonomy of hydrocenids (see thompson & dance, 1983; scott & kenny, 1998). a revision of the family should be based on a phylogenetic analysis of sequence data in combination with anatomy and morphology. such a comprehensive analysis would also provide insight into the evolution and biogeographic history of this enigmatic family of neritopsine land snails .\nwe thank the sabah forestry department and the village head of kampung labang for giving permission to do research in the sepulut forest reserve and sanaron cave. annabel cabanban helped during the fieldwork and karin ulmen assisted at the sem. we are grateful to an anonymous referee for constructive comments on an earlier version of this paper .\nnon - camaenid land snails of the kimberley and northern territory, australia. i. systematics, affinities and ranges\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford. it furthers the university' s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription .\nmelbourne, fla. , etc. , american malacologists, inc. , etc .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site. please turn it on before proceeding .\nthe earliest unequivocal record of the order neritopsina is late sularian - devonian (428–374 million years ago). earlier ordovician records are based on protoconch and adult shell similarities. the neritopsina were noted as being very distinct from other\narchaeogastropods\nin the early twentieth century, but only since the 1970s has that placement been broadly accepted .\nneritopsina coil their shells differently than other coiled gastropods and therefore lack a central shell axis, the columella, and most species absorb the internal partitions of the shell as they grow, permitting the snail' s body to be more limpet - like rather than coiled, irrespective of its shell .\nin vetigastropods groups (e. g. , fissurelloidea and haliotoidea). the most common marine form is a coiled limpet - like morphology with a flat shelf posterior to the aperture. this porcelanous shelf is often ridged, forming tooth - like structures. shell sculpture varies widely from simple concentric growth lines to taxa with heavy radial ribbing. several freshwater species have spines that extend from the penultimate whorl, and are often covered by a dark, thick periostracum. most species have a calcium carbonate operculum that is used to cover the aperture, and the operculum has an apophysis, or spur, on the internal surface. the animals are supple and they have a single pair of cephalic tentacles (hydrocenid species lack tentacles, but the eyes are stalked). some deepwater and limpet - like taxa bear sensory epipodial tentacles .\nthe neritopsine female reproductive system is complex, with multiple openings, fertilization is internal, and a muscular copulatory structure is typically found on the right side of the head; a penis is lacking in the terrestrial groups. spermatophores to facilitate sperm transfer are present and sperm morphology is also distinct in the group. gelatinous egg capsules are produced and these may be further packaged into calcium carbonate - impregnated egg masses. free - living veliger larvae are planktotrophic, but direct development is present in some freshwater species and in all terrestrial taxa. the neritopsine radula is rhipdoglossate, as in the cocculiniformia and vetigastropoda .\nneritopsines are generally small - to medium - sized gastropods, and range between 0. 07–1. 5 in (2–40 mm), a relatively small size range within the gastropoda. external color patterns are variable from solid dark and light colors to bright greens. shell markings are often geometrical in zigzag shapes. terrestrial neritopsines often have bright color markings and glossy shells, while others are more subdued, mottled, and blend into their habitats well .\nneritopsines are distributed worldwide and have radiated and diversified throughout all tropical and subtropical oceans of the world. terrestrial species are also distributed worldwide, primarily in the tropics. more temperate taxa occur in the freshwater systems of europe and asia, and terrestrially in both the old and new worlds .\nmating behavior of neritopsines is poorly known. because of the presence of separate sexes and copulatory structures, some mating behavior is likely present in this group. clustering is one of the most common behaviors seen in intertidal neritopsines and the clusters are thought to reduce risks of both predation and desiccation. in these multilayered clusters, water loss is reduced and evaporative cooling helps regulate body temperature. nerites are also known to have trail - following behavior; they can follow both their own and conspecifics' mucus trails on the substrate. these trails may be important in relocating microhabitats for both feeding and resting, and may play a role in building aggregations .\ndisplay behaviors are unknown in the neritopsines, but the anti - predator responses to other predatory gastropods include shell elevation, rotations, flailing of tentacles, and rapid movement. territorial behavior, or defense of a home range, is also unknown. most activity patterns in intertidal species are mediated by light and tidal patterns. up - shore migration is common in intertidal species, with the largest individuals often found at the highest intertidal levels. freshwater taxa with an estuarine or marine larval phase have behaviors that cue the larvae to settle at the mouths of rivers and streams, followed by movement against the flow, literally crawling upstream into the freshwater habitat .\nneritopsines are grazers on algal spores, diatoms, and detritus. some freshwater species such as theodoxus are also carnivorous, feeding on aquatic insect larvae. terrestrial representatives feed on detritus, algal spores, moss, and lichens. deep sea and vent taxa are likely detritivores as well .\nforaging behavior for marine intertidal forms is closely tied to both light and tidal cycles. many intertidal species move only when awash, and not when full exposed to aerial conditions or when completely submerged. movement at low tide at night is often common. many intertidal species also rest at a higher level in the intertidal zone and feed at a lower one .\npredators of neritopsines include crabs, fishes, and other predatory gastropods. several tropical crab species have large, heavy claws that can effortlessly crush the shells of intertidal nerite species. tropical reef fishes are also well equipped to both remove and crush nerites. predatory gastropods are also common predators on neritopsine species, and several species have escape responses to the approach of a carnivorious species .\nlittle is known of the courtship and mating behaviors of neritopsine species. what is known is that the sexes are separate; the female reproductive system is quite complex with as many as three distinct openings into the mantle cavity; and a penis is present in all but the terrestrial species. eggs are laid in gelatinous capsules, either singly or as multiples in an egg mass. in most marine species, the embryos pass through a trochophore stage within the capsule before hatching out as feeding veliger larvae. some freshwater species and all terrestrial species have direct development, and hatch as juvenile snails. there is no record of parental care or brooding in this group, and seasonality in broadcast spawning individuals appears correlated with food availability both for the adults and the larvae. in the freshwater theodoxus species, most of the eggs function as food for the single surviving juvenile .\nthe neritopsina, especially the smaller species, have been used by humans as decorative\nbeads .\nlarger marine species have been used as food items by subsistence gatherers since prehistoric time. freshwater, and some marine, species often serve as intermediate hosts for trematode parasites, and terrestrial species in north america are sometimes considered as agriculture pests .\nglobose, but relatively high - spired shell for the group; strong, spiral ribs, with two large denticles inside aperture. colors range from almost solid dark to cream colored, with sparse dark markings. length 0. 39–0. 59 in (10–15 mm) .\ninternal fertilization (spermatophore); intertidal egg mass impregnated with calcium carbonate and attached to substrata .\ncommon in shell craft, and used as experimental organism in tropical zonation studies .\nglobose, with large penultimate whorl; aperture is oval with raised edge. exterior shell surface primarily smooth with weak spiral grooves, black to dark brown in color with white blotches and markings. length 0. 23–0. 47 in (6–12 mm) .\nfreshwater river systems and estuaries of western europe and great britain, and drainages into baltic and black seas .\nhistorical distribution substantially reduced by pollution, but currently returning to rivers and tributaries. not listed by the iucn .\nponder, w. f .\nsuperorder neritopsina .\nin mollusca: the southern synthesis. part b, fauna of australia, vol. 5, edited by p. l. beesley, g. j. b. ross, and a. wells. melbourne, australia: csiro publishing, 1998 .\nbourne, g. c .\ncontributions to the morphology of the group neritiacea of aspidobranch gastropods. part i. the neritidae .\nproceedings of the zoological society of london (1908): 810–887 .\n—— .\ncontributions to the morphology of the group neritiacea of aspidobranch gastropods. part ii. the helcinidae .\nproceedings of the zoological society of london (1911): 759–809 .\nneritopsina (nerites and relatives) .\ngrzimek' s animal life encyclopedia. . encyclopedia. com. (july 10, 2018). urltoken\nneritopsina (nerites and relatives) .\ngrzimek' s animal life encyclopedia. . retrieved july 10, 2018 from urltoken urltoken\nurltoken gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the modern language association (mla), the chicago manual of style, and the american psychological association (apa) .\nwithin the “cite this article” tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list .\nbecause each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, urltoken cannot guarantee each citation it generates. therefore, it’s best to use urltoken citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication’s requirements and the most - recent information available at these sites :\nmost online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. therefore, that information is unavailable for most urltoken content. however, the date of retrieval is often important. refer to each style’s convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates .\nin addition to the mla, chicago, and apa styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1. 1 / / en\n“this species is readily distinguishable by the shouldered character of the two last whorls, and the crispate keel which marks the cingulation, and the second carina upon the body - whorl. the above description is taken from smaller specimens than the two described by colonel godwin - austen. ” (e. a. smith, 1894 )\n“wühl nächstverwandt mit blanfordiana stol. , zumal durch den mangel einer spiralskulptur, da unter der lupe nicht, kaum unter dem mikroskope stellenweise spuren feinster spiralstreifen wahrzunehmen sind; unterscheidet sich aber durch bedeutendere grösse und ½ umgang mehr, sowie durch die gleichmässig lebhaft mennig - fast zinnoberrothe farbe auch von dieser art; durch grösse ebenfalls von mancher andern smith' schen. um von dem breiten columellarrand zu geschweigen. ” (gredler, 1902 )\ngodwin - austen (1889) original descriptions on georissa hosei – “shell elongately conoid, rather solid, imperforate; sculpture ill - defined spiral liration; colour ruddy ochraceous; spire high; apex blunt; suture impressed; whorls 4, sides flat, angulated - above and below on the periphery, the median side of each whorl being parallel with the axis of the shell, more rounded on the last whorl; aperture oval, oblique; peristome simple, somewhat thickened above; columellar margin straight. ”\ngodwin - austen (1889) original descriptions on georissa niahensis – “shell elongately conoid, solid, imperforate; sculpture a very indistinct, ill - defined spiral liration, about 20 on the penultimate whorl, upon a rough surface crossed by transverse lines of growth; colour ruddy ochre; spire high; apex pointed, finely papillate, minutely lirate; suture impressed; whorls 4½, convex; aperture oval, oblique; peristome simple, acute below; columellar margin straight. ”\ne. a. smith (1894) descriptions on georissa hosei – “ testa minuta, turbinata, obtecte perforata, rufescens; anfractus 2. 5 - 3, primus iaevis, globosus, penultimus convexus superne humerosus vel carinatus, ultimus quoque carina secunda ad peripheriam cinctus; carinae peculiariter crispatae; anfractus duo ultimi spiraliter striati; apertura semicircularis, longit. totius 0. 5 adaequans; peristoma vix incrassatum, rufum; columella obliqua, rectilinearis, callo supra umbilicum reflexo induta. ”\ngredler (1902) original descriptions on georissa kobelti – “ testa globoso - conoidea, imperforata, solidula, apice mamillato, tota miniata, laevis, sub lente vix spiraliter striatula; anfract. 4, convexi, ultimo ad peripheriam rotundato, amplo, altitudine spiram superante; apertura late semilunari. obliqua, columella quasi recta, lata, excavata; peristoma parum expansum, acutum, albescens, inarginibus raro callo tenuissimo junctis. ”\ngeorissa hosei – “size: maj. diam. 1. 5 mm; alt. axis 1. 9 mm. ” (godwin - austen, 1889); syntype georissa niahensis – “size: maj. diam. 2. 3 mm; alt. axis 3. 6 mm. ” (godwin - austen, 1889); georissa hosei - “longit. 1. 5 mm, diam. 1. 33 mm. apertura 0. 75 longa. ” (e. a. smith, 1894); syntype georissa kobelti - “alt. 3, lat. 2 mm. ” (gredler, 1902 )\ntype locality – “borneo” leg. c. hose, 1889 (godwin - austen, 1889); georissa niahense “niah hills” leg. a. everett (godwin - austen, 1889); georissa kobelti “niah im gebiete von baram” (gredler, 1902) .\nother localities – “jambusan, n. w. borneo” (e. a. smith, 1894 )\nexcept where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license (cc by 4. 0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited .\nwe describe a new stylommatophoran land snail of the family partulidae from palau. the new species has a combination of morphological and ecological characters that do not allow its placement in any existing partulid genus, so we describe a new genus for it. the new genus is characterized by a large (18–23 mm) obese - pupoid shell; smooth protoconch; teleoconch with weak and inconsistent, progressively stronger, striae; last half of body whorl not extending beyond the penultimate whorl; widely expanded and reflexed peristome; relatively long penis, with longitudinal pilasters that fuse apically into a fleshy ridge that divides the main chamber from a small apical chamber; and vas deferens entering and penial - retractor muscle attaching at the apex of the penis. unlike all other partulids, the new species is strictly associated with rocks in contact with the ground. comparing the other three palauan species – currently assigned to partula – to our new genus and to other partulids makes it clear that they require their own genus because their morphology is quite different from that of true partula and from that of all other genera. hence, we resurrect the name palaopartula pilsbry for these snails." ]

{ "text": [ "hydrocenidae is a taxonomic family of minute land snails or cave snails with an operculum , terrestrial gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the clade cycloneritimorpha .", "hydrocenidae are widespread across the palearctis and africa , but reach their highest diversity in the oriental , australian , and oceanian regions .", "the family is poorly known and has not been revised in the past 140 years and as a consequence , the status of the various genus names ( including georissa ) is uncertain .", "hydrocenidae is the only family in the superfamily hydrocenoidea .", "this family has no subfamilies according to the taxonomy of the gastropoda by bouchet & rocroi , 2005 . " ], "topic": [ 2, 13, 26, 2, 26 ] }

[ "hydrocenidae is a taxonomic family of minute land snails or cave snails with an operculum, terrestrial gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the clade cycloneritimorpha. hydrocenidae are widespread across the palearctis and africa, but reach their highest diversity in the oriental, australian, and oceanian regions. the family is poorly known and has not been revised in the past 140 years and as a consequence, the status of the various genus names (including georissa) is uncertain. hydrocenidae is the only family in the superfamily hydrocenoidea. this family has no subfamilies according to the taxonomy of the gastropoda by bouchet & rocroi, 2005." ]

[ "lake leschenaultia, mundaring: address, phone number, lake leschenaultia reviews: 4. 5 / 5\nthe genus leschenaultia is in the family goodeniaceae in the major group angiosperms (flowering plants) .\n​lake leschenaultia is an impressive recreational lake nestled in the scenic bushland of perth hills. offering an abundance of water and land based activities, lake leschenaultia is the perfect place for a family day trip or camping getaway .\nmundaring shire council is considering closing the camping ground at lake leschenaultia as it looks to save $ 1 million .\nthe camping ground at lake leschenaultia, in the perth hills, could be closed as the council looks to cut costs .\nthe plant list includes 9 scientific plant names of species rank for the genus leschenaultia. of these 0 are accepted species names .\nlake leschenaultia was constructed in 1898 as a reservoir to provide water for the steam trains on the eastern railway line to the goldfields .\nthe shire of mundaring is considering closing the popular lake leschenaultia campground in the perth hills in a bid to slash spending by $ 1 million .\nthe shire of mundaring is considering the closure of the popular lake leschenaultia campground in the perth hills in a bid to slash spending by $ 1 million .\nlake leschenaultia is a popular with families but it costs the shire of mundaring $ 400, 000 a year to run. ian munro / the west australian 22nd february 2012\none of those areas was lake leschenaultia, where the council is also examining the cost of running the canoe hire business and the kiosk and whether they could be run privately .\na leschenaultia species in baltimore city, maryland (7 / 13 / 2010). determined by v. belov / bugguide. photo by thomas wilson. (mbp list )\na leschenaultia species in frederick co. , maryland (5 / 3 / 2014). determined by norm woodley / bugguide. photo by mark etheridge. (mbp list )\nshire president david lavell said the majority of lake leschenaultia’s costs were labour for the cafe, canoe hire and camping operations and the maintenance of the park, which is staffed every day .\nlake leschenaultia was built in 1897, and originally known as chidlows well, as a dam by the wa government railway to replenish the steam engines travelling to northam, york and beyond .\nshire president david lavell said the majority of lake leschenaultia’s costs was labour for the cafe, canoe hire and camping operations and the maintenance of the park, which is staffed every day .\na leschenaultia species in cecil co. , maryland (8 / 31 / 2015). determined by john f. carr / bugguide. photo by shannon schade. (mbp list )\na leschenaultia species in prince george' s co. , maryland (3 / 18 / 2016). determined by ben coulter / bugguide. photo by barbara thurlow. (mbp list )\n​located on 168ha of bush land, lake leschenaultia is the perfect spot for a perth hills family camping experience offering excellent campground facilities year round. other facilities include swimming, walk and cycle tracks .\nwhilst the scarlet leschenaultia was once regarded as common between meenaar, meckering and northam, western australia, it is now known only from a few populations in farmland (carolin 1992b). known populations include (atkins 1998b) :\nhospita reinhard, 1952. – new mexico, mexico (toma & guimarães, 2002). – leschenaultia hospita reinhard, 1952a: 7. type data: holotype male (cnc). type locality: mexico, michoacán, zamora .\nmacquarti toma & guimarães, 2002. – arizona (toma & guimarães, 2002). – leschenaultia macquarti toma & guimarães, 2002: 53. type data: holotype male (osu). type locality: usa, arizona, huachuca mountains .\nsabroskyi toma & guimarães, 2002. – california, arizona (toma & guimarães, 2002). – leschenaultia sabroskyi toma & guimarães, 2002: 57. type data: holotype male (osu). type locality: usa, california, san gabriel mountains .\nschineri toma & guimarães, 2002. – oregon, idaho, california (toma & guimarães, 2002). – leschenaultia schineri toma & guimarães, 2002: 57. type data: holotype male (osu). type locality: usa, california, san gabriel mountains .\ni' ve been going to lake leschenaultia every summer since 1992 when we moved to gidgegannup, back then as a young family. over the years the place has been improved. it' s always very well kept, the rangers doing a wonderful job. sandy beach, nice temperature water ...\nthe facilities at lake leschenaultia, which attracted more than 11, 000 camp visitors in 2015 / 16, are forecast to cost $ 760, 000 this financial year, while the cafe, canoe hire and camping fires are expected to generate $ 360, 000, leaving a $ 400, 000 deficit .\ngrossa brooks, 1947. – nevada, arizona, new mexico (toma & guimarães, 2002), california, colorado, mexico (cnc). – leschenaultia grossa brooks, 1947: 176. type data: holotype male (semk). type locality: usa, arizona, huachuca mountains, sunnyside canyon .\nflowers have been recorded from october to january. the fruits are dehiscent capsules, which split open and release seeds. the scarlet leschenaultia is able to regenerate from the rootstock after fire (atkins 1998b) or grazing (durell & buehrig 2001). seed germination is also known to occur after fire (atkins 1998b) .\nleschenaultia robineau - desvoidy, 1830: 324. type species: leschenaultia cilipes robineau - desvoidy, 1830 (= tachina leucophrys wiedemann, 1830), by subsequent designation of townsend, 1916e: 7 [ neotropical ]. blepharipeza macquart, 1844: 211 (also 1844: 54). type species: blepharipeza rufipalpis macquart, 1844 (= tachina leucophrys wiedemann, 1830), by monotypy [ neotropical ]. rileya brauer & bergenstamm, 1893: 33 (also 1894: 121; junior homonym of rileya ashmead, 1888). type species: rileya americana brauer & bergenstamm, 1893, by monotypy. rileymyia townsend, 1893a: 277 (nomen novum for rileya brauer & bergenstamm, 1893). parachaeta coquillett, 1897: 37, 123. type species: blepharipeza bicolor macquart, 1846, by original designation .\nreinhardi toma & guimarães, 2002. – british columbia, oregon, idaho, california, ontario, québec, ohio, tennessee (toma & guimarães, 2002). – leschenaultia reinhardi toma & guimarães, 2002: 55 (named in part for north american leucophrys of authors, including brooks, 1947, not wiedemann, 1830). type data: holotype male (umq). type locality: canada, québec, montréal .\nhalisidotae brooks, 1947. – british columbia, california, arizona, minnesota, wisconsin, ohio, ontario, québec, maine, new york, massachusetts, pennsylvania, new jersey (toma & guimarães, 2002), maryland, virginia (cnc). – leschenaultia halisidotae brooks, 1947: 176. type data: holotype male (cnc). type locality: canada, ontario, galt. type host: lophocampa caryae harris [ published as halisidota caryae ], arctiidae .\nthe scarlet leschenaultia is known from flats, slopes and drainage lines in permanently wet, moist or dry conditions. soils are brown, yellow, white or grey laterites, sands, loams (with gravel) or clays. it occurs in low woodland over low scrub and dwarf scrub (atkins 1998b; durell & buehrig 2001; morrison 1982). where the habitat adjoins paperbark (meleleuca spp .) swamps it is found in association with flooded gum (eucalyptus rudis), wandoo (e. wandoo), slender banksia (banksia attenuata), mohan (melaleuca viminea), jacksonia spp. and other melaleuca spp. (atkins 1998b; brown et al. 1998; durell & buehrig 2001) .\nit looks like your browser does not have javascript enabled. please turn on javascript and try again .\njavascript: commonshowmodaldialog (' { siteurl }' +' / _ layouts / 15 / itemexpiration. aspx' +'? id = { itemid } & list = { listid }',' center: 1; dialogheight: 500px; dialogwidth: 500px; resizable: yes; status: no; location: no; menubar: no; help: no', function gotopageafterclose (pageid) { if (pageid = =' hold') { stsnavigate (unescape (decodeuri (' { siteurl }') ) +' / _ layouts / 15 / hold. aspx' +'? id = { itemid } & list = { listid }'); return false; } if (pageid = =' audit') { stsnavigate (unescape (decodeuri (' { siteurl }') ) +' / _ layouts / 15 / reporting. aspx' +'? category = auditing & backtype = item & id = { itemid } & list = { listid }'); return false; } if (pageid = =' config') { stsnavigate (unescape (decodeuri (' { siteurl }') ) +' / _ layouts / 15 / expirationconfig. aspx' +'? id = { itemid } & list = { listid }'); return false; } }, null) ;\n/ _ layouts / 15 / images / versions. gif? rev = 23\njavascript: sp. ui. modaldialog. showpopupdialog (' { siteurl }' +' / _ layouts / 15 / docsetversions. aspx' +'? list = { listid } & id = { itemid }' )\n/ _ layouts / 15 / images / sendotherloc. gif? rev = 23\njavascript: gotopage (' { siteurl }' +' / _ layouts / 15 / docsetsend. aspx' +'? list = { listid } & id = { itemid }' )\nwe noticed that you' re using an unsupported browser. the tripadvisor website may not display properly. we support the following browsers :\nthe lake is great to visit, the mountain bike track is worth finding and riding, as is a walk ...\nideal place for a swim on a hot day and for family picnic’s... love the swim out pontoon and the ...\ntripadvisor gives a certificate of excellence to accommodations, attractions and restaurants that consistently earn great reviews from travellers .\nthe lake is great to visit, the mountain bike track is worth finding and riding, as is a walk around the lake, approx 3 kms. free barbecues and plenty of nice places to sit and relax after a bit of outdoor fun makes it a ...\nideal place for a swim on a hot day and for family picnic’s... love the swim out pontoon and the fact you can hire a little boat\nalways a great time here with kayaks, the pontoon and ducks although sometimes the warm water can cause issues. need more healthy food options, sushi, vegetarian foods etc and syo milk .\ni had booked at reflection cafe for mothers day as they advertised on face book page havnt been there since i was a kid. rocked up luckily not busy as they hadnt put a reserved sign on table! ! recommend the cafe the food was excellent ...\nvery impressed with the surroundings and being so close to nature. our friends from britain loved the whole experience. there was easy access to all areas, including a ramp as well as steps leading to the cafe. a beach wheelchair was also provided .\nlocals call it\nthe lake\nand it is a very pleasant spot for a day out. the water is a bit cool but certainly great for a dip. the cafe is serviceable although the young attendant could have been happier... probably been putting up with some ...\nexcellent customer service and definitely friendly as well as helpful. safe for children and facilities are always clean and well maintained. will highly recommend especially to those that need a quick break away\nfirst time here and loved it. we booked 5 nights camping and had such a relaxing time. the lake is lovely, easy swimming with sand access, there is a pontoon, playground, plenty of shade, toilets and a cafe. we took a canoe (you can also ...\nthe cafe is not open during the week. there are many picnic tables some under cover. the lake is attractive\nnote: your question will be posted publicly on the questions & answers page .\nis it safe to visit at night? i am planning to get away from the city lights and take pictures of the milky way .\nthe gates are shut at 6pm so unless you are camping it will be closed. it' s a nice safe place😀\n* tripadvisor llc is not a booking agent and does not charge any service fees to users of our site... (\ntripadvisor llc is not responsible for content on external web sites. taxes, fees not included for deals content .\ntripadvisor gives a certificate of excellence to accommodations, attractions and restaurants that consistently earn great reviews from travelers .\nthis review is the subjective opinion of a tripadvisor member and not of tripadvisor llc .\nthere are numerous shelters dotted around the lake, grassed areas, sandy beaches and playground equipment .\ncanoe hire and kiosk, serving light meals, opens on saturdays, sundays, school and public holidays from 10am to 3pm .\nshelters and areas can be hired for exclusive use. campsite, area and shelter bookings can be made by calling mundaring visitor centre .\nhire a canoe for a few hours or take the three kilometre walk trail around the lake to explore the area on foot. you may get to see some of the numerous species of native birds, kangaroos, possums or echidnas that live in the area. those with extra energy can try the 10 kilometres of off - road bush cycling trails .\nthe white sandy beaches make it easy to access the calm waters where children of all ages can enjoy paddling or swimming in safety. older kids will love jumping off the lake pontoon !\nmake the most of the excellent picnic and barbeque facilities or lunch at reflections café near the water’s edge. then settle back on the shaded lawn while the children have fun in the playground .\nthis peaceful setting, surrounded by magnificent native trees and wildflowers, is ideal for overnight camping and a great base to explore perth hills. shelters and lawn areas can be hired for exclusive use. campsite, lawn and shelter bookings can be made by calling mundaring visitor centre .\nthe popular picnic and swimming spot, 45 minutes from perth, has 23 campsites and is managed by the council .\nlistener sarah (who did not want her surname published) contacted abc radio perth after a camping trip over the labour day long weekend when a ranger told her that the council was planning to quietly close the site after easter .\nshe said she was\nextremely disappointed\nabout the plan to close the site, which her family has camped at for the past five years .\nwe choose this place as it is only 45 minutes from where we live, so if everything goes pear - shaped, which can easily happen with young children, or the weather turns nasty, it' s not difficult to get home ,\nshe said .\nwe were advised that the camping grounds are at capacity most long weekends and school holidays and the park is often bustling with young families, as it was this weekend .\nwe were horrified [ by the closure news ] because we' ve really enjoyed it .\nshire chief executive jonathan throssell said that while the council was considering a range of savings measures, including closing the campground, no final decision had been made .\nthe task in front of council is a large one in order to respond to community expectations around reducing the level of forecast rates increases ,\nmr throssell said .\nwe had a series of workshops and the last one identified a number of areas where councillors believed that we needed to reduce or stop delivering service .\nthe lake runs at a deficit of about $ 400, 000 a year ,\nhe said .\nso we are looking at ways of reducing the deficit, which means we either stop providing the services or outsourcing those commercial activities .\ncommunity consultation on all the council' s cost - saving proposals will start in a week' s time .\nit will include a statistically valid survey and looking at particular user groups ,\nmr throssell said .\nwhat we are seeking to do is identify at least $ 1 million of reduction in expenditure in order for us to deliver a rates increase of just 3 per cent .\nit' s a wonderful place and we will continue to maintain it as a place to visit ,\nmr throssell said .\nno decisions have been made; the council will decide, at the earliest, in june .\nabc radio perth received a large number of messages from listeners who wanted to see the camping ground at the lake kept open .\nsuch a shame as we haven' t camped there yet but we were planning to ,\ncarolyn said via sms .\nmaybe it' s not going to be available to us .\nlisten to the people ,\nken added .\nmundaring shire really needs a big shake up in some areas .\nabsolutely disgusted with the shire decision. our rates have recently been hiked ,\nanother wrote .\nif you have inside knowledge of a topic in the news, contact the abc .\nabc teams share the story behind the story and insights into the making of digital, tv and radio content .\nforeign correspondent joined perth scientist david goodall, 104, to record an intimate portrayal of his last days as he crossed the globe to farewell family and campaign for his last rights .\nshe was born a heroin addict. she had a son at 16 and later lost custody of him. but her story is one of hope .\nboris johnson has resigned as british foreign minister. look back on his outlandish stunts and undiplomatic moments with our quiz .\nmaybe it was the memes, or gareth southgate' s canny management, or maybe some people just want to watch the world burn, but it looks like australians are barracking for england to win the world cup .\nthis service may include material from agence france - presse (afp), aptn, reuters, aap, cnn and the bbc world service which is copyright and cannot be reproduced .\nthe picnic and swimming spot, which is a 168 - hectare reserve with 23 campsites, is a magnet for families at weekends and during the school holidays, but costs the council $ 400, 000 a year to run .\nin a bid to reduce a projected rate rise of five per cent to a more palatable three per cent, the council has been looking at which services can be cut .\n“mundaring shire councillors are aware that there is some concern in the community about rates and are willing to test proposals that would address this, ” he said .\n“following a series of workshops, councillors have prioritised areas in which they believe a reduction in services could help achieve lower rate increases. these are genuine proposals to reduce service levels and costs with as little negative impact as possible. ”\nthe council would consider outsourcing the cafe, canoe hire and campsite to private operators .\nmr lavell said the council would consider outsourcing the cafe, canoe hire and campsite to private operators .\n“it is possible other operators can offer the services which will provide a savings for the shire as well as maintaining the services on offer for the community and visitors, ” he said .\nmr lavell said the proposal would see the forecast rate increase for 2017 / 18 drop from an average of $ 75 per household to $ 45. community consultation on this and other potential cost - saving measures will begin next week and any changes will not take place before july 1 .\n“the areas identified for consideration by councillors include new infrastructure, under - utilised facilities, events, community services and the possibility of outsourcing commercial activities, ” he said .\n© the west australian and seven west media (wa). all rights reserved .\nsee\nstatus\n,\nconfidence level\n,\nsource\nfor definitions .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click' save settings' to activate your changes .\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nlike other members of tribe goniini, lays micro - type eggs on food plants of hosts near feeding damage, which are then accidentally consumed by host caterpillars. the eggs hatch upon ingestion, and larvae develop inside the caterpillar .\nadusta (loew, 1872). – california, arizona, new mexico, mexico (toma & guimarães, 2002), british columbia (cnc). – blepharipeza adusta loew, 1872: 92 (genus spelled blepharopeza, in error). type data: holotype male (mcz). type locality: usa, california .\narachnis picta packard, ecpantheria deflorata (fabricius), estigmene acrea (drury), halisidota argentata packard, halisidota caryae (harris), halisidota harrisii walsh, halisidota maculata (harris), halisidota tessellaris (j. e. smith), hemihyalea edwardsi (packard )\nmalacosoma californicum californicum (packard), malacosoma constrictum (h. edwards), malacosoma disstria hübner\namericana (brauer & bergenstamm, 1893). – british columbia, alberta, idaho, montana, oregon, california, arizona (toma & guimarães, 2002), new mexico, mexico, saskatchewan (cnc). – rileya americana brauer & bergenstamm, 1893: 33, 116 (also 1894: 121, 204). type data: lectotype male (usnm), by fixation of townsend, 1941: 84 (mention of\nht male\nis regarded as a lectotype fixation). type locality: usa, california, sonoma. – rileymyia triseta brooks, 1947: 181. type data: holotype male (cnc). type locality: canada, british columbia, victoria .\nmalacosoma californicum californicum (packard), malacosoma californicum pluviale (dyar), malacosoma constrictum (h. edwards), malacosoma disstria hübner, malacosoma spp. (including m. californicum pluviale (dyar) and / or m. disstria hübner), malacosoma spp .\nbicolor (macquart, 1846). – texas, iowa, ohio, ontario, québec, mexico, brazil, argentina (toma & guimarães, 2002), kansas to maine and maryland (s & a; , 1965, distribution for fusca), south carolina (cnc). – blepharipeza bicolor macquart, 1846: 286 (also 1846: 158). type data: type (s) female (whereabouts unknown). type locality: usa, texas, galveston. – parachaeta fusca townsend, 1916e: 11. type data: holotype male (usnm). type locality: usa, new york .\nexul (townsend, 1892). – ontario, québec, new brunswick, maine, new hampshire, new york, massachusetts, connecticut, new jersey, maryland (toma & guimarães, 2002), alberta, saskatchewan, mississippi, south carolina (cnc), west virginia, virginia (wvu). – tachina incauta harris, 1835: 599. nomen nudum. – blepharipeza exul townsend, 1892d: 64. type data: holotype female (semk). type locality: usa, new hampshire .\nfulvipes (bigot, 1887). – british columbia, saskatchewan, washington, idaho, wyoming, california, arizona, new mexico, texas (toma & guimarães, 2002), oregon, manitoba, québec, maryland, west virginia (cnc), tennessee (fsca), virginia (wvu). – blepharipeza fulvipes bigot, 1887: cxl (also 1887: cxl, bull. soc. ent. france). type data: holotype female [ not male as published ] (bmnh). type locality: usa ,\nwashington territory .\n– blepharipeza rufescens townsend, 1892a: 90. type data: holotype female (semk). type locality: usa, ? maryland .\nmalacosoma californicum (packard), malacosoma californicum fragile (stretch), malacosoma californicum ssp. (intermediate between m. californicum lutescens (neumoegen & dyar) and m. californicum pluviale (dyar) ), malacosoma incurvum incurvum (h. edwards )\nhemileuca lucina h. edwards, hemileuca maia (drury), hemileuca spp. (including h. lucina h. edwards and / or h. maia (drury) )\nhalisidota argentata packard, halisidota caryae (harris), halisidota harrisii walsh, halisidota maculata (harris), halisidota tessellaris (j. e. smith )\npaonias excaecata (j. e. smith), sphinx chersis (hübner )\narnaud, p. h. , jr. 1978. a host - parasite catalog of north american tachinidae (diptera). united states department of agriculture. miscellaneous publication 1319: 1–860 .\n* host names (family and species) have not been changed from those given in arnaud (1978). each host is listed under the appropriate current tachinid name, with the tachinid name used in arnaud (1978) cited if different from the current one. for more information about arnaud (1978), and to see a complete list of tachinid names used in that work and their modern equivalents, click here .\nfirst published on the internet on 8 july 2009 last update: 22 october 2013 web page design by j. e. o' hara web page construction by s. j. henderson\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nfor information to assist regulatory considerations, refer to policy statements and guidelines, the conservation advice, the listing advice and / or the recovery plan .\ndepartment of the environment, water, heritage and the arts (2008) .\n. canberra: department of the environment, water, heritage and the arts. available from :\nrecovery plan not required, included on the not commenced list (1 / 11 / 2009) .\nthreatened flora of the western central wheatbelt (collins, j. , 2009) [ state species management plan ] .\ndeclared rare and poorly known flora in the narrogin district (durell, g. s. & r. m. buehrig, 2001) [ state species management plan ] .\ndeclared rare flora in the katanning district (graham, m. & m. mitchell, 2000) [ state species management plan ] .\nedwards' s botanical register - - appendix to vols 1 - 23: a sketch of the vegetation of the swan river colony (1 dec. 1839) xxvii .\nthe distribution shown is generalised from the departments species of national environmental significance dataset. this is an indicative distribution map of the present distribution of the species based on best available knowledge. some species information is withheld in line with sensitive species polices. see map caveat for more information .\nan erect, multi - branched, bushy shrub 30–70 cm high and 20–30 cm wide with many of the branches curving inwards and sometimes suckering. the scarlet lechenaultia has small, fine leaves 5–11 mm long, which are densely crowded, terete (cylindrical but usually slightly tapering at both ends) and fleshy in appearance. the bark is rough except on new growth .\nsolitary flowers occur at the ends of branches, with sepals (modified leaves acting as petals) 5–7. 5 mm long and a corolla (petals fused together to form a tube) 19–23 mm long, scarlet to orange - red in colour, and densely hairy and usually orange on the inside. the petal lobes have broad wings with a small point between. the inside of the petals are hairy at the base. two of the petals are erect above the corolla tube but not joined. the style (part of the female reproductive organs) is straight, 13. 5–19. 5 mm long, and sparsely covered with glandular hairs. the fruit is 17–29 mm long (carolin 1992b; durell & buehrig 2001; graham & mitchell 2000) .\nthe scarlet lechenaultia is a pioneer species in disturbed areas (graham & mitchell 2000) including disturbed areas in farmland (atkins 1998b; brown et al. 1998) .\nthe scarlet lechenaultia is threatened by clearing for farmlands. it colonises disturbed sites, but growth and germination is often suppressed by weeds (brown et al. 1998). it is known to tolerate some grazing as evidenced by observed re - sprouting in one population after grazing (durell & buehrig 2001). however, heavy grazing may be detrimental .\nprolonged drought caused high levels of mortality in the 1990s (atkins 1998b). the ongoing impact of this threat is not known. the taxon' s response to salinity or the root - rot fungus, phytophthora cinnamomi, are not known .\nconduct further surveys on similar soil and vegetation types, especially on conservation reserves throughout its natural range .\natkins, k. j. (1998b). final report to the rfa on the projects: a - distribution of species of special interest; b - assessment of the conservation status of insufficiently known flora and ecological communities and threatened taxa and ecological communities. page (s) 1 - 20. calm, wa .\nbrown, a. , c. thomson - dans & n. marchant, eds. (1998). western australia' s threatened flora. como, western australia: department of conservation and land management .\ncarolin, r. c. (1992b). goodenia. in: flora of australia. 35: 147 - 281. canberra: agps .\ncouncil of heads of australasian herbaria (chah) (2010). australian plant census. australian national herbarium, australian national botanic gardens and australian biological resources study. available from: urltoken .\ndurell, g. s. & r. m. buehrig (2001). declared rare and poorly known flora in the narrogin district. perth, western australia: department of conservation and land management. available from: urltoken .\ngraham, m. & m. mitchell (2000). declared rare flora in the katanning district. western australia department of conservation and land management. available from: urltoken .\nmorrison, d. a. (1982). lechenaultia. in: flora of australia. 35: 17 - 34. canberra: agps .\ncommonwealth of australia (2000). declaration under s178, s181, and s183 of the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 - list of threatened species, list of threatened ecological communities and list of threatening processes. f2005b02653. canberra: federal register of legislative instruments. available from: urltoken. in effect under the epbc act from 16 - jul - 2000 .\ndepartment of the environment and heritage (deh) (2006mu). lechenaultia laricina in species profile and threats (sprat) database. unpublished species profile. canberra, act: deh. available from: urltoken .\nepbc act email updates can be received via the communities for communities newsletter and the epbc act newsletter .\ncitation: department of the environment (2018). lechenaultia laricina in species profile and threats database, department of the environment, canberra. available from: urltoken. accessed tue, 10 jul 2018 21: 05: 00 + 1000 .\ndeclared rare or poorly known flora in the geraldton district (patrick, s. j. , 2001) [ state species management plan ] .\ncitation: department of the environment (2018). lechenaultia chlorantha in species profile and threats database, department of the environment, canberra. available from: urltoken. accessed tue, 10 jul 2018 20: 16: 07 + 1000 .\nuse of images featured on maryland biodiversity project is only permitted with express permission of the photographer." ]

{ "text": [ "leschenaultia is a genus of flies in the family tachinidae .", "it may be synonymous with the genus harrisia , but the type material of harrisia has been lost , hindering comparisons .", "leschenaultia comprises 32 species , distributed across the americas :" ], "topic": [ 26, 26, 6 ] }

[ "leschenaultia is a genus of flies in the family tachinidae. it may be synonymous with the genus harrisia, but the type material of harrisia has been lost, hindering comparisons. leschenaultia comprises 32 species, distributed across the americas:" ]

[ "chasse aux daphnies et cyclops d' enneacampus ansorgii, très beau syngnathe d' eau douce .\nthere are no species - specific conservation measures in place for enneacampus ansorgii. it' s not known if the species occurs in any protected areas, and it is not mentioned in any international legislation or trade regulations .\nthe african freshwater, or dwarf red snout, pipefish, enneacampus ansorgii, is exotic and rare enough that even expert aquarists assume it is more at home on a coral reef than in a clear freshwater stream 100 miles from the ocean. now this sometimes brilliantly pigmented little species is being bred in captivity and is starting to enter the aquarium trade .\ndawson, c. e. 1981. notes on west african pipefishes (syngnathidae), with description of enneacampus, n. gen. proc. biol. soc. wash. : 464 - 478 .\nto date there have been no dedicated surveys or population estimates for enneacampus ansorgii. the species is likely to be declining based on habitat degradation and loss. it was detected in the kouilou basin in 1991 and 2007 (tuegels et al. 1991, stiassny et al. 2007), but not in 2014 (walsh et al. 2014). further research is needed in order to determine population size and trends in abundance for this species .\nhusbandry accounts suggest that wild specimens are certainly difficult to keep alive, generally requiring live foods such as live brine shrimp, blackworms, daphnia, cyclops, and even the fry of livebearers. wolfgang löll makes a compelling argument that live glassworms are the best food for pipefishes such as e. ansorgii because they survive for several days in the aquarium and will tolerate slightly brackish water .\nwhile this certainly isn’t the first time this species has been successfully bred in captivity, this commercial availability represents a potential shift in our perception of the species. just as captive - bred marine seahorses are infinitely better suited to captive foods and life in an aquarium, these captive - bred e. ansorgii were feeding on frozen cyclops (cyclop - eeze ®), and might be weaned to small, high - protein pellet foods or potentially even flake food. truly, commercially viable captive - bred specimens may well redefine these species .\nin march of 2013, segrest farms in gibsonton, florida, announced the arrival and almost immediate sell - out (within 24 hours) of captive - bred e. ansorgii. these fish came in at a 3–4 - inch (7. 5–10 - cm) size, which is close to the maximum adult size of 5–6 inches (12–15 cm), and were not produced by florida or asian fish farms, as many aquarists suspected, but actually made their way to north america from the czech republic, likely via a small - scale specialist breeder .\naquarium literature, where this fish was formerly known as sygnathus ansorgii (boulanger, 1910), generally suggests that the inclusion of salt is helpful for this species, although it is clear that some populations of the species have no contact with anything remotely close to a marine environment. a general rule is to house them in a small species tank in slightly brackish water or a. 5 - percent sea salt solution. their reported range includes the ogooue river of gabon, cameroon, and equatorial guinea. (american aquarist and award - winning breeder ted judy reports collecting males brooding eggs in pure, freshwater river conditions in gabon .) they produce relatively large offspring .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nbousso, t. , da costa, l. , lalèyè, p. & moelants, t .\nthis species is present in rivers, streams and swamps along the western coast of africa from the gambia river drainage (gambia) to the quanza river (angola) (dawson 1981) .\nthis species has not been specifically noted in trade. globally, other pipefishes are often traded for use in aquariums and traditional medicines (vincent et al. 2011), and seahorses are traded heavily for such purposes in parts of west africa (cisneros - montemayor et al. 2015). this species may be involved, but levels of offtake are unknown .\nthreats to this species include mostly habitat degradation, including dams, water diversion, and point source pollution, which have been assessed as extensive in parts of this species' range (thieme et al. 2005). pipefishes in the region are known to be traded for use in aquariums and traditional medicine, but at unknown levels (cisneros - montemayor in litteris 2016) .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nnow available are some very nice african freshwater pipefish! if you have any questions or would like to purchase one please contact us for more information. we can ship anywhere in the usa. live arrival guaranteed with all express shipments. tropiquatics 2519 7th ave. e. north st. paul, mn 55109 usa 651 - 330 - 1635 tropiquatics @ urltoken urltoken you can also find us on urltoken for more photos and updates on new shipments! don' t forget to add and like us !\nfreshwater pipefish, easier to keep than you might think... . basic instructions in video discription\nmy predator freshwater tank... arowana, gar, bichir, and knife fish\ngiant freshwater pufferfish / mbu pufferfish (tetraodon mbu), s. e. a. aquarium, singapore\npd: an elongated, snake - like species having a body encased in a series of bony rings. there are no pelvic fins present, and the anal fin is very small. the mouth is small and tube - shaped. the dorsal fin is located far back on the body. the caudal fin is small and fan - shaped. the back is dark brown and the flanks are light brown. the belly region is blood red in color. the body may be marked with small, irregular yellow spots .\n. it can reach 8\n( 20 cm). other freshwater / brackish water species that are not commonly available: the short - tail or red - line pipefish (\ntank: a 36\n( 91 cm) or 35 - 45 gallon (132 - 170 l) tank is sufficient. the tank should have a sand, preferably coral sand, substrate and be in a location that receives morning sun. plant the tank heavily with plants that can tolerate the slightly brackish water conditions. the filter should create a moderate current and the tank must be well aerated .\nwater: ph 7 - 8 (7. 5), 10 - 25 dh (20), 75 - 82°f (24 - 28°c). a 0. 5% addition of salt is recommended. add 4 tsp of salt to every 10 gallons (5 g / 10 l) .\nsb: this delicate species must be combined only with other calm species that will not compete for food. like all pipefish, this species forms a patriarchal family .\nsex: the male has a stomach ridge that becomes a breeding pouch during spawning season .\nb: the female spawns above the the males brooding pouch. the eggs stick to his anal opening are covered by two lateral folds which form the sac. the eggs remain in the male' s pouch for several months .\nremarks: the prey is sucked into the mouth by a vacuum created by the simultaneous closing of the gill covers and the mouth. when the mouth is opened the vacuum is created. this species requires favorable water conditions and frequent partial water changes to prosper .\ndc: 8. this delicate species is sensitive to water conditions and disease. it requires live foods and is best kept in a species tank. this species requires the addition of salt .\ncarbon dioxide (co2) emissions generated from urltoken operations (server, data transfer, travel) are mitigated through an association with anthrotect, an organization working with afro - indigenous and embera communities to protect forests in colombia' s darien region. anthrotect is protecting the habitat of mongabay' s mascot: the scale - crested pygmy tyrant .\nrainforest\nis used interchangeably with\nrain forest\non this site .\njungle\nis generally not used .\nadults occur in coastal rivers and streams (ref. 4127), and swamps (ref. 57226). ovoviviparous (ref. 205). the male carries the eggs in a brood pouch which is found under the tail (ref. 205) .\nafrica: gambia river drainage to the cuanza river, angola (ref. 4127 )\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nnew, red captive - bred african freshwater pipefish. image by mike tuccinardi / segrest farms .\naccording to hans - georg evers, editor of amazonas in germany, this species has been bred for decades in eastern europe, and many color variations are seen, but full - red specimens are new to the marketplace .\nwild specimen collected in gabon by breeder ted judy displays more typical greenish coloration. image courtesy ted judy .\nthe overall red coloration is apparently the result of year’s of captive - breeding by czech aquarists. limited commercial availability is coming. image by mike tuccinardi / segrest farms .\nsegrest’s mike tuccinardi suggests that “it’s unlikely they’ll be a regular stock item, but it wouldn’t be out of the question to see them in some of the more specialized local fish stores across the country over the next few months. we are sold out right now, but we’ll be bringing in more soon. ” he adds, “as for care, treat them as you would their saltwater cousins—avoid boisterous or aggressive tankmates, give them lots of cover, and feed them frequently. ”\nmatt pedersen is a sr. editor and associate publisher with reef to rainforest media, llc, including amazonas & coral magazines. matt has kept aquariums for 35 years, has worked in most facets of the aquarium trade, is an active aquarist and fish breeder (both marine and freshwater), and was recognized with the 2009 masna award as the masna aquarist of the year .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services." ]

{ "text": [ "enneacampus ansorgii , the african freshwater pipefish , is a pipefish in the family syngnathidae ( pipefishes and seahorses . it is widely distributed in coastal rivers and streams of western africa , being found in both slow and fast flowing water ." ], "topic": [ 13 ] }

[ "enneacampus ansorgii, the african freshwater pipefish, is a pipefish in the family syngnathidae (pipefishes and seahorses. it is widely distributed in coastal rivers and streams of western africa, being found in both slow and fast flowing water." ]

[ "embed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - whiskered pitta (pitta kochi )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - whiskered pitta (pitta kochi )\ntitle =\narkive species - whiskered pitta (pitta kochi )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe whiskered pitta is found only on the island of luzon in the philippines (2), where it occurs in the mountainous areas of the cordillera central, sierra madre and bicol regions (5) .\nkari pihlaviita marked the finnish common name\ntammipitta\nfrom\npitta kochi bruggemann 1876\nas trusted .\nnests of the whiskered pitta have been reported situated on the ground, or in a bush no more than one metre above the forest floor (2). local people have reported that this small bird lays its eggs in early february, march and may, and adult whiskered pittas have been observed carrying food, presumably to feed their young, in april (6) .\nalong with hydrornis, previously included in pitta, but genetic study # r suggests that recognition of three genera is more appropriate .\nnumbers of the whiskered pitta are thought to be declining (2), the result of extensive habitat loss compounded by local hunting (5). all of the philippine islands were once entirely forested (7), but as of 1988, only an estimated 24 percent of luzon’s forest remained (5). the collection of rattan (palms that are widely used in furniture making), chainsaw logging, and the clearance of forest for agriculture have all impacted the habitat of the whiskered pitta (6). plans to build major roads also pose a threat to this species (5) .\na ground - dwelling inhabitant of montane and submontane forest, the whiskered pitta is found between 300 and 2, 350 metres, and shows a preference for areas with dense undergrowth on steep slopes. it tolerates areas of forest which have been selectively logged and degraded, and is often found in areas where wild pigs are also present (2) .\nlike all pittas, this philippine species forages for food on the forest floor, flicking aside dead leaves with its bill and digging into the moist soil (2) (6), often watching and listening with its head cocked to one side (2). it is known to feed on small beetles, but may also feed on other invertebrates living in the soil and leaf litter (2). often found in areas inhabited by wild pigs, the whiskered pitta may take advantage of the holes dug by the pigs, which exposes potential food (2). nests of the whiskered pitta have been reported situated on the ground, or in a bush no more than one metre above the forest floor (2). local people have reported that this small bird lays its eggs in early february, march and may, and adult whiskered pittas have been observed carrying food, presumably to feed their young, in april (6) .\nerritzoe, j. & sharpe, c. j. (2018). whiskered pitta (erythropitta kochi). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018) .\nlike all pittas, this philippine species forages for food on the forest floor, flicking aside dead leaves with its bill and digging into the moist soil (2) (6), often watching and listening with its head cocked to one side (2). it is known to feed on small beetles, but may also feed on other invertebrates living in the soil and leaf litter (2). often found in areas inhabited by wild pigs, the whiskered pitta may take advantage of the holes dug by the pigs, which exposes potential food (2) .\nclassified as vulnerable (vu) on the iucn red list (1) and listed on appendix i of cites (3) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. if you are able to help please contact: arkive @ urltoken\nendemic a species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area. invertebrates animals with no backbone .\ndel hoyo, j. , elliott, a. and sargatal, j. (2003) handbook of the birds of the world volume 8: broadbills to tapaculos. lynx edicions, barcelona .\nbirdlife international. (2001) threatened birds of asia, the birdlife international red data book. birdlife international, cambridge, uk .\nbirdlife international. (2003) saving asia' s threatened birds: a guide for government and civil society. birdlife international, cambridge, uk .\nmanila times. (2007) only in the philippines. manila times, 108: 1 - .\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no. 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 (c) (3) non - profit organisation in the usa\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo, j. , collar, n. j. , christie, d. a. , elliott, a. , fishpool, l. d. c. , boesman, p. and kirwan, g. m. 2016. hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world. volume 2: passerines. lynx edicions and birdlife international, barcelona, spain and cambridge, uk .\n21 cm. brightly - coloured, ground - dwelling passerine. brown fore - crown, rusty - orange rear crown and nape. dark olive - brown ear - coverts bordered below by broad, pinkish malar stripe and darker sub - malar area. blue breast, rest of underparts scarlet. dull olive - green upperparts except for blue rump and wing patch. long, greyish - blue legs. stout, dark bill. juvenile is brown, spotted paler on breast. shows pale malar area .\nallen, d. , gooddie, c. & van weerd, m .\nthis species has been downlisted from vulnerable because the rate of population decline is not suspected to be as rapid as previously thought, based on the level of threat to montane forest. it is nevertheless listed as near threatened on the basis that it is undergoing a moderately rapid population decline owing to on - going habitat loss and hunting pressure .\n, where it is restricted to the mountains of the cordillera central and the sierra madre in the north, and the bicol region in the south (birdlife international 2001). formerly judged to be rare and local overall, there have been a number of records, from at least 13 widely spread localities, since 1990. although recent survey evidence shows it to be locally common and there are regular sightings in some of the known localities, including hamut camp near mt cetaceo in the sierra madre (m. van weerd\nthe population size is preliminarily estimated to fall into the band for 10, 000 - 19, 999 mature individuals. this equates to 15, 000 - 29, 999 individuals in total, rounded here to 15, 000 - 30, 000 individuals. trend justification: forest habitat has been extensively cleared in much of the sierra madre and cordillera central mountain ranges of luzon; together with hunting pressure, this is suspected to be causing a moderately rapid decline in the species' s population .\nit chiefly inhabits montane forest, tolerating degraded and selectively logged areas. records span a wide altitudinal range (360 - 2, 200 m), with highest densities found at 900 - 1, 400 m. it appears to prefer closed - canopy, primary montane, oak dominated forest, frequently on steep slopes. its movements are poorly understood. records from south luzon (which may refer to wintering individuals) suggest that there is some intra - island migration .\nthe chief threat is habitat loss, compounded locally by hunting with snares. in 1988, an estimated 24% of luzon remained forested. in the cordillera central, montane forest is threatened by logging, agricultural encroachment and mining (m. van weerd\n. 2012). large areas in the southern cordillera central have been converted for cultivation, and the species is likely to be rare or locally extinct there; however, the northern cordillera central is sparsely populated, and there are large areas of undisturbed forest. surveys indicate that the species is not presently threatened by forest conversion in apayao province (m. van weerd\n. 2012). forest cover in the sierra madre has declined by 83% since the 1930s; however, illegal logging activities in the sierra madre target lowland tree species, rather than montane species, and there is reportedly no agricultural encroachment above 800 m in the northern sierra madre, suggesting that the species could be secure there (m. van weerd\n. 2012). at hamut camp, forest cover remains very good from c. 500m and above, although hunting pressure from local trappers remains a problem (c. gooddie\n. 2014). in isabela province and most of cagayan province, montane forest is covered by strict protection zones in and, although law enforcement is weak, there is reported to be no direct threat to montane forest, as both loggers and farmers do not convert high elevation areas in the sierra madre (m. van weerd\n. 2012). major road - building plans pose a further threat. several key sites are suffering serious habitat degradation (e. g. mt diapalayag, maria aurora memorial natural park and mt isarog). snaring is a problem in some areas, such as mt polis (d. allen\ncites appendix i. it occurs in a number of protected areas, including the northern sierra madre natural park, mt isarog and mt pulog national parks and the maria aurora memorial natural park. all forest above 1, 100 m elevation is protected by law, and there are additional strict protection zones for montane forest in isabela province and most of cagayan province, although law enforcement is often weak (m. van weerd\ncarry out surveys to quantify the species' s population size. monitor rates of habitat loss through remote sensing. research its ecological requirements (to identify its optimal habitat), conduct comparative studies of breeding regimes in the cordillera central and sierra madre, and investigate its migratory habits / dispersive capability, to facilitate conservation planning. extend the northern sierra madre natural park to incorporate mt los dos cuernos. following consultation with indigenous people, formally protect further key sites (e. g. mts cagua, cetaceo, polis and the angat watershed) .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nmountains of luzon (cordillera central, sierra madre, bicol region), in n philippines .\n22–23 cm; one female (fat) 116 g. male has top of head dark brown, becoming rust - orange on hindcrown and nape; broad pale ash - brown malar stripe (whisker) extending to ...\nmonotonous series 2–3 seconds long of 2–9 (usually 5) deep, mournful notes, “ ...\nonly recorded food small beetles. forages on ground; flicks aside dead leaves with the bill, digs into soil, sometimes watching or ...\nvirtually unknown. calls heard only end feb–jun (mostly apr and jun), food - carrying adult seen in apr, and juveniles in feb, apr and ...\nsome possible movement, but not fully understood; migration or post - breeding dispersal suggested by ...\nnear threatened. cites i. restricted - range species: endemic to luzon in the philippines, and present in luzon eba. strongholds are in mountains of cordillera central and ...\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography. login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments. to make the most of all of hbw' s features, discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts, family texts, plates, audiovisual links, updates and related resources .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 55. 90 € (instead of 59. 90 €) 3 - year subscription package: 82 € (instead of 89. 85 € )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information, tracking references to their source (when available on the internet) .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 82. 5 € (instead of 89. 9 €) 3 - year subscription package: 122. 5 € (instead of 134. 85 € )\nthere is a registration fee of 20€. this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive. you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution, click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding (anonymously); markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes, voice, habitat, food and feeding, breeding, movements, status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up. please select a player to play flash videos .\nrecommended citation birdlife international (2018) species factsheet: erythropitta kochi. downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018. recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: birdlife international (2018) iucn red list for birds. downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nluzon, cagayan province, isabella, sierra madre mts. , mt. hamut\nlost the original and this is a copy kindly provided to me by des allen .\nsonogram images © xeno - canto foundation. sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists, and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12, 000 regional checklists in avibase, offered in 9 different taxonomies, including synonyms more than 175 languages. each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community, and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page, such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition (incl. corrigenda vol. 1 - 2) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details. to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263, 299, 383 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1. 0 / / en\nurltoken\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you!" ]

{ "text": [ "the whiskered pitta ( erythropitta kochi ) is a rare species of bird in the pittidae family .", "it is endemic to luzon in the philippines .", "this bird is 21 cm long and 116 g in mass .", "it has a brownish head , blue breast , and red belly .", "its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests .", "it is threatened by habitat loss . " ], "topic": [ 17, 0, 0, 23, 24, 17 ] }

[ "the whiskered pitta (erythropitta kochi) is a rare species of bird in the pittidae family. it is endemic to luzon in the philippines. this bird is 21 cm long and 116 g in mass. it has a brownish head, blue breast, and red belly. its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. it is threatened by habitat loss." ]

[ "granulifusus vermeiji 38. 57mm beautiful specimen ligid is. , davao, philippines | ebay\nworms - world register of marine species - granulifusus vermeiji m. a. snyder, 2003\ngranulifusus vermeiji 45. 32mm beautiful specimen ligid is. , davao, philippines - $ 20. 00 | picclick\nfusinus toreuma fusinus tuberosus tuberosus nigrirostratus (f) fusinus undatus fusinus undulatus fusinus virginiae fusinus zacae fusolatirus formosior fusolatirus kandai fusolatirus kuroseanus fusolatirus paetelianus fusolatirus rikae granulifusus consimilis granulifusus dondani granulifusus dondani cf. granulifusus hayashii granulifusus kiranus granulifusus niponicus granulifusus rubrolineatus granulifusus staminatus granulifusus vermeiji hemipolygona armatus hemipolygona carinifera carinifera hemipolygona varai latirolagena smaragdula latirus abnormis latirus angulatus latirus balicasagensis latirus beckyae latirus belcheri latirus bernadensis latirus bonnieae latirus concentricus latirus constrictus latirus devyanae latirus deynzerorum latirus discrepans latirus filosus latirus gibbulus latirus infundibulum latirus maculatus latirus maculatus concinnus (f) latirus marquesana\nspecies granulifusus suboblitus (pilsbry, 1904) accepted as granulifusus niponicus (e. a. smith, 1879 )\ngranulifusus kuroda, t. & t. habe, 1954 type species: granulifusus niponicus niponicus smith, e. a. , 1879\nspecies granulifusus libratus (r. b. watson, 1886) accepted as granulifusus dalli (r. b. watson, 1882 )\nspecies granulifusus simplex (e. a. smith, 1879) accepted as fusinus pauciliratus complex snyder, 2000\nsnyder m. a. 2003. the genera simplicifusus and granulifusus (gastropoda: fasciolariidae) with the description of two new species in granulifusus. journal of conchology 38 (1): 87 - 93 [ details ]\n( of simplicifusus kira, 1972) snyder m. a. 2003. the genera simplicifusus and granulifusus (gastropoda: fasciolariidae) with the description of two new species in granulifusus. journal of conchology 38 (1): 87 - 93 [ details ]\nfusus niponicus e. a. smith, 1879 accepted as granulifusus niponicus (e. a. smith, 1879) (type by original designation )\nhadorn r. & fraussen k. 2005. revision of the genus granulifusus kuroda & habe 1954 with description of some new species (gastropoda: prosobranchia: fasciolariidae). archiv für molluskenkunde 134 (2): 129 - 171. [ details ]\n( of simplicifusus kira, 1972) hadorn r. & fraussen k. 2005. revision of the genus granulifusus kuroda & habe 1954 with description of some new species (gastropoda: prosobranchia: fasciolariidae). archiv für molluskenkunde 134 (2): 129 - 171. [ details ]\nafter more than 2 years of preparations, the diatombase portal is now officially launched... .\nlast week - on may 30 and 31st – 8 thematic experts on talitridae came together for the first time during a lifewatch - worms sponsored workshop. the workshop took place at the hellenic centre for marine research in crete, where it was organized back - to - back with the 8th international sandy beaches symposium (isbs). the group focused on identifying relevant traits for the talitridae, and adding this data through the amphipoda species database... .\non 23 april 2018, a number of editors of the world register of introduced species (wrims) started a three day workshop in the flanders marine institute (vliz). these three days were used to evaluate, complete and improve the content of this worms thematic register (tsd)... .\nthe 2nd worms early career researchers and 3rd worms achievement award were granted respectively to françois le coze and geoff read. congratulations! ...\nin 2018, to celebrate a decade of worms' existence, it was decided to compile a list of our top marine species, both for 2017 and for the previous decade... .\nthe scleractinian corals are now accessible though their own list portal. this world list contains over 1 500 accepted names of extant species and is one of the most complete existing resources for scleractinian taxa ...\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology, inc. in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only, as we handle very few foreign shells in general. as time goes, the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nclick on an image to view all the information: family, species, author, date, and full locality .\nfasciolariidae most fasciolariidae are quite large, and some of the members grow to the gigantic size of over 60 cm. they are mainly inhabitants of the subtropical and tropical zone and a large part of the family is found in fairly shallow water. unfortunately their coloration is not very spectacular: most are white, brown or red coloured. apart from the genus fusinus, they need a lot of hard cleaning and this, together with determination problems, may be the reason why they are not very much appreciated by collectors. about 300 species .\n© 1996 - 2018 guido t. poppe & philippe poppe - conchology, inc. (0. 333 seconds. )\nfusinus crassiplicatus fusinus dilectus fusinus dowianus fusinus dupertitthouarsi dupertitthouarsi fusinus dupetithouarsi aplicatus (f) fusinus dupetitthouarsi irregularis fusinus excavatus fusinus faurei fusinus forceps fusinus forceps salisburyi (f) fusinus fredbakeri fusinus frenguelli fusinus frenguelli cf. fusinus helenae fusinus kobelti fusinus leptorhyreus fusinus longissimus fusinus luteopictus fusinus marmoratus fusinus mauiensis fusinus michaelrodgersi fusinus nodosplicatus fusinus novaehollandiae fusinus ocellifer cinnamomeus (f) fusinus ocelliferus fusinus ocelliferus adamsii (f) fusinus pauciliratus complex fusinus perplexus perplexus fusinus perplexus ferrugineus fusinus perplexus minor (f) fusinus polygonoides fusinus pulchellus fusinus retiarius fusinus rostratus fusinus species brasil (from) fusinus species kenya (from) fusinus species senegal (from) fusinus spectrum fusinus strigatus fusinus syracusanus fusinus tenerifensis fusinus tesselatus\n$ 20. 00 or best offer unsold, $ 3. 00 shipping, 30 - day returns\nviews, 0 views per day, 845 days on ebay. 0 sold, 1 available .\n- 8, 321 + items sold. 0. 2% negative feedback. top - rated plus! top - rated seller, 30 - day return policy, ships in 1 business day with tracking .\n8, 321 + items sold. 0. 2% negative feedback. top - rated plus! top - rated seller, 30 - day return policy, ships in 1 business day with tracking .\ncopyright © 2008 - 2018 picclick ® llc. all rights reserved... . with a mighty hand and outstretched arm; his love endures forever .\nharpa major 75. 02mm beautiful specimen ligid is. , samal is. , davao, philippines\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties, taxes, brokerage and other fees. this amount is subject to change until you make payment. for additional information, see the global shipping program terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties, taxes, brokerage and other fees. this amount is subject to change until you make payment. if you reside in an eu member state besides uk, import vat on this purchase is not recoverable. for additional information, see the global shipping program terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nestimated delivery dates - opens in a new window or tab include seller' s handling time, origin zip code, destination zip code and time of acceptance and will depend on shipping service selected and receipt of cleared payment - opens in a new window or tab. delivery times may vary, especially during peak periods .\nany international shipping and import charges are paid in part to pitney bowes inc. learn more - opens in a new window or tab\ninternational shipping and import charges paid to pitney bowes inc. learn more - opens in a new window or tab\ninternational shipping paid to pitney bowes inc. learn more - opens in a new window or tab\nany international shipping is paid in part to pitney bowes inc. learn more - opens in a new window or tab\nthis item will be shipped through the global shipping program and includes international tracking. learn more - opens in a new window or tab\nthere are 1 items available. please enter a number less than or equal to 1 .\n* the delivery date is not guaranteed until you have checked out using an instant payment method. if your guaranteed delivery item isn’t on time, you can (1) return the item, for a refund of the full price and return shipping costs; or (2) keep the item and get a refund of your shipping costs (if shipping was free, get a $ 5 ebay voucher). attempted delivery on or before the guaranteed date will be considered a timely delivery. see details - opens in a new window or tab\nqualifying purchases could enjoy no interest if paid in full in 6 months on purchases of $ 99 or more. other offers may also be available .\ninterest will be charged to your account from the purchase date if the balance is not paid in full within 6 months. minimum monthly payments are required. subject to credit approval. see terms - opens in a new window or tab\ncopyright © 1995 - 2018 ebay inc. all rights reserved. accessibility, user agreement, privacy, cookies and adchoice\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nspecies fusinus zacae a. m. strong & j. g. hertlein, 1937\nspecies glaphyrina caudata j. r. c. quoy & j. p. gaimard, 1833\nspecies kilburnia agulhasensis (j. r. le b. tomlin, 1932 )\nspecies latirus hemphilli j. g. hertlein & a. m. strong, 1951\nspecies latirus mediamericanus j. g. hertlein & a. m. strong, 1951\nspecies latirus socorroensis j. g. hertlein & a. m. strong, 1951\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndentifusus rosenberg, g. & g. j. vermeij, 2003 type species: dentifusus deynzeri vermeij, g. j. & g. rosenberg, 2003\nmicrofulgur finlay, h. j. & j. marwick, 1937 type species: microfulgur longirostris marshall, 1937\nfasciolaria lamarck, j. b. p. a. de, 1799 type species: fasciolaria tulipa tulipa linnaeus, c. , 1758\nafricolaria snyder, m. a. , g. j. vermeij & w. g. lyons, 2012 type species: africolaria rutila watson, r. b. , 1882\naurantilaria snyder, m. a. , g. j. vermeij & w. g. lyons, 2012 type species: fasciolaria aurantiaca lesson, r. p. , 1842\naustralaria snyder, m. a. , g. j. vermeij & w. g. lyons, 2012 type species: australaria australasia perry, g. , 1811\ncinctura hollister, s. c. , 1957 type species: cinctura hunteria hunteria perry, g. , 1811\nconradconfusus snyder, m. a. , 2002 type species: conradconfusus parilis conrad, t. a. , 1832\nfilifusus snyder, m. a. , g. j. vermeij & w. g. lyons, 2012 type species: filifusus filamentosus röding, p. f. , 1798\ngranolaria snyder, m. a. , g. j. vermeij & w. g. lyons, 2012 type species: granolaria salmo wood, w. , 1828\nkilburnia snyder, m. a. , g. j. vermeij & w. g. lyons, 2012 type species: kilburnia heynemanni dunker, r. w. , 1870\nlugubrilaria snyder, m. a. , g. j. vermeij & w. g. lyons, 2012 type species: lugubrilaria lugubris adams, a. & l. a. reeve in reeve, l. a. , 1847\nmicrocolus cotton, b. c. & f. k. godfrey, 1932 type species: microcolus dunkeri jonas, j. h. , 1844\npleuroploca fischer, 1884 type species: pleuroploca trapezium linnaeus, c. , 1758\npleuroploca (pleia) finlay, h. j. , 1930 type species: pleuroploca (pleia) decipiens tate, r .\npustulatirus vermeij, g. j. & m. a. snyder, 2006 type species: pustulatirus mediamericanus hertlein, l. g. & a. m. strong, 1951\ntarantinaea monterosato, t. a. de m. di, 1917 type species: tarantinaea lignaria linnaeus, c. , 1758\ntriplofusus olsson, a. a. & a. harbison, 1953 type species: triplofusus giganteus kiener, l. c. , 1840\nturrilatirus vermeij, g. j. & m. a. snyder, 2006 type species: turrilatirus turritus gmelin, j. f. , 1791\nfusinus rafinesque, c. s. , 1815 type species: fusinus (fusinus) colus linnaeus, c. , 1758\nfusinus (fusinus) rafinesque, c. s. , 1815 type species: fusinus (fusinus) colus linnaeus, c. , 1758\nfusinus (fusinus) ansatus caboblanquensis (var .) †? (3 )\nfusinus (aptyxis) troschel, f. h. , 1868 type species: fusinus (aptyxis) syracusanus linnaeus, c. , 1758\nfusinus (barbarofusus) grabau, a. w. & shimer, 1909 type species: fusinus (barbarofusus) barbarensis trask, 1855\nfusinus (heilprinia) grabau, a. w. , 1904 type species: fusinus (heilprinia) caloosaensis heilprin, a. , 1887\namiantofusus fraussen, k. , yu. i. kantor & r. hadorn, 2007 type species: amiantofusus amiantus dall, w. h. , 1889\nchryseofusus hadorn, r. & k. fraussen, 2003 type species: chryseofusus chrysodomoides schepman, m. m. , 1911\ncyrtulus hinds, r. b. , 1843 type species: cyrtulus serotinus hinds, r. b. , 1844\nglaphyrina finlay, h. j. , 1926 type species: glaphyrina vulpicolor sowerby, g. b. iii, 1880\nharasewychia petuch, e. j. , 1987 type species: harasewychia harasewychi petuch, e. j. , 1987\nharfordia dall, w. h. , 1921 type species: harfordia harfordii stearns, r. e. c. , 1871\nmarmarofusus snyder, m. a. & w. g. lyons, 2014 type species: marmarofusus nicobaricus röding, p. f. , 1798\nollaphon iredale, t. , 1929 type species: ollaphon molorthus hedley, c. & w. l. may, 1908\nsinistralia adams, h. g. & a. adams, 1853 type species: sinistralia maroccensis gmelin, j. f. , 1791\ntrophonofusus kuroda, t. & t. habe, 1971 type species: trophonofusus muricatoides yokoyama, m. , 1920\nviridifusus snyder, m. a. , g. j. vermeij & w. g. lyons type species: viridifusus buxeus reeve, l. a. , 1847\nperisternia mörch, o. a. l. , 1852 type species: peristernia nassatula lamarck, j. b. p. a. de, 1822\nperisternia (nodopelagia) hedley, c. , 1915 type species: peristernia (nodopelagia) brazieri angas, g. f. , 1877\nbullockus lyons, w. g. & m. a. snyder, 2008 type species: unknowngenustype\ndolicholatirus bellardi, l. , 1884 type species: dolicholatirus lanceus gmelin, j. f. , 1791\ndolicholatirus (fractolatirus) iredale, t. , 1936 type species: dolicholatirus (fractolatirus) normalis iredale, t. , 1936\nhemipolygona rovereto, g. , 1899 type species: hemipolygona armatus adams, a. , 1855\nlatirolagena harris, g. d. , 1897 type species: latirolagena smaragdula linnaeus, c. , 1758\nbenimakia habe, t. , 1958 type species: benimakia rhodostomus dunker, r. w. , 1860\nlatirus montfort, p. d. de, 1810 type species: latirus aurantiacus montfort, p. d. de, 1810\nlatirus (latirulus) cossmann, a. e. m. , 1889 type species: latirus (latirulus) subaffinis orbigny, a. v. m. d. d', 1850\nlatirus (polygona) schumacher, h. c. f. , 1817 type species: latirus (polygona) fusiformis schumacher, h. c. f. , 1817\nlatirus (pseudolatirus) bellardi, l. , 1884 type species: latirus (pseudolatirus) bilineata hörnes, m. , 1853\ncrassibougia stahlschmidt, p. & k. fraussen, 2012 type species: niso terebellum dillwyn, l. w. , 1817\ncryptofusus beu, a. g. , 2011 type species: cryptofusus cryptocarinatus dell, r. k. , 1956\nfusolatirus kuroda, t. & t. habe in kuroda, t. , t. habe & k. oyama, 1971 type species: peristernia pilsbryi kuroda, t. & t. habe, 1952\nlamellilatirus lyons, w. g. & m. a. snyder, 2013 type species: lamellilatirus ceramidus dall, w. h. , 1889\nleucozonia gray, j. e. , 1847 type species: leucozonia nassa nassa gmelin, j. f. , 1791\nlightbournus lyons, w. g. & m. a. snyder, 2008 type species: unknowngenustype\nnodolatirus bouchet, ph. & m. a. snyder, 2013 type species: unknowngenustype\nopeatostoma berry, s. s. , 1958 type species: opeatostoma pseudodon burrow, e. j. , 1815\ntaron hutton, f. w. , 1883 type species: taron dubius hutton, f. w. , 1878\nkuroda t. & habe t. (1954). new genera of japanese marine gastropods. venus. 18 (2): 84 - 97. page (s): 89 [ japanese text ], 96 [ english text ] [ details ]\nkantor y. i. , fedosov a. e. , snyder m. a. & bouchet p. (2018). pseudolatirus bellardi, 1884 revisited, with the description of two new genera and five new species (neogastropoda: fasciolariidae). european journal of taxonomy. 433: 1 - 57. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n, select family and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the family .\n, select country and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by, 30. 11. 04, , php script by, 05 / 11 / 2010, last modified by kbanasihan, 06 / 28 / 2010\n. each record tells when. see dataset links for citations & terms of use." ]

{ "text": [ "granulifusus vermeiji is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family fasciolariidae ( common name the \" tulip snails and spindle snails \" and their allies ) . " ], "topic": [ 2 ] }

[ "granulifusus vermeiji is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family fasciolariidae (common name the \" tulip snails and spindle snails \" and their allies)." ]

[ "elegant wrasse, anampses elegans, at julian rocks, new south wales, 2009 .\npicture of the elegant wrasse has been licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike .\na male (terminal phase) elegant wrasse, anampses elegans. source: dave harasti / urltoken license: all rights reserved\nthe elegant wrasse, anampses elegans, is a wrasse of the family labridae, found in eastern australia and north eastern new zealand at depths of between 2 and 35 m .\nan elegant wrasse at a depth of 15 m, north head gutters, lord howe island, new south wales, december 2008 .\nelegant wrasse (anampses elegans) are a widespread but uncommon species found on coral reef and rocky reef habitats at depths from 2 to 35 m. the distribution of elegant wrasse extends from southern queensland to montague island on the nsw south coast, particularly around inshore islands. more\nthe elegant wrasse, anampses elegans, is a wrasse of the family labridae, found in eastern australia and north eastern new zealand at depths of between 2 and 35 m. its length is up to 29 cm. more\n\nbrian tissotthe elegant wrasse (coris venusta) is a carnivore and will eat small crustaceans and inverts. be sure to be careful putting any of these animals in with this wrasse or they may become a snack. more\nthe elegant wrasse, anampses elegans, is certainly more colorful as a male (top)... anampses. anampses. caeruleopunctatus. chrysocephalus. cuvier. elegans... reefkeeping. more\nthe elegant wrasse should be fed a diet of meaty foods, including mysid shrimp, finely chopped seafoods and enriched frozen foods. it should be fed twice per day. suggested minimum tank size: 30 gallons. more\nthe elegant wrasse (anampses elegans) is a carnivore and will eat small crustaceans and invertebrates. it is native to the pacific ocean from australia and new zealand eastward to easter island. this species prefers lagoons and can also be found on coastal reefs .\nbecause the hawaiian cleaner wrasse' s (cleaner royal wrasse) diet is mainly derived from its symbiotic relationship with other fish by eating parasites, it has been reported that this wrasse does not do well in captivity. it is extremely difficult to get this fish to eat any other types of foods, and once the parasite food population is gone, it can result in poor health and most likely death for this wrasse .\nmany other wrasse species, all juvenile elegant wrasse are all female. once mature, the dominant female changes sex to a male and will control a school of female fish. if the male disappears, the most dominant female, usually the largest, will change sex and take over the school. males cannot change back to females and are referred to as terminal males. terminal males are territorial and swim between groups of females .\nbe sure to be careful putting any of these animals in with this wrasse or they may become a snack. they will eat shrimp, fish, and other tank fed foods and are a fairly easy wrasse to care for in an aquarium .\ndragon wrasse will bury in the sand to sleep at night and for protection when frightened or harassed. it also will dive into\nthe eight - lined wrasse, also commonly called the eightstripe wrasse (pseudocheilinus octotaenia), is very shy at first, but once it gets used to being in an aquarium it becomes bolder and will take food out of your hand. the eight - lined wrasse likes to hide, so be sure to give it plenty of cover. as its name implies, it has eight, horizontal red stripes or lines on a striking orange body. this wrasse can get aggressive around other wrasses, so it is best to keep it solo .\nthe dragon wrasse (rockmover wrasse) is notorious for turning over and moving rocks and corals around to look for food. this can cause damage to desirable organisms. it can also make rock formations to become unstable, which may damage the tank' s structure. in a tank setting, novaculichthys taeniourus eats hermit crabs, snails, and marine worms including bristle worm .\nscientifically called gomphosus varius, bird wrasses all start out as females at birth. in the wild, you will find small groups of black bird wrasses with only one green bird wrasse. if something\nthe four - lined wrasse, scientifically classified as pseudocheilinus tetrataenia, has a bright blue body with four longitudinal bands on the upper part of the body that are bright blue, outlined by fine black lines and an orange color between them .\nthe saddleback wrasse, also commonly known as jansen' s saddle wrasse, is a beautiful fish with its vibrant blue and green colors and the brownish - orange saddle bar marking around the body behind the head, which gives it its name. when viewed closely you can also see short, vertical, purple - red bars on its body. this species (thalassoma duperrey) should reside in a 75 - gallon or larger aquarium with larger, aggressive tank mates, and plenty of live rock for hiding. it will become territorial\ncracks, crevices and holes in rocks. the dragon wrasse likes to move so you will need at least a 100 - gallon tank for this fish. as well, tightly secure a tank cover, since, ​upon startling, this fish can jump and might pop out of your tank .\nthe bird wrasse (bird fish) is a hardy fish which adapts rather well to aquarium life. only one male also called green birds for their coloring, should be kept in an aquarium. a male - female pair should be added to the aquarium at the same time, introducing the female, also called a black bird, first .\nthe black and white wrasse, more commonly known as a ​yellowstripe coris, is a carnivore that possesses two prominent teeth in the front of each jaw that is used for feeding on its favorite prey such as snails, hermit crabs, crabs, shrimps, mollusks, and sea urchins. it will eat nuisance bristle worms, but other beneficial worms as well, including decorative tube species .\nthe ornate wrasse, primarily brightly red and green colored, is an aggressive carnivore. its main diet consists of small crustaceans and invertebrates. in captivity, halichoeres ornatissimus will feed on meaty fares such as fresh or frozen seafood, dried, frozen or live brine and mysid shrimp, live grass shrimp, as well as flake foods. it may also nip at polyps and fleshier corals, so it should not be kept in a reef tank. it is recommended that they feed several times a day .\n( coris gaimard) should be fed a hardy diet of suitably bite - sized pieces of meaty foods that include fresh or frozen seafood, live or frozen brine and mysid shrimp, live grass or ghost shrimp, live black worms, and flake food. also commonly called a clown wrasse or red labrid, this fish has an extreme and vibrant color transformation from juvenile to adulthood. when very small, these fish are safe with almost any fish that will not eat them, but as they grow, they can\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ngland, switzerland, 5 july 2018 (iucn) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change, with 7% of th ...\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years, but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives... .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices, as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse ...\nthe striking males are brownish above with an yellowish - orange mid lateral stripe separating the blue lower sides, a yellow spot on the gill cover, a yellow tail and dark stripes through the eyes. females are light brown with a faint blue spot on each scale above the lateral line and about 7 indistinct golden stripes along the sides, dark stripes through the eyes, and a silvery chin .\nrecorded in australia from southern queensland to southern new south wales, especially around offshore islands. occurs at lord howe island, middleton and elizabeth reefs, and norfolk island in the tasman sea. relatively widespread in sub - tropical to warm temperate waters of the tasman sea including northern new zealand. inhabits rocky and coral reefs, commonly around offshore reefs and islands. juveniles may form small schools amongst algae in coastal bays and harbours .\nchoat, j. h. , ayling, a. m. & schiel, d. r. 1988. temporal and spatial variation in an island fish fauna .\neddy, t. d. 2011. recent observations of reef fishes at the kermadec islands marine reserve, new zealand .\nfrancis, m. p. 1993. checklist of the coastal fishes of lord howe, norfolk, and kermadec islands, southwest pacific ocean .\nfrancis, m. p. , grace, r. v. & paulin, c. d. 1987. coastal fishes of the kermadec islands .\nfrancis, m. p. , c. j. worthington, p. saul & k. d. clements. 1999. new and rare tropical and subtropical fishes from northern new zealand .\n. the australian museum, sydney. australian national parks and wildlife service, canberra .\ncollins pocket guide. coral reef fishes. indo - pacific and caribbean including the red sea .\nparker, p. g. 1999. fish assemblages at julian rocks and the adjacent waters of northern new south wales, australia .\nalso known as sand - reef wrasses. found in small groups on coral and rocky reefs. they feed on hard shell invertebrates. length - 30cm depth - 2 - 40m widespread southwest pacific most reef fish seen by divers during the day are grazers, that cruise around just above the surface of the coral or snoop into crevices looking for algae, worms and small crustaceans. wrasses have small protruding teeth and graze the bottom taking in a variety of snails, worms, crabs, shrimps and eggs. any hard coats or thick shells are then ground down by their pharyngeal jaws and the delicacies inside digested. from juvenile to adult wrasses dramatically alter their colour and body shapes. wrasses are always on the go during the day, but are the first to go to bed and the last to rise. small wrasses dive below the sand to sleep and larger wrasses wedge themselves in crevasses .\ncreated to help individuals around the world identify tropical fish found during their scuba dive and snorkelling excursions .\nnatural environment: inhabits coastal lagoons and usually found at depths between 6 – 100 feet (2 – 30 m) where it feeds on zooplankton and benthic invertebrate .\nthe material on this site may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used, except with the prior written permission of bob goemans .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\npicture of anampses elegans has been licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial. original source: fishbase permission: some rights reserved\nsaltwater wrasses are some of the most interesting and vibrantly colored fish in the ocean. they can be found in any number of color combinations and can add another dimension to a saltwater aquarium .\ncare for wrasses can be difficult to maintain considering most have strict dietary, substrate, and tankmate needs. consider this information on wrasses before you decide to add one to your aquarium .\nhappens to the male, one or two of the females will start to change into males. it takes several months for the female to complete the change into a male .\nin an aquarium, this fish is an active fish, so give it plenty of room. also, this bird is a jumper, so secure the\nits scientific name is coris flavovittata. it can be found in the wild in the waters off japan and the central and west\npacific ocean. these fish are diggers and substrate rearrangers. they have a tendency to dig themselves into the substrate of the tank to sleep or when threatened, so it is necessary to have an appropriate depth of substrate .\nthese small, active fish are popular for a small marine aquarium. they are quite hardy, disease resistant, and long - lived. these fish will rid a few pests in the aquarium, like the pyramid snails and commensal flatworms. they are considered reef safe as\nlike mysis shrimp, to begin with as well as other meaty seafood fare, then it is possible to do well in a marine aquarium of at least 50 gallons in size .\nand harass any new additions and it should be one of the last additions to the aquarium." ]

{ "text": [ "the elegant wrasse , anampses elegans , is a species of wrasse native to the pacific ocean from australia new zealand eastward to easter island .", "this species prefers lagoons and can also be found on coastal reefs at depths from 2 to 35 m ( 6.6 to 114.8 ft ) .", "this species can reach a length of 29 cm ( 11 in ) .", "it can be found in the aquarium trade . " ], "topic": [ 3, 18, 0, 20 ] }

[ "the elegant wrasse, anampses elegans, is a species of wrasse native to the pacific ocean from australia new zealand eastward to easter island. this species prefers lagoons and can also be found on coastal reefs at depths from 2 to 35 m (6.6 to 114.8 ft). this species can reach a length of 29 cm (11 in). it can be found in the aquarium trade." ]

[ "information on the pallid bat is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\na pallid bat can eat half of its body weight in one night. imagine people doing that !\nbeck aj, rudd rl (1960) nursery colonies in the pallid bat. j mammal 41: 266–267\nvaughan, t. , o. o’ shea. 1967. roosting ecology of the pallid bat, antrozous pallidus .\nthe pallid bat (antrozous pallidus) is an impressively tenacious bat, thanks in no small part to its penchant for wrestling and consuming scorpions. as the sole species of the genus antrozous; the pallid bat can be found from south - central british columbia to central mexico and cuba .\npallid bat is a large and light colored bat species which is native to the western united states. this is the only species of antrozous genus that is closely associated with van gelder’s bat, which is, at times, listed in antrozous .\nthe pallid bat may be in trouble because it is very sensitive to disturbance. any disturbance, even hiking, can cause the bat to abandon a roosting area completely. human disturbance of foraging areas has also decreased prey availability and diversity. also, the use of pesticides has had a serious impact on pallid bat populations (miller 2002) .\nherreid, c. i. 1961. notes on the pallid bat in texas. southwestern naturalist 6 (1): 13 - 20 .\ntrune dr, slobodchikoff cn (1978) position of immatures in pallid bat clusters—case of reciprocal altruism. j mammal 59 (1): 193–195\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - pallid bat (antrozous pallidus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - pallid bat (antrozous pallidus )\ntitle =\narkive species - pallid bat (antrozous pallidus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nbrown, p. 1976. vocal communication in the pallid bat (antrozous pallidus). zeitschrift für tierpsychologie 41 (1): 34 - 54 .\npallid bats play an important role as predators of desert insects. pallid bats visit flowers in their hunt for insects, and are natural, indirect pollinators of several species of cactus .\nshryer, j. and d. flath. 1980. first record of the pallid bat (antrozous pallidus) from montana. great basin naturalist 40: 115 .\npleistocene - holocene fossils of pallid bats are found in arizona, new mexico, and california .\nafter swooping down upon its prey, the pallid bat carries the insect to a convenient perch to consume its meal. its most common prey include crickets, beetles, grasshoppers, and even scorpions. the pallid bat is actually immune to a scorpion' s sting! pallid bats roost in rock crevices, buildings, and bridges in arid regions. they are found from mexico and the southwestern united states north through oregon, washington, and western canada .\nwith its large ears and pig - like nose, the pallid bat may look a bit goofy. but these adaptions are key to the bat’s ground gleaning hunting behavior. in conjunction with echolocation, the pallid bat will passively listen for the sounds made by their prey—large beetles, jerusalem crickets and other large arthropods—scuttling along on the ground. once the prey is detected, the bat will land and attack the prey on the ground. the resulting tussle may result in a few bites or stings to the bat, but the species appears to be immune to the venom of scorpion stingers .\nandreasen, c. b. and j. r. dulmstra. multicentric malignant lymphoma in a pallid bat. journal of wildlife disease 32 (3): 545 - 547 .\nbasset, j. e. 1984. litter size and postnatal growth rate in the pallid bat, antrozous pallidus. journal of mammalogy 65 (1): 62 - 75 .\nbat conservation international’s senior director of conservation science, winifred frick, ph. d. , has observed the pallid bat exhibiting another unusual behavior; it will drink cactus nectar when available. the converse—nectarivorous or frugivorous bats in the tropics consuming insects for their protein—is known to occur, but this unique opportunistic behavior of an insectivorous bat supplementing its diet with nectar is only observed in one other bat species located in new zealand .\nbat conservation international. g4 harp trap: assembly and advice. 8 p .\norr, r. t. 1954. natural history of the pallid bat, antrozous pallidus (le conte). proceedings of the california acadamy of sciences 82: 165 - 246 .\nas they have large ears; pallid bats can easily detect the footsteps of their prey on the ground .\nvaughan, t. a. and t. j. o' shea. 1976. roosting ecology of the pallid bat, antrozous pallidus. journal of mammalogy 57: 19 - 42 .\ncopyright bat conservation international © 2018. all rights reserved. unless otherwise noted, all images are copyright © merlin d. tuttle and / or © bat conservation international .\nother than the items mentioned above, pallid bats also eat moths, froghoppers and leafhoppers, june beetles, and grasshoppers. in fact, 54 different types of prey have been documented for the pallid bat. large, night - flying insects and ground - dwelling arthropods are most prevalent in the diet, however .\nkunz, t. h. and p. a. racey. 1998. bat biology and conservation. international bat research conference 1995. boston university. smithsonian institution press .\nthough the pallid bat is common throughout most of its range, it is particularly sensitive to human disturbance of roosting areas and foraging grounds. we must remember to tread lightly so that these remarkable bats can thrive .\nthe pallid bat differs from most other vespertilionids in having much larger ears, larger eyes, and paler pelage. it differs from the townsend' s big - eared bat (corynorhinus townsendii) by lacking the lumps on the nose, having ears that are not joined at the base, a pale rather than brownish pelage, and a larger body size. it differs from the spotted bat (euderma maculatum) most noticeably by lacking the dark pelage with the prominent white spots. it is the only bat species found in montana with two pair of lower incisors. pallid bats also have a distinctive skunky odor .\no' shea, t. j. and t. a. vaughn. 1977. nocturnal and seasonal activities of the pallid bat, antrozous pallidus. journal of mammalogy 58 (3): 269 - 284 .\nbunkley, j. p. and j. r. barber. 2014. an observation of apparent teaching behavior in the pallid bat, antrozous pallidus. western north american naturalist 74 (2): 249 - 252\ntrune, d. r. and c. n. slobodchikoff. 1977. position of immatures in pallid bat clusters: a case of reciprocal altruism? journal of mammalogy 59 (1): 193 - 195 .\nthis mammal is a highly social species. a single group of pallid bats may range from 10 – 100 bats. in 90% cases a single group consists of 20 individuals. compared to other bat species, pallid bats come out late to hunt from their hiding places. they are very good in climbing and crawling. compared to other small bat species, this bat is not very good in performing flying maneuvers. they catch most of their prey on the ground. occasionally, they have been spotted to do aerial hunting .\nthis bat species can fly at a level of around 20 – 90 cm above the ground .\ndavis, r. 1969. wing loading in pallid bats. journal of mammalogy 50 (1): 140 - 144 .\nkhaleel, a. r. and z. m. fuzessery. 2015. development of echolocation calls and neural selectivity for echolocation calls in the pallid bat. journal of developmental neurobiology 75 (10): 1125 - 1139 .\nrambaldini, d. a. and r. m. brigham. 2011. pallid bat (antrozous pallidus) foraging over native and vineyard habitats in british columbia, canada. canadian journal of zoology 89: 816 - 822 .\ntrune, d. r. and c. n. slobodchikoff. 1976. social effects of roosting on the metabolism of the pallid bat (antrozous pallidus). journal of mammalogy 57 (4): 656 - 663 .\nkeinath, d. a. 2001. bat habitat delineation and survey suggestions for bighorn canyon national recreation area. unpublished report prepared by the wyoming natural diversity database for the north american bat conservation partnership .\nthroughout it' s range the pallid bat is considered a common species. there is some concern for this and all bats as they are sensitive to human encroachment. human disturbance of roosting areas and pesticide use are of increasing concern .\nbeasley, l. j. , and i. zucker. 1984. photoperiod influences the annual reproductive cycle of the male pallid bat (antrozous pallidus). journal of reproduction and fertility 70 (2): 567 - 573 .\nstorer, t. 1931. a colony of pacific pallid bats. journal of mammalogy 12 (3): 244 - 247 .\nweyandt, s. e. and r. a. van den bussche. 2007. phylogeographic structuring and volant mammals: the case of the pallid bat (antrozous pallidus). journal of biogeography 34 (7): 1233 - 1245 .\nthe pallid bat (antrozous pallidus) has yellowish brown to cream colored fur on its back and white fur on its belly. what is most noticeable about this bat are its large ears. the ears are almost half as long as the total length of its head and body. also, its eyes are larger than most species of north american bats .\ndavis, r. 1968. wing defects in a population of pallid bats. american midland naturalist 79 (2): 388 - 395 .\nmartin, c. o. , and d. j. schmidly. 1982. taxonomic review of the pallid bat, antrozous pallidus (le conte). spec. publ. mus. , texas tech. univ. 18: 1 - 48 .\nsince the pallid bat does not possess any morphologic adaptions for nectar eating (long tongue, long muzzle, etc .), it must plunge its whole head and torso into the flower to obtain the nectar. this results in more pollen attaching to its fur. consequently, the bat will deliver more pollen to the stigmas each visit, making it a more effective pollinator per flower visit than the lesser long - nosed bat (the primary pollinator of the cardon cactus) .\nscheeter, jessica and david zell. 1996. bat survey of lower birch creek drainage, beaverhead national forest .\nherrera, l. g. , t. h. flemming, and j. s. findley. 1993. geographic variation in carbon composition of the pallid bat, antrozous pallidus, and its dietary implications. journal of mammalogy 74: 601 - 606 .\npallid bats are gregarious and will roost in colonies between 20 and several hundred individuals. they typically roost in rock crevices, but they can also be found in attics, barns, caves and under bridges. the pallid bat will night - roost by locating a place that is warm from the latent heat of the day and eat prey caught while flying or swap social information with other members in the colony .\nscherrer ja, wilkinson gs (1993) evening bat isolation calls provide evidence for heritable signatures. anim behav 46: 847–860\nfuzessery, z. m. , p. buttenhoff, b. andrews, and j. m. kennedy. 1993. passive sound localization of prey by the pallid bat (antrozous p. pallidus). journal of comparative physiology 171 (6): 767 - 777 .\npallid bat is quite common in its native range. this species is counted among least concerned species in the list of international union for conservation of nature (iucn). but disturbances caused by humans near their roosting areas are an increasing concern for the survival this species in future .\nlewis, s. e. 1994. night roosting ecology of pallid bats (antrozous pallidus) in oregon. american midland naturalist 132: 219 - 226 .\ndavis, r. november 1969, growth and development of young pallid bats, antrozous pallidus. journal of mammalogy 50 (4): 729 - 736 .\nan adult pallid bat can be about 90 – 130 mm in length and weigh around 10 – 17 grams. the size of their eyes is slightly bigger compared to other north american bat species. the color of their fur varies from yellowish brown, light brown to cream having white fur on their belly. they have relatively large ears which is about 2. 5 cm long as compared to their head .\npallid bats will eat a variety of prey items. these can include crickets, scorpions, centipedes, ground beetles, grasshoppers, cicadas, praying mantis and long - horned beetles. they have been known to eat lizards and rodents. what is unique to the pallid bat is that it catches its food almost exclusively on the ground as opposed to while in flight. after catching its prey it will fly to a convenient location to consume its meal .\nlewis se (1996) low roost - site fidelity in pallid bats: associated factors and effect on group stability. behav ecol sociobiol 39 (5): 335–344\nlenhart, p. a. , v. mata - silva, and j. d. johnson. 2010. foods of the pallid bat, antrozous pallidus (chiroptera: vespertilionidae), in the chihuahuan desert of western texas. southwestern naturalist 55 (1): 110 - 115 .\nwashington d. c. bat conservation international 1012 14th street nw, suite 905 washington, d. c. 20005, usa\npallid bats weigh 0. 7 - 1. 2 oz (20 - 35g) and have a wingspan of 15 - 16 in (37 - 41 cm) .\nlewis, s. e. 1993. effect of climatic variation on reproduction by pallid bats (antrozous pallidus). canadian journal of zoology 71: 1429 - 1433 .\nlack, j. b. , j. e. wilkinson, and r. a. van den bussche. 2010. range - wide population genetic structure of the pallid bat (antrozous pallidus) - - incongruent results from nuclear and mitochondrial dna. acta chiropterologica 12 (2): 401 - 413 .\npallid bat can be found in arid and semi arid regions of the western part of the united states. they occur from the british colombia and montana towards central mexico. eastwards, their range goes up to oklahoma, texas and kansas. few isolated colonies of this species can also be found in western canada and cuba .\nlewis, s. e. 1996. low roost - site fidelity in pallid bats: associated factors and effect on group stability. behavioral ecology and sociobiology 39: 335 - 344 .\nbutts, t. 1997. bat surveys indian creek canyon, elkhorn mountains, montana. continental divide wildlife consulting. helena, mt 32 pg .\nbunkley, j. p. and j. r. barber. 2015. noise reduces foraging efficiency in pallid bats (antrozous pallidus). ethology 121 (11): 1116 - 1121 .\nbrown, p. 1982. activity patterns and foraging behavior in antrozous pallidus as determined by radiotelemetry. bat research news 23 (4): 62 .\nhendricks, p. 1999. mine assessment for bat activity, helena national forest: 1999. montana natural heritage program. helena, mt. 12 pp .\nnatural resources conservation service and bat conservation international. 1998. bats and mines: evaluating abandoned mines for bats: recommendations for survey and closure. 6 p .\nthe pallid bat is known for its unique habit of feeding almost entirely from the ground. unlike most other north american bats, this species captures little, if any, prey while in flight. with its huge ears, it can detect insects simply by listening for footsteps, and it can respond accurately to a split - second sound from up to 16 feet away .\npallid bats use echolocation to navigate and to find flying prey. they also use their large ears to detect the sounds of prey on the ground, such as the sound of a beetle moving across the ground .\njohnston, d. s. and m. b. fenton. 2001. individual and population - level variability in diets of pallid bats (antrozous pallidus). journal of mammalogy 82: 362 - 373 .\n“pallid bats are by far my favorite species of bat. the most obvious reason is that they are tough and can tackle and eat a scorpion but they also have this goofy side to their look and personality. i’ve worked with them a few times in a flight cage and they quickly show different personalities and get tame right away, which amazes me, ” explains frick .\nis a large (forearm 48‑60 mm), pale bat with large ears, blunt snout (with ridge across the top), and a distinctive skunk‑like odor .\nball, l. c. 2002. a strategy for describing and monitoring bat habitat. the journal of wildlife management 66 (4): 1148 - 1153 .\npfalzer g, kusch j (2003) structure and variability of bat social calls: implications for specificity and individual recognition. j zool (lond) 261: 21–33\nschorr, r. a. and j. l. siemers. 2013. characteristists of roots of male pallid bats (antrozous pallidus) in southeastern colorado. southwestern naturalist 58 (4): 470 - 474 .\nhendricks, p. 1997. mine assessments for bat activity, garnet resource area, blm: 1997. unpublished report to usdi, bureau of land management. 17pp .\nkeinath, douglas a. 2005. bat inventory of the greater yellowstone network: final report. national park service greater yellowstone network inventory and monitoring program (hardcopy) .\nschwab, n. a. 2004. bat conservation strategy and plan for the state of montana. intermountain journal of sciences 10 (1 - 4): 80 .\nsherwin, r. e. , j. s. altenbach, and d. l. waldien. 2009. managing abandoned mines for bats. bat conservation international .\nchaverri g, gillam eh, vonhof mj (2010) social calls used by a leaf - roosting bat to signal location. biol lett 6 (4): 441–444\narnold, b. , and g. wilkinson. 2011. individual specific contact calls of pallid bats (antrozous pallidus) attract conspecifics at roosting sites. behavioral ecology & sociobiology 65 (8): 1581 - 1593 .\nbeasley, l. j. , l. smale, and e. r. smith. 1984. melatonin influences the reproductive physiology of male pallid bats. biology of reproduction 30 (2): 300 - 305 .\n. although every effort is made by google to ensure translation accuracy, errors may occur. bat conservation international does not guarantee or warrant the accuracy or reliability of this tool .\naustin bat conservation international 500 n capital of tx hwy. , bldg. 1 austin, tx 78746, usa + 1 (512) 327 9721 1800 - 538 - bats\nkeinath, d. 2004. bat and terrestrial mammal inventories in the greater yellowstone network: a progress report. wyoming natural diversity database, laramie, wy. 17 pp .\nkunz, t. h. and m. b. fenton. 2003. bat ecology. chicago, ill: university of chicago press. p. 1 - 745 .\nmadson, m. and g. hanson. 1992. bat hibernaculum search in the pryor mountains, southcentral montana (draft). montana natural heritage program. 35 pp .\ntigner, joel. 2006. bat hibernacula surveys of select abandoned mines in the thompson river valley, sanders county, montana. batworks, rapid city, sd. 9pp .\npallid bats do not appear to migrate any great distance as the seasons change. they will break into smaller groups and hibernate deep within crevices in canyon walls, in buildings or deep in caves where the temperature is more constant .\narnold, b. d. and g. s. wilkinson. 2015. female natal philopatry and gene flow between divergent clades of pallid bats (antrozous pallidus). journal of mammalogy 96 (3): 531 - 540 .\npallid bats prey on various kinds of animals, which include centipedes, scorpions, cicadas, crickets, long - horned beetles, ground beetles, praying mantis and grasshoppers. they are also known to feed on small rodents and lizards .\ntigner, joel. 2005. active season bat surveys of select abandoned mines in the thompson river valley, sanders county, mt. batworks, rapid city, sd. 16pp .\ncarlson, j. c. and p. hendricks. 2001. a proposal for: bat use of highway structures: a pilot study. submitted to the montana department of transportation .\nhendricks, p. 2000. preliminary bat inventory of caves and abandoned mines on blm lands, judith mountains, montana. montana natural heritage program, helena, montana. 21 pp .\nschwab, nathan. 2004. mine assessment for bat activity on lands managed by the blm, missoula field office 2004. usdi blm missoula fo. missoula, mt. 16 pp .\naldridge hdjn, brigham rm (1988) load carrying and maneuverability in an insectivorous bat—a test of the 5% “rule” of radio - telemetry. j mammal 69 (2): 379–382\nwillis ckr, brigham rm (2007) social thermoregulation exerts more influence than microclimate on forest roost preferences by a cavity - dwelling bat. behav ecol sociobiol 62 (1): 97–108\nberthinussen, a. and j. altringham. 2012. the effect of a major road on bat activity and diversity. journal of applied ecology 49 (1): 82 - 89 .\ndubois, k. 1999. region 4 bat surveys: 1998 progress report. unpublished report, montana fish, wildlife & parks region 4 headquarters, great falls, montana. 20 pp .\nhendricks, p. 2000. bat survey along the norris - madison junction road corridor, yellowstone national park, wyoming, 1999. montana natural heritage program, helena, mt. 15pp .\nlamarr, s. and a. j. kuenzi. 2011. bat species presence in southwestern montana. intermountain journal of sciences. 17: 1 - 4. pp 14 - 19 .\nschwab, nathan. 2003. mine assessments for bat activity on lands managed by the blm, missoula field office 2003. report to usdi blm missoula fo. missoula, mt. 10pp .\ntaylor, d. a. r. and m. d. tuttle. 2007. water for wildlife: a handbook for ranchers and range managers. bat conservation international. 20 p .\ntuttle, m. d. and d. a. r. taylor. 1998. bats and mines. bat conservation international, inc. resource publication no. 3. 52 p .\npallid bat reaches their sexual maturity in a year or so. breeding starts from october and continues throughout the winter. the gestation period may last around 55 – 73 days; after which 1 - 3 offspring are born during may – june. pallid bats give birth to an average of 2 offspring at a time and around 20% of the time a single offspring is born. the newborns weigh around six grams at the time of birth, having closed eyes and folded ears with little visible hair on the body. female lactate them for 2 – 3 months. young ones can open their eyes within five days from birth. they start flying within 4 – 5 weeks from birth .\nrambaldini, d. a. , and m. a. bridham. 2008. torpor use by free - ranging pallid bats (antrozous pallidus) at the northern extent of their range. journal of mammalogy 89 (4): 933 - 941 .\ncorbett, j. 2011. evaluation and management of select natural cave and abandoned mine features of the lewis and clark and helena national forests, montana. bat conservation international. 18pp plus appendices .\nduff, a. a. and t. e. morrell. 2007. predictive occurrence models for bat species in california. journal of wildlife management 71 (3): 693 - 700 .\njiang, t. , h. wu, j. feng. 2015. patterns and causes of geographic variation in bat echolocation pulses. integrative zoology 10 (3): 241 - 256 .\nhabits. pallid bats inhabit rocky, outcrop areas where they commonly roost in rock crevices, caves, and mine tunnels but they also roost in the attics of houses, under the eaves of barns, behind signs, in hollow trees, and in abandoned adobe buildings. colonies are usually small and may contain 12 - 100 bats. pallid bats usually appear on the wing relatively late at night, well after dark. the species is probably migratory although occasional individuals have been reported from the united states in winter .\nhendricks, p. and d. l. genter. 1997. bat surveys of azure cave and the little rocky mountains: 1996. montana natural heritage program. helena, mt. 25 pp .\npeck, j. and a. kuenzi. 2003. relationship of orientation on internal temperature of artificial bat roosts, southwestern montana. intermountain journal of sciences 9 (1): 19 - 25 .\ntigner, joel. 2007. bat hibernacula surveys (in) gated mines, pryor mountains, carbon county, montana - report to blm. batworks 2416 cameron drive, rapid city, sd 57702 .\naltringham jd, fenton mb (2003) sensory ecology and communication in the chiroptera. in: kunz th, fenton mb (eds) bat ecology. university of chicago press, chicago, pp 90–127\nhendricks, p. 2000. assessment of abandoned mines for bat use on bureau of land management lands in the philipsburg, montana area: 1999. montana natural heritage program, helena, mt. 13pp .\nkeeley, b. w. , and m. d. tuttle. 1999. “bats in american bridges. ” resource publication no. 4. bat conservation international. austin, tx. 41 p .\no' farrell, m. j. , et al. 1967. fall and winter bat activity at a desert spring in southern nevada. the southwestern naturalist 12 (2): 163 - 171 .\npallid bats feed on the ground, which makes them vulnerable to terrestrial predators and injury. terrestrial predators may include snakes, cats, foxes, coyotes, and raccoons. adult and young bats are mainly preyed on by snakes or crepuscular and nocturnal raptors, mainly owls .\npallid bats have a unique foraging pattern among north american bats. they fly low to the ground (about 15 to 76 centimeters), then dip and rise in swoops in order to grab ground - dwelling prey or slow - flying prey. this pattern allows them to use passive hearing to hear their prey on the ground. they may drop to the ground to grab large, ground - dwelling prey. they also forage for insects among leaves and flowers. they will take smaller prey in the air using echolocation. pallid bats take larger prey back to their roosts and remove hard parts, such as wings, legs, and heads, from prey before eating them. pallid bats have two nightly foraging periods with a roosting time in between. they prey mainly on large flying and ground - dwelling insects, including beetles (\nbender, m. j. and g. d. hartman. 2015. bat activity increases with barometric pressure and temperature during autumn in central georgia. southeastern naturalist 14 (2): 231 - 242 .\nweller, t. j. and d. c. lee. 2007. mist net effort required to inventory a forest bat species assemblage. journal of wildlife management 71 (1): 251 - 257 .\nbell, g. p. 1982. behavioral and ecological aspects of gleaning by a desert insectivorous bat, antrozous pallidus (chiroptera: vespertilionidae). behavioral ecology and sociobiology 10 (3): 217 - 223 .\nhendricks, p. , k. a. jurist, d. l. genter, and j. d. reichel. 1995. bat survey of the kootenai national forest, montana: 1994. mtnhp report .\nkuenzi, a. j. , g. t. downard, and m. l. morrison. 1999. bat distribution and hibernacula use in west central nevada. great basin naturalist 59: 213 - 220 .\nthe pallid bat is can be found found in arid regions with rocky outcroppings, to open, sparsely vegetated grasslands. water must be available close by to all sites. they typically will use three different types of roosts. a day roost which can be a warm, horizontal opening such as in attics, shutters or crevices; the night roost is in the open, but with foliage nearby; and the hibernation roost mentioned above, which is often in buildings, caves, or cracks in rocks .\npallid bats roost in man - made structures, causing occasional damage from droppings or odor problems. this is also a problem because bats, along with other mammals, carry rabies virus. although transmission of rabies to humans is rare, roost proximity to human habitation may be a concern .\nhinman, k. e. and t. k. snow, eds. 2003. arizona bat conservation strategic plan. nongame and endangered wildlife program technical report 213. arizona game and fish department, phoenix, arizona .\nkeinath, d. a. 2005. a bat conservation evaluation for white grass ranch, grand teton national park, wyoming. unpublished report for grand teton national park by the wyoming natural diversity data base, laramie, wy .\nschoner cr, schoner mg and kerth g (2010) similar is not the same: social calls of conspecifics are more effective in attracting wild bats to day roost than those of other bat species. behav ecol sociobiol doi :\nit is locally common (wilson and ruff 1999). a single colony can range from 12 to 100 individuals, with a maximum of 162 bats. about 95% of groups consist of at least 20 individuals, with the largest colony consisting of 162 bats. pallid bats are highly social .\ngrindal, s. d. , t. s. collard and r. m. brigham. 1991. evidence for a breeding population of pallid bats, antrozous pallidus (chiroptera: vespertilionidae) in british columbia. royal british columbia museum, contributions to natural science 14: 1 - 4 .\n“discovering that pallid bats love to drink cactus nectar has been one of the highlights of my scientific work, i think in part because it was a really fun natural history discovery that we made by just being out in the sonoran desert in baja california at night and being observant. we were trying to see if we could watch lesser long - nosed bats drinking cactus nectar and all of a sudden we noticed that the bats landing on the flowers had big ears and a tail membrane and were not hovering the way lesser long - nosed bats do. they were pallid bats! after that first awestruck night, we set up cameras and almost everywhere we went in the desert in baja california, mexico, we could watch pallid bats coming to drink cactus nectar at night. we now know they also eat the fruit of the cactus and we’ve observed them actually crawling inside the fruit husk to get a fruit snack. ”\npallid bats consume large numbers of a wide variety of crop pests, and in areas where they are still abundant, must have substantial economic, as well as ecological impact. since pallid bats often live in buildings, human harassment and needless killing rank among their greatest threats. those that cause a nuisance by night roosting in open porches often can be persuaded to leave for several months at a time by spraying roosting surfaces with squirrel or dog repellent. they can be excluded from day - roosting in buildings, though their small colonies do not often cause substantial nuisances and may, in many cases, be worth tolerating .\nhendricks, p. , d. kampwerth and m. brown. 1999. assessment of abandoned mines for bat use on bureau of land management lands in southwestern montana: 1997 - 1998. montana natural heritage program, helena. 29 pp .\nsocial. most pallid bats (95 %) roost in groups of 20, or more, ranging to 162. group size is important for metabolic economy and growth of young. young animals occupy the center of clusters. individuals out of clusters experience higher rates of weight loss (trune and slobodchikoff 1976, 1978) .\ndistribution, abundance, and seasonallty the pallid bat is a locally common species of low elevations in california. it occurs throughout california except for the high sierra nevada from shasta to kern cos. , and the northwestern corner of the state from del norte and western siskiyou cos. to northern mendocino co. a wide variety of habitats is occupied, including grasslands, shrublands, woodlands, and forests from sea level up through mixed conifer forests. the species is most common in open, dry habitats with rocky areas for roosting. a yearlong resident in most of the range .\nfrick, w. , j. shipley, j. kelly, p. heady, and k. kay. 2014. seasonal reliance on nectar by an insectivorous bat revealed by stable isotopes. oecologia 174 (1): 55 - 65 .\npallid bats are also called desert bats because they are mostly found in desert habitats. they roost in a variety of places but favor rocky outcrops. they also occur in oak and pine forested areas and open farmland. roosting sites are variable, depending on what is available. they can be found roosting in caves, rock crevices, mines, hollow trees, and buildings. pallid bats in oregon have been documented roosting in rock piles, piles of burlap sacks, and hollow trees. they use day roosts that are semi - dark, as long as there is some sort of cover. night roosts for resting between feeding intervals are near day roosts, but are not the same as day roosts. pallid bats prefer darkness, shelter from wind and rain, and an easy escape if they are disturbed. roosts are usually near a source of water, but this does not appear to be a main requirement for roosting locations. winter roost locations are not well known for\nbaker, m. d. , m. j. lacki, g. a. falxa, p. l. droppelman, r. a. slack, and s. a. slankard. 2008. habitat use of pallid bats in coniferous forests of northern california. northwest science 82 (4): 269 - 275 .\nducummon, s. l. 1997. the north american bats and mines project: a cooperative approach for integrating bat conservation and mine - land reclamation. paper presented at the 1997 national meeting of the american society for mining and reclamation, austin, texas .\nhendricks, p. and j. c. carlson. 2001. bat use of abandoned mines in the pryor mountains. report to the montana department of environmental quality, mine waste cleanup bureau. montana natural heritage program. helena, montana. 8 pp .\nhendricks, p. , k. jurist, d. l. genter, and j. d. reichel. 1995. bat survey of the sioux district, custer national forest: 1994. montana natural heritage program. helena, montana. 41 pp .\nfrick, w. f. , p. a. heady iii, and j. p. hayes. 2009. facultative nectar - feeding behavior in a gleaning insectivorous bat (antrozous pallidus). journal of mammalogy 90 (5): 1157 - 1164 .\nhendricks, p. and b. a. maxell. 2005. bat surveys on usfs northern region lands in montana: 2005. report to the usda forest service, northern region. montana natural heritage program, helena, mt. 12 pp. plus appendices .\nmartinez, s. 1999. evaluation of selected bat habitat sites along the mammoth - norris grand loop road corridor, yellowstone national park, wyoming, 1997 - 1998. [ unpublished report submitted to the montana natural heritage program, helena, mt ]. 16pp .\nwolfe, m. l. and a. kozlowski. 2006. bat inventories at grant - kohrs ranch national historic site and little bighorn battlefield national monument, final report. rocky mountains cooperative ecosystems studies unit. utah state university. logan, ut. 26 pp .\npallid bats are primarily found near deserts. they love to inhabit dark and undisturbed rocky outcrops. they choose a roosting site depending on the availability of food nearby. they can be spotted roosting in hallow trees, mines, caves and buildings. during hot weather, they have been spotted to move to the cooler and deeper area to maintain their body temperature .\nnagorsen, d. w. , a. a. bryant, d. kerridge, g. roberts, a. roberts, and m. j. sarell. 1993. winter bat records for british columbia. northwestern naturalist. 74 (3): 61 - 66 .\nlenard, s. , p. hendricks, and b. a. maxell. 2009. bat surveys on usfs northern region lands in montana: 2007. a report to the usda forest service, northern region. helena, mt. montana natural heritage program. 21 pp plus appendices .\ntemperate north american bats are now threatened by a fungal disease called “white - nose syndrome. ” this disease has devastated eastern north american bat populations at hibernation sites since 2007. the fungus, geomyces destructans, grows best in cold, humid conditions that are typical of many bat hibernacula. the fungus grows on, and in some cases invades, the bodies of hibernating bats and seems to result in disturbance from hibernation, causing a debilitating loss of important metabolic resources and mass deaths. mortality rates at some hibernation sites have been as high as 90% . while there are currently no reports of\npallid bats roost in rock crevices, tree hollows, mines, caves, and a variety of anthropogenic structures, including vacant and occupied buildings. tree roosting has been documented in large conifer snags (e. g. ponderosa pine), inside basal hollows of redwoods and giant sequoias, and bole cavities in oaks. they have also been reported roosting in stacks of burlap sacks and stone piles .\nlenard, s. , b. a. maxell, p. hendricks, and c. currier. 2007. bat surveys on usfs northern region 1 lands in montana: 2006. report to the usda forest service, northern region. montana natural heritage program, helena, montana. 23 pp. plus appendices .\npallid bats locate other members of their group using vocalizations. once they locate each other they congregate in a roosting area before reentering torpor. there are four main calls used when individuals are locating one another: a directive call that is used to find one another, squabble notes used to space bats when roosting, a buzzing used in agonistic intraspecific encounters, and ultrasonic orientation pulses for communicating exploratory activity to other individuals .\nhendricks, p. , b. a. maxell, s. lenard, c. currier and j. johnson. 2006. riparian bat surveys in eastern montana. a report to the usdi bureau of land management, montana state office. montana natural heritage program, helena, montana. 13 pp. plus appendices .\npriday, j. and b. luce. 1997. inventory of bats and bat habitat associated with caves and mines in wyoming: completion report. p. 50 - 109. in: endangered and nongame bird and mammal investigations annual completion report. unpublished report. nongame program, wyoming game and fish department. 234 pp .\nbogan, m. a. , and k. geluso. 1999. bat roosts and historic structures on national park service lands in the rocky mountain region. albuquerque, nm: u. s. geological survey, midcontinent ecological science center, dept. of biology, the university of new mexico. unpublished report. 25 pp\npriday, j. , and b. luce. 1997. inventory of bats and bat habitat associated with caves and mines in wyoming: completion report. pp. 50 - 109 in endangered and nongame bird and mammal investigations annual completion report. nongame program, biological services section, wyoming game and fish department, cheyenne, wyoming .\nrodhouse, t. j. , p. c. ormsbee, k. m. irvine, l. a. vierling, j. m. szewczak, and k. t. vierling. 2015. establishing conservation baselines with dynamic distribution models for bat populations facing imminent decline. diversity and distributions 21 (12): 1401 - 1413 .\npallid bats range from southern british columbia through montana to central mexico. they occur from the okanagan valley in british columbia, south through eastern washington, oregon, and california to baja california sur, sonora, sinaloa, nayarit, jalisco, queretaro, and nuevo leon in mexico. they are found as far east as western texas, oklahoma, southern kansas, southern wyoming, and southern idaho. there is a disjunct population on the island of cuba .\nfeigley, h. p. , m. brown, s. martinez, and k. schletz. 1997. assessment of mines for importance to bat species of concern, southwestern montana. report to: u. s. geological survey, biological resources division, midcontinent ecological science center; 4512 mcmurry ave. , fort collins, co 80525 - 3400. 9pp .\nhendricks, p. , s. lenard, c. currier and j. johnson. 2005. bat use of highway bridges in south - central montana. fhwa / mt - 05 - 007 / 8159. final report prepared for the montana department of transportation, in cooperation with the u. s. department of transportation federal highway administration, prepared by the montana natural heritage program .\n. specimens captured in oregon during the winter were not anywhere near summer roosting sites. winter specimens were found in narrow crevices; this may contribute to the difficulty of locating these individuals in the winter. a study done by vaughan and o’shea (1976) showed that pallid bats arrive in arizona sometime around march or april and then depart again in november. they were observed using vertical and overhanging cliff crevices, but during the hottest part of the day they were found to move to deeper, cooler crevices to maintain a more suitable body temperature .\nthe pallid bat is large and pale, with large ears (not joined at base), large eyes, a simple muzzle, and a yellowish drab dorsal pelage that is paler towards the hair tips and darker at the base (palest in deserts, darkest along coast). the calcar lacks a keel. the total length is 92 to 135 millimeters, tail length is 35 to 53 millimeters, hind foot length is 11 to 16 millimeters, ear length is 21 to 37 millimeters, forearm length is 45 to 60 millimeters, and skull length is 18. 6 to 24 millimeters. females tend to be larger than males (mass 13. 6 to 24. 1 grams in males, 13. 9 to 28. 0 grams in females) (hermanson and o' shea 1983). the skull has 28 teeth (dental formula: i 1 / 2, c 1 / 1, p 1 / 2, m 3 / 3) (nagorsen and brigham 1993) .\nwhether the species migrates out of state or hibernates locally has yet to be resolved. most records are from summer (shryer and flath 1980, worthington 1991, p. hendricks and j. carlson personal observation). however, recent surveys using acoustic detectors have recorded this species as late as november. little information is available outside of montana (barbour and davis 1969, schmidly 1991). distances of fall movements are not known, but pallid bats seem to be somewhat sedentary and probably do not move far between summer and winter roosts (barbour and davis 1969) .\ndescription. a rather large, pale, yellowish - brown bat. ears about 2. 5 cm long, broad, naked, and crossed by nine or 11 transverse lines; bases of hairs light (nearly white), tips dusky; large light spot between shoulders; underparts paler and lacking dusky - tipped hairs; membranes nearly naked and brownish; nostrils surrounded by a glandular ridge producing a blunt snout; feet relatively large and strong. dental formula: i 1 / 2, c 1 / 1, pm 1 / 2, m 3 / 3 x 2 = 28. external measurements average: total length, 113 mm; tail, 46 mm; foot, 12 mm; ear, 28 mm; forearm, 48 mm. weight, 12 - 17 g .\nmales in california undergo an increase in testes size during the month of august until september and then regress by mid - october. males are present in nursery colonies as well as in separate single - sex groups. breeding takes place in early october and continues sporadically throughout the winter. bats in captivity mate in october and november, some have been observed mating in january and february. in captivity, mated females ovulate and become pregnant with an increase in ambient temperature. ambient temperature may effect when wild populations produce young, especially if the seasonal temperatures are changing from year to year .\nfemales can retain the sperm in the uterus throughout the winter until spring when fertilization occurs. the gestation period lasts from 53 to 71 days and young are born between may and june. they usually have twins, but about 20 percent of births are single. birth weight is near 3 grams. the young open their eyes about five days after their birth and begin to fly at 4 to 5 weeks after birth. at 6 to 8 weeks after birth they are weaned and are able to breed in their first year .\nthe young are born in an altricial state. they have closed eyes and their ears are folded against the head with a few hairs visible only under magnification. the mothers will carry the young during her foraging flights for the first few days after birth. females only lactate for 2 to 3 months and do not nurse young that are not their own. the young have recurved cusps on their deciduous teeth. this allows the young to grasp the nipple of the females in order to prevent detatchment in flight. mothers will stay with their young for 12 months after the young are flying on their own. this is also when most will fly in family groups of two or three when returning to their day roost. the day roosts may not always be the same place, allowing the young bats to learn how to seek out the vocal calls when the colony swarms around the chosen day roost sight. males do not care for offspring .\nin the wild have been known to live for at least nine years and captive populations have had individuals live for up to eleven years .\nis least concern. this is mainly due to their widespread distribution and presumed large population. they occur in many protected areas, leading researchers to believe that populations are unlikely to decline in the foreseeable future. they have been placed at low risk to least concern in the past. these bats are susceptible to mild disturbances which cause them to abandon their roosting sites. humans also may disrupt their prey species with pesticides, offsetting prey populations. wildlife managers are taking action to manage and monitor habitat to avoid disturbance .\nmortalities as a result of white - nose syndrome, the disease continues to move westward across north america .\nkatie weber (author), university of alaska fairbanks, link e. olson (editor, instructor), university of alaska fairbanks .\nliving in the nearctic biogeographic province, the northern part of the new world. this includes greenland, the canadian arctic islands, and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .\nyoung are born in a relatively underdeveloped state; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth / hatching. in birds, naked and helpless after hatching .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves. animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nhaving markings, coloration, shapes, or other features that cause an animal to be camouflaged in its natural environment; being difficult to see or otherwise detect .\na substantial delay (longer than the minimum time required for sperm to travel to the egg) takes place between copulation and fertilization, used to describe female sperm storage .\nthe process by which an animal locates itself with respect to other animals and objects by emitting sound waves and sensing the pattern of the reflected sound waves .\nanimals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature. endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia, although it may have arisen in a (now extinct) synapsid ancestor; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities. convergent in birds .\nforest biomes are dominated by trees, otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .\nhaving a body temperature that fluctuates with that of the immediate environment; having no mechanism or a poorly developed mechanism for regulating internal body temperature .\nthe state that some animals enter during winter in which normal physiological processes are significantly reduced, thus lowering the animal' s energy requirements. the act or condition of passing winter in a torpid or resting state, typically involving the abandonment of homoiothermy in mammals .\noffspring are produced in more than one group (litters, clutches, etc .) and across multiple seasons (or other periods hospitable to reproduction). iteroparous animals must, by definition, survive over multiple seasons (or periodic condition changes) .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic .\nthe kind of polygamy in which a female pairs with several males, each of which also pairs with several different females .\nmature spermatozoa are stored by females following copulation. male sperm storage also occurs, as sperm are retained in the male epididymes (in mammals) for a period that can, in some cases, extend over several weeks or more, but here we use the term to refer only to sperm storage by females .\nthat region of the earth between 23. 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north (between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle) and between 23. 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south (between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle) .\na terrestrial biome. savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy. extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical africa and south america, and in australia .\na grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees, a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest. see also tropical savanna and grassland biome." ]

{ "text": [ "the pallid bat ( antrozous pallidus ) is a species of bat that ranges from western canada to central mexico .", "it is the sole species of its genus and is closely related to van gelder 's bat ( bauerus dubiaquercus ) , which is sometimes included in antrozous .", "although it has in the past been placed in its own subfamily ( antrozoinae ) or even family ( antrozoidae ) , it is now considered part of the subfamily vespertilioninae and the tribe antrozoini . " ], "topic": [ 25, 26, 11 ] }

[ "the pallid bat (antrozous pallidus) is a species of bat that ranges from western canada to central mexico. it is the sole species of its genus and is closely related to van gelder's bat (bauerus dubiaquercus), which is sometimes included in antrozous. although it has in the past been placed in its own subfamily (antrozoinae) or even family (antrozoidae), it is now considered part of the subfamily vespertilioninae and the tribe antrozoini." ]

[ "forma crangon crangon f. mediterranea bražnikov, 1907 accepted as crangon crangon (linnaeus, 1758 )\nforma crangon crangon f. typica bražnikov, 1907 accepted as crangon crangon (linnaeus, 1758 )\ngrowth in the brown shrimp crangon crangon. ii. meta - analysis and modelling\necological studies on the brown shrimp crangon crangon, fishery in the solway firth .\nno information was found on the effects of non - native species on crangon crangon .\n# ecological studies on the brown shrimp crangon crangon, fishery in the solway firth .\n.\nnursery function of an estuarine tidal marsh for the brown shrimp crangon crangon\n.\n.\nnursery function of wadden sea tidal flats for the brown shrimp crangon crangon\n.\n.\nthe feeding ecology of crangon franciscorumand crangon nigricaudain san francisco bay, california\n.\ncrangon crangon can be confused with crangon allmani, but crangon allmani has a longitudinal ridge on the sixth abdominal segment. crangon crangon has very high productivity and is an important food source for many birds, fish and crustaceans. it is commercially exploited for human consumption in northern europe .\n.\nsettlement and growth of brown shrimp (crangon crangon) in a coastal area\n.\n.\nautecology of crangon crangon (l .) with an emphasis on latitudinal trends\n.\n.\nthe population zoogeography of the common shrimp (crangon crangon) in british waters\n.\n.\ndistribution, reproduction and growth of crangon nigricaudaand crangon franciscorumin yaquina bay, oregon\n.\nbehavioral thermoregulation of the common brown shrimp (crangon crangon, l .) throughout the seasonal cycle\n.\nsynopsis of biological data on the common shrimp crangon crangon (linnaeus, 1758 )\n.\nis crangon crangon (l. 1758, decapoda, caridea) food limited in the wadden sea ?\n.\nphylogeography of the common shrimp, crangon crangon (l .) across its distribution range\n.\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nhietakatkarapu\nto\ncrangon crangon (linnaeus, 1758 )\n.\nadd tags for\necological studies on the brown shrimp crangon crangon, fishery in the solway firth .\n.\n.\nfood availability and predator presence in a costal nursery area of the brown shrimp (crangon crangon )\n.\n.\nlimited stock structure in uk populations of the brown shrimp, crangon crangon, identified by morphology and genetics\n.\nage determination of brown shrimp crangon crangon (l .): validation of two approaches using populations at the biogeographic edges .\njennifer hammock split the classifications by inventaire national du patrimoine naturel from crangon crangon (linnaeus, 1758) to their own page .\neduard solà added the catalan common name\ngamba d' esquer\nto\ncrangon crangon (linnaeus, 1758 )\n.\neduard solà added the catalan common name\ngamba d' alguer\nto\ncrangon crangon (linnaeus, 1758 )\n.\nmicroplastic contamination in brown shrimp (crangon crangon, linnaeus 1758) from coastal waters of the southern north sea and channel area .\ngrowth in the brown shrimp crangon crangon. i. effects of food, temperature, size, gender, moulting, and cohort\n.\ninfluence of food supply and a potential predator (crangon crangon) on settling behaviour of plaice (pleuronectes platessa )\n.\npopulation dynamics and lifecycle of the brown shrimp crangon crangon (caridea, l. 1758). experimental, biochemical and theoretical aspects .\ngrowth in the brown shrimp crangon crangon. i. effects of food, temperature, size, gender, moulting, ...\necological studies on the brown shrimp crangon crangon, fishery in the solway firth. (book, 1999) [ worldcat. org ]\ncrangon crangon is found in areas of extremely high turbidity (addison et al. , 2003; lloyd & yonge, 1947). in clear water in the wash, crangon crangon is only active at night to avoid predation (addison et al. , 2003) but in the very turbid waters of the bristol channel, crangon crangon is active day and night (lloyd & yonge, 1947). therefore an increase in turbidity is likely to be of benefit to crangon crangon by increasing foraging time and tolerant * has been recorded .\n.\nfluctuation of the brown shrimp crangon crangon (crustacea: caridea) abundance in the western dutch wadden sea, the netherlands\n.\n.\nthe behavioural basis of predator - prey size relationships between shrimp (crangon crangon) and juvenile plaice (pleuronectes platessa )\n.\n.\na contribution toward the life histories of two california shrimps, crangon fransciscorum (stimpson) and crangon nigricauda (stimpson )\n.\ncrangon crangon has highly sensitive antennae and is probably able to detect vibrations in the water. however, at the benchmark level the limit of response to noise is probably that crangon crangon will bury itself for a short time but suffer no other perturbation and tolerant has been recorded .\ncrangon crangon is a strong bioaccumulator of cadmium and does not have an efficient method of excretion (culshaw et al. , 2002) .\nboddeke, r. , 1975. autumn migration and vertical distribution of the brown shrimp crangon crangon l. in relation to environmental conditions .\n- ratio of brown shrimp crangon crangon were monitored in temperature controlled starvation experiments and field samples. a significant decrease of dry weight and rna•dna\ncrangon crangon densities increased in the tracks of blue mussel dredges for 7 days after dredging. this was presumed to be due to the dredge exposing large numbers of polychaetes upon which the crangon crangon were feeding (dolmer et al. , 2001). therefore tolerant * has been recorded .\npopulation dynamics and lifecycle of the brown shrimp crangon crangon (caridea, l. 1758). experimental, biochemical and theoretical aspects .\npdf | population dynamics and lifecycle of the brown shrimp crangon crangon (caridea, l. 1758). experimental, biochemical and theoretical aspects .\necological studies on the brown shrimp crangon crangon, fishery in the solway firth. / jane lancaster; university of newcastle upon tyne, 1999 .\n( pdf) growth in the brown shrimp crangon crangon. i. effects of food, temperature, size, gender, moulting, and cohort\ngrowth in the brown shrimp crangon crangon. i. effects of food, temperature, size, gender, moulting, and cohort - dtu orbit\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - common shrimp (crangon crangon )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - common shrimp (crangon crangon )\ntitle =\narkive species - common shrimp (crangon crangon )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\n.\nepisodic mass invasions of juvenile gadoids into the wadden sea and their consequences for the population dynamics of brown shrimp (crangon crangon )\n.\ndrewa, g. , 1988. the effect of detergent abs on shrimp crangon crangon l. polskie archiwum hydrobiologii, 35, 97 - 108 .\npopulation dynamics and lifecycle of the brown shrimp crangon crangon (caridea, l. 1758). experimental, biochemical and theoretical aspects. [ 2009 ]\ncontribution of different generations of the brown shrimp crangon crangon (l .) in the dutch wadden sea to commercial fisheries: a dynamic energy budget approach\nmadsen, k. n. , 1992. effects of arsenic on survival and metabolism of crangon crangon. marine biology, 113, 37 - 44 .\n[ free - living nematodes as food of the sand shrimp, crangon crangon: experiments on the role of meiofauna as food of the marine macrobenthos ] .\n.\na population study of the shrimp crangon allmanniin the german bight\n.\n.\nis the brown shrimp crangon crangon (l .) population of the vaccarès lagoon (camargue, france, rhône delta) an annual population ?\n.\non the population biology of the commom shrimp crangon crangon (l .) (crustacea: caridea) in the severn estuary and bristol channel\n.\n.\nchange of external sexual characteristics during consecutive moults in crangon crangonl\n.\n​​​​​​a decline in predators coupled with an increase in fishing effort and efficiency has meant that landings of crangon crangon (brown shrimp) have increased steadily since the 1970s .\ncrangon crangon is tolerant of arsenate, which becomes toxic at 25 mg / l but takes over 7 days to cause 50% mortality at 50 mg / l in small crangon crangon and more than 14 days in larger specimens (madsen, 1992). crangon crangon did not accumulate arsenic from seawater but it was rapidly accumulated from food, especially organic forms such as arsenobetaine, which reached levels 40 times those of control animals in a 16 day exposure (hunter et al. , 1998) .\n.\npredation by sevenspine bay shrimp crangon septemspinosaon winter flounder pleuronectes americanusduring settlement\n.\ncrangon crangon is found in very clear and very turbid waters (addison et al. , 2003) and is likely to be tolerant of a decrease in suspended sediment .\ncrangon crangon can tolerate salinities of 7 - 40 psu (mclusky et al. , 1982) and can survive fresh water for up to 8 hours (lloyd & yonge, 1947). nevertheless, prolonged decreases in salinity are not without their effects and crangon crangon migrate offshore in winter to avoid low salinities (henderson & holmes, 1987). at 25 psu female crangon crangon become berried as normal but at 15 psu egg attachment to the abdominal appendages (pleoplods) is delayed and there is a complete failure of spawning at 5 psu (gelin et al. , 2001). decreased salinity also increases the susceptibility of crangon crangon to hypoxia (johnson, 1988; sedgwick, 1981). low salinity is unlikely to cause mortality of adult crangon crangon but may affect the viability of a population and an intolerance of low has been recorded .\nextreme end of the first walking leg (pereiopod) of crangon crangon. the last segment (dactyl) hinges on the second - to - last segment (propodus) .\nvismann, b. , 1996. sulfide species and total sulfide toxicity in the shrimp crangon crangon. journal of experimental marine biology and ecology, 204, 141 - 154 .\n[ free - living nematodes as food of the sand shrimp, crangon crangon: experiments on the role of meiofauna as food of the marine macrobenthos ]. - pubmed - ncbi\n.\nenvironmental preferences of crangon crangon (linnaeus, 1758), palaemon adspersusrathke, 1837, and palaemon elegansrathke, 1837 in the littoral zone of the gulf of gdansk\n.\na .\nprey choise order of crangon uritaias a predator for juvenile pleuronectes yokohamae\n.\ncrangon crangon occurs in varying turbidity from clear water to extremely high turbidity (addison et al. , 2003) and therefore is likely to be tolerant of a decrease in turbidity .\ndyrynda, e. a. , 1998. shell disease in the common shrimp crangon crangon: variations within an enclosed estuarine system. marine biology, 132, 445 - 452 .\npapathanassiou, e. , 1985. effects of cadmium ions on the ultrastructure of the gills cells of the brown shrimp crangon crangon l. crustaceana, 48, 6 - 17 .\n.\necologie de crangon crangon (l .) (decapoda, caridea) dans un étang de la côte languedocienne i. – croissance, reproduction, migrations mer / étang\n.\n( of crangon crangon typicus doflein, 1900) doflein, f. , 1900. die dekapoden krebse der arktischen meere. — fauna arctica 1: 315 - 362. [ details ]\n.\npopulation zoogeography of brown shrimp crangon crangonalong its distributional range based on morphometric characters\n.\n.\nexperimental studies on the larval development of the shrimps crangon crangonand c. almanii\n.\n.\nlarval development of crangon hakodateirathbun (decapoda: crangonidae) reared in the laboratory\n.\n.\nlarval development of crangon uritai (decapoda: crangonidae) reared in the laboratory\n.\n.\nhierarchical population genetic structure in the commercially exploited shrimp crangon crangonidentified by aflp analysis\n.\nhagerman, l. & vismann, b. , 1995. anaerobic metabolism in the shrimp crangon crangon exposed to hypoxia, anoxia and hydrogen sulfide. marine biology, 123, 235 - 240 .\n.\nrevision of the east asian species of crangon (decapoda: caridea: crangonidae )\n.\n.\nthe impact of the brown shrimp crangon crangonon soft bottom meiofauna: an experimental approach\n.\n.\nfecundity and brood loss of sand shrimp, crangon uritai (decapoda: crangonidae )\n.\n.\nstatistische untersuchungen über unterschiede in den körperproportionen zwischen der nord und ostseeform von crangon crangonl\n.\n.\npredation by a crangonid shrimp crangon affinison a juvenile japanese flounder paralichthys olivaceusunder laboratory conditions\n.\ncrangon crangon relies on currents to move up and down sandy shores for foraging (al - adhub & naylor, 1975) and to perform seasonal migrations (boddeke, 1975) but also occurs in lagoons (gelin et al. , 2000) with negligible water flow. therefore crangon crangon is unlikely to be affected by a decrease in water flow rate at the benchmark level and tolerant has been recorded .\ndensities of crangon crangon reached 394 per 100m² on the belgian coast and seemed to be unaffected by wind speed and wave height (beyst et al. , 2001). therefore tolerant has been recorded .\ncriales, m. m. & anger, k. 1986. experimental studies on the larval development of the shrimps crangon crangon and c. allmani. helgolander meeresunterschungen, 40, 241 - 265 .\n.\nfecundity and egg size of three different shrimp species, crangon crangon, palaemon adspersusand palaemon elegans (crustacea: decapoda: caridea), off sinop peninsula (turkey) in the black sea\n.\ncrangon crangon is found on sandy and muddy ground, showing a preference for grain sizes between 125 and 710 µm (pinn & ansell, 1993). crangon crangon buries itself to ambush prey and to avoid predation (pinn & ansell, 1993). it feeds mainly on benthic infauna and 0 - group flatfish and if the substratum was removed, most of the crangon crangon would be removed with it. those individuals that escaped would have greatly increased predation from demersal fish e. g. gadoids and would have greatly decreased foraging success and mortality would probably be high. crangon crangon needs areas with fine silt bottoms as nursery grounds for juveniles and land reclamation in the wadden sea has been stated as a threat to recruitment (boddeke, 1982). therefore, an intolerance of high and a recoverability of very high have been recorded .\ncancer crangon linnaeus, 1758, syst. nat. , (ed. 10) 1: 632 .\n.\nseasonal distribution and abundance of sand shrimp crangon septemspinosain the york river – chesapeake bay estuary\n.\n.\nfood selection and consumption of the shrimp crangon crangonin some shallow marine areas in western sweden\n.\nboddeke, r. , 1982. the occurrence of winter and summer eggs in the brown shrimp (crangon crangon) and the pattern of recruitment. netherlands journal of sea research, 16, 151 - 162 .\nhagerman, l. & szaniawska, a. , 1986. behaviour, tolerance and anaerobic metabolism under hypoxia in the brackish - water shrimp crangon crangon. marine ecology progress series, 34, 125 - 132 .\nknust, r. , 1990. the black spot disease in crangon crangon (l .) of the german bight. ices council meeting papers, c. m. 1990 / e: 32, 11p .\nmclusky, d. s. , hagerman, l. & mitchell, p. , 1982. effect of salinity acclimation on osmoregulation in crangon crangon and praunus flexuosus. ophelia, 21, 89 - 100 .\nnottage, a. s. , 1982. shell disease of brown shrimp, crangon crangon (l .) and other marine crustacea from the solway firth. chemistry and ecology, 1, 107 - 123 .\nthe effect of smothering on crangon crangon is probably dependent on the nature of the deposited material. crangon crangon is a very motile organism and therefore should be able to avoid burial but will probably be adversely affected if the deposited material is anything other than sand or mud as it will not be able to forage or escape predation by burying. crangon crangon needs areas with fine silt bottoms as nursery grounds for juveniles and land reclamation in the wadden sea has been stated as a threat to recruitment (boddeke, 1982). to account for a worst - case scenario an intolerance of intermediate has been recorded. a recoverability of very high has been recorded\ncrangon crangon inhabits areas with extremely high quantities of suspended sediment (addison et al. , 2003; lloyd & yonge, 1947) and, therefore, is likely to be tolerant of an increase in suspended sediment .\ncrangon crangon occurs in lagoons (gelin et al. , 2000) and estuaries where wave exposures are very low. therefore a decrease in wave exposure is unlikely to adversely affect the population and tolerant has been recorded .\nprice, r. k. j. & uglow, r. f. , 1980. cardiac and ventilatory responses of crangon crangon to cadmium, copper and zinc. helgolander meeresuntersuchungen, 33, 59 - 67 .\nsmith, v. j. & johnston, p. a. , 1992. differential haemotoxic effect of pcb congeners in the common shrimp, crangon crangon. comparative biochemistry and physiology, 101c, 641 - 649 .\nzbytniewski, z. & drewa, g. , 1988. effect of the detergent alkylobenzene sulphonate (abs) on hepatopancreas of the shrimp crangon crangon l. kieler meeresforschungen, sonderheft, 6, 439 - 447 .\n.\nevaluation of alternative life history hypotheses for the sand shrimp crangon franciscorum (decapoda: caridea )\n.\n.\nbiology of the sand shrimp, crangon septemspinosa, in the shore of the delaware bay region\n.\nabbott, o. j. & perkins, e. j. , 1977. the biology of the brown shrimp, crangon crangon in the solway firth. scientific report. cumbria sea fisheries district, 77, 58p .\nberghahn, r. , 1996. episodic mass invasions of juvenile gadoids into the wadden sea and their consequences for the population dynamics of the brown shrimp (crangon crangon). marine ecology, 17, 251 - 260 .\nbeukema, j. j. , 1992. dynamics of juvenile shrimp crangon crangon in a tidal - flat nusery of the wadden sea after mild and cold winters. marine ecology progress series, 83, 157 - 165 .\nboddeke, r. , 1996. changes in the brown shrimp (crangon crangon l .) population off the dutch coast in relation to fisheries and phosphate discharge. ices journal of marine science, 53, 995 - 1002 .\ncattrijsse, a. , dankwa, h. r. & mees, j. 1997. nursery function of an estuarine tidal marsh for the brown shrimp crangon crangon. journal of sea research, 38, 109 - 121 .\nlancaster, j. & frid, c. l. j. , 2002. the fate of discarded juvenile brown shrimps (crangon crangon) in the solway firth uk fishery. fisheries research, 58, 95 - 107 .\nprice, r. k. j. , 1979. studies on the toxicity of cadmium, copper and zinc to the brown shrimp, crangon crangon (l .). phd thesis, university of hull, 305p. ,\n.\npopulation genetic studies on crangon crangonand c. allmanni (crustacea, decapoda) from european coastal areas\n.\n.\nfeeding ecology of the common shrimp crangon crangonin port erin bay, isle of man, irish sea\n.\nthere are important fisheries for crangon crangon around the british isles (addison et al. , 2003; henderson et al. , 1990; lancaster & frid, 2002; lloyd & yonge, 1947) and on the coasts of the netherlands, germany and belgium (boddeke, 1989) with landings reaching a peak in 1997 at nearly 29, 000 t (ices, 2001). the high fecundity, prolonged breeding, rapid growth and maturity of crangon crangon has meant that stocks have barely been affected (ices, 2001). crangon crangon are marketable when the carapace length is 9 mm or more (lancaster & frid, 2002) and fishing mortality amongst this population is high and an intolerance of intermediate has been recorded to account for this. since most of the crangon crangon that reproduce and contribute to the commercial catch are less than 1 year old (ices, 2001), the turnover and hence recoverability is rapid .\nabstract: existing laboratory and field data on growth were combined, reanalyzed and discussed to generate a holistic temperature -, length - and gender - dependent growth rate (g, mm d–1) model for north sea region brown shrimp crangon crangon (l .). length (l, mm) and temperature (t, °c) dependent growth rates of crangon crangon are highly variable within and among studies but decrease with l and... [ show full abstract ]\nhunter, d. a. , goessler, w. & francesconi, k. a. , 1998. uptake of arsenate, trimethylarsine oxide, and arsenobetaine by the shrimp crangon crangon. marine biology, 131, 543 - 552 .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title: ecological studies on the brown shrimp crangon crangon, fishery in the solway firth. author: jane lancaster publisher: university of newcastle upon tyne, 1999. oclc: 557344427\n.\nlife history of the sand shrimp, crangon septemspinosa, in a southern gulf of st. lawrence estuary\n.\n.\nthe life cycle and recruitment of the sand shrimp, crangon septemspinosa, in the mystic river, connecticut\n.\ncrangon crangon has a preference for strong tidal currents (henderson et al. , 1990) but is less common where current speeds exceed 1. 5 knots (hostens, 2000) even though these speeds probably do not displace standing or walking individuals (huddart & arthur, 1971). an increase in the water flow rate at the benchmark level would probably lead to a population of crangon crangon being swept away by the flow. however, since crangon crangon uses tidal currents to make annual migrations (boddeke, 1975) and can move more than 12 km in a week (huddart & arthur, 1971) there probably would not be any mortality as a result but some perturbation, and an intolerance of low has been recorded .\ncrangon crangon is rarely stranded on sand exposed to the air, burying into the sand just below the low water mark. it has endogenous circatidal rhythms of activity and shows peak emergence around high tide so that it is carried upshore no further than mean tide level to forage and is carried back downshore on the ebb tide (al - adhub & naylor, 1975). activity is suppressed by light (addison et al. , 2003; al - adhub & naylor, 1975) so a change in emergence regime would not affect timing of emergence during the day when crangon crangon is most vulnerable to predation. crangon crangon does occur in the intertidal but due to the reasons stated above is not subject to emersion and not relevant has been recorded .\ncrangon crangon is rarely stranded on sand exposed to the air, burying into the sand just below the low water mark. it has endogenous circatidal rhythms of activity and shows peak emergence around high tide so that it is carried upshore no further than mean tide level to forage and is carried back downshore on the ebb tide (al - adhub & naylor, 1975). activity is suppressed by light (addison et al. , 2003; al - adhub & naylor, 1975) so a change in emergence regime would not affect timing of emergence during the day when crangon crangon is most vulnerable to predation. crangon crangon does occur in the intertidal but due to the reasons stated above is not subject to emersion and not relevant has been recorded .\naddison, j. t. , lawler, a. r. & nicholson, m. d. , 2003. adjusting for variable catchability of brown shrimps (crangon crangon) in research surveys. fisheries research, 65, 285 - 294 .\nal - adhub, a. h. y. & naylor, e. , 1975. emergence rhythms and tidal migrations in the brown shrimp crangon crangon. journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom, 55, 801 - 810 .\ncostello, m. j. , fretwell, k. & read, p. , 1993. toxicity of sewage sludge to crangon crangon and artemia salina, with reference to other marine crustacea. aquatic living resources, 6, 351 - 356 .\njeffery, s. & revill, a. , 2002. the vertical distribution of the southern north sea crangon crangon (brown shrimp) in relation to towed fishing gears as influenced by water temperature. fisheries research, 55, 319 - 323 .\njohnson, i. , 1988. the effects of combinations of heavy metals, hypoxia and salinity on ion regulation in crangon crangon (l .) and carcinus maenas (l .). comparative biochemistry and physiology, 91c, 459 - 463 .\ncrangon crangon has compound eyes and probably has good visual acuity. the presence of large, unnatural objects is likely to cause them to remain inactive as a predator avoidance response and although mortality is unlikely, it may affect population dynamics especially if the disturbance occurs during the main summer breeding season. emergence behaviour of crangon crangon is controlled by light, with most activity occurring at night (addison et al. , 2003; al - adhub & naylor, 1975). therefore, the presence of lights due to human activity will impact on the rhythmical behaviour of crangon crangon and probably reduce its foraging success. neither of the scenarios described above are likely to cause mortality but will probably reduce the viability of the population and an intolerance of low has been recorded .\n.\ndynamics of juvenile shrimp crangon crangonin a tidal - flat nursery of the wadden sea after mild and cold winters\n.\n.\nstage i zoeae of a crangonid shrimp, crangon franciscorum angustimanahatched from ovigerous females collected in kachemak bay, alaska\n.\n.\npredation effects of crangon crangonon benthic infauna on shallow sandy bottoms – an experimental study from southern sweden\n, pp .\nthere is some disagreement in the literature concerning the reproductive type of crangon crangon. boddeke (1989) proposed that crangon crangon was a protandrous hermaphrodite with mature males 30 - 55 mm long and females > 44 mm long. males mate once and then change into to females, taking 2 months to do so. other authors, e. g. lloyd & yonge (1947), stated that crangon crangon was gonochoric but males were smaller and had a shorter lifespan than females. it was reported from the solway firth that the abundance of males varied between 6 and 82% of the adult population over the course of a year (abbott & perkins, 1977). this could be due to differential mortality of males and females or due to males changing sex .\npredation crangon crangon is consumed by seabirds especially gulls (larus sp .), terns (sterna sp .) (walter & becker, 1997), and redshank tringa tortanus (holthuijzen, 1979) and tringa erythropus (goss - custard et al. , 1977). crangon crangon is an important food source for gadoids and pleuronectids, pogge agonus cataphractus, gurnards, sea snails liparis liparis (ices, 1996), gobies pomatoschistus microps and juvenile bass dicentrarchus labrax (cattrijsse et al. , 1997) .\nboddeke, r. , driessen, g. , doesburg, w. & ramaekers, g. , 1986. food availability and predator presence in a coastal nursery area of the brown shrimp (crangon crangon). ophelia, 26, 77 - 90 .\npalgan, k. , drewa, g. & zbytniewski, z. , 1988. influence of light, heavy and crude oil on the mortality of shrimps crangon crangon l. under laboratory conditions. kieler meeresforschungen, sonderheft, 6, 448 - 453 .\npinn, e. h. & ansell, a. d. , 1993. the effect of particle size on the burying ability of the brown shrimp crangon crangon. journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom, 73, 365 - 377 .\nprice, r. k. j. & uglow, r. f. , 1979. some effects of certain metals on development and mortality within the moult cycle of crangon crangon (l .). marine environmental research, 2, 287 - 299 .\nzbytniewski, z. & pautzch, f. , 1973. effect of phospho - gypsum on the protein and alpha - amine nitrogen level and on the tryosinase activity in the hemolymph of crangon crangon. oikos, supplement no. 15, 232 - 235 .\ncrangon crangon can survive 6 - 30°c (abbott & perkins, 1977; jeffery & revill, 2002; lloyd & yonge, 1947) and is likely to be tolerant of a decrease in temperature at the benchmark level, especially as the populations migrate offshore in winter (boddeke, 1989; henderson & holmes, 1987). however, sublethal effects of decreased temperature include less frequent moulting and a decreased ability to escape from e. g. trawls (jeffery & revill, 2002). after ice winters in the wadden sea, crangon crangon abundances are very high as its main predators are excluded by the low temperatures (ices, 1996). crangon crangon does not seem to be affected by a decrease in temperature and in some cases can benefit and tolerant has been recorded .\nb .\nspatial distribution and feeding habits of the shrimp crangon uritaias a predator on larval and juvenile marbled sole pleuronectes yokohamae\n.\nboddeke, r. , 1989. management of the brown shrimp (crangon crangon) stock in dutch coastal waters. in: (ed. j. f. caddy) marine invertebrate fisheries: their assessment and management, pp. 35 - 62. wiley .\ndrewa, g. , dabrowska, t. , zbytniewski, z. & pautsch, f. , 1978. purification and properties of soluble arylsulphatases isolated from hepatopancreas of the shrimp crangon crangon l. kieler meeresforschungen, supplement no. 4, 360 - 365 .\n( of crangon vulgaris fabricius, 1798) de clercq, a. (1937). de samenstelling van crangon vulgaris (garnaal) [ the composition of crangon vulgaris (shrimp) ], in: (1937). 1 rst national congress of the sea, antwerp, 17, 18 and 19 july 1937: reports. pp. 299 - 301 (look up in imis) [ details ]\nevans, g. w. , lyes, m. & lockwood, a. p. m. , 1977. some effects of oil dispersants on the feeding behaviour of the brown shrimp, crangon crangon. marine behaviour and physiology, 4, 171 - 181 .\ncrangon crangon is the most commonly encountered shrimp of sandy bays and estuaries, reaching densities of 60 per m² during summer peaks (beukema, 1992). crangon crangon buries itself in sand to avoid predators and to ambush prey. it prefers sediment of 125 - 710 µm grain size (pinn & ansell, 1993). burial takes 9 - 10 seconds and is achieved by rapid beating of the abdominal limbs (pleopods) followed by violent shuffling and completed by the antennae sweeping sand over the back to leave only the eyes and antennae above the sediment surface (pinn & ansell, 1993). onset of foraging activity of crangon crangon is light controlled, and occurs at night (addison et al. , 2003) except in very turbid areas such as the bristol channel (lloyd & yonge, 1947) .\n.\nannual variation of potential predation impacts on larval and juvenile marbled sole pseudopleuronectes yokohamaeby sand shrimp crangon uritaiin hakodate bay, hokkaido\n.\ncrangon crangon accumulates 60 cobalt and 65 zinc from liquid radioactive waste but most is lost at ecdysis as they are concentrated in the exoskeleton (van weers, 1975). no information on the toxicity of radionuclides has been found and there is insufficient information to assess an intolerance .\nare the rna: dna ratio and dry - weight - at - length suitable growth proxies for brown shrimps (crangon cr ...\nandersen et al, (1984) measured metal concentrations in wild crangon crangon from the seine bay estuary and found 5. 25 mg mercury, 2. 35 mg cadmium, 121. 5 mg copper, 316 mg zinc and 247 mg iron per kg dry weight of tissue .\ncrangon crangon exposed to very low concentrations of metals, 0. 005 mg / l cadmium, 0. 75 mg / l copper and 5. 5 mg / l zinc, for 42 days suffered 40 - 60% mortality at 5 - 20°c (price, 1979) .\nabele - oeschger, d. , sartoris, f. j. & portner, h. o. , 1997. hydrogen peroxide causes a decrease in aerobic metabolic rate and in intracellular ph in the shrimp crangon crangon. journal of experimental biology, 200, 785 - 792 .\nandersen, a. c. , thibaud, y. & alzieu, c. , 1984. influence of the intermoult cycle on the metal bioaccumulation by the shrimp: crangon crangon l. revue des travaux de l' institut des peches maritimes, 48, 155 - 160 .\nhenderson, p. a. , seaby, r. & marsh, s. j. , 1990. the population zoogeography of the common shrimp (crangon crangon) in british waters. journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom, 70, 89 - 97 .\nkamermans, p. & huitema, h. j. , 1994. shrimp (crangon crangon l .) browsing upon siphon tips inhibits feeding and growth in the bivalve macoma balthica (l .). journal of experimental marine biology and ecology, 175, 59 - 75 .\n.\nshrimp (crangon crangonl .) browsing upon siphon tips inhibits feeding and growth in the bivalve macoma balthica (l. )\n.\n.\nthe effect of temperature and salinity on survival and growth of crangon uritai (decapoda: crangonidae) larvae reared in the laboratory\n.\ncrangon crangon exposed to light diesel fuel oil, heavy fuel oil and crude oil were found to be most susceptible to light diesel fuel oil. in brackish (7 psu) water at 20°c, light diesel fuel oil caused 50% mortality in 96 hours at 10 ppm, heavy fuel oil had the same effect at 20 ppm and crude at 25 ppm. long term exposures to 5 ppm of all 3 oil types at 15°c caused total mortality in 9 days (palgan et al. , 1988). after the sea empress oil spill, crangon crangon 3 km from the wreck were found to be lethargic and failed to exhibit a normal escape response (rutt et al. , 1998). different hydrocarbons have different toxicities in short exposures but all are very toxic if crangon crangon is exposed for many days. therefore an intolerance of high has been recorded .\narnott, s. a. , neil, d. m. and ansell, a. d. (1999) escape trajectories of the brown shrimp crangon crangon, and a theoretical consideration of initial escape angles from predators. the journal of experimental biology, 202: 193 - 209 .\noh, c. w. , hartnoll, r. g. & nash, r. d. m. , 2001. feeding ecology of the common shrimp crangon crangon in port erin bay, isle of man, irish sea. marine ecology progress series, 214, 211 - 223 .\nlancaster & frid (2002) reported that 99% of undersized shrimp discarded from a trawl catch are alive when returned to the sea and that 92% were alive 24 hours later. most of the mortality resulted from seabirds consuming discards before they could swim down out of reach. crangon crangon uses tidal currents to make annual migrations (boddeke, 1975) and can move more than 12 km in a week (huddart & arthur, 1971). therefore, if a crangon crangon population was displaced by less traumatic means than trawling and release, it is unlikely that they would be significantly perturbed and tolerant has been recorded .\nblack spot shell disease, caused by chitin digesting bacteria, is common in crangon crangon with an incidence of 13% in the solway firth (nottage, 1982), up to 87% in poole harbour (dyrynda, 1998) and 58% in the elbe and weser estuaries (knust, 1990). incidence increases with age: only 4. 4% of 25 mm crangon crangon were infected but 34. 6% of 60 mm were infected (knust, 1990). high incidences of black spot disease are believed to be related to damage by fishing gear and pollution, especially heavy metals (knust, 1990; nottage, 1982). infected crangon crangon have black lesions on the limbs, scaphocerites and antennae that make the exoskeleton very brittle leading to breakages. mortality due to black spot disease is very low but infected individuals may have reduced prey perception and motility (dyrynda, 1998) and an intolerance of low has been recorded .\nices, 1996. working group on crangon fisheries and life history. ices council meeting papers, c. m. 1996 / k: 4, 38p .\nbamber, r. n. & seaby, r. m. h. , 2004. the effects of power station entrainement passage on three species of marine planktonic crustacean, acartia tonsa (copepoda), crangon crangon (decapoda) and homarus gammarus (decapoda). marine environmental research, 57, 281 - 294 .\nhenderson, p. a. & holmes, r. h. a. , 1987. on the population biology of the common shrimp crangon crangon (l .) (crustacea: caridea) in the severn estuary and bristol channel. journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom, 67, 825 - 847 .\noh, c. w. , hartnoll, r. g. & nash, r. d. m. , 1999. population dynamics of the common shrimp, crangon crangon (l .), in port erin bay, isle of man, irish sea. ices journal of marine science, 56, 718 - 733 .\nculshaw, c. , newton, l. c. , weir, i. & bird, d. j. , 2002. concentrations of cd, zn and cu in sediments and brown shrimp (crangon crangon l .) from the severn estuary and bristol channel, uk. marine environmental research, 54, 331 - 334 .\ndistribution, relative abundance, and diet of the sand shrimp (crangon septemspinosasay) in the sheepscot, kennebec, and damariscotta river estuaries, maine. master’s thesis in marine biology\n.\nthe first zoeal stage of sand shrimp crangon amurensisbrashnikov, 1907, with a discussion of the larval characters of the crangonidae (crustacea, decapoda, caridea )\n.\nices, 2001. report of the working group on crangon fisheries and life history. ices council meeting papers, c. m. 2001 / g: 10, 16p .\ncrangon crangon can tolerate salinities of 7 - 40 psu and can survive extremes if previously acclimated to the high or low end of its tolerance. for example, individuals acclimated to 40 psu survived 50 psu for 38 hours in comparison 16 hours by those previously acclimated to 7 psu (mclusky et al. , 1982). therefore tolerant has been recorded .\nneal, k. j. 2008. crangon crangon brown shrimp. in tyler - walters h. and hiscock k. (eds) marine life information network: biology and sensitivity key information reviews, [ on - line ]. plymouth: marine biological association of the united kingdom. [ cited 09 - 07 - 2018 ]. available from: urltoken\ncurrently, the c. crangon fishery in the north sea is largely unregulated. however, germany and the netherlands have requested that ices provide advice on the potential need for a management of the c. crangon fishery in this area. the advice delivered today by ices advice presents the pros and cons of implementing a management system for the brown shrimp fishery. within this advice ices has considered the role of c. crangon in the ecosystem and the food web, as well as the impact of this fishery on other species and fisheries .\n.\nidentification of consumed stone flounder, kareius bicoloratus (basilewsky), from the stomach contents of sand shrimp, crangon affinis (de haan) using mitochondrial dna analysis\n.\ncrangon crangon suffers exoskeleton damage when it is trawled or dredged. such damage allows infection of the exoskeleton by chitin digesting bacteria that cause black spot disease (nottage, 1982). although mortality from black spot disease is very low (dyrynda, 1998; nottage, 1982) prey perception and motility might be affected and therefore an intolerance of low has been recorded .\nrasmussen, a. d. , krag, a. , bjerregaard, p. , weeks, j. m. & depledge, m. h. , 1995. the effects of trace metals on the apparent water permeability of the shore crab carcinus maenas (l .) and the brown shrimp crangon crangon. marine pollution bulletin, 31, 60 - 62 .\ngelin, a. , crivelli, a. j. , rosecchi, e. & kerambrun, p. , 2000. is the brown shrimp crangon crangon (l .) population of vaccares lagoon (camargue, france, rhone delta) an annual population? comptes rendus de l' academie des sciences, serie iii, science de la vie, 323, 741 - 748 .\nvan weers, a. w. , 1975. the effect of temperature on the uptake and retention of 60 co and 65 zn by the common shrimp crangon crangon. in iaea. combined effects of radioactive, chemical and thermal releases to the environment, proceedings of a symposium stockholm, 2 - 5 june 1975. pp. 35 - 49. vienna: international atomic energy agency .\ngrowth crangon crangon moults frequently: every 13 - 30 days at 12°c (lloyd & yonge, 1947), every 8 - 9 days at 16 - 18°c (price & uglow, 1979), and increases in size by 1 - 3 mm with each moult (lloyd & yonge, 1947). various authors have reported growth rates. for example, boddeke et al. (1986) reported growth from a ripe egg to 54 mm adult length in 4 months but then growth slows, possibly due to the onset of maturity and the diversion of energy to gamete production, and growth from 54 - 68 mm takes a further 2 months. juvenile crangon crangon using tidal flats in the wadden sea as a nursery area have very rapid growth, reaching 25 mm in their first month (beukema, 1992) .\n.\ndescription of a new species, crangon handi, and new genus lissocrangon, of crangonid shrimps (crustacea: caridea) from the california coast, with notes on adaptation in body shape and coloration\n.\nbecause of the short life span of c. crangon, the proposed management system operates on a shorter time scale than the common annual interval and will require more data at a higher temporal resolution than presently available. ​\n( of crangon crangon f. mediterranea bražnikov, 1907) bražnikov, v. , 1907. matériaux pour servir à la connaissance de la faune des mers russes de l’est rassemblés par le schooner ”storož” en 1899 - 1902 [ in russian ]. — mémoires de l’académie impériale des sciences de st - pétersbourg. classe des sciences physiques et mathématiques (8) 20: i - ii, 1 - 185, unumbered plate. [ details ]\n( of crangon crangon f. typica bražnikov, 1907) bražnikov, v. , 1907. matériaux pour servir à la connaissance de la faune des mers russes de l’est rassemblés par le schooner ”storož” en 1899 - 1902 [ in russian ]. — mémoires de l’académie impériale des sciences de st - pétersbourg. classe des sciences physiques et mathématiques (8) 20: i - ii, 1 - 185, unumbered plate. [ details ]\ngrowth rates are of fundamental interest for studying population dynamics of species when no age information is available. in these cases in situ growth proxies must be identified and validated, and here we tested whether rna - dna ratio (rd) and dry weight condition (dwc) can act as such proxies for the shrimp crangon crangon. growth rates (mm d–1) were determined for male and female shrimps... [ show full abstract ]\nburridge, l. e. & haya, k. , 1993. the lethality of ivermectin, a potential agent for treatment of salmonids against sea lice, to the shrimp crangon septemspinosa. aquaculture, 117, 9 - 14 .\nsimilar to lobsters and crabs, female crangon crangon carry their eggs glued to the abdominal appendages (the pleopods) for a period of 4 - 13 weeks, depending on temperature (boddeke, 1989). egg - bearing (berried) females can be found for 46 weeks of the year but there are two peaks in numbers of berried females in the southern north sea (boddeke, 1989) and one in the irish sea (oh et al. , 1999) .\n( of crangon crangon typicus doflein, 1900) de grave, s. & c. h. j. m. fransen. (2011). carideorum catalogus: the recent species of the dendrobranchiate, stenopodidean, procarididean and caridean shrimps (crustacea: decapoda). zool. med. leiden. 85 (9): 30. ix. 2011: 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nthe fishery for brown shrimp (crangon crangon) is important in the north sea and is carried out by more than 600 vessels, with total annual brown shrimp landings of around 20, 000 t. due to the small mesh size used the catches also contain large amounts of by - catch. to find ways of reducing this by - catch, experiments were carried out with a nordmφre type sorting grid during two trips on a research vessel and three trips on a commercial vessel .\n( of crangon crangon f. typica bražnikov, 1907) de grave, s. & c. h. j. m. fransen. (2011). carideorum catalogus: the recent species of the dendrobranchiate, stenopodidean, procarididean and caridean shrimps (crustacea: decapoda). zool. med. leiden. 85 (9): 30. ix. 2011: 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of crangon crangon f. mediterranea bražnikov, 1907) de grave, s. & c. h. j. m. fransen. (2011). carideorum catalogus: the recent species of the dendrobranchiate, stenopodidean, procarididean and caridean shrimps (crustacea: decapoda). zool. med. leiden. 85 (9): 30. ix. 2011: 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nlloyd, a. j. & yonge, c. m. , 1947. the biology of crangon vulgaris l. in the bristol channel and severn estuary. journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom, 26, 626 - 661 .\nthe brown shimp, crangon crangon is a long thin animal, mottled brown in colour, narrowing from a wide anterior end to a fanned tail. it is up to 8. 5 cm in length and can be distinguished from most other shrimps and prawns by the short blunt - ended rostrum between the eyes. the colour can be varied by chromatophores depending on the colour of the substratum. it is somewhat dorsoventrally flattened compared to most other shrimps and prawns. the main antennae are almost as long as the body .\n( of crangon rubro punctatus risso, 1816) risso, a. (1816). histoire naturelle des crustacés des environs de nice. librairie grecque­ - latine - allemande, paris. 175 pp. , 3 plates. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nabstract: laboratory experiments were performed to determine the growth rates of crangon crangon as a function of total length (l = 20 to 60 mm) and temperature (t = 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25°c) under ad libitum feeding conditions. mean (±sd) growth rates ranged from 0. 04 ± 0. 03 to 0. 56 ± 0. 1 mm d–1 at 5 and 25°c, respectively. unexpectedly, the catch date also influenced growth rates, indicating... [ show full abstract ]\n( of crangon maculosus rathke, 1837) rathke, heinrich. (1837). zur fauna der krym. mémoires de l’académie impériale des sciences de st. pétersbourg. 3: 291 - 454, plates 1 - 10. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ndespite the fact that crangon crangon is found intertidally, it is not adapted for exposure to air, instead seeking refuge in intertidal pools at low tide. adults are mostly subtidal but juveniles move into intertidal areas with the flood tide to feed and are carried back out to sea on the ebb (cattrijsse et al. , 1997; lloyd & yonge, 1947). an intolerance of high has been recorded to account for any individuals that may become stranded, which will probably die from water loss very quickly. for recoverability see below .\n( of crangon maculosus f. typica czerniavsky, 1884) czerniavsky, v. , 1884. materialia ad zoographiam ponticam comparatam. fasc ii. crustacea decapoda pontica littoralia [ in russian / latin ]: 1 - 268, plates 1 - 7. moscow. [ details ]\n( of crangon maculosus f. brevirostris czerniavsky, 1884) czerniavsky, v. , 1884. materialia ad zoographiam ponticam comparatam. fasc ii. crustacea decapoda pontica littoralia [ in russian / latin ]: 1 - 268, plates 1 - 7. moscow. [ details ]\n( of crangon maculosus var. suchumica czerniavsky, 1884) czerniavsky, v. , 1884. materialia ad zoographiam ponticam comparatam. fasc ii. crustacea decapoda pontica littoralia [ in russian / latin ]: 1 - 268, plates 1 - 7. moscow. [ details ]\nkattner, g. , wehrtmann, i. s. & merck, t. , 1994. interannual variations of lipids and fatty acids during larval development of crangon spp. in the german bight, north sea. comparative biochemistry and physiology, 107b, 103 - 110 .\ncrangon crangon can survive 6 - 30°c (abbott & perkins, 1977; jeffery & revill, 2002; lloyd & yonge, 1947) and is likely to be tolerant of an increase in temperature at the benchmark level. however, elevated temperatures (20°c +) may cause increased vulnerability to synthetic chemicals (drewa, 1988; mcleese & metcalf, 1979), oxygen depletion (hagerman & szaniawska, 1986; sedgwick, 1981), organic enrichment (costello et al. , 1993) and hydrocarbons (palgan et al. , 1988). (see chemical factors below) .\n... crangon crangon is also economically a valuable target species. a fishing fleet of more than 600 vessels from six countries (belgium, denmark, france, germany, the netherlands and the uk) lands annually more than 30 000 tons of commercial shrimp (> 50 mm total length, tl), representing approximately € 100 million (hufnagl 2009; fao 2013). the primary product is shrimp that was boiled on board in a traditional way in sea water with addition of salt, subsequently resulting in a limited product range (boiled shrimp) which is very sensitive to spoilage and has a short shelf life...." ]

{ "text": [ "crangon crangon is a commercially important species of caridean shrimp fished mainly in the southern north sea , although also found in the irish sea , baltic sea , mediterranean sea , and black sea , as well as off much of scandinavia and parts of morocco 's atlantic coast .", "its common names include brown shrimp , common shrimp , bay shrimp , and sand shrimp , while translation of its french name crevette grise ( or its dutch equivalent grijze garnaal ) sometimes leads to the english version grey shrimp . " ], "topic": [ 20, 27 ] }

[ "crangon crangon is a commercially important species of caridean shrimp fished mainly in the southern north sea, although also found in the irish sea, baltic sea, mediterranean sea, and black sea, as well as off much of scandinavia and parts of morocco's atlantic coast. its common names include brown shrimp, common shrimp, bay shrimp, and sand shrimp, while translation of its french name crevette grise (or its dutch equivalent grijze garnaal) sometimes leads to the english version grey shrimp." ]

[ "nick hope added the english common name\nshortfin puffer\nto\ntorquigener brevipinnis (regan, 1903 )\n.\nhardy gs. 1984. redescription of the pufferfish torquigener brevipinnis (regan) (tetraodontiformes: tetraodontidae), with description of a new species of torquigener from indonesia. pac sci 38 (2): 127 - 133 .\nmarine - bidiversity - record - 3 (e123) - 2010 - discovery - torquigener. pdf\nj - 74. marine - bidiversity - record - 3 (e123) - 2010 - discovery - torquigener .\n( of tetrodon brevipinnis regan, 1903) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\njustification: torquigener brevipinnis is found in the southwestern pacific. there is no population information available for this species, but there are no known major threats. this species' range may overlap several marine protected areas in its presumed distribution. there is a need for further research on the full distribution of this species, as well as its population trends and abundance, habitats and ecology, and any possible threats. it is listed as least concern .\n( of torguigener brevipinnis (regan, 1903) ) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ncarpenter, k. e. , comeros - raynal, m. , harwell, h. & sanciangco, j .\nthere is no population information available for this species. it is moderately abundant in museum collections, where it is represented by 20 lots (fishnet2 database searched november 2013). it is not considered to be common or abundant .\nis a demersal species that inhabits deep sandy coastal slopes (kuiter and tonozuka 2001). it can be found in brackish and marine waters (anguchamy\n2011). the ovaries and internal organs are reportedly toxic (nakabo 2002). it is an epibenthic species which mainly occurs in small loose groups on shallow coastal sand flats and in estuaries. it often sleeps during the day by burying itself under the sand with only the eyes exposed. the maximum length in india is 15. 85 cm (unsexed). specimens were caught with bottom trawls (anguchamy\nthis species is not utilized. in japan, it is called\nshippo - fugu\nthere are no species - specific conservation measures in place. this species' wide range may overlap several marine protected areas .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nlatin, torquere = to twist + latin, generare = birth, race (ref. 45335 )\nmarine; demersal; depth range 20 - 100 m (ref. 33352). subtropical\nindo - west pacific: indonesia and northwestern australia (ref. 5978); papua new guinea (ref. 6771); also reported from japan and new caledonia (ref. 33352) .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 10. 0 cm sl male / unsexed; (ref. 48637 )\nfound in deep sandy coastal slopes, usually at depths of 20 meters or more (ref. 48637) .\ngloerfelt - tarp, t. and p. j. kailola, 1984. trawled fishes of southern indonesia and northwestern australia. australian development assistance bureau, australia, directorate general of fishes, indonesia, and german agency for technical cooperation, federal republic of germany. 407 p. (ref. 5978 )\n): 24. 2 - 28. 4, mean 27. 5 (based on 470 cells) .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5000 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 01778 (0. 00786 - 0. 04025), b = 2. 89 (2. 70 - 3. 08), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this (sub) family - body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 3 ±0. 3 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience (ref. 69278): high, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low vulnerability (11 of 100) .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4. 0 license\nfroese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\neschmeyer, w. n. (ed). catalog of fishes. urltoken electronic version accessed 03 - nov - 2014\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page. such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life. please send feedback and corrections directly to the source. see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\n): 24. 2 - 28. 4, mean 27. 5 (based on 470 cells). phylogenetic diversity index (ref .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 01778 (0. 00786 - 0. 04025), b = 2. 89 (2. 70 - 3. 08), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this (sub) family - body shape (ref .\n): high, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nplease email libraryada - l @ urltoken if you need this content in an ada - compliant format .\nitems in scholarspace are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated .\nscholarspace is the institutional repository for the university of hawai' i at manoa and is maintained by hamilton library. built on open - source dspace software .\nfound in deep sandy coastal slopes, usually at depths of 20 meters or more (ref. 48637) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript. here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nnew records of four reef - associated fishes from east coast of india sudeepta biswas1, subhrendu s. mishra2, nilamadhab p. i. das1, mariadoss selvanayagam3, lakshman nayak4, and kamala k. satpathy1 * 1\n1. inventories the ichthyofauna of order scorpaeniformes. 2. molecular study of order scorpaeniformes .\nfirst record of stargazer snake eel brachysomophis cirrocheilos (osteichthyes: ophichthidae) from in ...\nthe present paper reports the first record of occurrence of the stargazer snake eel, brachysomophis cirrocheilos, from indian waters. seven specimens were collected from the cooling water system of the madras atomic power station located near kalpakkam, east coast of india, during july 2008. the paper provides a brief description with a photograph of the specimen, discussion on its relation... [ show full abstract ]\na new record of garden eel, heteroconger tomberua castle and randall (congridae: heterocongrinae, fr ...\ncoast. this extends its geographical distribution range north - west from the indonesian coast of the eastern indian ocean. a\nsystematic account of this species and a description and notes on its distribution are provided. its relation with a similar\n( bleeker, 1852), described by day, is also discussed and compared .\nwas preserved. the present specimen (zsi f - 10573 / 2, 1 ex. ,\npre - nasal snout length is 28% of head length. eyes are some -\n14. 4% of head length (5. 76% of standard length). anterior\nis about 25. 6% of standard length. least depth of caudal ped -\nuncle is 7. 52% of standard length. dorsal fin has 8 rays ,\n5. 44% of its height. anal fin has 7 rays; elongated and\nf - 10573 / 2) are presented in table 1. in both f - 2706 and\nf - 2227, the caudal peduncle length was 22. 36 to 22. 78 ,\nwidth at pectoral fin bases 22. 23 to 23. 41 and caudal fin\nof eye ranged 30. 94 to 33. 33, pre - nasal length of snout 28. 33 to\ngill opening was 34. 20 to 39. 64% of head length. these mor -\nof these three species is given in table 2 (hardy, 1983, 1984) .\nspecimen; f - 2706 and f - 2227 are older specimens) (measurements in mm). sl, standard length .\nfish section, z. s. i. , kolkata for constant encouragement .\nin smith m. m. and heemstra p. c. (eds )\nmatsuura k. and tyler j. c. (1997) tetraodontiform fishes, mostly from deep waters, of new caledonia. in séret b. (ed .) résultats des campagnes musorstom. volume 17 (9). mémoires du muséum national d' histoire naturelle, pp. 173–208 .\nmarine fishes of pondicherry and karaikal. kolkata: records of the zoological survey of india— occasional paper no\nmishra s. s. and krishnan s. (2003) marine fishes of pondicherry and karaikal. kolkata: records of the zoological survey of india— occasional paper no. 216, 53 pp .\ngloerfelt - tarp t. and kailola p. j. (1984) trawled fishes of southern indonesia and northwestern australia. australian development assistance bureau, australia, directorate general of fishes, indonesia, and german agency for technical cooperation, federal republic of germany, 406 pp .\nalcala a. c. and cabanban a. s. (1986) fry and larvae of fishes and crustaceans in coastal marine waters of negros oriental, negros island, philippines. silliman journal 33, 10–23 .\nfirst records of: viper moray, enchelynassa canina (quoy et gaimard, 1824); vermiculated blenny, entomacrodus vermiculatus (valenciennes, 1836); cardinalfish, apogon fleurieu (lacepède, 1802); and orangelined cardinalfish, archamia fucata (cantor, 1849) in the waters along the east coast of india are herewith documented. this record increases the knowledge on the richness of the indian marine... [ show full abstract ]\na new species of the genus scolopsis cuvier, 1830 (perciformes: nemipteridae) from southern india an ...\nscolopsis igcarensis, a new species of monocle bream (family nemipteridae) from the coastal waters of southern india and sri lanka is described. the species is distinguished from other species of the genus scolopsis by a combination of the following characters: scales on top of head reaching forward to between anterior nostril and snout tip; lower margin of eye below the line from snout tip to... [ show full abstract ]" ]

{ "text": [ "torquigener brevipinnis is a species of fish in the family tetraodontidae .", "it is found in australia , indonesia , japan , new caledonia , papua new guinea , and the philippines . " ], "topic": [ 29, 20 ] }

[ "torquigener brevipinnis is a species of fish in the family tetraodontidae. it is found in australia, indonesia, japan, new caledonia, papua new guinea, and the philippines." ]

[ "the entirety of enneapterygius howensis range falls with in the lord howe island preserve .\nenneapterygius howensis is only known from lord howe island off the east coast of australia (fricke 1997, 2002) .\nhelcogramma atauroensis, a new species of triplefin from ataúro island, timor - leste, eastern indian ...\nmiddleton reef is a coral atoll that is situated in a lonely ocean 120 nautical miles north of lord howe island. like lord howe island, its foundation is a submerged seamount that sits on the western edge of the lord howe rise. the reef is flat, about 5km by 3km in size, has a very large lagoon and is only exposed during the period of low tide .\nmcculloch, a. r. & waite, e. r. 1916. additions to the fish fauna of lord howe island. no. 5 .\nback on lord howe island, to the delight of some ardent islanders, the huge swells continued to roll in over the next seven days. lord howe island had turned into a mecca for surfers and for adventure seekers. with a telephoto lens fixed to my camera, i sat on the beach and watched in awe. text: gary bell photography: gary bell\ngillias squamiceps mcculloch & waite 1916, trans. roy. soc. s. aust. 40: 449, pl. 49, fig. 1. type locality: lord howe island .\nduring our diving we saw few tropical fish species that we didn’t see at lord howe island. however, if a thorough marine photographic survey was conducted, middleton reef could reveal many secrets .\nfrancis, m. p. 1993. checklist of the coastal fishes of lord howe, norfolk, and kermadec islands, southwest pacific ocean .\nmcculloch, a. r. and e. r. waite. 1916. additions to the fish fauna of lord howe island, 5. trans. roy. soc. south australia, adelaide, 40: 437–451, 4 pls .\njustification: enneapterygius howensis is endemic to lord howe island and has an estimated area of occupancy of 50 km 2. however it is considered common within its range, and is found solely in a marine protected area. it is listed as least concern .\nnorthern great barrier reef, queensland and reefs in the coral sea, to at least byron bay, new south wales, also middleton reef, elizabeth reef, lord howe island, and norfolk island in the tasman sea. elsewhere the species occurs in new caledonia and the loyalty islands. inhabits tidepools and shallow areas on clear coral and rocky reefs .\nmy first glimpse of middleton reef was from a high - flying aircraft chartered from lord howe island in 1989. words could hardly describe its beauty. the kidney shaped reef was fringed by a barrier of white surf and looked like a floating opal in a vast ocean. the exquisite colours and patterns captured my imagination and i wondered about the underwater world that existed in the surrounding blue water. fortunately, during a photographic shoot at lord howe island the following year, i was able to take part in an organised diving charter that was bound for this jewel of the south pacific .\nfowler, h. w. 1953. on a collection of fishes made by dr. marshall laird at norfolk island .\nculture of the stunning island which is the type locality of the species. the specic epithet is here used as a noun\nhardy, g. s. 1984. a new genus and species of triplefin (pisces: family tripterygiidae) from new zealand. rec. natn. mus. new zealand, 2 (16): 175–180 .\nbeing situated a good distance further north from lord howe island, you would expect to see considerable displays of coral, but this wasn’t so. the bottom petered away from the reef crest gradually and we found no big drop - offs close in. the huge ocean swells that normally roll in, pound the reef’s outside perimeter and this together with large numbers of crown - of - thorns sea stars, hardly allows for coral colonisation to take place. we saw very few corals on the outside .\nduring a time of extreme weather conditions, middleton reef is certainly the last place i would like to get caught out. although the lagoon does offer reasonable protection, it would have been unwise to try and sit out the weather, which may have taken a week or more. we decided to high tail it out of there while the going was good and make a run for the protected waters at lord howe island. about half way back, our nice calm area suddenly began to turn into turmoil of giant ocean swells !\na scalyhead threefin, norfolkia squamiceps, at kingston, norfolk island in the tasman sea, december 2017. source: mscott / inaturalist. org. license: cc by attribution - noncommercial\nfowler, h. w. 1953. on a collection of fishes made by dr. marshall laird at norfolk island. trans. roy. soc. new zealand, 81: 257–267 .\na new species of triplefin blenny, helcogramma atauroensis, from timor - leste is described on the basis of eight specimens. the new species is characterized within the h. steinitzi species complex by having 14–15 second dorsal - fin spines, 9–11 third dorsal - fin rays, one symphyseal mandibular pore (total pores 9–11), the nape without scales, 19–23 tubular pored lateral - line scales, the head... [ show full abstract ]\na pale grey to brown triplefin with an oblique darker reddish - brown bar edged in white below the eye, uneven brown blotches in two series along the side (the upper series larger and sometimes connected to the lower series), yellow to orange dorsal and caudal fins, and a dark brown head becoming whitish below. the white - spotted pectoral fins have two elongated rays. females have oblique dark bands on the second and third dorsal fins, and uneven dark vertical bars on the caudal fin .\ngreek, ennea = nine times + greek, pterygion = little fin (ref. 45335 )\nmarine; reef - associated; depth range 0 - 9 m (ref. 86942). subtropical\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 3. 5 cm sl male / unsexed; (ref. 27223 )\neggs are hemispherical and covered with numerous sticky threads that anchor them in the algae on the nesting sites (ref. 240). larvae are planktonic which occur primarily in shallow, nearshore waters (ref. 94114) .\nfricke, r. , 1997. tripterygiid fishes of the western and central pacific, with descriptions of 15 new species, including an annotated checklist of world tripterygiidae (teleostei). theses zool. 29: 1 - 607. (ref. 27223 )\n): 20. 5 - 25, mean 24. 1 (based on 111 cells) .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5000 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 00550 (0. 00248 - 0. 01216), b = 3. 08 (2. 89 - 3. 27), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this (sub) family - body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 1 ±0. 3 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience (ref. 69278): high, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low vulnerability (10 of 100) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\neschmeyer, w. n. (ed .). 2014. catalog of fishes. updated 27 august 2014. available at: urltoken. (accessed: 27 august 2014) .\nenneapterygius howensis is considered common in its range (williams and holleman pers. comm. 2010). there is no other population information known for this species .\nenneapterygius howensis is a demersal species found over rocky substrates down to 3 m deep (fricke 1997) .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nclark, e. 1980. red - sea fishes of the family tripterygiidae with descriptions of eight new species. israel j. zool. , 28 (2 / 3), (1979): 63–113, pls. 1–5 .\ndor, m. 1984. checklist of the fishes of the red sea. israel academy\nevermann, b. w. and m. c. marsh. 1899. descriptions of new genera and species of fishes from puerto rico. rep. u. s. fish comm. , 24, (1898): 351–362 .\nfowler, h. w. 1944. the fishes. results of the 5th george vanderbilt expedition (1941). monogr. acad. nat. sci. philadelphia, (6): 57–529, 20 pls .\nholleman, w. 1982. three new species and a new genus of tripterygiid fishes (blennioidei) from the indo - west pacific ocean. ann. cape provincial mus. (nat. hist .), 14 (4): 109–137 .\nm. m. smith and p. c. heemstra, eds. smiths’ sea fishes. macmillan south africa, johannesburg, xx + 1047 pp. , 144 pls .\nkendall, w. c. and l. radcliffe. 1912. report on the scientific results of the expedition to the eastern pacific… from october, 1904, to march, 1905. xxv. the shore fishes. mem. mus. comp. zool. harvard coll. , 35 (3): 77–170, pls. 1–8 .\nrussell, b. c. 1983. checklist of fishes: great barrier reef marine park, capricornia section. great barrier reef mar. park auth. , spec. publ. ser. 1, 184 pp .\nschultz, l. p. 1960. family clinidae: scaled blennies. subfamily tripterygiinae. pages 281–300, pl. 121c\nl. p. schultz et al. fishes of the marshall and marianas islands, 2. families mullidae through stromateidae. u. s. natn. mus. , bull. 202, 2 .\nwhitley, g. p. 1931. new names for australian fishes. austr. zool. , 6 (4): 310–334, pls. 25–27 .\nwhitley, g. p. 1964a. a new queensland blenny. (pisces: clinidae). austr. nat. , 12 (4): 15 .\nwhitley, g. p. 1964b. fishes from the coral sea and the swain reefs. rec. austr. mus. , 26 (5): 145–195, pls. 8–10 .\nwhitley, g. p. and w. j. phillipps. 1939. descriptive notes on some new zealand fishes. trans. proc. roy. soc. new zealand, 69 (2): 228–236 .\ndorsal fin iv + xiv - xv + 10 - 11; anal fin ii, 20 - 221; lateral line discontinuous, 21 - 24 + 14 - 19; mandibular pores 5 - 6 + 1 + 5 - 6. head scaled forward to the eye and preopercle; supraorbital tentacle small and palmate .\npale grey to light brown body with 2 linear series of uneven brown blotches with larger dorsal series and some upper blotches joining with lower; below eye is an oblique, dark brown bar with white margin; remainder of head dark brown, blending to white ventrally; females with oblique dark bands on second and third dorsal fins, darkening as they cross rays; uneven, vertical dark bars on caudal fin; yellow or orange dorsal and caudal fins in males .\nfricke, r 1997. tripterygiid fishes of the western and central pacific, with descriptions of 15 new species, including an annotated checklist of world tripterygiidae (teleostei) .\nfricke, r. 1994. tripterygiid fishes of australia, new zealand and the southwest pacific ocean, with descriptions of 2 new genera and 16 species (teleostei) .\ngill, a. c. & reader, s. e. 1992. fishes. pp. 90 - 93, 193 - 228 in hutchings, p. (ed. )\njohnson, j. w. 2010. fishes of the moreton bay marine park and adjacent continental shelf waters, queensland, australia. pp. 299 - 353 in davie, p. j. f. & phillips, j. a. proceedings of the thirteenth international marine biological workshop, the marine fauna and flora of moreton bay .\n. the iucn red list of threatened species 2014: e. t179065a1565676. urltoken downloaded on 17 november 2016 .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\niredale, t. 1937 ,\na basic list of the land mollusca of australia. pt ii\n, the australian zoologist, vol. 9, pp. 1 - 39\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 6b276fe9 - 2f77 - 4c6c - a1fe - 3a9dda032b47\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 3e1fcaa2 - 5fa6 - 4933 - b295 - 5ce8c5bd353b\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 423448\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe wreck of the\nrunic\n, high and dry on the reef flat .\nwhen approaching middleton reef by boat, the first thing you see is the spectacular remains of the “runic”, a 13, 587 ton ocean steamer that sits high and dry on the reef in a upright position. she was caught in a 1961 cyclone between auckland and brisbane and came to grief on the reef’s north west side. the whole stern section has broken completely away from the main structure and stands separate, constantly reminding visitors of the powerful seas that regularly pass through the area. since the time of european settlement in australia, many other unsuspecting ocean going vessels have fallen victim to this treacherous reef .\nwhen our charter boat, the “capella 111”, arrived at middleton, i couldn’t believe our luck, conditions were perfect. this continued over the next three days and we were able to dive anywhere around the outside perimeter. we didn’t find any large gorgonian fans or brightly coloured soft corals, but the fish life was excellent and there was plenty of opportunity for photography .\nyellow flutemouth aulostomus chinesnsis tries to avoid detection amongst schooling blue - striped snapper lutjanus kasmira .\none shipwreck that we snorkelled was unknown to us. she was completely broken up with her remains scattered all over the sea floor. in the shallow gutters of the surf zone were twisted lengths of metal with the odd bronze porthole just sitting there. the sight of two large anchors resting beneath the breaking waves had me wondering of what must have been a horrifying moment when the vessel struck the reef .\nduring an exploratory dive along the northern perimeter, we came across a completely intact japanese long - liner tucked away in a protected area of reef only 12 metres beneath the surface. the spectacular fish live in and around the wreck, including a family of large black cod that were very friendly. middleton reef is probably the last place where these magnificent fish can still be seen in numbers. the species is very inquisitive which made them easy targets for the spearfishermen of the 60’s and 70’s, when they were almost completely wiped out along the new south wales coast. today they are a totally protected species .\nthe galapagos shark carcharhinus galapagensis was also very common in these waters. at the beginning of one particular dive, only minutes after entering the water from the stern of the “capella”, a school of more that 20 of these sleek beauties cruised in and circled us in a similar fashion to barracuda. they posed no threat, but their curious behaviour did seem strange. no “chumming’ took place, they were just there .\nthe protected area inside the lagoon could be very different but unfortunately, a cyclone further north had adverse weather heading our way and we were unable to find out .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript. here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nurn: lsid: zoobank. org: pub: 2a5ed59c - 124f - 4ce6 - bc1e - c9fe7b2744ef\nsmallest attains a maximum size of only 20 mm sl (fricke 1997). the western and central pacic species of the\noperculum, pectoral - n base, and abdomen; and hypural 5 small or absent .\nthe discussion. abbreviations of museum collections follow fricke & eschmeyer (2017a) .\nline scales in the posterior row. the mandibular - pore formula gives the number of pores under the left\nand journals are cited according to fricke (2017) and fricke & eschmeyer (2017b) .\n+ 16–18); mandibular - pore formula 4 + 1 + 4 (3–4 + 1 + 3–4) .\n( 78–101); posttemporal lateral - line branch crescent - shaped. head lateral - line system moderately complex .\ncaudal - peduncle depth 82 (67–94). maximum size 23. 5 mm sl .\n, fresh, huj 20568 (specimen 1), 23. 5 mm sl, female, niue (m. v\n( 183–223); prepelvic - n length 235 (207–250); caudal - n length 173 (193–213) .\nthe body bars in females; caudal n translucent; pelvic n white; pectoral n translucent .\n, underwater photograph of live specimen, smf 35954, samoa (m. v\nn pale or spotted in males... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .... . 7\npelvic ns pale in males... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ... 6\nspotted, striped, or barred in males... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... 9\nanal n half black in males; posterior one - third of body black in males... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... . .\nanal n black in males... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .\nn black in males... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... . .\ncaudal n pale or barred in males... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .... 12\nposterior half of anal n black in males... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .... .\ndorsal n higher than second dorsal n... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... 14\nfirst dorsal n lower than second dorsal n... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... . 15\nbody pale, head with a black mask... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ... ...\ncaudal n black or dark grey in males (at least half black)... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... . 18\ncaudal n pale, spotted, or barred in males... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... 32\nbasal half of caudal n black in males, distal half pale... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .... .\nanal n pale, spotted, striped, or barred in males... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .... 28\nmembranes of second dorsal n dusky of blackish in males... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .... . 22\nsides of body with triangular black blotches above the anal - n base... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .... . 24\nno triangular black blotches above the anal - n base... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .... . 26\ntriangular black blotches on abdomen before anal n, but not extending to third - dorsal - n base... ...... . 25\ndepth 189–208; lateral line scales 15–19 (mean 16. 7)... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ... .\nanal n plain black in males... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... 27\nthird dorsal n blackish in male; sides of body with 2 rows of white blotches... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ... .\nthird dorsal n only basally dusky in males; posterior two - thirds of body black without markings... ...... . .\ncaudal peduncle black or striped in males... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ... 29\nbody blackish or barred, not pale... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .... . 31\nanal n plain black in males... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... 35\nthird dorsal n plain black in males... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... 36\ncheek in males without a suborbital blue streak; pored scales in anterior lateral line 20–21... ...... ...... ...... . .\nsecond dorsal n pale, barred, or at most basally dusky in males... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ... 40\nthe dorsal - n bases... ...... ...... ...... .... .\nhead without a dark mask in males, only a few melanophores; supraoccipital sensory canal straight... .... .\ntwo - thirds of body black in males... ...... ...\nbase with a series of black spots and black head mask complete in males... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ... .\nbars in posterior half in males... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ... ...\nsuborbital regions in males with a plain dark head mask... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ... .\nsides of body with 4 vertical bars; caudal n with a vertical dark bar; second dorsal n with 12 spines... .\nhalf of anal n black and anterior half pale in males... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ... ...\nanal n plain black in males... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... 46\nthird dorsal n plain black in males... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... 47\nthird dorsal n pale, barred, or at most basally dusky in males... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... 49\nsecond dorsal n plain black in males... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ... 50\nsecond dorsal n black in males (at least distal half)... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .... 54\nsecond dorsal n pale (rarely spotted) in males... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... . 63\npelvic ns pale, not striped... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ... 55\nbody greyish, with 3 horizontal series of white blotches in males... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ... ...\nbody either plain black or barred in males... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ... 56\nsecond - dorsal - n spines 13–16; head black in males... ...\nsaddle behind the pectoral - n base in males... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... . .\nno black saddle behind the pectoral - n base... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .... . 58\nmay be faint or absent... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ... .\nscale rows 32–38 (mean 35. 0)... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ... ...\nsecond dorsal n blackish... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .... 66\nmedian mandibular pores 2... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...\nbrown bars; pored scales in anterior lateral line series 16–19; median mandibular pores 1... ...... ...... ...... ... .\nhead and body blackish; head with a vertical white suborbital streak in males... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ... .\nfirst dorsal n lower than second dorsal n; body coloration not as described in 67a... ...... ...... ...... ...... .. 68\nwith a vertical black bar from dorsal to ventral surface; caudal n uniform pale... ...... ... .\ncaudal peduncle without a vertical black bar; caudal n striped dorsally and ventrally... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...\nbpbm 35600 (1 paratype), seychelles; smns 21106 (4), réunion); usnm uncat. (1), saint brandon’\nqueensland, australia; ntm s. 10004 - 042 (1 paratype), cobourg peninsula, northern t\n. iwamoto (cas), d. golani (huj), r. j .\norg / research / ichthyology / catalog / shcatmain. asp (last accessed 26 january 2017) .\n. org / research / ichthyology / catalog / collections. asp (last accessed 26 january 2017) .\nresearch / ichthyology / catalog / journals. asp (last accessed 26 january 2017) .\nredescriptions of two western pacific triplefins (perciformes: tripterygiidae), enneapterygius fuscoventer and e. howensis\nthe family - group names of animals (superfamily, family, subfamily, supertribe, tribe and subtribe) are regulated by the international code of zoological nomenclature. particularly, the family names…\n[ more ]\nthe catalog of fishes, based at the california academy of sciences (san francisco), has been founded by william n. eschmeyer in 1980. it is continuously updated on a monthly basis. the catalog of f…\n[ more ]\npresent knowledge about the deep - sea species are scarce. surveying and identification of this fishes are knoty task. the major objective of this project is to identify the deep - sea species of the n…\n[ more ]\nostichthys kinchi, a new species of soldierfish from new ireland, papua new guinea, western pacific ...\na new species of soldierfish, ostichthys kinchi from off northern new ireland, papua new guinea, is described on the basis of a single male specimen collected with a trawl in 191 - 290 m depth near kavieng. the new species is characterised by the following characters: scales above lateral line to mid - base of spinous portion of dorsal fin 31 / 2; no half - scale present anterior to first lateral - line... [ show full abstract ]\ncallionymus madangensis, a new species of dragonet from papua new guinea, southwestern pacific ocean ...\na new species of dragonet, callionymus madangensis from madang, papua new guinea, is described on the basis of a single male specimen collected with a trawl in about 30–40 m depth near madang. the new species is characterised within the subgenus pseudocalliurichthys by a small branchial opening; head short (3. 7 in sl); eye large (2. 3 in head length); preopercular spine with a short, straight... [ show full abstract ]\nostichthys spiniger, a new species of soldierfish from new ireland, papua new guinea, western pacifi ...\na new species of soldierfish, ostichthys spiniger, from off northern new ireland, papua new guinea, is described on the basis of a single specimen collected with a trawl at 180 - 181 m depth near kavieng. the new species is characterised by the following characters: scales above lateral line to mid - base of spinous portion of dorsal fin 31 / 2; no half - scale present anterior to first lateral - line... [ show full abstract ]" ]

{ "text": [ "enneapterygius howensis , known commonly as the lord howe island triplefin , is a species of threefin blenny in the genus enneapterygius , described by german ichthyologist ronald fricke in 1997 .", "it is endemic to lord howe island . " ], "topic": [ 22, 0 ] }

[ "enneapterygius howensis, known commonly as the lord howe island triplefin, is a species of threefin blenny in the genus enneapterygius, described by german ichthyologist ronald fricke in 1997. it is endemic to lord howe island." ]

[ "a rusty - margined guan (penelope superciliaris) at the parque zoologico nacional in santo domingo, dominican republic .\nthe most frequently - encountered of the humid forest cracids, the rusty - margined guan is, despite his size, easy to overlook. it is a sociable bird occurring in small flocks, usually at medium heights in the forest canopy and only rarely dropping to the ground. disturb a flock and you may be startled yourself by the loud dog - like barking calls they produce as they make their escape !\ndel hoyo, j. & kirwan, g. m. (2018). rusty - margined guan (penelope superciliaris). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nsacc. 2005 and updates. a classification of the bird species of south america. available at: urltoken .\njustification: this species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified, but this species is described as' fairly common' (stotz et al. (1996). trend justification: the population is suspected to be in decline owing to ongoing habitat destruction and unsustainable levels of hunting .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nthere are many ways to contribute—we need species information, photographs, audio, video, translations, maps, distribution data, and bird sightings. there' s a role for everyone !\n), in neotropical birds online (t. s. schulenberg, editor). cornell lab of ornithology, ithaca, ny, usa. retrieved from neotropical birds online :\ncreeped out by a dog in cerradão / cerrado sensu stricto (to be confirmed) atop pesque pirarucu, with jeferson eduardo silveira miranda .\nhabitat: secondary arboreal caatinga. bird approaches water hole and feeding area in mãe - da - lua reserve. initially perched or moving through vegetation, then (at 13s) flying. cackles and croaks in background are mostly by p. jacucaca. h3283 .\nid certainty 95% . (archiv. tape 308 side b track 9 seq. c )\nid certainty 95% . (archiv. tape 308 side b track 9 seq. b )\nid certainty 95% . (archiv. tape 308 side b track 9 seq. a )\nid certainty 70% . (archiv. tape 325 side b track 27 seq. a )\nid certainty 100% . (archiv. tape 304 side b track 15 seq. b )\npreviously published on avocet as av8155. certainty: 100% . id determined by: not specifically indicated; recordist normally sees birds recorded and indicates if any question. gps: estimate from google earth .\nave vocalizando enre as árvores da mata cíliar do córrego do algodão, próximo ao lago de caldas novas, goiás .\n90% of certainty. the specimen wasn’t seen during the recording, but some minutes later i sow two individuals of penelope superciliaris near to the place. the other possibility would be penelope jacucaca; a very rare bird in the region .\nid certainty 90% . (archiv. tape 304 side b track 18 seq. a )\nsonogram images © xeno - canto foundation. sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nmay be closely related to p. marail. has hybridized in captivity with p. purpurascens, p. pileata and pipile cujubi. described race cyanosparius (from headwaters of r maués, in e amazonas, in brazil) apparently based on captive specimens, and further study needed; race alagoensis, described at same time by same author (but from ne brazil) # r, has since been observed in the field and found to be distinctive # r # r. proposed races ochromitra (from near parnaguá, in s piauí) and argyomitra (nw of forte, in ne goiás) are synonymized with jacupemba, and pseudonyma (from r canhuma, near r madeira, in amazonas) with nominate. four subspecies recognized .\ntemminck, 1815 – nc & e brazil s of amazon (s to maranhão) .\nspix, 1825 – e bolivia (e santa cruz) and c & s brazil (maranhão e to c pernambuco, s to paraná) .\nnardelli, 1993 – ne brazil (e alagoas and probably also coastal pernambuco) .\na. w. bertoni, 1901 – e paraguay, ne argentina (misiones) and extreme se brazil (santa catarina, rio grande do sul) .\n). pale supercilium, black ear - coverts and chestnut - orange edgings of inner wing ...\npoorly described in the literature; gives gruff barking (occasionally more throaty) calls, typical ...\nseason oct–feb in n argentina and probably aug–feb in se brazil (paraná), where nest with eggs in oct in são ...\nsedentary. in study at several sites in são paulo, daily altitudinal movements detected, ...\nnot globally threatened (least concern). nominate race has apparently declined in many parts of range; not recorded since at least 1960 from around belém and santar ...\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography. login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments. to make the most of all of hbw' s features, discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts, family texts, plates, audiovisual links, updates and related resources .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 55. 90 € (instead of 59. 90 €) 3 - year subscription package: 82 € (instead of 89. 85 € )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information, tracking references to their source (when available on the internet) .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 82. 5 € (instead of 89. 9 €) 3 - year subscription package: 122. 5 € (instead of 134. 85 € )\nthere is a registration fee of 20€. this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive. you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution, click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding (anonymously); markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists, and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12, 000 regional checklists in avibase, offered in 9 different taxonomies, including synonyms more than 175 languages. each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community, and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page, such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition (incl. corrigenda vol. 1 - 2) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details. to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263, 298, 566 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy\nthis species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international (2018) species factsheet: penelope superciliaris. downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018. recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: birdlife international (2018) iucn red list for birds. downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\na ave jacupemba (penelope superciliaris) no forte do leme, rio de janeiro - rj .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nzoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource, 2006. 11. 09, website (version 09 - nov - 06 )\nzoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource\nmaintained by alan p. peterson at urltoken\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\ndesigned by paul smith 2006. this website is copyrighted by law. material contained herewith may not be used without the prior written permission of fauna paraguay. material on this page was provided by paul smith and josé luis cartes and is used with their permission .\nfigure 1 - (fpave1032ph) adult, guira oga, departamento misiones (josé luis cartes undated). figure 2 - (fpave1033ph) adult, itaipú zoo, hernandarias, departamento alto paraná (paul smith march 2008). figure 3 - (fpave1034ph) adult in rehabilitation, procosara, pn san rafael (paul smith october 2010). video - (fpave3893vi) adult, hotel tirol, departamento itapúa (paul smith october 2011) .\npenelope superciliaris 1 alarm calls from flock recorded procosara, pn san rafael (paul smith march 2007). click the link to hear the call. longer versions of this call can be downloaded from the paraguay page of our partner website xeno - canto - the largest collection of freely downloadable neotropical bird calls available online .\njoel is a popular keynote speaker with conservation, corporate, and civic groups .\njoel is the founder of the photo ark, a groundbreaking effort to document every species in captivity before it’s too late .\nevery purchase goes directly to support our mission: getting the public to care and helping to save species from extinction .\nthe global population size has not been quantified, but this species is described as' fairly common' (stotz et al. (1996)." ]

{ "text": [ "the rusty-margined guan ( penelope superciliaris ) is a species of bird in the cracidae family , which includes the chachalacas , guans , and curassows .", "it is found in the dry regions of northeast brazil , the cerrado and caatinga , as well as southeast brazil ; also the pantanal and the adjacent southeast amazon basin .", "it is also found in eastern paraguay with extreme northeast argentina , and eastern bolivia in the pantanal .", "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical dry shrubland .", "if not hunted , it tolerates human proximity well and can be found even in the city of rio de janeiro , in places such as the rio de janeiro botanical garden as well as in the adjoining tijuca forest . " ], "topic": [ 3, 20, 20, 24, 13 ] }

[ "the rusty-margined guan (penelope superciliaris) is a species of bird in the cracidae family, which includes the chachalacas, guans, and curassows. it is found in the dry regions of northeast brazil, the cerrado and caatinga, as well as southeast brazil; also the pantanal and the adjacent southeast amazon basin. it is also found in eastern paraguay with extreme northeast argentina, and eastern bolivia in the pantanal. its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical dry shrubland. if not hunted, it tolerates human proximity well and can be found even in the city of rio de janeiro, in places such as the rio de janeiro botanical garden as well as in the adjoining tijuca forest." ]

[ "greatrex said :\nit was a great run by cole harden on saturday .\njudge roy bean listens as cole harden describes lily langtry' s finer points .\ncole harden had undergone a wind operation following a disappointing run in the cleeve hurdle in january .\ncole harden will now have some time off and future plans include a possible career over fences .\ncole harden on horseback, deciding whether to ride to california or remain with the texas homesteaders .\ncole harden and gavin sheehan put in a great leap at the last to win. 12 - 3 - 15\ncole harden made every yard of the running to win the ladbrokes world hurdle at cheltenham for warren greatrex and gavin sheehan .\nwarren greatrex is convinced cole harden can play a leading role in the sun bets stayers' hurdle at the cheltenham festival .\n, the irish - bred cole harden races for jill and robin eynon. a winner in five of 12 starts, who did not make his first start until age 4, cole harden' s previous stakes success came in the bet 365 west yorkshire hurdle .\ncole harden is the 5 / 2 second favourite with last year’s winner, whisper, next in the market at 4 / 1 .\nwarren greatrex believes cole harden will give ante - post favourite thistlecrack a race granted suitable ground in the world hurdle at cheltenham next month .\ncole harden (gary cooper) is tried by judge roy bean (walter brennan) in a saloon while being measured for a casket .\nwas fourth in the world hurdle as 14 - 1 shot cole harden delivered a first cheltenham victory for trainer warren greatrex and jockey gavin sheehan .\ncole harden galloped on relentlessly to the final flight, skipped over in style, and bounded clear up the famous hill as he raced to victory .\ncole harden had struck out for the front from the off and stayed there for three miles, winning by three - and - a - quarter lengths .\ncole harden provided trainer warren greatrex and jockey gavin sheehan with their first cheltenham festival winner, taking the ladbrokes world hurdle today (thursday 12 march) .\ncole harden caused an upset in the world hurdle at cheltenham as the 14 - 1 shot saw off paul nicholls - trained duo saphir du rheu and zarkandar .\nwhile cole harden’s victory provided the romance, the powerhouse yard of willie mullins notched his sixth winner of the meeting after vautour destroyed the field in the earlier jlt novices’ chase .\nharden shows the judge the hair he claims is from lily langtry' s head .\nhis faith in cole harden was tested when, after a win at wetherby in november, he struggled in the january’s cleeve hurdle at cheltenham and so, less than two months ago, was sent for an operation .\ncole harden raced along on an easy lead until sheehan gradually wound up the pace and it was clear after jumping the second flight from the finish the capitulation the other riders were perhaps anticipating was not going to happen .\nthe crux of the story — which is entirely fictional, like the character of cole harden — is the unusual and unexpectedly deep relationship that develops between harden and judge roy bean. harden is sly enough to escape a hanging by playing on the judge’s fascination with actress lily langtry, and the judge is suspicious, but he respects harden for standing up for himself as well as the tales he tells about lily. bean comes to trust harden, especially after he warns the judge about the men coming to lynch him. harden keeps the peace, which also impresses the judge, and although they have different views about the homesteaders bean is willing to overlook that because of their shared interest in lily langtry. their friendship is sealed when harden finally gives him the lock of lily’s hair — with bean never knowing that it actually derives from the head of jane ellen mathews. that is a secret that harden will keep until the day he dies .\nthe unsung 40 - year - old trainer was unable to blink back the tears behind his spectacles after cole harden had provided him with a first festival winner, and in the biggest race of the day, the world hurdle .\nzarkandar, who recently finished third behind cole harden in the ladbrokes world hurdle at the cheltenham festival, has been installed as the 9 / 4 favourite for the grade one silver cross stayers’ hurdle on grand national day (saturday) .\nit all meant that the impressive front - running win by cole harden will be dwarfed, but have no doubt this was a breakthrough success for a trainer (warren greatrex) and jockey (gavin sheehan) who' ll be here again .\nbean also respects harden for outfoxing him. after harden clears his name they go drinking, awakening the next morning in the same tiny bed, with bean’s arm around his shoulders. that little scene is the comic highlight of the film, as harden tries to remember how he ever ended up in bed with the old man, and tries to crawl out of his embrace without awakening him. harden almost sneaks away but bean awakens and suddenly realizes that harden is leaving without giving him the hair he promised. they tussle out in the desert and harden insists that he is going to california. he only gets away because he sneaks bean’s gun away without the judge noticing. this is my favorite scene because it illustrates that the friendship has already blossomed. after the judge tackles harden as they race through the brush on horseback, harden exclaims, “you mangy old scorpion, you could have killed the both of us! ” instead of taking offense, the judge laughs, and harden smiles back. their shared adventure has begun. bean’s respect for his newfound friend is cemented when he discovers that harden has stolen his gun, and another smile slowly steals across his face .\nthe appellant, harden manufacturing corporation (“harden”), employed the appellees, anthony weeks, charles willingham, melissa frye, angela gable and jarir jackson (hereinafter “plaintiffs”) at its facility in haleyville, alabama. on january 8, 1999, harden issued new employee handbooks to the plaintiffs which included an arbitration provision. the arbitration provision mandated that all claims by a harden employee arising out of his / her employment must be resolved through arbitration, including all “title vii claims or actions, and all actions based upon any form of discrimination. ” 1 harden required all of its employees to agree to the arbitration provision as a condition of continued employment. the plaintiffs refused to agree to the new arbitration policy, and harden terminated their employment on january 14, 1999 .\n‘we’ve had horses since 1996 and this is the best day we’ve had so far, ’ he said. ‘we’ve been lucky, every horse we’ve had has done quite well. i’ve forgotten how much we spent on cole harden, it wasn’t much; we don’t spend a lot on horses .\ncole harden is one of two horses he owns, along with a half - share in paint the clouds, running in today’s foxhunter’s chase. he is the kind of enthusiast who makes a pilgrimage to cheltenham at least once a year, regardless of whether he has a horse running or not .\n“cole harden will need a rest now, ” added warren. “he has only just turned six and last season was his first as a novice. i think he’ll make a good chaser but we have to make the decision as to whether to stay at what we are good at or go chasing. ”\nafter a break just short of 5 months he came back at aintree and looked a completely different animal when defeating cole harden by four lengths with 25 lengths back to the rest. he again looked to have muscled up a lot and improved again to beat the exciting don poli at punchestown by half a length .\nsilver cross stayers’ hurdle – betfred bet: 9 / 4 zarkandar; 5 / 2 cole harden; 4 / 1 whisper; 9 / 1 un temps pour tout; 10 / 1 jetson; 14 / 1 henryville; 16 / 1 blue fashion; 20 / 1 brother brian; 40 / 1 crack away jack .\nborn as james edward harden jr. in los angeles, california on 26 august 1989. he is of african - american ethnicity and has an american nationality .\nhe was born to james edward (father) and monja harden (mother). he has a brother named akili roberson and a sister named arnique jelks .\nanthony weeks, charles willingham, melissa frye, angela gable, jarir jackson, plaintiffs - appellees, v. harden manufacturing corp. , defendant - appellant .\nharden rides to fort davis to be sworn in as a deputy and to obtain a warrant for bean’s arrest; he stays in town because lily langtry is appearing there and he knows bean will be unable to stay away. that is the case, as bean rides to town in his old confederate uniform and is the only person to attend lily’s show (he has purchased all of the tickets). but instead of lily langtry on stage, the curtain rises to show cole harden, ready to make his arrest. after allowing the orchestra to escape, they have a gunfight and bean is mortally wounded. but before the judge dies harden carries him backstage to meet lily. later, harden is shown with jane ellen in a new house, and they see settlers coming back to the range to turn the wild texas wilderness into farming land .\njames harden a well - known professional basketball player’s relation, turns out to be a casanova. .! ! scroll down to see his affair with the hottest women !\nalan king scored at the top level over fences with both uxizandre and balder succes and over hurdles the new one was the top english 2 mile hurdler. cole harden ruled the roost at 3 miles in the world hurdle at cheltenham, beating fellow highflyer buys saphir du rheu and zarkandar into the places but himself was beaten into second by another highflyer purchase whisper in the gr 1 liverpool hurdle subsequently .\njames harden has the height of 6 feet 5 inches. his body weighs 100kg. he has black hair and black eyes. furthermore, there are no details regarding his body measurement .\nwestern miscreants are brought to vinegaroon, texas to appear before “the hangin’ judge, ” judge roy bean (walter brennan). one such man is hanged as the story opens, more because bean doesn’t like homesteaders than any evidence of guilt. another man, cole harden (gary cooper), is ridden into town on a charge of horse theft; it looks bad for harden because the horse belongs to chickenfoot (paul hurst), who identifies it in the saloon which serves as a courtroom. harden, who pleads his innocence, uses the last of his money to buy drinks for the jury (the men in the bar at the time), thus buying some time to think of a defense. he notices that bean is a fan of english actress lily langtry and convinces the judge that he not only knows her personally, but owns a lock of her hair. bean suspends harden’s sentence with the understanding that the stranger will retrieve that hair and give it to him .\ntall and handsome james harden is a well - known american professional basketball player who has been playing basketball since his high school. he is best known as a player from houston rockets wearing jersey number 13 .\nharden does not contest that the plaintiffs subjectively believed that harden was engaged in an unlawful employment practice by requiring arbitration of employment discrimination claims. rather, harden contends that the plaintiffs did not have an objectively reasonable belief that the mandatory arbitration agreement was an unlawful employment practice. this is so, according to harden, because such provisions have been unequivocally approved by the supreme court in gilmer v. interstate / johnson lane corp. , 500 u. s. 20, 111 s. ct. 1647, 114 l. ed. 2d 26 (1991) and circuit city stores, inc. v. adams, 532 u. s. 105, 121 s. ct. 1302, 149 l. ed. 2d 234 (2001), by congress through the civil rights act of 1991, and by this circuit in bender v. a. g. edwards & sons, inc. , 971 f. 2d 698 (11th cir. 1992). the plaintiffs respond that although authority existed which approved arbitration provisions at the time the plaintiffs refused to sign the arbitration provision, sufficient contrary authority also existed at the time, such as the ninth circuit' s decision in duffield and eeoc policy statements, to give the plaintiffs a reasonable belief that harden' s conduct was unlawful. we agree with harden that the plaintiffs' belief that harden was engaged in an unlawful employment practice by requiring the arbitration of employment discrimination claims was not objectively reasonable .\nthe overall time of 4m 54. 80s was the second fastest in the history of the race and both faugheen with the front - runner cole harden who helped in achieving it, returned the next year at the cheltenham festival with victories in the champion hurdle and world hurdle. after this race the already popular nickname\nfaugheen the machine\nstarted to officially get used in news articles and in live commentaries e. g. channel 4 commentator on boxing day .\nthe horse he beat at aintree cole harden is also set for another season over hurdles and i also visited the stable of warren greatrex on my recent trip to lambourn. this is likely to be the flag - bearer for the trainer who looks set for his biggest season to date and he could kick off his campaign in the grade 2 contest at wetherby on charlie hall chase day. he is unexposed over a trip and could slip under the radar somewhat .\njames harden is currently active on the facebook, instagram, and twitter. he has more than 920k followers on the facebook, 6. 4 million followers on the instagram and 5. 2 million followers on the twitter .\nruby walsh tracked the front - runner cole harden before taking the lead at the third last at which he blundered but managed to stay upfront putting in another awkward jump at the second last hurdle while horses from off the pace were starting to make their presence felt in behind. at the turn walsh asked his mount for the final effort and faugheen responded by steering away from his rivals and finishing four and a half lengths at the line ahead of ballyalton and rathvinden who were both kept off the pace throughout the race .\nharden is proven innocent when the real horse thief rides in and is dealt with by bean, but the judge won’t let him leave. harden has to trick him the next morning to get away, but the plight of the homesteaders, and particularly jane ellen mathews (doris davenport), persuades him to stay in the territory. harden makes a deal with bean; he saves the judge from a lynching in exchange for cattle being removed from the homestead range — plus the lock of lily langtry’s hair. bean keeps his end of the bargain and harden keeps his, although the hair he eventually passes to bean is really that of jane ellen. peace, however, is short - lived because bean has no intention of leaving the homesteaders alone. while they are celebrating his men burn the corn crop and the homesteads. jane ellen’s father is killed in the raid and all of the homesteaders except her pack whatever they can find and leave. harden confronts bean, who admits his complicity, exclaiming that the homesteaders will never settle on the cattle range while he is alive. bean has also changed the town’s name of vinegaroon to langtry in honor of the jersey lily, who is scheduled to visit the area soon .\nmuch of the comedy is almost subversive in nature, consisting of sly looks and bits of dialogue that have double meaning. nothing is laugh - out - loud hilarious until pete the horse nods along with chickenfoot, or until harden awakens with bean’s arm around him. but the tone is comedic from the moment harden buys the jury a bottle of booze and spies lily langtry’s pictures above the bar, one of which sports a bullet hole right through her teeth. harden spills a little of the booze on the bar... and it bubbles! the undertaker measures harden for a coffin... while he’s still standing at the bar, before the jury has returned. the jury goes into a back room marked “table stakes”... and someone turns the sign around to read “jury room. ” the judge asks the jury foreman what the verdict is. “you know what the verdict is — guilty! ” is the response. such is life, and death, in judge roy bean’s courtroom .\n1. the arbitration provision stated in full: harden manufacturing corporation and i each agree and understand that we choose arbitration instead of litigation to resolve any dispute between us. harden manufacturing corporation and i each understand that we have a right or opportunity to litigate disputes through a court, but we prefer to resolve our disputes through arbitration. each of the parties to this employment arbitration policy voluntarily and knowingly waive any right they have to a jury trial either pursuant to arbitration under this clause or pursuant to a court action by harden manufacturing corporation. harden manufacturing corporation and i agree and understand that all disputes arising under case law, statutory law and all other laws, including but not limited to, all contract, tort, workmen' s compensation, retaliatory discharge, title vii claims or actions, and all actions based upon any form of discrimination (cumulatively referred to herein as “employment related disputes” for the purposes of this contract) based on a legal claim will be subject to binding arbitration in accordance with this contract .\nreflecting on a personal life of james harden, he was previously in a relationship with trina in 2011 but broke up in 2012. he had an encounter with jenna shea in 2012. then he was in a relationship with kyra chaos but it didn’t last for long .\nafter timely filing charges with the equal employment opportunity commission (“eeoc”), the plaintiffs filed suit on june 30, 2000 in the northern district of alabama. the complaint included five counts for relief, including claims for retaliation under title vii of the civil rights act of 1964 (“title vii”), 42 u. s. c. § 2000e - 3, the age discrimination in employment act (“adea”), 29 u. s. c. § 623 (d), and the americans with disabilities act (“ada”), 42 u. s. c. § 12203. harden thereafter moved for judgment on the pleadings or in the alternative for summary judgment on all counts. in its motion, harden admitted that it terminated the plaintiffs for refusing to sign the arbitration provision. however, harden argued that the plaintiffs did not engage in statutorily protected conduct because they could not have reasonably believed that the mandatory arbitration provision was an unlawful employment practice. based upon this, harden took the position that the plaintiffs had failed to establish a prima facie case of retaliation .\ni couldn’t have said it better. wyler crafts the drama carefully, deftly establishing bean’s rather careless disregard of life, before introducing harden as yet another of his doomed victims of justice. but then the stranger uses his brain and plays with his one chance as if in a poker game. he reveals his cards gradually, one at a time, to the judge, upping the ante until the jury returns from drinking with the expected verdict. with the possibility of losing the chance to obtain a keepsake of his beloved lily, the judge folds, allowing cole harden time enough to retrieve the hair, at which time he will likely still be hanged. wyler keeps the camera in the saloon courtroom for almost twenty minutes (not quite continuously) after the film’s opening sequence, allowing the judge to establish his court, one man to die, and then harden to sweet - talk his way into the judge’s good graces. that lengthy sequence includes a visit by chickenfoot’s horse pete, who is brought into the saloon as evidence, and who nods in affirmation when chickenfoot asks pete if he is his. it is also notable that in his position as judge, bean has complete command of the law and explains its complex tenets clearly and indelibly upon those who run afoul of it .\ntalking about a present relationship status of james harden, he is in a relationship with ashanti. they got into a relationship since may 2016. there isn’t any solid proof which leads towards his married lifestyle and children. being a celebrity, his personal stuff is always a matter of discussion and interest to the public .\nduring 2011 - 12 season, he was named the nba sixth man of the year becoming the second youngest player ever to win the award. when he became a free agent, thunder tried to sign a four - year contract worth between $ 52 and $ 55 million but failed to sign. then he was traded to houston rockets along with his teammate daequan cook, cole aldrich and lazar hayward .\none other comedic aspect connects the two men: judge bean has a trick neck and harden is seemingly the only person he trusts to straighten it out. this harden does in several scenes, once by slugging him while they are sitting on the ground. the judge thanks him for it. the director, william wyler, was drawn to the project because of the relationship between the two characters, and he described the film as “a comedy disguised as a melodrama. ” while most westerns of the previous decade were short on characterization in favor of action and fast pacing, this began to change with stagecoach and dodge city in 1939. the westerner focuses on how harden is able to worm his way out of a hanging and then befriends the man who was ready and willing to do the deed. the film has just two gunfights, the horse race, the fire / raid sequence and one vigorous fistfight between harden and wade harper (forrest tucker, in his film debut). most of the film consists of dialogue rather than action, and this fact disappointed some critics of the era. the film was considered “artsy, ” partly due to that lack of action but also because of gregg toland’s beautiful, evocative cinematography. while the film was lensed in just one month (in new mexico, standing in for texas), its budget was a fairly hefty two million dollars .\njames harden started playing basketball professionally after being selected by oklahoma city thunder in the 2009 nba draft. he is active in the sports field since 2009 and he is still playing. in the beginning of the season, he was named to the nba all - rookie second team. in his match against phoenix suns, he scored his highest points of 40 on 18 april 2012 .\njudge roy bean was a real lawman who was infamous for his unusual rulings (but not hangings). the only other character based on reality is lily langtry, who appears in the final scene and has just one line. in reality, lily only visited the town of langtry shortly after bean’s death (after a bout of drinking) in 1903. but in order to expedite the drama and provide a payoff, it was decided that bean should be killed by the fictitious harden, and that he should at least meet the damsel of his dreams before he shuffled off this mortal coil. considering that this movie probably contains the most well - known and memorable portrayal of judge roy bean, there must be many people who believe the judge was shot to death at fort davis. indeed, the visual image of the curtain rising to reveal cole harden standing tall, hands on his belt, ready to arrest the judge, is the most indelible in the film. it is among the greatest images in american westerns, representing the good fight against tyranny and injustice. it is an image that helped gary cooper cement a solid western persona, despite the fact that he barely made a dozen of them in the thirty years after the end of the silent era .\nbeneath the comedy, and underlining the actions of the nefarious judge, is the ongoing question of land use between the cattlemen who want to keep the range open and the homesteaders who want to fence and farm it. bean is a cattleman through and through, using his power against the farmers at every opportunity. the farmers finally rise up against bean en masse to rid themselves of his oppression once and for all, but harden prevents the fighting by riding ahead and warning the judge. the stranger to the territory tries to persuade both sides that they can live together in harmony, having seen that battles between similar antagonists have been deadly in other areas. bean plays along but gets his way later, when his men burn out the homesteaders and kill jane ellen’s father in the process. it is only when bean acts against the homesteaders that harden stands up against him and takes action. this larger conflict is never really settled, though the ending hints that with bean’s death the returning settlers will be able to begin again .\nwe review the district court' s grant or denial of a motion for summary judgment de novo, viewing the record and drawing all reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to the non - moving party. see patton v. triad guar. ins. corp. , 277 f. 3d 1294, 1296 (11th cir. 2002). the sole issue in this appeal is whether the plaintiffs had a reasonable belief that harden engaged in an unlawful employment practice by requiring the plaintiffs to sign the agreement to arbitrate .\nthe district court considered the motion as one for summary judgment and granted summary judgment to harden on all claims except for the retaliation claims under the various employment discrimination statutes. the district court found that although the arbitration provision may have been lawful, the plaintiffs reasonably, albeit mistakenly, believed that the arbitration provision was unenforceable. the court therefore held that plaintiffs' refusal to sign the arbitration policy was protected activity and the discharge of the plaintiffs constituted actionable retaliation. in finding that the plaintiffs had a reasonable belief that arbitration provisions were unenforceable, the district court relied on the ninth circuit' s decision in duffield v. robertson stephens & co. , 144 f. 3d 1182 (9th cir. 1998) and the eeoc' s position that such provisions violate public policy. see eeoc notice no. 915. 002, policy statement on mandatory binding arbitration of employment discrimination disputes as a condition of employment (july 10, 1997). harden thereafter moved to certify the issue for interlocutory appeal pursuant to 28 u. s. c. § 1292 (b), which the district court granted. we granted the petition for review .\napart from the fine acting of the two leads and gregg toland’s gorgeous cinematography, the film is known for featuring the debut of forrest tucker, who would enjoy a long and fruitful career in film and on tv, mostly in westerns. tucker plays wade harper, who seems to have an interest in jane ellen mathews before harden arrives, and who mixes it up with the stranger after he prevents the homesteaders from lynching judge bean. it was also the first of five 1940s teamings of gary cooper and walter brennan. they also appeared together in meet john doe, sergeant york, the pride of the yankees and task force. on the other hand, doris davenport, who played jane ellen mathews, only made one more movie before retiring, following a bad car crash which injured her legs .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\n/ / urltoken\nmurray' s back! british star to make return to wimbledon. . as he agrees to be bbc pundit and commentator\nengland' s last world cup semi - final was 28 years ago at italia 90... but how do gazza, lineker and co compare to today' s stars ?\nitalia 90 v russia 18: when england were last in the world cup semi - finals a beer cost £1. 23, the nation was gripped by neighbours... but world in motion was not no 1 in the charts !\nwant to see england' s world cup semi - final with croatia? fly to moscow (via rome and riga) for just £476... but be prepared to pay £560 a ticket and don' t forget your fan id !\ntottenham dominate world cup semi - finals and have more players left in the tournament than the bundesliga... but how do the final four break down ?\na yoga session (and a round of applause for the instructor) before a trip to the shops... behind the scenes with england\nlowdown on croatia: modric will be england' s main threat in world cup semi - final... but they also have a rock in lovren, a fearsome work ethic and a boss who takes no nonsense !\n' it' s only hit me now. it' s been crazy': delph on juggling birth of his daughter with england' s world cup run\nthe emotion of gaining a career breakthrough and striking a blow for the less gilded outfits at cheltenham proved too much for warren greatrex .\nit was a victory for an emerging trainer, ridden by his freshman jockey gavin sheehan on a 14 - 1 horse owned by former customs and excise investigator robin eynon and his wife jill from winchester .\nsuddenly the winners’ enclosure looked less the preserve of the fabulously wealthy and the heavyweights of the industry they employ .\nthere was incredulity among the victorious names that they had elevated themselves to the kind of company more regularly associated with names like mcmanus, mullins and mccoy .\n‘if you’re going to break your duck you may as well make it a big one. anyone that knows me will tell you i can talk all day long but i’m stuck for words, ’ said greatrex, who eventually managed to articulate his achievement .\n‘i’m small, i’m a youngster at this. i’ve got nine runners here, we’re breaking through — we’re trying to compete with the big guys and hopefully this will help. we’ve beaten the best. you look at the next two horses behind and they’re trained by paul nicholls... unbelievable. ’\nafter a modest career as a jockey in which he rode 13 winners, greatrex served a long apprenticeship as a trainer, working under some of the finest in the business such as david nicholson, josh gifford and oliver sherwood .\nhe now works out of uplands, the former premises of legendary jockey and trainer fred winter in lambourn, where he has built up a mid - size yard of 75 horses .\n‘i am sure the duke (nicholson) is looking down from somewhere with pride and i hope fred would have been proud as well, ’ said greatrex .\n‘i was struggling with him early season, having trouble with his wind, but then he won at wetherby. he wasn’t right at the cleeve, so we had it done. it was a soft pallet operation, not a big thing, but i knew we needed to do something. ’\nif greatrex is a different name to conjure with then so is eynon, who comes from a less ostentatious school than the increasingly select number of tycoon owners who dominate national hunt racing, like jp mcmanus, ryanair boss michael o’leary and american rich ricci, with his permanently attached sunglasses .\n‘i’ve been retired a few years but i worked for many years as an investigator for customs and excise in london, in a department that doesn’t exist anymore because gordon brown closed it .\n‘when you get something like this it’s really special. we always come to cheltenham once a year and if they got rid of the traffic we’d be here every time. ’\nthe irish trainer, now just one short of nicky henderson’s record of winners for the meeting, could scarcely contain his excitement about the 6 - 4 favourite’s potential, which could exceed that of faugheen ‘the machine’ .\n‘this is the real machine, ’ said mullins. ‘he is a gold cup horse. ’\njockey ruby walsh was equally effusive after his 15 - length victory. ‘he jumped like a gazelle and quickened up so impressively off the bend, it was flawless, ’ he said. ‘the horses behind are very good and he ran them ragged. ’\nthe sun is shining on rafael nadal: dry courts suit him, ...\ngareth southgate' s lucky omen: england boss led u21 side ...\nit' s coming home? croatia are hoping to send england ...\nit' s coming home!' three lions' tops the uk charts as ...\nif one harry doesn' t get you, the other harry will: a ...\nlet' s not go home to a nice reception... let' s go home ...\n' we will find a solution!' ross brawn confident that ...\ntransfer news live: all the latest from premier league and europe as cristiano ronaldo edges towards juventus, and more... .\nengland' s last world cup semi - final was 28 years ago at italia' 90 ...\nmanchester city agree £60m deal with leicester for mahrez... with winger set for medical in next 48 hours\nwhere is everybody? tottenham stars return for pre - season... with nine players still away at the world cup\nbeat sweden, have a sauna... kane can handle the heat while england team - mates make a splash during recovery sessions\n' she knows we ain' t going home because it' s...' england star lingard joined by his mum to celebrate world cup quarter - final victory\n' it took them 15 years but finally i allowed them to follow me...': fabregas takes cheeky dig at europa league' s twitter account\n' the car is destroyed... i' m very, very sorry guys': grosjean crashes into barriers in practice after failing to deactivate drs\nmbappe is much more talented than me, admits pogba:' he has so much speed... we can' t be compared'\nantonio conte takes charge of chelsea pre - season training with 32 days until premier league season begins ...\n' this feels special': jack wilshere poses with shirt of his boyhood club west ham after signing three - year ...\ncristiano ronaldo could be in for huge tax dividend if he moves to juventus as new law will allow him to pay ...\n' if you cry like a girl when you lose, do ballet': lewis hamilton faces withering criticism from kimi ...\n' when he' s at his best, you have a 95% chance to win': eden hazard says n' golo kante is the leading ...\nphil foden receives a big hug from pep guardiola as aymeric laporte joins in first day of pre - season ...\nserena williams eases her way into quarter - finals of wimbledon with dominant straight - sets victory over ...\nlewis hamilton is a fabulous driver but a sore loser... he will regret' interesting tactics' jibe at ferrari ...\nengland' s last world cup semi - final appearance came 28 years ago at italia' 90... but how do gary lineker, ...\nbirthday boy ashley young believes england have a' great chance' of winning world cup as oldest player ...\nitalia 90 v russia 18: when england were last in the world cup semi - finals a beer cost £1. 23, the nation was ...\ni don' t know what you' re saying in the dressing room but it' s working! england legend paul gascoigne urges ...\nwant to see england' s world cup semi - final with croatia in the flesh? fly to moscow (via rome and riga) for ...\ntottenham dominate world cup semi - finals and have more players left in the tournament than the bundesliga... ...\nengland stars skipping their way into world cup semi - finals as gareth southgate' s boys continue preparations ...\nif you think it' s easy to score one - on - one with a goalkeeper, read this... raheem sterling will cash in for england at this world cup\ntransfer news recap: all the latest from premier league and europe as cristiano ronaldo edges towards juventus, and more ...\nengland used to bumble along. were they kicking it? passing it? under gareth southgate, they’ve finally got… identity\nengland' s last world cup semi - final appearance came 28 years ago at italia' 90... but how do gary lineker, peter shilton and gazza compare to gareth southgate' s current stars ?\nlewis hamilton is a fabulous driver but a sore loser... he will regret' interesting tactics' jibe at ferrari after british gp\nfarm heroes saga, the # 4 game on itunes. play it now !\na bold ride from gavin sheehan got the winner home by three - and - a - quarter lengths .\nat fishers cross was fourth for ap mccoy, who earlier claimed victory in the ryanair chase at his last cheltenham festival on 16 - 1 uxizandre .\ngreatrex said :\ni believed in the horse, but i was struggling with him early season .\ni' m normally a cool customer but i got very nervous and the emotion showed after he had won .\nhe added :\nhe' s done everything right but i was just waiting for a horse to fly past me and beat me .\ni had my head down going for home and i didn' t know where the good horses were but i wasn' t going to look round .\nthere was a certain irony as 19 - time champion mccoy acknowledged the cheers from a packed winner' s enclosure .\nafter 11 defeats this week, the northern irishman, 40, produced a perfect ride from the front to triumph on uxizandre for trainer alan king and owner jp mcmanus .\nthis was vintage mccoy stuff, grabbing the race by the proverbial scruff of the neck, and determinedly never letting go, boldly leading all the way for victory .\nbrilliantly judged, the others were left trailing - ever heard that before about mccoy? it was a very special moment charged with high emotion for jockey and supporters alike .\nma filleule was five lengths back in second, with favourite don cossack third .\nand uxizandre had actually unseated barry geraghty in his last run, the game spirit chase at newbury - won by mr mole, ridden by mccoy, who announced his intention to retire afterwards .\nvautour produced a breathtaking display of jumping when romping home by 15 lengths to win the jlt novices' chase for the in - form team of jockey ruby walsh and trainer willie mullins .\nthe six - year - old, owned by rich ricci, was following up victory in the supreme novices' hurdle at last year' s festival .\ni' ve always loved this horse, from the time he won here last year ,\nsaid mullins, celebrating his sixth win of the fixture .\nricci added :\ni' ve never seen a novice jump round here like that - that was extraordinary .\ni said to ruby afterwards that it was probably the best performance of the week and he said it was the best horse we brought .\ntwenty years on from his famous champion hurdle - gold cup double, trainer kim bailey was back in the winner' s enclosure after victory for 33 - 1 chance darna .\nbailey, now based about 10 miles from the track at andoversford, triumphed in 1995 with hurdler alderbrook and steeplechaser master oats, but this win in the brown advisory and merriebelle stable plate was his first at the festival since betty' s boy in 1999 .\ndarna was providing a maiden victory at the fixture for david bass, who would have preferred to ride stablemate un ace but had to make way for mccoy on the other horse, who ended up finishing 13th .\nmeanwhile, all - time leading festival trainer nicky henderson got off the mark at this year' s meeting when call the cops (9 - 1) won the pertemps network final under jockey andrew tinkler .\nthe final race of the day, the fulke walwyn kim muir challenge cup, saw 12 - year - old the package (9 - 1) roll back the years for a first ever victory at the festival - though a second of the week for jockey jamie codd .\nwe' ve had him cloned\n- ap mccoy' s boss jp mcmanus, the millionaire racehorse owner, when asked how he will replace the jockey .\nit wasn' t all good news for world hurdle - winning jockey gavin sheehan. after receiving a report from a stipendiary steward that sheehan had used his mobile phone outside the designated area, stewards held an inquiry. after hearing the evidence, sheehan was found to be in breach of rule (d) 33. 1 and was fined £290 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nsky sports news takes you through all of the day' s racing news, plus alex hammond' s tip of the day .\nfollow the latest from the written press with the best gossip and speculation from the papers .\nsky has launched a pub finder for eager fans wanting to find a venue to watch sky sports .\nget a sports star to visit your old secondary school as part of our free schools initiative .\nalan king expects yanworth to have no problems handling a step up in distance in the ryanair stayers liverpool hurdle at aintree today .\nnichols canyon came from off the pace to register the eighth grade one success of his career in the sun bets stayers' hurdle at cheltenham .\nthistlecrack confirmed his position as the stand - out in his division as he comfortably won the ryanair world hurdle at cheltenham .\nalpha des obeaux, lieutenant colonel and martello tower have the unenviable task of taking on thistlecrack in the ryanair world hurdle at the cheltenham festival on thursday .\nwillie mullins has left champion hurdle contender nichols canyon and mares' hurdle favourite vroum vroum mag in the ryanair world hurdle at cheltenham on thursday .\nsandra hughes is set to have a small but select team in her bid to register her first triumph at the cheltenham festival .\ncue card looked full of himself as he showed his well - being ahead of the timico cheltenham gold cup with a pleasing workout before racing at kempton .\ncolin tizzard was in a bullish mood as he hosted a press morning ahead of the cheltenham festival and cannot see anything getting close to ryanair world hurdle favourite thistlecrack .\nthe first six home in last year' s world hurdle all figure among the 48 horses entered for this year' s renewal .\npaul nicholls fires two barrels in zarkandar and saphir du rheu as he looks to win the ladbrokes world hurdle at cheltenham on thursday for a fifth time .\nrock on ruby returns to his happiest hunting ground for tomorrow' s dornan engineering hurdle at cheltenham .\nopen an account with betfair and bet at least €5 at min odds of 1 / 5 on the sportsbook. win or lose betfair match your first bet up to €50. free bet stakes not returned\nup to £100 in bet credits for new customers at bet365. min deposit £5 and 1x settled bet requirement to release bet credits. min odds, bet and payment method exclusions apply. returns exclude bet credits stake. time limits and t & cs; apply. terms & conditions apply\nregister with william hill using the promo code c30 and place your first bet of £10 / €10 or more and get three £10 / €10 free bets. new online customers only, min £10 / €10 stake, win only, min odds 1 / 2, free bets paid as 3 x £10 / €10, 30 day expiry, free bet / payment method / player / country restrictions apply. terms & conditions apply\nsign up with promo code f50, place a bet on any horse race and ladbrokes will give you a free bet up to £50. new customers only. certain deposit methods excluded. min £5 excluding tote or pools = match max £50 free bet. min odds 1 / 2 +. free bet valid for 4 days, stake not returned. single line bets only. free bet cannot be used on certain markets. 18 +. terms and conditions apply\nsign up to paddy power and get a £20 risk free first bet: new customers only, limited to one per person. if you’ve previously had a paddy power account, you will not qualify for the offer. place your first bet on any sportsbook market and if it loses we will refund your stake in cash. max refund for this offer is £ / €20. only deposits made using cards or paypal will qualify for this promotion. t & cs; apply. terms & conditions apply\nsign up to coral today, deposit and place a bet of £10 or more and get £30 in free bets! uk + ire. new customers only. min first bet £10. must be placed within 14 days of account reg. £30 credited as 3 x £10 free bets. not valid with cashout. free bet valid for 4 days. 18 +\nsign up to betway, deposit and place a qualifying bet and get a free bet up to £30. 1. new customers only. 2. min deposit: £ / €10. 3. 1 x wagering at odds of 1. 75 + to unlock free bet. 4. credit card, debit card & paypal deposits only 5. additional terms apply terms and conditions apply\nregister with betbright, deposit £20 and play with £70 (£25 sports plus £25 casino). min deposit £20. max sports bonus £25. max casino bonus £25. 5 x wagering to release sports bonus. min odds 1. 8. £25 casino bonus added within 24 hours of first sports bet settling. 40x wagering to release casino bonus. terms and conditions apply\nsign up to betfred and place a £10 sports bet to receive up to £30 in free bets, plus 30 free spins. new customers from uk & northern ireland. stake £10 or more at odds of evens (2. 0) or greater on your first bet. £30 free bet credited in 48 hours of your first bet being settled. 7 day expiry. e - wallet restrictions apply. max 30 free spins on selected games. full t & cs; apply. terms and conditions apply" ]

{ "text": [ "cole harden ( foaled 22 april 2009 ) is an irish-bred , british-trained racehorse who competes in national hunt racing .", "after winning both of his national hunt flat races in 2013 he went on to win novice hurdle races at fontwell and newbury in the 2013/2014 national hunt season .", "in the following season he emerged as a leading staying hurdler , winning the west yorkshire hurdle before achieving his biggest success in the world hurdle . " ], "topic": [ 22, 14, 14 ] }

[ "cole harden (foaled 22 april 2009) is an irish-bred, british-trained racehorse who competes in national hunt racing. after winning both of his national hunt flat races in 2013 he went on to win novice hurdle races at fontwell and newbury in the 2013/2014 national hunt season. in the following season he emerged as a leading staying hurdler, winning the west yorkshire hurdle before achieving his biggest success in the world hurdle." ]

[ "vad betyder scoparia? här finner du 2 definitioner av scoparia. du kan även lägga till betydelsen av scoparia själv\nscoparia ergatis meyrick, 1884. males of this species were dissected for this study, for comparison with s. parachalca (q. v .), showing that it is a true scoparia .\nbutler' s characters for this genus do not suffice to separate it from scoparia .\nscoparia dryphactis meyrick, 1911. see under s. cyameuta and s. petrina .\nscoparia (s. l .) humilialis hudson, 1950. see under eudonia leptalea .\nscoparia (s. l .) sinuata philpott, 1930. see under eudonia dochmia .\nscoparia är ett släkte av fjärilar som beskrevs av adrian hardy haworth 1811. enligt catalogue of life ingår scoparia i familjen crambidae, men enligt dyntaxa är tillhörigheten istället fam [. . ]\nscoparia parachalca meyrick, 1884. this species has apparently remained unrecognised since its original discovery; females of eudonia feredayi have sometimes been misidentified as parachalca. the genitalia of the male holotype indicate a possible relationship with s. ergatis, which is also superficially similar, but parachalca has fewer cornuti in the vesica. not illustrated .\n( scoparia ustimacula, feld. , reis. nov. , pl. cxxxv. , 17; scoparia conifera, butl. , cist. ent. , ii. , 493. )\nscoparia (s. l .) crepuscula salmon, 1946. see under s. tetracycla .\nscoparia (s. l .) monochroma salmon, 1946. see under s. tetracycla .\n( scoparia feredayi, knaggs, ent. mo. mag. , iv. , 80; scoparia moanalis, feld. , reis. nov. , pl. cxxxvii. , 34. )\n( scoparia exilis, knaggs, ent. mo. mag. , iv. , 81. )\n( scoparia ejuncida, knaggs, ent. mo. mag. , iv. , 81. )\n( scoparia pongalis, feld. , reis. nov. , pl. cxxxvii. , 33. )\nscoparia linealis, walk. suppl. , 1503. the specimen which i suppose to be walker' s type i did not determine, and it is perhaps not recognizable; with it was placed a small specimen of scoparia submarginalis, walk .\n( hypochalcia indistinctalis, walk. , 48; scoparia rakaiensis, knaggs, ent. mo. mag. , iv. , 80. )\nscoparia (s. l .) autumna philpott, 1927. see under s. (s. l .) indistinctalis (walker) .\nscoparia objurgalis, gn. , 425, pl. x. , 10, and scoparia australialis, gn. , 426, appear to me unidentifiable at present; the latter is, if correctly described, probably new to me, the former might possibly be s. exhibitalis, walk .\nscoparia (s. l .) sp. a. this widespread, unnamed species is scoparia minualis in the sense of meyrick (1885: 83) and of hudson (1928: 185 and pl. xxii fig. 37) (a misidentification of walker’s species); dugdale (1988: 157) calls hudson’s figure a ‘poor likeness’ (of minualis); but it is a good likeness of this unnamed species. the true eudonia minualis (walker) was described and illustrated by hudson under the name scoparia chimeria meyrick, a junior synonym. scoparia (s. l .) sp. a has not been dissected but probably belongs in eudonia .\ndistinguished from scoparia only by the long hairs of the discal area; the genus is undoubtedly natural, and its separation materially assists the study of the group. the species resemble those of the second group of scoparia, and almost all of large size and decidedly crambideous facies. the larvæ are yet unknown, but probably of similar habits .\nscoparia harpalea (meyrick, 1884). s. limatula philpott is identical, (based on wing pattern and male genitalia of both holotypes), and treated as conspecific here .\na peculiar species, in markings approaching more the typical forms of scoparia; differs also from the other species, in which the male is known, by the structure of the antennæ .\nas i have elsewhere pointed out, the oldest form of the family is probably nyctarcha, which is a singular synthetic type. xeroscopa is an early off - shoot from scoparia, and tetraprosopus a development of xeroscopa .\nnephopteryæ favilliferella, walk. suppl. , 1719. the type is unset, and therefore not generically recognizable; it is certainly either a scoparia or a xeroscopa, but it seems hardly possible to assert anything more .\nscoparia (s. l .) sylvestris clarke, 1926. this species has not been recognised in this study as separable from eudonia microphthalma (meyrick), but the potential synonymy has not been confirmed by dissection. not illustrated .\nscoparia (s. l .) tetracycla meyrick, 1884. scoparia crepuscula salmon and s. monochroma salmon (not illustrated) are closely related to this species and may even be, respectively, brightly and weakly marked forms of tetracycla, though this has not been tested by dissection. s. (s. l .) tetracycla itself is closely related to s. (s. l .) diphtheralis walker, and the taxonomy of this species cluster needs further investigation .\nscoparia sp. b. this species has been confused in collections with s. cyameuta meyrick (q. v .), but differs in male genitalia. it is apparently a darker, more heavily marked species than cyameuta, but reliable external characters have not yet been fully worked out .\nscoparia (s. l .) lychnophanes meyrick, 1927. not dissected for this study, but superficially very similar to s. encapna meyrick, of which it may be a large form. specimens identified here as lychnophanes are from near the type locality, mt holdsworth, tararua range wn .\nscoparia (s. l .) indistinctalis (walker, 1863). the name indistinctalis was for many years applied incorrectly to eudonia rakaiensis (knaggs), following a misidentification by meyrick (1885). the female type specimen of indistinctalis is worn, but retains sufficient diagnostic characters: the type locality is auckland, and the only grey species known from auckland with long basal and discal forewing streaks has gone under the name scoparia (s. l .) autumna philpott. since female genitalia of autumna match those of the indistinctalis type, the two are considered conspecific here, under the latter name .\neudonia leptalea (meyrick, 1884). differences between this species and e. psammitis (q. v .) require elucidating. scoparia (s. l .) humilialis hudson (not illustrated) may also fall within the range of variation of leptalea, and further work is needed. see also under e. atmogramma .\nscoparia cyameuta (meyrick, 1884). many specimens under this name in collections are in fact an undescribed species (scoparia sp. b), differing in male genitalia and probably also in coloration and wing - shape (though definitive external characters still need elucidating). true cyameuta (based on male genitalia of holotype and nzac specimens) appears to be a paler, narrower - winged species than s. sp. b. s. dryphactis meyrick appears not to differ from cyameuta in male genitalia, but is more brownish and weakly marked, lacking a basal forewing streak; it is very tentatively treated as a separate species here. see also under s. petrina .\nscoparia petrina (meyrick, 1884). distinctions between this species, s. cyameuta and s. dryphactis require further investigation; the genitalia show possible subtle differences but further study is required to determine whether these are of diagnostic importance. the same applies to wing pattern, and one or two very variable taxa may be involved. in nzac, specimens with the forewing predominantly brown have been referred to dryphactis; grey specimens with a long basal streak to cyameuta, and grey specimens with a short or no basal streak to petrina; this scheme is followed here with considerable misgivings. the whitish scoparia astragalota (meyrick) may also be involved in this complex, but no male of that species has been dissected for this project .\nscoparia (s. l .) famularis philpott, 1930. this species was described from a single female from fiordland (kepler mountains); the holotype is in amnz. the illustrated specimens are from central otago (old man range) and match the type quite closely in wing pattern, except that they have more extensive white scaling on the forewing and a smaller claviform stigma. no dissections have been made, and the identification is therefore tentative .\neudonia dochmia (meyrick, 1905). this species has remained poorly understood since its description, and hudson (1928) knew it only from the type locality, lake wakatipu ol. the holotype has very characteristic male genitalia, allowing recognition of this taxon as a surprisingly widespread and variable species occurring almost throughout new zealand. scoparia (s. l .) sinuata philpott (not illustrated) appears indistinguishable from dochmia on external characters, but the type has not been dissected .\neudonia ustiramis (meyrick, 1931). this species has barely been recognised since its original description but the male genitalia of the holotype have been compared with those of specimens in nzac, and this is now identified as the very locally common species of northland and auckland gumland heaths treated by hoare (2011) as ‘ scoparia (s. l .) sp. 1’. wing pattern is variable and the holotype has exceptionally strong dark longitudinal forewing streaking. possibly more widespread in infertile habitats .\nalthough of universal distribution, this genus is little developed except in temperate latitudes, hardly occurring in the tropics except at a considerable elevation. over thirty european species are known, and scattered forms are found in most other regions. australia possesses at present sixteen, which number will be considerably increased, especially from the tasmanian mountains. in comparison with these the development of the genus in new zealand is extraordinary, forty - two species being here given, and it is unquestionable that the actual number is much larger, as each mountain seems to possess peculiar species. scoparia is in fact the largest genus of lepidoptera in new zealand .\nscoparia (s. l .) vulpecula meyrick, 1927. this species, described only from the female, resembles eudonia feredayi in colour, but has a longer, narrower forewing and a much more sinuous forewing costa. the genitalia have not been investigated, but it could prove to be a montane form (or sister - species) of e. feredayi, since the females of other species (e. g. e. trivirgata (felder & rogenhofer) ) apparently vary in wing - shape through their range. a single worn female specimen perhaps referable to vulpecula was found in the series of e. feredayi in nzac, but is not illustrated. the male of vulpecula has never been recognised .\nowing to the small range of colour, and great similarity of markings, which are moreover in most of the species more or less confused and ill - defined, being composed of black, white, and grey scales variously blended, the group is a difficult one either to study or to describe. in order to make this monograph more comprehensive, i have therefore included all the australian species of scoparia, tetraprosopus, and xeroscopa (which are, however, much less numerous than those from new zealand), indicating them by an asterisk (*) as not occurring in new zealand. no species of the family is common to both regions. the australian species of nyctarcha and eclipsiodes, which i have already described elsewhere, and which are moreover very distinct from anything occurring in new zealand, i have not thought it necessary to include .\nunfortunately, it has not been possible within the constraints of this project to search through the scopariinae holdings of new zealand collections other than nzac, and so some probably valid species not recognised in nzac, or represented only by material in poor condition, are not in the image gallery. these are mostly rare or localised taxa, and / or species that have still not been confidently recognised since their description. the following potentially valid species are currently omitted (comments on many of these are given below): eudonia alopecias (meyrick); e. campbellensis (munroe) (campbell island only); e. epicremna (meyrick) (not recognised in nzac); e. gressitti (munroe) (campbell island only); e. linealis (walker); e. oreas (meyrick); scoparia apheles meyrick (not found in nzac); s. parachalca (meyrick); s. (s. l .) contexta philpott (not in nzac); s. (s. l .) crepuscula salmon; s. (s. l .) monochroma salmon; s. (s. l .) vulpecula meyrick .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n[ read before the philosophical institute of canterbury, 7 th august, 1884. ]\nfamily occupies an unusually prominent position in new zealand, and the principal genera attain here their maximum of development. the development is however mainly specific, and there is no large number of peculiar genera, as in some other groups. the family is undoubtedly of very ancient type, and the food of the larvæ, which probably consists wholly of mosses, will allow of a possible origin earlier in time than the appearance of flowering plants. it is probably due to this persistence of habit that the type has undergone so little generic modification; specific change being sufficient to allow of all the adaptation required. the distribution of the family seems chiefly limited by the suitability of the climate for the growth of their food - plants; hence they are found principally in cool temperate latitudes, or at considerable elevations .\nas the descriptions of walker, knaggs, and butler are hardly in any instance sufficiently precise for determination, i may add that the species of walker and butler have been identified from the types, and those of knaggs from types preserved by mr. r. w. fereday .\nlabial palpi, with hairs of second joint produced in front beneath. maxillary palpi large, triangularly scaled, porrected, not resting on labial palpi. forewings with 7 and 10 separate from 9, 8 and 9 stalked. hindwings with 4 and 5 from a point or stalked (except in nyctarcha); lower median without basal pectination (except in eclipsiodes and nyctarcha). genital uncus of male generally well developed .\ndistinguished from all the other families of the pyralidina by the character of the maxillary palpi, which are large, porrected, triangularly dilated, and obliquely truncate, standing out apart from the labial palpi; differing also from the crambidæ (which some species closely approach in type) in the absence of the basal pectination on the lower median vein of the hindwings (with the exceptions noted above), from the botydidæ in the development of the genital uncus of the male, and from the pyralididæ by the separation of vein 7 of the forewings from the stalk of 8 and 9 .\nthe following tabulation includes all the five australian genera, of which only three are represented in new zealand .\n[ the section below cannot be correctly rendered as it contains complex formatting. see the image of the page for a more accurate rendering. ]\nforehead vertical. ocelli present. tongue well developed. antennæ short, less than 2 / 3 of forewings, in male stout, filiform, evenly ciliated (¼–1 / 3), above pubescent (n. atra) or rough - scaled. labial palpi moderate, straight, porrected, second joint with dense projecting scales beneath, terminal joint exposed, thick, somewhat expanded towards apex, and obliquely truncate. maxillary palpi nearly as long as labial, terminally expanded, truncate. posterior tibiæ with outer spurs half inner; legs short. abdomen short, stout. forewings with vein 11 moderately oblique. hindwings somewhat broader than forewings; 3, 4, 5 approximated at base; lower median and 1 b each with a strong pectination towards base, surface otherwise without hairs .\nconsists at present of two australian and one new zealand species, one of the australian species (n. ophideres, walk .) extending also into india and madagascar. the genus presents a singular combination of characters, and probably approximates to the ancestral form of the scopariadæ, crambidæ, and botydidæ. the new zealand species is characterized by the dark fuscous hindwings, which in the two australian species are partly orange .\n( orosana atra, butl. , pro. zool. soc. lond. , 1877. )\nthe markings of the under surface in this instance doubtless indicate the original type .\ncastle hill and lake wakatipu (1, 200 to 3, 000 feet), in december and january, on dry grassy slopes; difficult to see; six specimens .\nforehead vertical. ocelli present. tongue well developed. antennæ moderate, 2 / 3 of forewings, in male filiform, evenly ciliated (¼–1 ½). labial palpi moderate or long, straight, porrected, second joint beneath with long dense projecting scales, terminal joint moderate, exposed or resting in scales of second. maxillary palpi rather long, triangularly dilated. posterior tibiæ with outer spurs half inner. abdomen moderate. forewings with vein 11 rather oblique. hindwings from somewhat broader to nearly twice as broad as forewings; 3 remote from 4, 4 and 5 stalked or from a point; lower median naked; discal area above it without hairs; internal area loosely haired .\nnotwithstanding the extent of the genus, i can find no structural characters for subdividing it into groups. the palpi vary in length, and the antennæ present some differences, being generally rough above, but sometimes pubescent, or serrate at joints, with the ciliations of variable length, but these points are simply specific. veins 4 and 5 of the hindwings are either from a point or stalked, but both forms often occur in the same species. roughly, the first 27 species belong to the same group as the european forms, being always of comparatively small size, with the typical markings well developed, whilst the remainder constitute a more specially new zealand group, usually of larger size, and more crambideous appearance, with the normal markings often obsolete, the palpi longer and hindwings broader; but there is no definite distinction .\nin the following descriptions the length of the labial palpi is stated in terms of the breadth of the eye, and the length of the antennal ciliations in terms of the breadth of the stalk; the breadth of the hindwings in terms of the breadth of the forewings. typically, the markings consist of three transverse lines and three discal spots—viz. , (1) the first line, at about 2 / 5, usually oblique and somewhat curved, more or less indented in middle; (2) the orbicular spot, usually round, shortly beyond first line above middle; (3) the claviform spot, usually linear, similarly placed below middle; (4) the reniform spot, usually 8 - shaped, in disk beyond and above middle; (5) the second line, at about 4 / 5, tolerably parallel to hindmargin, usually somewhat curved, generally sinuate inwards below costa and above inner margin; (6) the subterminal line, placed between second line and hindmargin, curved inwards in middle, often interrupted .\nmale. —14–17 mm. head white. palpi 1 2 / 3, dark fuscous, basal and terminal joints white. antennæ white, annulated with dark fuscous, ciliations ½. thorax white, irrorated with dark fuscous. abdomen whitish - grey. legs dark fuscous, banded with white. forewings elongate - triangular, costa slightly arched, apex rounded, hindmargin obliquely rounded; white, irregularly irrogated with fuscous and dark fuscous; a short dark fuscous streak from base of costa parallel to inner margin; first line white, oblique, rather indented, posteriorly margined with dark fuscous, which forms a triangular spot on costa; orbicular elongate, touching first line, dark fuscous; claviform strong, elongate, touching first line, dark fuscous; reniform represented by a quadrifurcate dark fuscous mark, upper fork sometimes filled with fuscous; a small dark fuscous spot on costa somewhat beyond middle; second line white, tolerably distinctly margined with\ndark fuscous; subterminal line white, somewhat broader and more ill - defined, leaving a dark fuscous triangular blotch on hindmargin: cilia white, with a basal row of dark fuscous spots, and posterior row of grey spots. hindwings 1 1 / 3, pale whitish - grey, greyer on hindmargin and towards apex; cilia whitish, with a grey line .\nnot closely resembling any other, and recognizable by the character of the spots, which are conspicuous though not sharply defined .\nsydney, new south wales, from may to august, so that it is a winter species; five specimens .\na very distinct and elegant species, known by the whitish - ochreous colour and small round detached orbicular and claviform; the hindwings are narrower than usual .\nsydney, new south wales, in april, on sandstone rock - faces, to which its colouring is adapted; two specimens .\nfemale. —15–17 mm. head white, back of crown, a spot beneath each antenna, and a dot in middle of face black. palpi 1 2 / 3, black, basal and terminal joints white. antennæ dark grey. thorax white, anterior margin irregularly black. abdomen ochreous - white, apex more ochreous. legs\nimmediately known by the strongly contrasted and sharply defined markings, and the fusion of orbicular and claviform into a single blotch .\nsydney, new south wales, in october, on tree - trunks; three specimens .\nnearly allied to s. exhibitalis, but smaller, with the markings less sharply contrasted, and without the defined white and black markings of head and thorax .\nmount gambier, south australia, in november; one specimen on a tree - trunk .\nresembles s. aphrodes in the defined markings of the head, but larger, with the markings of the wings less clearly contrasted, and immediately separated by the dark suffusion of the inner margin between first and second lines .\nsydney, new south wales, from august to october; five specimens, mostly at light .\nmale, female. —20–21 mm. head and thorax whitish, densely mixed with dark fuscous. palpi 2 ¾, white, second and terminal joints with blackish basal bands. antennæ grey, obscurely annulated with paler; ciliations ½. abdomen grey, segmental margins ochreous - white. legs\nwhite, tarsi and tibiæ banded with blackish. forewings rather elongate - triangular, costa slightly arched, apex rounded, hindmargin obliquely rounded; white, densely irrorated with black, sometimes partially suffused with light fuscous; several small black spots towards base; first line well - defined, somewhat curved, sharply indented, posteriorly strongly black - margined; orbicular moderate, circular, black, whitish - centred, almost touching first line; claviform quadrate, black, detached; reniform indistinct, irregularly 8 - shaped, lower half elongate, whitish, partially black - margined, posteriorly strongly, touching a small blackish spot on costa beyond middle; second line well - defined, anteriorly black - margined; terminal space wholly dark, except rather broad distinct subterminal line, entire or shortly interrupted, not touching second line: cilia white, sharply barred with dark grey, bars partially obsolete on terminal half. hindwings 1 ¼, whitish - grey, becoming fuscous - grey posteriorly, postmedian line faintly darker; cilia white, with a well - defined grey line .\nthis and the following species are characterized by the intensity of the irroration and markings, and especially by the subquadrate detached claviform .\nsydney, new south wales, in september; mount wellington (1, 000 feet), tasmania, from december to february; four specimens .\nnearly allied to s. syntaracta, but distinguished by the much narrower wings, smaller size, greater concentration of the black colouring, and darker margin of hindwings .\nmount wellington (3, 200 feet), tasmania, in december; one specimen .\nmale, female. —18–21 mm. head, palpi, and thorax whitish, densely mixed with dark fuscous; palpi 3. antennæ grey; ciliations ½. abdomen grey, segmental margins whitish. legs dark fuscous irrorated with white, apex of joints white. forewings rather elongate - triangular, costa slightly arched, apex rounded, hindmargin almost straight, oblique; fuscous - grey, irregularly sprinkled with white, veins obscurely lined with blackish; several small cloudy blackish spots towards base; first line narrow, whitish, ill - defined, posteriorly obscurely blackish - margined, moderately curved, somewhat indented; orbicular moderate, circular, outlined with black, detached; claviform smaller, round, almost wholly blackish, touching first line; reniform obscure, tolerably 8 - shaped, obscurely blackish - margined ;\nsecond line white, tolerably well - defined, obscurely dark - margined; subterminal very ill - defined, cloudy, whitish, interrupted above middle, not touching second line: cilia ochreous - whitish, obscurely barred with grey, and with two grey lines. hindwings 1 ¼, light grey, darker posteriorly; cilia whitish, with a well - defined grey line .\ncompared with the neighbouring species a rather large and dull - coloured insect, with the lines more abruptly bent and angular than usual .\nmale, female. —14–15 mm. head, palpi, and thorax white, densely mixed with fuscous and black; palpi 3. antennæ dark fuscous; ciliations ⅗. abdomen dark grey, segmental margins white. legs white, irrorated with dark fuscous; tibiæ and tarsi clear white, sharply banded with black. forewings triangular, costa slightly arched, apex rounded, hindmargin obliquely rounded; white, more or less wholly suffused with light greyish - fuscous or yellowish - fuscous, and irregularly irrorated with black; a short thick interrupted cloudy blackish streak from base of costa; first line indistinct, whitish, somewhat oblique, slightly curved, distinctly indented, margined posteriorly on costa and inner margin by triangular black spots; orbicular small, dot - like, blackish; claviform moderate, round, wholly black, detached; reniform x - shaped, blackish, upper fork generally filled obscurely with whitish, lower with ochreous, and connected with costa by a cloudy dark spot; second line tolerably distinct, white, anteriorly dark - margined; terminal space wholly dark, except moderate cloudy white subterminal line, interrupted above middle, apex of lower portion almost touching second line: cilia white, mixed and obscurely barred with grey, lower half spotted with dark fuscous. hindwings 1 ¼, whitish - grey suffused with darker, apex and upper part of hindmargin suffused with dark fuscous, central lunule and postmedian line tolerably distinct; cilia grey - whitish, with a broad grey basal line .\na comparatively short - winged species, allied to s. eremitis, but much smaller and more distinctly marked, the dark markings much blacker .\nmount wellington, tasmania, from 3, 000 to 3, 800 feet, in december; rather common, sitting on the rocks and readily disturbed .\nmale. —15 mm. head, palpi, and thorax grey, mixed with reddish - ochreous and black; palpi 2 ¼. antennæ grey; ciliations ½. abdomen grey. legs white, tibiæ and tarsi banded with dark grey. forewings triangular, costa hardly arched, apex rounded, hindmargin straight, rather strongly oblique; fuscous - grey, with a few black and bluish - white scales; a small reddish - ochreous spot near base; first line not paler, curved ,\nobscurely blackish - margined posteriorly; orbicular and claviform irregular, reddish - ochreous, partially black - margined, touching first line; reniform subquadrate, reddish - ochreous, anteriorly and posteriorly blackish - margined; second line not paler, anteriorly blackish - margined; terminal area rather densely irrorated with black, except subterminal line, touching second line in middle: cilia whitish - grey, with a broad interrupted dark grey line. hindwings 1 ¼, grey, becoming darker on hindmargin; cilia grey - whitish, with a grey line .\na peculiar and distinct species, with hindmargin of forewings more oblique than usual .\nmount wellington, tasmania, (probably about 2, 000 feet), in february; one specimen .\nnearly allied to s. philerga, but readily distinguished by the longer and narrower forewings, and whitish hindwings, as well as the pubescence and longer ciliations of antennæ .\nlake wakatipu, at 5, 000 feet, in december; one specimen .\nmale, female. —17–21 mm. head and thorax whitish, mixed with fuscous, and irrorated with black. palpi 2 ⅓, dark fuscous, somewhat mixed with white, basal joint white. antennæ dark fuscous; ciliations ⅔. abdomen light fuscous - grey, segmental margins ochreous - whitish. legs ochreous - whitish, tibiæ and tarsi banded with dark fuscous. forewings moderately\nelongate, triangular, costa gently arched, apex rounded, hindmargin oblique, faintly sinuate; white, mixed with grey, and coarsely irrorated with black; a thick interrupted obscure blackish streak from base of costa; first line white, obscure, somewhat curved, sharply indented, posteriorly blackish - margined; orbicular round, whitish, blackish - margined; claviform roundish, moderate or large, blackish, often suffused, tolerably detached; reniform 8 - shaped, white, blackish - margined, connected with a small blackish triangular spot on costa; second line white, tolerably distinct, anteriorly dark - margined; terminal space wholly dark, except moderate tolerably defined subterminal line, entire or interrupted, touching second line in middle; a hindmarginal row of white dots: cilia whitish, obscurely barred with grey, with an interrupted blackish and posterior grey line. hindwings 1 ¼, pale whitish - grey, slightly ochreous - tinged, in female rather greyer, postmedian line and hindmargin obscurely darker grey; cilia whitish, with a grey line spotted with darker .\na dull, obscure - looking species, but with the reniform very clearly defined .\nauckland, hamilton, christchurch, nelson, otira river, dunedin, and lake wakatipu; common in forest, in december, january, march, and april. near lake wakatipu i took one specimen at an elevation of 4, 000 feet .\nmale, female. —13–14 mm. head, palpi, and thorax whitish - ochreous suffused with black; palpi 2. antennæ greyish - ochreous; ciliations ½. abdomen ochreous - whitish. legs ochreous - white, tibiæ and tarsi banded with dark fuscous. forewings triangular, costa slightly arched, apex rounded, hindmargin straight, oblique; ochreous - whitish; basal half, bounded by a line parallel to hindmargin, suffused with blackish, except on an oval ochreous spot near middle of base; a moderately broad fascia - like reddish - ochreous suffusion rather beyond and parallel to posterior edge of blackish patch; an irregular reddish - ochreous suffusion towards middle of hindmargin; a rather small triangular blackish spot on costa before apex, and some blackish scales on anal angle: cilia ochreous - whitish, mixed with reddish ochreous beneath and blackish above apex. hindwings 1 ¼, whitish; postmedian line and apical suffusion faintly grey; cilia whitish .\narthur' s pass (3, 000 feet), in january; three specimens .\nmale, female. —17–19 mm. head, palpi, and thorax ochreous - fuscous, mixed with whitish - ochreous and dark fuscous; palpi 2 ½, basal joint white .\nthis and the two following species are easily recognized by the yellow - ochreous blotch above lower portion of subterminal line; s. minusculalis differs from the other two by its larger size, well - defined white postmedian band, and uniform dark suffusion of the whole anterior half of wing .\nlarva rather stout, cylindrical, wrinkled, somewhat attenuated towards extremities; light whitish - brown; spots large, round, brassy - fuscous, - each containing a black dot; head ochreous - brown; second segment dark fuscous. feeds in moss on tree - trunks; pupa in same position; taken in january, almost full - grown .\nakaroa, bealey river (2, 100 feet), and dunedin; tolerably common in forest in january and february .\nmale, female. —15 ½–17 mm. head and thorax clear pale whitish - ochreous, with a few fuscous scales, shoulders with a small dark fuscous spot. palpi 2 ½–3, ochreous - whitish, somewhat mixed with dark fuscous, base white. antennæ whitish, annulated with dark fuscous; ciliations ⅔. abdomen ochreous - whitish. legs whitish, tibiæ and tarsi banded with dark fuscous. forewings somewhat elongate, triangular, costa gently arched, apex rounded, hindmargin rather oblique, distinctly sinuate; whitish - ochreous, mixed with pale yellowish, and thinly irrorated with dark fuscous; basal area mixed with black, with a suffused black streak from\ncharacterized by the concentration of the dark suffusion into a costal blotch; differing from s. minusculalis by the distinct white first line, from s. chimeria by the white costal spot before second line .\nchristchurch, bealey river (2, 100 feet), and otira gorge (1, 600 feet), amongst forest in january; eight specimens .\nochreous - yellow; a terminal row of white semioval spots: cilia whitish, obscurely barred with grey, with a dark grey interrupted line. hindwings 1 ¼, whitish - grey, postmedian line and hindmargin obscurely darker grey; cilia grey - whitish, with a dark grey line .\ntaranaki, palmerston, masterton, christchurch, akaroa, dunedin, and lake wakatipu, not met with above 1, 000 feet; common in forest from december to march .\nallied to the three preceding, but without the ochreous blotch, and specially characterized by the remarkably short antennal ciliations .\nmale. —17 ½ mm. head and thorax whitish - ochreous, shoulders dark fuscous mixed with black. palpi 2 ¼, ochreous - whitish, second and terminal joints with dark fuscous basal bands, basal joint white. antennæ whitish - ochreous, ringed with dark fuscous; joints short, subdentate, ciliations 1. abdomen whitish - ochreous, irrorated with fuscous. legs ochreous - whitish, irrorated with dark fuscous, tibiæ and tarsi banded with dark fuscous. forewings triangular, costa gently arched, apex rounded, hindmargin rather obliquely rounded; whitish - ochreous, scantily irrorated with fuscous and dark fuscous; a sharply defined oblique black spot from base of costa, inner edge straight, outer irregular; first line indicated only by obscure dark posterior margin, slightly curved, somewhat indented, followed on\ncosta by a sharply - defined moderate triangular black spot; orbicular round, pale, broadly black - margined, touching apex of costal spot; claviform round, upper half margined with black, lower half obsolete, detached; a very small dark fuscous spot on costa beyond middle, between which and first line the costa is narrowly suffused with fuscous; reniform large, double, shaped like two adjacent figures of 8, both irregularly black - margined, adjacent margins confluent; second line pale, anteriorly dark - margined, forming a very small blackish spot on costa; terminal space suffused with brownish - ochreous; subterminal line cloudy, ochreous - whitish, somewhat interrupted, not touching second line; hindmargin suffusedly blackish, with a row of ochreous - whitish marks: cilia pale whitish - ochreous, with a well - defined dark grey line and very faint grey posterior line. hindwings 1 ¼, very pale whitish grey, central lunule obscurely indicated, postmedian line and a narrow hindmarginal suffusion distinct, darker grey; cilia ochreous - whitish, with a distinct grey line .\na distinct species, characterized by the sharply defined black costal markings, double reniform, and relatively long antennal ciliations .\na very obscure species, best indicated by the fine dentation of the second and subterminal lines .\narthur' s pass (2, 500 feet) and mount hutt, in january; three specimens .\neasily recognized by the ochreous - yellow spots, and white dots in reniform .\nchristchurch in march, and lake wakatipu (1, 000 feet) in december, amongst bush; two specimens .\nfemale. —17 mm. head and thorax ochreous - fuscous. palpi 2 ¾, dark fuscous mixed with white, basal joint white. antennæ dark fuscous. abdomen grey, terminal segment very elongate, ovipositor long. legs grey irrorated with whitish. forewings elongate - oblong, slightly dilated, costa hardly arched, apex obtuse, hindmargin rather oblique, slightly rounded; fuscous, with scattered pale ochreous - yellowish scales; a cloudy blackish spot on inner margin near base, above which is a line of whitish scales; a longitudinal median black streak from base to ⅓ a strong semicircular black streak from costa at ⅓, passing through middle of disc and returning to costa at ⅔, obscurely margined beneath with whitish, the included space also irrorated with whitish; subterminal line indicated by a few whitish scales: cilia whitish - fuscous with two cloudy darker lines, tips whitish. hindwings 1 ½, fuscous - grey, becoming - dark fuscous towards hindmargin; cilia as in forewings .\narthur' s pass (3, 000 feet) in january; one specimen .\nfemale. —13–17 mm. head, palpi, and thorax fuscous or fuscous - grey, slightly mixed with grey - whitish; palpi 2 ½, basal joint white. antennæ dark fuscous. abdomen light grey. legs whitish, irrorated with fuscous. forewings elongate, tolerably oblong, costa almost straight, apex obtuse, hindmargin straight, rather oblique; light fuscous, thinly and irregularly irrorated with whitish and darker fuscous; first line obscurely whitish, posteriorly rather broadly and suffusedly dark - margined, strongly curved; orbicular and claviform obsolete; reniform subquadrate, cloudy, dark fuscous; second line whitish, anteriorly dark - margined, rectilinear, obtusely angulated above middle; subterminal line obsolete: cilia light fuscous mixed with whitish. hindwings 1 ½, light grey or fuscous - grey, rather darker posteriorly; cilia fuscous - whitish, with a fuscous basal line .\nallied to s. hemicycla, which it resembles in form, but quite differently marked .\ncastle hill (3, 000 feet), on grassy slopes in january; two specimens .\nreadily recognized by the intensity of marking, yellowish streaks on veins, reniform half white and half yellow, angulated first line, and pubescent antennæ of male .\narthur' s pass (3, 000 feet, and one specimen at 1, 500), in january; common .\nthis and the following species have the hindwings proportionately narrower than in any other of the genus, and are characterized by the yellowish tint of their pale markings; s. anaplecta especially also by the pale dorsal spots, and the ochreous - whitish dark - margined hindwings .\nmount wellington, tasmania, at 3, 200 feet, in december; two specimens .\nmale, female. —9–12 mm. head pale yellow, with a dark fuscous streak across crown. palpi 2 ½, dark fuscous, apex and basal joint whitish - yellow. antennæ whitish - yellow, annulated with dark fuscous; ciliations ⅔. thorax whitish - yellow, a central spot and one on each shoulder blackish. abdomen dark fuscous - grey. legs whitish - yellow, banded with dark fuscous. forewings triangular, costa almost straight, apex rounded, hindmargin obliquely rounded; rather dark fuscous, irrorated with blackish; a pale yellow streak from middle of base to ¼ of inner margin; a pale yellow dot on costa near base; first line sharply defined, pale yellow, regularly curved, not indented; orbicular and claviform absent; a cloudy pale yellow spot above middle of inner margin; reniform narrow, pale yellow, sometimes touching second\nline beneath; second line strong, pale yellow, almost straight, somewhat sinuate inwards below middle; subterminal line narrow, indistinct, pale yellow, hardly interrupted, not touching second line: cilia with basal third dark grey, remainder whitish - yellowish, with a grey posterior line. hindwings hardly over 1, fuscous - grey, becoming dark fuscous towards hindmargin; cilia grey - whitish, with two cloudy grey lines .\nthe smallest species of the genus known to me, not to be confused with any other .\nsydney, new south wales; fernshaw, victoria; hobart, evandale, and deloraine, tasmania; wirrabara forest and mount gambier, south australia; from august to december, and in march, common in damp sheltered places, especially under wet and overhanging rock - faces .\npalmerston, makatoku, christchurch, akaroa, and dunedin, amongst forest, in february and march; eight specimens .\nalso a very distinct and handsome species, characterized by the two conspicuous black fasciæ from costa to disc, and unusually long antennal ciliations, the longest in the genus. butler' s description is hardly recognizable, but is intended for this species, as i have seen his type in the british museum .\ncastle hill (mr. j. d. enys) and dunedin (mr. a. purdie), probably amongst bush; i have not met with the species myself; three specimens .\nmale, female. —15–19 mm. head, antennæ, and thorax whitish - grey, slightly ochreous - tinged, shoulders narrowly black; antennal ciliations, ½. palpi 3, dark fuscous, apex and basal joint whitish. abdomen ochreous - whitish. legs grey - whitish, tibiæ and tarsi somewhat suffused with darker grey. forewings somewhat elongate, triangular, costa slightly arched, apex obtuse, hindmargin rather oblique, faintly sinuate; pale whitish - grey, slightly ochreous - tinged, with a few scattered grey and black scales; first line only indicated by a short cloudy blackish oblique streak from inner\nmargin; costa black from base to beyond middle, at first very narrowly, but shortly dilating to form a triangular sharply - defined patch, of which apex is in middle of disc; claviform dot - like, black, or sometimes obsolete; reniform 8 - shaped, obscurely outlined with blackish; second line not paler, but distinctly dark - margined, somewhat bent but hardly sinuate; a row of black dots immediately before hindmargin; cilia grey - whitish, with a grey basal line. hindwings 1 ¼, in male whitish, in female very pale whitish - grey; postmedian line and hindmargin very faintly greyer; cilia whitish, with a faint grey line .\nvery distinct by the peculiar black costal marking. felder' s figure is very coarse, but indicates this correctly .\nthe blackish suffusion appears to form a very large blotch on costa beyond first line, nearly reaching to inner margin; this distinguishes the species from all others .\narthur' s pass (1, 700 to 2, 600 feet) and lake wakatipu (4, 200 feet), frequenting rocks in sheltered situations or amongst bush, in december and january; rather common .\nallied to s. melanægis, but much narrower - winged (though the male may probably not differ so much in this respect); immediately separated by the very different form of the black costal blotch, which does not pass downwards beyond middle of wing, and therefore appears very much more compressed longitudinally .\ncastle hill (3, 000 feet), in january; one specimen .\nmargined, forming a small blackish spot on costa; terminal space grey, veins suffused with black; subterminal line cloudy, whitish, somewhat interrupted, not touching second line: cilia whitish, with two dark grey lines. hindwings 1 ¼, very pale whitish - grey, lunule, postmedian line, and hindmargin hardly darker; cilia whitish, with two grey lines .\nof somewhat doubtful affinity; recognizable by the rather broad distinct lines, dark suffusion towards costa, and clear white lower half of reniform .\nbealey river, amongst forest (2, 100 feet), in january; one specimen .\na sharply marked species, conspicuously distinct by the straight first line, and absence of all the discal spots .\nlake wakatipu, in january (mr. r. w. fereday); two specimens .\nmale, female. —23–26 mm. head pale ochreous, face black. palpi 2 ¼, black, mixed with white, basal joint white. antennæ black, beneath ochreous - whitish. thorax white, anterior half, a square central spot, and posterior extremity suffused with black. abdomen whitish - ochreous, slightly irrorated with grey, segmental margins more ochreous towards base. legs white, thinly sprinkled with black, tibiæ and tarsi banded with black. forewings elongate, triangular, costa hardly arched, apex rounded, hindmargin sinuate, slightly oblique; white, irregularly irrorated with black scales which are ochreous at their base; a triangular blackish spot on costa\na fine species, differing from all others by the peculiar prismatic spots preceding and following reniform .\nhamilton, palmerston, napier, wellington, christchurch, and otira gorge, from. december to march, usually near forest; common where it occurs, but i have never taken it except at lamps, and always females only; i have seen one male, taken by mr. r. w. fereday, and perhaps sixty females .\n( hypochalcia submarginalis, walk. , 48; nephopteryx maoriella, ib. , suppl. , 1720. )\nmale, female. —21–25 mm. head and thorax whitish, mixed with pale ochreous, densely irrorated with grey or dark fuscous. palpi 3, dark fuscous mixed with whitish, basal joint white. antennæ grey; ciliations ½. abdomen ochreous - whitish suffused with grey, more ochreous towards base. legs whitish irrorated with dark fuscous, tibiæ and tarsi banded with dark fuscous. forewings elongate, triangular, costa hardly arched, apex obtuse, hindmargin very faintly sinuate, rather oblique; ochreous or ochreous - brown, more or less densely irrorated with black, and sprinkled irregularly with whitish; a short obscure blackish line from base of costa; a cloudy whitish line near before and partially confluent with first line, sometimes obsolete; first line white, cloudy, posteriorly black - margined, somewhat\ncurved, irregular, bent outwards on inner margin; orbicular roundish, not pale, finely black - margined, separated from reniform by a round black - margined spot, somewhat paler and more whitish than ground colour; claviform roundish, cloudy, black, detached; reniform 8 - shaped, not pale, black - margined; often a clear whitish or ochreous streak from claviform along submedian fold to second line; sometimes a rather broad dark fuscous streak above submedian fold from first to second lines; second line rather narrow, white, dark - margined, generally suffused with ochreous towards submedian fold, rather abruptly bent above middle; subterminal line broad, very cloudy and indistinct, whitish, interrupted, generally touching second line; a waved whitish hindmarginal line: cilia pale greyish, with a dark fuscous interrupted line, basal and terminal thirds obscurely barred with whitish. hindwings 1 ½, whitish - ochreous irrorated with grey; lunule and postmedian line very indistinctly darker; a tolerably well - defined dark fuscous hindmarginal band; cilia whitish, with a dark grey line .\na variable species, but generally distinguishable from its nearest allies by the irregular dark suffusion of the forewings, and the ochreous tinge and dark marginal band of the hindwings .\ncambridge, palmerston, wellington, christchurch, castle hill, mount hutt, and lake wakatipu, probably universally distributed at low levels, from november to march, on rock - faces, fences, etc. ; generally abundant .\nvery obsoletely marked; distinguished from all by the peculiar dark bluish - grey colouring, adapted for concealment on the bare slaty rocks of the mountain - range, which it exactly resembles. the same tint recurs with the same habits in several species of other groups .\notira gorge, castle hill, lake guyon, and lake wakatipu, in january and february, from 1, 500 to 3, 000 feet; always on bare shingle, usually in the bed of a mountain stream, but sometimes also in a road - way, flying a short distance close to the ground and quickly settling again; common where it occurs .\nfemale. —25 mm. head, palpi, and thorax grey, densely irrorated with white; palpi 3, basal joint white. antennæ grey. abdomen pale grey, suffused with pale ochreous towards base. legs white irrorated with fuscous, tibiæ and tarsi banded with dark fuscous. forewings very elongate, somewhat triangular, costa straight, apex obtuse, hindmargin straight, slightly oblique; ochreous - grey, densely irrorated with whitish; lines obsolete; orbicular and claviform both round, whitish, black - margined; reniform 8 - shaped, unusually oblique, whitish, obscurely black - margined: cilia ochreous - grey mixed with whitish, with an obscure darker line. hind - wings 1 ⅗, pale fuscous - grey, hindmargin suffusedly darker; cilia whitish, with a fuscous line .\ncharacterized by the obsolescence of the usual lines, whilst the spots are all distinctly indicated, round, dark - margined .\nallied to s. submarginalis, but much lighter and greyer, with the dark suffusion confined to the anal angle, and always separable by the quite different form of the rather sharply angulated first line .\nwellington, christchurch, and lake wakatipu (1, 000 feet), from december to february, on rocks and fences; rather common .\ncharacterized by the comparatively small size, narrow pale forewings, dark veins, and wholly whitish hindwings .\nwanganui, napier, christchurch, and mount hutt, from january to march; six specimens .\nmale, female. —16–19 mm. head, palpi, and thorax greyish - ochreous or grey, mixed with whitish; palpi 3, basal joint white. antennæ grey, in male stout, dentate, ciliations ⅔. abdomen whitish - ochreous, suffused with pale grey. legs white, irrorated with dark fuscous, tibiæ and tarsi banded with dark fuscous. forewings very elongate, narrow but variable, somewhat triangular, costa slightly arched, apex rounded, hindmargin obliquely rounded; whitish - ochreous or ochreous - grey, suffusedly irrorated with dark fuscous or black, and densely irrorated with whitish; markings variable in distinctness, sometimes almost wholly obsolete; first line white, very oblique, almost - straight, indented above middle, posteriorly dark - margined; orbicular somewhat annular, almost wholly obsolete; claviform dot - like, blackish, usually distinct; reniform 8 - shaped, oblique, obscurely dark - margined, indistinct; second line white, dark - margined; terminal space\ngenerally darker, especially towards anal angle; subterminal line very obscure, whitish, touching second line, not interrupted: cilia whitish, with a grey line. hindwings 1 ¾, whitish - grey, postmedian line obscurely darker, hindmargin suffused with darker grey; cilia as in forewings .\neasily known by the narrow forewings, very oblique first line, and usually distinct blackish dot - like claviform .\nhamilton, napier, masterton, and christchurch, in sandy grassy places or at lamps, from january to march, tolerably common .\nmale, female. —21–27 mm. quite similar to s. leptalea, but antennæ of male slender, filiform, ciliations 1; orbicular tolerably distinct, partially outlined with blackish .\nthis species so closely resembles s. leptalea, except in the considerably larger size, that it would probably pass for a local variety, but the structural difference in the antennæ of the male must be taken to warrant specific separation. the forewings are perhaps even somewhat narrower proportionately, and the claviform usually more conspicuous .\narthur' s pass, on grassy slopes at 4, 500 feet, in january; three specimens (2 male, 1 female). a more ochreous - tinged female from near dunedin is probably also referable to this species." ]

{ "text": [ "scoparia ergatis is a moth of the crambidae family .", "it was described by meyrick in 1885 .", "it is found in new zealand .", "the wingspan is 13 – 17 mm .", "the forewings are light fuscous , thinly and irregularly irrorated with whitish and darker fuscous .", "the first line is whitish , posteriorly dark-margined .", "the second line is also whitish , but dark-margined anteriorly .", "the hindwings are light grey or fuscous-grey , but darker posteriorly .", "adults have been recorded on wing in january . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 1, 1, 1, 1, 8 ] }

[ "scoparia ergatis is a moth of the crambidae family. it was described by meyrick in 1885. it is found in new zealand. the wingspan is 13 – 17 mm. the forewings are light fuscous, thinly and irregularly irrorated with whitish and darker fuscous. the first line is whitish, posteriorly dark-margined. the second line is also whitish, but dark-margined anteriorly. the hindwings are light grey or fuscous-grey, but darker posteriorly. adults have been recorded on wing in january." ]

[ "crescent (helotropha leucostigma) (= celaena leucostigma) - norfolk moths - the macro and micro moths of norfolk .\nssp leucostigma in england, wales and s. scotland, ssp scotica in n. scotland\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ngaden s. robinson, phillip r. ackery, ian j. kitching, george w. beccaloni and luis m. hernández\nrecords of caterpillar hostplants are scattered through published and manuscript sources worldwide and are difficult to retrieve. many rearing records are never published and so are not accessible to other entomologists. but collected hostplant records form a valuable scientific resource that can be used eventually to answer broader biological questions about how lepidoptera and plants interact (eg, letourneau, hagen & robinson, 2001). it provides information of immediate relevance to agriculture, ecology, forestry, conservation and taxonomy .\nhosts brings together an enormous body of information on what the world' s butterfly and moth (lepidoptera) caterpillars eat. the web - based version presented here offers a synoptic data set drawn from about 180, 000 records comprising taxonomically' cleaned' hostplant data for about 22, 000 lepidoptera species drawn from about 1600 published and manuscript sources. it is not (and cannot be) exhaustive, but it is probably the best and most comprehensive compilation of hostplant data available .\nwe hope that it will be useful to a wide range of biologists and that it will act as a spur to further recording and analysis of caterpillar - plant interactions .\nhosts can be searched in two ways, using text search and drill - down search modes .\nin text search mode, use either lepidoptera or hostplant criteria or a combination of the two. hosts operates only using scientific names. it is not possible to search for the hostplants of the red admiral butterfly but a search for hostplants using its scientific name, vanessa atalanta, will be successful. enter the generic name (vanessa) in the - lepidoptera criteria - genus box; enter atalanta in the species: box; click search .\nhint: leave the' starts with' command as the default and in the species entry box omit the last few letters of the species - name (eg, atalant). this will get around the problem of variable gender - endings. hosts uses original orthography of species - group names as far as possible, but some checklists follow the convention of altering the species - group name to accord with the presumed gender of the generic name (eg flava, flavus) .\nrestrict or refine searches using additional criteria; choosing' usa' from the drop - down location box and entering [ starts with ]' urt' in the hostplant family box will return hostplant records of vanessa atalanta from urticaceae in the usa .\nhint: restricting location may deliver a very incomplete subset of records: in the previous example all records specified as from the nearctic region (usa + canada) would be missed .\ndrill - down search mode allows the user to home in from the starting - point of either the lepidoptera or the plant family. choose a family group from the drop - down box and allow time for all genera of that family in the database to load to the genus drop - down box; choose a genus and wait for the species to load. the search button can be pressed at any time, but the record delivery limit may be exceeded at higher taxonomic levels. drill - down search allows the user to see by scrolling all the taxa that are represented in the database. following the previous example, choose nymphalidae, then choose vanessa from the genus drop - down box and then atalanta from the ten possible species of vanessa included in hosts .\nthe preliminary search results pages give family, genus and species of the caterpillar and its hostplant. note that many hostplants are recorded as a plant genus only. clicking the caterpillar name will give the full record. the full record listing gives, additionally, the author of the lepidoptera species, subspecific information on the insect and the plant, if available, together with details of larval damage. laboratory rearings where the food utilised may not be the natural hostplant are indicated. the status of the record (whether considered true, erroneous or suspect) is not currently implemented in this version of hosts .\nleguminosae (c) - caesalpinioideae. leguminosae (m) - mimosoideae. leguminosae (p) - papilionoideae .\nall lepidoptera groups are covered and subspecific taxa are differentiated. the original source of the record, original form of the names used (prior to taxonomic' cleaning' and standardisation of nomenclature) and validation and verification fields are not included. this information is, however, retained in the databases used to generate this site. while we have included species that do not feed on green plants, the known food substrates of these are not listed exhaustively. such species comprise detritophages and predators and include, for example, most tineidae and the stored - products pests. the published compilations from hosts (see more detail - publications from hosts) include record status and the sources of all records .\ndetailed published compilations from hosts are available in press. these books give greater detail than the website, together with comprehensive cross - indexes, record status and full bibliographies. they are indispensable tools for naturalists and professional entomologists .\nrobinson, g. s. , ackery, p. r. , kitching, i. j. , beccaloni, g. w. & hernández, l. m. 2001. hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of the oriental region. 744 pp .\nrobinson, g. s. , ackery, p. r. , kitching, i. j. , beccaloni, g. w. & hernández, l. m. 2002. hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of america north of mexico. 824 pp. [ memoirs of the american entomological institute, volume 69. ]\nbeccaloni, g. w. , viloria, a. l. , hall, s. k. & robinson, g. s. 2008. catalogue of the hostplants of the neotropical butterflies / catálogo de las plantas huésped de las mariposas neotropicales. m3m - monografías tercer milenio, volume 8. zaragoza, spain: sociedad entomológica aragonesa (sea) / red iberoamericana de biogeografía y entomología sistemática (ribes) / ciencia y tecnología para el desarrollo (cyted) / natural history museum, london, u. k. (nhm) / instituto venezolano de investigaciones científicas, venezuela (ivic). 1 - 536 pp. , 1 fig, 3 tabs .\ngaden robinson was responsible for the overall project design and management of the hosts database, and for records of lepidoptera exclusive of butterflies and bombycoid moths. phillip ackery and george beccaloni were responsible for butterfly data, including data drawn from card catalogues developed by ackery, whilst ian kitching was responsible for hostplant data of bombycoid moths. luis m. hernández was responsible for abstracting in the latter two years of the project and for development of the bibliography for the hardcopy versions of the data .\nwe are extremely grateful to the many people who contributed their own rearing records of lepidoptera or personal accumulations of data for inclusion in the hosts database, particularly mike bigger (uk), john w. brown (usa), chris conlan (usa), rob ferber (usa), konrad fiedler (germany), jeremy holloway (uk), frank hsu (usa), jurie intachat (malaysia), alec mcclay (canada), bill palmer (australia), pierre plauzoles (usa) and the generous individuals who contributed rearing records through the worldwideweb and who are known to us only as an email address .\nwe are particularly grateful to julian donahue and the los angeles county museum of natural history for allowing us to include data on microlepidoptera from the card catalogue prepared by the late j. a. comstock and c. henne, and for access to manuscript records by noel mcfarland .\nmarian fricano (santa clara university) and aileen giovanello (clark university, international internship 1996) made substantial contributions of abstracted data; fran love (north carolina) painstakingly checked scanned texts and reformatted them for import to paradox .\nwe are indebted to all our helpers for their diligence, accuracy and patience, and for their unswerving faith that this daunting project would reach a conclusion .\nwe thank the trustees of the loke wan tho memorial foundation for their generous support for this project .\nrobinson, g. s. , p. r. ackery, i. j. kitching, g. w. beccaloni & l. m. hernández, 2010. hosts - a database of the world' s lepidopteran hostplants. natural history museum, london. urltoken. (accessed: 18 aug. 2010) .\nbrummitt, r. k. 1992. vascular plant families and genera. [ vi ] + 804 pp. , royal botanic gardens, kew .\nkartesz, j. t. 1994. a synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the unites states, canada and greenland. timber press, portland. 1, checklist, lxi + 622 pp; 2, thesaurus, vii + 816 pp .\nkitching, i. j. & cadiou, j. - m. 2000. hawkmoths of the world: an annotated and illustrated revsionary checklist. xx + 500 pp. , cornell university press, ithaca .\nkitching, i. j. & rawlins, j. e. 1999. the noctuoidea. pp. 355 - 401. in: kristensen, n. p. (ed .) lepidoptera, moths and butterflies. 1. evolution, systematics and biogeography. handbook of zoology, 4 (35). lepidoptera. x + 491 pp. de gruyter, berlin .\nletourneau, d. k. , hagen, j. a. & robinson, g. s. 2001. bt crops: evaluating benefits under cultivation and risks from escaped transgenes in the wild. pp. 33 - 98. in: letourneau, d. k. & burrows, b. e. (eds), genetically engineered organisms: assessing environmental and human health effects. [ viii ] + 438 pp. , crc press, boca raton .\nmabberley, d. j. 1987. the plant book. a portable dictionary of the higher plants. xii + 707 pp. , cambridge university press. [ the 1993 reprint edition is currently used in editing. ]\nnielsen, e. s. , edwards, e. d. & rangsi, t. v. (eds) 1996. checklist of the lepidoptera of australia. monographs on australian lepidoptera. 4. xiv + 529 pp. , csiro, melbourne .\nnye, i. w. b. (ed .) 1975 - 91. the generic names of moths of the world. 1: 568 pp. (noctuoidea (part) - nye, i. w. b. , 1975); 2: xiv + 228 pp. (noctuoidea (part) - watson, a. , fletcher, d. s. & nye, i. w. b. , 1980); 3: xx + 243 pp. (geometroidea - fletcher, d. s. , 1979); 4: xiv + 192 pp. (bombycoidea to zygaenoidea - fletcher, d. s. & nye, i. w. b. , 1982); 5: xv + 185 pp. (pyraloidea - fletcher, d. s. & nye, 1984); 6: xxix + 368 pp. (microlepidoptera - nye, i. w. b. & fletcher, d. s. , 1991). british museum (natural history) / the natural history museum, london .\nrawlins, j. e. 1984. mycophagy in lepidoptera. pp. 382 - 483. in: wheeler, q. & blackwell, m. (eds) fungus - insect relationships. perspectives in ecology and evolution. 514 pp. , columbia university press .\nrobinson, g. s. 1999. hosts - a database of the hostplants of the world' s lepidoptera. nota lepidopterologica, 22: 35 - 47 .\nrobinson, g. s. , ackery, p. r. , kitching, i. j. , beccaloni, g. w. & hernández, l. m. 2001. hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of the oriental region. 744 pp. southdene sdn bhd, kuala lumpur .\nrobinson, g. s. , ackery, p. r. , kitching, i. j. , beccaloni, g. w. & hernández, l. m. 2002. hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of america north of mexico. memoirs of the american entomological institute, 69: 1 - 824 .\nscoble, m. j. (ed .) 1999. a taxonomic catalogue to the geometridae of the world (insecta: lepidoptera). 2 vols. csiro publications, melbourne .\nroyal botanic garden edinburgh dipterocarpaceae database: http: / / 193. 62. 154. 38 / diptero /\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nlocally widespread throughout britain, this is a species of damp, marshy woodland and moorland. in addition to the typical form there is a well - marked variation, ab. fibrosa, which is just as frequent, as well as several intermediate forms .\nit flies in august and september, the eggs overwintering and hatching in spring when the larvae feed on the stems of marshland plants, such as yellow flag (iris pseudacorus) .\nukmoths is built, run and maintained by ian kimber, with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries. more often than not you' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache: v317 render date: 2018 - 06 - 25 14: 41: 49 page render time: 0. 3317s total w / procache: 0. 4073s\nphoto © jim swalwell, broadland nwt, hickling moth night, 15. 7. 16\nin addition to the typical form there is a well - marked variation, f. fibrosa, which is just as frequent, as well as several intermediate forms .\nrecorded in 53 (77 %) of 69 10k squares. first recorded in 1873. last recorded in 2018 .\nunderlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018. © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018. data © nola™ 2018\neu, siberia - far east, mongolia, korea, japan, ne. china. see [ maps ]\n500x509 (~ 33kb) finland: ka: virolahti, 671: 53, m 22 - 27. 7. 1979, f 10 - 16. 8. 1975, markku savela leg .\n500x513 (~ 36kb) finland: ka: virolahti, 671: 53, m 18 - 23. 8. 1974, f 22 - 28. 8. 1981, markku savela leg .\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nlepidoptera britannica, sistens digestimen novam lepidopterorum quae in magna britannica reperiunter... adjunguntur dissertationes variae ad historiam naturalam spectantes\n[ ne8 ]; zilli, ronkay & fibiger, 2005 noctuidae europaeae 8 (apameini) noct. eur. 8: 1 - 323\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\n* note that these quoted size ranges hardly overlap. mbgbi10 gives the mean fw length of ssp\n§2 sutton fen, norfolk; 22 / 07 / 2008; fw 18. 2mm\n§3 aberfoyle, perthshire; 22 / 08 / 2008; female; fw 17. 1mm\n§4 surlingham, norfolk; 24 / 07 / 2009; male; fw 17. 3mm\n§10 strumpshaw fen, norfolk; 26 / 07 / 2012; male §11 strumpshaw fen, norfolk; 23 / 08 / 2012; male §12 fersit, inverness - shire; 01 / 08 / 2013; male; fw 16. 7mm ​§13 strumpshaw fen, norfolk; 26 / 07 / 2014; male; fw 16. 8mm §14 strumpshaw fen, norfolk; 07 / 08 / 2015; female; fw 15. 8mm\nblå punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och övriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch. kan innehålla observationer som inte är validerade. kartan uppdateras var fjärde vecka .\ni det avancerade verktyget kan man söka ut och få fram artlistor, t ex arter i ett visst län, i en viss biotop, substrat, som påverkas av en hotfaktor, eller som är knutna till en sk värdart, t ex trädet alm. dessa kan även kombineras .\nsöka fram arter som är rödlistade, knutna till alm, är beroende av död ved och som finns i kronobergs län .\nsöka fram arter som är rödlistade, lever i småvatten och som påverkas negativt av igenväxning .\ndefaultläget i verktyget är arter som är rödlistade 2015 och dessa är klassade på samtliga sökfaktorer. under fliken rödlistekategori kan man dock välja att även inkludera arter som inte är rödlistade. om man väljer att inkludera icke rödlistade arter behöver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte är klassade på samtliga faktorer. nedan en sammanställning av vad som är komplett .\ndenna funktion används när du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera. du kan t. ex. navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka på deras namn. du kan också välja att använda knappen ”jämför arter” för att se bilder, kartor och kännetecken i en jämförelsevy .\ndu kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via släktträdet och där välja arter eller artgrupper till din lista. ett annat sätt att göra ditt urval är att använda fliken ”filtrera”, där du kan söka på olika egenskaper. ovanför listan med sökresultatet finns en knapp ”lägg i mitt urval” .\nthe galleries below lead you to information pages for every species recorded on naturespot .\nif needed, after selecting from the menu below, click on the small arrow beside the group entry to see a submenu of families .\nbagworth & thornton barlestone barwell blaby bottesford braunstone broughton astley burbage burton on the wolds cadeby carlton clawson, hose and harby cotes desford earl shilton glen parva glenfield great glen groby hathern higham on the hill hugglescote and donington l... kibworth knighton ward market bosworth markfield nailstone newbold verdon osbaston osgathorpe peckleton prestwold quorndon ratby sapcote shackerstone sheepy stanton - under - bardon stoke golding sutton cheney thurlaston twycross welham witherley woodhouse wymeswold go\nwe use cookies to give you the best possible experience. by using our website you agree to our use of cookies .\nplease note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from wikipedia or other free sources online. in developmental biology, the hamburger - hamilton stages are a series of 46 chronological stages in chick development, starting from laying of the egg and ending with a newly hatched chick. it is named for its creators, viktor hamburger and howard l. hamilton. chicken embryos are a useful model organism in experimental embryology for a number of reasons. their domestication as poultry makes them more readily available than other vertebrates and being oviparous, the embryos are easily accessible. show more\nplease note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from wikipedia or other free sources online. hemolytic disease of the newborn (anti - rhc) can range from a mild to a severe disease. it is the third most common cause of severe hdn. rh disease is the most common and hemolytic disease of the newborn (anti - kell) is the second most common cause of severe hdn. it occurs more commonly in women who are rh d negative. a rhc negative mother can become sensitised by red blood cell (rbc) rhc antigens by her first pregnancy with a rhc positive fetus. the mother can make igg anti - rhc antibodies, which are able to pass through the placenta and enter the fetal circulation. if the fetus is rhc positive alloimmune hemolysis can occur leading to hdn. this is similar as for rh disease, which is usually caused when a rhd negative mother is sensitised by her first pregnancy with a rhd positive fetus. show more\nsorry, no definitions found. check out and contribute to the discussion of this word !\nlog in or sign up to get involved in the conversation. it' s quick and easy .\nwordnik is a 501 (c) (3) non - profit organization, ein # 47 - 2198092." ]

{ "text": [ "helotropha leucostigma , the crescent , formerly celaena leucostigma is a moth of the family noctuidae .", "it is found in the palearctic ecozone ( europe , russia , armenia , turkestan , siberia , russian far east , mongolia , amur , korea , japan , and north east china )" ], "topic": [ 2, 27 ] }

[ "helotropha leucostigma, the crescent, formerly celaena leucostigma is a moth of the family noctuidae. it is found in the palearctic ecozone (europe, russia, armenia, turkestan, siberia, russian far east, mongolia, amur, korea, japan, and north east china )" ]

[ "have a fact about sparganothina flava? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for sparganothina flava? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nflava razowski & wojtusiak, 2006 (sparganothina), acta zool. cracov. 49b: 33. tl: ecuador, prov. morona - santiago, gualaceo - limon road, east. holotype: mzuj. male .\nhermosa razowski & wojtusiak, 2010 (sparganothina), genus 21: 596. tl: ecuador, napo prov. , yanayacu biological station. holotype: usnm. male .\nalta landry, in landry & powell, 2001 (sparganothina), univ. calif. publ. ent. 121: 28. tl: mexico, durango, las rusias. holotype: eme. male .\nbeckeri landry, in landry & powell, 2001 (sparganothina), univ. calif. publ. ent. 121: 39. tl: brazil, so paulo, bertioga. holotype: vbc. male .\nlutea landry, in landry & powell, 2001 (sparganothina), univ. calif. publ. ent. 121: 41. tl: ecuador, pichincha province, tinalandia. holotype: eme. female .\nanopla landry, in landry & powell, 2001 (sparganothina), univ. calif. publ. ent. 121: 35. tl: mexico, veracruz, estacin biologica las tuxtlas. holotype: eme. male .\ncristata landry, in landry & powell, 2001 (sparganothina), univ. calif. publ. ent. 121: 31. tl: mexico, veracruz, 6 km s coscomatepec. holotype: eme. male .\nsetosa landry, in landry & powell, 2001 (sparganothina), univ. calif. publ. ent. 121: 27. tl: mexico, guerrero, 5 km w tixtla. holotype: eme. male .\nveracruzana landry, in landry & powell, 2001 (sparganothina), univ. calif. publ. ent. 121: 33. tl: mexico, veracruz, fortn de las flores. holotype: eme. male .\nvolcanica landry, in landry & powell, 2001 (sparganothina), univ. calif. publ. ent. 121: 40. tl: costa rica, alajuela province, volcn pos. holotype: eme. male .\ncultrata landry, in landry & powell, 2001 (sparganothina), univ. calif. publ. ent. 121: 24. tl: mexico, sinaloa, 8 mi w el palmito. holotype: eme. male .\nirregularis landry, in landry & powell, 2001 (sparganothina), univ. calif. publ. ent. 121: 29. tl: mexico, sinaloa, 2 km sw santa lucia. holotype: eme. male .\nneoamoebaea landry, in landry & powell, 2001 (sparganothina), univ. calif. publ. ent. 121: 5. tl: mexico, jalisco, 5 km n el tuito. holotype: eme. female .\nspinulosa landry, in landry & powell, 2001 (sparganothina), univ. calif. publ. ent. 121: 21. tl: mexico, sinaloa, 8 mi w el palmito. holotype: eme. male .\ntena landry, in landry & powell, 2001 (sparganothina), univ. calif. publ. ent. 121: 38. tl: ecuador, napo province, tena, hotel auca. holotype: eme. male .\nternaria landry, in landry & powell, 2001 (sparganothina), univ. calif. publ. ent. 121: 20. tl: mexico, sinaloa, 8 mi w el palmito. holotype: eme. male .\nis composed of two subgenera, aspidonepsis and unguilobium. consisting of three and two species respectively. â asclepias diploglossa, a. flava, a. cognata and a. reneensis are transferred to aspidonepsis. and a. shebae is newly described. all species are discussed, illustrated and a key is given to aid in their identification .\npollicis landry, in landry & powell, 2001 (sparganothina), univ. calif. publ. ent. 121: 36. tl: costa rica, cartago province, ref nac fauna silv tapant. holotype: inbio. male .\naurozodion razowski & wojtusiak, 2010 (sparganothina), acta zool. cracov. 53b: 114. tl: peru, dept. pasco, oxapampa, el cedro, yanachaga - chemillen n. p. . holotype: mzuj. male .\nnana landry, in landry & powell, 2001 (sparganothina), univ. calif. publ. ent. 121: 32. tl: costa rica, puntarenas province, parque nacional corcovado, estacin sirena. holotype: inbio. male .\nrefugiana razowski & wojtusiak, 2010 (sparganothina), acta zool. cracov. 53b: 115. tl: peru, dept. pasco, oxapampa, el cedro, yanachaga - chemillen n. p. . holotype: mzuj. male .\ntrispinosa landry, in landry & powell, 2001 (sparganothina), univ. calif. publ. ent. 121: 30. tl: costa rica, cartago province, 3 km se turrialba, catie. holotype: eme. male .\nxanthozodion razowski & wojtusiak, 2010 (sparganothina), acta zool. cracov. 53b: 115. tl: peru, dept. pasco, oxapampa, el cedro, yanachaga - chemillen n. p. . holotype: mzuj. male .\ntortricidae collected in río gualaceo valley with special attention to their elevational distribution are listed. three genera and 34 species are described as new: henricus cerussatus sp. n. , bonagota moronaecola sp. n. , dogolion textrix sp. n. , netechma brunneochra sp. n. , netechma nigricunea sp. n. , netechma triangulum sp. n. , netechma chytrostium sp. n. , netechma paralojana sp. n. , romanaria gen. n. , romanaria spasmaria sp. n. , inape cinnamobrunnea sp. n. , badiaria gen. n. , badiaria plagiostrigata sp. n. . gorytvesica cidnozodion sp. n. , gorytvesica chara sp. n. , gorytvesica cerussolinea sp. n. , ernocornutia gualaceoana sp. n. , ernocornutia limona sp. n. , bidorpidia ceramia sp. n. , moronanita gen. n. , moronanita moronana sp. n. , orthocomotis albimarmorea sp. n. , orthocomotis marmorobrunnea sp. n. , argyrotaenia cacaoticaria sp. n. , sisurcana pallidobrunnea sp. n. , anacrusis erioheir sp. n. , archipimima undulicostata sp. n. , sparganothina flava sp. n. , paramorbia aureocastanea sp. n. , auratonota chlamydophora sp. n. , auratonota aurochra sp. n. , epinotia chloana sp. n. , epinotia tenebrica sp. n. , epinotia illepidosa sp. n. , epinotia brunneomarginata sp. n. , laculataria nigroapicata sp. n. , gretchena ochrantennae sp. n. cnephasia iantha meyrick is transferred to inape, argyroplae intermissa (meyrick) to epinotia .\nplatynota is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .\namorbia is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .\nthe mexican leaf - roller (amorbia emigratella) is a moth of the tortricidae family .\namorbimorpha is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .\ncircanota is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .\nniasoma is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .\nthe batman moth (coelostathma discopunctana) is a moth of the tortricidae family .\nsparganothoides is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\namoebaea walsingham, 1913 (sparganothis), biol. centr. - am. lepid. heterocera 4: 224. tl: mexico, guerrero, amula. holotype: bmnh. male .\nxanthista walsingham, 1913 (sparganothis), biol. centr. - am. lepid. heterocera 4: 224. tl: mexico, guerrero, amula. holotype: bmnh. male .\nunless noted, all images on these pages are copyright © 2003 - 14 by todd gilligan. please do not download, copy, print, or otherwise distribute any images from these pages without the permission of the author. contact form .\nsign in to disable all ads. thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word. leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\ntortricidae (lepidoptera) from the valley of río gualaceo, east c... : ingenta connect\nacta zoologica cracoviensia for several years was published as two series: a–vertebrata, and b–invertebrata. from 2012 on it is continued under its former title– without separate series. the journal includes original contributions on systematics, phylogeny, biogeography, ecology and paleontology of terrestrial and fresh - water animals worldwide. all papers are subject to peer reviews. click here to see current issues of this journal .\ningenta. article copyright remains with the publisher, society or author (s) as specified within the article .\nwebsite makes use of cookies so as to keep track of data that you have filled in .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone. are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nthis article was sourced from creative commons attribution - sharealike license; additional terms may apply. world heritage encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers, open access publishing, and in compliance with the fair access to science and technology research act (fastr), wikimedia foundation, inc. , public library of science, the encyclopedia of life, open book publishers (obp), pubmed, u. s. national library of medicine, national center for biotechnology information, u. s. national library of medicine, national institutes of health (nih), u. s. department of health & human services, and urltoken, which sources content from all federal, state, local, tribal, and territorial government publication portals (. gov, . mil, . edu). funding for urltoken and content contributors is made possible from the u. s. congress, e - government act of 2002 .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy. world heritage encyclopedia™ is a registered trademark of the world public library association, a non - profit organization .\ncopyright © world library foundation. all rights reserved. ebooks from world journals, database of academic research journals are sponsored by the world library foundation, a 501c (4) member' s support non - profit organization, and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more\npseudoeupodes khaustov, gen. n. and new species pseudoeupodes porosus sp. n. are described from moss in crimea. the taxonomy of the eupodidae and some other\nfilieupodes jesionowska, 2010 are considered as junior synonyms of eupodidae koch, 1842 and cocceupodes thor, 1934, respectively. a key to genera of the\nare described, with synonymy for each and a key for identification. seventeen new species are described: c. andersonii, c. andreae, c. arthrotricha, c. atjehensis, c. athyrioides, c. borealis, c. brevipilosa, c. hubrechtensis, c. iwatsukii, c. kolombangarae, c .\nin the most recent report of the international committee on taxonomy of viruses (9 th report, 2011) (king et al. , virus taxonomy, elsevier, new york, 2011) the\nshould be named rymovirus (based on a virus for which there was no sequence information) rather than a name based on wheat streak mosaic virus (e. g. ,\nwhestremovirus\n) because ryegrass mosaic virus (rgmv) was the first mite - transmitted virus to be described and thus should take precedence. when sequence data for rgmv became available in 1995, these data showed that rgmv was very different from wheat streak mosaic virus (wsmv) and should not be assigned to the same\npotyvirus in sequestering these viruses in a rymovirus subgroup, as is done with other potyviruses, to reflect their different mode of transmission .\nparvoviridae, was characterized by transfecting a nearly full - length genome. we found that it is unique from the profiles of human parvovirus b19 and simian parvovirus, the members in the\nerythrovirus so far characterized, in that the small rna transcripts were not processed for encoding small non - structural proteins. however, like the large non - structural protein ns1 of the human parvovirus b19, the chppv ns1 is a potent inducer of apoptosis. further phylogenetic analysis of chppv with other parvoviruses in the subfamily parvovirinae indicates that chppv is distinct from the members in\nsmith, donald b. ; meyers, gregor; bukh, jens; gould, ernest a. ; monath, thomas; muerhoff, a. scott; pletnev, alexander; rico - hesse, rebecca; stapleton, jack t. ; simmonds, peter; becher, paul\nflaviviridae) in addition to the four existing species, and naming species in a host - independent manner using the format pestivirus x. only the virus species names would change; virus isolates would still be referred to by their original names. the original species would be re - designated as pestivirus a (original designation bovine viral diarrhea virus 1), pestivirus b (bovine viral diarrhea virus 2), pestivirus c (c ...\nflaviviridae) in addition to the four existing species, and naming species in a host - independent manner using the format pestivirus x. only the virus species names would change; virus isolates would still be referred to by their original names. the original species would be re - designated as pestivirus a (original designation bovine viral diarrhea virus 1), pestivirus b (bovine viral diarrhea virus 2), pestivirus c (classical swine fever virus) and pestivirus d (border disease virus). the seven new species (and example isolates) would be pestivirus e (pronghorn pestivirus), pestivirus f (bungowannah virus), pestivirus g (giraffe pestivirus), pestivirus h (hobi - like pestivirus), pestivirus i (aydin - like pestivirus), pestivirus j (rat pestivirus) and pestivirus k (atypical porcine pestivirus). a bat - derived virus and pestiviruses identified from sheep and goat (tunisian sheep pestiviruses), which lack complete coding region sequences, may represent two additional species .\nrecently, we are witnessing an increased appreciation for the importance of the fossil record in phylogenetics and testing various evolutionary hypotheses. however, this approach brings many challenges, especially for such a complex group as aphids and requires a thorough morphological analysis of the extinct groups. the extinct aphid\nszelegiewicziidae is supposed to be one of the oviparous lineages in aphid evolution. new material from the rock fossil deposits of shar teg (upper jurassic of mongolia), baissa (lower cretaceous of siberia - russia), and burmese amber (upper cretaceous of myanmar) allowed us to undertake a more detailed examination of the morphological features and carry out an analysis of the taxonomical composition and evolution of the\n. this led us to the conclusion that evolution of the body plan and wing structure was similar in different, often not closely related groups, probably as a result of convergence. additionally, we present a description of a new\nand two species (tinaphis mongolica å»yå‚a & wegierek; , sp. nov. , and feroorbis burmensis wegierek & huang, gen. et sp. nov .) that belong to this\nand two species (tinaphis mongolica å»yå‚a & wegierek; , sp. nov. , and feroorbis burmensis wegierek & huang, gen. et sp. nov .) that belong to this\nchlamydiaceae (order chlamydiales, phylum chlamydiae) comprises important, obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens of humans and animals. subdivision of the\ninto the two genera chlamydia and chlamydophila has been discussed controversially during the past decade. here, we have revisited the current classification in the light of recent genomic data and in the context of the unique biological properties of these microorganisms. we conclude that neither generally used 16s rrna sequence identity cut - off values nor parameters based on genomic similarity consistently separate the two genera. notably, no easily recognizable phenotype such as host preference or tissue tropism is available that would support a subdivision. in addition, the\nchlamydophila is currently not well accepted and not used by a majority of research groups in the field. therefore, we propose the classification of all 11 currently recognized chlamydiaceae species in a single\nchlamydia, as well as the species chlamydia abortus, chlamydia caviae and chlamydia felis. copyright â© 2015 elsevier gmbh. all rights reserved .\ncolletotrichum cause anthracnose disease on a wide range of plant species. in addition to their economic impact, the\ncolletotrichum is a useful model for the study of the evolution of host specificity, speciation and reproductive behaviors. genome projects of colletotrichum species have already opened a new era for studying the evolution of pathogenesis in fungi. we sequenced and annotated the genomes of four strains in the colletotrichum acutatum species complex (casc), a clade of broad host range pathogens within the\n. the four casc proteomes and secretomes along with those representing an additional 13 species (six colletotrichum spp. and seven other sordariomycetes) were classified into protein\nwithin the casc. this study illustrates the plasticity of colletotrichum genomes, and shows that major changes in host range are associated with relatively recent changes in gene content .\nspecificity of predation by spiders on other spiders in captivity which surpass them in body size (araneophagy). adult specimens of three species of the linyphiid\npseudomonas (90). the antimicrobial susceptibility was assessed by the disk diffusion method. the most effective antibiotics were cephalosporins of the second and third generation, and non - classical beta - lactams (imipenem and moxalactam). a pronounced resistance was found to carbenicillin, ampicillin, cephalotin and cefazolin. these resistance patterns corresponded to a high consumption of these antibiotics .\npteridoiulus verhoeff, 1913, was made based on partial sequences of the mitochondrial 16s rrna (16s) gene and the nuclear 28srrna (28s) gene, respectively. the two... ... mafttand run intnt both with gaps treated as a fifth state, and as missing, and finally the alignments were used as input in a maximum likelihood (ml) analysis. the order julida and the\njulidae were recovered as monophyletic under all weight sets in poy, as well as in the tnt andmlanalyses. likewise ...\n, flaviviridae, bunyaviridae e rhabdoviridae. a replicaã§ã£o virai foi detectada por imunofluorescãªncia indireta com todos os vã­rus estudados enquanto que o efeito citopã¡tico foi observado durante a infecã§ã£o por alguns destes. no teste de imunofluorescãªncia indireta utilizou - se fluidos ascã­ticos imunes de camundongos, especã­ficos para os vã­rus estudados. a replicaã§ã£o virai caracterizada por grande produã§ã£o de antã­geno recomenda a utilizaã§ã£o de cã©lulas c6 / 36 na propagaã§ã£o e em tentativas de isolamento desses arbovirus. a tã©cnica de imunofluorescãªncia ofereceu importantes subsã­dios na classificaã§ã£o e identificaã§ã£o de vã­rus que replicam nestas cã©lulas. c6 / 36 aedes albopictus cells were infected w ith brazilian arbovirus from the\n, flaviviridae, bunyaviridae and rhabdoviridae. replication was obtained with all the studied viruses and cytopathic effect was observed with some. viral antigen was assayed in c6 / 36 cell cultures for antigen was assayed in c6 / 36 cells by an indirect immunofluorescence test using specific mouse immune ascitic fluid. antigen production was detected in c6 / 36 cells infected with all the studied viruses. the author recommends the inoculation of c6 / 36 cell cultures for isolation of virus from the four studied\n. the immunofluorescence technique is an important tool for classification and identification of virus growing in c6 / 36 cells .\nrhabdoviridae contains a numbers of viruses that have been taxonomically classified using a combination of serological relatedness, host range, genome organization, pathobiology and phylogenetic analysis of sequence data. there are 11 viruses assigned to the gen ...\nmilichiidae are often myrmecophilic. we document the first record of a fly from this\nmilichia following an ant of the species ofâ p. illaudata, and repeatedly attempting to make close contact. our observation suggests that the dipteran may have been attempting to feed kleptoparasitically from the polyrhachisâ worker, since members of this ant\noften feed on liquid carbohydrate - rich food resources. this is the first time an interaction has been observed between a fly of this\n, ottiaceae, are proposed within the acrochaetiales to accommodate the uniseriate red algal endophyte of batrachspermalean taxa previously named balbiania meiospora. prior to this study, balbiania investiens was transferred to its own\nand order (balbianiales) based on comparative dna sequence data and a distinctive reproductive morphology. however, the second species described in this\n, b. â meiospora, continued to be treated as a species of audouinella (a. â meiospora) pending further investigation. phylogenetic analyses of sequence data confirmed only a distant relationship between the two endophytes, and a closer alliance of b. â meiospora to acrochaetiales. the data also showed that ottia meiospora was the deepest diverging lineage in the acrochaetiales, sister to all of the currently recognized genera and\n. in this study, we review the classification of what we now call o. â meiospora - reported from australia, new zealand and brazil - based on sequence and morphological data. morphological observations provided little clarity around the reproductive morphology or the life cycle of this endophyte of nothocladus s. lat. found commonly in mainland australia but, to date, less so in new zealand. â© 2017 phycological society of america .\n- level 16s rrna - targeted oligonucleotide probes for ecological studies of methanotrophic bacteria .\nmethanotrophic bacteria play a major role in the global carbon cycle, degrade xenobiotic pollutants, and have the potential for a variety of biotechnological applications. to facilitate ecological studies of these important organisms, we developed a suite of oligonucleotide probes for quantitative analysis of methanotroph - specific 16s rrna from environmental samples. two probes target methanotrophs in the\nmethylocystaceae (type ii methanotrophs) as a group. no oligonucleotide signatures that distinguish between the two genera in this\n, methylocystis and methylosinus, were identified. two other probes target, as a single group, a majority of the known methanotrophs belonging to the\nmethylococcaceae (type i / x methanotrophs). the remaining probes target members of individual genera of the methylococcaceae, including methylobacter, methylomonas, methylomicrobium, methylococcus, and methylocaldum. one of the\n- level probes also covers all methanotrophic endosymbionts of marine mollusks for which 16s rrna sequences have been published. the two known species of the newly described\n. empirically determined midpoint dissociation temperatures were 49 to 57 degrees c for all probes. in dot blot screening against rna from positive - and negative - control strains, the probes were specific to their intended targets. the broad coverage and high degree of specificity of this new suite of probes will provide more detailed, quantitative information about the community structure of methanotrophs in environmental samples than was previously available .\nthe complete genome of pepper vein yellows virus (pevyv) was sequenced using random amplification of rna samples isolated from vector insects (aphis gossypii) that had been given access to pevyv - infected plants. the pevyv genome consisted of 6244 nucleotides and had a genomic organization characteristic of members of the\npolerovirus. pevyv had highest amino acid sequence identities in orf0 to orf3 (75. 9 - 91. 9 %) with tobacco vein distorting polerovirus, with which it was only 25. 1% identical in orf5. these sequence comparisons and previously studied biological properties indicate that pevyv is a distinctly different virus and belongs to a new species of the\npolerovirus. pevyv had highest amino acid sequence identities in orf0 to orf3 (75. 9 - 91. 9 %) with tobacco vein distorting polerovirus, with which it was only 25. 1% iden ...\nperibunyaviridae) and comprises 15 arboviruses that can be associated with febrile illness in humans. although previous studies described the genome characterization of group c orthobunyavirus, there is a gap in genomic information about the other viruses in this group. therefore, in this study, complete genomes of members of group c serogroup were sequenced or re - sequenced and used for genetic characterization, as well as to understand their phylogenetic and evolutionary aspects. thus, our study reported the genomes of three new members in group c virus (apeu strain bean848, itaqui strain bean12797 and nepuyo strain bean10709), as well as re - sequencing of original strains of five members: caraparu (strain bean3994), madrid (strain bt4075), murucutu (strain bean974), oriboca (strain bean17), and marituba (strain bean15). these viruses presented a typical genomic organization related to members of the orthobunyavirus\n. interestingly, all viruses of this serogroup showed an open reading frame (orf) that encodes the putative nonstructural nss protein that precedes the nucleoprotein orf, an unprecedented fact in group c virus. also, we confirmed the presence of natural reassortment events. this study expands the genomic information of group c viruses, as well as revalidates the genomic organization of viruses that were previously reported .\nfull text available background the corallum is crucial in building coral reefs and in diagnosing systematic relationships in the order scleractinia. however, molecular phylogenetic analyses revealed a paraphyly in a majority of traditional\nand genera among scleractinia showing that other biological attributes of the coral, such as polyp morphology and reproductive traits, are underutilized. among scleractinian genera, the euphyllia, with nine nominal species in the indo - pacific region, is one of the groups that await phylogenetic resolution. multiple genetic markers were used to construct the phylogeny of six euphyllia species, namely e. ancora, e. divisa, e. glabrescens, e. â paraancora, e. paradivisa, and e. yaeyamaensis. the phylogeny guided the inferences on the contributions of the colony structure, polyp morphology, and life history traits to the systematics of the largest\nin euphyllidae (clade v and, by extension, to the rest of clade v. results analyses of cytochrome oxidase 1 (cox1, cytochrome b (cytb, and î² - tubulin genes of 36 colonies representing euphyllia and a confamilial species, galaxea fascicularis, reveal two distinct groups in the euphyllia that originated from different ancestors. euphyllia glabrescens formed a separate group. euphyllia ancora, e. divisa, e. â paraancora, e. paradivisa, and e. yaeyamaensis clustered together and diverged from the same ancestor as g. fascicularis. the 3′ - end of the cox1 gene of euphyllia was able to distinguish morphospecies. discussion species of euphyllia were traditionally classified into two subgenera, euphyllia and fimbriaphyllia, which represented a dichotomy on colony structure. the paraphyletic groups retained the original members of the subgenera providing a strong basis for recognizing fimbriaphyllia as a\nof viruses named sphaerolipoviridae has been proposed recently. it comprises icosahedral, tailless haloarchaeal viruses with an internal lipid membrane located between the protein capsid and the dsdna genome. the proposed\nsphaerolipoviridae was divided into two genera: alphasphaerolipovirus, including haloarcula hispanica viruses sh1, ph1 and hhiv - 2, and betasphaerolipovirus, including natrinema virus snj1. here, we propose to expand the\nsphaerolipoviridae to include a group of bacteriophages infecting extreme thermophilic thermus thermophilus and sharing a number of structural and genomic properties with archaeal sphaerolipoviruses. this new group comprises two members, lytic phage p23 - 77 and temperate phage in93, as well as putative members p23 - 72 and p23 - 65h. in addition, several related proviruses have been discovered as integrated elements in bacterial genomes of the\nthermus and meiothermus. morphology of the virus particles and the overall capsid architecture of these bacteriophages resembles that of archaeal members of the sphaerolipoviridae, including an unusual capsid arrangement in a t = 28 dextro lattice. alpha - and betasphaerolipoviruses share with p23 - 77 - like bacteriophages a conserved block of core genes that encode a putative genome - packaging atpase and the two major capsid proteins (mcps). the recently determined x - ray structure of the small and large mcps of p23 - 77 revealed a single beta - barrel (jelly - roll) fold that is superimposable with the cryo - em density maps of the sh1 capsomers. given the common features of these viruses, we propose to include the so far unclassified p23 - 77 - like bacteriophages into a new\nbased on their repeats, leader regions, associated cas genes, and putative recognition sequences on viruses and plasmids. spacer sequence matches to different viruses and plasmids of the sulfolobales revealed some bias particularly... ... for\niii crisprs. transcription occurs on both strands of the five repeat - clusters of sulfolobus acidocaldarius and a repeat - cluster of the conjugative plasmid pkef9. leader strand transcripts cover whole repeat - clusters and are processed mainly from the 3' - end, within repeats, yielding heterogeneous ...\nszelegiewicziidae is supposed to be one of the oviparous lineages in aphid evolution. new material from the rock fossil deposits of shar teg (upper jurassic of mongolia), baissa (lower cretaceous of siberia - russia), and burmese amber (upper cretaceous of myanmar ...\ncapniidae (plecoptera), sinocapnia kuankuoshui gen. n. , sp. n. is described from the adult male and a female collected in guizhou province of southwest china. the new taxon is distinguished from all extant capniidae genera and the assemblage of species currently included in capnia sensu lato by combination of unique genitalic, wing, and thoracic sclerites characters. no closely related taxon is indicated on the basis of morphological characters. an annotated checklist of the\nmusa and its infrageneric classification has long been disputed. in this study, we obtained nuclear ribosomal its and chloroplast (atpb - rbcl, rps16, and trnl - f) dna sequences of 36 species (42 accessions of ingroups representing three genera) together with 10 accessions of ingroups retrieved from genbank database and 4 accessions of outgroups, to construct the phylogeny of the\nand suggested that musella and ensete may be congeneric or at least closely related, but refuted the previous infrageneric classification of musa. none of the five sections of musa previously defined based on morphology was recovered as monophyletic group in the molecular phylogeny. two infrageneric clades were identified, which corresponded well to the basic chromosome numbers of x = 11 and 10 / 9 / 7, respectively: the former clade comprises species from the sections musa and rhodochlamys while the latter contains sections of callimusa, australimusa, and ingentimusa. copyright 2010 elsevier inc. all rights reserved .\nrhabdoviridae. using a vector - enabled metagenomic (vem) tool, we identified a novel rhabdovirus in aedes cantans mosquitoes collected from germany provisionally named ohlsdorf virus (ohsdv). the ohsdv genome encodes the canonical rhabdovirus structural proteins (n, p, m, g and l) with alternative orf in the p gene. sequence analysis indicated that ohsdv exhibits a similar genome organization and characteristics compared to other mosquito - associated rhabdoviruses (riverside virus, tongilchon virus and north creek virus). complete l protein based phylogeny revealed that all four viruses share a common ancestor and form a deeply rooted and divergent monophyletic group within the dimarhabdovirus supergroup and define a new\n, tentatively named ohlsdorfvirus. although the ohlsdorfvirus clade is basal within the dimarhabdovirus supergroup phylogeny that includes genera of arthropod - borne rhabdoviruses, it remains unknown if viruses in the proposed new\nare vector - borne pathogens. the observed spatiotemporal distribution in mosquitoes suggests that members of the proposed\nohlsdorfvirus are geographically restricted / separated. these findings increase the current knowledge of the genetic diversity, classification and evolution of this virus\n. further studies are needed to determine the host range, transmission route and the evolutionary relationships of these mosquito - associated viruses with those infecting vertebrates. copyright â© 2017 elsevier b. v. all rights reserved .\nin order to reveal the structural evolutionary trend of mobilida ciliates, twenty - six ssu - rrna sequences of mobilid species, including seven ones newly sequenced in the present work, were used for comparative phylogenic analysis based on the rna secondary structure. the research results indicate that all the secondary structures except domains helix 10, helix 12, and helix 37 could be regarded as the criterions in classification between the\ntrichodinidae. in addition, the relationship between the secondary structure and topology of phylogenic tree that the branching order of most clades corresponds with the secondary structure of species within each clade of phylogenetic tree was first uncovered and discussed in the present study .\nanampses. we identified three alternate models of diversification: the vicariance - based' successive division' model, and the dispersal - based' successive colonisation' and' peripheral budding' models. the\nwas well suited for this study given its relatively high proportion (42 %) of endemic species, its reasonably low diversity (12 species), which permitted complete taxon sampling, and its widespread tropical indo - pacific distribution. monophyly of the\nwas strongly supported by three phylogenetic analyses: maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and bayesian inference based on mitochondrial co1 and 12s rrna and nuclear s7 sequences. estimates of species divergence times from fossil - calibrated bayesian inference suggest that anampses arose in the mid - eocene and subsequently diversified throughout the miocene. evolutionary relationships within the\n, combined with limited spatial and temporal concordance among endemics, offer support for all three alternate models of diversification. our findings emphasise the importance of peripherally isolated locations in creating and maintaining endemic species and their contribution to the biodiversity of the indo - australian archipelago. copyright â© 2011 elsevier inc. all rights reserved .\nthe first, apparently westernmost indigenous representatives of haplodesmidae are reported, from the himalayas of nepal and india. both new species belong to a new\n, koponenius gen. nov. , with k. unicornis sp. nov. , the type species from darjeeling district, ne india, and k. biramus sp. nov. , from nepal. the new\nis superficially very similar to prosopodesmus silvestri, 1910, most species of which seem to be native to tropical australia, partly also to southern japan. however, koponenius gen. nov. is easily distinguished in showing only 19 body segments, a special ozopore formula (5, 7 - 18), 4 transverse rows of setigerous isostictic tubercles per postcollum metatergum, and a clearly helicoid, twisted prefemoral portion of the gonopod so that the seminal groove runs mostly laterally, not mesally. â\nbelonging to the class collembola (springtails are among the most important and abundant soil arthropods. these animals play important roles in decomposition processes and nutrient cycling. however, their fauna have remained too much unknown in iran. in order to study of collembola fauna in the mazandaran province, some sampling from soil, leaf litters and mosses were made from different regions of the province during 2012 - 2013 years. then, the springtails of samples were separated using berlese funnel and preserved in 75 - 85% ethyl alcohol. during the investigation, some samples belonging to hypogastruridae were collected and identified. the\nschoettella and the three species s. unungiuculata, hypogastrura purpurescens and ceratophysella engadinensis are new records for fauna of iran and the two species xenylla maritima and c. stercoraria are recorded for the first time from mazandaran province. in addition, an identification key for local genera and species of the\npionidae thor, 1900, aturidae thor, 1900, and nudomideopsidae smith, 1990â (acari: hydrachnidiae) .\nparabrachypoda viets, 1929, and hemibrachypoda is placed in synonymy with parabrachypoda. the\ngroup taxa to which all of these genera belong are reviewed to provide context for the proposed changes .\nfull text available maternal care in gargaphia decoris is described for the first time. a video is presented as supplementary material. the knowledge on such trait within tingidae is summarized. the behavior within the\nis discussed, and the potential as a source of phylogenetic characters for further analyses is stressed .\nof surfaces (possibly with degenerations over a smooth projective curve â. assume that the discriminant loci â â â â â are disjoint, â â â â â â â â â for any smooth fibre â â â and the period map associated with the variation of hodge structures â â â â â â â (where â â â â â â â â â â â is a smooth part of the morphism â â â, is non - constant. if for generic geometric fibres\nfull text available invasive species often display different patterns of parasite burden and virulence compared to their native counterparts. these differences may be the result of variability in host - parasite co - evolutionary relationships, the occurrence of novel host - parasite encounters, or possibly innate differences in physiological responses to infection between invasive and native hosts. here we examine the adaptive, humoral immune responses of a resistant, native bird and a susceptible, invasive bird to an arbovirus (buggy creek virus ;\n: alphavirus and its ectoparasitic arthropod vector (the swallow bug; oeciacus vicarius. swallow bugs parasitize the native, colonially nesting cliff swallow (petrochelidon pyrrhonota and the introduced house sparrow (passer domesticus that occupies nests in cliff swallow colonies. we measured levels of bcrv - specific and swallow bug - specific igy levels before nesting (prior to swallow bug exposure and after nesting (after swallow bug exposure in house sparrows and cliff swallows in western nebraska. levels of bcrv - specific igy increased significantly following nesting in the house sparrow but not in the cliff swallow. additionally, house sparrows displayed consistently higher levels of swallow bug - specific antibodies both before and after nesting compared to cliff swallows. the higher levels of bcrv and swallow bug specific antibodies detected in house sparrows may be reflective of significant differences in both antiviral and anti - ectoparasite immune responses that exist between these two avian species. to our knowledge, this is the first study to compare the macro - and microparasite - specific immune responses of an invasive and a native avian host exposed to the same parasites .\n, pedobacter, comprising four species: pedobacter heparinus comb. nov. , pedobacter piscium comb. nov. , pedobacter africanus sp. nov. and pedobacter saltans sp. nov. proposal of the\nsixteen heparinase - producing isolates, related to sphingobacterium heparinum, were grouped into three major clusters by sds - page and dna - rrna hybridizations. based on a polyphasic approach, it was shown that isolates of two of these clusters and s. heparinum species belong to a new\nconsists of pedobacter heparinus comb. nov. (formerly sphingobacterium heparinum), which is the type species, pedobacter piscium comb. nov. (formerly sphingobacterium piscium), pedobacter africanus sp. nov. and pedobacter saltans sp. nov. and four as - yet - unnamed dna hybridization groups. all the previously named taxa can be discriminated by phenotypic features, but have strong overall similarities with representatives of the\nsphingobacterium and the misclassified species [ flexibacter ] canadensis. all these organisms constitute a separate rrna branch in rrna superfamily v for which the\nthe versatile roles of toxin - antitoxin (ta) systems in bacterial physiology and pathogenesis have been investigated for more than three decades. diverse ta loci in bacteria and archaea have been identified in genome - wide studies. the advent of massive parallel sequencing has substantially expanded the number of known bacterial genomic sequences over the last 5 years. in staphylococci, this has translated into an impressive increase from a few tens to a several thousands of available genomes, which has allowed us for the re - evalution of prior conclusions. in this study, we analysed the distribution of mazef / pemik\nta system operons in available staphylococcal genomes and their prevalence in mobile genetic elements. 10 novel m azef / pemik homologues were identified, each with a corresponding toxin that plays a potentially different and undetermined physiological role. a detailed characterisation of these ta systems would be exceptionally useful. of particular interest are those associated with an sccmec mobile genetic element (responsible for multidrug resistance transmission) or representing the joint horizontal transfer of ta systems and determinants of vancomycin resistance from enterococci. the involvement of ta systems in maintaining mobile genetic elements and the associations between novel mazef / pemik loci and those which carry drug resistance genes highlight their potential medical importance .\naspergillus is cladistically holophyletic but phenotypically polythetic and very diverse and is associated to quite different sexual states. following the one fungus one name system, the\naspergillus is restricted to a holophyletic clade that include the morphologically different... ... biosynthetic\nisoextrolites. however, it appears that secondary metabolites from one aspergillus section have analogous metabolites in other sections (here also called heteroisoextrolites). in this review, we give a\n- wide overview of secondary metabolite production in aspergillus species. extrolites ...\nof any knot in its concordance class. although difficult to compute, it is a useful invariant that highlights the distinction between the three -\nand give evidence that sines can incorporate line - related 3' - tails of other sines .\nshort interspersed elements (sines) constitute a group of retroposons propagating in the genome via a mechanism of reverse transcription, in which they depend on the enzymatic machinery of long retroposons (lines). over 70 sine\nhave been described to date from the genomes of various eukaryotes. here, we characterize two novel sines from salmons (actinopterygii: salmonoidei). the first\n, termed slmii, originates from one of the slmi subfamilies, with which it shares the same trna - related region, central domain, and a part of rsg - 1 - derived segment, but has a different 3' - tail of unidentified origin. its distribution\npasteurellaceae, were further characterized by genotypic and phenotypic tests. phylogenetic analysis of partial 16s rrna and rpob gene sequences showed that the isolates investigated formed... ... of a wild northern elephant seal at the marine mammal center, california, usa in 2011. to include the novel species, the description of the\nabt, birte; han, cliff; scheuner, carmen; lu, megan; lapidus, alla; nolan, matt; lucas, susan; hammon, nancy; deshpande, shweta; cheng, jan - fang; tapia, roxane; goodwin, lynne; pitluck, sam; liolios, konstantinos; pagani, ioanna; ivanova, natalia; mavromatis, konstantinos; mikhailova, natalia; huntemann, marcel; pati, amrita; chen, amy; palaniappan, krishna; land, miriam; hauser, loren; brambilla, evelyne - marie; rohde, manfred; spring, stefan; gronow, sabine; goker, markus; woyke, tanja; bristow, james; eisen, jonathan a. ; markowitz, victor; hugenholtz, philip; kyrpides, nikos c. ; klenk, hans - peter; detter, john c .\nspirochaeta ehrenberg 1835, one of the oldest named genera within the bacteria. s. coccoides is an obligately anaerobic, gram - negative, non - motile, spherical bacterium that was isolated from the hindgut contents of the termite neotermes castaneus. the species is of interest because it may play an important role in the digestion of breakdown products from cellulose and hemicellulose in the termite gut. here we provide a taxonomic re - evaluation for strain spn1t, and based on physiological and genomic characteristics, we propose its reclassification as a novel species in the\nsphaerochaeta, a recently published sister group of the spirochaeta. the 2, 227, 296 bp long genome of strain spn1t with its 1, 866 protein - coding and 58 rna genes is a part of the genomicencyclopedia of bacteria and archaea project .\nsyngnathidae) in the coastal waters and local market of kota kinabalu, sabah, malaysia .\nreclassification of halothiobacillus hydrothermalis and halothiobacillus halophilus to guyparkeria gen. nov. in the thioalkalibacteraceae fam. nov. , with emended descriptions of the\nhalothiobacillus contains four species of obligate autotrophs with validly published names, of which halothiobacillus halophilus and halothiobacillus hydrothermalis are very distant from the type species - on the basis of the 16s rrna gene, they have 90. 7 % and 90. 9 % identity to that of the type species, halothiobacillus neapolitanus. as these values fall below the yarza cut - off for the rank of\n. unlike halothiobacillus spp. sensu stricto, h. halophilus and h. hydrothermalis are halophilic (rather than halotolerant) and moderately alkaliphilic (rather than neutrophilic) and additionally do not produce tetrathionate as a detectable intermediate of thiosulfate metabolism, indicating some significant metabolic differences. on the basis of these data and of functional gene examination, it is proposed that they be circumscribed as a new\nguyparkeria gen. nov, for which the type species is guyparkeria halophila gen. nov. , comb. nov. additionally, thioalkalibacter and guyparkeria gen. nov. fall distant from the halothiobacillaceae so the thioalkalibacteraceae fam. nov. is proposed, for which thioalkalibacter is the type\nalishewanella and description of alishewanella alkalitolerans sp. nov. from lonar lake, india .\nalishewanella transferred to chromatiaceae. phylogenetic analyses were executed for the genera alishewanella, arsukibacterium and rheinheimera and the\nrheinheimera is proposed to be split, with the creation of the pararheinheimera gen. nov. furthermore, the species rheinheimera longhuensis, is transferred to the\nalishewanella as alishewanella longhuensis comb. nov. besides, the genera alishewanella and rheinheimera are also emended. strain lnk - 7. 1 t was isolated from a water sample from the lonar lake, india. cells were gram - negative, motile rods, positive for catalase, oxidase, phosphatase, contained c 16: 0, c 17: 1 ï‰8c, summed feature3 (c 16: 1 ï‰6c and / or c 16: 1 ï‰7c) and summed feature 8 (c 18: 1 ï‰7c) as major fatty acids, pe and pg as the major lipids and q - 8 as the sole respiratory quinone. phylogenetic analyses using nj, me, ml and maximum parsimony, based on 16s rrna gene sequences, identified alishewanella tabrizica rcri4 t as the closely related species of strain lnk - 7. 1 t with a 16s rrna gene sequence similarity of 98. 13% . the dna - dna similarity between lnk - 7. 1 t and the closely related species (a. tabrizica) was only 12. 0% and, therefore, strain lnk - 7. 1 t was identified as a novel species of the\nalishewanella with the proposed name alishewanella alkalitolerans sp. nov. in addition phenotypic characteristics confirmed the species status to strain lnk - 7. 1 t. the type strain of a. alkalitolerans is lnk - 7. 1 t (lmg 29592 t â = â kctc 52279 t), isolated from a water sample collected from the lonar lake, india .\n, which can constitute up to 50% of the prokaryotic population in marine waters. photobacterium is the second largest\nhas been uncertain due to the lack of molecular data from ex - type cultures as well as overlapping morphological characteristics. in this study, we revise the\n, flaviviridae, bunyaviridae e rhabdoviridae. a replicaã§ã£o virai foi detectada por imunofluorescãªncia indireta com todos os vã­rus estudados enquanto que o efeito citopã¡tico foi observado durante a infecã§ã£o por alguns destes. no teste de imunofluorescãªncia indireta utilizou - se fluidos ascã­ticos imunes de camundongos, especã­ficos para os vã­rus estudados. a replicaã§ã£o virai caracterizada por grande produã§ã£o de antã­geno recomenda a utilizaã§ã£o de cã©lulas c6 / 36 na propagaã§ã£o e em tentativas de isolamento desses arbovirus. a tã©cnica de imunofluorescãªncia ofereceu importantes subsã­dios na classificaã§ã£o e identificaã§ã£o de vã­rus que replicam nestas cã©lulas .\nfull text available abstract data of six studied neotropical anaxagorea species are analyzed and discussed with respect to the population structure, flowering phenology, flower morphology, anthesis, scent emission, thermogenesis, floral visitors, breeding system, fruit - set and seed dispersal. the probably reason for the patchy distribution of small populations of anaxagorea species within lowland tropical forests is given. a novel explanation of the functional significance of ruminate endosperm is presented. flowering of the species follows either the annual or the continuous flowering pattern. all studied species have diurnal, two - day lasting, protogynous anthesis; several species have thermogenic flowers. self - compatibility appears to be the prevailing reproductive system in the\n. however, there is a strong tendency for effecting cross - pollination. floral scent of anaxagorea species contains fruit - like components, and the pollinators, primarily nitidulidae (colopterus spp. are attracted by deceit. strong scenting pollination chambers occur also in most other cantharophilous annonaceae. novel floral developments are apparent mainly in fly -, cockroach - and bee - pollinated annonaceae, which have patterns different from cantharophilous species and exhibit open flowers with reflexed petals, which allow their pollinators to reach and touch the reproductive organs .\nin 1967, it was reported that experimental inoculation of serum from a surgeon (g. b .) with acute hepatitis into tamarins resulted in hepatitis. in 1995, two new members of the\nflaviviridae, named gbv - a and gbv - b, were identified in tamarins that developed hepatitis following inoculation wi ...\nin this paper the stratigraphy of the neogene deposits in the khania province, crete, greece, is described. special attention is paid to the evolution and taxonomy of foraminiferal genera assigned previously to the\nsapotaceae and can be widely found around the world. these plants have been used as building material, as food, because the eatable fruits, as well as remedies in folk medicine. some biological activities have been reported to species of this\nsuch as antioxidant, anti - inflammatory, antibacterial and antifungal. however, the real potential of this\nas source of new drugs or phytomedicines remains unknown. therefore, a review of the so far known chemical composition and biological activities of this" ]

{ "text": [ "sparganothina flava is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .", "it is found in ecuador ( morona-santiago province ) .", "the wingspan is about 17.5 millimetres ( 0.69 in ) .", "the ground colour of the forewings is cream , sprinkled and strigulated with rust .", "the markings are rust .", "the hindwings are white cream with weak pale ferruginous strigulae in the apical third . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 1, 1, 1 ] }

[ "sparganothina flava is a species of moth of the tortricidae family. it is found in ecuador (morona-santiago province). the wingspan is about 17.5 millimetres (0.69 in). the ground colour of the forewings is cream, sprinkled and strigulated with rust. the markings are rust. the hindwings are white cream with weak pale ferruginous strigulae in the apical third." ]

[ "epermenia falcata gaedike, 2008, n. sp. , tijdschrift voor entomologie, 151: 59 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb: the taxon name search is for single names only. for example, to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren, 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\ngaedike, r. , 2008. new species and records of the nearctic epermeniidae (lepidoptera). tijdschrift voor entomologie, 151: 57 - 64 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ngaedike, r. 2008. new species and records of the nearctic epermeniidae (lepidoptera). tijdschrift voor entomologie 151: 57 - 64 .\ndue to latency between updates made in state, provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer, for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data. please refer to\ndistribution data for u. s. states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks (2008). the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs (see local programs) and other contributors and cooperators (see sources) .\nthe small print: trademark, copyright, citation guidelines, restrictions on use, and information disclaimer .\nnote: all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve' s central databases as of november 2016. note: this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer, the natureserve logo, and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve. any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice: copyright © 2017 natureserve, 4600 n. fairfax dr. , 7th floor, arlington virginia 22203, u. s. a. all rights reserved. each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document. the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve. 2017. natureserve explorer: an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ]. version 7. 1. natureserve, arlington, virginia. available http: / / explorer. natureserve. org. (accessed :\nridgely, r. s. , t. f. allnutt, t. brooks, d. k. mcnicol, d. w. mehlman, b. e. young, and j. r. zook. 2003. digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely, james zook, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson, b. d. , g. ceballos, w. sechrest, m. f. tognelli, t. brooks, l. luna, p. ortega, i. salazar, and b. e. young. 2003. digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson, wes sechrest, marcelo tognelli, gerardo ceballos, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn, conservation international, and natureserve. 2004. global amphibian assessment. iucn, conservation international, and natureserve, washington, dc and arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union, conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used, copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text. any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve. nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication, estoppel, or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve. no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve. except as expressly provided above, nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\nall documents and related graphics provided by this server and any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server are provided\nas is\nwithout warranty as to the currentness, completeness, or accuracy of any specific data. natureserve hereby disclaims all warranties and conditions with regard to any documents provided by this server or any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server, including but not limited to all implied warranties and conditions of merchantibility, fitness for a particular purpose, and non - infringement. natureserve makes no representations about the suitability of the information delivered from this server or any other documents that are referenced to or linked to this server. in no event shall natureserve be liable for any special, indirect, incidental, consequential damages, or for damages of any kind arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of information contained in any documents provided by this server or in any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server, under any theory of liability used. natureserve may update or make changes to the documents provided by this server at any time without notice; however, natureserve makes no commitment to update the information contained herein. since the data in the central databases are continually being updated, it is advisable to refresh data retrieved at least once a year after its receipt. the data provided is for planning, assessment, and informational purposes. site specific projects or activities should be reviewed for potential environmental impacts with appropriate regulatory agencies. if ground - disturbing activities are proposed on a site, the appropriate state natural heritage program (s) or conservation data center can be contacted for a site - specific review of the project area (see visit local programs) .\n). your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nscientists aim to describe a single' tree of life' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things. however, evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery, and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named. eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific' classifications'. some species have been named more than once. such duplicates are listed under synonyms. eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more" ]

{ "text": [ "epermenia falcata is a moth in the epermeniidae family .", "it was described by gaedike in 2008 .", "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from washington .", "the wingspan is 18 – 20 mm .", "the forewings are yellowish-ochre , intermixed with yellowish-brown and brown scales .", "there are dark brown tufts of raised scales at the dorsum and three very small dark brown tufts near the base of the fringe , as well as a sickle-shaped dark brown streak on the fringe from the apex to the dorsum .", "the first fourth of the costa is dark brown with a large patch reaching the cell .", "above the first tuft is a broad brown strip , and a pale brown streak runs from the costa to the second tuft with a darker brown patch in the middle .", "there are some very small dark brown dots along the costa , and on the base of cell is a very small black dot .", "the hindwings are shining white . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ] }

[ "epermenia falcata is a moth in the epermeniidae family. it was described by gaedike in 2008. it is found in north america, where it has been recorded from washington. the wingspan is 18 – 20 mm. the forewings are yellowish-ochre, intermixed with yellowish-brown and brown scales. there are dark brown tufts of raised scales at the dorsum and three very small dark brown tufts near the base of the fringe, as well as a sickle-shaped dark brown streak on the fringe from the apex to the dorsum. the first fourth of the costa is dark brown with a large patch reaching the cell. above the first tuft is a broad brown strip, and a pale brown streak runs from the costa to the second tuft with a darker brown patch in the middle. there are some very small dark brown dots along the costa, and on the base of cell is a very small black dot. the hindwings are shining white." ]

[ "seasonal population dynamics of the nematod. cystidicoloides tenuissima (zeder) from the river swincombe, england\nthe population biology and transmission dynamics of the nematode cystidicoloides tenuissima in salmonid fish in a dartmoor river: urltoken j m. aho: books\n[ seasonal variations of infestations with cystidicoloides tenuissima [ parasitic nematode ] in trouts (salmo trutta m. fario) of leon province rivers [ spain ] ]. [ spanish ]\n[ seasonal variations of infestations with cystidicoloides tenuissima [ parasitic nematode ] in trouts (salmo trutta m. fario) of leon province rivers [ spain ] ]. [ spanish ]\nvariaciones estacionales de las infestaciones por cystidicoloides tenuissima [ nematodo parasito ] en truchas (salmo trutta m. fario) de los rios de la provincia de leon [ espana ] .\n[ seasonal variations of infestations with cystidicoloides tenuissima [ parasitic nematode ] in trouts (salmo trutta m. fario) of leon province rivers [ spain ] ]. [ spanish ] [ 1976 ]\nmoravec, f. (1971). on the life history of the nematode cystidicoloides tenuissima (zeder, 1800) in the river bystřice czechoslovakia. folia parasitologica, 18 (2), 107 - 112 .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site. we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nunless otherwise expressly stated, all original material on the bioinfo website by malcolm storey is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial - sharealike 2. 0 uk: england & wales licence .\nthis translation tool is powered by google. fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .\nuniversidad de oviedo, leon (spain). facultad de veterinaria [ corporate author ]\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for. the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard. e. g.' papilio *'. keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature. unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nmuseum für naturkunde leibniz - institut für evolutions - und biodiversitätsforschung invalidenstr. 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail: fauna - eu (at) mfn - berlin. de website: urltoken\nwe don' t know when or if this item will be back in stock .\nenter your mobile number or email address below and we' ll send you a link to download the free kindle app. then you can start reading kindle books on your smartphone, tablet, or computer - no kindle device required .\nprime members enjoy fast & free shipping, unlimited streaming of movies and tv shows with prime video and many more exclusive benefits .\nafter viewing product detail pages, look here to find an easy way to navigate back to pages you are interested in .\nbezerra, t. n. ; decraemer, w. ; eisendle - flöckner, u. ; holovachov, o. ; leduc, d. ; miljutin, d. ; sharma, j. ; smol, n. ; tchesunov, a. ; mokievsky, v. ; venekey, v. ; vanreusel, a. (2018). nemys: world database of free - living marine nematodes .\narai, h. p. ; smith, j. w. (2016). guide to the parasites of fishes of canada part v: nematoda. zootaxa. 4185 (1): 1. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nlike most websites we use cookies. this is to ensure that we give you the best experience possible .\ncontinuing to use urltoken means you agree to our use of cookies. if you would like to, you can learn more about the cookies we use .\ncab direct is the most thorough and extensive source of reference in the applied life sciences, incorporating the leading bibliographic databases cab abstracts and global health. cab direct provides a convenient, single point of access to all of your cabi database subscriptions .\ninternational journal that covers all branches of parasitology, including morphology, taxonomy, molecular biology, host - parasite relationships, parasite evolution, biochemistry, physiology and immunology .\njohn aho | ph. d. | auburn university in montgomery, montgomery | department of biology | researchgate\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript. here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nleaf litter processing in a southeastern blackwater stream: roles of season and leaf quality .\ntraits contributing to reproductive success in female white - tailed deer were evaluated for uninfected and liver fluke - infected individuals on the savannah river site, south carolina, usa. mean body weight for fluke - infected females was significantly greater than for uninfected individuals for all habitat - age classes examined. conception dates for fluke - infected females were significantly earlier than those for uninfected females in two habitat types. there was a trend for larger proportions of single offspring in fluke - infected females. condition values (kidney fat index) of infected females were lower than those of non - infected females .\nthe authors distinguished the parasites residing in an individual host (infracommunity) and in the entire host population (component community), but also recognize the geographical dimension of the host range, over which physical conditions and intermediate hosts may vary. there is empirical evidence for both local (host body size, feeding guild) and regional / historical (host range) effects on local diversity. analysis also shows evidence of community saturation: local parasite diversity in a particular host population is unrelated to the total parasite diversity of the host throughout its range. - from editors\nmulvey m, aho jm, lydeard c, leberg pl, smith mh. comparative population genetic structure of a parasite (fascioloides magna) and its definitive host. evolution 45: 1628 - 1640\necology of parasitism. (book reviews: parasite communities. patterns and processes. )\nliver flukes, fascioloides magna, from white - tailed deer were collected from four locations in the southeastern united states for genetic analysis of spatial differentiation. nine of 14 electrophoretic loci were polymorphic. average individual parasite heterozygosity ranged from 4. 6 ± 3. 4 to 13. 1 ± 5. 9% . these levels of genetic variability are comparable to those reported for other species of parasites. allele frequency differences among samples were noted for seven of the nine polymorphic loci. rogers genetic distance values for interlocality comparisons increased with geographic distance between samples. partitioning the total genetic variation in fascioloides magna, 83% of the variance was found among individuals within sample locations, 4% between locations within tennessee and south carolina, and 13% between states .\ncritical comments on a recent letter to the editors regarding the use of frozen carcasses in parasite surveys .\ncritical comments on a letter to the editors of the journal of parasitology regarding the use of frozen carcasses in parasite surveys .\nreviews, develops and differentiates between concepts associated with environmental patterning (patch, division, and heterogeneity), spatial and temporal scales of ecological processes (ecological neighborhoods), and responses of organisms to environmental patterning (relative patch size, relative patch duration, relative patch isolation, and grain response). the concept of ecological neighborhoods is generalised to represent regions of activity or influence during periods of time appropriate to particular ecological processes. neighborhood sizes can be estimated by examining the cumulative distribution of activity or influence of an organism as a function of increasingly large spatial units. the spatial and temporal dimensions of neighborhoods provide the scales necessary for assessing environmental patterning relative to particular ecological processes for a given species. - from authors\nrecently, some authors (kennedy, 1981; price & clancy, 1983) have argued that there are fundamental differences between the communities of helminths in fish and bird hosts. such differences are foreshadowed by the work of dogiel (1964) and are apparent from survey data (e. g. threlfall, 1967; bakke, 1972; hair & holmes, 1975 on birds, and compare chubb, 1963; mishra & chubb, 1969; wootten, 1973; ingham & dronen, 1980 on fish). questions still remain, however, as to whether the distinctions are truly justified and whether the differences are really fundamental. in this paper, we address these questions by examining helminth diversity in a series of hosts. we then discuss and provide explanations for the observed differences .\nlight and electron microscopy of collyriclum faba reveals that the dorsal tegument is highly convoluted, containing regular groups of between one and five spines. the thinner ventral covering has a less spiny surface with shallow infoldings. the lining of the capsule is characterized by numerous layers of collagen reflecting a strong cellular response by the host .\na review of the literature on host - parasite relationships and regulation of parasite populations is presented. some topics discussed are as follows: host factors such as diet, age, sexual maturity, and behavior; inter - and intraspecific interactions; temperature effects; dispersion; mortality; and competition. (hlw )\npatterns of fish assemblage structure and dynamics in waters of the savannah river plant. comprehensive cooling water study final report\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance. if your browser does not accept cookies, you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly. below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser. you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined. to accept cookies from this site, use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies. try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past. if your computer' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970, the browser will automatically forget the cookie. to fix this, set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set. you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page. to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit, which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie; no other information is captured .\nin general, only the information that you provide, or the choices you make while visiting a web site, can be stored in a cookie. for example, the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it. allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer, and only the site that created the cookie can read it." ]

{ "text": [ "cystidicoloides tenuissima is a species of nematode in the order spirurida .", "it is a parasite of salmonid fish ( salmon , trout and their allies ) in the northern hemisphere and has mayflies as the alternate host . " ], "topic": [ 3, 6 ] }

[ "cystidicoloides tenuissima is a species of nematode in the order spirurida. it is a parasite of salmonid fish (salmon, trout and their allies) in the northern hemisphere and has mayflies as the alternate host." ]

[ "with the headline: horse racing; thunder rumble wins after 0 - for - 23 months .\neven by saratoga' s standards for race - horse drama, thunder rumble is a rare one .\nthunder rumble had been a kentucky derby candidate in the spring before illness forced him out of training .\nrichie migliore, who rode thunder rumble, a dark son of thunder puddles, put his feelings this way :\ni always read the black stallion books when i was little, and thunder rumble is black stallion to me. he acts like him, and even looks like him .\n🎧 soothing spring rain & thunder... nature sounds for relaxing, meditation & sleep\nthunder rumble was the first stallion to call old friends at cabin creek his permanent home and when he arrived in late 2009 during the retirement farm’s first year. he was foaled on march 31, 1989 at braeburn farm by breeder, konrad widmer and trained by richard o’connell, who always had many stories to tell about the feisty stallion. on dec. 23, 1991 at aqueduct, the 2 - year - old thunder rumble broke his maiden by 12 3 / 4 lengths. his winningest year was 1992 when he won the jim dandy stakes, and the famed travers stakes at saratga race course with herb mccauley aboard. to date thunder’s time of 2: 00 4 / 5 has not been beaten. thunder rumble was the first new york bred to win the travers since 1867. he also won the montauk stakes, the gate dancer stakes, and the count fleet stakes. in 1994 thunder won the saratoga cup handicap with richie migliore aboard. in all, thunder rumble had 19 races with 8 firsts, 0 seconds, and 1 third. at stud he sired 10 small crops; his best foal was frisky thunder .\ninvite rumble to your event! birthday parties, business meetings, holiday deliveries, conventions, school assemblies, grand openings and company picnics! rumble does it all. for more information, call: 405. 208. 4800 .\nsaratoga springs, n. y. — thunder rumble, winner of the jim dandy stakes here three weeks ago, became the first new york - bred in 125 years to win the travers stakes on saturday at saratoga .\nthunder rumble, ridden by herb mccauley, beat devil his due and earned $ 600, 000 from a purse of $ 1 million. he paid $ 17. 20, $ 7. 80 and $ 5. 40 .\ngreenfield center > > after six years of happy retirement at old friends at cabin creek in greenfield center, thunder rumble, the 26 - year - old new york bred stallion and 1992 winner of the travers stakes died tuesday with farm owners joann and mark pepper, his loving family of caretakers, and volunteers by his side. his death due to complications from colic. thunder rumble was the alpha stallion at the farm and left an enduring impression on everyone he met. his illness and death was very sudden .\nat the 6th annual old friends at cabin creek birthday party held last saturday at the farm, thunder rumble greeted guests in all his beauty, glory and majesty showing everyone the striking horse who gave so much joy to those who visited him and cared for him .\nwhen a lightning bolt flashes through the sky we see it instantly. the following thunder, the sound of the lightning, takes a few seconds longer to reach us, as light reavels much faster than sound. thunder never just goes\nboom !\nand then stops, rather one hears a loud clap followed by several seconds of rumble. why does thunder rumble? lightning heats air to more than 20, 000°c, much hotter than the surface of the sun is. the sudden heating causes the air to expand as the flash passes trough the atmosphere and immediate cooling contracts the air again. quick expansion and contraction of air around lightning starts air molecules moving back and forth, creating sound waves. as this is happening extremely fast we will hear the' clap' of a thunder .\nthunder rumble (usa) b. h, 1989 { a1 } dp = 12 - 5 - 14 - 1 - 0 (32) di = 3. 00 cd = 0. 88 - 19 starts, 8 wins, 0 places, 1 shows career earnings: $ 1, 047, 552\n24 - 1 thunder rumble set a track record taking the jim dandy, but was nonetheless dismissed as the fifth choice in a contentious edition of the travers stakes. tom durkin' s enthusiastic call of his charge for home had stuck in the minds of those who watched the first new york - bred in over a century take saratoga' s signature event .\nin joining ruthless, who did it in 1867, as the only new york - bred to win the stake for 3 - year - olds, thunder rumble surged through the stretch and won by 4 1 / 2 lengths in 2: 00 4 / 5 for 1 1 / 4 miles, equaling the third - fastest time in the race' s history .\nsound of an approaching thunderstorm. lots of thunder rumbles and a few loud claps, with rain at the end. sound available from freesound, credit: duophonic urltoken ...\nnot only that, but thunder rumble helped to restore the fortunes of his 44 - year - old trainer, richie o' connell, who suffered severe injuries in a fall at home and spent months in treatment amid doubt about his horse' s future and his own. but today, reunited as a team, they stood in the winner' s circle and basked .\nin 2012, during the 20th anniversary year of his travers win, his beloved ursula widmer journeyed from switzerland to visit him. they had a wonderful reunion. the peppers and all the volunteers at old friends at cabin creek feel extremely honored to have cared for thunder rumble in his retirement years at the farm. the many visitors and fans who loved him made his last years very happy .\nthe winner ran the mile and one - eighth in 1: 48 2 / 5, paid $ 8. 50 on $ 2 to win as the third choice in tight betting and went home with $ 150, 000 for his owner, ursula widmer. o' connell, keeping the story line going, said he would run thunder rumble next in the whitney handicap in three weeks. challenge to holy bull\ntheir hero went right toward the front out of the gate today before a crowd of 30, 145, stalking the speedball itaka for three - quarters of a mile. then thunder rumble took the lead just before turning for home and held it while the closers fought for second place. at the finish, john peace' s west by west came shooting up from seventh place and cot campbell' s wallenda from eighth, and they hit the wire in a photo that showed west by west in front by a nose. pistols and roses ran fifth, colonial affair sixth and miner' s mark seventh .\noften the thunder gets softer, then louder, then softer, and so on. it makes sense that as one hear parts of the lightning that are farther away that the sound would get softer, just as other sounds are louder when they are near and softer when the source of the sound is farther away. this has to do with the shape of a lightning bolt. lightning bolts are not straight, rather they\nzig zag\nforth and back in different angles, towards and away from the observer point .\nfor hundreds of years the tale has been told around native american campfires. a great herd of american bison was lost in the arbuckle mountains during a ferocious storm - the kind only oklahoma can produce. hail fell and tornadoes spun all around the herd as they stampeded, trying to find their way down to the safety of the plains. one lone bison stayed behind as he helped each of his friends escape down a treacherous ravine... once all of his friends were safe he began his descent only to find his way blocked by fallen boulders. lost, he climbed to the tallest peak; left to face the storm alone and searching for a way down the mountain, he was struck by a bolt of lightning. the bolt did not destroy him, but, by the power of the god of thunder, changed him. suddenly, he walked on two legs like a man. he possessed amazing strength and agility - he could jump higher, run faster, think more clearly than any beast. but because he was no longer just a bison - and yet not a man - he was alone. with many sightings, the legend grew through the years, of a mighty bison, with remarkable powers, roaming the hills alone. not until a group of men who carried similar powers came to oklahoma city did he find somewhere he belonged. these men also possessed the power to jump higher, run faster, and perform acrobatic dunks more spectacular than anyone in the land. they too carried the roar of thunder every time they took to the court. so he joined their team. and the new legend of rumble was born .\nnow imagine a lightning bolt. they can be several miles long, no matter if it is a cloud to cloud or cloud to ground discharge. lets say the nearest part of the bolt is one mile away. sound travels about a mile in 5 seconds, thus you will hear the first part - the clap of the lightning - five seconds after the flash. if the farthest part of the bolt is three miles away, it will take 15 seconds to hear that part of the bolt. from second 5 to second 15 after the flash you will hear every different part (clap) in between, resulting in a rumbling sound. the end of the rumble is the farthest part of the bolt .\nlure & devil his due: gotham s. - aqueduct racetrack 04 / 04 / 1992\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnovember 4, 2018 12 noon - 4 pm breeders’ cup celebration at old friends old friends farm ...\nold friends 14th annual homecoming event kick up your heels at our annual fundraiser! ...\n1841 paynes depot rd. georgetown, ky 40324 phone: 502 - 863 - 1775 | contact us\ncopyright © 2018 nba media ventures, llc. all rights reserved. no portion of urltoken may be duplicated, redistributed or manipulated in any form. by accessing any information beyond this page, you agree to abide by the privacy policy / your california privacy rights and terms of use | accessibility and closed caption |\nurltoken is part of turner sports digital, part of the turner sports & entertainment digital network .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken no longer supports internet explorer 9 or earlier. please upgrade your browser .\nas a 3 - year - old colt, he became one of the stars of the 1992 season when he won the jim dandy and the travers stakes in three weeks' time. then he underwent ankle surgery and missed nearly two years of racing .\nhe surfaced in california last spring and ran four losing races. then, with his career dangling at the age of 5, he won an allowance race at belmont park last month .\nand today he completed his long trip back to stardom when he won the 77th saratoga cup by four lengths over west by west and wallenda .\nthe horse was 0 for 23 months ,\no' connell said .\ni thought all along i' d let the horse tell me what to do .\njimmy croll, who owns and trains holy bull, considered the punishing toll paid to travel the road to the triple crown and beyond, and said :\nit' s the same old story. the 3 - year - old route is a tough road. we started with 350, and now there' s just a few left .\nfrom the new york times. you may opt - out at any time .\nyou agree to receive occasional updates and special offers for the new york times' s products and services .\ntwo of the\nfew left\nare holy bull and tabasco cat. and although they still had two weeks to go, they were working relentlessly saturday toward their shootout in the $ 750, 000 travers stakes, the\nsummertime kentucky derby\nand the race that could make one of them the undisputed leader of the class .\ncroll will send holy bull back to the track sunday morning to work five - eighths of a mile, one week after the colt won the $ 500, 000 haskell invitational at monmouth park on the same day when tabasco cat was running second to unaccounted for in the jim dandy stakes at saratoga. both will face the same problem in the travers: the mile - and - a - quarter distance .\nin the derby three months ago, at the same distance on a muddy track, tabasco cat ran sixth and holy bull ran 12th. but tabasco cat came back to win both the preakness and belmont stakes while holy bull skipped both before winning the metropolitan mile and the dwyer .\ni have no qualms about the mile and a quarter ,\ncroll said from his home base at monmouth .\nbut traditionally the travers has been the death of favorites. i guess tabasco cat would have to be the horse to beat, but i wonder who else is coming. from the 350 nominated to the triple crown, only a few are left .\nlakeway arrives\nthe newest arrival in saratoga: the great 3 - year - old filly lakeway, star of the west coast, second by a nose to sardula in the kentucky oaks (a loss since avenged in a record - setting performance in the hollywood oaks). she crossed the country to run against fillies in the alabama stakes next saturday. but although she is large and powerful, she will not push her luck by challenging colts in the travers one week later .\nthe ultimate goal is the breeders' cup distaff at churchill downs in kentucky on nov. 6, the race that will probably anoint a filly champion. but lakeway will have the ultimate challenge that day: sky beauty, the 4 - year - old superstar, who swept new york' s triple tiara last year .\ngeorgia e. hofmann, who owns sky beauty, reported that this was the end of one career and the start of another: sky beauty will retire after this season and take up life as a broodmare. and allen jerkens, who trains sky beauty, said that she would not run again at saratoga but would be rested for the autumn races on the road to the breeders' cup. sprinters on menu\na $ 100, 000 sprint, the a phenomenon handicap, sunday has drawn a field of eight, led by cherokee run, the early favorite at 8 - 5, followed closely by boundary and boom towner. and remember dalhart? upset on the way to the 1993 kentucky derby, he has returned as a sprinter and, in his last race, won at six and a half furlongs at belmont park on july 2 .\nwe are continually improving the quality of our text archives. please send feedback, error reports, and suggestions to archive _ feedback @ nytimes. com .\naccessibility concerns? email us at accessibility @ urltoken. we would love to hear from you .\nwinx' s staying power as one of the world' s top rac ...\nelate is returning in the grade 2, $ 750, 000 delawa ...\ni don' t tell him he' s a new york - bred ,\nwinning trainer richie o' connell said .\ndevil his due, ridden by eddie maple, who was seeking a third travers victory, paid $ 6. 20 and $ 4. 80 in finishing 4 1 / 2 lengths in front of dance floor. ridden by chris antley, dance floor paid $ 6. 80. alydeed, the 8 - 5 favorite, finished eighth and southland - based bien bien stumbled leaving the gate and finished last .\nowner: braeburn farm / ursula widmer breeder: dr. konrad widmer state bred: ny winnings: 19 starts: 8 - 0 - 1, $ 1, 047, 552 at 3: won travers stakes (g1), jim dandy s. (g1), count fleet s. , montauk h. at 4: did not race due to injury. at 5: won saratoga cup h. (g3). first new york - bred to win the travers stakes. at stud: stallion park / ny 1995 - 98; albemarle farm / va 1999 - 2000; commonwealth equine / va 2001; stallion park / ny 2002 - 04; keane stud / ny 2005 - 06. pensioned in 2006. as of dec 2009, resides at old friends at cabin creek in new york. died jan 6, 2015 due to colic. urltoken (close )" ]

{ "text": [ "thunder rumble ( 1989 in new york – january 6 , 2015 ) was an american thoroughbred racehorse that the blood-horse called a \" sensation at saratoga \" race course for his performances there in 1992 .", "bred and raced by konrad widmer and his daughter ursula under their braeburn farm banner , thunder rumble was trained by richard o'connell .", "as a three-year-old in 1992 , thunder rumble missed the u.s. triple crown series due to a virus .", "however , the colt had an outstanding year .", "he won the count fleet stakes at aqueduct racetrack and at saratoga captured the montauk handicap , the grade ii jim dandy stakes and then became the first new york-bred horse in 125 years to win the grade i travers stakes .", "laid up for almost six months from an injury following a seventh-place finish in the 1992 breeders ' cup classic , thunder rumble ran without success in four races in california under trainer chris speckert .", "returned to new york and trainer richard o'connell , on july 20 , 1994 he won a seven-furlong allowance race by three and a half lengths , then won the august 6 saratoga cup by four lengths , beating the likes of belmont stakes winner colonial affair and pistols and roses .", "retired to stud duty for the 1995 season , thunder rumble sired a few good runners , including stakes winner , frisky thunder .", "pensioned at keane stud , in armenia , new york in 2006 , in 2009 he was sent to joann and mark pepper 's farm in greenfield center , new york , who operate old friends at cabin creek : the bobby frankel division .", "the thoroughbred retirement facility is a satellite operation of old friends equine in georgetown , kentucky .", "part of the new york stallion series , the thunder rumble stakes at aqueduct racetrack is named in his honor .", "on january 6 , 2015 , thunder rumble died of complications from colic , at old friends , saratoga .", "he was 26 . " ], "topic": [ 14, 22, 15, 14, 14, 14, 14, 7, 22, 4, 25, 14, 0 ] }

[ "thunder rumble (1989 in new york – january 6, 2015) was an american thoroughbred racehorse that the blood-horse called a \" sensation at saratoga \" race course for his performances there in 1992. bred and raced by konrad widmer and his daughter ursula under their braeburn farm banner, thunder rumble was trained by richard o'connell. as a three-year-old in 1992, thunder rumble missed the u.s. triple crown series due to a virus. however, the colt had an outstanding year. he won the count fleet stakes at aqueduct racetrack and at saratoga captured the montauk handicap, the grade ii jim dandy stakes and then became the first new york-bred horse in 125 years to win the grade i travers stakes. laid up for almost six months from an injury following a seventh-place finish in the 1992 breeders' cup classic, thunder rumble ran without success in four races in california under trainer chris speckert. returned to new york and trainer richard o'connell, on july 20, 1994 he won a seven-furlong allowance race by three and a half lengths, then won the august 6 saratoga cup by four lengths, beating the likes of belmont stakes winner colonial affair and pistols and roses. retired to stud duty for the 1995 season, thunder rumble sired a few good runners, including stakes winner, frisky thunder. pensioned at keane stud, in armenia, new york in 2006, in 2009 he was sent to joann and mark pepper's farm in greenfield center, new york, who operate old friends at cabin creek: the bobby frankel division. the thoroughbred retirement facility is a satellite operation of old friends equine in georgetown, kentucky. part of the new york stallion series, the thunder rumble stakes at aqueduct racetrack is named in his honor. on january 6, 2015, thunder rumble died of complications from colic, at old friends, saratoga. he was 26." ]

[ "this species is known to roost in caves with miniopterus manavi, miniopterus gleni (petersen et al. 2005) and miniopterus sororculus in madagascar (goodman et al. 2007). it has been trapped roosting in a cave within relatively intact humid forest (randrianandrianina et al. 2006). it is known to occur in a variety of vegetation types, including humid forest and spiny bush (goodman et al. 2008) .\nthis species is endemic to madagascar and has a sympatric distribution with miniopterus sororculus in the highlands of madagascar (goodman et al. 2007) and is widely, but patchily, distributed across the island (peterson et al. 1995; eger and mitchell 2003; goodman et al. 2008). records from the comoros islands are thought to be from bats collected in madagascar (goodman and maminirina 2007) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\njustification: this species is listed as least concern in view of its relatively wide range, ability to live in a wide variety of habitats from intact forests to heavily degraded areas, and because there is no evidence of a decline that would warrant listing in a higher category of threat .\nthe major threats to this species are not known. it could be susceptible to cave disturbance in some sites and it could perhaps be hunted in some areas .\nthis species is reported from a few protected areas, such as parc national de masoala and parc national de mantadia (russ and bennett 1999; randrianandrianina et al. 2006). some of these records may need to be reassessed in view of the ongoing taxonomy of this genus in madagascar (goodman and maminirina 2007) .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nthe convention on migratory species (unep / cms), also known as the bonn convention, aims to conserve terrestrial, aquatic and avian migratory species throughout their range .\nunep / cms secretariat in abu dhabi, united nations environment programme, c / o environment agency - abu dhabi p. o. box 45553 abu dhabi united arab emirates\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsimmons, nancy b. / wilson, don e. , and deeann m. reeder, eds .\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference, 3rd ed. , vols. 1 & 2\ncomments: formerly included in schreibersii, but see peterson et al. (1995 )\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service." ]

{ "text": [ "miniopterus majori ( major 's long-fingered bat ) is a species of vesper bat in the family vespertilionidae .", "it is found only in madagascar .", "it is similar to m. schreibersi of africa , differing by having a shorter forearm , slightly longer digits and a narrow box-shaped skull .", "the pelage is often a greyish brown colour , and the tragus is kidney-shaped and is a prominent feature .", "the species was named in honor of swiss zoologist c. i. forsyth major . " ], "topic": [ 25, 20, 10, 23, 25 ] }

[ "miniopterus majori (major's long-fingered bat) is a species of vesper bat in the family vespertilionidae. it is found only in madagascar. it is similar to m. schreibersi of africa, differing by having a shorter forearm, slightly longer digits and a narrow box-shaped skull. the pelage is often a greyish brown colour, and the tragus is kidney-shaped and is a prominent feature. the species was named in honor of swiss zoologist c. i. forsyth major." ]

[ "comments: subgenus acanthion. formerly included in brachyura by chasen (1940), but see van weers (1979 )\nwhat made you want to look up acanthion? please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible) .\ncollett, r. 1884 ,\nechidna acanthion, en sandsynligvis ubeskreven art myre - pindsvin fra nord - queensland\n, bulletin of the mauritius institute, vol. 1884, no. 13, pp. 1 - 12\nthe story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .\ntake this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn' t know had words .\n1987, d. m. wilmot & gail a. sharko, pediatric imaging for the technologist ‎ [ 1 ], page 114 :\nthomas, clayton l. , ed. taber' s cyclopedic medical dictionary. 5th. philadelphia: f. a. davis co. , 1993 .\nphilip babcock gove (editor), webster' s third international dictionary of the english language, unabridged (g. & c. merriam co. , 1976 [ 1909 ], →isbn )\nthis page was last edited on 25 june 2017, at 11: 12 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\na craniometric point at the center of the base of the anterior nasal spine .\nall content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. this information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional .\nwhether you' re a student, an educator, or a lifelong learner, urltoken can put you on the path to systematic vocabulary improvement .\ndon' t have an account yet? sign up. it' s free and takes five seconds .\n( medicine) a point lying near the base of the nose; specifically, the point at the base of the anterior nasal spine that lies on the mesial line; tip of the anterior nasal spine .\nfrom new latin, from ancient greek ἀκάνθιον (akanthion, “little spine”), from ἄκανθα (akantha, “thorn”) .\nplease set a username for yourself. people will see it as author name with your public flash cards .\nthe american heritage® stedman' s medical dictionary copyright © 2002, 2001, 1995 by houghton mifflin company. published by houghton mifflin company .\nfor full functionality, it is necessary to enable javascript. here are instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\n© 2004 - 2018 all rights reserved. mnt is the registered trade mark of healthline media .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 0fe75fcc - c2a9 - 4ac4 - b0ac - 72f2561ba934\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 4154040b - 1630 - 4fdb - aed2 - e53540d9dfb2\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 462608\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nlearn how to say words in english correctly with emma saying free pronunciation tutorials. over 140, 000 words were already uploaded... check them out! visit my homepage: urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference, 3rd ed. , vols. 1 & 2\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsubspecies tachyglossus aculeatus setosus (é. geoffroy saint - hilaire, 1803) - tasmanian echidna\niucn red list of threatened species 2013. 2 [ 41312 ] iucn red list of threatened species [ urltoken ] [ as tachyglossus aculeatus (shaw, 1792) ] data retrieved on: 27 january 2014\nwilson d. e. , reeder d. m. (editors) (2005): mammal species of the world (msw). a taxonomic and geographic reference (3rd ed) [ urltoken ] [ as tachyglossus aculeatus (shaw, 1792) ] data retrieved on: 5 december 2008\nanděra m. (1999): české názvy živočichů ii. savci (mammalia), národní muzeum, (zoologické odd .), praha, 147 pp. [ as tachyglossus aculeatus (shaw, 1792) ]\nhelp us to expand this encyclopedia! if you are logged in, you can add new subtaxa, vernacular and scientific names, texts, images or intertaxon relationships for this taxon .\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference, 2nd ed. , 3rd printing\nwoods, charles a. , and c. william kilpatrick / wilson, don e. , and deeann m. reeder, eds .\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference, 3rd ed. , vol. 2" ]

{ "text": [ "acanthion is a subgenus of old world porcupines in the genus hystrix .", "it contains two species , h. javanica and h. brachyura , the smaller species with comparatively smaller nasals .", "the extant species have only one black ring or coloured part on the quills . " ], "topic": [ 26, 26, 23 ] }

[ "acanthion is a subgenus of old world porcupines in the genus hystrix. it contains two species, h. javanica and h. brachyura, the smaller species with comparatively smaller nasals. the extant species have only one black ring or coloured part on the quills." ]

[ "monoplex comptus (a. adams, 1855) - overview - encyclopedia of life\nexplore what eol knows about monoplex comptus (a. adams, 1855) .\nworms - world register of marine species - monoplex comptus (a. adams, 1855 )\nno one has contributed data records for monoplex comptus (a. adams, 1855) yet. learn how to contribute .\nsubspecies cymatium comptum amphiatlanticum garcía - talavera & de vera, 2002 accepted as monoplex comptus (a. adams, 1855 )\n( of cymatium (monoplex) comptum amphiatlanticum garcia - talavera & de vera, 2003) beu, a. (2010). catalogue of tonnoidea. pers. comm. [ details ]\nto barcode of life (from synonym cymatium comptum (a. adams, 1855) ) to biodiversity heritage library (3 publications) (from synonym cymatium comptum (a. adams, 1855) ) to biological information system for marine life (bismal) (from synonym cymatium comptum (a. adams, 1855) ) to biological information system for marine life (bismal) (from synonym cymatium (monoplex) comptum (a. adams, 1855) ) to biological information system for marine life (bismal) to clemam (from synonym triton comptus a. adams, 1855) to clemam (from synonym cymatium comptum (a. adams, 1855) ) to clemam (from synonym cymatium comptum amphiatlanticum garcía - talavera & de vera, 2002) to encyclopedia of life to encyclopedia of life (from synonym cymatium comptum (a. adams, 1855) ) to pesi (from synonym cymatium comptum (a. adams, 1855) ) to pesi (from synonym triton comptus a. adams, 1855) to pesi to pesi (from synonym cymatium comptum amphiatlanticum garcía - talavera & de vera, 2002) to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection (from synonym cymatium (monoplex) comptum (a. adams, 1855) )\n( of triton comptus a. adams, 1855) adams a. (1855 [\n1854\n]). description of twenty - seven new species of shells from the collection of hugh cuming, esq. proceedings of the zoological society of london. 22: 311 - 317. , available online at urltoken page (s): 312 [ details ]\n( of cymatium (monoplex) comptum amphiatlanticum garcia - talavera & de vera, 2003) garcía talavera f. ; de vera, a. (2003). description of a new subspecies of cymatium (gastropoda, ranellidae) from the atlantic ocean. revista de la academia canaria de ciencias. 14 (33 - 4) [ 2002 ]: 201 - 212. [ details ]\n( of cymatium (monoplex) comptum (a. adams, 1855) ) beu a. g. (1998). résultats des campagnes musorstom: 19. indo - west pacific ranellidae, bursidae and personidae (mollusca: gastropoda), a monograph of the new caledonian fauna and revisions of related taxa. mémoires du muséum national d' histoire naturelle. 178: 1 - 255. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ndiscover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal. plos one promises fair, rigorous peer review, broad scope, and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time .\nthe replication of the island rule in a distant taxonomic group and a partially analogous ecological situation could help to uncover the causes of the patterns observed—which are currently much disputed. the gastropod pattern is evident at intermediate depths, and so cannot be attributed to the unique features of abyssal ecology .\ncitation: welch jj (2010) the “island rule” and deep - sea gastropods: re - examining the evidence. plos one 5 (1): e8776. urltoken\ncopyright: © 2010 john j. welch. this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding: some preliminary work undertaken when jw was funded by bbsrc grant do17750 awarded to andrew rambaut. the funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript .\nhere, i re - examine whether deep - sea gastropods manifest the island rule, making use of the improved statistical methods, and data collated from the recently updated malacolog database [ 24 ], which has been both expanded, and revised to reflect advances in gastropod systematics [ 25 ]. it is found that the central conclusion of mcclain et al. [ 12 ] is robust, and that gastropod colonists of the deep - sea benthos do indeed exhibit island - rule - like evolution .\npart a shows how different tests of the ‘island rule’ can give qualitatively different results. “deep - sea” species were defined as those with a depth range midpoint > 200m, and all other species defined as “shallow - water”. the ordinary - least - squares regression (dashed line) differs significantly from the 1∶1 line of the null (dotted line), but the standardized - major - axis regression (solid line) shows no significant departure. part b shows a less ambiguous case: “deep - sea” species are those never observed above 400m, and “shallow - water” species those never observed below 200m; body sizes are within - genus means, taking equal numbers of deep - and shallow - water species in each genus .\nthe body sizes of deep - sea gastropods are plotted against those of their shallow - water congeners. “shallow - water” species were never observed below 200m, and “deep - sea” species never observed above depths of a: 200m, b: 400m and c: 600m. separate standardized - major - axis regression lines are shown for the neogastropoda (black points) and all other groups (grey points). the dotted line is the 1∶1 expected under the null. genera with fewer than two deep and two shallow species were excluded .\nwe are therefore still far from understanding the causes of the patterns observed – and particularly the roles of inter - and intra - specific competition [ 3 ], [ 4 ], [ 11 ], [ 12 ]. a detailed clarification of where the pattern does and does not hold will be an important step toward achieving this goal [ 4 ], [ 12 ], [ 19 ], [ 20 ] .\nmany thanks are due to andrew rambaut for providing a script to mine the malacolog database. many thanks also to lucy weinert, nicolas bierne, gary rosenberg, shai meiri. simon joly and an anonymous reviewer, who all greatly improved the manuscript with their comments and advice .\nconceived and designed the experiments: jw. performed the experiments: jw. analyzed the data: jw. wrote the paper: jw .\nfoster jb (1964) evolution of mammals on islands. nature 202: 234–235 .\nvan valen l (1973) pattern and balance in nature. evolutionary theory 1: 31–49 .\nlomolino mv (1985) body size of mammals on islands: the island rule re - examined. am nat 125: 310–316 .\nlomolino mv (2005) body size evolution in insular vertebrates: generality of the island rule. j biogeog 32: 1683–1699 .\nmacarthur rh, wilson eo (1963) an equilibrium theory of insular zoogeography. evolution 17: 373–387. (doi :\nroth vl (1992) inferences from allometry and fossils: dwarfing of elephants on islands. oxford survey of evolutionary biology 8: 259–288 .\nsmith fa (1992) evolution of body size among woodrats from baja california, mexico. funct ecol 6: 265–273. (doi :\nmarquet pa, taper ml (1998) on size and area: patterns of mammalian body size extremes across landmasses. evol ecol 12: 127–139 .\nclegg sm, owens ipf (2002) the ‘island rule’ in birds: medium body size and its ecological explanation. proc r soc b 269: 1359–1365 .\npalkovacs ep (2003) explaining adaptive shifts in body size on islands: a life history approach. oikos 103: 37–44. (doi :\nmcclain cr, boyer ag, rosenberg g (2006) the island rule and the evolution of body size in the deep sea. j biogeog 33: 1578–1584 .\nrosenberg g (1993) a database approach to studies of molluscan taxonomy, biogeography and diversity, with examples from western atlantic marine gastropods. american malacological bulletin 10: 257–266 .\ndayton pk, hessler rr (1972) the role of biological disturbance in maintaining diversity in the deep sea. deep–sea research 19: 199–208 .\ngage jd, tyler pa (1991) deep–sea biology: a natural history of organisms at the deep–sea floor. cambridge, uk: cambridge university press. 524 p .\nrex ma, etter rj, morris js, crouse j, mcclain cr, et al. (2006) global bathymetric patterns of standing stock and body size in the deep–sea benthos. mar ecol prog ser 317: 1–8 .\nmeiri s (2007) size evolution in island lizards. global ecol biogeogr 16: 702–708 .\nmeiri s, dayan t, simberloff d (2005) area, isolation and body size evolution in insular carnivores. ecol lett 8: 1211–1217 .\nmeiri s, cooper n, purvis a (2008) the island rule: made to be broken? proc r soc b 275: 141–148. (doi :\nwelch jj (2009) testing the island rule: primates as a case study. proc r soc b 276: 675–682 .\nprice td, phillimore ab (2007) reduced major axis regression and the island rule. j biogeog 34: 1998–1999 .\nmartin rd, barbour ad (1989) aspects of line–fitting in bivariate allometric analyses. folia primatologica 53: 65–81 .\nwarton di, wright ij, falster ds, westoby m (2006) bivariate line–fitting methods for allometry. biological reviews 81: 259–291 .\nrosenberg g (2009) malacolog 4. 1. 1: a database of western atlantic marine mollusca. available :\nbouchet p, rocroi j–p (2005) classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. malacologia 47: 1–397 .\nsmith cr, de leo fc, bernardino af, sweetman ak, martinez arbizu p (2008) abyssal food limitation, ecosystem structure and climate change. trends ecol evol 23: 518–528 .\nsokal rr, rohlf fj (1995) biometry: the principles and practice of statistics in biological research. 3rd edition. new york: w. h. freeman and co .\nr development core team (2006) r: a language and environment for statistical computing. vienna: r foundation for statistical computing. available :\nguo h, weiss re, gu x, suchard ma (2007) time squared: repeated measures on phylogenies. mol biol evol 24: 353–362 .\ngage jd, bett bj (2005) deep–sea benthic sampling. in: eleftheriou a, mcintyre a, editors. methods for the study of marine benthos: third edition. oxford: blackwell science ltd. pp. 273–325 .\n( mollusca: caenogastropoda) from the southwestern caribbean. zootaxa 49: 1–7 .\nmcclain cr, rex ma, jabbour r (2005) deconstructing bathymetric body size patterns in deep–sea gastropods. mar ecol prog ser 297: 181–187 .\nschmidt nm, jensen pm (2003) changes in mammalian body length over 175 years - adaptations to a fragmented landscape? conservation ecology 7: 6 .\nreyment ra (1983) palaeontological aspects of island biogeography: colonization and evolution of mammals on mediterranean islands. oikos 41: 299–306 .\nlomolino mv (1984) immigrant selection, predatory exclusion and the distributions of microtus pennsylvanicus and blarina brevicadua on islands. am nat 123: 468–483 .\nmcnab bk (2002) minimizing energy expenditure facilitates vertebrate persistence on oceanic islands. ecol lett 5: 693–704 .\nduncan rp, blackburn tm (2004) extinction and endemism in the new zealand avifauna. global ecol biogeogr 13: 509–517 .\nvale fk, rex ma (1988) repaired shell damage in deep - sea prosobranch gastropods from the western north atlantic. malacologia 28: 65–79 .\nvale fk, rex ma (1989) repaired shell damage in a complex of rissoid gastropods from the upper continental slope south of new england. nautilus 103: 105–108 .\nwalker se, voight jr (1994) palecological and taphonomic potential of deep - sea gastropods. palaios 9: 48–59 .\nmccollom tm (1999) geochemical constraints on primary productivity in submarine hydrothermal vent plumes. deep sea research i: oceanographic research papers 47: 85–101 .\nwassersug rj, yang h, sepkoski jj jr, raup dm (1979) the evolution of body size on islands: a computer simulation. am nat 114: 287–295 .\nwilliams gc. natural selection: domains, levels and challenges. oxford: oxford university press. .\nraia p, meiri s (2006) the island rule in large mammals: paleontology meets ecology. evolution 60: 1731–1742. (doi :\ndo these subject areas make sense for this article? click the target next to the incorrect subject area and let us know. thanks for your help !\n( of cymatium comptum amphiatlanticum garcía - talavera & de vera, 2002) garcía talavera f. ; de vera, a. (2003). description of a new subspecies of cymatium (gastropoda, ranellidae) from the atlantic ocean. revista de la academia canaria de ciencias. 14 (33 - 4) [ 2002 ]: 201 - 212. page (s): 201 - 212 [ details ]\nbeu a. g. 2010 [ august ]. neogene tonnoidean gastropods of tropical and south america: contributions to the dominican republic and panama paleontology projects and uplift of the central american isthmus. bulletins of american paleontology 377 - 378: 550 pp, 79 pls. [ details ]\n( of cymatium comptum amphiatlanticum garcía - talavera & de vera, 2002) beu a. g. 2010 [ august ]. neogene tonnoidean gastropods of tropical and south america: contributions to the dominican republic and panama paleontology projects and uplift of the central american isthmus. bulletins of american paleontology 377 - 378: 550 pp, 79 pls. [ details ]\n( of triton ridleyi e. a. smith, 1890) beu a. g. 2010 [ august ]. neogene tonnoidean gastropods of tropical and south america: contributions to the dominican republic and panama paleontology projects and uplift of the central american isthmus. bulletins of american paleontology 377 - 378: 550 pp, 79 pls. [ details ]\n( of cymatium comptum (a. adams, 1855) ) drivas, j. ; jay, m. (1987). coquillages de la réunion et de l' île maurice. collection les beautés de la nature. delachaux et niestlé: neuchâtel. isbn 2 - 603 - 00654 - 1. 159 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of cymatium comptum (a. adams, 1855) ) garcía talavera f. ; de vera, a. (2003). description of a new subspecies of cymatium (gastropoda, ranellidae) from the atlantic ocean. revista de la academia canaria de ciencias. 14 (33 - 4) [ 2002 ]: 201 - 212. [ details ]\n( of cymatium comptum (a. adams, 1855) ) rosenberg, g. ; moretzsohn, f. ; garcía, e. f. (2009). gastropoda (mollusca) of the gulf of mexico, pp. 579–699 in: felder, d. l. and d. k. camp (eds .), gulf of mexico–origins, waters, and biota. texas a & m; press, college station, texas. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cymatium comptum (a. adams, 1855) ) liu j. y. [ ruiyu ] (ed .). (2008). checklist of marine biota of china seas. china science press. 1267 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nrare in the marshalls. most of the few specimens have been seen in lagoon halimeda patches, although a few have been seen under rocks on lagoon pinnacles or in ledges on the seaward reef at night. living specimens have been seen at depths of 5 to 20m, but empty shells have been brought up in sediment and rubble samples from 60m or more. shells vary in color from gray to beige to orange and even to black .\nin continuing your browsing of this site, you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics. learn more about cookies .\nnational inventory of natural heritage, website: https: / / inpn. mnhn. fr .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nrare in sand or rubble deeper than 150 feet. shell lightweight, siphonal canal elongate, recurved, aperture white. attains 1. 5 inch. hawaii, indo - west pacific, tropical western atlantic. erroneously reported from hawaii as cymatium vespaceum .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nshells for sale, shells online « shells for sale, conchology, inc .\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology, inc. in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only, as we handle very few foreign shells in general. as time goes, the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nclick on an image to view all the information: family, species, author, date, and full locality .\n© 1996 - 2018 guido t. poppe & philippe poppe - conchology, inc. (0. 632 seconds. )\n© 1996 - 2018 guido t. poppe & philippe poppe - conchology, inc. (0. 587 seconds. )\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site. we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nbeu a. g. 2010 [ august ]. neogene tonnoidean gastropods of tropical and south america: contributions to the dominican republic and panama paleontology projects and uplift of the central american isthmus. < i > bulletins of american paleontology < / i > 377 - 378: 550 pp, 79 pls .\ndo not be surprised to find cod or mackerel in paris in the late middle ages (14th - 15th c .)... the sea did not come that far, but trade did .\nin compliance with laws and intellectual property practices in the scientific world, unpublished data under five years (from excavation reports, analyses, but also academia) is never communicated .\nthe dots represent the sites for which a study (or a simple recording) of fauna and / or flora was performed; these sites were recorded in the database zooarchaeological and archaeobotanical inventories of france (i2af). the lack of dots can mean both a lack of data and / or lack of recording .\nthe dots remain gray when the selected species is absent from the site. symbols of different colour mark the presence of the species in different periods .\nto select / deselect one or more periods or to remove the dots corresponding to the listed sites, check / uncheck in the right side .\nhovering a dot reveals in the left corner at the bottom of the map, the name of the department or municipality. one click enables the list of sites present on the municipality .\nthe selection of a site opens a new page that displays general information relating thereto (other name (s) known, location ...), the bibliographical reference (s) connected to the species, and a summary of plant and animal species identified per large time period .\na timeline summarizes all known information on the species. the relevant periods or sub - periods when the detail is known, are highlighted in red. tool tip: passing over a period (palaeolithic for example) displays the date range of the period .\naccess to more detailed information is accessible only by convention, after login, for scientists affiliated to groups or institutional programs (national center of scientific research, national institute of preventive archaeological research, for example) or associations (international council for archaeozoology, for example) .\nwarning: the data available reflects the progression status of knowledge or the availability of the inventories. it should never be considered as comprehensive .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhans - martin braun added the english common name\nrunzeliges tritonshorn\nto\ncymatium corrugatum (lamarck, 1816 )\n.\nworms - world register of marine species - cymatium comptum (a. adams, 1855 )\ndrivas, j. ; jay, m. (1987). coquillages de la réunion et de l' île maurice. collection les beautés de la nature. delachaux et niestlé: neuchâtel. isbn 2 - 603 - 00654 - 1. 159 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ]\ngarcía talavera f. ; de vera, a. (2003). description of a new subspecies of cymatium (gastropoda, ranellidae) from the atlantic ocean. revista de la academia canaria de ciencias. 14 (33 - 4) [ 2002 ]: 201 - 212. [ details ]\nrosenberg, g. ; moretzsohn, f. ; garcía, e. f. (2009). gastropoda (mollusca) of the gulf of mexico, pp. 579–699 in: felder, d. l. and d. k. camp (eds .), gulf of mexico–origins, waters, and biota. texas a & m; press, college station, texas. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nliu j. y. [ ruiyu ] (ed .). (2008). checklist of marine biota of china seas. china science press. 1267 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]" ]

{ "text": [ "monoplex comptus is a species of predatory sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family ranellidae , the triton snails , triton shells or tritons . " ], "topic": [ 2 ] }

[ "monoplex comptus is a species of predatory sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family ranellidae, the triton snails, triton shells or tritons." ]

[ "radula of bostrycapulus aculeatus collected from mote, florida. scale bar = 100 µm .\nbostrycapulus aculeatus – olsson & harbison, 1953: 280. simone, 2002 [ in part ]: 18 .\nbostrycapulus aculeatus − olsson & harbison, 1953 [ in part ]: 280. simone, 2002 [ in part ]: 18 .\nbostrycapulus aculeatus – olsson & harbison, 1953 [ in part ]: 280. simone, 2002 [ in part ]: 18 .\nbelongs to bostrycapulus according to a. j. w. hendy et al. 2008\nthere are currently eight recognized species in bostrycapulus (see table 4 for summary) .\ngmelin states the habitat of b. aculeatus to be ‘islands of the americas’. this is most likely following ‘westindischen’ from chemnitz .\nsummary of bostrycapulus species. diagnostic features are highlighted in bold text. abbreviations: ss, spiral sculpture\na, 2 - week - old larva of bostrycapulus calyptraeformis showing the velar pigment, shell sculpture (on the top of the shell) and large foot. scale bar = 300 µm. b, intracapsular larva of b. aculeatus showing the well - developed velum with pigment spots and body pigmentation. scale bar = 200 µm .\nthe type locality, ‘islands of the americas’ is somewhat vague but most likely refers to a locality in the northern caribbean. it is possible that bostrycapulus from the southern caribbean is a distinct species from the species described here as b. aculeatus (gmelin, 1791). i have been unable to find bostrycapulus in the caribbean surrounding panama, cayman islands, or trinidad, despite finding ostensibly appropriate habitat. if an additional caribbean species is discovered, nomenclatural stability would benefit from the description of the southern species as new .\nthe following eight species are recognized here as members of bostrycapulus: b. aculeatus (gmelin, 1791), b. gravispinosus (kuroda & habe, 1950), b. calyptraeformis (deshayes, 1830), b. cf. tegulicius, b. pritzkeri sp. nov. , b. odites sp. nov. , b. latebrus sp. nov. and b. urraca sp. nov .\nthis species can be distinguished from other bostrycapulus species by features of development and mitochondrial dna sequences. development is direct from large, 380 mm eggs. embryos develop characteristic larval features but reabsorb them prior to hatching. the globose protoconch is 900 μmm in diameter and has less than a single whorl. diagnostic dna sequence differences, distinguishing b. aculeatus from all other bostrycapulus species are in the following positions in the coi sequences submitted to genbank (position 1 = position 1537 of the drosophila yakuba mitochondrial genome, genbank # x03240): 28 (c), 33 (g), 186 (g), 282 (t), 468 (g), 511 (c) .\nb. odites differs from the other species in the b. aculeatus species complex in exhibiting direct development from small eggs which consume nurse eggs. the protoconch is unsculptured and retains irregular growth lines (figs 5f, 4i). adult morphological characters are as described above for b. aculeatus. diagnostic dna sequence differences distinguishing b. odites from all other bostrycapulus species are in the following positions in the coi sequences submitted to genbank (position 1 = position 1537 of the d. yakuba mitochondrial genome, genbank # x03240): 24 (c), 36 (g), 141 (c), 220 (t), 234 (c), 279 (g), 354 (t), 438 (c), 486 (a), 552 (t) .\nshell morphology and anatomy are the same as b. aculeatus, with the exception of the protoconch. the 1 mm diameter protoconch is smooth with irregular growth lines towards the aperture (figs 5f, 4i). the indistinct protoconch–teleoconch boundary occurs after slightly more than a single whorl is completed .\nunrooted haplotype network of coi sequences from bostrycapulus calyptraeformis. slashes on branches show the number of differences between the haplotypes. branches without slashes have a length of one. size of the circles represent the number of individuals with that haplotype .\nb. latebrus can be distinguished from other species of bostrycapulus by dna sequence data and by its direct development from large eggs with embryos that retain larval features (unlike b. pritzkeri). the shell morphology and anatomy of b. latebrus do not differ from that described above for b. aculeatus. diagnostic dna sequence differences distinguishing b. latebrus from all other bostrycapulus species are in the following positions in the coi sequences submitted to genbank (position 1 = position 1537 of the d. yakuba mitochondrial genome, genbank # x03240): 3 (g), 108 (c), 144 (g), 192 (g), 243 (a), 270 (c), 306 (g), 327 (g), 423 (c), 522 (t) .\nthe bayesian best estimate topology of the phylogeny of bostrycapulus based on 16s. numbers above the branches represent bootstrap percentages and those below the branches are bayesian support. branches are labelled with the collecting locality and the individual code. * = type individual .\nthe bayesian best estimate topology of the phylogeny of bostrycapulus based on coi. numbers above the branches represent bootstrap percentages and those below the branches are bayesian support. branches are labelled with the collecting locality and the individual code. * = type individual .\nthe species name latebrus is latin, meaning ‘hidden’ or ‘obscure’, referring to both the difficulty of distinguishing this from the other species of bostrycapulus and also to the fact that shells are often so encrusted with epibionts that they are effectively hidden in the field .\nthe shell morphology and anatomy of b. calyptraeformis do not differ from those of b. aculeatus as described above. b. calytraeformis can be distinguished from the other species of bostrycapulus by the presence of planktotrophic development and a smooth protoconch with. 5 whorls (fig. 5). diagnostic dna sequence differences distinguishing b. calyptraeformis from all other bostrycapulus species are in the following positions in the coi sequences submitted to genbank (position 1 = position 1537 of the d. yakuba mitochondrial genome, genbank # x03240): 39 (g), 42 (c), 57 (g), 69 (a), 75 (c), 171 (c), 259 (t), 282 (g), 321 (a), 354 (g), 387 (c), 402 (c), 441 (c), 462 (g), 486 (c), 582 (c) .\nb. cf. tegulicius can be distinguished from other species in the b. aculeatus species complex by the large globose protoconch and distinct coi sequence. material with other potentially diagnostic features is not currently available. diagnostic dna sequence differences are difficult to determine, but the single available sequence distinguishing b. cf. tegulicius from all other bostrycapulus species is in the following positions in the coi sequences submitted to genbank (position 1 = position 1537 of the d. yakuba mito hondrial genome, genbank # x03240): 178 (a), 268 (t), 282 (c), 339 (g), 492 (a), 583 (a) .\nprotoconchs. a, bostrycapulus pritzkeri sp. nov. from sydney. b, b. calyptraeformis from the perlas islands, panama. c, b. cf. tegulicia from cape verde. d, b. gravispinosus from minabe, wakayama prefecture, japan. e, b. calyptraeformis from paita, peru. f, b. odities sp. nov. from playa orengo, argentina. g, b. urraca sp. nov. from isla parida, panama. h, b. aculeatus from lido key, florida. i, b. odites sp. nov. from são paulo, brazil. all are to the same scale. scale bar = 500 µm .\nthe transparent, thin - walled egg capsules of bostrycapulus species are typical of all calyptraeids. the stalks are wide, flattened ribbons and not thread - like as in some species. the female broods the capsules between the neck and substrate and propodium until hatching. differences in development are diagnostic among species .\nb. urraca can be distinguished from other species of bostrycapulus by a combination of the following. it has a large globose protoconch and direct development that retains most of the larval features. diagnostic dna sequence differences distinguishing b. urraca from all other bostrycapulus species are in the following positions in the coi sequences submitted to genbank (position 1 = position 1537 of the d. yakuba mitochondrial genome, genbank # x03240): 261 (t), 285 (g), 309 (g), 375 (t), 474 (c), 495 (a), 588 (t) .\nthe shells of the holotypes of the four new species. a, bostrycapulus latebrus (fmnh 282358). b, b. odites (natal museum v9447 / t1783). c, b. pritzkeri (australian museum ♯c400000). d, b. urraca (ansp 412178). scale bar = 10 mm .\nb. pritzkeri can be distinguished from the other species in bostrycapulus by its large, globose protoconch, and direct development from large eggs that produce embryos lacking the larval features present in other direct developing species of bostry - capulus. diagnostic dna sequence differences distinguishing b. pritzkeri from all other bostrycapulus species are in the following positions in the coi sequences submitted to genbank (position 1 = position 1537 of the d. yakuba mitochondrial geneome, genbank # x03240): 183 (c), 256 (c), 315 (c), 360 (c), 395 (c), 417 (g), 444 (g), 471 (g), 477 (c) .\nembryos of bostrycapulus urraca sp. nov. a, early postgastrula stage where the embryo is covered with a thin ciliated epithelium. b, mid - veliger stage, showing the granulated shell sculpture, the operculum behind the well - developed foot, the single embryonic kidneys and the reduced velum. c, hatching stage, showing the well - developed shell sculpture. scale bar = 150 µm .\nthree different modes of development are observed in the bostrycapulus species examined here: (1) planktotrophic larvae; (2) direct development with large eggs, and (3) direct development from small eggs with nurse eggs (table 4). these differences in modes of development and smaller differences in the details of development correspond to the same eight clades identified by the dna sequence analysis and protoconch morphology .\nembryos of bostrycapulus pritzkeri sp. nov. note the distinctive granular shell sculpture and the absence of a distinct velum at all stages. a, excapsulated early stage embryos at the beginning of shell formation. scale bar = 150 µm. b, excapsulated embryos with well - developed shells showing granular shell sculpture and the small ridge of the velum at the base of the tentacle. scale bar = 250 µm. c, encapsulated embryos near hatching with fully developed shell and body pigmentation. scale bar = 250 µm .\nphotographs of (a) bostrycapulus calyptraeformis from venado beach in panama and (b) b. odites sp. nov. from the subtidal of playa orengo (the three shells on the right) and the intertidal zone of nearby san antonio oeste (the shell on the left), argentina. both plates show the variation in shell colour and spine development found in samples collected from the same site. samples from within a site do not differ in more than three or four base pairs in coi sequences. scale bars = 10 mm .\nphylogenetic analyses were conducted using paup * v. 4b02 (swofford, 1998). an equal - weighted, unrooted, parsimony analysis was performed with gaps coded as a fifth character, using a heuristic search with tbr branch swapping and 1000 random additions. bootstrap support for each clade was assessed based on 1000 bootstrap replicates with tbr branch swapping and ten random additions. i included crepipatella lingulata, c. capensis, and crucibulum auriculum, three close outgroups of bostrycapulus (see collin, 2003b), and used them to root the analysis. genetic distances were calculated using kimura 2 - parameter distances .\ncrepidula holiotoidea fischer von waldheim, 1807 (non crepidula ha liotoidea marwick, 1926) is also clearly a bostrycapulus species (not a synonym of c. dilatata (ivanov et al. , 1993) ) but i consider it a nomen dubium because the type locality is unknown (ivanov et al. , 1993) and the lack of diagnostic shell characters in any of the species in this complex make it impossible to assign material other than the lectotype to c. holiotoidea with any confidence. the name c. californica tryon, 1886 also refers to an animal in this group, but it is a nomen nudum. neither of these names will be considered further .\nillustrations of anatomy of bostrycapulus, drawn from observations of several animals of b. odites sp. nov. from argentina. there are no differences among species in the characters depicted here. a, dorsal view of the animal subsequent to removal from the shell. b, dorsal view of the animal with the mantle reflected. c, osphradium. d, penis. abbreviations: cg, capsule gland; ct, ctenidia; dg, digestive gland; e, oesophagus; f, foot; fp, food pouch; g, seminal groove; gd, gonad; hg, hypobranchial gland; i, intestine; k, kidney; nr, nerve ring; os, osphradium; sg, salivary gland; sm, shell muscle; ss, style sac; st, stomach; v, ventricle .\ndiscover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal. plos one promises fair, rigorous peer review, broad scope, and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time .\nthe evolution of gastropod body size in the deep sea is reexamined. using an extended and updated data set, and improved statistical methods, it is shown that some results of the previous study may have been artifactual, but that its central conclusion is robust. it is further shown that the effect is not restricted to a single gastropod clade, that its strength increases markedly with depth, but that it applies even in the mesopelagic zone .\nthe replication of the island rule in a distant taxonomic group and a partially analogous ecological situation could help to uncover the causes of the patterns observed—which are currently much disputed. the gastropod pattern is evident at intermediate depths, and so cannot be attributed to the unique features of abyssal ecology .\ncitation: welch jj (2010) the “island rule” and deep - sea gastropods: re - examining the evidence. plos one 5 (1): e8776. urltoken\ncopyright: © 2010 john j. welch. this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding: some preliminary work undertaken when jw was funded by bbsrc grant do17750 awarded to andrew rambaut. the funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript .\nhere, i re - examine whether deep - sea gastropods manifest the island rule, making use of the improved statistical methods, and data collated from the recently updated malacolog database [ 24 ], which has been both expanded, and revised to reflect advances in gastropod systematics [ 25 ]. it is found that the central conclusion of mcclain et al. [ 12 ] is robust, and that gastropod colonists of the deep - sea benthos do indeed exhibit island - rule - like evolution .\npart a shows how different tests of the ‘island rule’ can give qualitatively different results. “deep - sea” species were defined as those with a depth range midpoint > 200m, and all other species defined as “shallow - water”. the ordinary - least - squares regression (dashed line) differs significantly from the 1∶1 line of the null (dotted line), but the standardized - major - axis regression (solid line) shows no significant departure. part b shows a less ambiguous case: “deep - sea” species are those never observed above 400m, and “shallow - water” species those never observed below 200m; body sizes are within - genus means, taking equal numbers of deep - and shallow - water species in each genus .\nthe body sizes of deep - sea gastropods are plotted against those of their shallow - water congeners. “shallow - water” species were never observed below 200m, and “deep - sea” species never observed above depths of a: 200m, b: 400m and c: 600m. separate standardized - major - axis regression lines are shown for the neogastropoda (black points) and all other groups (grey points). the dotted line is the 1∶1 expected under the null. genera with fewer than two deep and two shallow species were excluded .\nsince the pattern was first identified [ 1 ] – [ 3 ] the island rule has been explained in a large number of ways [ 1 ] – [ 11 ]. a powerful method of distinguishing between the competing explanations is to test for the presence of analogous patterns in systems that share some, but not all of the ecological characteristics of island habitats [ 4 ], [ 12 ], [ 34 ]. for example, one putative contributor to the vertebrate pattern is “immigrant selection”, that is, between - lineage differences in the probability of reaching isolated islands, as opposed to differences in survival after colonisation [ 4 ], [ 35 ], [ 36 ]. the colonization of the deep - sea benthos differs clearly and qualitatively from the colonization of islands, and so if it is assumed that the similar patterns of body size evolution reflect a similarity of underlying cause [ 12 ], this argues against immigrant selection as a key determinant of the graded trend that is observed in both cases .\nsimilarly, predator release is a particularly plausible explanation of the vertebrate island rule [ 1 ], [ 4 ], [ 6 ], [ 11 ]; this is partly because it can naturally account for both dwarfism and gigantism (by assuming that large and small body sizes evolve as alternative strategies for predator avoidance), and partly because predator release is so clearly implicated in other unusual characteristics of island endemics (such as tameness) [ 37 ], [ 38 ]. but there is little evidence that reduced predation characterises the deep - sea [ 12 ], [ 14 ], and indeed there is direct evidence of substantial predation acting on deep - sea gastropods [ 12 ], [ 39 ] – [ 41 ]. the gastropod results therefore argue against the predator release hypothesis as a general explanation of the island rule [ 12 ] .\nwe are therefore still far from understanding the causes of the patterns observed – and particularly the roles of inter - and intra - specific competition [ 3 ], [ 4 ], [ 11 ], [ 12 ]. a detailed clarification of where the pattern does and does not hold will be an important step toward achieving this goal [ 4 ], [ 12 ], [ 19 ], [ 20 ] .\nmany thanks are due to andrew rambaut for providing a script to mine the malacolog database. many thanks also to lucy weinert, nicolas bierne, gary rosenberg, shai meiri. simon joly and an anonymous reviewer, who all greatly improved the manuscript with their comments and advice .\nconceived and designed the experiments: jw. performed the experiments: jw. analyzed the data: jw. wrote the paper: jw .\nfoster jb (1964) evolution of mammals on islands. nature 202: 234–235 .\nvan valen l (1973) pattern and balance in nature. evolutionary theory 1: 31–49 .\nlomolino mv (1985) body size of mammals on islands: the island rule re - examined. am nat 125: 310–316 .\nlomolino mv (2005) body size evolution in insular vertebrates: generality of the island rule. j biogeog 32: 1683–1699 .\nmacarthur rh, wilson eo (1963) an equilibrium theory of insular zoogeography. evolution 17: 373–387. (doi :\nroth vl (1992) inferences from allometry and fossils: dwarfing of elephants on islands. oxford survey of evolutionary biology 8: 259–288 .\nsmith fa (1992) evolution of body size among woodrats from baja california, mexico. funct ecol 6: 265–273. (doi :\nmarquet pa, taper ml (1998) on size and area: patterns of mammalian body size extremes across landmasses. evol ecol 12: 127–139 .\nclegg sm, owens ipf (2002) the ‘island rule’ in birds: medium body size and its ecological explanation. proc r soc b 269: 1359–1365 .\npalkovacs ep (2003) explaining adaptive shifts in body size on islands: a life history approach. oikos 103: 37–44. (doi :\nmcclain cr, boyer ag, rosenberg g (2006) the island rule and the evolution of body size in the deep sea. j biogeog 33: 1578–1584 .\nrosenberg g (1993) a database approach to studies of molluscan taxonomy, biogeography and diversity, with examples from western atlantic marine gastropods. american malacological bulletin 10: 257–266 .\ndayton pk, hessler rr (1972) the role of biological disturbance in maintaining diversity in the deep sea. deep–sea research 19: 199–208 .\ngage jd, tyler pa (1991) deep–sea biology: a natural history of organisms at the deep–sea floor. cambridge, uk: cambridge university press. 524 p .\nrex ma, etter rj, morris js, crouse j, mcclain cr, et al. (2006) global bathymetric patterns of standing stock and body size in the deep–sea benthos. mar ecol prog ser 317: 1–8 .\nmeiri s (2007) size evolution in island lizards. global ecol biogeogr 16: 702–708 .\nmeiri s, dayan t, simberloff d (2005) area, isolation and body size evolution in insular carnivores. ecol lett 8: 1211–1217 .\nmeiri s, cooper n, purvis a (2008) the island rule: made to be broken? proc r soc b 275: 141–148. (doi :\nwelch jj (2009) testing the island rule: primates as a case study. proc r soc b 276: 675–682 .\nprice td, phillimore ab (2007) reduced major axis regression and the island rule. j biogeog 34: 1998–1999 .\nmartin rd, barbour ad (1989) aspects of line–fitting in bivariate allometric analyses. folia primatologica 53: 65–81 .\nwarton di, wright ij, falster ds, westoby m (2006) bivariate line–fitting methods for allometry. biological reviews 81: 259–291 .\nrosenberg g (2009) malacolog 4. 1. 1: a database of western atlantic marine mollusca. available :\nbouchet p, rocroi j–p (2005) classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. malacologia 47: 1–397 .\nsmith cr, de leo fc, bernardino af, sweetman ak, martinez arbizu p (2008) abyssal food limitation, ecosystem structure and climate change. trends ecol evol 23: 518–528 .\nsokal rr, rohlf fj (1995) biometry: the principles and practice of statistics in biological research. 3rd edition. new york: w. h. freeman and co .\nr development core team (2006) r: a language and environment for statistical computing. vienna: r foundation for statistical computing. available :\nguo h, weiss re, gu x, suchard ma (2007) time squared: repeated measures on phylogenies. mol biol evol 24: 353–362 .\ngage jd, bett bj (2005) deep–sea benthic sampling. in: eleftheriou a, mcintyre a, editors. methods for the study of marine benthos: third edition. oxford: blackwell science ltd. pp. 273–325 .\n( mollusca: caenogastropoda) from the southwestern caribbean. zootaxa 49: 1–7 .\nmcclain cr, rex ma, jabbour r (2005) deconstructing bathymetric body size patterns in deep–sea gastropods. mar ecol prog ser 297: 181–187 .\nschmidt nm, jensen pm (2003) changes in mammalian body length over 175 years - adaptations to a fragmented landscape? conservation ecology 7: 6 .\nreyment ra (1983) palaeontological aspects of island biogeography: colonization and evolution of mammals on mediterranean islands. oikos 41: 299–306 .\nlomolino mv (1984) immigrant selection, predatory exclusion and the distributions of microtus pennsylvanicus and blarina brevicadua on islands. am nat 123: 468–483 .\nmcnab bk (2002) minimizing energy expenditure facilitates vertebrate persistence on oceanic islands. ecol lett 5: 693–704 .\nduncan rp, blackburn tm (2004) extinction and endemism in the new zealand avifauna. global ecol biogeogr 13: 509–517 .\nvale fk, rex ma (1988) repaired shell damage in deep - sea prosobranch gastropods from the western north atlantic. malacologia 28: 65–79 .\nvale fk, rex ma (1989) repaired shell damage in a complex of rissoid gastropods from the upper continental slope south of new england. nautilus 103: 105–108 .\nwalker se, voight jr (1994) palecological and taphonomic potential of deep - sea gastropods. palaios 9: 48–59 .\nmccollom tm (1999) geochemical constraints on primary productivity in submarine hydrothermal vent plumes. deep sea research i: oceanographic research papers 47: 85–101 .\nwassersug rj, yang h, sepkoski jj jr, raup dm (1979) the evolution of body size on islands: a computer simulation. am nat 114: 287–295 .\nwilliams gc. natural selection: domains, levels and challenges. oxford: oxford university press. .\nraia p, meiri s (2006) the island rule in large mammals: paleontology meets ecology. evolution 60: 1731–1742. (doi :\ndo these subject areas make sense for this article? click the target next to the incorrect subject area and let us know. thanks for your help !\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site. please turn it on before proceeding .\ngmelin, j. f. [ 1791 ]. caroli a linné, systema naturae. tom. i. pars vi. - pp. 3021 - 3910. lipsiae. (beer) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nan educational resource dedicated mainly to the photography and diversity of marine life that can be found in coastal waters and intertidal areas of great britain and ireland .\nscroll down and rollover titles to change screen image or click on title to view image .\nthe specimen above was collected on a beach at marco island, florida, usa. march 2016. photographed in authors collection. 14. 04. 16 .\naphotomarine supports open source data recording and sharing for the benefit of wildlife, recorders, research, science and education. the project recommends the following websites and works with the following bodies and organisations .\nthe conchological society of great britain and ireland helping to understand, identify, record, and conserve molluscs .\nthe marine biological association or mba, based in plymouth, is one of the world’s longest - running societies dedicated to promoting research into our oceans and the life they support. since 1884 the mba has been providing a unified, clear, independent voice on behalf of the marine biological community. it has a growing membership in over 40 countries .\nthe cisfbr or cornwall and isles of scilly federation of biological recorders is an independent umbrella organisation supporting independent recorders and recording groups in the county of cornwall .\nthe cornish biodiversity network or cbn is the largest open source wildlife database in cornwall that sends open source data to the nbn (national biodiversity network). it is a new recording system based on the erica database, the largest recording resource in cornwall. the cbn best supports the activities and needs of the independent recording community and recording groups in cornwall .\nthe national biodiversity network or nbn is a charity that supports open source data sharing and recording supporting conservation, science and education .\nwhy do recorders need open source ?\n. simply because it supports the core values of wildlife recording and the free use of records and data over a very wide network that includes partners like the natural history museum. the link here is to the nbn atlas. the link here is to the nbn atlas .\nthe taxonomy used here is based on that of the following database, which is also used by the mba, nhm and the nbn .\nover 99% of the species records on aphotomarine are open source but they are also copyright david fenwick. species records published on aphotomarine may not be used on any database, list or distribution map, without a signed user agreement. cornish records that appear on aphotomarine are recorded using the erica database to benefit recording in cornwall and scientific and historical recording in general. no financial benefit must be taken from any record produced by david fenwick, records are of educational benefit only. records by david fenwick must'' never'' be financially traded .\nthe main objective of this website is in furthering environmental awareness and education through the medium of photography. to increase awareness and access to the wildlife of the region and help\npeople find and identify it. sometimes the difference between species is obvious but many species can only be determined by observing microscopic characteristics that are specific to any one species .\ndepth: 0 to 80 m (live 0. 3 to 60 m )\n, p. 3693, [ chemnitz 1788, pl. 168, f. 1624 - 1625; da costa conch. pl. 6, f. 1; da costa 1776, pl. 2, f. 2; etc. ]\ndistribution: usa: north carolina, florida: east florida, west florida; usa: texas; mexico: campeche state, yucatan state, quintana roo; colombia, venezuela: unlocalized; bermuda, cuba: north havana province, north matanzas; jamaica, puerto rico; virgin islands: st. croix; antigua\nreferences: lyons et al. (1971) d; hopkins et al. (1977) { l }; porter (1974) dn; princz (1982a) s; garcía - cubas (1982) { w }; odé (1983a) { l } w; fernández milera (1998); collin (2003) c; collin (2005a) lt\n. southern caribbean records may be an undescribed species (collin 2005). records from southern brazil and argentina are\ncomments: non sowerby i, 1824. described from the tertiary of maryland .\nsystema naturae per regna tria naturae. editio decima tertia systema naturae, 13th ed. , vol. 1 (6) 3021 - 3910. lipsiae .\nlate cenozoic gastropods from northern venezuela bulletins of american paleontology 42 (193) 672 pp. , 48 pls. [ stated date: 05 mar 1962. ]\nwe' ve updated our privacy policy and by continuing you' re agreeing to the updated terms .\nwhen you visit our site, preselected companies may use cookies or other certain information on your device to serve relevant ads and for analytics purposes. learn more\ndiscussions, photo series, how to identify or distinguish a species or between species .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website. by continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nsummary of live - collected material used for observations of development and anatomy and for dna sequencing. abbreviations: bmsm, bailey - matthews shell museum; klkc, k. l. kaiser collection\nisla parida, gulf of chiriqui, panama, 8°5. 458′n, 82°18. 671′w [ > 50 animals ] t\nthe morphology and anatomy of ethanol - or formalin - preserved individuals were examined under a wild m4 dissecting microscope. the anatomy of five to ten animals was examined from most localities. prior to mounting for scanning electron microscopy, protoconchs and radulae were cleaned briefly in dilute bleach and rinsed in distilled water. all specimens were gold - coated and viewed with an almary scanning electron microscope. two to five radulae from each locality were prepared for sem. to estimate within - individual variation, the number of denticles on each tooth were counted for ten rows of unworn teeth per individual .\ndevelopmental stages were observed live and measured with dissecting and compound microscopes. broods from more than 30 animals were observed from argentina and panama and five to ten broods were observed for populations from florida, peru, south africa, sydney and mexico. developmental stages were not available for animals from japan, brazil, or cape verde. larvae of the single species with planktonic development were raised according to the methods of collin (2000b) .\nthe animals examined during this study can be attributed to eight species on the basis of protoconch morphology, developmental biology, embryology, and dna sequence data .\nphylogenetic analysis of coi and 16s dna sequence data shows little sequence variation within each locality (about 0. 5–1% in coi). there are eight distinct clades (species) that differ from each other by 6–21% in coi sequences and by at least 2% in 16s sequences (fig. 3; table 2). these groups are supported as monophyletic with bootstrap and bayesian support above 98 and 100, respectively (fig. 2). sequence divergences of such magnitude commonly occur between morphologically well - differentiated species of calyptraeids (collin, 2003a, b) .\npairwise kimura 2 - parameter genetic distances between individuals from each locality. bold values indicate intraspecific comparisons. abbreviations: arg, argentina; bah, bahamas; bp, bay of panama; ct, cape town; cv, cape verde; es, el salvador; gc, gulf of chiriqui\nfour of these clades include samples for several locations. one clade is composed of sequences from individuals collected from the south atlantic (brazil, argentina, and south africa); it shows 0. 8–1. 2% coi divergence between localities. another clade includes samples from the bay of panama, hawaii, and guam which are identical to each other and also includes the closely related (4% divergent) material from peru (figs 2, 4; table 2). the third contains samples from both coasts of florida and the bahamas. the fourth includes material from the pacific coast of el salvador and the western half of panama. animals from this clade occur in sympatry with the panama - hawaii clade in the perlas archipelago and the azuero peninsula, panama. samples from the remaining localities form their own individual clades .\nthe clade in the equatorial pacific shows genetic differentiation between peru and panama, but not over the thousands of kilometres between hawaii, guam and panama (figs 2, 4). the bayesian estimate of coi phylogeny (fig. 2) shows the clade from peru nested within the panama haplotypes, while the estimate based on 16s shows the clades as sisters, suggesting that the root of the peru clade has been misplaced in the phylogeny. the unrooted haplotype network (fig. 4) shows that the two clades are reciprocally monophyletic and that the hawaiian and guam haplotypes nest firmly within the panamanian clade .\n‘shell widely slipper - shaped, with a strongly eccentric apex, closely appressed and spirally coiled towards the left side (viewed dorsally). surface with strong, radial riblets or threads, the primary ones often becoming scabrous or spiniform. diaphragm as in crepidula s. s. , its edge nearly straight, the muscle scar below small but distinct’ .\nthe size of the protoconch varies between species depending on the mode of development but is less than two whorls and is often eroded in adult specimens. hatchlings and embryos show a linear pattern of fine, widely spaced granules on the protoconch. protoconch characters can be used to diagnose several species .\nthe head, neck, foot and mantle are cream, but there is a matt black marbled area along the edge of the foot. large yellow or orange splotches are scattered along the neck lappets and concentrated on the lips and tentacles. black pigment also occurs on the dorsal side of the head and neck. the intensity of all pigmentation varies, with some animals showing almost no black pigment. the black pigment is retained in preserved or fixed material, although the yellow and orange markings are lost. there are no diagnostic differences in pigmentation among the species described here .\nwhen removed from the shell the distal third of the viscera curves to the animal' s right. the tapered mantle cavity and gills extend about two thirds of the way to the tip of the viscera on the dorsal left side. the crescent - shaped shell muscle extends dorsally from the foot to the shell roof on the right side. a small, dorsal attachment muscle runs from within the dorsal mantle tissue above the intestine to the medial shell roof just anterior to the shelf .\nthe stomach is visible dorsally to the right of the posterior end of the mantle cavity. the oesophagus runs ventrally in the viscera and enters the stomach posteroventrally. the short style sac runs laterally from the stomach to the left margin of the visceral mass in the dorsal viscera posterior to the mantle cavity. the distal end of the style sac narrows to connect with the intestine, which runs directly to the right side in the ventral visceral mass. the distal loop of the intestine is visible in the dorsal wall of the mantle cavity. this arrangement of the digestive system with respect to the mantle cavity is distinct from the arrangement in crepidula, where the mantle cavity extends to the end of the visceral mass and the style sac is ventral to the mantle cavity. the brown digestive gland surrounds the stomach and extends to the end of the visceral mass. in fresh and ethanol - preserved material a network of thick white vessels running through the digestive gland is clearly visible. these vessels are not visible in formalin - fixed material .\nthe heart and kidney are similar to crepidula species. the heart and pericardial cavity are visible in the dorsal side of the viscera. the pericardial cavity is at an angle to the anterio - posterior axis and extends along the posterior margin of the mantle cavity. in crepidula species the pericardial cavity is orientated anterior - posteriorly. the hollow kidney is located in the roof of the mantle cavity anterior to the pericardial cavity and posterior to the distal loop of the intestine. the nephrostome opens into the mantle cavity midway between the pericardial cavity and the distal loop of the intestine .\nthe nerve ring is located at the posterior margin of the neck just anterior to the visceral mass and completely embedded in the salivary glands. the nerve ring is the same as in c. fornicata (werner & grell, 1950). a pair of buccal ganglia are located against the dorsal medial margin of the buccal mass .\ncrepidula aculeata − lamarck, 1822: 25. reeve, 1859. , sowerby, 1883 [ in part ]: 67, sp. 9. , figs 124, 125; sowerby, 1887 [ in part ]: 67, figs 39, 40. parodiz, 1939 [ in part ]: 695. hoagland, 1977 [ in part ]: 364. collin, 2003a: 541–593. collin, 2003b: 618–640 .\nc. intorta var. say, 1822: 227 [ in part ] .\nc. costata morton, 1829: 115, pl. 7, figs 2, 3. maryland tertiary [ non c. costata sowerby, 1824 nec c. costata deshayes, 1830 ] .\n‘ patella aculeata. shell oval, brown, with prickly striae: crown recurved. chemn. conch. 10, tab. 168, 624, 1625. da costa conch. tab. 6, fig. 1, elements t 2, f 2. favann. conch. 1, tab. 4, fig. 3. walch. naturs. 10 tab. 1, fig. 5. 2. inhabits american islands. resembles the last shell small, chestnut or white with longitudinal striae, lip white dividing the cavity into equal parts’ .\nthe known distribution of this species includes both coasts of florida, the florida keys, yucatan, the bahamas, and probably the northern caribbean sea. shells from as far north as north carolina also probably belong to this species, although this has not been verified by examination of development or dna sequence data. it is common on rocks and debris in the shallow subtidal zone, and can also be found on the carapaces of horseshoe crabs. ranges to a depth of at least 60 m .\nglobose, comprising a single whorl, c. 900 µm across. no sculpture is retained in material available from juvenile shells. the protoconch–teleoconch boundary is not distinct (fig. 5h) .\nobservations of embryos are limited because virtually all egg capsules collected in lido key, florida in 1997 contained nothing but bacterially infected fluid. however, many of those collected in 2003 developed normally. animals are often solitary or form pairs; they do not form large stacks. fossil shells with this morphology date from the miocene in florida (hoagland, 1977) .\ncrepidula gravispinosa kuroda & habe, 1950: 30. collin, 2003a: 541–593. collin, 2003b: 618–640 .\ncrepidula aculeata – taki, 1938 [ in part ]: 145. parodiz, 1939 [ in part ]: 695. hoagland, 1977 [ in part ]: 364 .\n‘ c. gravispinosa n. sp. for crepidula aculeata (not gmelin), illust. encyclop. fauna japan, rev. edit. , p. 1140, textfig. 239 1947. ’ the figured referred to is the same as that in the 1927 edition of the illustrated encyclopedia of japanese fauna, but the text differs .\nmaterial illustrated in the illustrated encyclopedia of japanese fauna generally belonged to kuroda' s personal collection, which is currently housed in nishinomiya. no shell matching the figure can be found in this collection (p. callomon, pers. comm .), although it does contain two shells of b. gravispinosus collected from akune in 1949 (p. callomon, pers. comm .). it is also possible that the figured shell was from shintaro hirase' s collection, or that of his father, in which case it was either taken to tokyo university or may have remained in the main hirase collection which is now in the kyoto university museum (p. callomon, pers. comm .). much of the former collection was destroyed during world war ii and the figured shell cannot be found there (r. ueshima, pers. comm .). it is therefore likely that the type material figured in the encyclopedia is lost .\njapan. south of boso peninsula and west of noto peninsula to the amami islands (taki, 1938) .\ncalyptraea echinus broderip, 1834: 39. broderip, 1835: 203, pl. 29, fig. 1. isla lobos, peru. 3 syntypes bmnh 1975113. hoagland, 1986: 173–183 .\ncalyptraea hystrix broderip, 1834: 39. broderip, 1835: 203, pl. 29, fig. 2. , isla lobos peru. 3 syntypes bmnh 1966629 .\ncrepidula aculeata – parodiz, 1939 [ in part ]: 695. hoagland, 1977 [ in part ]: 364 .\n‘c. testâ ovato - rotundatâ, gibbosâ, rufescente, longitudinaliter striatâ; strius rugosis, ad marginem evanescentibus; apice obliquo, spirato’ .\ntwo syntypes in the paris museum (hoagland, 1983; p. bouchet 2001 pers. comm .). one is figured in hoagland (1983) .\nperu (?). deshayes (1830) supposed that the types came from peru because they were bought with shells of other peruvian species .\nnorthern peru to the pacific coast of eastern panama and the perlas islands but not extending into the gulf of chiriqui. this species also occurs in hawaii where it is probably introduced and it may have been recently introduced into guam. this species can reach densities of greater than 1000 individuals per square meter in the intertidal zone of panama (unpubl. data) and occurs to depths of at least 50 m .\ncrepidula aculeata − hoagland, 1977 [ in part ]: 364. hoagland, 1983 [ in part ] .\n‘testa subovata, crassiuscula, irregulari, oblique curvata, extus albida, concentrice striata, et squamis minutis teguliformibus, subdistantibus orniata; intus nitide castaneo violacea; lamella opalina, ad medio et ad latus subemarginata. long 0. 019, lat 0. 014’ .\ntwo syntypes of b. tegulicius are in the paris museum (hoagland, 1983; p. bouchet 2001 pers. comm .). one is figured in hoagland (1983) .\ncape verde islands. the extent of the distribution along the west coast of africa is unknown .\nb. tegulicius was originally described from senegal. as diagnostic material from this country is not currently available, the identity of the cape verdian material described here cannot be unambiguously assigned to a new species. it is quite possible that they are different species, since the cape verdian animals have direct development (and therefore, presumably limited dispersal) and many cape verdian species are endemic to these islands. if animals from senegal and cape verde are demonstrated to belong to different species, the name b. tegulicius should be applied to material from mainland africa while the species from cape verde should be given a new name .\naustralian museum ♯c400000, shell and ethanol - preserved soft parts. shell illustrated in figure 11; length = 14. 8 mm; width = 11. 8 mm; height = 4. 1 mm. frozen tissue of this specimen: fmnh 282361 .\nedwards reef, sydney, australia. 33°51′s, 151°13′e. low intertidal zone on rocks .\nsouth - eastern australia. the australian national museum contains shells with this morphology from the coast of new south wales and queensland, but the species identity of the latter material needs to be verified with additional observations of live material and genetic data .\nthe name pritzkeri is in honour of r. pritzker, president of the pritzker foundation. the foundation' s support of the pritzker laboratory of molecular systematics and evolution at the field museum made this work possible .\nnatal museum v9447 / t1783, shell and ethanol - preserved soft parts. shell illustrated in figure 11; length 19. 3 mm, width 15. 6 mm, height 7. 2 mm. frozen tissue of this specimen: fmnh 282360 .\nwooleys pool, muizenburg, cape province, south africa. low intertidal zone in rock crevices, co - occurring with crepipatella capensis .\nthe atlantic coast of south america, from são paulo, brazil to puerto madryn, argentina, as well as the south coast of south africa from cape town to port elizabeth and north to northern natal (natal museum). material examined here was collected from rocks intertidally in south africa and brazil, and intertidally from rocks and subtidally from the shells of pen - shells and oysters in argentina. this species occurs to depths of at least 40 m .\nodites is a greek noun meaning traveller. this name refers to the large geographical distribution this species has attained despite its direct development .\nfmnh 282358, shell and ethanol - preserved soft parts. shell illustrated in figure 11; length = 15. 0 mm, width = 11. 9 mm, height = 4. 1 mm. frozen tissue is also deposited at the fmnh under the same lot number .\njust north of la paz, baja california sur, mexico, along the coast of ensenada la paz near el comitán. collected from rocks in the low intertidal zone .\nmaterial whose identity can be verified as b. latebrus has only been collected near la paz, mexico. shells that may be from this species occur commonly along the pacific coast of baja california and have been reported from as far north as southern california. however, observations of development and dna data are necessary before their identity can be verified .\nc. californica tryon, 1886 is a nomen nudum. however, it may possibly have been applied to this species in the previous literature. fossil shells with similar morphology occur in the pliocene and pleistocene of california, usa and baja california, mexico .\nisla parida, gulf of chiriqui, panama. 8°5. 458′n, 82°18. 671′w\nmaterial whose identity has be verified as b. urraca has been collected in panama from the gulf of chiriqui, isla coiba, the azuero peninsula, and the perlas archipelago. in el salvador it has been collected from the gulf of fonseca. this species occurs from the intertidal zone to at least 50 m and can occur in densities up to several hundred per square meter in the intertidal zone .\nthe species name urraca is a noun in apposition. the name honours the r / v urraca, the smithsonian tropical research institute' s research vessel, which was used to collect samples of this species. urraca was the name of a guaymi chief who fought bravely against the spanish in panama." ]

{ "text": [ "bostrycapulus aculeatus is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family calyptraeidae , the slipper snails or slipper limpets , cup-and-saucer snails , and hat snails . " ], "topic": [ 2 ] }

[ "bostrycapulus aculeatus is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family calyptraeidae, the slipper snails or slipper limpets, cup-and-saucer snails, and hat snails." ]

[ "mini lampson ltl - 2600 crane. - lego technic, mindstorms & model team - eurobricks forums\nparticipated in the review of all development work for lampson ltl - 2600 cranes for esso australia pty. ltd .\na lampson ltl - 2600 (largest of its kind in the world) does a 480 ton lift over the course of an hour .\nthe centerpiece crane is the lampson transi - lift ltl - 2600, which lampson said is one of the world’s most versatile heavy lift cranes .\neven inert, as it was tuesday afternoon, the ltl - 2600 is a pie - in - the - sky promise that jobs are coming .\nlampson claims that the ltl - 3000 will be the largest mobile crawler crane in the world with capacities some 20 percent better than its existing ltl - 2600, the crane will be designed to meet both us and japanese standards and codes .\nthe world' s largest crane - - the ltl - 2600 transi - lift - - is in hillsboro this week, working to build intel' s d1x plant .\nfollowing the three dimensional engineering drawings developed by lampson to manufacture the real machine, the lampson ltl - 2600 was built to exact 1: 87 scale specifications. details on the ltl - 2600 model include: functioning draw works with accurate rigging, tubular lattice boom and mast construction, duplex hook on the load block and free - rolling, individually linked tracks with working tensioners .\nthis unit is the first to be sold to an outside company. three other ltl - 2600 units have been built. two are currently operated by lampson australia and one by lampson in the usa .\nlampson model ltl - 2600 transi - lift crawler crane is the largest land based mobile crane in the world. designed and manufactured by lampson, the ltl - 2600 provides a lift and carry capacity of 3000te. the unique design of the transi - lift provides mobility and manoeuverability unobtainable from other conventional heavy lift cranes. the transi - lift design is the only mobile crane that provides an even distribution of ground bearing pressure\nlampson transi - lift® ltl - 2600 are two fully mobile and independently powered crawler transporters. it features up to 240' for lampson 1100 jib and up to 240' for mec27ab jib, more than 2600 us tons capacity, mobile under load, and versatile. they are transported by conventional truce and fitted with counterweights on - site .\nus crane manufacturer and renter lampson international will deliver a unit of its largest transi - lift, the ltl - 2600, to chinese government customer sanmen nuclear power plant company by the end of 2008, bill lampson told cranes today .\ndesigned and manufactured by lampson, the ltl - 2600 provides a lift and carrying capacity of 2, 358te (metric ton). the transi - lift® design is the only mobile crane that provides an even distribution of ground bearing pressure .\n“this is the perfect project for lampson international equipment as it suits the company operated, specialized, over - dimensional trailer as well as the heavy lifting capabilities of the lampson transi - lift ltl - 2600, ” said john lee, managing director, lampson australia .\na long, long time ago, back when the [ mini ] technic contest was being run, i decided to build an entry, which would have been a replica of the lampson international ltl - 2600 crane, which was, for a time, the largest mobile crane in the world .\nutilized lampson ltl - 1200 crane to remove head and reactor for pcla - 2 process unit at a refinery in baton rouge, louisiana .\nstemp says that the new machine differs from the 2600 by having a wider cross section (by 4ft / 1. 2m) and thicker wall chords .\nit uses our newly designed hydraulic winches capable of 105, 000lbs of line pull versus 75, 000lbs on the standard ltl - 2600. the new hydraulic winch system also gives us more flexibility to add auxiliary winches for more hooks or attachments such as luffing jibs and improves the control with maximum line pull ,\nsays stemp .\nlampson dispatched its lampson transi - lift ltl - 2600 as well as a manitowoc 2250 with max - er, manitowoc triple 9 and triple 7, three grove rt - 9130s and 81 axles of goldhofer trailer. lampson’s team has been working at the metals refinery for six months and expect to finish by mid - 2017 .\nthe front crawler transporter unit increases to 15 metre square with three metre wide track pads and rolli - flex rollers. the stinger, strut, and counterweight frame will be similar to the ltl - 2600, but will incorporate the ability to telescope between 24, 30 and 36 metre positions to significantly reduce the time to perform “mode” changes .\nthe largest capacity transi - lift currently manufactured by lampson international, the ltl - 2600 boasts a fully mobile lift rating of 2, 600 us tons and can be equipped with over 400’ of pin together boom and over 200’ of lampson 1, 000 ton jib. lampson’s fleet currently contains two of these machines with a third currently being manufactured .\nreviewed and participated in the challenging and complex lift operation for an fcc unit using a lampson ltl - 11 00 crane at benicia refinery, including the development of comprehensive lift manual .\nthe new ltl - 3000 is being designed in conjunction with hitachi transport for construction of the new advanced boiling water reactor at higashidori nn - 1 nuclear power plant for tokyo electric power company .\nlink to this page - if you would like to link to israeli shekel (ils) to lithuanian lita (ltl) exchange rates. please copy and paste the html from below into your page :\nthis is the page of israeli shekel (ils) to lithuanian lita (ltl) conversion, below you can find the latest exchange rate between them and is updated every 1 minutes. it shows the exchange rate of the two currencies conversion. it also shows the history chart of this currency pairs, by choosing the time period you can get more detailed information. would you like to invert the currencies pairs? please visit lithuanian lita (ltl) to israeli shekel (ils) .\nfesco transportation group, the number one logistics provider to russia, announced today that it is transporting a 4. 1 million pound (1850 metric ton) lampson model ltl - 2600b mobile crawler crane from kennewick, washington to china. the crane is scheduled to arrive in china on april 15 .\nthe crane will be equipped with a new hydraulic winch system using two inch / 51mm diameter wire. the new winches and larger wire rope provides a 50 percent increase in line speed. the ltl - 3000 121 metre boom will have 6. 1 x 4. 8 metre (20ftx16ft) cross section, but will maintain the lampson pin together design concept. the crane will also have a 36 metre jib .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe crane system unites two complete crawlers, with heavy boom, tracks and tracked counterweight wagon. it has an ultimate capacity of 2, 360t (2, 600 us tons), putting it top in lampson' s six - model transi - lift range. the latest crane includes some incremental improvements that make it easier to assemble and enhance its capacity .\nbill lampson reports that the company' s bare crane rental business (cranes without operators) with traditional cranes has been strong .\nthere are a lot of major rigging jobs throughout the country ,\nhe said, particularly in petrochemical refineries and nuclear plants .\nthe company has 350 employees, and 350 cranes. it manufactures the transi - lift at its headquarters in kennewick, washington .\nurltoken is a product of world market intelligence. copyright 2018 world market intelligence ltd. all rights reserved .\nthe model also replicates the 10 independent power units that are required to propel the crane and operate its hoists. three detailed operator cabs (one for each crawler assembly and one for the winch drums) are accurately shown .\nthe overall length from the rear of the counterweights to directly below the tip of the jib is 52 inches. from that point to the ground is just under five feet. the boom measures over 44 inches and the jib alone is 22 inches long .\nlampson international owns and maintains one of the largest fleets of conventional construction cranes worldwide. in addition, lampson designed and built transi - lifts and transi - carriers are at work around the world .\nthe two original machines were constructed to assist esso australia in the construction of a concrete offshore drill platform at port kembla. during the course of this work, one of the lifts was hailed as a world record for two land - based mobile cranes, with a successful lift of a platform weighing 1, 570 tons that was set atop the structure at an astonishing 183 foot radius and a height of over 216 feet .\n©2018 caterpillar. cat, caterpillar, their respective logos ,\ncaterpillar yellow ,\nthe\npower edge\ntrade dress as well as corporate and product identity used herein, are trademarks of caterpillar and may not be used without permission. urltoken / urltoken classic construction models, a licensee of caterpillar inc .\nfrom a distance - - even a short one, say just across butler road in orenco station - - it' s just a crane. but the\nis more than just another metal arm in an already populated hillsboro skyline. it' s the world' s largest mobile crane, and it' s helping to build one of the world' s largest development centers - -\nintel paid $ 5 million to rent the crane, which can move 2, 600 tons without the slightest hint of trouble. the blue crane came to hillsboro from kennewick, wash. , in pieces loaded on 220 semi - trucks. workers spent four weeks reassembling the parts into the 460 - foot boom. with attached jibs, the crane can stretch up to 700 feet .\nthough intel is ultimately in the business of small - - in the world of semiconductors, tinier is better - - the company is no stranger to huge. the construction project, which kicked off in february and ends in 2013, is one of the largest in oregon' s history. about 45, 000 tons of steel and rebar are going into the new plant. d1x and its support buildings will be eight times larger than the biggest walmart .\nuse of and / or registration on any portion of this site constitutes acceptance of our user agreement (updated 5 / 25 / 18) and privacy policy and cookie statement (updated 5 / 25 / 18) .\n© 2018 advance local media llc. all rights reserved (about us). the material on this site may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used, except with the prior written permission of advance local .\ncommunity rules apply to all content you upload or otherwise submit to this site .\n* prices are pre - tax, exclude delivery charges and customs duties, and do not include additional charges for installation or activation options. prices are indicative only and may vary by country, with changes in raw materials prices or exchange rates .\nsmopyc ied electronics spanish electronics manufacturer ied electronics is showing a range of construction crane safety devices .\nsmopyc anmopyc the spanish manufacturers' association, anmopyc, is offering information regarding spanish equipment for the construction and mining industries and its services .\nsmopyc spain crane unic dealer for spain, spain crane, will be displaying the full range of unic mini cranes, including the new 706, which will be making its debut appearance in the spanish market .\nsmopyc ravioli on show will be the italian electric safety equipment manufacturer' s range of rotary limit switches and radio remote controls .\nsmopyc hiab hiab’s 405 sq m stand in hall 8 (stands c - d / 15 - 24) will show both the large hiab xs 1055 e - 8 hipro and the small t - range 033 t3 loader crane .\nwe don' t like spam, nor overflowing mailboxes. so, we let you select when you want to recieve a newsletter .\nmy model was actually more inspired by it, and is not a straightforward replica. the primary reason why i did not enter this was due to the fact that, at least according to ldd, i had 230 pieces in it, even though i myself counted only 200. this model also had some major construction flaws, which will be detailed later. this thing' s been sitting around forever, and i just want to post it so that i can take it apart .\neagle eyed viewers may note that it is not blue, but red. well, the truss pieces are only available in black, gray, and red, and i only had them in red, so that dictated the color scheme. i guess that would make it more like a manitowoc crane, but i digress. the crane features, like the real thing, luffing of the main boom, hoist, 2 independent crawler units, 3 cabs, and a large counter weight. my model also has a feature that i don' t think the real crane has, but many similar ones do, and that is adjustable radius, which will be shown below .\nmy model, as mentioned above, has 3 cabs, 2 for driving, and one for the crane operations. even though this thing would be very slow, maybe topping out at 2 miles per hour, having two people driving could be an absolute nightmare. there' s probably a good reason for this configuration, but i cannot think of it .\nthe pictures show how the radius can be adjusted, although the real crane cannot do this .\nthe last two pictures show how the winces are configured, and how far down the crane can luff .\nfinally, the major structural flaw i alluded to earlier: some connection in the turntables is not that sturdy, so the crane lists pathetically to one side or the other .\nas a last thing, here is an ldd render of what this machine would look like in blue, if the parts existed .\nsign up for a new account in our community. it' s easy !\nkölner dom - demontage des 2. hängegerüst - cologne cathedral scaffolding - part 1 crane montage\nmodular construction of energy infrastructure is ensuring that demand remains strong for super heavy lifting solutions. bernadette ballantyne surveys the sector\ndespite economic turmoil in europe and a slowdown in the global nuclear power industry, manufacturers and contractors providing super heavy lifting solutions say that demand in the sector remains robust. investment in infrastructure in asia, the gulf, and north and south america is continuing to fuel demand for heavy lift solutions, with energy projects and the petrochemicals industry leading the charge. manufacturers and lifting services providers tell cranes today that the increasing size of structural components and the drive to minimise lifts has pushed them to invest in new cranes and alternatives such hydraulic gantries, strand jacks and self erecting towers to ensure that super - sized infrastructure can be placed, moved and constructed .\ndemand continues to grow for bigger machines that can lift more and reach higher. this is mostly because projects are also getting bigger. so we have to produce machines that can match engineering ambition ,\nexplains manitowoc global product director jerry maloney .\nmanitowoc' s latest super heavy lifting crane is the model 31000 lattice boom crawler with a 2, 300t capacity and a 105m main boom length. it gives 2, 000t of lift at a 15. 2m radius and can extend as far as 209m with luffing jib. the company has two units, one which has been sold and the other which is being used in - house .\nthe unique feature of this crane is the variable position counterweight system ,\nexplains product manager for europe and the middle east federico lovera .\nwith this feature we are able to do the most challenging lifts. the vpc minimises the volume of the counterweight because it automatically adjusts how far it is extended from the rear of the crane depending on the size of the lift .\nsuspended above the ground the counterweight automatically repositions to maintain balance as the lift progresses. lovera says this also makes it suitable for offshore applications. in addition, the crane has been designed to sit on four smaller crawlers, rather than two big outsize ones, to minimise transportation costs. like many of today' s super - lifters, development of the 31, 000 was initiated in response to the energy industry, which is leading the way when it comes to construction of increasingly large components. infrastructure such as oil platforms, refineries, power stations and wind turbines are pushing the heavy lift sector to go further and heavier than ever .\nbeyond energy projects, stadium construction, roads and bridges are also stretching technical capacity .\nsince the twin was introduced demand has been greatest in the middle east, australia, singapore and turkey. at the same time the firm' s cc9800, which also has a 1, 600t capacity, has been busy in the wind energy sector. the wider boom of the crawler gives it a greater load moment suitable for lifting large scale 6 and 7mw turbines with heavy nacelles .\nlooking ahead terex could be a manufacturer to watch as the firm tells cranes today that it will not rule out some' interesting developments in this super heavy lift market' in the near future .\nalso at the top of the crawler market is german crane powerhouse liebherr with its lr 13000 that can lift an incredible 3, 000t at a 12m radius. unlike other crawlers its powerful slewing ring enables it to lift without derrick ballast. its first lr 13000 is being used by mammoet at the whiting refinery and a second lr 13000 is at the liebherr test yard. the firm tells cranes today that a third lr 13000 is scheduled and that it sees potential in the market for even greater lift capacities .\nwe see a market for greater lift capacities, but liebherr will not develop a larger crane in this segment in the near future. the question is whether a crawler crane is needed or whether this market is covered by the existing ringer cranes ,\nsays head of sales promotion wolfgang beringer .\nbunnik says that the cranes have all been working constantly despite the evaporation of demand in the nuclear power sector where the cranes were originally expected to be used .\nthe first two became operational in 2011, the second in early 2012, and all three machines have been working since. we have seen that by putting this crane in the market we have created demand. these kind of lifting technologies give clients the ability to review existing construction methodology ,\nhe says .\nthe ability to lift larger segments from cranes positioned off - site gives clients more options to modularise construction and prefabricate larger elements. the uk' s ale heavy lift has certainly demonstrated this with the 4300t capacity sk190, which operates with a centralised ballast system acting as a pivot for the lifting section moving around a track specifically designed to meet the requirements of the site or lift. in houston texas, the machine lifted a full 1, 400t derrick assembly for a coal power station, which consisted of three drill towers and a cutting deck. it was lifted 100m before it was replaced, allowing the coker drums beneath it to also be changed. ale says this is the first time a full derrick has been removed in a single lift from a crane off site, enabling the coker to remain operational and the coke pit wall to remain in place .\nthe firm also points to the sgc - dow group' s petrochemical project in map ta phut, thailand as another example of the benefits the supersize lifter can bring .\nthe initial concept was for a high capacity crawler, working in three positions ,\nexplains project director james roberts .\nwhen we introduced the sk option to the client it meant lifting from one location, saving time on de - rigging and ground prep etc. it enabled the (86. 3m tall, 725t) columns to be lifted over the newly erected pipe rack structures and installed two months ahead of the original schedule .\nus lifting specialist bigge is another firm that has developed a world - leading super heavy lift crane .\nthe firm has two 4, 000t bigge 125d afrd machines working on nuclear projects in the us. the machines can lift 3600t at a 73m radius. bigge is now developing more heavy lifters .\nwe are getting ready to start production on the next generation machines as well as we are in the design phase for others in the family ,\nsays peter ashton, vp for major projects at bigge .\nlooking to the future it seems that the' build big and the market will come' philosophy that has worked so well for the industry will continue to be a good bet: crane builder are still investing in super heavy lifters .\nwe are looking into boosting capacity of the existing machines and the potential for bigger ring cranes is definitely something that we are looking into from a technical point of view ,\nsays mammoet' s bunnik .\nfive or six years ago we thought that we had reached the limit and now we have come up with something that is at least four times the capacity of what it used to be, and there is a market for it. by putting the bigger capacity in the market we seem to be able to create demand .\nthe largest movers of earth, steel and stone ever to exist have been these engineering marvels. dominated by manufacturers such as marion, bucyrus, link - belt, and manitowoc, america was built with these machines. the first model we created was a crane, and we continue our quest to make only the highest quality pieces you will always be proud to have on your shelf .\nyou are currently viewing the seo version of! text. it has a number of design and functionality limitations .\nwe recommend viewing the flash version or the basic html version of this publication .\nd1x by the numbers cost: $ 3 billion concrete: 150, 000 to 200, 000 cubic yards excavation: 500, 000 to 1 million cubic yards of dirt steel and rebar: 45, 000 tons construction workers: 6, 000 to 8, 000 over the two - year project long - term jobs: 800 - 1000, starting when d1x opens in 2013 the oregonian ran a complete story on this project back in teh spring of this year. if you & apos; ve got the time it & apos; s pretty interesting .\n2018 94. 9 kyss fm is part of the taste of country network, townsquare media, inc. all rights reserved .\nheavy lift planning and execution, project development and management services, preparation of construction specifications, management consulting, and development of innovative solutions to solve complex construction problems .\nwork with local teams along the u. s. gulf coast to expand into new market areas .\nrepresent company at industry conferences including urltoken and american fuel and petrochemical manufacturing (afpm, formerly national petroleum refiners association, npra) .\nserved as lead investigator of a crane accident resulting in four fatalities involving one of the largest cranes in the world .\nutilizing deep south tc - 36000 crane to lift a load of 1, 475 kips .\nreceiving award for development of a novel concept that saved $ 1. 8m during turnaround .\ndeveloped plans and lift manual for manitowoc m - 888 ringer crane for exxonmobil .\nreviewed planning for setting of 1, 200 ton reactor using jacking towers with strand jacks, making the heaviest lift in beaumont refinery history .\nmanaged demobilization operations for valdez oil spill cleanup operations, which involved 1, 200 vessels and over 10, 000 personnel .\nengineered and supervised the lifting of smaller ships onto large seagoing barges for transportation from valdez, alaska to the us gulf coast .\nplanned all lifting activities for horizontal dual media filtration vessels at large wastewater treatment plant in bayway, new jersey .\ndeveloped concept for lifting head and cyclones from fluid catalytic cracking unit (fccu) at a refinery in baton rouge, louisiana .\nutilizing cb & i s - 70 derrick crane for first type of lift .\ndesigning concrete floating slab measuring 130' x 160' x 5' for crane foundation, a first in exxonmobil' s history .\nparticipated in planning and execution of 12 catalytic cracking unit head and cyclone lifts for global operations .\nparticipated in the development of the\nexxon crane guide lifting safety management. system\n, a globally printed manual that was accepted as the basis for all safe crane operations by alberta, canada .\ndeveloped industry - first concept to remove fccu reactor through\ncut out\n, where an old vessel is removed in three sections and a new vessel installed in three sections .\ndeveloped basis for current exxonmobil standard of reviewing and managing all heavy lift operations for a refinery in baton rouge, louisiana .\nnorth american writer for the magazine international cranes and frequent speaker at national conferences on the topic of crane safety and operations .\ncecon llc, 242 n. james street, suite 202, wilmington, de, 19804 phone: (302) 994 - 8000 | fax: (302) 994 - 8837\nadd resumes within our various ares of expertise by clicking\nadd resume (s )\nbelow .\nthe formal contract for the new crane was signed in at lampson’s headquarters in kennewick, washington in mid - december “it was a great day for both companies and we look forward to building for hitachi what we consider to be the world’s finest mobile crane” said president, bill lampson .\nlampson has 22 months to complete the design and construction of the new crane .\nregister today in order to add your own comment, it barely takes a minute. click here to register\nwe use cookies to give you the best experience on our site. if you continue browsing, we' ll assume you' re happy to receive all cookies from our site. read our privacy policy to learn more .\nmaxim craneworks' manitowoc 31000, with a capacity of 2, 535 tons, recently finished installing the complicated roof system at the new atlanta falcons stadium .\nsuper heavy lift cranes perform huge feats and they often are the star of impressive youtube videos. they are dispatched around the world to lift and install gigantic equipment, components and vessels at power plants, refineries, wind farms and sports stadiums. sometimes it takes more effort to transport, set up and test these machines than it does to make the lifts they were sent to make .\ncranes in the super heavy lift category generally fall into the 1, 000 to 5, 000 - ton capacity class. within this class are two types of heavy lift machines: conventional crawler types that can pick and carry and ringer cranes that make lifts from one place .\nlampson international, liebherr, manitowoc and terex produce super lift cranes that are of the crawler variety. ale, deep south crane & rigging, bigge crane & rigging, mammoet and sarens produce heavy lift machines that fall into the ringer category .\nall of these machines represent design superiority, a huge commitment by the manufacturers and a substantial investment by the owners. such is the case for maxim craneworks, owner of the only manitowoc 31000 in the united states .\n“it is very difficult to justify the purchase price of a 1, 000 - ton capacity or larger crane, ” said frank bardonaro, maxim’s chief operating officer. “these cranes are usually purchased for a specific, long - term job with the goal of securing similar projects with very little gap in between the jobs. ”\nhowever, the reality is that such projects and their start dates are rarely cooperative, bardonaro said .\n“there could be significant gaps of revenue between rentals, which means the owner has to deal with a very capital - intensive investment that could generate little or no revenue over extended periods, ” he said .\naccording to bardonaro, manufacturers and customers neglect to mention that purchasing the crane is only a piece of the equation. these large cranes require services that could add millions of dollars in costs to the business. it makes sense that owners of these large units need to have a “significant geographic footprint” to be able to maximize utilization .\n“as long as they can work together with companies like maxim to supply these specialty cranes of 1, 000 tons or greater, then everyone can work together to ensure maximum returns for all parties involved, ” said bardonaro .\njust two 2, 535 - ton manitowoc 31000s exist in the world. the one owned by maxim just completed working at the new atlanta falcons football stadium .\n“this crane exceeded our expectations on the new stadium, ” said maxim’s alan ashlock. “by using this crane, they were able to get the project back on track. it has been an amazing machine and we look forward to utilizing it on projects in the near future. the vpc system was a major reason this was the crane of choice for the stadium project. ”\nthe vpc allows the counterweights to adjust to an optimum position depending on the load, ashlock said. fewer picks were required because the roof sections could be assembled on the ground in large pieces rather than picking them individually .\nin north america, 600 to 700 tons is the “sweet spot” capacity for crane - owning companies, according to ingo noeske, director of product management, crawler cranes, terex cranes. the reason few companies own mega cranes – 1, 000 tons capacity and above – is because of the expertise required in terms of assembly, handling and operation. “the large capacity cranes require more knowledge in how to handle the crane, ” noeske said. “you need very educated people who have experience with these cranes and who have experience working in these more difficult job sites such as power plants and refineries. plus there are heightened safety requirements at these job sites. ”\nit may take 100 to 150 truckloads to mobilize one of these cranes, and it’s an expensive endeavor to move one globally. however, the market for super heavy lift cranes is expected to see growth .\n“right now, the population of 600 and 700 - ton capacity cranes is very high and we think that in the future, there may be an even higher demand for the 1, 000 to 1, 200 - ton capacity class, ” said noeske. “we are certainly seeing this demand in wind work in europe. we need to be prepared that this is the next growing class of cranes. we don’t think it will destroy the 600 - ton class but we do anticipate a higher need for the larger capacity class. ”\nterex cranes produces the demag cc 8800 - 1 twin, which has a capacity of 3, 200 tons, and was first introduced in 2007. four of these cranes are working in the world .\n“when you look at the design of a crane in this class, we have a safety first approach, ” said noeske. “you have to design the safety features – the handrails, harnesses and working at height – into the crane from the beginning and simultaneously with all the components. ”\nat 3, 300 - tons capacity, the liebherr lr 13000 is the largest conventional crawler crane on the market in the world. the first lr 13000 to work in the united states was in 2013 at the whiting refinery in illinois .\nowned by mammoet, that crane is now in dubai building the largest ferris wheel in the world, the ain dubai (translated means dubai eye). according to news reports the observation wheel’s assembled hub and spindle is about 131 feet long (40 meters), 65 feet tall (20 meters) and weighs 1, 990 tons (1, 805 metric tons). working with the lr 13000 is mammoet’s ptc ds - 200 ringer crane, which has a capacity of 5, 000 tons .\nanother lr 13000 is working in pakistan, and another is being assembled for work in mexico by eseasa construction .\nthe lr 13000 is enormously powerful, yet extremely flexible in how it can be configured, according to liebherr’s klaus huberle, general manager of crawler cranes at liebherr - werk ehingen gmbh. in addition to its capacity and strength, the lr 13000 is also easier to transport .\n“the good thing about the liebherr lr 13000 is that the design is the same as our lr 1100 or lr 1300, just on a larger scale, ” said huberle. “owners who are familiar with our smaller capacity cranes can run this one, too. ”\nto prepare for demand for the lr 13000, liebherr always keeps one in a standard delivery scope in stock, huberle said. while it typically takes 18 months to build one of these units, if this crane was ordered today huberle said liebherr could deliver the crane in less than a year. inquiries about the 1, 000 - ton plus crane class are up, according to harley smith, global product director for crawler cranes for manitowoc .\n“while these are not production volume machines, you do have quite a few players in the global market, ” said smith. “for a company to be interested in this size machine, the first item is utilization. do they have the infrastructure to support it, the transport arm to help move it and can they get the work and the rental rates to make the return on investment? maxim craneworks has the bandwidth to support the manitowoc 31000. not many crane companies have those resources. ”\nstill, smith said the demand for this type of heavy lifter will increase. but it’s difficult for a crane owner to invest in speculation .\n“they have to have the confidence that there is enough work available, ” said smith. “ultimately i think we will see this sector blossom into a larger market. ”\nmaxim’s bardonaro agreed that the market will continue to migrate to larger capacity lifting cranes .\n“however it seems to us that there are enough cranes of 1, 000 ton and greater available in the market today to cover the projected work for the next several years, ” he said. “manufacturers made the mistake of over - supplying the market with tower cranes, large rough terrain and truck cranes during the last economic recovery, which caused a surplus of cranes that are still under - utilized today. although we feel confident that the large crane market will remain strong, we believe that the companies that own these cranes today can work together with other contractors and rental customers to ensure that all of the projects scheduled between now and 2018 and beyond can be covered with the current supply. we all want to see the demand increase, but until rates are able to increase at the levels needed to justify these huge capital outlays, it seems like the deliveries of additional large cranes will remain relatively flat. ”\nas the oems approach product development in this class of crane they will all look at the same elements: transportability, ease of assembly and disassembly, commonality of components between similar models, technical features, multiple configurations and safe operating ability .\nas far as which heavy lift crane design is best, that depends on the job and the owner .\n“each tool has its value, ” said bardonaro. “of course, the ringers and other fixed derrick cranes have strong lifting capacity but are very limited on mobility once the equipment is onsite. we are quoting the manitowoc 31000 for a job right now versus a derrick crane, whereby the mobility, footprint, ground - bearing features and versatility of the 31000 will allow the customer to complete the project in a much more compressed time frame with significant site preparation cost savings. both types of equipment are unique and amazing in their own special way, but we feel the 31000 and vpc counterweight system are best in class at this time. ”\nthe mammoet ptc 200 ds is one of the largest onshore ring cranes in the world. designed by mammoet, the ptc 200 ds has a capacity of up to 5, 000 tons. with a relatively small footprint of 184 feet (56 meters), the crane has a long reach of up to 735 feet (224 meters) and it can turn 360 degrees without the need for additional space .\nmammoet recently used this crane to successfully complete the process of weighing, transporting and lifting the modules of the p - 76 fpso platform for the technip - techint consortium at the techint offshore unit in pontal do paraná - brazil. the consortium was contracted by petrobras to carry out the construction and integration of the oil and gas processing modules. mammoet was responsible for the integration part of the project, and the ptc 200 ds crane provided the exact lifting power required for the project .\n“this was essential because large and heavy modules needed to be installed with millimeter precision, while there was limited space available for the crane on the quayside, ” said daniel detoni, project manager, mammoet americas .\nthe crane allowed the positioning of the modules with the required precision within the limited space .\n“after assembly of the ptc, mammoet transported and lifted 30 modules within a very tight schedule and with a good safety record, ” said detoni .\nlifts ranged in weights from 190 to up to 1, 979. 50 tons. the weight of the rigging totaled 225 tons. combined the weight of all loads lifted exceeded 23, 790 tons. the lifts were made during a 58 - day period with two shifts working each day .\n“the benefit of the ptc on this project is that operating such a large crane in a fixed spot gave us more stability in handling the cargo, a faster operation and greater accuracy of movements, ” said detoni. “the biggest challenge was installing the modules on a floating vessel that could be affected by wind, weather and sea movement. ”\nupon completion of the commissioning process, the platform will have the capacity to produce up to 150, 000 barrels of oil and compress 7 million cubic meters of natural gas per day, operating in the búzios iii field (santos basin pre - salt) .\nin port pirie in australia, nyrstar n. v is constructing a refinery for the production of metals such as lead and zinc. this has required the lifting and transportation expertise of a worldwide player, lampson international .\nthus far, the heaviest lift was the furnace module that weighed 1, 494, 200 pounds. “the first challenge of this project is that it is designated as high risk, ” said lee. “site personnel must change clothes completely when entering, shower before exiting and wear respiration protection and full length overalls along with the normal ppe that is standard across australian worksites. “\nlocated in central and southern parts of australia, the job site is about 1, 243 miles (2, 000 kilometers) from either of the more populated coasts, making transportation of equipment and personnel expensive. however lampson was successful at keeping costs down, lee said. to lift the furnace module and other heavy components in a timely manner, lampson’s engineering team designed rigging equipment and a spreader bar system to suit lifting the heavy modules .\n“it requires precision coordination to assure assembly and operation of construction equipment while minimizing the disruption of normal operations at the smelter site, ” said lee .\nthe transi - lift system is a patented configuration that combines the heavy lifting capacities of stiff leg derricks and ring - mounted lift equipment with the mobility of a conventional crawler crane. the crane features two fully mobile, individually powered crawler transporters, up to 460 feet of main boom, up to 240 feet of jib and 240 feet of mec27ab jib .\n“the crane is completely mobile under load, ” said lee. “it can be transported by conventional trucks and the counterweights are assembled and filled onsite. ”\ndelivered directly to your inbox, world crane week contains all the latest news, product launches and show reports from the global crane and transportation industry .\nhellino crane used its 450 ton grove gmk 6400, with luffing jib, to make a reach required to assist in a demo .\nengineered rigging employed 3d modeling and animation to develop a plan for removing and replacing two feedwater heaters at a nuclear power plant .\nedwards moving rigging hauled a 187 - ton transformer through the adirondack and pocono mountains .\nsmall but mighty, mini cranes perform impressive lifting jobs across a variety of industries .\nok got some professional advice from liebherr about my undercarriage being small. so i went to designing a larger undercarriage. this one is wider longer and is more heavy duty to handle the stress from the demo duties .\nhere is a look at the body on its new tracks now i am off to mold my track for the machine. i am doing a different looking design eric talked me into this design it will not be a smooth crane pad jason nikl scale models nikl scale models shapeways store\nbuild of the year 2013\nwill be a though one to decide next year, it is not even april and there are lots of really awesome builds already. but this one will probably be among the very top! simply fantastic. / / niklas eriksson\nbuild of the year 2013\nwill be a though one to decide next year, it is not even april and there are lots of really awesome builds already. but this one will probably be among the very top! simply fantastic .\nthanks for the great comment iputting everything i can into this build. i have been building for 8 years this month i think i have come a long way since my first crane cage build. i hope to inspire more builders out there to push themselves .\nwell not much progress if you look at it but there is about 5 hours work in the rollers. 30 rollers 4 pieces each all were drawn up and laser cut then glued and drilled. i wanted to have a nice free rolling track system so i incorporated tje working rollers. few pics i have the track mold finished first cast is in the pot about to go pull it so we' ll see how good it comes out jason nikl scale models nikl scale models shapeways store\nbrandon the cc6800 has been postponed for a while. i have grow into a better builder since that will start it back up one of these months. ok been casting track pads what seems like forever now just about 130 of them. each track takes 63 of them, each track had to be demolded, cut off the spurs and pouring gates, hand drill the hinges and then pinned together. i am sick of seeing tracks for a while... .... but man does it look good nikl scale models nikl scale models shapeways store\nan those of you who have the big demolition excavator the hitachi ex1000 well this is what it looks like next to the r300d. thanks eric for the great tracks fully extended making the 1000 feel even smaller closer look at the 2 both booms layed down new tracks a lot taller then the 1280 tracks i will get a pic with the short boom set up in a bit, hope you are enjoying the build jason nikl scale models nikl scale models shapeways store\nthis is just an incredible build! you are a\nmodel\ngod among men! forget build of the year, build of the decade. i' m just in awe. james\noutstanding jason! maybe i missed it earlier but what color will the body get? will it have a company livery. the level of detail on this monster reminds me of the kobelco 3500, at a lot less of the cost i would imagine. thread of the year for me so far! rowan. 1: 25th scale cat 375l excavator\njason, it looks great. the hydraulic hoses are incredible. what did you make them out of and what diameter are they? how do you make the molds with so much detail? thanks, ed\nok... i was waiting for the tracks to comment... . i know i dont post much anymore and i guess ill be the guy to say it... ...... . holy * * * *! !! !! thats without a doubt one of the best sctratch building projects ive ever seen. i wouldnt have the time or desire to ever attempt anything close to that. the detail is flat out insane and you built every part... nothing borrowed. not really sure what else to add... .. nice work jason .\nlooks amazing jason - attention to detail and finishing of the plastic is very good, especially considering the scale, and the tracks look great. will be nice to see it when it' s all painted up .\nthank you everyone for the comments once again. i think i have close to 500 hours into thiss as of right now. as for the great detail in my moldes it pays to use a high dollar silicone, and most important is to have the master perfect and set up perfect in the mold. mold making is a art work all in its self. i have some pics of the the machine with the short boom attached just need to update load them but i had to go to work today so will have to wait. i still have not thought of a color still up in the air, might just leave it all primer i am also in talks of casting this as a model to sell, but we are a long ways off but you could see this offered still not out of the question as of right now i am redesigning the cab, well not the cab but the way it attaches to the machine. the way i had it the cab was to high for transport so i am doing something you have not seen on a crawler, you will have to wait a few days til i get it perfected and installed thanks again jason nikl scale models nikl scale models shapeways store\nyou cannot post new topics in this forum. you cannot reply to topics in this forum. you cannot delete your posts in this forum. you cannot edit your posts in this forum. you cannot create polls in this forum. you cannot vote in polls in this forum." ]

{ "text": [ "the lampson ltl-2600 or transilift 2600 is a super-heavy mobile crane .", "with an ultimate capacity of over 2,600 short tons-force ( 2,400,000 kgf ) , it is among the largest land-based mobile crawler cranes in existence in terms of capacity .", "it has a maximum boom length of 460 feet ( 140 m ) and maximum jib length of 240 feet ( 73 m ) . " ], "topic": [ 29, 4, 0 ] }

[ "the lampson ltl-2600 or transilift 2600 is a super-heavy mobile crane. with an ultimate capacity of over 2,600 short tons-force (2,400,000 kgf), it is among the largest land-based mobile crawler cranes in existence in terms of capacity. it has a maximum boom length of 460 feet (140 m) and maximum jib length of 240 feet (73 m)." ]

[ "spilonota ocellana completes a single generation per year. adults are present june to august .\nspilonota ocellana (bud moth) - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .\nspecies spilonota ocellana - eye - spotted bud moth - hodges # 2906 - bugguide. net\nspilonota ocellana is a pest in orchards, with apple (malus) and cherry (prunus) being preferred hosts .\nclass insecta, order lepidoptera, family tortricidae, subfamily olethreutinae, tribe eucosmini, genus spilonota .\nspilonota ocellana is present in all apple growing regions of the northern hemisphere. it was introduced into north america from europe sometime before 1840 and now occurs across southern canada and the northern united states, ranging as far south as north carolina, ohio, and california .\nthe use of bacillus thuringiensis against s. ocellana has met with varying degrees of success. several spray trials have been done on s. ocellana using b. thuringiensis (niemczyk, 1980; niemczyk and dronka, 1976; niemczyk et al. , 1975, 1976). acceptable control has not been consistently achieved using this method .\nin 1980, 16 - 60% of s. ocellana were reported to be killed by a baculovirus which was identified as a nucleopolyhedrovirus (chkhubianishvili et al. , 1982) .\nsome biological control trials were also carried out in canada. chrysocharis laricinellae, imported for control of coleophora laricella, also attacks s. ocellana and was of some benefit against this pest (canada agriculture, 1971) .\nin north america, s. ocellana is unlikely to be confused with any other species of tortricid. a genitalic dissection can be used to confirm identity of worn specimens. males have a distinctively shaped cucullus and females have two thornlike signa .\nalthough quite variable in the density and colour of the markings, this moth can usually be identified by the darker area towards the head and the small blackish triangular blotch on each forewing, forming a diamond shape when at rest .\nit is quite common over much of britain, especially the south, and flies during july and august .\nthe larvae feed on a wide range of shrubs and trees, and as the english name suggests, burrow into the buds during the spring, causing them to wither .\nukmoths is built, run and maintained by ian kimber, with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries. more often than not you' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache: v317 render date: 2018 - 07 - 04 08: 49: 47 page render time: 0. 3002s total w / procache: 0. 3364s\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\ngilligan, wright & gibson, 2008. olethreutine moths of the midwestern united states: p. 90. 104. (out of print )\npowell, j. a. & p. a. opler, moths of western north america, pl. 14. 40m; p. 132. book review and ordering\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\napprox length (c. 8. 5mm) wingspan (12 - 17mm )\nbecause of the damage the larvae cause to the fruit buds of orchard trees in the spring .\nrecorded in 57 (83 %) of 69 10k squares. first recorded in 1874. last recorded in 2018 .\nunderlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018. © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018. data © nola™ 2018\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nfore wings are yellowish - white in the middle third (wingspan is 14 - 18 mm). pre - tornal spot occupies almost one third of wing, grayish - brown, with blue tint. large tapetum located at outer margin, bordered by two shiny lead - colored stripes. external margin of wing is gray - black, fringe black. hind wings are brown - gray. eggs are oval, flattened, transparent and shiny. caterpillars of 1st instar yellow - green or light yellow, later brown or grayish - brown. pupa 7 - 10 mm, light brown with blunt rounded apex and 8 thin hooked apical setae. average fertility of moths is 230 (87 to 400) eggs in wintered generation and 68 - 90 eggs in summer generation. caterpillars of 2nd - 5th instars winter under bud scales, under leaf residues drawn to branches, under bark scales in forks of branches. in spring they bite into buds. then caterpillars gnaw through leaf petioles, flower and fruit pedicels, and braid the damaged buds, flowers and leaves into bunches. pupation occurs in feeding places, among damaged leaves or in cracks of bark and in forks of branches. the pupal stage lasts 9 - 15 days. female lays eggs one by one or in groups of 3 - 5 on the upper side, less often on the lower side of leaves, occasionally on fruits. eggs develop in 8 - 12 days. summer caterpillars develop in dark tubules of plaited excrements and silk threads on the lower side of leaves, feeding between plaited leaves, braiding them to the surface of fruits .\nthis species is distributed throughout western europe (everywhere), madiera, north africa, asia minor, iran, china, pakistan, japan, korea, in north america. in the former ussr it is distributed in the european part (everywhere), transcaucasia, kazakhstan, in mountains of turkmenistan, uzbekistan, tajikistan, in siberia and the far east .\nthis species is monovoltine in the northern part of its area; 1. 5 - 2 generations in ukraine, moldova, transcaucasia, central asia, and in the south of siberia. in mountains of tajikistan the species is monovoltine at 2000 m above sea level and higher and bivoltine at 1800 m and lower. the wintered caterpillars renew feeding in april and the beginning of may, in tadjikistan from the end of march, at average daily temperature 8°c, during the period of green tops and before balloon. s status of apple development. the period of pupation lasts from the beginning of may until the 2nd third of june or the middle of july (azerbaijan). the pupal stage lasts 9 - 15 (13 on the average) days at temperatures of 15 - 20°c. moths fly from the end of may until the beginning of august. oviposition starts in the 1st or in the beginning of the 2nd third of june (azerbaijan). duration of egg development is 8 - 12 days at 20°c and relative air humidity 50% . in the south (moldova, crimea) the caterpillars partly pass aestivation over a month. pupation occurs from the middle of july until the middle of august. moths of the 2nd generation fly from the middle of august until the middle of september. hatching of caterpillars begins in august. in the south of the area there is an overlay of terms of development of various stages of two different generations and a sharp increase of numbers of the caterpillars eating fruits in august - september because of summer aestivation of caterpillars. this results in a sharp decrease of apple and plum yields. in the zone of development of one generation the harmful activity of the species is not great .\nthis is a dangerous pest of young plantings of apple, pear, and plum. it also damages quince, cherry, apricot, almonds, cotoneaster, hawthorn, and bird cherry. in forests the caterpillars develop on practically all wild - growing rosaceous species, damaging sea - buckthorn berries, hazel, birch, willow, maple, alder, also found on sorrel and euphorbia. apple yield losses can reach 15 - 50% , in azerbaijan 75% . a similar level of harm has been found on pear in tadjikistan. destruction of 20% of buds and leaves has been locally found in georgia .\nagronomical measures include pruning old and diseased branches and the use of trapping bands. biological measures include the application of biological preparations. chemical measures include local insecticide treatments during development of over - wintered caterpillars before the flowering of trees (during the phase of red buds) in spring. monitoring and forecast is possible with the use of pheromone traps .\nermolaev v. p. 1988. tortricidae. in: kirpichnikova v. a. , ler p. a. , eds. butterflies - pests of agriculture in the far east. keys. vladivostok: biology and soil institute, do an sssr. 65 - 99 p. (in russian )\ngaletenko s. m. 1964. to morphology of fruit leafrollers. in: kochkin m. a. , rubtsov n. i. , ryndin n. v. , eds. 150 years to state nikitskii botanical garden. collection of scientific works. v. 37. moscow: kolos. 531 - 395 p. (in russian )\nkostyuk yu. a. 1974. family tortricidae. in: vasil. ev v. p. , ed. pests of agricultural crops and forest plantations. v. 2. arthropods. kiev: urozhai. 261 - 320 p. (in russian )\nkuznetsov v. i. 1994. family tortricidae. in: kuznetsov v. i. , ed. insects and mites - pests of agricultural plants. v. 3 (1). lepidoptera. st. petersburg: nauka. 51 - 234 p. (in russian )\nsavkovskii p. p. 1976. atlas of the pests of fruit and berry plants. kiev: urozhai. 207 p. (in russian )\nvasil. ev v. p. , livshits i. z. 1984. pests of fruit crops. moscow: kolos. 399 p. (in russian )\n© 2003 - 2009 project «interactive agricultural ecological atlas of russia and neighboring countries. economic plants and their diseases, pests and weeds»\n§1 foulness, essex; 03 / 07 / 2008; male; fw 7. 0mm §2 foulness, essex; 26 / 07 / 2009; male; fw 6. 2mm §3 foulness, essex; 02 / 08 / 2009 ​§4 foulness, essex; 16 / 08 / 2009 ​§5 westcliff - on - sea, essex; 09 / 07 / 2010; male; fw 7. 0mm §6 galmpton, devon; 28 / 07 / 2010; female; fw 7. 8mm §7 foulness, essex; 14 / 08 / 2011; female §8 foulness, essex; 12 / 08 / 2012; female ​§9 foulness, essex; 05 / 08 / 2012; male ​§10 bookham common, surrey; 16 / 07 / 2013; male; fw 6. 9mm ​§11 dungeness, kent; 25 / 07 / 2017; male; fw 6. 7mm all images © chris lewis\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nlike most websites we use cookies. this is to ensure that we give you the best experience possible .\ncontinuing to use urltoken means you agree to our use of cookies. if you would like to, you can learn more about the cookies we use .\nyoung larvae cause little or no damage during the summer, and any damage to the fruits on apple and pear trees is superficial. high populations of overwintering larvae, feeding on fruit, may cause fruit drop and scarring. spring attacks are more significant as infested buds are hollowed out and killed. blossoms can also be destroyed, but damage to leaves and young shoots is relatively unimportant .\ndue to the variable regulations around (de -) registration of pesticides, we are for the moment not including any specific chemical control recommendations. for further information, we recommend you visit the following resources :\nthe main damage is caused by larvae destroying buds in spring. damage from small feeding excavations is sometimes sufficient to lower the commercial grade of the fruit (chapman and lienk, 1971). damage caused by the young larvae on apple and pear trees is usually regarded as superficial and unimportant .\nthe young larva lives in a silken tube, open at both ends, on the underside of a leaf. occasionally one makes an irregular brownish corridor or blotch. how often this happens perhaps differs regionally. hering (1957a) describes the species as a full blown miner, but bradley et al (1979a) make no mention of a mining habit, not even facultatively\nlarva: body reddish brown, head and prothoracic plate blackish brown, anal plate brown. abdominal prolegs darkly chitinised laterally, with a double circle of c. 36 crochets. under strong magnification the integument appears covered with a microscopical brown spinulation (swatschek, 1958a) (\npupa: the pupae of moths have visible head appendages, wings and legs which lie in sheaths (see examples) .\nadult: the adult is illustrated in ukmoths. the species is included in urltoken .\ntime of year - larvae: july - october; after hibernation they live free among spun leaves (hering, 1957a) (bladmineerders van europa) .\ndistribution elsewhere: widespread in continental europe including albania, austria, belgium, bosnia and herzogovina, bulgaria, canary is. , corsica, cyprus, czech republic, danish mainland, estonia, finland, french mainland, germany, greek mainland, hungary, italian mainland, latvia, lithuania, luxembourg, macedonia, madeira, malta, norwegian mainland, poland, portugueses mainland, romania, russia - central, north - west, south and east, sardinia, sicily, slovakia, slovenia, spanish mainland, sweden, switzerland and the netherlands. also recorded in east palaearctic, near east, nearctic and north africa (karsholt and van nieukerken in fauna europaea) .\nsynonyms: centralasiae (ssp .), comitana (tortrix), luscana (pyralis), occulana (penthina), pyrifoliana (hedya), zellerana (tmetocera )\nadults are grayish brown and are found in both light and dark forms. forewing markings include a wide median fasica which ranges in color from white to cream to gray, a dark - brown mark on the dorsum proximal to the tornus, and a series of small black dashes in the ocellus. in many individuals the median fascia is confluent with the postmedian and preterminal fasciae, creating an overall gray or whitish appearance. males have a notch at the base of the antenna and lack a forewing costal fold .\nlate instar larvae are approximately 9 - 14 mm long with a gray to dull reddish - brown abdomen. the head and prothoracic shield are reddish - brown to black, sometimes with dark mottling. prothoracic legs are dark brown. other distinguishing features include: abdominal pinacula large and raised; sv counts on a1, 2, 7, 8, 9 usually 3: 3: 2: 2: 2; l pinaculum on a9 trisetose; and anal comb present with 3 - 8 teeth .\nfemales lay eggs singly on leaves. newly hatched larvae feed primarily on leaves. third instar larvae construct a hibernaculum, often in a spur crotch, where they overwinter. feeding resumes in early spring on fruiting buds, leaves, and blossoms, with larvae forming a tubular chamber between leaves or in a rolled leaf. pupation occurs in a leaf nest near the feeding site .\nchapman, p. j. and s. e. lienk. 1971. tortricid fauna of apple in new york (lepidoptera: tortricidae); including an account of apple' s occurrence in the state, especially as a naturalized plant. spec. publ. geneva, ny: new york state agricultural experiment station. 122 pp .\ngilligan, t. m. , d. j. wright and l. d. gibson. 2008. olethreutine moths of the midwestern united states, an identification guide. ohio biological survey, columbus, ohio. 334 pp .\nmackay, m. r. 1959. larvae of the north american olethreutidae (lepidoptera). canadian entomologist supplement 10: 1 - 338 .\ntortricids of agricultural importance by todd m. gilligan and marc e. epstein interactive keys developed in lucid 3. 5. last updated august 2014 .\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted." ]

{ "text": [ "spilonota ocellana , the bud moth , is a moth of the family tortricidae .", "it is found in the palearctic ecozone ( from north africa and europe to iran , eastern russia , china ( hebei , inner mongolia , jilin , zhejiang , fujian , hubei , sichuan , shaanxi , gansu , qinghai ) , korea and japan ) .", "it is also present on madeira and in north america .", "the wingspan is 12 – 17 mm .", "the moth flies from may to october depending on the location .", "there is one generation per year .", "the larvae feed on various deciduous trees and shrubs . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 0, 9, 8, 15, 28 ] }

[ "spilonota ocellana, the bud moth, is a moth of the family tortricidae. it is found in the palearctic ecozone (from north africa and europe to iran, eastern russia, china (hebei, inner mongolia, jilin, zhejiang, fujian, hubei, sichuan, shaanxi, gansu, qinghai), korea and japan). it is also present on madeira and in north america. the wingspan is 12 – 17 mm. the moth flies from may to october depending on the location. there is one generation per year. the larvae feed on various deciduous trees and shrubs." ]

[ "this is the place for asaleuta definition. you find here asaleuta meaning, synonyms of asaleuta and images for asaleuta copyright 2017 © urltoken\n26. eudokia of trebizond 27. eudokia palaiologina 28. eudolichotis distorta 29. eudolichotis euryomphala 30. eudolium 31. eudomonia 32. eudon 33. eudonia 34. eudonia aequalis 35. eudonia alpina 36. eudonia angustea 37. eudonia asterisca 38. eudonia chrysopetra 39. eudonia deltophora 40. eudonia fogoalis 41. eudonia frigida 42. eudonia hawaiiensis 43. eudonia lindbergalis 44. eudonia linealis 45. eudonia lycopodiae 46. eudonia melanaegis 47. eudonia petrophila 48. eudonia philorphna 49. eudonia protorthra 50. eudonia puellaris\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word asaleuta. also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word asaleuta and, of course, asaleuta synonyms and on the right images related to the word asaleuta .\nhave a fact about eudonia eremitis? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for eudonia eremitis? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a fact about eudonia chalara? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for eudonia chalara? write it here to share it with the entire community .\n51. eudonia spenceri 52. eudonia submarginalis 53. eudonia truncicolella 54. eudonia venosa 55. eudonia viettei 56. eudontomyzon 57. eudontomyzon hellenicus 58. eudor 59. eudora 60. eudora hereford 61. eudora internet mail server 62. eudora kaw river bridge 63. eudora light 64. eudora ose 65. eudora t. putnam 66. eudora t putnam 67. eudora welty 68. eudora welty house 69. eudorcas 70. eudorcas rufifrons 71. eudore allard 72. eudore misonne 73. eudore pirmez 74. eudoria 75. eudorina\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfollowing notes on new and interesting forms are based mainly on material received through the kindness of messrs. g. v. hudson and a. philpott, principally collected in the southern parts of the south island. it is evident that the fauna is still far from being exhausted. i think that good results might be especially obtained by (1) searching for, and particularly breeding, the more minute forms, which require close observation, and (2) collecting at high altitudes earlier, and perhaps also later, in the year .\n♂. 34 - 36 mm. head and thorax greyish - ochreous mixed with brownish. antennæ serrate, fasciculated. forewings elongate - triangular, costa almost straight or subsinuate, termen bowed, waved, oblique; greyish - ochreous, mixed with whitish - grey and brownish; subbasal, first, second, and subterminal lines obscurely pale or whitish, inconspicuous, more or less - partially dark - edged interiorly, sometimes with some black irroration; orbicular and reniform more or less distinctly whitish - edged and laterally dark - margined, orbicular round, reniform trapezoidal; claviform small, whitish, dark - edged, touching first line, sometimes obsolete; median line obsolete; three pale dots on costa posteriorly; a terminal series of dark - fuscous crescentic marks. hindwings fuscous, with dark - fuscous terminal line; cilia whitish, base fuscous - tinged .\nrakaia (fereday), dunedin (hudson); three specimens. a distinct though inconspicuous species, allied to\nlighter and less uniform in colouring, spots more distinct, termen rather more oblique, hindwings much less dark posteriorly .\n♀. 33–40 mm. head and thorax grey - whitish mixed with dark fuscous, thorax sometimes with blackish anterior angulated bar. forewings elongate - triangular, costa almost straight, termen bowed, waved, oblique; whitish, sprinkled with brownish and black scales; subbasal line partially margined with dark\nfuscous; first and second lines indicated by dark - fuscous interior margins; spots indicated by partial dark - fuscous margins, orbicular roundish, reniform trapezoidal, claviform suboval; median shade more or less marked, formed by dark - fuscous suffusion; subterminal line indicated by well - marked thick dark - fuscous anterior margin; a terminal series of dark - fuscous crescentic marks: cilia whitish, with distinct bars of blackish irroration. hindwings whitish - fuscous, with suffused fuscous terminal fascia; cilia whitish, base more or less infuscated .\nmount arthur (4, 700 ft .) and lake wakatipu, in january; two specimens. easily known by the whitish ground - colour and strong dark præsubterminal shade .\nlake wakatipu (hudson); two specimens. of the new zealand species of this genus that have fasciculate antennæ in ♂, muscosata, antarctica, and bilineolata are green - tinged species, dryas a clear brown species, plinthina and aristias are red - tinged species: halianthes is really red - tinged, but appears purplish, and is allied to the two latter, but larger than either, darker, and easily known by the grey hindwings (in the other two whitish) and differently formed median band of forewings. probably it varies considerably, like several of the others .\n♂. 26–27 mm. head and thorax yellow - ochreous, with a few blackish scales. forewings triangular, costa gently arched, termen bowed, oblique, slightly waved; clear light yellow -\nochreous; fasciæ formed by dentate striæ of blackish irroration, first and second separated by a suffused whitish line, second obsolete except on extremities; third reduced to a single curved stria, preceded by a white line, and followed by white suffusion above and below middle; fourth of three striæ, posterior edge with acute short triangular projection in middle, followed by a strong white line; fifth of two striæ, posterior sometimes very thick and suffused, followed by white subterminal line, sometimes partially obscured; sixth of one stria following subterminal line, terminated above by an oblique subapical suffusion; a blackish terminal line: cilia white, barred with blackish irroration. hindwings light ochreous - yellow; terminal line and cilia as in forewings .\ninvercargill, on sandhills (philpott); two specimens received from mr. hudson. recalls a small xanthorhoe clarata, but the resemblance is only superficial .\n♂. 28 mm. head, palpi, and thorax pale - ochreous tinged with brown - reddish. forewings somewhat elongate - triangular, costa gently arched, subsinuate in middle, termen rather bowed, oblique, not waved; pale greyish - ochreous, towards costa suffusedly tinged with reddish - ochreous; basal area indistinctly striated with dark fuscous irroration; median band defined anteriorly by two curved similar striæ, posteriorly by three curved dark striæ enclosing two lines, first pale, second slightly tinged with reddish - ochreous; within median band are two suffused striæ connected by a transverse dark - fuscous discal dot, first obsolete in middle; terminal area irrorated with dark fuscous; an interrupted dark - fuscous terminal line: cilia pale - greyish - ochreous, barred with dark - fuscous irroration. hind - wings elongate, termen rounded, faintly waved; pale grayish\nochreous, thinly irrorated with grey; a blackish discal dot; a cloudy grey postmedian line; cilia pale greyish - ochreous mixed with grey .\nold man range, dunedin (lewis); one specimen received from mr. hudson. a distinct species, probably allied to aegrota, but not very nearly .\n♂ 28–30 mm. , ♀ 23 mm. head ochreous - white, face rounded. palpi 4 ½ - 5, brownish - ochreous, internally and at base beneath, white, in ♀ very slender. antennæ in ♂ filiform, shortly ciliated. thorax brownish - ochreous, with ochreous - white central stripe. abdomen whitish - ochreous. forewings\nvery elongate - triangular, costa posteriorly moderately arched, apex round - pointed, termen sinuate, oblique; shining brassy - ochreous; a moderate white longitudinal median streak from base, split into three branches posteriorly, and two similar detached branches above these; very indistinct narrow streaks of whitish suffusion towards costa between veins, in ♀ more suffused; two or three broader and sometimes confluent streaks of white suffusion towards dorsum between veins: cilia in ♂ whitish, on lower half of termen more or less suffused with ochreous, in ♀ white. hindwings fuscous - whitish, in ♂ more fuscous - tinged towards apex; cilia in ♂ ochreous - whitish, in ♀ white .\ninvercargill, in december; two specimens taken by myself, and three others received from messrs. philpott and hudson. closely allied to ramosellus, from which it is very easily separated by the entire absence of the black terminal dots and of the blackish inferior edging of the white median streak .\ndunedin (lewis); one specimen received from mr. hudson. apparently more allied to ramosellus than to any other new zealand species, but very distinct by the frontal cone; there would seem to be undoubted affinity to the european inquinatellus .\n♀. 29–31 mm. head and palpi ochreous - whitish mixed with blackish, palpi 3 ½; a naked dark - grey space between eye and palpi. thorax dark grey suffused with light bronzy -\nblue - greenish, and mixed with ochreous - whitish and pale ochreous. forewings elongate, moderate, slightly dilated, costa gently arched anteriorly, almost straight posteriorly, apex obtuse, termen rounded, somewhat oblique; dark grey, more or leas mixed suffusedly with ochreous - whitish or whitish - ochreous, with a brassy - blue - greenish tinge; first and second lines pale, angulated, margined with darker shades, but sometimes almost wholly obsolete: cilia grey mixed with ochreous - whitish. hindwings grey, lighter towards base, suffused with darker towards termen; cilia grey, tips whitish .\nlake wakatipu, 4, 000–5, 000 ft. (hudson); two specimens. larger than the other two species, with the forewings much less triangular, rather oblong, and otherwise quite distinct .\nold man range, dunedin (lewis); one specimen received from mr. hudson. probably intermediate between hemicycla and ergatis, but very distinct .\n♂. 21–23 mm. head and thorax brown, face dark fuscous. palpi 2⅔, pale brownish mixed with dark fuscous, base whitish. antennæ dark fuscous, ciliations ⅔. abdomen fuscous. forewings elongate - triangular, costa hardly arched, apex obtuse, termen little rounded, somewhat oblique; brown sprinkled with rather dark fuscous: cilia pale brownish, with rather\ndark fuscous subbasal line. hindwings without hairs in cell; fuscous; cilia light greyish - ochreous, with fuscous subbasal line .\ninvercargill, in open swampy situations, in november (philpott, hudson); three specimens. very distinct, of somewhat doubtful affinity, possibly nearest encapna .\nkaitoke, wellington, in november (hudson); one specimen. very similar to colpota, but immediately distinguished by quite different form of second line, especially by the peculiar outward sinuation near dorsum; also allied to periphanes, in which, however, the lower half of second line is straight and oblique .\nterminal fascia, on which the second and subterminal lines appear as whitish shades confluent in middle and sometimes partially obsolete: cilia whitish - ochreous, tips whitish, with narrow basal and broader postmedian grey shades. hindwings without hairs in cell; pale greyish - ochreous, with suffused dark - grey terminal fascia; cilia ochreous - grey - whitish, with grey basal line .\nlake wakatipu (hudson); two specimens. an elegant species, intermediate between cataxesta and tetracyla; to the naked eye obviously bluish - tinged .\n♂. 28–29 mm. head fuscous, crown mixed with whitish. palpi 3, fuscous, base white. antennæ fuscous, ciliations ½. thorax light fuscous. abdomen pale greyish - ochreous. forewings very elongate, gradually dilated, costa posteriorly gently arched, apex obtuse, termen faintly sinuate, rather oblique; rather light fuscous, more or less irrorated finely with whitish; costa and all veins marked by more or less distinct somewhat darker fuscous lines: cilia whitish, with two fuscous lines, anterior interrupted. hindwings with long hairs in cell; very pale brassy - ochreous; cilia whitish, with very faint greyish subbasal line .\ninvercargill, in march, on flowers of senecio after dark (philpott); three specimens. very distinct, perhaps nearest to the australian nephelitis .\n♂. 17 mm. head and thorax yellowish - white, metapleura with an oblique black streak, frontal cone of scales moderately long. palpi 3 ½, white, apical ⅔ externally irrorated with dark fuscous. abdomen pale whitish - yellow, with a black lateral dot near base, and a few black lateral scales posteriorly. legs white, banded with dark fuscous. forewings cleft from ¾, upper segment rather narrow, apex produced, pointed, lower segment much broader, posteriorly dilated; whitish, tinged with pale yellow; costa towards base shortly strigulated with fuscous irroration; a small triangular fuscous spot irrorated with dark fuscous on costa before fissure, not reaching across first segment, and a smaller similar mark on costa between this and apex: cilia ochreous - whitish, spotted with fuscous round lower angle of first segment, and upper angle and termen of second, with a small black scale - tooth on dorsum at ⅔. hindwings reddish - fuscous; cilia whitish, slightly reddish - tinged, with a blackish basal mark on lower half of termen of first segment, and mere traces of black scales in middle of dorsum of third segment .\nhumboldt range, lake wakatipu, at 3, 600 ft. (hudson). mr. hudson writes: “in this species the second digit of the forewing is held almost at right angles pointing downwards from the first digit during life; after death the digit assumes the normal position. ” this would appear to be a very singular characteristic, which would repay further investigation. the species is allied to deprivatalis, but very distinct .\nthis genus, which differs from capua only by the absence of the costal fold in ♂, has not been hitherto known from new zealand, but is well represented in australia .\n♂ ♀. 16–18 mm. head, palpi, and thorax rather dark fuscous. abdomen pale grey, forewings elongate, suboblong, costa moderately arched, apex obtuse, termen hardly rounded, rather oblique; fuscous, slightly purplish - binged, sprinkled with dark fuscous, towards middle of costa suffused with dark ashy - fuscous, towards termen mixed with reddish - ochreous and strigulated with dark fuscous; basal ⅖ whitish - ochreous, marked with several deeper ochreous striæ, outer edge curved; within this patch an irregular dark - fuscous streak from base of dorsum along costa to ¼, thence proceeding as a curved transverse streak to sub - median fold: cilia grey, with dark fuscous median line. hind wings light grey; cilia whitish - grey, with darker subbasal line .\nantennæ in ♂ moderately biciliated. palpi moderate, porrected, rough - scaled above and beneath. thorax smooth. forewings with rough scales at base, in ♂ with costal fold; 2 from ⅔, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to termen, 11 from middle. hindwings with vein 4 absent, 6 and 7 stalked .\nallied to capua, from which it differs by the rough basal scales of forewings, and the absence of vein 4 of hindwings .\n♂. 18 mm. head, palpi, and thorax brownish irrorated with grey - whitish and dark fuscous. abdomen fuscous. forewings\nelongate, hardly dilated, costa slightly bent before middle, apex obtuse, termen faintly sinuate beneath apex, bowed, oblique; pale brownish, partially suffused irregularly with whitish, costa and dorsum strigulated with dark fuscous; outer edge of basal patch indicated by a blackish line in disc, obsolete towards extremities; an irregular incurved fuscous streak marked with black from ⅖ of costa to below middle of disc, followed by whitish suffusion; an irregular dark - fuscous spot above tornus, and some dark - fuscous strigulæ towards lower part of termen: cilia grey - whitish mixed with dark grey. hindwings fuscous, strigulated with darker; some undefined ochreous - yellowish suffusion in centre of disc and towards costa in middle; cilia pale grey, with dark - grey subbasal line .\ninvercargill, in august (philpott); one specimen. the whitish hindwings are a special characteristic .\ni have received from mr. philpott three examples of a curious melanic form of the male of this - species, stated to be common near invercargill. the forewings are mainly suffused with dark purplish - grey irrorated or strigulated with blackish, except some small variable whitish spots towards middle of dorsum and sometimes towards apex and termen; whilst the hindwings are densely irrorated with blackish. i at first thought it a distinct species, but after careful comparison with my long series of varieties of this extraordinarily variable species am satisfied that it is only a melanic southern form; i have not\nhowever, yet seen the corresponding females. several other species from invercargill show the same tendency to melanism, which should be borne in mind when considering insects from that region .\n♂. 19–21 mm. head and thorax brownish - ochreous or yellow - ochreous. palpi. 3, fuscous, externally suffused with ferruginous. antennal ciliations 1 ½. abdomen whitish - ochreous, beneath ferruginous, and tuft mixed with dark grey. forewings elongate - triangular, costa slightly arched, apex obtuse, termen rounded, little oblique; whitish - ochreous or yellow - ochreous, with scattered blackish - grey strigulæ, basal ¾ more or less tinged or suffused with brown; costal edge ferruginous: cilia whitish - ochreous, on upper half of termen dark grey, on costa yellowish - ferruginous. hindwings ochreous - whitish, strigulated with pale grey, more distinctly towards base; cilia ochreous - whitish .\n♂. 22 mm. head and thorax whitish. palpi 3 ½, ochreous - whitish, externally fuscous - sprinkled. forewings more elongate than in ♂, ochreous - whitish, sprinkled with very pale fuscous; central fascia indicated by an undefined grey very zigzag shade; a small grey spot towards termen in middle: cilia whitish - ochreous, becoming fuscous on upper part of termen. hindwings as in ♂ .\ni took a male and female together at christchurch in september, but had not ventured hitherto to describe them; i have, now received four additional males from mr. philpott, taken at invercargill, where the species is common in october and november. it is allied to excessana, but quite distinct .\nexamples from invercargill sent by mr. philpott have the forewings much greyer than christchurch and wellington specimens, and the hindwings are also grey; they appear to constitute a geographical form only, and to afford an instance of the tendency to a darker colouring mentioned above .\n♂. 12 mm. head and palpi rather dark fuscous, palpi 2. antennal ciliation 1. thorax dark glossy leaden - fuscous. abdomen dark fuscous. forewings elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen straight, rather oblique; rather dark glossy leaden - grey; markings blackish - fuscous; four small spots on costa alternating with principal markings; a stria marking outer edge of basal patch, strongly angulated in\nmiddle; a small spot of pale - yellowish projecting scales on dorsum neat base; upper half of central fascia well marked, lower half obsolete; a small triangular costal patch, from near which proceed two irregular striae to tornus and lower part of termen, edged with a few pale - yellowish scales: cilia dark fuscous, tips paler. hindwings dark fuscous; cilia pale - greyish, with dark - grey basal line .\nwellington (hudson); one specimen. very distinct; has some superficial resemblance to dipterina hemiclista, but easily distinguished by the short antennal ciliations .\ninvercargill, common on sandhills in january (philpott); three specimens. this species differs from the other two in having vein 7 of forewings present; but as it possesses the other characteristic structural points of the genus, and is obviously nearly allied in all respects, it seems unnecessary to form a new genus for its reception. the genus is a development of proselena, and the present species is an early form of it .\n♂. 15 mm. head whitish. palpi, thorax, and abdomen pale fuscous. forewings elongate, costa moderately arched, apex obtuse, termen slightly rounded, oblique; white; basal patch pale fuscous, marked with spots of blackish irroration; dorsal half from this to tornus marked with coarse grey strigulæ irrorated with black; an oblique grey patch on middle of costa; a smaller dark - grey spot on costa at ¾; a grey apical patch, marked with coarse blackish - grey strigulæ, and extended as an irregular subterminal stria to tornus: cilia whitish, round\napex greyish - tinged and spotted with blackish irroration. hindwings pale grey, veins partially dark grey; cilia grey - whitish .\ninvercargill, in january (philpott); one specimen. this, the second known species of the genus, is easily known from the other by the white ground .\ninvercargill, amongst bush, from october to february (philpott); four specimens. much the darkest species of the genus .\nfurther material has convinced me that epomiana, meyr. , is only a variety of this species, and must sink accordingly .\n♂. 15–17 mm. head whitish - ochreous. palpi ochreous - whitish; basal joint, lower third of second joint, and subapical ring of terminal joint dark fuscous. antennæ serrulate, pubescent, pale ochreous dotted with dark fuscous. thorax whitish - ochreous, tinged or irrorated with brownish. abdomen grey. forewings elongate, narrow, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen rounded, rather strongly oblique; whitish - ochreous, irregularly irrorated with brown; plical and first discal stigmata rather large, blackish, plical rather before first discal; brown irroration forms a suffused costal patch beyond middle, and a narrow terminal fascia; cilia whitish - ochreous, with dark - grey subbasal line. hindwings over 1, grey; cilia pale whitish - ochreous, with grey subbasal line .\ninvercargill, amongst bush, local, in november (philpott); three specimens. allied to achyrota, but, apart from other characters, achyrota has two blackish rings on terminal joint of palpi, acrodactyla only one .\nspecimens sent by mr. philpott from invercargill, in conjunction with the material already possessed, appear to show conclusively that actinias, meyr. , is only a strongly marked form of this species, and the name should therefore be reduced to a synonym .\n♂. 21–22 mm. head whitish - ochreous mixed with fuscous. palpi whitish - ochreous, irrorated throughout with rather dark fuscous. antennæ dark fuscous. thorax dark fuscous, apical half of patagia yellow - ochreous. abdomen grey. forewings elongate, costa gently arched, apex round - pointed, termen very obliquely rounded; ferruginous - brown, towards costa somewhat paler and more ochreous; a yellow - ochreous streak along dorsum from base to near tornus posteriorly whitish, upper edge triangularly indented before middle, with some blackish scales in indentation: cilia ferruginous - ochreous. hindwings light grey, margins narrowly whitish; cilia whitish .\ninvercargill, abundant among leptospermum, in november and december (philpott); three specimens. at first sight very similar to basella, but with termen of forewings more oblique, and easily distinguished by the fuscous - mixed head, uniformly infuscated palpi, and whitish cilia of hindwings .\nborkhausenia basella, walk. (incurvaria basella, walk. 492; œcophora ademptella, ib. 698. )\n♂. 18–21 mm. head ochreous - yellow. palpi ochreous - yellow, second joint except apex, and subbasal and subapical rings of terminal joint dark fuscous. antennæ dark fuscous. thorax dark brown, apex of patagia and a posterior spot ochreous - yellow. abdomen fuscous. forewings elongate, costa moderately arched, apex obtuse, termen almost straight, oblique; ochreous - brown irrorated with darker, with a slight purplish gloss; costal edge finely ochreous - yellow except towards base; a whitish - yellowish streak, partly suffused with deep ochreous - yellow, along dorsum from base to ¾, upper edge broadly triangularly indented before middle, with a blackish dot in in -\ndentation: cilia brown, irrorated with darker. hindwings and cilia fuscous - grey .\nwellington (hudson); six specimens. distinguished by the uniform dark colouring and pale dorsal stripe; phegophylla, meyr. , is very similar, but much brighter - coloured, and has terminal joint of palpi wholly yellow, without dark fuscous rings; politis, meyr. (of which i have both sexes) is much more mottled in appearance, with dark stigmata and subterminal line always apparent, and (though occurring in the same neighbourhood) truly distinct, since the antennal ciliations of ♂ are appreciably longer, obviously over 1, whilst in basella they are only 1 .\ninvercargill, on outskirts of bush, in december (philpott); three specimens. a distinct species, intermediate between the basella and griseata groups .\n♂ ♀. 11–12 mm. head and thorax bronzy - fuscous sprinkled with dark fuscous. palpi ochreous - whitish, with two rings on second joint, and two rings and an anterior streak on apical portion of terminal joint blackish. antennæ dark fuscous. abdomen fuscous. forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa moderately arched, apex round - pointed, termen very obliquely rounded; 7 and 8 stalked; in ♂ ochreous - fuscous, sometimes partly suffused with bronzy - ochreous, in ♀ dark fuscous with a cloudy whitish streak along dorsum\nand posterior half obscurely marked with undefined whitish strigulæ, partly edged with blackish; second discal stigma round, blackish, sometimes with a smaller similar dot before and above it; two or three short whitish strigulæ from costa posteriorly, in ♂ very undefined, in ♀ longer and blackish - edged: cilia fuscous, on termen white with a blackish basal line. hindwings and cilia rather dark grey, darker in ♀ .\ninvercargill, in damp situations on sandhills, in october (philpott); three specimens. a distinct species, allied to the following .\n♀. 15–16 mm. head and thorax light shining bronzy - ochreous. palpi ochreous - whitish, second joint with two black subapical rings, terminal joint with black anterior line. antennæ and abdomen dark fuscous. forewings elongate, narrow, costa gently arched, apex acute, termen faintly sinuate, very oblique; 7 and 8 stalked; light shining bronzy - ochreous; costal edge whitish towards middle; a whitish - ochreous streak along submedian fold from ¼, variably extended posteriorly, and sometimes undefined whitish streaks on veins posteriorly, the interspaces sometimes fuscous - tinged; five silvery - grey - whitish fuscous - edged diversely oblique streaks from posterior half of costa, and two from about tornus, first costal connected with first tornal by some black scales, second tornal partly black - edged and subconfluent with fourth costal in a straight line: cilia ochreous - whitish. hindwings dark grey, posteriorly blackish - irrorated; cilia grey, round costa and apex grey - whitish .\ninvercargill, in damp situations on sandhills, in october (philpott); two specimens. allied to transversella, walk. , but a much less brilliant insect .\n♂. 20 mm. head, palpi, and thorax grey - whitish mixed with blackish. antennæ pale grey, ringed with blackish. abdomen fuscous, segmental margins mixed with whitish. fore - wings elongate, moderate, posteriorly rather dilated, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen faintly sinuate, oblique; 7 and 8 connate; olive - fuscous, costa and dorsum broadly suffused with dark fuscous; basal area irrorated with whitish except a narrow fascia preceding first line; first line whitish, acutely angulated near costa, followed by a very irregular fascia of whitish irroration, which sends a triangular projection above middle to centre of disc; second line white, sharply defined, running from middle of costa to ¾ of disc, thence acutely angulated to beyond middle of dorsum, somewhat sinuate inwards towards\ncosta and dorsum; an evenly broad fascia of white irroration from ⅘ of costa to ⅘ of dorsum, resting on second line in discal portion, terminating in a white spot on costa, and edged with a white line from this to angle of second line: cilia grey mixed with whitish, and indistinctly barred with dark fuscous irroration. hindwings grey, darker posteriorly; indications of a cloudy whitish dot towards termen below middle; cilia grey mixed with whitish, with dark grey basal line .\nhumboldt range, lake wakatipu, at 3, 600 ft. (hudson); one specimen. this large and interesting form is allied to combinatana, walk. , but very distinct .\nphotographer: birgit e. rhode (or ber) unless otherwise specified in the body of the image. images on this page are published under the cc - by 4. 0 international licence unless otherwise specified .\nsign in to disable all ads. thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word. leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\n1. action of picheuta 2. ad ceuta 3. agd ceuta 4. antaeotricha smileuta 5. assembly of ceuta 6. autonomous city of ceuta 7. bassarona teuta 8. battle of ceuta 9. cathedral of ceuta 10. ceuta 11. ciudad autónoma de ceuta 12. climate of ceuta 13. coat of arms of ceuta 14. communications in ceuta 15. conquest of ceuta 16. culture of ceuta 17. democratic and social party of ceuta 18. deuta 19. diocese of ceuta 20. economy of ceuta 21. emphyteuta 22. enfiteuta 23. epichorista passaleuta 24. epinomeuta 25. euhyponomeuta\n26. euta 27. flag of ceuta 28. foreign relations of ceuta 29. geography of ceuta 30. history of ceuta 31. internet in ceuta 32. joseph ben judah of ceuta 33. kf teuta 34. lgbt rights in ceuta 35. list of cities in ceuta 36. list of governors of ceuta 37. list of lighthouses in ceuta 38. list of mammals of ceuta 39. list of political parties in ceuta 40. mayor - president of ceuta 41. mayor president of ceuta 42. parahyponomeuta 43. politics of ceuta 44. pronomeuta 45. public holidays in ceuta 46. queen teuta 47. roman catholic diocese of cadiz y ceuta 48. royal walls of ceuta 49. taifa of ceuta 50. telecommunications in ceuta\n51. telephone numbers in ceuta 52. teuta 53. triteuta 54. tv teuta 55. union of muslims of ceuta 56. yponomeuta\n76. eudorina elegans 77. eudorinas 78. eudoros 79. eudorus 80. eudorus of alexandria 81. eudoses 82. eudoxa 83. eudoxe marcille 84. eudoxes 85. eudoxia 86. eudoxia borisovna yusupova 87. eudoxia dmitriyevna 88. eudoxia epiphania 89. eudoxia feodorovna lopukhina 90. eudoxia laskarina 91. eudoxia lopukhina 92. eudoxia lukyanovna streshneva 93. eudoxia of heliopolis 94. eudoxia of kiev 95. eudoxia of moscow 96. eudoxia streshneva 97. eudoxia woodward 98. eudoxian 99. eudoxians 100. eudoxiatopoplana\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nif you know the species, please, click on the picture and write the species name in comments section. also, you can go to the gallery page with all photos of scopariinae sp. (large size) .\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc. .\nasale chali kalam aapie paduchollam by rohit raj from the album mr. mrs. sailaja krishnamurthy\nasale kasi kasi by s. p. balasubramanyam, s. janaki from the album donga ramudu (original motion picture soundtrack )\nreal academia espanola (rae), asociacion de academias de la lengua espanola (asale): ortografia basica de la lengua... - aug 3, 2013 by marîa antonieta vergara donoso\nthe racial economies of criminalization, immigration, and policing in italy. : an article from: social justice - jul 25, 2005 by asale angel - ajani\nunited states coins, medals and paper money featuring the lewis m. reagan collection - stack' s, 123 west 57th street... - jan 1, 1999 by { numismatics }\nstrange trade: the story of two women who risked everything in the international drug trade by angel - ajani, asale... - 1707 by asale angel - ajani\nengaged observer: anthropology, advocacy, and activism by angel - ajani, asale, sanford, victoria, bourgois, phillippe... - 1609 by angel - ajani, asale, sanford, victoria, bourgois, phillippe ,\nsalt formation associated with sub - surface boiling and supercritical water [ an article from: marine and petroleum... - sep 1, 2006 by m. hovland and h. g. rueslatten\nasalem is a city in and the capital of asalem district, in talesh county, gilan province, iran. at the 2006 census, its population was 3, 347, in 827 families .\nasalebria is a genus of snout moths. it was described by amsel in 1953, and is known from spain and russia .\nlamir is a village in kharajgil rural district, asalem district, talesh county, gilan province, iran. at the 2006 census, its existence was noted, but its population was not reported .\nasalem district is a district in talesh county, gilan province, iran. at the 2006 census, its population was 39, 089, in 9, 203 families. the district has one city: asalem. the district has three rural districts: asalem rural district, khaleh sara ...\nnav is a village in kharajgil rural district, asalem district, talesh county, gilan province, iran. at the 2006 census, its population was 162, in 31 families .\nasalebria florella is a species of snout moths in the genus asalebria. it was described by mann, in 1862. it is found in spain, portugal, france, italy, germany, croatia, the republic of macedonia, greece, bulgaria, romania, ukraine, russia and ...\nasalebria venustella is a species of snout moths in the genus asalebria. it was described by ragonot, in 1887, and is the type species of its genus. it is found in portugal, spain, france, sardinia, russia, kazakhstan and mongolia .\nasalebria geminella is a species of snout moths in the genus asalebria. it was described by eversmann, in 1844. it is found in spain, portugal, hungary, russia and turkey\ngilandeh is a village in asalem rural district, asalem district, talesh county, gilan province, iran. at the 2006 census, its population was 4, 273, in 1, 077 families .\nasalebria imitatella is a species of snout moths in the genus asalebria. it was described by ragonot, in 1893, and is known from russia. the wingspan is about 22 mm .\nasalebria pseudoflorella is a species of snout moths in the genus asalebria. it was described by schmidt, in 1934. it is found in spain .\nasalem rural district is a rural district in asalem district, talesh county, gilan province, iran. at the 2006 census, its population was 20, 226, in 4, 765 families. the rural district has 31 villages .\n1804 - [ [ emma smith ] ] - american religious leader (d. 1879 )\n1809 - [ [ friedrich august von quenstedt ] ] - german geologist and palaeontologist (d. 1889 )\n1823 - [ [ louis - napoléon casault ] ] - canadian lawyer, judge, and politician (d. 1908 )\n1830 - [ [ camille pissarro ] ] - danish - french painter (d. 1903 )\n1832 - [ [ alvan graham clark ] ] - american astronomer (d. 1897 )\nthe words on encyclo are taken from more than 1, 000 online wordlists, written by a variety of groups working together to find definitions and keep the lists up to date. in the wordlists you can find meanings and definitions from a number of areas of interest including local authorities, businesses, organisations, charities, social network sites, commercial websites and even private lists made by people as a hobby or to ensure older words no longer in everyday use are not forgotten .\nmany of the saved wordlists which are in the unusual or specialised word lists have been changed or removed as businesses have closed or re - organised in the last eight years and can no longer be found on the internet. these lists of words, definitions and meanings have been saved in our archive and are still available in the search results .\nencyclo. co. uk, online since 2007, is a search engine for english meanings and definitions. the website aims to publish all wordlists, big and small, on the internet, making it much easier to find the word you need." ]

{ "text": [ "eudonia asaleuta is a moth of the crambidae family .", "it was described by meyrick in 1907 .", "it is found in new zealand .", "the wingspan is 21 – 23 mm .", "the forewings are iridescent pale ochreous mixed with dark bluish-grey , suffused or irrorated with white .", "the hindwings are pale greyish-ochreous , with suffused dark-grey terminal fascia . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 1, 1 ] }

[ "eudonia asaleuta is a moth of the crambidae family. it was described by meyrick in 1907. it is found in new zealand. the wingspan is 21 – 23 mm. the forewings are iridescent pale ochreous mixed with dark bluish-grey, suffused or irrorated with white. the hindwings are pale greyish-ochreous, with suffused dark-grey terminal fascia." ]

[ "information on the large indian civet is being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nthe large indian civet is classified as near threatened (nt) on the iucn red list (1) .\nsmall indian civet occurs in most of india and adapted different living conditions such as grassland, scrub and agricultural areas. the small indian civet is an amazing small species of civet found in india .\nlarge indian civet is found only in northeast indian state and and southeast asia. this species spend most of their time on the ground and hunted heavy trade as wild meat .\nmalabar large spotted civet is listed as critically endangered species of viverrid, endemic to the western ghats of india. the malabar civet are one of the largest species of civet found in world .\ncivet are called as toddy cats are carnivorous mammal species from viverridae family, native to rain forest of asia and africa. india is home to large number of civet species and these nocturnal mammals are hunted for skin and bush meat. african civet and malayan civet are two more known species of civet found out of indian sub - continent .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - large indian civet (viverra zibetha )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - large indian civet (viverra zibetha )\ntitle =\narkive species - large indian civet (viverra zibetha )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nmasked palm civet is one of the smaller species of civet, found throughout the jungles of the indian sub - continent. the masked palm civet is regarded as a single species and hunting for bushmeat .\nghimirey, y. and acharya, r. 2014. notes on the distribution of large indian civet viverra zibetha in nepal. small carnivore conservation 50: 25–29 .\nthe large indian civet ranges from nepal, northeast india, bhutan, bangladesh to myanmar, thailand, the malay peninsula and singapore to cambodia, laos, vietnam and china .\nthe large indian civet ranges from nepal, northeast india, bhutan, bangladesh to myanmar, thailand, the malay peninsula and singapore to cambodia, laos, vietnam and china. [ 1 ]\nin nepal, large indian civet was recorded up to 2, 250 m (7, 380 ft) in the himalayas, which constitutes the highest altitudinal record in this country. [ 4 ]\narchana, sharma, d. n. and sharma, r. 2000. external morphology of a male large indian civet (viverra zibetha linnaeus, 1758). zoos' print journal 16 (7): 532–534 .\npocock, r. i. (1939). viverra zibetha linnaeus. the large indian civet. in: the fauna of british india, including ceylon and burma. mammalia. – volume 1. taylor and francis, london .\nlarge indian civets are mostly carnivorous. they eat birds, frogs, snakes, small mammals, eggs, crabs, and fish, but also fruit and roots .\nlarge indian civets are mostly carnivorous. they eat birds, frogs, snakes, small mammals, eggs, crabs, and fish, but also fruit and roots .\ncivet research group of kunming institute of zoology, chineseacademy of sciences. 1990 .\nsimcharoen, s. (1999). home range size, habitat utilization and daily activities of large indian civet (viverra zibetha). research and progress report year 1999, wildlife research division, department of national parks, wildlife and plant conservation, bangkok .\nindian civets grasp their prey with their teeth and shake until the spinal column is broken .\n) during my meanderings in saiha. the large indian civet crossed the road in front of the sumo i was travelling in, very near to the bridge at kawlchaw, with a rat grasped firmly in its mouth (mizoram was then under the spell of bamboo flowering - mautam) while the small indian civet did not have such a happy story. it had been caught few days before i came across it and that moment the skin was being stuffed !\n, also known as the indian civet, is found from indochina to southern china. it is also found in nepal, bangladesh, the malay peninsula, hainan, and vietnam .\nradio - tracked large indian civets in thailand had home ranges of 2. 7 to 8. 8 km 2 (1. 0 to 3. 4 sq mi). [ 8 ]\nsimcharoen, s. 1999. home range size, habitat utilization and daily activities of large indian civet (viverra zibetha). research and progress report year 1999, pp. 43–64. wildlife research division, department of national parks, wildlife and plant conservation, bangkok, thailand (in thai .) .\ncommonly called civet cats, civets are not cats. in fact, they are more closely related to mongooses than they are to cats. in singapore, the common palm civet is one of the species of civet that can be seen. civets are commonly known as ‘musang’ in the malay language .\nasian palm civet is one of the small species of viverrid, native to india and southeast asia. the asian palm civet has very broad range of habitats and hunted for bush meat. source: tnresources\nlarge indian civets are generally grizzled greyish brown, with white and black bars along the neck, a white muzzle, and usually two white stripes and three black stripes on the tail. the hair on the back is longer. the\nbista, a. , chanchani, p. , warrier, r. , mann, r. , gupta, m. and vattakavan, j. 2012. detection of large indian civet viverra zibetha in camera - trap surveys in and around dudhwa national park in the terai region of north india. small carnivore conservation 47: 54–57 .\nlynam, a. j. , myint maung, saw htoo tha po and duckworth, j. w. 2005. recent records of large - spotted civet viverra megaspila from thailand and myanmar. small carnivore conservation 32: 8–11 .\nrabinowitz, a. 1991. behavior and movements of sympatric civet species in huai kha khaeng wildlife sanctuary thailand .\nbrown palm civet species is endemic to the rain forests of western ghats in south india, mostly appear in kalakkad mundanthurai tiger reserve. the brown palm civet nocturnal animal, spend most of day on tree eating fruits and lianas .\nthe ahmedabad zoo in india has a small population of indian civets. they were formerly kept in order to collect their glandular secretions .\nin malay language it is called musang kasturi (musang = civet, kasturi = musk), due to its musky smell .\n7. natural system modifications - > 7. 2. dams & water management / use - > 7. 2. 10. large dams\nwhen i moved on to zonunmawia and pradhan' s' mizoram and its wildlife' that enlists wildlife species of the state in mizo language i was a little surprised to see only the small indian civet being listed. the local names for the species being sazaw and tlumpui .\nin lao, it is called ngen phaeng hang kan (ເຫງັນແຜງຫາງກ່ານ; ; lit .\nstripe - tailed / maned civet\n)\nthe large indian civet is solitary and nocturnal. it spends most of the time on the ground. its diet includes fish, birds, lizards, frogs, insects, scorpions and other arthropods, crabs, as well as poultry and rubbish. little is known about its breeding behaviour. it is thought that it breeds throughout the year and has two litters per year, with two to four young per litter. [ 7 ]\n5. biological resource use - > 5. 3. logging & wood harvesting - > 5. 3. 4. unintentional effects: (large scale) [ harvest ]\nsecrete a substance called civet. it is used commercially to produce perfumes. they may also influence forest structure and re - growth by aiding in seed dispersal .\nlarge indian civets are solitary and nocturnal. they spend most of their time on the ground, and are agile climbers. during the day, they sleep in burrows that have been dug and abandoned by other animals. they are territorial and mark their territories with excretions from their anal glands. their territory ranges from 1. 7 to 5. 4 km2 .\nthe large indian civet is grey or tawny and has a black spinal stripe running from behind the shoulders to the root of the tail. the front of the muzzle has a whitish patch emphasized by blackish behind on each side. the chin and fore throat are blackish. the sides and lower surface of the neck are banded with black stripes and white spaces in between. the tail has a variable number of complete black and white rings. its claws are retractable. the soles of the feet are hairy. [ 2 ]\njennings, a. p. and veron, g. 2011. predicted distributions and ecological niches of 8 civet and mongoose species in southeast asia. journal of mammalogy 92: 316–327 .\nlarge indian civets are solitary and nocturnal. they spend most of their time on the ground, and are agile climbers. during the day, they sleep in burrows that have been dug and abandoned by other animals. they are territorial and mark their territories with excretions from their anal glands. their territory ranges from 1. 7 to 5. 4 km 2 (0. 66 to 2. 08 sq mi) .\nlarge indian civets are generally grizzled greyish brown, with white and black bars along the neck, a white muzzle, and usually two white stripes and three black stripes on the tail. the hair on the back is longer. the claws are retractable, and there is hair in between the paw pads. they are almost as big as a binturong and an african civet, with a head - and - body length ranging from 50 to 95 cm and 38 to 59 cm long tail. the hind foot measures 9 to 14. 5 cm. their weight ranges from 3. 4 to 9. 2 kg .\nellerman, j. r. , morrison - scott, t. c. s. (1966). checklist of palaearctic and indian mammals 1758 to 1946. second edition. british museum of natural history, london. page 281 .\nindian civets have large bodies that are gray or brown in color. body length is about 34 inches with a tail length of 13 inches. they have black spots on the body as well as black and white stripes on the sides of the neck. in most cases there are two white stripes and three black stripes. the tail has a number of black rings around it. limbs are black and the forefeet contain lobes of skin on the third and fourth digit that protect the retractile claws. males are slightly larger than females .\nwalston, j. and veron, g. 2001. questionable status of the “taynguyen civet, ” viverra tainguensis sokolov, rozhnov, and pham trong anh 1997 (mammalia: carnivora: viverridae). zeitschrift für säugetierkunde 66: 181 - 184 .\nlarge indian civets are generally grizzled greyish brown, with white and black bars along the neck, a white muzzle, and usually two white stripes and three black stripes on the tail. the hair on the back is longer. the claws are retractable, and there is hair in between the paw pads. they are almost as big as a binturong and an african civet, with a head - and - body length ranging from 50 to 95 cm (20 to 37 in) and 38 to 59 cm (15 to 23 in) long tail. the hind foot measures 9 to 14. 5 cm (3. 5 to 5. 7 in). their weight ranges from 3. 4 to 9. 2 kg (7. 5 to 20. 3 lb). [ 2 ] [ 3 ]\nif the civet happens to give birth in your property, leave it alone. the baby civets will start venturing out within two or three months after birth. after that, they will follow their mother to forage and will move out of your property eventually .\nbiral = cat, gandho = smell or scent. gokul = the place of lord krishna (govinda). in bengal there is a delicate variety of sweet and pleasant smelling rice known as govindabhog rice (the rice which is offered to lord govinda). the secretion from prene gland of civet cat smells like that variety of rice, so it is often called as\ngandho gokul\n.\nin bengali it is called baghdas, bham or bham biral and gandho gokul or khatas. biral = cat, gandho = smell or scent. gokul = the place of lord krishna (govinda). in bengal there is a delicate variety of sweet and pleasant smelling rice known as govindabhog rice (the rice which is offered to lord govinda). the secretion from prene gland of civet cat smells like that variety of rice, so it is often called as\ngandho gokul\n.\nin bengali it is called baghdas (বাঘদাস), bham (ভাম) or bham biral (ভাম বিড়াল) and gandho gokul (গন্ধ গোকুল) or khatas (খটাস). biral = cat, gandho = smell or scent. gokul = the place of lord krishna (govinda). in bengal there is a delicate variety of sweet and pleasant smelling rice known as govindabhog rice (the rice which is offered to lord govinda). the secretion from prene gland of civet cat smells like that variety of rice, so it is often called as\ngandho gokul\n.\nprofessor wang registered as a zoological student in 1957 and studied at sichuan university for five years. following his graduation in 1962, he took a job and began his lifelong career as a mammalogist at the kunming institute of zoology (kiz), chinese academy of sciences. as a young researcher, he participated in numerous fauna surveys in kunming and the surrounding areas in 1962 and 1963, but undertook his first large field expedition to investigate the mammals and birds of wuliang mountain in central yunnan in 1964. it was during this expedition that he realized the importance of the preparation and education needed to be an outst and ing mammalogist, and subsequently trained and worked under professor wu - ping xia in inner mongolia in 1965, with an emphasis on small mammal research .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nsix subspecies have been proposed (corbet and hill 1992) but there is no recent taxonomic revision. the validity of the recently described v. tainguensis has been seriously questioned (walston and veron 2001) and it is now generally considered a synonym of v. zibetha. no critical re - examination of the holotype, as distinct from the original description has, however, yet been published .\nwozencraft, c, wang, y. - x. , kanchanasaka, b. & dahal, s .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference (book, 2005) [ worldcat. org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript. some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items. please create a new list with a new name; move some items to a new or existing list; or delete some items .\nnote: citations are based on reference standards. however, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher, classroom teacher, institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address (es) field is required. please enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\nthe e - mail address (es) you entered is (are) not in a valid format. please re - enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title: mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference author: don e wilson; deeann m reeder publisher: baltimore: johns hopkins university press, ©2005. isbn / issn: 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc: 57557352\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world' s living and historically extinct mammalian species. contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item. please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nworldcat is the world' s largest library catalog, helping you find library materials online. learn more ››\ndon' t have an account? you can easily create a free account .\nthis species is found in lao pdr (duckworth 1997), peninsular malaysia (azlan 2003, kawanishi and sunquist 2004), thailand (rabinowitz 1991, austin and tewes 1999), viet nam (boonratana 2004, long and minh hoang 2006), cambodia (j. l. walston pers. comm .), china (anhui, shaanxi, ganus, hubei, hunan, jiangxi, sichuan, guizhou, yunnan, xisang, guangxi, gunagdong, hainan, fujian zhejiang and jiangsu), northeast india, myanmar (than zaw et al. 2008), nepal, bhutan, singapore, (pocock 1939, corbet and hill 1992, wozencraft 2005). introduced to the andaman islands (lever 1985) .\nlive in grasslands, scrub, and densely forested areas. they are commonly found near human habitats. they live in burrows that have been dug by other animals .\ncivets are carnivorous. they prey on birds, frogs, snakes, small mammals, chickens, and hens. they also eat fruit, roots, eggs, and have been recorded eating fish and crabs .\nfemales are polyestrous, breeding throughout the year. they have two litters per year and each litter can have up to four young. they are born in a hole in the ground or in very dense vegetation. young can open their eyes in ten days and begin being weaned at one month of age. weight at birth is less than 100g and doubles in 12 days. at the end of one month, the birth weight has increased four fold. the females raise the young on their own .\nduckworth, j. w. , wozencraft, c. , wang yin - xiang, kanchanasaka, b. & long, b .\nthis species is totally protected in malaysia under the wildlife protection act of 1972 (wpa 1972) (azlan 2003). this species is listed on category ii of the china wildlife protection law (1988) (li et al. 2000). china listed it as endangered under criteria a2acd, and it is a class ii protected state species (due to trapping for food and scent glands). it is protected in thailand, viet nam and myanmar (gma small carnivore workshop 2006). it is found in several protected areas throughout its range (duckworth 1997, azlan 2003, kawanishi and sunquist 2004). the population of india is listed on cites appendix iii .\nprey upon domestic animals, such as chickens, placing them in conflict with farmers .\nare retractable, and there is hair in between the paw pads. they are almost as big as a\n, with a head - and - body length ranging from 50 to 95 cm (20 to 37 in) and 38 to 59 cm (15 to 23 in) long tail. the hind foot measures 9 to 14. 5 cm (3. 5 to 5. 7 in). their weight ranges from 3. 4 to 9. 2 kg (7. 5 to 20. 3 lb) .\nsix subspecies have been proposed but a taxonomic revision is needed. the validity of the species\nfemales breed at any time of the year, and generally have two litters a year. a litter usually consists of four young. they are born in a hole in the ground or in dense vegetation. they open their eyes at 10 days and are weaned at one month of age .\nis totally protected in malaysia under the wildlife protection act of 1972 and listed on category ii of the china wildlife protection law. china listed it as ‘endangered’ under criteria a2acd, and it is a class ii protected state species (due to trapping for food and scent glands). it is protected in thailand, vietnam and myanmar. it is found in several protected areas throughout its range. the population of india is listed on\nin malay language it is called musang kasturi (musang = fox, kasturi = musk), due to its musky smell .\nduckworth, j. w. , wozencraft, c. , wang yin - xiang, kanchanasaka, b. , long, b. (2008) .\nviverra zibetha\n. iucn red list of threatened species. version 2012. 2. international union for conservation of nature .\nsmith, a. t. , xie, y. (2008). a guide to the mammals of china. princeton university press .\nboitani, luigi, simon & schuster' s guide to mammals. simon & schuster / touchstone books (1984), isbn 978 - 0671428051\nwozencraft, w. c. (2005) .\norder carnivora\n. in wilson, d. e. ; reeder, d. m. mammal species of the world (3rd ed .). johns hopkins university press. pp. 532–628. isbn 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8221 - 0. oclc 62265494 .\nshek, c. t. (2006). a field guide to the terrestrial mammals of hong kong. friends of the country parks / cosmos books, hong kong. 403 pp. isbn 978 - 988 - 211 - 331 - 2. page 281\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nare solitary, nocturnal animals. they are terrestrial and are able to climb. they live in holes in the ground that have been dug by other animals. they mark territory with their glandular secretions. this is done to communicate their presence and identify territory. it is unkown if\ndefend territory. they range extensively and average daily and monthly range have been estimated to be between 1. 7 km and 5. 4 sq km .\nare secretive and nocturnal. therefore there is little comprehensive data on its natural history characteristics. natural life span averages 15 years. iin captivity they have lived over 20 years .\nadria jackson (author), university of michigan - ann arbor, phil myers (editor), museum of zoology, university of michigan - ann arbor .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves. animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nanimals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature. endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia, although it may have arisen in a (now extinct) synapsid ancestor; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities. convergent in birds .\nforest biomes are dominated by trees, otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic .\nfound in the oriental region of the world. in other words, india and southeast asia .\nrainforests, both temperate and tropical, are dominated by trees often forming a closed canopy with little light reaching the ground. epiphytes and climbing plants are also abundant. precipitation is typically not limiting, but may be somewhat seasonal .\na terrestrial biome. savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy. extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical africa and south america, and in australia .\na grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees, a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest. see also tropical savanna and grassland biome .\na terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes (> 23. 5° n or s latitude). vegetation is made up mostly of grasses, the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available. fire and grazing are important in the long - term maintenance of grasslands .\n. new york, st. louis, lodon: mcgraw - hill publishing company .\nsokolov, v. may 1997. new species of viverrids of the genus viverra .\nto cite this page: jackson, a. 2000 .\nviverra zibetha\n( on - line), animal diversity web. accessed july 10, 2018 at urltoken\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nhope for paws - epic cat rescue down a 60ft. long pipe! please share .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. if you are able to help please contact: arkive @ urltoken\nnhpa / photoshot holdings ltd 29 - 31 saffron hill london ec1n 8sw united kingdom tel: + 44 (0) 20 7421 6003 fax: + 44 (0) 20 7421 6006 sales @ urltoken http: / / www. urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no. 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 (c) (3) non - profit organisation in the usa\nsix subspecies have been proposed but a taxonomic revision is needed. the validity of the species viverra tainguensis described in 1997 by sokolov, rozhnov and pham chong from tainguen plateau in gialai province in vietnam has been seriously questioned, and it is now generally considered a synonym of v. zibetha .\nviverra zibetha is totally protected in malaysia under the wildlife protection act of 1972 and listed on category ii of the china wildlife protection law. china listed it as ‘endangered’ under criteria a2acd, and it is a class ii protected state species (due to trapping for food and scent glands). it is protected in thailand, vietnam and myanmar. it is found in several protected areas throughout its range. the population of india is listed on cites appendix iii .\nin hong kong, it is a protected species under the wild animals protection ordinance cap 170, though it has not been recorded in a natural state in hong kong since the 1970s, and is considered extirpated .\nin bengali it is called baghdas, bham or bham biral and gandho gokul or khatas .\nin thai, it is called chamot phaeng hang plong (ชะมดแผงหางปล้อง; ; lit .\ncircular tailed / maned genet\n)\nthis article uses material from the wikipedia released under the creative commons attribution - share - alike licence 3. 0. please see license details for photos in photo by - lines .\nplease note that this non - official list is not complete nor necessarily accurate. this list is a summary of checklists from other websites, blogs, publications, photo / videos published on various websites or our own findings. we appreciate your contributions with photo proof .\nimportant note; our range maps are generated automatically based on very limited data we have about the protected sites, the data is not necessarily accurate. please help us to improve our range maps by sharing your findings / knowledge .\n© thai national parks, 2018 | t. a. t. license: 12 / 02497, license issued for gibbonwoot (managing company )\nthis translation tool is powered by google. fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .\nbinturong or bearcat is a viverrid species found only in hills of north east and recorded only in manas national park in assam. pakke tiger reserve of arunachal pradesh is another place where binturong species found in india .\nwe will walk you through the beautiful land of mother india. and finally we really like to thank you all guys for being with us. we deeply hope for a great time together during surfing our website. if you have any idea you know how to find us .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation, google, and apple. you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques; in live mode. quite the same wikipedia. just better .\nits head - and - body length ranges from 50 to 95 cm (20 to 37 in) with a 38 to 59 cm (15 to 23 in) long tail. the hind foot measures 9 to 14. 5 cm (3. 5 to 5. 7 in). its weight ranges from 3. 4 to 9. 2 kg (7. 5 to 20. 3 lb). [ 3 ]\nsix subspecies have been proposed but a taxonomic revision is needed. the validity of the species viverra tainguensis described in 1997 by sokolov, rozhnov and pham chong from tây nguyên in gia lai province in vietnam has been seriously questioned, and it is now generally considered a synonym of v. zibetha. [ 1 ]\nviverra zibetha is totally protected in malaysia under the wildlife protection act of 1972 and listed on category ii of the china wildlife protection law. china listed it as ‘endangered’ under criteria a2acd, and it is a class ii protected state species (due to trapping for food and scent glands). it is protected in thailand, vietnam and myanmar. it is found in several protected areas throughout its range. the population of india is listed on cites appendix iii. [ 1 ]\nin hong kong, it is a protected species under the wild animals protection ordinance cap 170, though it has not been recorded in a natural state in hong kong since the 1970s, and is considered extirpated. [ 9 ]\nin odia it is called katas and is often seen in villages while stealing poultry for food .\n. in wilson, d. e. ; reeder, d. m .\n( 3rd ed .). johns hopkins university press. pp. 532–628 .\nlekagul, b. and mcneely, j. a. (1977). mammals of thailand. association for the conservation of wildlife, bangkok .\nthis page was last edited on 6 may 2018, at 12: 06 .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia. text is available under the cc by - sa 3. 0 unported license. non - text media are available under their specified licenses. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc. wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\nhide ip address and unblock websites with lightning fast, stable, and encrypted proxies .\nyou can choose specific countries or ip addresses for automatic switching. the service is always fast and stable .\nuse encrypted connections to unblock websites. one account for multiple devices (windows, mac, android, and linux) .\nour product my ip hide is much faster than web proxies and it' s compatible with all the websites. it can save your precious time .\nmoreover, my ip hide is 13 times faster than the vpn. you can read this test report for more details .\ntry my ip hide risk - free. 90% satisfied, 100% money back .\nwe grant a 30 - day money - back guarantee on all plans. if not completely satisfied, you will get a full refund. no questions, no fees, no hassle .\nall package plans include unlimited data transfer, ip switches, and simultaneous connections. it' s 13 times faster than vpn .\none license for unlimited devices, including windows, mac os x, and android. we don' t limit the simultaneous connections .\nnatively compatible with all the browsers, including chrome, firefox, internet explorer, edge, and safari, requiring no manual settings .\nwe grant a 30 - day money - back guarantee on all plans. if not 100% satisfied, you will get a full refund. no questions, no hassle .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance. if your browser does not accept cookies, you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly. below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser. you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined. to accept cookies from this site, use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies. try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past. if your computer' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970, the browser will automatically forget the cookie. to fix this, set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set. you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page. to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit, which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie; no other information is captured .\nin general, only the information that you provide, or the choices you make while visiting a web site, can be stored in a cookie. for example, the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it. allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer, and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nstate key laboratory of genetic resources and evolution, kunming institute of zoology, chinese academy of sciences .\nthis is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited .\nit is with great sadness that i share the sorrowful news that mammalogy and wildlife science lost a respected scientist, patient teacher, and wonderful mentor on 10 february, 2016, when professor ying - xiang wang died in kunming, yunnan province, due to heart failure following a lung infection. he is survived by his wife professor rui - qing liu, daughter li wang, son tao wang, daughter - in - law qing sun and gr and daughter jun - qi wang .\nprofessor wang was born on 21 july, 1938, in honghe, yunnan, where he spent his childhood until the age of seven. he moved to kunming with his parents following an acute bout of bronchitis, the effects of which he battled all his life .\nprofessor wang acted as the head of the mammal research group in kiz, and conducted extensive research on taxonomy, phylogeny, zoogeography, and the conservation of mammals linked to museum specimens and field observations from 1983 until he retired in 2003. however, he worked until his final days as the editor - in - chief of fauna sinica mammalia vol. 3 primates, lagmorpha and pholidota, even showing me his work on our last visit together on the evening of 1 february, 2016 .\nthroughout his career, professor wang contributed to the field of mammalian research in many ways. he became a member of the chinese society of mammalogists after it was established in 1980, and served as the vice head and head of the chinese primate research group from 1990 - 2002. he and other senior chinese mammalogists, e. g. , professor qi - shan wang from anhui university, were significant in pushing forward chinese primate research and training many young primatologists. he served as the president of the yunnan zoological society from 1992 - 2003 and as the associate editorin - chief of zoological research from 1988 - 1990 and from 2010 until his death. he was also a member of the acta theriologica sinica editorial board from 2001 to 2013 and part of the scientific committee for taxonomy of the chinese academy of sciences from 2006 to 2010. he served as deputy director of the yunnan wildlife conservation association and evaluation committee of yunnan nature reserves from 2000 - 2008 .\ni came to professor wang as a graduate student in 1986 and achieved my ms degree in 1989 and phd in 2000 under his supervision. professor wang was an excellent supervisor: fair, supportive, strict and kind. he helped and mentored many students and young scientists, including six ms and four phd students, and encouraged hard work and self - dependency for their scientific career development. he would often tell us a story of his student days when he was asked by his professor, hong - shou peng, to prepare a specimen of a very dead and decaying house rat found in a rubbish dump – although the preparation was difficult and unpleasant, the end result was work well done. he truly enjoyed working with young researchers and sharing his experience and expertise with his students, especially in regards to mammalian taxonomy and evolution. he worked tirelessly, coming to his office every working day for ten years after he retired at 65, and continuing to work from home even though he was severely ill. he showed this passion until the very last minute. we mourn his passing deeply .\ndr. xl jiang is at the state key laboratory of genetic resources and evolution, kunming institute of zoology, chinese academy of sciences. e - mail: jiangxl @ urltoken\nchen zp, wang yx, liu rq, shi lm, he yh. 1992 .\nfooden j, qu an, g q, wang zg, wang yx. 1985 .\nhe k, chen jh, gould gc, yamaguchi n, ai hs, wang yx, zhang yp, jiang xl. 2012 .\njiang xl, ma sl, wang yx, sheeran lk, poirierfe, wang q. 1994a .\njiang xl, ma sl, wang yx, sheeran lk, poirier fe, wang q. 1994b .\nluo j, yang dm, suzuki h, wang yx, chen wj, campbell kl, zhang yp. 2004 .\n2000. fauna sinica, mammalia vol. 6 rodentia, part ⅲ: cricetidae\nshinohara a, suzuki h, tsuchiya k, zhang yp, luo j, jiang xl, wang yx, campbell kl. 2004 .\nsuzuki h, sato jj, tsuchiya k luo j, zhang yp, wang yx, jiang xl. 2003 .\nin: luo zx, chen w, gao w. fauna sinica, mammaliavol. 6 rodentia, part ⅲ: cricetidae. beijing: science press\nin: jablonski ng. the natural history of the doucs and snub - nosed monkeys. singapore: world scientific publishing\nwang yx, li ss, li cy, wang rf, liu gz. 1980 .\nwang yx, li ss, li cy, liu gz, wang rf. 1982 .\nyu fh, yu fr, mcguire pm, kilpatrick w, pang jf, wang yx, lu sq, woods ca. 2004 .\nyu fh, yu fr, pang jf, kilpatrick cw, mcguire pm, wang yx, lu sq, woods ca. 2006 .\nzhou zm, guillén - servent a, lim bk, eger jl, wang yx, jiang xl. 2009 .\n1. forest - > 1. 5. forest - subtropical / tropical dry suitability: suitable season: resident major importance: no 1. forest - > 1. 6. forest - subtropical / tropical moist lowland suitability: suitable season: resident major importance: yes 1. forest - > 1. 7. forest - subtropical / tropical mangrove vegetation above high tide level suitability: suitable season: resident major importance: no 1. forest - > 1. 8. forest - subtropical / tropical swamp suitability: suitable season: resident major importance: no 1. forest - > 1. 9. forest - subtropical / tropical moist montane suitability: suitable season: resident major importance: yes 3. shrubland - > 3. 5. shrubland - subtropical / tropical dry suitability: suitable season: unknown major importance: no 3. shrubland - > 3. 6. shrubland - subtropical / tropical moist suitability: suitable season: resident 3. shrubland - > 3. 7. shrubland - subtropical / tropical high altitude suitability: marginal season: unknown 14. artificial / terrestrial - > 14. 3. artificial / terrestrial - plantations suitability: marginal season: unknown 14. artificial / terrestrial - > 14. 4. artificial / terrestrial - rural gardens suitability: marginal season: unknown 14. artificial / terrestrial - > 14. 6. artificial / terrestrial - subtropical / tropical heavily degraded former forest suitability: suitable season: resident major importance: no\n2. land / water management - > 2. 1. site / area management 3. species management - > 3. 1. species management - > 3. 1. 1. harvest management 3. species management - > 3. 1. species management - > 3. 1. 2. trade management 5. law & policy - > 5. 4. compliance and enforcement - > 5. 4. 2. national level 5. law & policy - > 5. 4. compliance and enforcement - > 5. 4. 3. sub - national level\n2. agriculture & aquaculture - > 2. 1. annual & perennial non - timber crops - > 2. 1. 2. small - holder farming\n2. agriculture & aquaculture - > 2. 1. annual & perennial non - timber crops - > 2. 1. 3. agro - industry farming\n2. agriculture & aquaculture - > 2. 2. wood & pulp plantations - > 2. 2. 1. small - holder plantations\n2. agriculture & aquaculture - > 2. 2. wood & pulp plantations - > 2. 2. 2. agro - industry plantations\n4. transportation & service corridors - > 4. 1. roads & railroads\n5. biological resource use - > 5. 1. hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - > 5. 1. 1. intentional use (species is the target )\n5. biological resource use - > 5. 1. hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - > 5. 1. 3. persecution / control\n5. biological resource use - > 5. 2. gathering terrestrial plants - > 5. 2. 2. unintentional effects (species is not the target )\n5. biological resource use - > 5. 3. logging & wood harvesting - > 5. 3. 3. unintentional effects: (subsistence / small scale) [ harvest ]\n1. research - > 1. 5. threats 3. monitoring - > 3. 1. population trends 3. monitoring - > 3. 2. harvest level trends 3. monitoring - > 3. 3. trade trends\nappel, a. , werhahn, g. , acharya, r. , ghimirey, y. and adhikary, b. 2013. small carnivores in the annapurna conservation area, nepal. vertebrate zoology 63: 111–121 .\nazlan, j. 2003. the diversity and conservation of mustelids, viverrids, and herpestids in a disturbed forest in peninsular malaysia. small carnivore conservation 29: 8–9 .\nbell, d. , roberton, s. and hunter, p. r. 2004. animal origins of sars coronavirus: possible links with the international trade in small carnivores. philosophical transactions of the royal society of london, series b, biological sciences 359: 1107–1114 .\nboonratana, r. 2004. a photograph of a remarkable viverra from vietnam. small carnivore conservation 31: 20 .\nchoudhury, a. 2013. the mammals of north east india. gibbon books and the rhino foundation for nature in ne india, guwahati, assam, india .\nchua, m. a. h. , lim, k. k. p. and low, c. h. s. 2012. the diversity and status of the civets (viverridae) of singapore. small carnivore conservation 47: 1–10 .\nchutipong, w. , tantipisanuh, n. , ngoprasert, d. , lynam, a. j. , steinmetz, r. , jenks, k. e. , grassman jr. , l. i. , tewes, m. , kitamura, s. , baker, m. c. , mcshea, w. , bhumpakphan, n. , sukmasuang, r. , gale, g. a. , harich, f. k. , treydte, a. c. , cutter, p. , cutter, p. b. , suwanrat, s. , siripattaranukul, k. , hala - bala wildlife research station, wildlife research division and duckworth, j. w. 2014. current distribution and conservation status of small carnivores in thailand: a baseline review. small carnivore conservation 51: 96–136 .\ncorbet, g. b. and hill, j. e. 1992. mammals of the indo - malayan region: a systematic review. oxford university press, oxford, uk .\ncoudrat, c. n. z. , nanthavong, c. , sayavong, s. , johnson, a. , johnston, j. b. and robichaud, w. g. 2014. conservation importance of nakai - nam theun national protected area, laos, for small carnivores based on camera trap data. raffles bulletin of zoology 62: 31–49 .\nduckworth, j. w. 1997. small carnivores in laos: a status review with notes on ecology, behaviour and conservation. small carnivore conservation 16: 1–21 .\ndudgeon, d. and corlett, r. 2004. the ecology and biodiversity of hong kong. friends of the country parks & joint publishing, hong kong .\nfeeroz, m. m. , hasan, m. k. and hossain, m. k. 2012. biodiversity of protected areas of bangladesh, vol. 2: dudpukuria - dhopacharia wildlife sanctuary. bio track. arannayak foundation, dhaka, bangladesh .\nfeeroz, m. m. , hasan, m. k. and khan, m. m. h. 2011. biodiversity of protected areas of bangladesh, vol. 1: rema - kalenga wildlife sanctuary. bio track. arannayak foundation, dhaka, bangladesh .\ngray, t. n. e. , pin c. , phan c. , crouthers, r. , kamler, j. f. and prum s. 2014. camera - trap records of small carnivores from eastern cambodia, 1999–2013. small carnivore conservation 50: 20–24 .\nhedges, l. , clements, g. r. , aziz, s. a. , yap, w. , laurance, s. , goosem, m. and laurance, w. f. 2013. small carnivore records from a threatened habitat linkage in terengganu, peninsular malaysia. small carnivore conservation 49: 9–14." ]

{ "text": [ "the large indian civet ( viverra zibetha ) is a civet native to south and southeast asia .", "it is listed as least concern on the iucn red list .", "the global population is considered decreasing mainly because of trapping-driven declines in heavily hunted and fragmented areas , notably in china , and the heavy trade as wild meat . " ], "topic": [ 23, 17, 17 ] }

[ "the large indian civet (viverra zibetha) is a civet native to south and southeast asia. it is listed as least concern on the iucn red list. the global population is considered decreasing mainly because of trapping-driven declines in heavily hunted and fragmented areas, notably in china, and the heavy trade as wild meat." ]

[ "savannah ceo is a daily publication that focuses exclusively on business issues in savannah. we invite you to learn more about how to expose your business to others in the community. contact us today to receive more information about editorial, video and promotional exposure at savannah ceo .\nsavannah ceo is part of the georgia ceo network which includes newswires, newsletters, databases and local web sites in cities across georgia: albany, athens, augusta, columbus, middle georgia, savannah, and valdosta .\ngeorgia power, u. s. fish & wildlife service and georgia dnr partner to protect mollusks of the altamaha river basin - savannah ceo\nthe savannah ceo briefing is a daily email newsletter that contains the day’s top business news headlines and a summary of each day’s feature. subscribe today .\nthe panhandle pebblesnail, scientific name somatogyrus virginicus, is a species of very small or minute freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family hydrobiidae. this species is endemic to the united states. its natural habitat is rivers .\nthe at - risk species in this agreement are facing a variety of potential environmental threats. the species include four freshwater mussels (delicate spike, altamaha arcmussel, inflated floater, savannah lilliput) and one snail (reverse pebblesnail). under the cca, georgia power and georgia dnr will provide assistance, including personnel and equipment, that will aid in research and enhance the u. s. fish and wildlife service' s understanding of the distribution and ecology of the species. conservation measures in this agreement should reduce those threats thereby helping to preserve\n. 2006) with historical records from the neuse drainage, tar river, and cape fear drainage (dawley 1965). in south carolina and georgia, watson (2000) reported populations in the ocmulgee and savannah drainages, under various aliases and lumping several\n, among others), the number of occurrences will probably be greater than 50 and range will extend south through south carolina to the savannah and ocmulgee drainages in georgia (dillon and stewart 2003). in north carolina, it is known from the eno river in durham co. (legrand\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe atlantic drainages of georgia, comprising approximately 40% of the waters of the state, are presently covered... ››\nthe four ecoregions of north carolina drain toward the atlantic through six major river systems... ›› more\nalthough perhaps not as environmentally heterogeneous as neighboring states, south carolina does include... ›› more\nthe survey reported here is focused on the eastern 75% of the state, draining from the blue ridge to the atlantic... ›› more\nall waters draining into the tennessee river above the alabama line, including sw virginia, w north carolina, and n georgia... ›› more\na study area of approximately 150, 000 km2, including delaware, maryland, new jersey, eastern pennsylvania and the west virginia panhandle... ›› more\npopulations are widespread in rivers and streams of good flow throughout the southern atlantic piedmont, extending from the base of the blue ridge to the edge of the coastal plain. but the patchiness of their modern distribution, especially in virginia and south carolina, suggests that\nsolid substrate seems to be a key habitat requirement. the snail is typically found in rocky riffles with good flow, often associated with the macrophyte\nhydrobiids seem to be rather nonspecific grazers of small particles (dillon 2000: 94 - 97). they are typically dioecious, the males being characterized by a penis that arises from the neck. eggs are generally laid singly, attached in a spare capsule to a solid substrate. we are unaware of any good study on any aspect the biology of\nwas originally described from the rapidan river in virginia, and for many years believed endemic to that particular river system. it has recently become clear, however, that\nranges through southern atlantic drainages into georgia (watson 2000), but that it has been confused with other hydrobiid genera and repeatedly rediscribed under other specific nomena. synonyms include\npenial morphology in the hydrobioid family lithoglyphidae is simple and unlobed, with just the single duct. burch followed thiele dividing\ns. s .) but later opinions suggest little basis for the distinction (thompson 1984) .\nearlier versions of this website, online until august of 2016, adopted the large, broadly - inclusive concept of the hydrobiidae (sl) following kabat & hershler (1993). more recently the fwgna project has shifted to the wilke et al. (2013) classification system, distinguishing a much smaller hydrobiidae (ss) and elevating many hydrobioid taxa previously ranked as subfamilies to the full family level. for more details, see the classification of the hydrobioids .\nnorth american freshwater snails. malacological publications, hamburg, michigan. 365 pp .\nthe ecology of freshwater molluscs. cambridge university press, cambridge, united kingdom. 509 pp .\nthe prosobranch snail family hydrobiidae (gastropoda: rissooidea): review of classification and supraspecific taxa. smithsonian contributions to zoology 547: 1 - 94 .\n, a new gastropod species from georgia (hydrobiidae). nautilus 85: 120 – 125 .\nsome hydrobiid snails from georgia and florida. quart. j. florida acad. sci. 32: 241 - 65 .\nnorth american freshwater snail genera of the hydrobiid subfamily lithoglyphinae. malacologia 25: 109 - 141 .\nresults of a survey for selected species of hydrobiidae (gastropoda) in georgia and florida. in freshwater mollusk symposia proceedings, part ii, eds. tankersley, warmolts, watters, armitage, johnson & butler, pp. 233 - 244. columbus: ohio biological survey .\nwilke t. , haase m. , hershler r. , liu h - p. , misof b. , ponder w. (2013 )\npushing short dna fragments to the limit: phylogenetic relationships of “hydrobioid” gastropods (caenogastropoda: rissooidea) .\nplease cite as: dillon, r. t. , jr. , b. t. watson, t. w. stewart & w. k. reeves 2006. the freshwater gastropods of north america. internet address: urltoken\ndepartment of biology, college of charleston, charleston, sc 29424 p: 843. 953. 8087 f: 843. 953. 5453\n- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50, 000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the u. s and canada. natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .\nitis reports - - itis (the integrated taxonomic information system) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of north america and the world .\nfws digital media library - - the u. s. fish and wildlife service' s national digital library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video .\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish, wildlife, and plants in idaho .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nsynonymy of species previously thought as distinct has increased the range of this species (j. cordeiro pers. comm. 2012) .\ndyer, e. , soulsby, a. - m. , whitton, f. , kasthala, g. , mcguinness, s. , milligan, ht, de silva, r. , herdson, r. , thorley, j. , mcmillan, k. , collins, a. , offord, s. , duncan, c. & richman, n .\nand occurs at more than ten locations. in fact, if further south carolina and georgia populations of\nis a synonym), and the number of locations will increase. at present, some populations within its extent of occurrence have decent viability, while others are threatened with habitat degradation from siltation, agriculture and clear cutting. further work is needed to clarify the taxonomic status of other species of\npreviously, this species was believed to be endemic to the rapidan river in virginia, but appears to range southward to north carolina in the piedmont regions and the upper southeastern plains; also a few populations have recently been documented in south carolina in piedmont creeks, foot of the blue ridge, broad river, and the upper lynches river in lancaster co. and into georgia. the species is uncommon in rivers and streams of the north carolina and georgia piedmont, reaching into the upper southeastern plains (dillon and stewart 2003). its estimated extent of occurrence is somewhere between 20, 000 and 200, 000 km 2 .\nburch (1989) lists bernard' s ford, rapidan river, virginia, as the occurrence for this species. if other\ntaxa. dillon and stewart (2003) documented a total of about a dozen populations (only four rivers, however in three scattered counties: abbeville, oconee, and richland) in south carolina. populations include two inhabiting piedmont creeks and one in a small river at the foot of the blue ridge as well as a fourth south carolina population inhabiting the upper lynches river in lancaster county. populations with decent viability were recently collected (2007) from the broad river and saluda river near the confluence of the two rivers north of columbia (j. cordeiro pers. obs. 2007) .\nrecently, populations were discovered in south carolina for the first time (dillon and stewart 2003). if further south carolina and georgia populations of\nis a synonym). this species is fairly stable in south carolina (j. cordeiro pers. comm. 2010) .\nsolid substrate seems to be a key habitat requirement and the snail seems to require waters that are at least moderately productive. the snail is typically found in rocky riffles with good flow (but can be found on sand banks in rivers with such characters), often associated with the macrophyte\nspecies. historically, siltation has occurred due to land clearing for farming, residential development, forestry practices, mining operations and construction of dams. absence of sufficient riparian buffers significantly contributes to siltation. clear - cutting a substantial part of a watershed can also contribute to siltation, even if a riparian buffer is maintained. livestock and feral pigs degrade stream banks and bottoms as they drink and search for food. impervious surfaces, such as roads, buildings and parking lots, increase erosion in adjacent areas and contribute to flooding (ncwrc 2002). use of motor vehicles in streams and along banks can also disturb stream flow and increase siltation. all of these factors that contribute to siltation can also alter the topography of streams and rivers by changing the slope of the bank and eliminating heterogeneity in the channel (sc nhp pers. comm. 2007) .\nthis species has a natureserve global heritage status of g2 - imperiled (natureserve 2009). there are no species - specific conservation measures in place .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\ngeorgia power, u. s. fish & wildlife service and georgia dnr partner to protect mollusks of the altamaha river basin\ngeorgia power announced a new partnership with the u. s. fish and wildlife service and the georgia department of natural resources during a special event at the georgia wildlife federation facility in\n. the partnership centers on a 30 - year candidate conservation agreement which provides protection for mollusks of the altamaha river basin .\nbiodiversity and improve water quality and mollusks' intricate link in aquatic ecosystem health .\nlakes, rivers and streams are home to many diverse and vibrant ecosystems and proactive, long - term research is essential to making sure that we have the right tools and programs in place to keep them healthy for future generations ,\nsaid dr .\n, vice president of environmental affairs for georgia power .\nwe' re excited to enter this new partnership with georgia dnr and u. s. fish & wildlife, which builds on our longstanding commitment to protect our state' s natural resources and take care of the state we call home .\nstate wildlife action plan, a strategy created by dnr and partners - including georgia power and the fish and wildlife service - to conserve native wildlife and natural habitats .\npartnerships work best ,\nsaid leopoldo\nleo\nmiranda, assistant regional director for ecological services for the service .\nthis agreement is the latest proof of a growing partnership ethic across this region that makes common - sense conservation possible and reduces the impact of regulations .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nturgeon, d. d. , j. f. quinn, jr. , a. e. bogan, e. v. coan, f. g. hochberg, w. g. lyons, et al .\ncommon and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada: mollusks, 2nd ed .\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nglobal range: (20, 000 - 200, 000 square km (about 8000 - 80, 000 square miles) ) previously, this species was believed to be endemic to the rapidan river in virginia, but appears to range southward to north carolina in the piedmont regions to the upper southeastern plains; also a few populations have recently been documented in south carolina in piedmont creeks, foot of the blue ridge, broad river, and the upper lynches river in lancaster co. and into georgia. the species is uncommon in rivers and streams of the north carolina and georgia piedmont, reaching into the upper southeastern plains (dillon and stewart, 2003) .\ncomments: solid substrate seems to be a key habitat requirement and the snail seems to require waters that are at least moderately productive. the snail is typically found in rocky riffles with good flow (but can be found on sand banks in rivers with such characters), often associated with the macrophyte podostemum (dillon and stewart, 2003) .\nnon - migrant: no. all populations of this species make significant seasonal migrations .\nlocally migrant: no. no populations of this species make local extended movements (generally less than 200 km) at particular times of the year (e. g. , to breeding or wintering grounds, to hibernation sites) .\nlocally migrant: no. no populations of this species make annual migrations of over 200 km .\nnote: for many non - migratory species, occurrences are roughly equivalent to populations .\nreasons: this species has a somewhat limited distribution from virginia to south carolina (recently discovered) with some populations with decent viability in a range extending just over 5000 square km. if further south carolina and georgia populations of somatogyrus alcoviensis, s. georgianus, s. rheophilas, and s. tenax are determined to be proven synonyms, the range of this species will increase significantly southward (also northward if s. pennsylvanicus is a synonym). some populations are threatened with habitat degradation from siltation, agriculture, and clear cutting .\ncomments: solid substrate seems to be a key habitat requirement. the snail is typically found in rocky riffles with good flow (but can be found on sand banks in rivers with such characters), often associated with the macrophyte podostemum (dillon and stewart, 2003) .\ncomments: recently, populations were discovered in south carolina for the first time (dillon and stewart, 2003). if further south carolina and georgia populations of somatogyrus alcoviensis, s. georgianus, s. rheophilas, and s. tenax are determined to be proven synonyms, the range of this species will increase significantly southward (also northward if s. pennsylvanicus is a synonym) .\ncomments: siltation of streams and rivers through agricultural runoff and erosion of unstable stream banks appears to be the main challenge to somatogyrus spp. . historically, siltation has occurred due to land clearing for farming, residential development, forestry practices, mining operations and construction of dams. absence of sufficient riparian buffers significantly contributes to siltation. clear - cutting a substantial part of a watershed can also contribute to siltation, even if a riparian buffer is maintained. livestock and feral pigs degrade stream banks and bottoms as they drink and search for food. impervious surfaces, such as roads, buildings and parking lots, increase erosion in adjacent areas and contribute to flooding (ncwrc 2002). use of motor vehicles in streams and along banks can also disturb stream flow and increase siltation. all of these factors that contribute to siltation can also alter the topography of streams and rivers by changing the slope of the bank and eliminating heterogeneity in the channel (sc nhp, pers. comm. , 2007) .\ncomments: morrison (1940) proposed transferring somatogyrus tryoni and somatogyrus virginicus to clappia. later, thompson (1984) reviewed the genus clappia and compared it to somatogyrus restricting it to alabama. historically somatogyrus virginicus was confused with other somatogyrus, several of which may be synonyms, which would increase the range and number of occurrences significantly (dillon and stewart, 2003); including through south carolina and into georgia. dillon et al. (2006) synonymize somatogyrus alcoviensis and somatogyrus tenax, as well as possibly somatogyrus georgianus, somatogyrus pennsylvanicus, and somatogyrus rheophilus, with somatogyrus virginicus, with little explanation except observed morphological similarity .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 1 / / en\nurltoken\nyour workspace is your dashboard for accessing and managing your content, bookmarks, and groups, as well as viewing messages and seeing your recently viewed content .\nthis layer is one of the south atlantic lcc indicators in the freshwater aquatic ecosystem. it illustrates the total number of rare aquatic species within each watershed .\nthis indicator identifies areas with abundant rare and endemic aquatic species that would benefit from conservation actions .\n. this enviroatlas dataset includes analysis by natureserve of species associated with aquatic habitat that are listed as g1 (globally critically imperiled), g2 (globally imperiled), or listed under the u. s. endangered species act (esa). the analysis results are for use and publication by both the landscope america website and by enviroatlas. results are provided for the total number of aquatic associated g1 - g2 / esa species, the total number of wetland associated g1 - g2 / esa species, the total number of terrestrial associated g1 - g2 / esa species, and the total number of unknown habitat association g1 - g2 / esa species in each 12 - digit hydrologic unit (huc12). natureserve is a non - profit organization dedicated to developing and providing information about the world' s plants, animals, and ecological communities. natureserve works in partnership with 82 independent natural heritage programs and conservation data centers that gather scientific information on rare species and ecosystems in the united states, latin america, and canada (the natural heritage network). natureserve is a leading source for biodiversity information that is essential for effective conservation action. this dataset was produced by natureserve to support research and online mapping activities related to enviroatlas .\nallows the user to interact with an easy - to - use web - based mapping application to view and analyze multiple ecosystem services for the contiguous united states. the dataset is available as\nor as an enviroatlas map service. additional descriptive information about each attribute in this dataset can be found in its associated\n1) we downloaded the watershed boundary dataset and the national metric tables in esri filegeodatabse format from the epa’s enviroatlas and joined the tabular and spatial data .\n2) we identified the field depicting total number of aquatic associated g1 - g2 or esa species in each huc12 .\n3) we used the above field to convert the vector huc12 layer to a raster with 200 m cell size using arcgis polygon to raster tool with a cell assignment type of\nmaximum combined area\n.\nfreshwater aquatic indicators were applied to all parts of the south atlantic lcc geography not classified as marine or estuarine, so no refined extent was needed .\n- - as this indicator is based on occurrence records, poorly surveyed areas may be scored too low. therefore, this data does not imply absence of species. - - the data in this indicator was last updated in 2011. subwatersheds with fewer than four imperiled aquatic species in 2011 that subsequently had new imperiled species discovered after 2011 would be scored too low. indicator overview the south atlantic ecosystem indicators serve as the south atlantic lcc' s metrics of success and drive the identification of priority areas for shared action in the conservation blueprint. to learn more about the indicators and how they are being used, please visit the indicator page. check out the blueprint page for more information on the development of the blueprint, a living spatial plan to conserve our natural and cultural resources. literature cited martin, e. h, hoenke, k. , granstaff, e. , barnett, a. , kauffman, j. , robinson, s. and apse, c. d. 2014. seacap: southeast aquatic connectivity assessment project: assessing the ecological impact of dams on southeastern rivers. the nature conservancy, eastern division conservation science, southeast aquatic resources partnership. < urltoken >. u. s. environmental protection agency (usepa) office of research & development (ord) - national exposure research laboratory (nerl) and natureserve. 2013. enviroatlas - natureserve analysis of imperiled or federally listed species by huc - 12 for the conterminous united states. < urltoken > .\nthe indicator data and maps provided are only intended for use as a reference tool for landscape - level conservation planning efforts .\nall layer options: layers in this dataset are based on combinations of the following options. you may choose from these options to select a specific layer on the map page .\nclick here to see the full fgdc xml file that was created in data basin for this layer .\nclick here to see the full xml file that was originally uploaded with this layer .\ntags: indicator, aquatic hotspots, blueprint 2. 1, south atlantic lcc, aquatic diversity hotspots, indicators, freshwater\n[ {\nurl\n:\nurltoken\n,\ntitle\n:\ndownload all attached files from sciencebase\n}, {\nurl\n:\nurltoken\n,\ntitle\n:\ndownload blueprint 2. 2 data here\n} ]\nthe south atlantic lcc encompasses and ecologically diverse 89 million acres across portions of six states, from southern virginia to northern florida. the geography also includes the marine environment within the federal exclusive economic zone the south atlantic region is a place where major ...\nyou have javascript disabled. data basin depends on javascript to do it' s job. to continue using data basin, use your browser tools to enable javascript and then refresh this page." ]

{ "text": [ "the savannah pebblesnail , scientific name somatogyrus tenax , is a species of freshwater snail , an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family hydrobiidae .", "this species is endemic to the united states .", "somatogyrus tenax may actually be a junior synonym of somatogyrus virginicus , although the taxonomy remains in dispute . " ], "topic": [ 2, 2, 5 ] }

[ "the savannah pebblesnail, scientific name somatogyrus tenax, is a species of freshwater snail, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family hydrobiidae. this species is endemic to the united states. somatogyrus tenax may actually be a junior synonym of somatogyrus virginicus, although the taxonomy remains in dispute." ]

[ "leo shapiro set\nimage of oreochromis aureus\nas an exemplar on\noreochromis aureus (steindachner, 1864 )\n.\nfishbase, 2007. oreochromis aureus blue tilapia: ecosystem where oreochromis aureus occurs. summary: available from: urltoken; = oreochromis & speciesname; = aureus [ accessed 3 march 2008 ]\noreochromis aureus has not been evaluated for the iucn red list of threatened species .\nnative to africa and the middle east, oreochromis aureus, commonly known ...\nprincipal source: fishbase. 2007. oreochromis aureus blue tilapia nico, l. 2007. oreochromis aureus. nonindigenous aquatic species database (nas), gainsville fl. gulf states fisheries marine commission (gsfmc). , 2003. oreochromis aureus (steindachner, 1864) .\nconservation status oreochromis aureus has not been evaluated for the iucn red list of threatened species .\njennifer hammock chose to hide data on\noreochromis aureus (steindachner, 1864 )\n.\nfirst report of pasteurellosis in freshwater hybrid tilapia (oreochromis aureus x o. nilotica) in israel\ndana campbell added text to\ntext\non\noreochromis aureus (steindachner, 1864 )\n.\ninformations on oreochromis aureus has been recorded for the following locations. click on the name for additional informations .\nfirst report of pasteurellosis in freshwater hybrid tilapia (oreochromis aureus x o. nilotica) in israel\ngulf states marine fisheries commission (gsmfc). 2003. oreochromis aureus (steindachner, 1864). urltoken\noreochromis aureus won’t reproduce if the water temperature is below 20 - 22 °c (68 - 72 °f) .\nfirst report of pasteurellosis in freshwater hybrid tilapia (oreochromis aureus x o. nilotica) in israel [ 1993 ]\nage - growth models for tilapia oreochromis aureus (perciformes, cichlidae) of the infiernillo reservoir, mexico and reproductive behaviour .\n[ trophic range of tilapia oreochromis aureus (perciformes: cichlidae) in infiernillo dam, michoacán - guerrero, mexico ] .\nmany introductions of oreochromis aureus have been to control aquatic vegetation (nico, 2007). oreochromis aureus, a tolerant and prolific species has been stocked as a food species in rivers, lakes, and ponds throughout the world (nico, 2007) .\nnico, l. 2007. oreochromis aureus. nonindigenous aquatic species database (nas), gainsville fl. summary: this is a detailed profile concerning oreochromis aureus and its introductions to the united states. available from: urltoken [ accessed 3 march 2008 ]\nrecommended citation: global invasive species database (2018) species profile: oreochromis aureus. downloaded from urltoken on 10 - 07 - 2018 .\nage - growth models for tilapia oreochromis aureus (perciformes, cichlidae) of the infiernillo reservoir, mexico and reproductive behaviour. - pubmed - ncbi\n[ trophic range of tilapia oreochromis aureus (perciformes: cichlidae) in infiernillo dam, michoacán - guerrero, mexico ]. - pubmed - ncbi\nmcdonald, e. michael. , 1987. interactions between a phytoplanktivorous fish, oreochromis aureus, and two unialgal forage populations. environmental biology of fishes vol. 18, no. 3. pp. 229 - 234. l987 summary: this study examines the feeding preference of oreochromis aureus .\ndue to its popularity as a food fish, oreochromis aureus has been introduced to many other countries outside its native range, including parts of south east asia and the americas. compared to most other tilapias oreochromis aureus is very cold tolerant and can survive even in (warm) temperate regions .\nzale, a. v. and r. w. gregory. 1990. food selection by early life stages of blue tilapia, oreochromis aureus, in lake george, florida: overlap with sympatric shad larvae. florida scientist 53: 123�129. summary: cites competition between oreochromis aureus and native species .\noreochromis aureus is believed to have been documented as oreochromis nilotica in many accounts since many identifications were made before the two species were differentiated. o. aureus may be identified by its lack of dark vertical stripes present on the caudal fins of o. niloticus (gsmfc, 2003; nico, 2007) .\ngulf states fisheries marine commission (gsfmc). , 2003. oreochromis aureus (steindachner, 1864) summary: available from: urltoken [ accessed 3 march 2008 ]\nschwanck, erkki j. , 1995. the introduced oreochromis niloticus is spreading on the kafue floodplain, zambia summary: a brief article concerning oreochomis aureus in zambia .\nnico, l. , p. fuller, and m. neilson. 2015. oreochromis aureus. usgs nonindigenous aquatic species database, gainesville, florida. urltoken .\noreochromis, greek oreos, “of the mountains” and chroma, “color; ” aureus, latin, meaning “golden, ” from aurum, “gold” (boschung and mayden 2004) .\noreochromis aureus can adapt to many different types of habitats and occurs in open water as well as in densely grown environments. it lives in lakes, streams, ponds and impoundments .\nsince oreochromis aureus is such a popular food fish, it has been introduced by man to many other parts of the word through aquaponics, such as south east asia and the americas .\nconservation status for oreochromis aureus oreochromis aureus has not been evaluated for the iucn red list of threatened species. oreochromis aureus as an invasive species blue tilapia that is introduced to non - native waters can be become a problematic invasive species. compared to many other tropical fish species, it is fairly cold resistant and can therefore survive even in warm temperate environments. studies indicate that the fish is more cold tolerant in waters with low salinity (5 ppt) than in freshwater. it should however be noted that blue tilapia seems to require a minimum temperature of 20 - 22 degrees c (68 - 72 degrees f) to breed .\nsize and appearance the maximal published weight for an oreochromis aureus tilapia is 2, 010 grams (about 4. 4 lbs) and the species can grow to a length of 18 in (about 45 cm) .\nblue tilapia (oreochromis aureus) is also known as israeli tilapia. it is an appreciate food fish and a common species in aquacultures worldwide. blue tilapia is also sold as bait and aquarists keep it as a pet .\nskinner, w. f. 1984. oreochromis aureus (steindachner; cichlidae), an exotic fish species, accidentally introduced to the lower susquehanna river, pennsylvania. proceedings of the pennsylvania academy of science 58: 99 - 100 .\nstarling, s. m. 1986. effects of a reduction of blue tilapia, oreochromis aureus, on the ichthyofauna of a power - plant reservoir. m. s. thesis, texas a & m university. college station .\nnative to northern africa and the middle east, the blue tilapia (oreochromis aureus) is also known as israeli tilapia. in addition to being a popular food fish it is also raised as bait fish and some aquarists keep it as a pet. geographical range oreochromis aureus is native to tropical and subtropical africa and the middle east and can be found in cameroon, chad, egypt, israel, jordan, mali, niger, nigeria, saudi arabia and senegal .\ntraxler, s. l. , and b. murphy. 1995. experimental trophic ecology of juvenile largemouth bass, micropterus salmoides, and blue tilapia, oreochromis aureus. environmental biology of fishes 42 (2): 201 - 211 .\nwood, m. g. 1986. life history characteristics of introduced blue tilapia, oreochromis aureus, in the lower rio grande, texas. m. s. thesis, the university of texas - pan american, edinburg. 91 pp .\nzale, a. v. , and r. w. gregory. 1990. food selection by early life stages of blue tilapia, oreochromis aureus, in lake george, florida: overlap with sympatric shad larvae. florida scientist 53: 123 - 129 .\ntable 1. states with nonindigenous occurrences, the earliest and latest observations in each state, and the tally and names of hucs with observations†. names and dates are hyperlinked to their relevant specimen records. the list of references for all nonindigenous occurrences of oreochromis aureus are found here .\nzale, a. v. , & gregory, r. w. 1990. food selection by early life stages of blue tilapia, oreochromis aureus, in lake george, florida: overlap with sympatric shad larvae. florida scientist, 53 (2): 123 - 129 .\nscoppettone, g. g. , j. a. salgado, and m. b. nielsen. 2005. blue tilapia (oreochromis aureus) predation on fishes in the muddy river system, clark county, nevada. western north american naturalist 65 (3): 410 - 414\noreochromis aureus is a prolific and tolerant species introduced worldwide for aquaculture, angling, and the control of aquatic vegetation. they are popularly used for hybridization in producing all male populations (fishbase, 2007). power companies have introduced o. aureus for food and sport, as well as vegetation control, in heated effluent ponds used to cool effluents from plants which are too warm to support native fish (nico, 2007) .\noreochromis aureus feeds primarily on phytoplankton and epiphytic algae, but has a wide diet including insects, zooplankton, vascular plants, and larval and juvenile fishes. young have a more varied diet which includes large quanities of copepods and cladocerans (mckaye et al. 1995; gsmfc, 2003) .\nfrom the greek words oreos = of the mountains and chroma = color; aureus (latin) = golden from aurum, gold (ref. 79012 )\noreochromis aureus is benthopelagic and potamodromous. it prefers tropical climate but is fairly cold tolerant. it occurs in temperatures 8° - 30° c and freshwater to fairly brackish salinities. o. aurues is considered hardy and tolerant to a wide range of water quality and habitat conditions (mckaye et al. 1995; fishbase, 2007) .\nmilstein, a. ; y. eran, e. nitzan, m. zoran and d. joseph. , 2000. tilapia wild spawning control through predator fishes: israeli trial with red - drum and hybrid bass. aquaculture international 8: 31�40, 2000. summary: experiment using predatory fishes as a control for oreochromis aureus .\nscoppettone, g. g. , salgado, j. a. , nielsen, m. b. ., 2005. blue tilapia (oreochromis aureus) predation on fishes in the muddy river system, clark county, nevada. western north american naturalist, 2005 (vol. 65) (no. 3) 410 - 414\ntrewavas, e. 1983. tilapiine fishes of the genera sarotherodon, oreochromis, and danakilia. publication no. 898. british museum of natural history, london, uk\nleo nico, pam fuller, and matt neilson, 2018, oreochromis aureus (steindachner, 1864): u. s. geological survey, nonindigenous aquatic species database, gainesville, fl, urltoken revision date: 6 / 19 / 2013, peer review date: 4 / 1 / 2016, access date: 7 / 10 / 2018\nleo nico, pam fuller, and matt neilson, 2018, oreochromis aureus (steindachner, 1864): u. s. geological survey, nonindigenous aquatic species database, gainesville, fl, urltoken revision date: 6 / 19 / 2013, peer review date: 4 / 1 / 2016, access date: 7 / 10 / 2018\nstauffer, j. r, boltze, s. e, boltze, j. m, 1988. cold shock susceptibility of blue tilapia from the susquehanna river, pennsylvania. north american journal of fisheries management: vol. 8, no. 3 pp. 329�332 summary: an abstract of a study suggesting cold shock as a means of eradicating oreochromis aureus .\noreochromis aureus is native to cameroon, chad, egypt, israel, jordan, mali, niger, nigeria, saudi arabia, and senegal in tropical and subtropical african and the middle east. it can for instance be encountered in the jordan valley, the lower nile, the chad basin, the benue river, the middle and upper niger, and the senegal river .\nblue tilapia (oreochromis aureus) is native to north africa and the middle east but can be found in inland and coastal areas of the united states of america, being widespread and abundant in florida (nico et al. 2015). it is a freshwater; brackish benthopelagic; a potamodromous species found in depth range 5 - 15m (froese and pauly 2016) .\ntrewavas, e. , 1983. tilapiine fishes of the genera sarotherodon, oreochromis and danakilia. british mus. nat. hist. , london, uk. 583 p. (ref. 2 )\nwe constructed a second - generation linkage map of tilapia from the f 2 progeny of an interspecific cross between oreochromis niloticus and oreochromis aureus. the map reported here contains 525 microsatellite and 21 gene - based markers. it spans 1311 cm in 24 linkage groups, for an average marker spacing of 2. 4 cm. we detected associations of sex and red color with markers on linkage group 3. this map will enable mapping and selective breeding of quantitative traits important to the economic culture of tilapia as a food fish and will contribute to the study of closely related cichlids that have undergone explosive adaptive radiation in the lakes of east africa .\n( of chromis aureus steindachner, 1864) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of oreochromis auraeus (steindachner, 1864) ) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of oreochromis aurea (steindachner, 1864) ) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of sarotherodon aureus (steindachner, 1864) ) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nitis (integrated taxonomic information system), 2008. online database oreochromis aureus (steindachner, 1864) summary: an online database that provides taxonomic information, common names, synonyms and geographical jurisdiction of a species. in addition links are provided to retrieve biological records and collection information from the global biodiversity information facility (gbif) data portal and bioscience articles from bioone journals. available from: urltoken; _ value = 553308 [ accessed 3 march 2008 ]\nintegrated management: promotion and augmentation of fishing pressure on o. aureus in order to reduce the average fish size and thereby free niche space for other fishes is another recommended means of controlling their populations (mccrary et al. 2007) .\nippolito, d. f. 1985. a winter die off in fairfield reservoir (freestone county, texas), with special emphasis on mortality in sarotherodon aureus (cichlidae). the southwestern naturalist 30 (3): 456 - 459 .\nzambrano, l. , martínez - meyer, e. , menezes, n. , & peterson, a. t. 2006. invasive potential of common carp (cyprinus carpio) and nile tilapia (oreochromis niloticus) in american freshwater systems .\noreochromis aureus lives in both freshwater and brackish environments, but it is most common in freshwater. in a few locations, it actually occurs in marine waters. even though it hails from the tropics and subtropics it occurs at temperatures ranging from 8 to 30 degrees c (47 to 86 degrees f). it can tolerate a water temperature up to 41 degrees c (106 degrees f). a minimum temperature of 20 - 22 degrees c (68 - 72 degrees f) appears to be necessary for reproduction to occur .\noreochromis aureus is a cichlid blue and silver in color with 18 - 26 gill rakers, 16 dorsal spines, and 3 anal spines. the caudial fin has a broad pink to red distal margin. males are significantly larger then females with a max length of 50. 8 cm. breeding males exhibit an intense bright metallic blue on their head, a vermillion edge to their dorsal fin, and a more intense pink on the caudal fin. breeding females exhibit paler more orange edges to their dorsal and caudal fins (gsmfc, 2003; fishbase, 2007 )\noreochromis aureus competes with native fishes for food, spawning area, and space, and exhibits aggressive behavior. they have become the dominant species in many of their introduced ranges. several introductions have correlated with and are believed to cause reductions in abundance of native fishes and even molluscs. blue tilapia structure phytoplankton communities by their feeding preference of specific algae, having significant effects on the entire community ecology. some reports maintain certain introduced areas have lost most and nearly all native fishes (mcdonald, 1987; gsmfc, 2003; fishbase, 2007; nico, 2007) .\ninformation on the biology, distribution, and impacts of o. aureus is readily available. negative impacts from introductions of this species are adequately documented in the scientific literature. no further information is needed to evaluate the negative impacts the species is having where introduced. certainty of this assessment is high .\nhabitat despite being considered a freshwater species, oreochromis aureus is also found in brackish environments and in a few locations it has even adapted to life in marine conditions. as mentioned above it is remarkably resilient to cold compared to most other tropical fishes and it occurs in waters ranging in temperature from 8 to 30 °c (47 to 86 °f). it also handles high temperature well and experiments have shown that it tolerates water temperatures up to 41 degrees c (106 degrees f). if the temperature drops below 20 - 22 °c (68 - 72 °f) the blue tilapia won’t spawn .\nmouthbrooding is a common behaviour in african cichlids and oreochromis aureus is no exception. the male will defend his breeding territory through displays and, if necessary, mouth fighting. he will also build a nest and the female will place her eggs in it. once the eggs have been fertilized, the female will pick them up with her mouth since the blue tilapia is a maternal mouthbrooder. she will then swims to deeper waters and wait for the offspring to grow large enough to be released. the eggs hatch inside her mouth but the fry isn’t let out until she deems them big enough for the world outside .\ntilapia fish - oreochromis 1. o. niloticus 2. o. aurea 3. o. mossambicus 4. o. urolepis hornorum - sarotherodon - tilapia farming tilapia - pond culture of tilapia - tank culture of tilapia - cage culture of tilapia - tilapia & prawn farming - before setting up a farm - growth rate\nalthough o. aureus is primarily a planktivore, its diet is highly adjustable to available food sources. this species carries with it several potential threats to native species including resource competition, hybridization, and disease, and it has been implicated in declines of native fish and mollusks. overall risk posed by this species is high .\nd' amato, m. e. , m. m. esterhuyse, b. c. w. van der waal, d. brink, and f. a. m. volckaert. 2007. hybridization and phylogeography of the mozambique tilapia oreochromis mossambicus in southern africa evidenced by mitochondrial and microsatellite dna genotyping. conservation genetics 8: 475 - 488 .\nadults range from about 5 - 8 inches in length and can weigh 5 - 6 pounds; however, the largest recorded specimen was up to 21 inches and weighed more than 10 pounds. oreochromis aureus has a blue - grey body with a white belly and 20 to 26 gill rakers. the caudal fin of the blue tilapia has broad bright red or pink distal margin. the head of the male fish will change into a bright metallic blue shade, during the breeding season, and he will also display a vermilion pigmentation on the edge of his dorsal fin and an intense pink coloring on the margin of his caudal fin. a breeding female fish will develop a pale orange color on the edges of her dorsal and caudal fins .\ndistinguishing characteristics, synonyms, photographs, keys, and discussion of hybrids were provided in trewavas (1983); for identification also see page and burr (1991), and skelton (1993). illustrations and diagnoses of larval and small juveniles of introduced populations were given by mcgowan (1988). color photographs were presented in axelrod et al. (1985) and axelrod (1993). many or most accounts of\ntilapia nilotica\nin u. s. ponds probably refer to o. aureus, likely imported from israel, before the two species were shown to be distinct (trewavas 1983) .\nlatin, aurum = gold + greek, chromis = a fish, perhaps a perch (ref. 45335 )\nfreshwater; brackish; benthopelagic; potamodromous (ref. 51243); depth range 5 -? m. tropical; 8°c - 30°c (ref. 2); 35°n - 10°n\nafrica and eurasia: jordan valley, lower nile, chad basin, benue, middle and upper niger, senegal river (ref. 21). introduced in the oasis of azraq (jordan) as well as in warm water ponds of usa, south and central america and south east asia. at least one country reports adverse ecological impact after introduction .\nmaturity: l m? , range 13 - 20 cm max length: 45. 7 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 40637); common length: 16. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 12193); max. published weight: 2. 0 kg (ref. 40637 )\ndorsal spines (total): 14 - 17; dorsal soft rays (total): 11 - 15; anal spines: 3; anal soft rays: 8 - 11; vertebrae: 28 - 31. diagnosis: adults: narrow preorbital bone (depth max. 21. 5% of head length in fishes up to 21. 3cm sl); lower pharyngeal jaw with short blade; no enlargement of the jaws in mature fish (lower jaw not exceeding and usually less than 36. 8% head length) (ref. 2). caudal without regular dark vertical stripes (ref. 2, 53405, 54467), but with a broad pink to bright red distal margin (ref. 2). breeding males assume an intense bright metallic blue on the head, a vermilion edge to the dorsal fin and a more intense pink on the caudal margin (ref. 2, 54467). breeding females with the edges of dorsal and caudal fins in a paler more orange color (ref. 2). juveniles: upper line of head profile running upward from snout at sharp angle; lower pharyngeal bone nearly triangular, teeth numerous but not densely crowded; dorsal and anal fin striped, with stripes running obliquely on the soft dorsal and longitudinally on the caudal fin; black tilapia - mark on soft dorsal present; body dark; lower lip developed from beneath (ref. 54566) .\ncold tolerant (ref. 23, 61, 55352), occuring at temperatures ranging from 8° - 30°c (ref. 2), tolerating up to 41 °c (ref. 23). tolerates fairly brackish conditions (ref. 3, 23, 61, 2001, 6465, 54362). forms schools; is sometimes territorial; inhabits warm ponds and impoundments as well as lakes and streams (ref. 5723, 11028), in open water as well as among stones and vegetation (ref. 11028). feeds on phytoplankton and small quantities of zooplankton (ref. 3, 61, 6465, 52307). young fish have a more varied diet which includes large quantities of copepods and cladocerans (ref. 2, 61, 6465), but they also take pieces of small invertebrates (ref. 52307). ovophilic, agamous (ref. 52307), maternal mouthbrooder (ref. 364, 52307). sexual maturity in ponds reached at age of 5 - 6 months (ref. 55352). reproduces in both fresh and brackish water (ref. 61, 5723). good taste (ref. 61) .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5000 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 02188 (0. 01601 - 0. 02990), b = 2. 98 (2. 94 - 3. 02), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this species (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 2. 1 ±0. 0 se; based on diet studies .\nresilience (ref. 69278): high, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (k = 0. 48 - 0. 58; tm < 1) .\nprior r = 0. 53, 2 sd range = 0. 25 - 1. 15, log (r) = - 0. 63, sd log (r) = 0. 38, based on: 3 k, 4 tgen, 4 fec records\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low to moderate vulnerability (27 of 100) .\nhatching occurs about 3 days after oviposition, and juveniles remain in their mother mouth until they are about 1cm long. they school near their mothers mouth for about five days before going on their own. young are particulate feeders during larval and juvenile stages (mckaye et al. 1995; fishbase, 2007) .\nreview: pam fuller usgs / brd, nonindigenous aquatic species program. florida integrated science center. usa\n: the use of potentially invasive alien species for aquaculture and their accidental release / or escape can have negative impacts on native biodiversity and ecosystems .\naims to first provide decision makers and managers with information on the existing international and regional regulations that address the use of alien species in aquaculture, either directly or indirectly; and three examples of national responses to this issue (australia, new zealand and chile). the publication also provides recommendations for a ‘simple’ set of guidelines and principles for developing countries that can be applied at a regional or domestic level for the responsible management of alien species use in aquaculture development. these guidelines focus primarily on marine systems, however may equally be applied to freshwater .\npresents a conceptual risk assessment approach for freshwater fish species that addresses the first two elements (hazard identification, hazard assessment) of the uk environmental risk strategy. the paper presents a few worked examples of assessments on species to facilitate discussion. the electronic\nare made available on the cefas (centre for environment, fisheries & aquaculture science) page for free download (subject to crown copyright (2007 - 2008) ) .\nmost management techniques to control undesired fish populations are not effective for control of tilapia. prevention of escape and care in stocking of\ncan effectively prevent their establishment of wild populations. totally closed systems should always be used when cultivating blue tilapia, and only in watersheds where tilapia have already penetrated .\npopulations of brunner island, pennsylvania were eradicated in 1986, when condenser cooling water was deliberately and temporarily released at lethal, low temperature. one study recommended the temperature be brought to 5°c for 16 hours to effectively eradicate\n) in aquaculture growout ponds. however, such introductions in the wild would have their own ecological effects. other known predators and possible controls include: snakehead (\ncanonico, gabrielle c, angela arthington, jeffrey mccrary and michele l. thieme. , 2005. the effects of introduced tilapias on native biodiversity. aquatic conserv: mar. freshw. ecosyst. 15: 463�483 (2005) summary: available from: urltoken [ accessed 14 july 2008 ]\ncossios e. daniel, 2010. vertebrados naturalizados en el per�: historia y estado del conocimiento (naturalised vertebrates in peru: history and state of knowledge) rev. peru. biol. 17 (2): 179 - 189 (agosto 2010) summary: available from: urltoken [ accessed 23 february 2011 ]\nmccrary. , jeffrey k. , brian r. murphy, jay r. stauffer jr. , sherman s. hendrix. , 2007. tilapia (teleostei: cichlidae) status in nicaraguan natural waters. environ biol fish (2007) 78: 107�114 summary: study concerning tilapia in nicaragua .\nmckaye, kenneth r. ; joseph d. ryan; jay r. stauffer, jr. ; lorenzo j. lopez perez; gabriel i. vega; eric p. van den berghe. , 1995. african tilapia in lake nicaragua. bioscience, vol. 45, no. 6. (jun. , 1995), pp. 406 - 411. summary: a study on the effects of invasive tilapia on lake nicaragua .\ncontreras - balderas, salvador. , robert j. edwards, mar�a de lourdes lozano - vilano and mar�a elena garc�a - ram�rez. , 2002. fish biodiversity changes in the lower rio grande / rio bravo, 1953�1996. reviews in fish biology and fisheries. volume 12, numbers 2 - 3 / june, 2002\ncosta - pierce, b. a. , 2001. an investigation of high risk areas on the hulls of merchant vessels for the translocation of exotic fouling organisms. in abstracts: second international conference on marine bioinvasions, march 9 - 11, 2001. new orleans, la summary: available from: urltoken [ accessed 4 march 2008 ]\nhamidan, nashat a. , mir, sayeeda. , 2003. the status of garra ghorensis in jordan: distribution, ecology and threats. zoology in the middle east. 30 2003. 49 - 54 .\ninnal, deniz and fusun erk�akan. , 2006. effects of exotic and translocated fish species in the inland waters of turkey. rev fish biol fisheries (2006) 16: 39�50\nma, x. , x. bangxi, w. yindong and w. mingxue. , 2003. intentionally introduced and transferred fishes in china�s inland waters. asian fisheries science 16 (2003): 279 - 290. asian fisheries society, manila, philippines summary: record of exotic fish in china\npeterson, mark s. , william t. slack, gretchen l. waggy, jeremy finley, christa m. woodley, melissa l. partyka. , 2006. foraging in non - native environments: comparison of nile tilapia and three co - occurring native centrarchids in invaded coastal mississippi watersheds. environ biol fish (2006) 76: 283�301\nroll, uri. , tamar dayan, daniel simberloff and menachem goren. , 2007. characteristics of the introduced fish fauna of israel. biological invasions (2007) 9: 813�824\nxu, haigen. , sheng qiang, zhengmin han, jianying guo, zongguo huang, hongying sun, shunping he, hu ding, hairong wu and fanghao wan. , 2006. the status and causes of alien species invasion in china. biodiversity and conservation (2006) 15: 2893�2904\nzale, a. v. and r. w. gregory. 1989. effect of salinity on cold tolerance of juvenile blue tilapia. transactions of the american fisheries 118: 718�720 .\nthe global invasive species database was developed and is managed by the invasive species specialist group (issg) of the species survival commission (ssc) of the international union for conservation of nature (iucn). it was developed as part of the global initiative on invasive species led by the erstwhile global invasive species programme (gisp) in 2000. the gisd over the past two years and has been redesigned with support from the abu dhabi environment agency, the italian ministry of environment and ispra - the institute for environmental protection and research, italy. terms and conditions of use\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe nonindigenous occurrences section of the nas species profiles has a new structure. the section is now dynamically updated from the nas database to ensure that it contains the most current and accurate information. occurrences are summarized in table 1, alphabetically by state, with years of earliest and most recent observations, and the tally and names of drainages where the species was observed. the table contains hyperlinks to collections tables of specimens based on the states, years, and drainages selected. references to specimens that were not obtained through sighting reports and personal communications are found through the hyperlink in the table 1 caption or through the individual specimens linked in the collections tables .\nin general, cichlids (cichlidae) are superficially similar to sunfishes and black basses (lepomis and micropterus; family centrarchidae). cichlids can be distinguished from centrarchids by a single nostril opening on each side of the head (vs. two in centrarchids) and the presence of a discontinuous or two - part lateral line (vs. continuous in centrarchids) .\ntropical and subtropical africa, and middle east. native range includes senegal, niger, and many smaller drainages and lakes in africa and middle east (trewavas 1983; skelton 1993) .\nalafia; apalachicola; big cypress swamp; caloosahatchee; cape canaveral; charlotte harbor; crystal - pithlachascotee; daytona - st. augustine; everglades; florida southeast coast; floridian; hillsborough; kissimmee; kissimmee; lake okeechobee; little manatee; lower st. johns; manatee; myakka; northern okeechobee inflow; oklawaha; peace; peace; peace - tampa bay; sarasota bay; south atlantic - gulf region; southern florida; st. johns; tampa bay; tampa bay; upper st. johns; vero beach; withlacoochee\namistad reservoir; aransas bay; atascosa; austin - oyster; austin - travis lakes; bosque; brady; buchanan - lyndon b. johnson lakes; buffalo - san jacinto; colorado headwaters; elm - sycamore; guadalupe; international falcon reservoir; lake texoma; llano; los olmos; lower colorado - cummins; lower devils; lower nueces; lower pecos; lower rio grande; lower sulpher; lower sulphur; lower trinity; lower trinity - tehuacana; lower west fork trinity; medina; middle brazos - lake whitney; middle guadalupe; middle sabine; navasota; rio grande; san ambrosia - santa isabel; san antonio; san marcos; south concho; south laguna madre; upper clear fork brazos; upper guadalupe; upper san antonio; upper trinity; west fork san jacinto; west galveston bay; white oak bayou\nestablished or possibly established in ten states. established in parts of arizona, california, florida, nevada, north carolina, and texas. possibly established in colorado, idaho, oklahoma, and pennsylvania. reported from alabama, georgia, and kansas. for more than a decade it has been considered the most widespread foreign fish in florida (hale et al. 1995) .\nthe blue tilapia is considered a competitor with native species for spawning areas, food, and space (buntz and manooch 1969; noble and germany 1986; muoneke 1988; zale and gregory 1990). courtenay and robins (1973) reported that certain streams where this species is abundant have lost most vegetation and nearly all native fishes. it has invaded the taylor slough portion of everglades national park where it is considered a major management problem for the national park service (courtenay 1989; courtenay and williams 1992). the blue tilapia' s local abundance and high densities in certain areas have resulted in marked changes in fish community structure (muoneke 1988, and citations therein). a dramatic reduction in native fishes in the warm springs area of nevada coincided with invasion of this species (scoppettone et al. 1998, 2005) .\nblue tilapia have also been implicated as the cause for unionid mussel declines in two texas water bodies, tradinghouse creek and fairfield reservoirs (howells 1995) .\ncollection and reported localities were mapped for all or part of the united states, mainly florida, by courtenay et al. (1974), foote (1977), courtenay and hensley (1979a), lee et al. (1980 et seq .), loftus and kushlan (1987), and menhinick (1991). hale et al. (1995) reviewed the history of blue tilapia in florida .\nvoucher specimens: alabama (aum 20907), florida (uf 23163, 40306, many others), kansas (ku 13026, 22917), north carolina (uncc uncatalogued), pennsylvania (psu 2031) .\nanonymous. 1992. two new fish records set. texas parks and wildlife news, january 17, 1992. 7 pp .\naxelrod, h. r. 1993. the most complete colored lexicon of cichlids. tropical fish hobbyist publications, inc. , neptune city, nj .\naxelrod, h. r. , w. e. burgess, n. pronek, and j. g. walls. 1985. dr. axelrod' s atlas of freshwater aquarium fishes. tropical fish hobbyist publications, inc. , neptune city, nj .\nbuchanan, t. - department of biology, westark college, fort smith, ar .\nbuntz, j. , and c. s. manooch. 1969. tilapia aurea (steindachner), a rapidly spreading exotic in south central florida. proceedings of the southeastern association of game and fish commissioners 22: 495 - 501 .\nburgess, g. h. , c. r. gilbert, v. guillory, and d. c. taphorn. 1977. distributional notes on some north florida freshwater fishes. florida scientist 40 (1): 33 - 41 .\ncourtenay, w. r. , jr. 1989. exotic fishes in the national park system. pages 237 - 252 in thomas, l. k, ed. proceedings, 1986 conference on science in the national parks: management of exotic species in natural communities. us national park service and george wright society. washington, dc .\ncourtenay, w. r. , jr. , and d. a. hensley. 1979a. survey of introduced non - native fishes. phase i report. introduced exotic fishes in north america: status 1979. report submitted to national fishery research laboratory, u. s. fish and wildlife service, gainesville, fl .\ncourtenay, w. r. , jr. , and c. r. robins. 1973. exotic aquatic organisms in florida with emphasis on fishes: a review and recommendations. transactions of the american fisheries society 102: 1 - 12 .\ncourtenay, w. r. , jr. , and j. d. williams. 1992. dispersal of exotic species from aquaculture sources, with emphasis on freshwater fishes. pages 49 - 81 in a. rosenfield, and r. mann, editors. dispersal of living organisms into aquatic ecosystems. maryland sea grant publication, college park, md .\ncourtenay, w. r. , jr. , d. a. hensley, j. n. taylor, and j. a. mccann. 1984. distribution of exotic fishes in the continental united states. pages 41 - 77 in w. r. courtenay, jr. , and j. r. stauffer, jr. , editors. distribution, biology and management of exotic fishes. johns hopkins university press, baltimore, md .\ncourtenay, w. r. , jr. , d. a. hensley, j. n. taylor, and j. a. mccann. 1986. distribution of exotic fishes in north america. pages 675 - 698 in c. h. hocutt, and e. o. wiley, editors. the zoogeography of north american freshwater fishes. john wiley and sons, new york, ny .\ncourtenay, w. r. , jr. , d. p. jennings, and j. d. williams. 1991. appendix 2: exotic fishes. pages 97 - 107 in robins, c. r. , r. m. bailey, c. e. bond, j. r. brooker, e. a. lachner, r. n. lea, and w. b. scott. common and scientific names of fishes from the united states and canada, 5th edition. american fisheries society special publication 20. american fisheries society, bethesda, md .\ncourtenay, w. r. , jr. , h. f. sahlman, w. w. miley, ii, and d. j. herrema. 1974. exotic fishes in fresh and brackish waters of florida. biological conservation 6 (4): 292 - 302 .\ncrittenden, e. 1963. status of tilapia nilotica linnaeus in florida. proceedings of the southeastern association of game and fish commission 16: 257 - 262 .\nedwards, r. j. , and s. contreras - balderas. 1991. historical changes in the ichthyofauna of the lower rio grande (rio bravo del norte), texas and mexico. southwestern naturalist 36 (2): 201 - 212 .\nfoote, k. j. 1977. annual performance report: blue tilapia investigations. study i: preliminary status investigations of blue tilapia. (job i - 1 through job i - 7; period july 6, 1976 - june 30, 1977). report to the florida game and fresh water fish commission. 71 pp .\ngennings, r. m. - georgia department of natural resources, atlanta, ga. response to nbs - g nonindigenous questionaire .\ngrabowski, s. j. , s. d. hiebert, and d. m. lieberman. 1984. potential for introduction of three species of nonnative fishes into central arizona via the central arizona project? a literature review and analysis. rec - erc - 84 - 7. u. s. department of the interior, bureau of reclamation, denver, co .\nhabel, m. l. 1975. overwintering of the cichlid, tilapia aurea, produces fourteen tons of harvestable size fish in a south alabama bass - bluegill public fishing lake. progressive fish - culturist 37: 31 - 32 .\nhales, l. s. , jr. 1989. occurrence of an introduced african cichlid, the blue tilapia, tilapia aurea (perciformes: cichlidae), in a skidaway river tidal creek. department of zoology and institute of ecology, university of georgia, athens, and marine extension service aquarium, georgia sea grant college program, savanna, ga. unpublished mimeograph. 12 pp .\nhowells, r. g. 1991b. electrophoretic identification of feral and domestic tilapia in texas. texas parks and wildlife department, management data series 62, austin, tx. 11 pp .\nhowells, r. g. 1992a. annotated list of introduced non - native fishes, mollusks, crustaceans and aquatic plants in texas waters. texas parks and wildlife department, management data series 78, austin, tx. 19 pp .\nhowells, r. g. 1992b. guide to identification of harmful and potentially harmful fishes, shellfishes and aquatic plants prohibited in texas. texas parks and wildlife department special publication, austin, tx. 182 pp. (+ appendices) .\nhowells, r. g. 1995. losing the old shell game: could mussel reproductive failure be linked to tilapia? info - mussel newsletter 3 (8): 4 .\nhubbs, c. , r. j. edwards, and g. p. garrett. 1991. an annotated checklist of freshwater fishes of texas, with key to identification of species. texas journal of science, supplement 43 (4): 1 - 56 .\nhubbs, c. , t. lucier, g. p. garrett, r. j. edwards, s. m. dean, e. marsh, and d. belk. 1978. survival and abundance of introduced fishes near san antonio, texas. texas journal of science 30 (4): 369 - 376 .\nkushlan, j. a. 1986. exotic fishes of the everglades: a reconsideration of proven impact. environmental conservation 13: 67 - 69 .\nlangford, f. h. , f. j. ware, and r. d. gasaway. 1978. status and harvest of introduced tilapia aurea in florida lakes. pages 102 - 108 in r. o. smitherman, w. l. shelton, j. h. grover, editors. proceedings of the culture of exotic fishes symposium, fish culture section, american fisheries society, auburn, al .\nlee, d. s. , c. r. gilbert, c. h. hocutt, r. e. jenkins, d. e. mcallister, and j. r. stauffer, jr. 1980 et seq. atlas of north american freshwater fishes. north carolina state museum of natural history, raleigh, nc .\nloftus, w. f. , and j. a. kushlan. 1987. freshwater fishes of southern florida. bulletin of the florida state museum of biological science 31 (4): 255 .\nmcgowan, e. g. 1988. an illustrated guide to larval fishes from three north carolina piedmont impoundments. report by carolina power and light company, shearon harris energy and environmental center, new hill, nc. 113 pp .\nmenhinick, e. f. 1991. the freshwater fishes of north carolina. north carolina wildlife resources commission. 227 pp .\nmuoneke, m. i. 1988. tilapia in texas waters. texas parks and wildlife department, inland fisheries data series 9, austin, tx. 44 pp .\nnoble, r. l. , and r. d. germany. 1986. changes in fish populations of trinidad lake, texas, in response to abundance of blue tilapia. pages 455 - 461 in r. h. stroud, editor. fish culture in fisheries management. american fisheries society, bethesda, md .\npage, l. m. , and b. m. burr. 1991. a field guide to freshwater fishes of north america north of mexico. the peterson field guide series, volume 42. houghton mifflin company, boston, ma .\npelgren, d. w. , and k. d. carlander. 1971. growth and reproduction of yearling tilapia aurea in iowa ponds. proceedings of the iowa academy of science 78: 27 - 29 .\npigg, j. 1978. the tilapia sarotherodon aurea (steindachner) in the north canadian river in central oklahoma. proceedings of the oklahoma academy of science 58: 111 - 112 .\nred river authority of texas. 2001. red and canadian basins fish inventory: red river county. red river authority of texas .\nrogers, w. a. 1961. second progress report on stocking and harvesting of tilapia and channel catfish in alabama' s state - owned and managed public fishing lakes. federal aid project f - 10. alabama department of conservation. 10 pp .\nscoppettone, g. g. , p. h. rissler, m. b. nielsen, and j. e. harvey. 1998. the status of moapa coriacea and gila seminuda and status information on other fishes of the muddy river, clark county, nevada. southwestern naturalist 43 (2): 155 - 122\nskelton, p. h. 1993. a complete guide to the freshwater fishes of southern africa. southern book publishers, halfway house, south africa .\nskinner, w. f. 1986. susquehanna river tilapia. fisheries 11 (4): 56 - 57 .\nskinner, w. f. 1987. report on the eradication of tilapia from the vicinity of the brunner island steam electric station. pennsylvania power and light company, allentown, pa. unpublished mimeograph. 18 pp .\nsmith - vaniz, w. - ichthyologist, national biological service, gainesville, fl .\nsmith - vaniz, w. f. 1968. freshwater fishes of alabama. auburn university agricultural experiment station, auburn, al. 211 pp .\nsmith - vaniz, w. f. , j. d. williams, l. g. nico, and w. loftus. key to the cichlid fishes of florida. unpublished mimeograph (in prep) .\nstauffer, j. r. , jr. , s. e. boltz, and j. m. boltz. 1988. cold shock susceptibility of blue tilapia from the susquehanna river, pennsylvania. north american journal of fisheries management 8: 329 - 332 .\nswift, c. c. , t. r. haglund, m. ruiz, and r. n. fisher. 1993. the status and distribution of the freshwater fishes of southern california. bulletin of the southern california academy of science 92 (3): 101 - 167 .\ntexas parks and wildlife department. 2001. fish records: water body - all tackle. texas parks and wildlife department. april 24, 2001 .\ntilmant, j. t. 1999. management of nonindigenous aquatic fish in the u. s. national park system. national park service. 50 pp .\nu. s. fish and wildlife service (usfws). 2002. usfws memorandum on tilapia removal program on the virgin river, clark county, nevada and mohave county, arizona. http: / / urltoken. accessed on 4 october 2007 .\nzuckerman, l. d. , and r. j. behnke. 1986. introduced fishes in the san luis valley, colorado. 435 - 452 in r. h. stroud, ed. fish culture in fisheries management. proceedings of a symposium on the role of fish culture in fisheries management at lake ozark, mo, march 31 - april 3, 1985. american fisheries society, bethesda, md .\nzale, a. v. - oklahoma state university (formerly); national biological service, bozeman, mt (currently) .\nzale, a. v. 1987. periodicity of habitation of a stenothermal spring run in north - central florida by blue tilapia. north american journal of fisheries management 7: 575 - 579 .\nthis information is preliminary or provisional and is subject to revision. it is being provided to meet the need for timely best science. the information has not received final approval by the u. s. geological survey (usgs) and is provided on the condition that neither the usgs nor the u. s. government shall be held liable for any damages resulting from the authorized or unauthorized use of the information .\nthe data represented on this site vary in accuracy, scale, completeness, extent of coverage and origin. it is the user' s responsibility to use these data consistent with their intended purpose and within stated limitations. we highly recommend reviewing metadata files prior to interpreting these data .\ncitation information: u. s. geological survey. [ 2018 ]. nonindigenous aquatic species database. gainesville, florida. accessed [ 7 / 10 / 2018 ] .\ncontact us if you are using data from this site for a publication to make sure the data are being used appropriately and for potential co - authorship if warranted. for queries involving fish, please contact pam fuller. for queries involving invertebrates, contact amy benson .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhelp nesting sea turtles survive by keeping beaches dark, free of obstacles at night .\nmanaging fish and wildlife resources for their long - term well - being and the benefit of people .\nfwc facts: prescribed burns help prevent more serious wildfires and are good for wildlife such as white - tailed deer .\nflorida fish and wildlife conservation commission • farris bryant building 620 s. meridian st. • tallahassee, fl 32399 - 1600 • (850) 488 - 4676\npursuant to section 120. 74, florida statutes, the fish and wildlife conservation commission has published its 2017 agency regulatory plan .\nunder florida law, e - mail addresses are public records. if you do not want your e - mail address released in response to a public records request, do not send electronic mail to this entity. instead, contact this office by phone or in writing .\ncfm script by eagbayani, 12. 10. 04, php script by rolavides, 05 / 02 / 08, last modified by cgarilao, 13 / 05 / 08\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4. 0 license\nfroese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of tilapia aurea (steindachner, 1864) ) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of tilapia kacherbi wunder, 1960) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of tilapia kashabi elster, 1958) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of tilapia lemassoni blache & miton, 1960) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]" ]

{ "text": [ "the blue tilapia or israeli tilapia , oreochromis aureus , is a species of fish in the cichlidae family .", "native to northern and western africa , and the middle east , through introductions it is now also established elsewhere , including parts of the united states , where it has been declared an invasive species and has caused significant environmental damage .", "it is known as blue kurper in south africa . " ], "topic": [ 17, 4, 27 ] }

[ "the blue tilapia or israeli tilapia, oreochromis aureus, is a species of fish in the cichlidae family. native to northern and western africa, and the middle east, through introductions it is now also established elsewhere, including parts of the united states, where it has been declared an invasive species and has caused significant environmental damage. it is known as blue kurper in south africa." ]

[ "no one has contributed data records for oarces yet. learn how to contribute .\noarces is a spider genus in the family mimetidae. it is the sister genus of gnolus .\nin synonymy: oarces liliputanus (nicolet, 1849, t from ursa) = oarces reticulatus (nicolet, 1849) (platnick & shadab, 1993: 13, contra archer, 1963, after simon, 1879) .\nn. b. oarcinae (gnolus and oarces) transferred from mimitidae by dimitrov et al. , 2012: suppl. 1, p. 15 .\noarces ornatus mello - leitão, 1935b: 325, f. 4, text - f. 3 (d m; n. b. : misplaced in this genus) .\narkys reticulatus nicolet, 1849: 387 (d f). arkys gayi nicolet, 1849: 388 (d f). arkys piriformis nicolet, 1849: 388 (d f). arkys flavescens nicolet, 1849: 389, pl. 5, f. 1 (d f). arkys liliputanus nicolet, 1849: 389 (d f). arkys inflatus nicolet, 1849: 389 (d f). oarces reticulatus simon, 1879a: 60 (d m). oarces reticulatus tullgren, 1902: 50, pl. 5, f. 3 (f). ursa liliputana archer, 1963: 22 (removed f from s of oarces reticulatus, rejected). oarces reticulatus platnick & shadab, 1993: 13, f. 1 - 2, 10 - 13, 16, 21, 50 - 61 (m f, s) .\nscientific synonyms and common names zoarces cuvier, 1829 gender: m; règne anim. , ed. ii, 2: 240 type: z. [ oarces ], blennius viviparus linnaeus, by orig. design. , also spelled zoarcaeus, zoarchus, zoarcus by authors. synonyms enchelyopus gronovius, 1760, acta helvet. , 4: 259 (type: blennius viviparus linnaeus, by subs. design. of gill, 1863). no description of the genus (nomen nudum). enchelyopus gronovius, 1763, zoophylaceum... , 77 (type: ibidem) .\n| | brazil [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 005793 ]\n| | chile, argentina [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 005794 ]\nwe' ve detected that javascript is disabled in your browser. would you like to proceed to legacy twitter ?\nle pense - bête à destination des cm: les dimensions des images sur facebook, twitter, g +, instagram, youtube, ...\n@ sfr _ sav 3 mois que ça dure. c' est inadmissibles! quel dédommagement pour vos clients ?\n@ sfr _ sav toujours pas de réseaux sur villers cotteret uniquement du gsm fictif .\n@ sfr _ sav toujours aucun réseaux sur villers cotteret! seulement sfr et avec 2 abo différents .\nhonte à sfr, en pro, malgrés les plaintes depuis 3 mois l' antenne sfr 02600vc dysfonctionne. appels coupés, 2g & 3g inexistante! @ sfr _ sav\ntwitter may be over capacity or experiencing a momentary hiccup. try again or visit twitter status for more information .\nyou can add location information to your tweets, such as your city or precise location, from the web and via third - party applications. you always have the option to delete your tweet location history. learn more\nhere' s the url for this tweet. copy it to easily share with friends .\nby embedding twitter content in your website or app, you are agreeing to the twitter developer agreement and developer policy .\nnot on twitter? sign up, tune into the things you care about, and get updates as they happen .\nthis timeline is where you’ll spend most of your time, getting instant updates about what matters to you .\nhover over the profile pic and click the following button to unfollow any account .\nwhen you see a tweet you love, tap the heart — it lets the person who wrote it know you shared the love .\nthe fastest way to share someone else’s tweet with your followers is with a retweet. tap the icon to send it instantly .\nadd your thoughts about any tweet with a reply. find a topic you’re passionate about, and jump right in .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nplease set a username for yourself. people will see it as author name with your public flash cards .\nplatnick, n. i. & shabad, m. u. (1993). a review of the pirate spiders (aranae, mimetidae) of chile. american museum novitates 3074. abstract - pdf (12mb )\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 11 / 15 / 2016. the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nworld spider catalog, version 11. 0, website (version 11. 0 )\nplatnick, norman i. 2011. the world spider catalog, v. 11. 0. american museum of natural history. database built by robert j. raven from the files underlying the website at urltoken doi: 10. 5531 / db. iz. 0001\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nyou can use this tool to unscramble words or solve anagrams including words from english dictionary. the word unscrambler will also find words within your word. this is a great way to change your luck in all types of word games, like words with friends, word whomp, and so on. if you are looking for a scrabble word finder tool, we have one of those too .\nurltoken information our site is designed to help you while playing the scrabble® word game, words with friends®, chicktionary, word jumbles, text twist, super text twist, text twist 2, word whomp, literati, wordscraper, lexulous, wordfeud and many other word games. cheating isn' t always a bad thing! in our case it is a learning tool .\nscientists aim to describe a single' tree of life' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things. however, evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery, and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named. eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific' classifications'. some species have been named more than once. such duplicates are listed under synonyms. eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\nlsid: [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 005794 ]\narcher, a. f. (1963). catalogo de las arañas chilenas de las families de la division metarachnae. publicaciones ocasionales del museo nacional de historia natural, santiago 1: 1 - 32. - - show included taxa\nnicolet, h. (1849). aracnidos. in: gay, c. (ed .) historia física y política de chile. zoología 3, 319 - 543, pl. 1 - 5. doi: 10. 5962 / bhl. title. 16172 - - show included taxa\nplatnick, n. i. & shadab, m. u. (1993). a review of the pirate spiders (araneae, mimetidae) of chile. american museum novitates 3074: 1 - 30. - - show included taxa\nsimon, e. (1879a). note sur les epeiridae de la sous - famille des arcyinae. annales de la société entomologique de belgique 22: 55 - 61. - - show included taxa\ntullgren, a. (1902). spiders collected in the aysen valley by mr p. dusén. bihang till kungliga svenska vetenskaps - akademiens handlingar 28 (4; 1): 1 - 77. - - show included taxa\ncuvier, g. 1829. le règne animal distribué d' après son organisation, pour servir de base à l' histoire naturelle des animaux et d' introduction à l' anatomie comparée. nouvelle édition, paris, 2: pp. 122 - 406 [ march 1829 ] .\ngill, t. n. 1863e. note on some genera of fishes of western north america. proc. acad. nat sci. philad, 1862 [ 1863 ], 14: pp. 329 - 333 .\ngronovius, l. t. 1760a. animalium in belgio habitantium centuria prima. acta helv. , basileae, 4: pp. 243 - 270, pl. xiii .\ngronovius, l. t. 1763. zoophylacii gronoviani fasciculus primus exhibens animalia quadrupeda, amphibia atque pisces, quae in museo suo adservat, rite examinavit, systematice disposuit, descripsis atque iconibus illustravit l. t. gronovius, j. u. d... . lugduni batavorum, 236 + 1 pp. , 18 pl .\nlinnaeus, c. 1758. systema naturae, ed. x, vol. 1, 824 pp. nantes & pisces: pp. 230 - 338. (reprint, 1956, london. )\nsorry, there are no images or audio / video clips available for this taxon .\ncopyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons, inc. all rights reserved\nenter your email address below. if your address has been previously registered, you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password. if you don' t receive an email, you should register as a new user" ]

{ "text": [ "oarces is a spider genus in the family araneidae .", "it is the sister genus of gnolus .", "gnolus and oarces transferred from mimitidae by dimitrov et al. , 2012 : suppl .", "1 , p. 15 . " ], "topic": [ 27, 26, 4, 10 ] }

[ "oarces is a spider genus in the family araneidae. it is the sister genus of gnolus. gnolus and oarces transferred from mimitidae by dimitrov et al., 2012: suppl. 1, p. 15." ]

[ "genus: protantigius shirôzu & yamamoto, 1956. sieboldia 1 (4): 339, 357 .\nprotantigius is a monotypic butterfly genus in the family lycaenidae. its single species is protantigius superans found in the russian far east (primorye), north - eastern and central china and on the korean peninsula .\nprotantigius superans; shirôzu, 1962, tyô to ga 12 (4): 145; [ baru, # 305 ]; [ bru2 ]: 88, pl. 50, f. 10 - 12\nkim mj, kang ar, jeong hc, kim kg, kim i (2011) reconstructing intraordinal relationships in lepidoptera using mitochondrial genome data with the description of two newly sequenced lycaenids, spindasis takanonis and protantigius superans (lepidoptera: lycaenidae). mol phylogenet evol 61, 436 - 445 .\npatnaik bb, hwang h - j, kang sw, park sy, wang th, park eb, chung jm, song dk, kim c, kim s, lee jb, jeong hc, park hs, han ys, lee ys. transcriptome characterization for non - model endangered lycaenids, protantigius superans and spindasis takanosis, using illumina hiseq 2500 sequencing. international journal of molecular sciences. 2015; 16 (12): 29948 - 29970 .\npatnaik, bharat b. ; hwang, hee - ju; kang, se w. ; park, so y. ; wang, tae h. ; park, eun b. ; chung, jong m. ; song, dae k. ; kim, changmu; kim, soonok; lee, jae b. ; jeong, heon c. ; park, hong s. ; han, yeon s. ; lee, yong s. 2015 .\ntranscriptome characterization for non - model endangered lycaenids, protantigius superans and spindasis takanosis, using illumina hiseq 2500 sequencing .\nint. j. mol. sci. 16, no. 12: 29948 - 29970 .\npatnaik, b. b. ; hwang, h. - j. ; kang, s. w. ; park, s. y. ; wang, t. h. ; park, e. b. ; chung, j. m. ; song, d. k. ; kim, c. ; kim, s. ; lee, j. b. ; jeong, h. c. ; park, h. s. ; han, y. s. ; lee, y. s. transcriptome characterization for non - model endangered lycaenids, protantigius superans and spindasis takanosis, using illumina hiseq 2500 sequencing. int. j. mol. sci. 2015, 16, 29948 - 29970 .\nin figure 2, we show the alignment of the initiation site for the coi genes of 24 completely sequenced rhopaloceran mitogenomes. all the mitogenomes harbor a few canonical atn initiators detected in the start region of the coi gene or in the immediately neighboring sequence of the precedent. however, in eleven of them (artogeia melete, coreana raphaelis, argyreus hyperbius, teinopalpus aureus, papilio maraho, luehdorfia chinensis, parnassius bremeri, protantigius superans, troides aeacus, libythea celtis, and euploea mulciber), a tag (stop codon) is present at the beginning region of the coi gene, while in the other five mitogenomes (papilio xuthus, sericinus montela, ctenoptilum vasava, and two sasakia subspecies), the proposed atn initiators are present within the region coding for. thus, the atn initiators should not be considered as the start codon for the coi gene. according to these criteria, the first nonoverlapping codon in the coi gene is the cga designating arginine existing in a highly conserved region across rhopaloceran insects [ 13 ] .\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\n[ bru2 ]; tuzov, bogdanov, churkin, devyatkin, dantchenko, murzin, samodurov, zhdanko, 2000 guide to the butterflies of russia and adjacent territories: libytheidae, danaidae, nymphalidae, riodinidae, lycaenidae butts. russia adj. terr. 2: 1 - 580\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ntuzov, v. k. , bogdanov, p. v. , devyatkin, a. l. , kaabak, l. v. , korolev, v. a. , murzin, v. s. , samodurov, g. d. & tarasov, e. a. 1997 guide to the butterflies of russia and adjacent territories (lepidoptera, rhopalocera). sofia: pensoft .\ncorrespondence regarding this page should be directed to andrew v. z. brower at\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license, and they may or may not be available for reuse. click on an image or a media link to access the media data window, which provides the relevant licensing information. for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution, please see the\neach tol leaf page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a leaf at the tip of the tree of life. the major distinction between a leaf and a branch of the tree of life is that a leaf cannot generally be further subdivided into subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types, have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright © 1995 - 2004 tree of life project. all rights reserved .\nplease select whether you prefer to view the mdpi pages with a view tailored for mobile displays or to view the mdpi pages in the normal scrollable desktop version. this selection will be stored into your cookies and used automatically in next visits. you can also change the view style at any point from the main header when using the pages with your mobile device .\nyou seem to have javascript disabled. please note that many of the page functionalities won' t work as expected without javascript enabled .\nresearch institute, gnc bio co. , ltd. 621 - 6 banseok - dong, yuseong - gu, daejeon 34069, korea\n, are endangered insects in korea known for their symbiotic association with ants. however, necessary genomic and transcriptomics data are lacking in these species, limiting conservation efforts. in this study, the\ntranscriptome data included a total of 254, 340, 693 and 245, 110, 582 clean reads assembled into 159, 074 and 170, 449 contigs and 107, 950 and 121, 140 unigenes, respectively. blastx hits (\nfound homologous sequences in protostome db (panm - db). blast2go analysis confirmed 18, 611 unigenes representing gene ontology (go) terms and a total of 5259 unigenes assigned to 116 pathways for\n, a total of 6697 unigenes were assigned to 119 pathways using the kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (kegg) pathway database. additionally, 382, 164 and 390, 516 simple sequence repeats (ssrs) were compiled from the unigenes of\n, respectively. this is the first report to record new genes and their utilization for conservation of lycaenid species population and as a reference information for closely related species .\nthis is an open access article distributed under the creative commons attribution license which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. (cc by 4. 0) .\ntype - species: drina superans oberthür, 1914. étud. lépid. comp. 9 (2): 54, pl. 255, figs 215 - 2156. [ bhl ]\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation, e. g. an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature, an orthologous protein, a record from another database, etc. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more... < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages, faqs, uniprotkb manual, documents, news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website. please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins, you can use the ‘basket’ to save them, so that you can back to find or analyse them later. < p > < a href =' / help / basket' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more. . < / a > < / p >\nwe' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation (gdpr) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\njavascript is disabled on your browser. please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\n► we present two new mitogenomes belonging to the true butterfly family lycaenidae. ► our consensus phylogeny of lepidoptera supported non - monophytic macrolepidoptera. ► in butterfly families, the sister between lycaenidae and nymphalidae was obtained. ► the test for the effect of optimization schemes was performed. ► the optimization schemes did not much alter topology .\ncopyright © 2018 elsevier b. v. or its licensors or contributors. sciencedirect ® is a registered trademark of elsevier b. v .\nthe larvae possibly feed on fraxinus rhynchophylla, alunus hirsuta, populus koreana and / or salix species .\nthe wings are black on top, sometimes with a bluish submarginal spots. bottom wings silvery white with a narrow 2 - 3 transverse stripes and discal stroke. the length of the forewings of males 19 - 22, females 20 - 23 .\nnote: you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments. please, create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc. .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nthis article is published under license to biomed central ltd. this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license (urltoken), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. the creative commons public domain dedication waiver (urltoken) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated .\nthirty mitogenomes were assembled with 89% completeness from the contigs of pyrosequencing - derived reads. entire mitogenomes or higher - quality sequences could be obtained by increasing pyrosequencing read coverage or by additional sanger sequencing. our mitogenomic phylogenies provide robust nodal support at a range of levels, demonstrating that mitogenomes are both accurate and efficient molecular markers for inferring butterfly phylogeny .\nthe online version of this article (doi: 10. 1186 / 1471 - 2164 - 15 - 468) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users .\neukaryotic mitochondria are monophyletic and originate from the bacterial phylum alphaproteobacteria [ 1, 2 ]. one of the descendant lineages, the animal mitochondrion, contains a circular dna molecule around 16 kb in length. it comprises 22 transfer rnas (trnas), 13 protein - coding genes (pcgs), two ribosomal rnas (rrnas), and one or more non - coding regions including the control region [ 3 ]. mitochondrial sequences have been the most popular genetic markers for many types of studies, including disease detection [ 4 ], species identification [ 5 ], phylogeography [ 6, 7 ], and phylogenetics [ 8, 9 ] .\nmitogenomic data are effective for revealing higher - level relationships of diverse animal groups [ 9 – 18 ]. although sanger sequencing has been used to obtain high - quality mitogenomic sequences, the time required for primer design, and the cost invested to recover large numbers of mitogenomic sequences remains challenging. recently, next - generation sequencing (ngs) methods have been shown to overcome such shortcomings [ 19 ]. this makes practical the task of re - examining and re - evaluating phylogenies with much larger datasets .\nin the second largest insect order lepidoptera, there were 172 mitogenomes representing 113 species on ncbi (as accessed on may 14, 2014). however, 44 of the 172 submitted mitogenomes were from the genus bombyx [ 20 – 22 ], 53 of the 113 species were from butterflies (papilionoidea), and only ten of 43 currently recognised superfamilies have been covered [ 23 – 27 ]. for inferring molecular phylogeny, mitochondrial sequences have been questioned on the basis that they are too saturated to distinguish deep - level relationships [ 28, 29 ]. though some studies point out that other mitochondrial genes have more relevant information than the most commonly used cox1 or rrnl genes [ 9, 27, 30 ], researchers have instead focused on using nuclear genes to infer phylogenies. to evaluate sufficiently the utility of mitogenomes in inferring lepidopteran relationships at the level of family and below, here we focus on the well - known group of brush - footed butterflies, nymphalidae .\nthere is also a particular prior interest in the tribe limenitidini, as these butterflies include models for the evolution of mimicry [ 39 ]. the mimetic wing patterns of limenitis butterflies are considered to evolve multiple times and hybridised frequently [ 40, 41 ] and the wing patterns of these gliders have converged to an extraordinary degree for butterflies not widely thought to be müllerian mimics with strong predator unpalatability [ 42 ]. the phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary patterns of the american limenitidini butterflies have been analysed in particular detail [ 39, 40, 43 ]. by contrast, the phylogenetic relationships of palearctic limenitidini butterflies have been almost neglected. even though some studies have used nuclear (ef1 - α) and mitochondrial genes (cox1 or cob gene) to investigate the relationships of east asian limenitidini [ 44, 45 ], results based on these genes are still unresolved and poorly supported. a further study even showed a polyphyletic relationship of the genus athyma [ 46 ], part of which had a sister relationship with limenitis butterflies [ 31 ]. further effort is needed to clarify the relationship of this group and unravel the evolutionary basis of mimicry .\nthe molecular data deposited in public databases have taxonomic biases and annotation errors [ 47, 48 ]. however, they still enable the testing of various strategies of data partitioning and substitution models to improve the accuracy of phylogenetic inference [ 49, 50 ]. branch lengths differ greatly when different substitution models are applied, potentially producing different topological and molecular dating estimates [ 51 ]. the mitogenome has long been considered as a single non - recombining locus because of maternal inheritance, storing substantial numbers of mutations heterogeneously distributed among genes [ 52, 53 ]. the lack of extensive taxon sampling across nymphalidae, however, has impeded the evaluation of the effects of different partitioning methods on mitogenomic phylogenies. a denser coverage of nymphalid mitogenomes subjected to various partitioning methods is needed for accurate reconstruction of phylogenies in this group .\nthe aim of this study was to establish a highly supported phylogeny for the nymphalidae using 70 mitogenomes obtained from both our pyrosequencing - derived mitogenomes (n = 30) and those previously deposited in genbank (additional file 1). the combined datasets were used to evaluate nodal supports using 12 different partitioning strategies (pss) and two categories of substitution models. finally, the phylogenies inferred from entire mitogenomes and single genes were compared to assess topological congruence .\n). the mean length of read was 403. 6 bp with mean quality q - score 28. 2, indicating that the error rate of our sequences is near 0. 001. sequence coverage was not uniform (figure\n). the low sequence recovery for some species might have been caused by unequal dna estimation. details about the lengths sequenced via pyrosequencing and sanger methods, overall sequence coverage, and gaps, are shown in figure\nan overview of 30 newly sequenced mitogenomes. the sequencing regions derived from pyrosequence - assembled contigs, sanger sequencing, and gaps are shown .\nto verify sequence information, most gaps and low - coverage regions were checked via sanger sequencing. this also allowed us to fill in many gaps. however, some ambiguous sites remained unresolved (all the ambiguous sites are listed in additional file 3). six major undetermined regions are listed here: (1) for athyma perius, 79 ambiguous sites in the control region; (2) for dichorragia nesimachus, an undetermined 33 - bp length within the rrnl gene; (3) for euthalia irrubesens, a 52 - bp region within a ta - repeat noncoding region between the trne and trnf gene; (4) for neope pulaha, a 16 - bp region in the nad6 gene; (5) for tanaecia julii, a 25 - bp region within a ta - repeat noncoding region between the trne and trnf genes; and (6) for sumalia daraxa, a 601 - bp fragment containing part of 3’ end of the nad1 gene and trns2 gene which failed to sequence. the ratio of these sites was below 0. 02% of our total sequenced mitogenomes (additional file 3). this proportion of missing data seems not to seriously affect the evaluation of phylogenetic utility .\nthe lengths of these new and published mitogenomes are quite conserved between 15 - 16 kb. neptis soma has the shortest sequence length (15, 130 bp), whereas papilio maraho has the longest (16, 094 bp) (additional file 1). although most length variation was found in the control region, some additional lengths were also observed among these 30 mitogenomes. there was a 150 - bp additional stretch found between the nad2 and trnw genes (for bhagadatta austenia), a region including (ta) 11 - 64 repeats that are found between the trne and trnf genes (for bhagadatta austenia, dichorragia nesimachus, dophla evelina, euthalia irrubesens, junonia almana, parthenos sylvia, polyura arja and tanaecia julii), a 41 - bp length found between the nad6 and cob genes (for yoma sabina), a 34 - bp fragment found between the trnl1 and rrnl genes (for polyura arja), and a 59 - bp fragment observed in the centre of the rrnl gene (for bhagadatta austenia), and finally a 37 - bp fragment found in the rrns gene of ypthima akragas .\nthe gene order and orientation were the same in all 70 assembled lepidopteran mitogenomes. this alignment suggests that the arrangement of three trnas (cr - m - i - q - nad2) between the control region (cr) and the nad2 gene can be inferred as a derived character relative to the insect ground plan, cr - i - q - m - nad2 [ 54 ]. the a + t compositional ratio of the obtained mitogenomes ranged from 77. 8 - 82. 7% (additional file 4), which is within the range of most insect mitogenomes [ 55 ] .\nthe 37 - gene aligned matrix contained 15, 495 bp, of which 11, 340 bp was derived from the 13 pcgs, 2, 528 bp from the two rrna genes, and 1, 627 bp from the 22 trna genes. a total of 6, 920 polymorphic sites, 5, 714 of them parsimony - informative, were identified (additional file 5). removing the four outgroups resulted in 6, 710 variable sites, 5, 472 of them parsimony - informative. both the numbers of variable and parsimony - informative sites were lower in the 15 - gene dataset than those in the 37 - gene dataset (additional file 5). however, the ratio of informative sites to polymorphic sites was slightly higher than that in the 37 - gene dataset. a similar pattern was also found in the 13 - gene dataset .\n). most polymorphic sites were found towards the 5’ or 3’ ends of genes, while relatively conserved regions were found towards the centre of pcgs. two genes (\na sliding window of 70 sampled mitogenomes (alignment length: 18, 646 bp). the sliding window was derived using dnasp v5 software. the window width was set to 500 bp and the step size was set to 2 bp (excluding gaps and missing data) .\ngenetic distance variation among different datasets. the red line is the mean and the cox1 b * is the barcode region. genus level in pink; tribal level in green; subfamily level in blue; family level in yellow .\nphylogenetic relationships inferred by bayesian inference (bi) and maximum likelihood (ml) methods were congruent and strongly supported (> 0. 95 posterior probability and ml bootstrap > 85% for most nodes), across each ps and substitution models for each of the three datasets (figure\nfor 12 different pss). concerning family - level relationships, the topology is concordant with a recent study [\n], in which the family hesperiidae (along with hedylidae) is subsumed within papilionoidea, and the family papilionidae is the sister clade of the remaining butterflies. at the subfamily level within nymphalidae, ten sampled subfamilies were also well supported. calinaginae and charaxinae grouped with satyrinae (hereafter referred as “satyroid” group). apaturinae and nymphalinae was a sister group and most closely related to the clade comprising heliconiinae and limenitidinae. danainae was the sister of the remaining nymphalid subfamilies. however, the phylogenetic positions of pseudergolinae and libytheinae were not stable among the 12 different pss (figure\n). pseudergolinae showed a sister relationship to the clade that included apaturinae, nymphalidae, heliconiinae, and limenitidinae, but also showed a relationship to the clade composed of apaturinae and nymphalidae only .\nmitogenomic phylogeny of sampled butterflies. the bi topology was based on the ps2 partitioning strategy and the best - fit model setting. the values at each node are posterior probability (pp) and ml bootstrap (bs). the label “ * ” means pp = 1 and bs = 100 .\nfour mitogenomic topologies of nymphalidae subfamilies. the four topologies were summarised from 36 datasets based on the bi and ml methods. the symbols\ngps1 to gps12\nmean bi topologies inferred with the gtr + g model, whereas “ops1 to ops12” means bi topologies inferred with the best - fit model. the symbols\nmps1 to mps12\nmean topologies inferred by the ml method with the gtr + g model .\n). the tribe parthenini was sister to a clade in which neptini was sister to the group composed of adoliadini + limenitidini. although the species\n], our data showed this species always grouped with neptini with high support. within limenitidini, a previous study indicated that the genus\nalthough our taxon sampling is limited, some well - supported relationships were also found in other subfamilies. within the subfamily heliconiinae, the tribe argynnini was sister to the clade composed of acraeini + heliconiini [ 57 ]. within the subfamily nymphalinae, the three tribes kallimini, junoniini and melitaeini formed a clade with strong support. melitaeini, embedded within the subfamily nymphalinae, in concordance with the result of wahlberg et al. [ 31 ]; however, the ml bootstrap value is too low to support kallimini as sister to the clade comprising junoniini and melitaeini .\n). all three datasets showed the same higher - level (family, subfamily, and tribal level) relationships, however, there was some incongruence at species level. a total of 19 most parsimonious trees were found for the 37 - gene dataset, seven for the 15 - gene dataset, and two for the 13 - gene dataset. two major inconsistences were found when compared with the likelihood topologies at family level (1) hesperiidae was placed as sister to four sampled butterfly families, and (2) a sister group relationship was found between lycaenidae and pieridae. the latter relationship was also found in the most recent analysis using mp [\n], but these morphologically implausible family - level relationships had lower bootstrap values in mp analyses than in the ml and bi analyses. at subfamily level within nymphalidae, danainae was also found to be sister to the other nymphalids. other subfamilies had similar relationships to those inferred by ml and bi, except for an unexpected result that libytheinae and pseudergolinae grouped together and were placed sister to other nymphalids .\nmost parsimonious topology. this topology was based on the 13 - gene dataset using 50% majority rule. two equally most parsimonious trees were found .\na total 15 individual single - gene phylogenies were inferred and none recovered the topologies generated using the whole mitogenomic alignment (additional file 11) .\n. our results show that partitioned datasets are strongly preferred over non - partitioned ones (ps1, ps5, and ps9), and more partitioning is preferred over less. one exception is that codon partitioning (ps2, ps6, and ps10) performed better than gene partitioning (ps3, ps7, and ps11). comparing the marginal likelihood values by two different model settings (optimal substitution models and gtr + g model), most of the bayes factor results showed that the datasets based on the best - fit models had better performance than those based on the gtr + g model. only the most highly partitioned strategy (ps4, ps8, and ps12, separately) was preferred over the same strategies using the best - fit substitution model .\nentries are twice the log of the bayes factor in the comparison between models m 0 and m 1 (2ln b 10). “gps1 to gps12” are the datasets based on the gtr + g model; “ops1 to ops12” are based on the optimal (best - fit) model. (a): the 37 - gene dataset; (b): the 15 - gene dataset; (c): the 13 - gene dataset .\n. the results show that the number of trees increases with increasing data partitioning among the 12 pss. the number of credible trees produced from 15 single - gene datasets is two orders of magnitude greater than that from 12 ps datasets, indicating that 12 ps datasets had sufficient information to decrease tree uncertainty .\ntopological uncertainty increases with model complexity (number of parameters), and tree length uncertainty is positively correlated with increased uncertainty. the best - fit models of datasets are listed in the additional file 13 .\nour results show that mitochondrial gene length and order are conserved among 70 sampled lepidopteran mitogenomes, and that the 37 - gene aligned matrix includes over 36% parsimony - informative sites. based on this genetic variation, our bi and ml analyses all show strong support for relationships at different hierarchical levels (figure\nencouragingly, our mitogenomic phylogenies provide an insight into deep - level relationships of nymphalidae. at subfamily level, danainae is placed as sister to the remaining nymphalids (figure\n], in which libytheinae emerges as sister to the other nymphalids. it should be noticed that the new position of libytheinae (figure\n) substantially alters the interpretation of the deep evolutionary history of nymphalidae. libytheinae has distinct morphologies compared to other nymphalids (a long labial palpus and a fully developed female foreleg that was thought to be reduced in all other nymphalids) [\n], this mitogenome - suggested position for both danainae and libytheinae may reflect important rather than conflicting signal in the mitogenomic data and merits further attention including recalibration as necessary .\n], for which deep - level relationships, across the clades of elymniini, zetherini, satyrini, dirini, melanitini, haeterini, and morphini, remain controversial. though our sampling is limited for the large subfamily satyrinae, the tribe satyrini was monophyletic with respect to melanitini with strong support, while ypthimina (\n). the tribal relationships are clearly resolved by the bi method, though ml bootstrap shows lower support for the clade comprising adoliadini + limenitidini, indicating that taxon sampling might still not be sufficient. at least, we can confirm that\nis polyphyletic and in need of taxonomic revision. we also note that further work is needed according to these phylogenetic results to illuminate mimetic and evolutionary processes of asian limenitidini butterflies in detail .\n]. moreover, our topology suggests that long - branch attraction has occurred in our mitogenomic phylogenies. in papilionidae, the tribe teinopalpini is regarded as the sister group of papilionini + troidini [\n]. these conflicting relationships might be caused by inadequate taxon sampling in our study, but we strongly suspect that the public papilionid mitogenomes in particular require detailed validation and / or resequencing. in nymphalidae, the subfamily pseudergolinae had low nodal support in our inferred topologies, yet its position was highly supported by wahlberg et al. [\n]. further studies should add the subfamilies biblidinae and cyrestinae to clarify this point .\n], the best - fit partitioning method is still under debate. it is evident from our sliding - window result (figure\n) that snps were not uniformly distributed by gene region. nevertheless, our results suggest that different partitioning strategies should always be adopted to evaluate the effect of partitioning on phylogenetic topology. in our case, the strategy with the most intense partitioning (ps4, ps8, and ps12) is favoured by the bayes factors, even though all the topologies were independent of datasets with different lengths, partitioning schemes and substitution models (figure\n), and these results confirm that although the mitochondrion evolves as a single gene because of maternal inheritance, dataset partitioning and model selecting are both important treatments to evaluate the phylogeny .\n]. the greatest benefit of ngs is to obtain massive quantities of sequence without primer design. although the ngs method has error rates of 0. 01 - 1% [\n], high sequence coverage largely compensates for base errors. ngs methods are also very effective when target mtdnas are rare and highly degenerated [\n] and our work, the 454 - pyrosequencing method using less than a quarter of a 454 titanium run (around 0. 2 million reads) can recover over 85% target regions for a goal of obtaining near 30 mitogenomic sequences (additional file\n). these gaps can easily be compensated by sanger sequencing. moreover, we emphasise that using the unique - tag method [\n] multiplexing reads can more easily be divided to avoid chimaeric mitogenomes and to accelerate bioinformatic processing. similarly, timmermans et al. [\n] report an efficient option of combining high sequence coverage by ngs with sanger sequences which are used to bait the pyrosequencing - contigs .\nin contrast to the ngs method, sanger sequencing is more economic when the main purpose is to sequence one or a small set of mitogenomes due to their limited length (~ 16 kb). for example, our designed primers were largely based on conserved regions in 66 butterfly mitogenomes (additional file 12). these primers could be used to sequence mitogenomes from other species of nymphalids. the data processing for sanger - derived sequences requires less training in bioinformatics. overall, each sequencing technology has its own advantages and is mutually complementary for maximising the efficiency of high quality sequence retrieval. we recommend first the application of ngs to recover a large proportion of the mitogenome, followed by sanger sequencing as a complementary approach to obtain sequences for regions with low coverage, gaps or high ambiguity, or tag baits .\nthis study aimed to obtain a large number of lepidoptera mitogenomes simultaneously via ngs methods. the matrix of 30 newly obtained mitogenomes together with 40 others deposited in genbank yields a well - supported phylogeny of the superfamily papilionoidea and its subsets, suggesting that the entire mitogenome provides an excellent marker for studying the phylogeny of butterflies and other insect relationships. our newly designed primers based on 66 nymphalids also provide a basis for sequencing additional butterfly mitogenomes by the sanger method, while we anticipate that pyrosequencing will become prevalent for mitogenomic studies. we emphasise the need for good quality control or resequencing of existing public sequences, to avoid topological artefacts .\ngenomic dna was extracted from the thoracic muscle tissue or legs using the purgene dna isolation kit (gentra systems, minnesota, usa), following the manufacturer’s protocol. precipitated dnas were resuspended in 70 μl of sterile dh 2 o .\nfor amplifying long fragments of whole mitogenomes, takara la taq™ (takara bio inc. , shiga, japan) was used. generally, two fragments were amplified, one of ~ 6. 5 kb in length and covering the at rich region, and the other of ~ 9. 5 kb in length; the two fragments overlap at the cox2 and rrnl gene regions. primers were mostly adopted from wu et al. [ 30 ]. pcr products were checked using 1 - 2% agarose gel with tae buffer. each product was purified using the ultraclean™ dna purification kit (mobio inc. , solana, ca, usa). the concentration of purified genomic dna was measured using the nanodrop nd - 1000 (nanodrop technologies, wilmington, de, usa). the two long pcr products for each sample were mixed in equimolar concentrations and sheared into fragments of size 200 - 1000 bp. before pyrosequencing, each sample was ligated with roche adaptors and a unique species identifying tag. a total of 30 tagged - samples were mixed together and sequenced using the roche 454 gs junior system (roche / 454 life sciences, branford, ct) at the genomics biosci & tech co. (taipei, taiwan) .\n]. pcgs were aligned according to amino sequence similarity, whereas rna genes were directly aligned according to sequence similarity using default settings. all genes were concatenated using microsoft excel, and the datasets were exported as fasta - format files. general sequence information was analysed using both dnasp v5 [\n] and mega 5 software. all sequenced mitogenomes were submitted to genbank (accession numbers\n), whereas pyrosequencing rawdata and individual barcode information were both submitted to the sequence read archive under the study number of srp041730 .\nin order to evaluate the effect of data partitioning and incorporation of rnas on phylogeny, three datasets referred as the 37 - gene dataset (13 pcgs plus two rrnas and 22 trnas), the 15 - gene dataset (13 pcgs plus two rrnas), and the 13 - gene dataset (13 pcgs only) were constructed. the three datasets were further partitioned by 12 strategies considering gene region and codon position (additional file 9). for the 37 - gene dataset, the partitioning strategies (pss) were set as (1) no partition (the combined 37 genes), (2) four partitions with three for the codon position of the 13 pcgs and one for two rrnas and 22 trnas combined, (3) 37 partitions, for each gene, and (4) 63 partitions, partitioning by both gene and codon position of the pcgs. for the 15 - gene dataset, the pss were set as (5) no partitions, combining the 13 pcgs and the two rrnas, (6) four partitions, including three for the codon position of the pcgs and one for two rrnas, (7) 15 gene partitions, and (8) 41 partitions, partitioning by both gene and codon position of the pcgs. the pss of the 13 - gene dataset was set as (9) no partition (the combined 13 pcgs), (10) three codon - based partitions, (11) 13 pcgs each as a single gene partition, and (12) 39 partitions based each gene and each codon position. the optimal substitution model of each partition (ops) was determined by jmodeltest 2 [ 109 ], using the corrected akaike information criterion (aicc) (additional file 13) .\nthree phylogenetic methods, maximum parsimony (mp), bayesian inference (bi) and maximum likelihood (ml) were used to compare topologies on our datasets. mp was carried out using the tnt 1. 1 [\n], and ml was performed in the raxml pthreads - based sse3 version 7. 4. 2 [\n], with 16 precursors on a linux system. for the bi analysis, two model settings (gtr + g model and best - fit models) were carried out on the 12 pss (additional file\n). first, partitioning datasets were constructed using the best - fit models. some models (tvm, tim1, tim2, tim3, tpm3, and trn) that could not be directly used in mrbayes were replaced by the nearest over - parameterised model following a previous study [\n]. we set all the partitions to the gtr + g model to compare the topologies with the best - fit model setting. the analyses of each dataset were performed with eight chains (seven heated and one cold) and run for five million generations. every 100 generations were sampled as a consensus tree. the log - likelihood scores were plotted against generation time to determine whether stationarity was reached. stationarity of bayesian phylogenies was further assessed using the “sump” option to get the effective sample size (ess) of parameters. if the ess value was below 100, the number of generations was increased to 10 - 20 million. if stationarity was achieved, the first 25% of sampled trees were discarded and the remaining trees were used to represent the posterior probability (table\nml and mp methods were compared with the results of the bi method. for ml analyses, datasets obtained from each ps were processed with the model of gtrgamma, and all model parameters were estimated and joined to the branch length optimisation for the best ml tree. node stability was evaluated using 1000 bootstrap replicates with 10 additional ml searches of each replicate to improve bootstrapping performance [ 112 ]. for mp analyses, three different length datasets (37 - gene, 15 - gene, and 13 - gene) were run. initially, the mp topologies were searched with 1000 random addition replicates and a maxtrees of 10000. tnt searches were executed using tree ratchet, tree drifting, and tree fusing methods [ 116 ]. nodal support was evaluated using 1000 bootstrap replicates. all three datasets were analysed using the same mp settings .\nto investigate the performance of each mitochondrial gene in reconstructing the phylogeny, the 15 major genes (13 pcgs and two rrnas, respectively) were analysed. each gene was analysed by bi: eight chains, the best - fit model (additional file 13) and run for five million generations, sampled every 100. when stationarity was reached, the first 25% sampled trees were discarded and the remaining trees were used to calculate the posterior probability .\nto investigate which partitioning model is preferred, we calculated bayes factors to compare pairs of likelihood models. the value, b 10, is calculated as the ratio of the model likelihoods f (x | m 1) / f (x | m 0), where the symbol x represents a generating data set, m 1 and m 0 are two compared models, and f (x | m) stands for model likelihood. we calculated the bayes factors via the marginal likelihood, which was estimated as the harmonic mean (hm) of the likelihood scores using mrbayes “sump” option. the comparison for two pss was calculated as 2ln (b 10) = 2 [ ln (hm 1) – ln (hm 0) ], where hm 1 and hm 0 are two harmonic means of each posterior probabilities. positive values of 2ln (b 10) indicate a preference for the later strategy over the former. interpretations of significance were applied following kass and raftery [ 117 ]. for bayes factor between 0 and 2, no model is preferred; for values between 2 and 6, model 1 is favoured over model 0; for values between 6 and 10, model 1 is strongly favoured; for the value over 10, model 1 is very strongly preferred. we took values over 10 as significant [ 49 ] .\nadditional file 1: table s1: general details of sampled taxa. * uncompleted mitogenome. (xlsx 16 kb) (16k, xlsx )\nadditional file 2: table s2: general information of pyrosequencing reads in 30 sequenced mitogenomes. (xlsx 14 kb) (14k, xlsx )\nadditional file 3: table s3: a list for all ambiguous sites when sequencing 30 mitogenomes. (xlsx 13 kb) (13k, xlsx )\nadditional file 4: table s4: dna composition of nucleotide a and t among different datasets. gaps and missing data were excluded from the analysis. (xlsx 19 kb) (19k, xlsx )\nadditional file 5: table s5: nucleotide a + t composition and polymorphic sites of different regions. 1 * excluding sites with gaps and missing data for calculating nucleotide compositions, variable sites. 2 * excluding taxa of papilio xuthus, luehdorfia chinensis, and sumalia daraxa due to partial coverage of the nad1 gene. 3 * excluding taxa of papilio xuthus, and luehdorfia chinensis due to partial coverage of nad2 gene. (xlsx 13 kb) (13k, xlsx )\nadditional file 6: figures s1 - s12: bayesian trees based on ps1 - 12 and the gtr + g model. values at nodes correspond to posterior probabilities. (pdf 2 mb) (1. 8m, pdf )\nadditional file 7: figures s13 - s24: bayesian trees based on ps1 - 12 and the best - fit model. values at nodes correspond to posterior probabilities. (pdf 2 mb) (1. 8m, pdf )\nadditional file 8: figures s25 - s36: the ml phylogeny based on ps1 - 12 and the gtr + g model. numbers above branches denote bootstrap support. (pdf 2 mb) (1. 7m, pdf )\nadditional file 9: figure s37: an overview of twelve partitioning strategies in the study. (pdf 325 kb) (325k, pdf )\nadditional file 10: figure s38 - s39: maximum - parsimony topology based on 15 and 37 - gene datasets, respectively. the seven and 19 most parsimonious trees were summarised by 50% majority - rule in figure s38, and figure s39, respectively. bootstrap values over 50% are shown above the branches. (pdf 334 kb) (334k, pdf )\nadditional file 11: figure s40: the bayesian phylogeny for each gene. grey: outgroups; red: papilionidae; cyan: hesperiidae; yellow: pieridae; magenta: lycaenidae; blue: nymphalidae. (pdf 167 kb) (167k, pdf )\nadditional file 12: table s6: additional primers used in the study. (xlsx 12 kb) (12k, xlsx )\nadditional file 13: table s7: substitution model of each partition dataset implemented in jmodeltest 2. the best - fit model is judged by the akaike information criterion using a corrected version for small samples (aicc). some best - fit models which could not be set to mrbayes were instead fit using the nearest over - parameterised model listed in the used model. (xlsx 14 kb) (14k, xlsx )\nwe would like to thank the editor enrico negrisolo and two anonymous referees who kindly provided most helpful suggestions to improve this article. we thank dr. ting - wen cheng and mr. jia - yuan liang for their assistance with figures and tables. ms. ting - wei chen helped with submitting the sequences. we also thank mr. chang - chin chen and nan - yi tsai for providing some specimens from china. the study was supported by tjing ling industrial research institute, ntu to l - ww and l - hl, while dcl was supported by erc emares # 250325 .\nl - ww, l - hl conceived the ideas and designed the experiment. l - ww, y - fh collected the samples; l - ww produced and analysed the data; l - ww, l - hl, dcl, and y - fh led the writing. all authors read and approved the final manuscript .\nhebert pd, penton eh, burns jm, janzen dh, hallwachs w. ten species in one: dna barcoding reveals cryptic species in the neotropical skipper butterfly\nmiya m, takeshima h, endo h, ishiguro nb, inoue jg, mukai t, satoh tp, yamaguchi m, kawaguchi a, mabuchi k. major patterns of higher teleostean phylogenies: a new perspective based on 100 complete mitochondrial dna sequences .\ncameron sl, lambkin cl, barker sc, whiting mf. a mitochondrial genome phylogeny of diptera: whole genome sequence data accurately resolve relationships over broad timescales with high precision .\nvilstrup jt, ho sy, foote ad, morin pa, kreb d, krutzen m, parra gj, robertson km, de stephanis r, verborgh p, willerslev e, orlando l, gilbert mt. mitogenomic phylogenetic analyses of the delphinidae with an emphasis on the globicephalinae .\nmorin pa, archer fi, foote ad, vilstrup j, allen ee, wade p, durban j, parsons k, pitman r, li l, bouffard p, abel nielsen sc, rasmussen m, willerslev e, gilbert mt, harkins t. complete mitochondrial genome phylogeographic analysis of killer whales (\nduchene s, frey a, alfaro - núñez a, dutton ph, thomas p, gilbert m, morin pa. marine turtle mitogenome phylogenetics and evolution .\nfinstermeier k, zinner d, brameier m, meyer m, kreuz e, hofreiter m, roos c. a mitogenomic phylogeny of living primates .\nsong n, liang ap, bu cp. a molecular phylogeny of hemiptera inferred from mitochondrial genome sequences .\ntimmermans mj, dodsworth s, culverwell cl, bocak l, ahrens d, littlewood dt, pons j, vogler ap. why barcode? high - throughput multiplex sequencing of mitochondrial genomes for molecular systematics .\nharan j, timmermans mj, vogler ap. mitogenome sequences stabilize the phylogenetics of weevils (curculionoidea) and establish the monophyly of larval ectophagy .\nchan y - c, roos c, inoue - murayama m, inoue e, shih c - c, pei kj - c, vigilant l. mitochondrial genome sequences effectively reveal the phylogeny of\nhu x - l, cao g - l, xue r - y, zheng x - j, zhang x, duan h - r, gong c - l. the complete mitogenome and phylogenetic analysis of\nli d, guo y, shao h, tellier lc, wang j, xiang z, xia q. genetic diversity, molecular phylogeny and selection evidence of the silkworm mitochondria implicated by complete resequencing of 41 genomes .\nyukuhiro k, sezutsu h, itoh m, shimizu k, banno y. significant levels of sequence divergence and gene rearrangements have occurred between the mitochondrial genomes of the wild mulberry silkmoth ,\n( lepidoptera: geometridae), with phylogenetic utility of mitochondrial genome in the lepidoptera .\nlu h - f, su t - j, luo a - r, zhu c - d, wu c - s. characterization of the complete mitochondrion genome of diurnal moth\nyang l, wei z - j, hong g - y, jiang s - t, wen l - p. the complete nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial genome of\nvan nieukerken e, kaila l, kitching i, kristensen n, lees d, minet j, mitter c, mutanen m, regier j, simonsen t, wahlberg n, yen sh, zahiri r, adamski d, baixeras j, bartsch d, bengtsson ba. order lepidoptera linnaeus, 1758 .\ncameron sl, whiting mf. the complete mitochondrial genome of the tobacco hornworm ,\n, (insecta: lepidoptera: sphingidae), and an examination of mitochondrial gene variability within butterflies and moths .\nzheng y, peng r, kuro - o m, zeng x. exploring patterns and extent of bias in estimating divergence time from mitochondrial dna sequence data in a particular lineage: a case study of salamanders (order caudata )\ntalavera g, vila r. what is the phylogenetic signal limit from mitogenomes? the reconciliation between mitochondrial and nuclear data in the insecta class phylogeny .\nwu l - w, lees dc, yen s - h, hsu y - f. the complete mitochondrial genome of the near - threatened swallowtail ,\n( lepidoptera: papilionidae): evaluating sequence variability and suitable markers for conservation genetic studies." ]

{ "text": [ "protantigius is a monotypic butterfly genus in the family lycaenidae .", "its single species is protantigius superans found in the russian far east ( primorye ) , north-eastern and central china and on the korean peninsula .", "the habitat consists of gaps , stream bottomlands and edges of deciduous forests .", "adults are on wing from mid-july to mid-august .", "the larvae possibly feed on fraxinus rhynchophylla , alunus hirsuta , populus koreana and/or salix species . " ], "topic": [ 2, 21, 24, 8, 8 ] }

[ "protantigius is a monotypic butterfly genus in the family lycaenidae. its single species is protantigius superans found in the russian far east (primorye), north-eastern and central china and on the korean peninsula. the habitat consists of gaps, stream bottomlands and edges of deciduous forests. adults are on wing from mid-july to mid-august. the larvae possibly feed on fraxinus rhynchophylla, alunus hirsuta, populus koreana and/or salix species." ]

[ "this is the place for scotalis definition. you find here scotalis meaning, synonyms of scotalis and images for scotalis copyright 2017 © urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word scotalis. also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word scotalis and, of course, scotalis synonyms and on the right images related to the word scotalis .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nlectotype ♂, designated by munroe et al. (1958: 72), rmnh .\nsnellen p. c. t. 1880a. midden - sumatra, reizen en onderzoekingen der sumatra - expeditie, uitgerust door het aardrijkskundig genootschap, 1877–1879, beschreven door de leden der expeditie, onder toezicht van prof. p. j. veth. achtste afdeling – lepidoptera. - — 4 (1) 2 (8): 1–92, pls 1–5 .\nguillermet c. 2004. contribution à l' étude de l' entomofaune de l' île de la réunion (lepidoptera, heterocera et coleoptera). - nouvelle revue d' entomologie (n. s .) 20 (2003) (4): 373–389 .\nnotes: australasia: australia: oriental: india, sulawesi, thailand. imported in denmark, finland, the netherlands, united kingdom .\nguillermet c. 2009a. les hétérocères, ou papillons de nuit, de l' île de la réunion. volume 3. familles des pyralidae et crambidae. - —: 1–552, pls. 1–11 .\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page. such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life. please send feedback and corrections directly to the source. see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\nhampson g. f. 1906d. descriptions of new pyralidae of the subfamilies hydrocampinae and scopariinae. - annals and magazine of natural history (7) 18 (107): 373—393; (108): 455—472 .\nagassiz d. j. l. 2012. the acentropinae (lepidoptera: pyraloidea: crambidae) of africa. - zootaxa 3494: 1—73 .\nhampson g. f. 1906d. descriptions of new pyralidae of the subfamilies hydrocampinae and scopariinae. - annals and magazine of natural history (7) 18 (107): 373–393; (108): 455–472 .\nagassiz d. j. l. 2012. the acentropinae (lepidoptera: pyraloidea: crambidae) of africa. - zootaxa 3494: 1–73 .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more" ]

{ "text": [ "paracymoriza scotalis is a moth in the crambidae family .", "it was described by hampson in 1906 .", "it is found in angola , the democratic republic of congo , south africa , tanzania , zambia and zimbabwe .", "the wingspan is 29 – 40 mm .", "the forewings are dark brown , but paler along the veins .", "there is a pale narrow subbasal fascia , a pale antemedian fascia , a blackish discal spot and a pale postmedian fascia .", "the hindwings are pale fuscous with a pale median fascia .", "adults are on wing from march to may and in september and november . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 1, 1, 1, 8 ] }

[ "paracymoriza scotalis is a moth in the crambidae family. it was described by hampson in 1906. it is found in angola, the democratic republic of congo, south africa, tanzania, zambia and zimbabwe. the wingspan is 29 – 40 mm. the forewings are dark brown, but paler along the veins. there is a pale narrow subbasal fascia, a pale antemedian fascia, a blackish discal spot and a pale postmedian fascia. the hindwings are pale fuscous with a pale median fascia. adults are on wing from march to may and in september and november." ]

[ "threatened species scientific committee (2003v). non - approved commonwealth conservation advice on euploea alcathoe enastri (gove crow butterfly). available from: urltoken .\nwilson, c. 2002. threatened species of the northern territory information sheet - gove crow butterfly euploea alcathoe enastri. nt nat. parks and wildlife commission .\nwilson, colin (2002). threatened species of the northern territory information sheet - gove crow butterfly euploea alcathoe enastri. nt nat. parks & wildlife commission. urltoken\nspecies euploea doubledayi c. felder & r. felder, 1865 - striped black crow\nspecies euploea eyndhovii c. felder & r. felder, 1865 - striped black crow\nthreatened species of the northern territory information sheet - gove crow butterfly euploea alcathoe enastri (braby, m. c. wilson & s. ward, 2012) [ information sheet ] .\nfenner, t. l. 1991. a new species of euploea alcathoe (godart) (lepidoptera: nymphalidae) from the northern territory, australia. aust. ent. mag. 18: 149 - 55 .\ndescribes the gove crow butterfly euploea alcathoe enastri, its conservation status, appearance, distribution, ecology, threatening processes and conservation management. a list of relevant references is provided. (pdf file, 160. 47 kb )\nfenner, t. l. (1991). a new subspecies of euploea alcathoe (godart) (lepidoptera: nymphalidae) from the northern territory, australia. australian entomological magazine. 18 (4): 149 - 155 .\ncitation: department of the environment (2018). euploea alcathoe enastri in species profile and threats database, department of the environment, canberra. available from: urltoken. accessed tue, 10 jul 2018 21: 54: 15 + 1000 .\ncitation: department of the environment (2018). euploea alcathoe enastri in species profile and threats database, department of the environment, canberra. available from: urltoken. accessed tue, 10 jul 2018 19: 16: 00 + 1000 .\nlambkin, t. a. 2001. the life history of euploea alcathoe monilifera (moore) and its relationship to e. a. eichhorni staudinger (lepidoptera: nymphalidae: danainae). australian entomologist 28 (4), 129 - 136 .\nthreatened species scientific committee (2003l). non - current commonwealth listing advice on euploea alcathoe enastri (gove crow butterfly). available from: urltoken. in effect under the epbc act from 06 - aug - 2003. ceased to be in effect under the epbc act from 10 - may - 2018 .\nbraby, m. f (2007). non - current national recovery plan for the gove crow butterfly euploea alcathoe enastri. department of natural resources, environment and the arts. available from: urltoken. in effect under the epbc act from 08 - jan - 2008. ceased to be in effect under the epbc act from 10 - may - 2018 .\ncompiled by michael braby & riikka hokkanen based on braby m. f. 2009. the life history and biology of euploea alcathoe enastri fenner (lepidoptera: nymphalidae) from northeastern arnhem land, northern territory, australia. australian entomologist 36 (2): 51 - 62. woinarski j. c. z. , pavey c. , kerrigan r. , cowie i. & ward s. 2007. lost from our landscape - threatened species of the northern territory. northern territory department of natural resources, environment and the arts, darwin .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfor information to assist regulatory considerations, refer to policy statements and guidelines, the conservation advice, the listing advice and / or the recovery plan .\nrecovery plan not required, species delisted from the epbc act (11 / 05 / 2018) .\ndepartment of sustainability, environment, water, population and communities (2012) .\n. department of sustainability, environment, water, population and communities. available from :\nthe gove crow butterfly is a large brown - black butterfly with small white spots at the edge of the wings (braby 2000). this butterfly has a wingspan of about 7 cm (wilson 2002) .\nthe gove crow butterfly was only discovered in 1988 and is restricted to gove peninsula in north - eastern arnhem land, nt (braby 2000). it is only known from four locations (fenner 1991; 1992) .\nall specimens of the gove crow butterfly have been collected in areas of groundwater forest. the males were commonly found in small glades within the forest or near its boundary with surrounding woodland. females have been found within 20 metres of the forest edge and seem to be attracted to paperbark blossom (fenner 1991) .\nthe gove crow butterfly is attracted to paperbark blossom (melaleuca sp .) as a food source. tylophora benthamii has also been identified as a possible larval food plant (fenner 1991). although not much is known about the feeding habits of the gove crow butterfly, caterpillars of closely related species feed on figs and milkweeds (wilson 2002) .\nbraby, m. f. (2000). butterflies of australia. canberra: csiro .\nfenner, t. l. (1992). correction and addendum. australian entomological magazine. 19 (3): 93 .\ncommonwealth of australia (2003c). inclusion of species in the list of threatened species under section 178 of the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 (21 / 07 / 2003). f2005b02688. canberra: federal register of legislative instruments. available from: urltoken. in effect under the epbc act from 06 - aug - 2003 .\ndepartment of the environment and heritage (deh) (2006p). threat abatement plan for reduction in impacts of tramp ants on biodiversity in australia and its territories. available from: urltoken. in effect under the epbc act from 10 - aug - 2006. ceased to be in effect under the epbc act from 01 - oct - 2016 .\nepbc act email updates can be received via the communities for communities newsletter and the epbc act newsletter .\nthis database is designed to provide statutory, biological and ecological information on species and ecological communities, migratory species, marine species, and species and species products subject to international trade and commercial use protected under the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 (the epbc act). it has been compiled from a range of sources including listing advice, recovery plans, published literature and individual experts. while reasonable efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy of the information, no guarantee is given, nor responsibility taken, by the commonwealth for its accuracy, currency or completeness. the commonwealth does not accept any responsibility for any loss or damage that may be occasioned directly or indirectly through the use of, or reliance on, the information contained in this database. the information contained in this database does not necessarily represent the views of the commonwealth. this database is not intended to be a complete source of information on the matters it deals with. individuals and organisations should consider all the available information, including that available from other sources, in deciding whether there is a need to make a referral or apply for a permit or exemption under the epbc act .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nedwards, e. d. 1996 ,\nnymphalidae\n, ed. nielsen, e. s. , edwards, e. d. & rangsi, t. v. (eds), checklist of the lepidoptera of australia. monographs on australian lepidoptera, vol. 4, pp. 243 - 248, 359 - 360, csiro publishing, collingwood\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 6dc5ebba - ea05 - 49e0 - b9b4 - 124fef0e1362\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 7c48ce41 - 080b - 46f3 - 9f5e - f41e6ebce5a7\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 8b61df92 - 58b6 - 4f64 - 9adb - 4ca2d01f84da\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: eb5f761e - 634c - 4f9a - b9dc - d6417b8594d0\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: f68ab3fd - ca48 - 47c7 - 8330 - dc3760d0b603\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 9aa135d5 - a31a - 4b06 - 93cb - ce850998b27c\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 311849\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nbraby, m. f. 2011 ,\nrevised checklist of australian butterflies (lepidoptera: hesperioidea and papilionoidea): addendum and errata\n, zootaxa, vol. 3128, pp. 67–68\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 373133ad - 4c57 - 43c1 - b49c - 818583d67027\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 527ed4e2 - fa02 - 417e - 8ec7 - d1e9aa9d31fc\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 84083153 - eb56 - 4da0 - 8958 - 9eb506e9df34\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: b3db645d - f4c8 - 49f5 - a5d8 - fd08c8596530\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: e0e7ae32 - dfdf - 4cb3 - 9d2c - e0b698e95a79\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 826f309f - 431c - 4c89 - 8bc2 - e5f9af8bf677\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 446398\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 2a71ccbb - 16fb - 4657 - 8c66 - dfabf4168a35\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 6b00eb22 - 3e92 - 4418 - b79b - df28146af1ed\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 7eec58cf - e1b3 - 4c9e - 8dd7 - 723fdd212108\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 9199397d - 0265 - 434c - 9229 - a2b6912a2ab2\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: f5a35cda - 713d - 4c38 - 8567 - 66affac6916f\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 593b129f - 28c2 - 45a7 - 9e92 - 83c0ebcf15db\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 433555\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nfor full functionality of this site it is necessary to enable javascript. here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nthe scientific data on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution 3. 0 unported license .\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. publication: 148c7f5f - 2960 - 469d - 9b69 - 86d98f621422\nthe gove crow butterfly is a large black butterfly with white spots near the edges of the wings. the wings are velvety - black on top and blackish - brown below .\nthe gove crow butterfly is confined to the gove peninsula, north - eastern arnhem land, northern territory. it was first discovered in 1988 and is only known from four sites on the gove peninsula (fenner 1991, 1992). only adults have been found, and they always occur in or closeby patches of tall forests that are associated with groundwater seepage. little is known about the ecology of this species .\nthe gove crow butterfly is listed as' endangered' under the northern territory parks and wildlife conservation act 2000 .\ntssc judges the species to be eligible for listing as endangered under the epbc act. the justification against the criteria is as follows :\nthe gove crow butterfly is known from only four sites on the gove peninsula in north - eastern arnhem land. it is reported to be abundant within its known habitat, patches of tall forests that are associated with groundwater seepage. there is no further information on population size .\nthere is insufficient information available against this criterion. therefore, the species is not eligible for listing under this criterion .\nthe gove crow butterfly was first discovered in 1988 at rocky bay near yirrkala on the gove peninsula in north - eastern arnhem land. it is now known from three other nearby sites (fenner 1991, 1992). its distribution is restricted and fragmented. it has a linear range of approximately 80 km, a known extent of occurrence of about 2000 km 2 and an area of occupancy estimated to be less than 500 km 2 .\nhabitat: to date, only adults of the gove crow butterfly have been seen, and they have only been seen in or closeby patches of tall forests that are associated with groundwater seepage. there is no firm data on breeding habitat, but it is thought that the habitat where the adults have been found is the likely main breeding habitat. the food plants on which the larvae feed may include a local milkweed, tylophora benthamii, as a female butterfly was seen apparently ovipositing on a creeper that was this species or one similar to it (fenner 1991) .\nsurvey effort: it seems likely that the distribution of the gove crow butterfly is truly restricted, as there has been a reasonable effort to survey for this species in suitable habitat over the last 14 years. it is a conspicuous large black butterfly, with white spots near the edges of the wings, and would not be easily missed in surveys. experts have advised that western arnhem land has been well surveyed for this butterfly, although inaccessible areas in eastern arnhem land have been less well surveyed. it seems unlikely that the butterfly will be found away from the gove peninsula as this butterfly' s habitat, tall forest that is associated with groundwater seepage, appears to be mainly restricted to a limited number of small, widely scattered patches on the gove peninsula. some specific surveys for this butterfly have been conducted in the region of the gove peninsula, including a recent survey in september 2002, however, no new locations have been found .\nthreats: there are major environmental changes occurring on gove peninsula which could lead to a decline in the gove crow butterfly. these significant changes include the spread of crazy ants anoplolepis gracilipes and the changes occurring in fire regimes, particularly those resulting from the spread of the giant african perennial, mission grass pennisetum polystachion. in addition, the recent improvement in roads in the area may also be resulting in increases in the frequency and extent of fires .\ncrazy ants: the permanently wet, spring - fed forest patches that are the habitat of the gove crow butterfly are also likely to provide favourable habitat for the highly invasive crazy ant. this ant has become established in many tropical and subtropical areas throughout the world. it was first recorded on the australian mainland, in east arnhem land, in may 1990. surveys in 1999 found crazy ants were spread over five river drainage systems in east arnhem land (including the gove peninsula), covering an area of about 2, 500 km 2. as such a large area is infested, it is thought that an eradication campaign will be extremely difficult (young et al. 2001). experts state that it is now found at around 40 locations throughout the gove peninsula and surrounding areas. in september 2002, crazy ants were found for the first time at one of the four known locations of the gove crow butterfly. this location is where most sightings and collections of this butterfly have been made. one expert has advised that, given the crazy ant' s propensity for colony expansion, it is likely to become established throughout much of the habitat of the gove crow butterfly .\nresearchers recently concluded that the crazy ant is a\nserious threat to the invertebrate fauna of monsoon rainforests in northern australia\n( young et al. 2001). a formal study on the ecological impacts of the crazy ant on gove peninsula has just begun but initial observations show a loss of all native ant species and a significant reduction in all other native invertebrates in the areas that the crazy ant occupies. one expert noted that if crazy ants invaded the gove crow butterfly' s habitat at sufficiently high densities, there would be little chance of this butterfly' s larvae surviving. the crazy ant has a long history of environmental damage across the tropics, including on christmas island (indian ocean), where it is damaging, amongst other things, rainforest vegetation and christmas island red crabs (gecarcoidea natalis). in other countries, there are numerous reports of introduced crazy ants displacing other invertebrate species (especially ants and spiders) and altering the floral compositions of habitats (young et al. 2001) .\nfire: on the gove peninsula the fire regime that has occurred in the past is likely to be changing as a result of the spread of mission grass and the improved human access to remote areas. these factors can produce intense and frequent fires that adversely affect forest patches, including the few where the gove crow butterfly is known to occur. if the forest patches that contain this butterfly are burnt, the food plant of the eggs, larvae and pupae would be destroyed .\nintroduced african mission grass has only recently become established on the gove peninsula, and it has been recorded near the centre of the gove crow butterfly' s distribution. the spread of mission grass into the savanna areas in the darwin area is one of the key factors implicated in the severe decline of rainforest cover that has occurred in this region, as it caused significant changes to the local fire regime (panton 1993). in the darwin area, savanna areas that contain mission grass have much greater fuel loads (3 - 5 times greater) than those that contain only natural grasses. also, as mission grass cures and dries later than native grasses, it can burn later in the dry season than native grasses, and at a time of year when the landscape is drier and windier. therefore, savanna areas with mission grass have much hotter, destructive fires that occur throughout more of the year than areas containing only native grasses. round darwin, forest patches bordering savanna areas with mission grass areas have shrunk and eventually disappeared because of the impact of the more intensive and constant fires on their edges .\non the gove peninsula there are some attempts being made to manage the spread of mission grass. however, if mission grass spreads, the resulting fire regime on gove peninsula is likely to be similar to that seen in the darwin area, and it will threaten the integrity of forest patches and cause many to disappear, which may include those few where the gove crow butterfly is found .\nthere are some claims that fire on the gove peninsula will increase in frequency and extent as a result of recent upgrading in the local road networks. in the darwin area, fires are often deliberately lit (panton 1993). therefore, as access to previously inaccessible areas on the gove peninsula is improved, the likelihood of the deliberate lighting of fires may increase. however, there appear to be no published studies on this issue for this area .\nit is also generally acknowledged that road building, road maintenance and vehicles are often associated with the spread of weeds, such as mission grass. some experts believe that it is only a matter of time before the introduced weed gamba grass (andropogon gayanu) reaches the gove peninsula. its impact on the habitat of the gove crow butterfly will be similar to that caused by mission grass. in addition, feral animals, particularly water buffalo bubalus bubalis and feral pigs sus scrofa, are on the gove peninsula. such animals are known to damage monsoon rainforest habitat, and may also damage the habitat where the gove crow butterfly occurs. cyclones could also do considerable damage to the habitat of the gove crow butterfly .\nthe gove crow butterfly is known from only four sites on the gove peninsula, and has a fragmented distribution, a known extent of occurrence of about 2000 km 2 and an area of occupancy estimated to be less than 500 km 2. there are a number of threatening processes that are operating on the gove peninsula that are likely to lead to declines in this butterfly' s area of occupancy, extent of occurrence, quality of habitat and number of mature individuals. in particular, the gove crow butterfly is threatened by the ecological impacts that may be caused by the spread of crazy ants anoplolepis gracilipes and the impacts on their habitat that may result from altered fire regimes, principally those caused by the spread of mission grass .\nthe gove crow butterfly is known from only four sites on the gove peninsula in north - eastern arnhem land. it is reported to be abundant within its known habitat. there is no further information on population size .\nthe gove crow butterfly is reported to be abundant within its known habitat on the gove peninsula. there is no further quantitative information on population size .\nthe gove crow butterfly has a restricted, fragmented distribution being known from only four sites on the gove peninsula. it has a known extent of occurrence of about 2000 km 2 and an area of occupancy estimated to be less than 500 km 2. there has been a reasonable effort to survey for this species, and it is unlikely that it occurs at many more sites than those currently known. there is reasonable evidence to suggest that this butterfly may be adversely affected by a number of threatening processes that are currently at work on the gove peninsula. in particular, the species is threatened by the ecological impacts that may result from the spread of crazy ants and the impacts on habitat that may result from altered fire regimes, principally those alterations that may result from the spread of mission grass .\nbraby, m. f. 2000. butterflies of australia. their identification, biology and distribution. vol. 2. csiro publishing, melbourne, pp. 609 - 610 .\nfenner, t. l. 1992 correction and addendum. aust. ent. mag. 19: 93 .\nyoung, g. r. , et al. 2001. the crazy ant anoplolepis gragilicipes (smith) (hymenoptera: formicidae) in east arnhem land, australia. aust. entomologist 28: 97 - 104\nkean, l. and price, o. (in press). the extent of mission grass and gamba grass in the darwin region of australia' s northern territory. pacific conservation biology\nkitching, r. l. , sceermeyer, e. , jones, r. e. and pierce, n. e. (eds .) 1999. biology of australian butterflies. monographs on australian lepidoptera vol. 6. csiro publishing, melbourne. p. 198 .\npanton, w. j. 1993. changes in post world war ii distribution and status of monsoon rainforests in the darwin area. australian geographer 24 (2), 50 - 59 .\nrussell, smith, . j. 1998. proceedings from the north australia fire management workshop, darwin, 24 - 25 march 1998 (eds. p. jacklyn and j. russell - smith). tropical savannas crc, darwin .\nrussell - smith, j. and d. m. j. s. bowman. 1992. conservation of monsoon rainforest isolates in the northern territory, australia. biological conservation 59: 51 - 63 .\nsands, d. p. a. and t. r. new. 2002. the action plan for australian butterflies. cd rom. environment australia, canberra .\nyoung, g. r. , bellis, g. a. , brown, g. r. and smith, e. s. c. (2001). the crazy ant, anoplolepis gracilipes (smith) (hymenoptera: formicidae) in east arnhem land, australia. australian entomologist 28 (3), 97 - 104 .\nthe gove crow butterfly is a large black butterfly only known from four sites on the gove peninsula, north eastern arnhem land, northern territory (northern territory nrm region). it occurs in patches of tall forests associated with groundwater seepage .\nkey threats to the gove crow butterfly include: the ecological impacts of crazy ants; changes in fire regime (e. g. increasing frequency and extent due to the spread of african mission grass and increasing human access); and feral animals (e. g. water buffalo and feral pigs) .\nthis list does not encompass all actions that may be of benefit to this species, but highlights those that are considered to be of the highest priority at the time of listing. longer term issues that should be considered in broader landscape, regional and or recovery planning include an appropriate fire management plan for the peninsula incorporating an appropriate fire strategy for the gove crow butterfly and the control of african mission grass .\nthreat abatement plans are currently in preparation for' predation, habitat degradation, competition and disease transmission by feral pigs' and in relation to the impacts of invasive tramp ant species. no recovery plan is currently in place for the gove crow butterfly .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe gove crow is a large butterfly, slightly smaller than the size of an adult' s palm. the male is velvet - black on top and the female is a lighter chocolate - brown. both usually have white spots near the edges of their wings there are several similar - looking crow butterflies in the top end .\nthe gove crow butterfly lives in paperbark forest with rainforest understorey plants, usually close to monsoon forest and close to natural springs. the larvae have been seen feeding on three different species of vine. this butterfly is only known to occur on the gove peninsula, where it has been found at 21 sites, representing 11 locations .\npersistence of permanent populations of gove crow butterfly shows a healthy environment with good land management, including appropriate fire regimes and control of weeds and feral species. the breeding habitats of this butterfly are maintained by a finely - balanced fire regime. too little or too frequent fires could cause the loss of larval food plants .\nby practising good fire management. re - instate traditional fire management practices to create a mosaic network of recently burnt and long unburnt areas. ensure that excessive burning does not occur, particularly in fire - sensitive monsoon rainforest patches where species such as the gove crow butterfly live. control introduced animals, especially the yellow crazy ant, buffalo and pig, which cause damage to the butterfly’s habitat .\nexotic ants cost aboriginal communities in northern australia $ 1 million annually. ben hoffmann describes the main culprits, and efforts to control ...\narticle on the environmental and economic costs of exotic ants as well as their management. from savanna links, issue 29, july - sept 2004\nthis instrument adopts two northern territory recovery plans, seven queensland recovery plans and two new south wales recovery plans for listed threatened species .\nnano, c. , harris, m. and pavey, c. r. (2007). national recovery plan for threatened acacias and ricinocarpos gloria - medii in central australia. northern territory department of natural resources, environment and the arts, alice springs .\nqueensland herbarium (2007). national multi - species recovery plan for the cycads cycas megacarpa, cycas ophiolitica, macrozamia cranei, macrozamia lomandroides, macrozamia pauli - guilielmi and macrozamia platyrhachis. report to the department of the environment and water resouces, canberra. queensland parks and wildlife service, brisbane .\nbrownlie, h. (2007). national recovery plan for acacia attenuata. report to the department of the environment and water resources, canberra. queensland parks and wildlife sevice, brisbane .\nherbert, j. (2006). national recovery plan for the fern chingia australis. report to the department of the environment and water resources, canberra. queensland parks and wildldife service, brisbane .\nlynch, a. j. j. (2007). recovery plan for graptophyllum reticulatum. report to the department of the environment and water resources, canberra. queensland parks and wildlife service, brisbane .\nschulz, m. and thomson, b. (2007). national recovery plan for the bare - rumped sheathtail bat saccolaimus saccolaimus nudicluniatus. report to department of the environment and water resources, canberra. queensland parks and wildlife service, brisbane .\nblack - throated finch recovery team, department of environment and climate change (nsw) and queensland parks and wildlife service (2007). national recovery plan for the black - throated finch southern subspecies poephila cincta cincta. report to the department of the environment and water resources, canberra. department of environment and climate change (nsw), hurstville and queensland parks and wildlife service, brisbane .\ndorricott, k. e & garnett, s. t. (2007). national\nreport to the australian government department of the environment and water resources, canberra. queensland parks and wildlife service, brisbane .\nnsw department of environment and climate change (2005). recovery plan for the hastings river mouse (pseudomys oralis), department of environment and climate change (nsw), hurstville .\ndepartment of environment and conservation (nsw) (2006). gould’s petrel (pterodroma leucoptera leucoptera) recovery plan. department of environment and conservation (nsw), hurstville, nsw .\nthe adopted recovery plans will come into force on the date of signing of this instrument .\nrod eastwood a d e, michael f. braby b c, daniel j. schmidt a and jane m. hughes a\na australian rivers institute, griffith school of environment, griffith university, nathan, queensland 4111, australia .\nb biodiversity conservation division, department of natural resources, environment and the arts, po box 496, palmerston, nt 0831, australia .\nc school of botany and zoology, the australian national university, canberra, act 0200, australia .\nd present address: museum of comparative zoology, harvard university, 26 oxford street, cambridge, ma 02138, usa .\nbiological journal of the linnean society. 2012 106 (4). p. 699\nmaxwell sean l. , venter oscar, jones kendall r. , watson james e. m .\nannals of the new york academy of sciences. 2015 1355 (1). p. 98\nnew australian butterfly genusjameelagen. nov. (lepidoptera: lycaenidae: polyommatinae: polyommatini) revealed by morphological, ecological and molecular data" ]

{ "text": [ "euploea alcathoe , commonly known as the no-brand crow , eichhorn 's crow or striped black crow , is a common butterfly found from india to borneo , and in the moluccas , new guinea and australia .", "it belongs to the crows and tigers subfamily of the nymphalidae ( brushfooted butterflies ) .", "the wingspan is about 80 millimetres ( 3.1 in ) .", "adults are black , fading somewhat towards the wing margins .", "there are arcs of white spots at each forewing apex and around each hindwing termen .", "the butterflies keep to within 3 metres ( 9.8 ft ) of the ground and they can be found in patches of sun underneath the forest canopy where they alight on understory leaves and small twigs .", "the larvae feed on nerium indicum , nerium oleander , mandevilla , asclepias , hoya australis , marsdenia australis , ficus platypoda , gymnanthera oblonga and ficus obliqua in australia .", "the larvae of the endangered gove subspecies , euploea alcathoe enastri , also feed on the vines of parsonsia alboflavescens , and tylophora benthamii .", "young larvae are pale orange with four pairs of black tentacles ( filaments ) .", "later instars develop a black and white pair of bands and several black bars on each abdominal segment .", "full-grown larvae reach a length of 50 millimetres ( 2.0 in ) .", "euploea alcathoe adults are most common in the monsoonal wet season between december and may in australia , and there may be several generations over the course of a year . " ], "topic": [ 12, 2, 9, 1, 1, 12, 8, 8, 23, 23, 0, 14 ] }

[ "euploea alcathoe, commonly known as the no-brand crow, eichhorn's crow or striped black crow, is a common butterfly found from india to borneo, and in the moluccas, new guinea and australia. it belongs to the crows and tigers subfamily of the nymphalidae (brushfooted butterflies). the wingspan is about 80 millimetres (3.1 in). adults are black, fading somewhat towards the wing margins. there are arcs of white spots at each forewing apex and around each hindwing termen. the butterflies keep to within 3 metres (9.8 ft) of the ground and they can be found in patches of sun underneath the forest canopy where they alight on understory leaves and small twigs. the larvae feed on nerium indicum, nerium oleander, mandevilla, asclepias, hoya australis, marsdenia australis, ficus platypoda, gymnanthera oblonga and ficus obliqua in australia. the larvae of the endangered gove subspecies, euploea alcathoe enastri, also feed on the vines of parsonsia alboflavescens, and tylophora benthamii. young larvae are pale orange with four pairs of black tentacles (filaments). later instars develop a black and white pair of bands and several black bars on each abdominal segment. full-grown larvae reach a length of 50 millimetres (2.0 in). euploea alcathoe adults are most common in the monsoonal wet season between december and may in australia, and there may be several generations over the course of a year." ]

[ "any rosy boa cage must be escape proof, because rosy boas are adept escape artists .\nthe rosy boa, which makes its home in southern california, western arizona, northern baja and western sonora, holds the distinction of being one of the smallest members of the boa constrictor family. variably colored, it has created confusion among herpetologists, who have proposed five or more subspecies, including, for instance: the coastal rosy boa, the arizona rosy boa, the desert rosy boa, the baja rosy boa, and the mexican rosy boa .\nl. t. bostici mexican rosy boa. ground color laced with pale, creamy broad longitudinal stripes. (or, l. t. bostici = cedros island rosy boa and l. t. trivigata = mexican rosy boa )\nthe usa is home to another boa, the cold tolerant rubber boa, charina bottae .\nimg c. 1 coastal rosy boa - l. t. roseofusca • at just a few hours old this captive bred rosy boa is enjoying the warmth of a caring hand .\nimg c. 2 mexican rosy boa - l. t. trivirgata • common lab mice are readily accepted by all rosy boas .\nimg t. 1 rubber boa - charina bottae • with as many differences as similarities, rubber boas are the closest relatives of the rosy boa .\nlet your rosy boa roam about your hands in an unrestrained manner. if you restrain it, your rosy boa will feel uncomfortable and it may try to escape your grasp. rather than grasping it firmly, always support your rosy boa with both hands so it does not feel threatened .\ngerold merker, randy limburg and bob montoya have all been rosy boa enthusiasts since childhood. all three work with numerous rosy boa localities and morphs. for more information, please visit urltoken .\nimg t. 5 coastal rosy boa - l. t. roseofusca • the jagged, irregular striping is a distinguishing feature of the coastal rosy .\nimg t. 2 mexican rosy boa - l. t. trivirgata • photo courtesy of jeff miller .\nl. t. roseofusca coastal rosy boa. ground color laced with blotchy reddish - brown longitudinal stripes .\nimg p. 1 coastal rosy boa - l. t. roseofusca • just a few minutes old this newborn boa rest near the drying membrane he was born in .\nthe rosy boa occurs in the south - western united states and north - western mexico (1), where the four subspecies differ in their distribution. the coastal rosy boa ranges from south - eastern california to north - western baja california, while the desert rosy boa is found from south central california to central western arizona. the mid - baja rosy boa is found, as its name suggests, in central and southern baja california, and the mexican rosy boa inhabits north - western sonora, south central arizona, baja california, and isla cedros, located off the west coast of baja california (6) .\nthe rosy boa makes an excellent pet. it is a manageable size, a hardy feeder, easy to breed, and rosy boas are usually very docile and tolerate handling well. by following the tips in this care sheet, you can ensure your rosy boa can live a long, healthy life in captivity. like many other snake species, rosy boas are also available in a wide array of color patterns and morphs, so there is a rosy boa to suit every hobbyist’s taste !\nthis seemingly simple question is often never considered by the novice. there are several reasons to consider not breeding your rosy boa !\nimg t. 3 desert rosy boa - l. t. gracia • a classic example of the arizona population of gracia .\nl. t. gracia desert rosy boa. ground color laced with well - defined pink, orange or tan longitudinal stripes .\nthe rosy boa is one of only two species of boas in the united states. the other, the rubber boa, is widely distributed across the northwestern united state, extending northward into british columbia .\nas your rosy boa grows, so should its enclosure. medium - sized rosy boas do well in shoebox - sized enclosures. we have kept adults in 10 - gallon aquariums for many years with excellent results. these enclosures are easy to clean and are great for setting up thermal regimes that are beneficial to the captive rosy boa. when our rosy boa collection grew in size, we began utilizing a rack system, which is a space saver and works very well in maintaining our colony of rosy boas .\nimg t. 4 desert rosy boa - l. t. gracia • a cleanly marked gracia from the low desert of california .\na new subspecies of the california boa, with notes on the genus lichanura .\nwhich move forward using an undulating lateral s - shaped movement. the rosy boa moves around mostly using a rectilinear movement, something like a caterpillar\nalthough it' s very often used especially amongst herpetoculturists, the mid - baja rosy boa, currently it is not considered a valid subspecies .\nthe rosy boa, colorful, gentle, moderate - sized and easy to feed and shelter, has become a favored pet among many enthusiasts .\nyingling r p. 1982. lichanura cope. rosy boa. catalogue of american amphibians and reptiles no. 294 1982: 1 - 2 .\nyingling r p 1982. lichanura cope. rosy boa. catalogue of american amphibians and reptiles (294: 1 - 2 - get paper here\namong the smallest members of the boa family, the rosy boa prefers the rocky terrain of the southwestern united states and northwestern mexico. the rosy boa compensates for its vulnerable size with a clever way of warding off predators—rolling itself into a ball with its head in the center, and then releasing a foul - smelling musk from a gland in its tail. this habit of coiling around its own head appears to make it difficult for predators, like birds of prey, to kill or even handle a rosy boa .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - rosy boa (charina trivirgata )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - rosy boa (charina trivirgata )\ntitle =\narkive species - rosy boa (charina trivirgata )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nmany workers now place this species in the genus charina along with the rubber boa .\nrosy boas do great on domesticated mice and will eat these for their entire lives. a hatchling rosy boa usually starts feeding on fuzzy mice (usually less than 7 days of age), and adults will take small adult mice. it is prudent not to handle your rosy boa too soon after it has eaten; otherwise, it may regurgitate its meal. feed your rosy boa two to four times monthly during spring, summer and fall. during brumation, do not feed your pet for the reasons mentioned previously .\nrosyboa. com, 2008 .\nurltoken basking site for rosy boa enthusiasts\n( on - line). accessed december 17, 2008 at urltoken .\nthe rosy boa inhabits desert foothills with rocks and boulders from sea level to 4500 feet. this snake prefers rocky terrain where crevices make safe homes. occasionally, it is spotted in shrub lands or chaparral without rocky areas. the rosy boa is restricted to southern california, southwestern arizona, and northwestern mexico .\nlynum, paul and jason pike. 2013. geographic distribution: lichanura trivirgata trivirgata (mexican rosy boa). herpetological review 44 (2): 275\nthe rosy boa is related to the boa constrictor and the anaconda, yet it only gets as long a 3 feet in length, one of the smallest members of the boa family (flank 1996). the skin of the rosy boa includes vertical stripes that run parallel with the earth’s surface, alternating gray and reddish brown colors. these colors are great camouflage because they match the colors of their habitats. they inhabit places with rocky outcrop in order to protect themselves from other predators. because the rosy boa operates within a narrow temperature range, the southern united states and parts of mexico are the idea habitat for them. arid semi - desert grasslands are the best habitat for the rosy boa to subsist and feed upon mice and lizards (flank 1996). they kill their prey by constriction .\nlike other snakes in the boidae family, the rosy boa is a powerful constrictor, making it a formidable predator. when its prey (a small mammal, bird or lizard), is within range, the rosy boa strikes out in a sudden, explosive motion (2). grabbing the prey with its backward - curved teeth, the rosy boa quickly coils its muscular body around the animal and squeezes until its prey either suffocates, or its heart is too restricted to pump blood (2) (5). when the prey is dead, the rosy boa proceeds to swallow its victim whole (2) .\nremember that you are responsible for the health and well being of your boa; do not neglect your responsibility. if you follow the guidelines included in this care sheet, then your rosy boa will live a very long healthy life; there are some captive rosy boas that are in excess of thirty years old .\na rosy boa is a great subject for gentle handling. if your snake has a strong feeding response, gently nudge it with an inanimate object (such as 12 - inch forceps) before reaching into the enclosure to pick it up with your hands. this lets your rosy boa know it is not feeding time .\nthat is probably a rubber boa that you found. there are a bunch up there and they look a lot like rosy’s only they are a solid color .\nrosy boas are small compared to their south american boa cousins. adults range in size from 2 to 4 feet, with females being dramatically larger than males .\nahvenainen, pirjo 2008. the rosy boa (lichanura trivirgata ssp .) in captivity. litteratura serpentium 28 (2): 88 - 101 - get paper here\nrosy boas are common at reptile specialty stores, herp shows and on the internet from private breeders. one can be purchased for as little as $ 25 (usually for non - locality rosy boas), and prices can go up from there. in general, locality - specific rosy boas cost more because a breeder has taken the time to breed rosy boas found in the same locale. some rosy boa locality types include the coastal california, desert phase and mexican rosy boas (the latter including the san matias pass and bay of los angeles rosy boas, to name a couple) .\nnever feed your pet boa live food. encouraging your boa to hunt will make it more aggressive, and neither is it a humane end for the prey. the prey might also escape or injure your boa. do not attempt to catch small mammals for your boa, either. wild animals can have parasites or bacteria that will make your pet boa sick. even in captivity, boas need to consume their entire prey – fur, feathers, bones, everything. therefore, never feed your pet boa meat meant for human consumption, whether it' s cooked or raw .\nhumans are greatly impacting the decrease in rosy boa populations because of the creation of roads, habitat fragmentation, and urbanization. another contributing factor to the decline of the rosy boa populations is their increase in popularity in the pet trade (wood 2002). the rosy boa is listed as a sensitive species by the national park service and is protected by the state of california (nps 2003). these impacts are escalating and will continue to degrade habitat that is essential for the conservation and preservation of this species .\nthe rosy boa, given proper care, is a very long - lived snake. one of the authors (r. l .) has had a rosy boa in his collection since the early 1970s. reptiles magazine columnist ken foose had one that passed away in 2011 which had been in captivity since the 1950s. these are the exceptions, though captive rosy boas may be expected to live 30 years or more in captivity .\norange or even rose. the background color ranges from bluish - gray or gray, tan to yellow, cream or even white. ​the rubber boa (charina bottae) is sympatric with the rosy boa in some parts of southern california and they' re sometimes confused. however, the rubber boa differs in the enlarged head scales and are usually uniformly colored, with no striping pattern .\nspiteri, david g. 1993. the current taxonomy and captive breeding of the rosy boa (lichanura trivirgata). vivarium 5 (3): 18 - 21; 27; 34\nmake sure your pet boa' s food is thawed out and slightly warm. it is recommended that you feed your boa in a different container from its habitat. doing so will keep your boa from accidentally consuming substrate and from associating its cage and your hand with getting fed. always use forceps to place the food in your pet boa' s container. you can also use a handling stick to keep your boa away while you place the food inside for it. never try to feed your boa by hand or it might bite you. boas, like other snakes, hunt using their sense of smell. therefore, wash your hands well after you handle the snake' s food. do not handle your pet boa for at least a day after you feed it or it may regurgitate. feed nocturnal species of boa at night .\ncolor and pattern: the snake has three distinct stripes – one down the center of its back and one on either side of the body – that run its entire length. the colors of the stripes, which have serrated margins, vary among the subspecies. the coastal rosy boa, for instance, may have rose to orange stripes set against a cream - colored or gray background. the desert rosy boa may have chocolate - colored stripes set against a cream - colored background. the rosy boa' s typical overall reddish hue likely gave rise to its common name .\nthe rosy boa compensates for its vulnerable size with a clever way of warding off predators—rolling itself into a ball with its head in the center, and then releasing a foul - smelling musk from a gland in its tail. this habit of coiling around its own head appears to make it difficult for predators, like birds of prey, to kill or even handle a rosy boa .\nspiteri, david g. 1993. the current taxonomy and captive breeding of the rosy boa (lichanura trivirgata). vivarium 5 (3): 18 - 21; 27; 34 .\nthe rosy boa average and maximum lifespan in the wild is unknown but average lifespan for captive snakes ranges from 18 to 22 years, although some individuals have been documented to live over 30 years .\nboa constrictors kill their prey not by suffocating them but by cutting off their blood circulation, new research shows .\ncity issues cease and desist order, later issues home business permit for breeder of ball pythons and boa constrictors .\ngomez, vivian .\nthe foods for a boa constrictor in captivity\naccessed july 10, 2018. urltoken\ni feed my rosy boas roughly once a week. a varied feeding schedule is not a bad idea for captive snakes. all of my adult boas eat frozen - thawed mice or hopper rats. i recommend using frozen thawed food for all captive snakes whenever possible. for all my newborn rosy boas i provide frozen - thawed or live pinkies for their first meal. i have found that most of my baby rosy boas will accept frozen - thawed pinkies for their first meal, the others take a little time to convert to frozen thawed food. be sure to heat up a frozen mouse before feeding it your rosy boa. a cup of hot water will thaw and heat up a pinky nicely. as the size of the food increases for your snake you will have to increase the size of the container of hot water. be careful not to feed your rosy boa food that is too large. the rule i go by for rosy boas is if the food item looks like the right size, then decrease the size of that food item a bit; this a bit subjective and requires some patients when choosing food for your rosy boa. generally, the mouse should have a little less girth than that of your rosy boa. some rosy boas have sensitive digestive systems; if a rosy boa does not have proper heat or is given a mouse that is too large, then they will regurgitate their food .\nrosys look much like their cousins, the rubber boa (charina bottae). rosy heads are set off slightly more from their bodies, and the tops of their heads are covered with numerous small scales, rather then the fewer, but much larger, scales of the rubber boa. rubber boas have blunt, rounded tails while the rosy tails are more tapered, ending in a rounded tip .\nwood, d. , r. fisher, t. reeder. 2008. novel patterns of historical isolation, dispersal, and secondary contact across baja california in the rosy boa (lichanura trtivirgata) .\nalways provide a hiding place on both the cool and warm sides of the cage and include a small water dish on the cool side. it is important that the water dish be cleaned and disinfected at least twice a week. keep your rosy boa’s water dish full of fresh drinking water at all times. additionally, spot clean the cage often to remove any rosy boa defecations. some rosy boas can become very nippy if they are not held on a regular basis. i recommend that your rosy be held at least twice a week to keep them accustomed to being held. you may have to work on taming a nippy boa. i do have a couple of rosy boas that will not tolerate being held and they will bite my hands or finger if it is convenient for them .\nalthough i have had little problems with my rosy boas shedding, you should soak your snake in warm water if it has retained shed. after soaking you should be able to carefully remove retained shed gently by rubbing your finger on the snake. the retained shed should come off the snake. look carefully at the eyes of your boa, be sure to carefully remove retained shed from the eyes. if your snake repeatedly has trouble shedding you may need to seek the advice of an experienced reptile vet or breeder. do not keep your rosy boa in wet or humid conditions. rosy boas are from dry desert climates. keeping your rosy boa’s cage excessively wet or humid can make your snake sick. be proactive and keep your snake healthy by keeping your snake’s cage dry and clean, chance water often, disinfect the water dish, and pay close attention to the appearance and behavior of your rosy boa .\ngomez, vivian .\nthe foods for a boa constrictor in captivity .\nanimals - urltoken, http: / / animals. urltoken / foods - boa - constrictor - captivity - 2016. html. accessed 10 july 2018 .\nthe rosy boa is an opportunistic feeder, that usually lays in wait for long periods of time, to ambush their prey from a hiding place. but sometimes they will slowly stalk their prey if necessary .\nrosy boa breeding season takes place in the spring, after which soft eggs are retained and developed inside the female for a gestation period of four months. females give live birth to up to 12 offspring .\nc. trivirgata rosy boa. to 40 in (100 cm). ranges through southwestern u. s. (southern california, arizona, and northern mexico). ground color slate gray or brown .\nhowever the u. s. geological survey, points out the negative impact from habitat fragmentation, roads and urbanization on the rosy boa populations, even inside natural reserves. the state of california has the species status listed as\nsensitive\nsince 2008. but otherwise, rosy boa populations are considered stable. the species may have to be protected in the future if it is to survive in the long term. ​\nthe adult rosy boa measures only a tenth the length of the family' s largest member, the anaconda, which may reach more than 30 feet. reflecting the family' s evolutionary debt to lizards, the rosy boa has retained two functional lungs (most snakes have only one), and it has remnants of a pelvis, with vestigial hind limbs, or external claw - like spurs, near its vent .\ngomez, vivian. (n. d .). the foods for a boa constrictor in captivity. animals - urltoken. retrieved from http: / / animals. urltoken / foods - boa - constrictor - captivity - 2016. html\nrosy boas are one of north americas most variable reptiles. color and pattern variations occur geographically, and completely different appearing forms may occur from one mountain to the next. although there are only a handful of recognized subspecies, there are literally dozens of rosy boa locales regularly available from breeders and dealers .\nfrick, winifred f. , paul a. heady, iii and bradford d. hollingsworth. 2016. geographic distribution: lichanura trivirgata (rosy boa). herpetological review 47 (1): 83 - 84\nwith even the less vibrant individuals drawing the attention of all rosy enthusiasts. a brightly colored and well marked mid - baja boa is quite a sight to behold. mid - baja rosy boas make great captives and are highly regarded amongst hobbyists as the perfect mix of color, contrast, temperament and size .\nthe rosy boa is one of the smallest members of the boa family. it has a heavy - bodied build, a short, blunt tail and small head. its eyes have elliptical pupils like those of a cat. they are beige, blue or rose colored with three lengthwise gray, tan or reddish brown stripes, and the underside is creamy or gray with black flecks. individuals from the coast and foothills may be nearly a uniform gray or brown color, with less defined stripes. individuals from the desert tend to exhibit a more distinct pattern of stripes. like other members of the boa family, the rosy boa has two claw - like spurs near its vent, attached to bones inside its body. these anal spurs are vestigial hind legs inherited from the boa' s lizard ancestors .\nalthough a rosy boa can be rather snappy (especially at feeding time), its small size renders it relatively harmless. discounting this tendency to snap, we consider these excellent starter snakes for hobbyists in arid climates .\npols, j. j. van der 1986. the husbandry and breeding of the rosy boa lichanura trivirgata roseofusca (cope, 1861). litteratura serpentium 6 (3): 98 - 106 - get paper here\nthe rosy boa is considered one of the slowest moving snakes in the world, moving at around 1 mph on open ground. just compare that to the striking speed of 12 mph (19 km / h) of the\nthree subspecies of rosy boa occupy a relatively limited range – southern california, southwestern arizona, baja california and sonora, mexico. their colors are quite varied, and a number of captive bred color strains are also available .\nthese snakes are secretive by nature, and require a variety of secure, dark hiding spots within their enclosure. curved slabs of cork bark, half logs, and driftwood all make acceptable additions to a rosy boa terrarium .\nthe rosy boa (lichanura trivirgata) is a small non - venomous boa species found in the southwestern united states in california southwestern through arizona and south through baja california and western sonora in mexico. in california, they are found throughout the mojave and colorado deserts but also the coastal areas of los angeles, san diego, orange, and riverside .\nregurgitation should be looked at as a serious problem, especially if it happens more than once and consecutively. all rosy boa owners should have on hand a probiotic to be given to the snake a few times a year. i use a product called nutribac which is a probiotic designed to promote healthy digestion. i dip the rear end of the mouse or pinky in the nutribac and feed the rosy as usual. if a rosy boa regurgitates, then i usually wait a couple of days and then give them a smaller than usual feeder that is dipped in nutribac. if your rosy repeatedly regurgitates, then you may need to see a vet experienced with snakes .\nat least three albino rosy boas have been found in 2 separate locations within roseofusca' s range .\nthe listing of the rosy boa on appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species (cites) means that any international trade in this species should be carefully monitored, giving this species some protection from the threat of over - collection from the wild (3). furthermore, in addition to the natural protection this species’ rugged habitat affords, the rosy boa can also be found in a number of national parks and other protected areas (1) .\nwhen feeling threatened the rosy boa rolls itself into a ball, enveloping its head for protection and leaving its tail exposed and wiggling it as a distraction to the predator. it will also emit an evil - smelling odor from the cloaca .\nwood, d. a. (2002). intraspecific phylogeny of the rosy boa (charina trivirgata): implications for phylogeography, taxonomy, and conservation. master' s thesis. department of biology, san diego state university urltoken .\nthe international union for conservation of nature and natural resources rates the rosy boa as a species of\nleast concern\nand says its population trend is\nstable .\nthe u. s. geological survey, however, points out that\nimpacts from roads, habitat fragmentation, and urbanization are greatly impacting rosy boa populations, even within natural reserves .\nthe snake may have to be protected in its natural habitat in the near future if it is to survive long term .\nhunted for their fine, ornate skin and for sale in the exotic pet trade, some boa constrictors have protected status in their range .\nnot dangerous (non - poisonous) rosy boas do not have venom that is dangerous to most humans .\nthey grow very fast for there first two years of life, but just like all reptiles, rosy boas continue growing throughout their entire lives. rosy boas in captivity, if well cared for can live 20 years or more! rosy boas are burrowing snakes they burrow for food and to escape the mid day heat .\nwalls, j. g. boas: rosy and ground. neptune city nj: tfh publications. 1994\ndepending on how large your pet boa is, it can consume small chickens, rats or rabbits raised, killed and frozen specifically for the purpose of feeding wildlife in captivity. younger boas should eat baby or small, young rats, while larger, full - grown boas can consume large rats. to figure out whether your pet boa can consume its prey without choking, make sure the prey is no larger than the widest point of the boa' s midsection. keep a bowl of fresh water in your pet boa' s cage at all times .\nthis little boa is found in deserts and other dry areas, typically near oases or other local sources of moisture near rocks and similar cover .\nmost snakes are retiring and will appreciate an area in the cage where they can remain hidden from view. a rosy boa is no exception and will utilize a hide, whether it’s homemade from a plastic or cardboard container, or store - bought caves, etc. the security provided by a hide also lessens the likelihood that your rosy boa will rub its snout in an attempt to escape the enclosure. we provide two hides: one in the warm region of the cage and one in the cooler area .\nthe rosy boa spends most of its life sequestered in rocky crevices or abandoned animal burrows, secreted from predators and protected from temperature extremes. across its range, it spends the coolest months in brumation, its body effectively dormant, similar to mammalian hibernation .\ntheir activity patterns are dependent on weather, in the hot summer months, rosy boas will hunt primarily in the evening and night time, while in the more moderate temperatures it may forage almost any time of day. in most of the rosy boa range, the winter is too cold and they enter a dormant state called brumation, similar to hibernation of mammals .\nthe rosy boa mates in may and june, with between six and ten live young being born after a 130 day gestation period, around october and november (2). this snake is estimated to live for between 15 and 22 years (2) .\nthe boa can inhale and exhale a large amount of air through its windpipe, creating a hissing sound that serves as a warning to potential enemies .\na female rosy boa must acquire and store sufficient energy to provision her eggs (mostly in yolk) and then carry the developing embryos to birth. once the young are born they are independent immediately, and the female' s investment in that brood is over .\nbody temperature regulation: like all snakes, the rosy boa is\nectothermic ,\nwhich means that it takes its body heat from an external source, like the sun or surrounding soil and rocks. it must avoid extreme temperatures to maintain the proper body temperature .\nmelli, jim. the san diego natural history museum. (2003) “field guide to rosy boas”. urltoken .\nall reptiles are cold blooded and use their environment to maintain their body temperature. rosy boas need an ambient temperature of\nrosy boas are constrictors. they strike the prey and then use it' s recurved teeth to get hold of it, at the same time coiling around and constricting it to death. once dead or incapacitated, the prey is swallowed head first. sometimes the rosy boa can even capture 2 preys at once, and while one is held wrapped in a coil the other is consumed .\ntheir common name\nrosy\napparently derives from the salmon or pinkish ventral color of some snakes found in the baja peninsula. but since this is atypical for most individuals, one, somewhat more logical common name. the three - lined boa has also been suggested .\nwood, d. , r. fisher, t. reeder. 2008. novel patterns of historical isolation, dispersal, and secondary contact across baja california in the rosy boa (lichanura trtivirgata). molecular phylogenetics and evolution, vol. 46: 484 - 502 .\ntriv trivs\nas they are affectionately known as to many hobbyists are a great first rosy. they are arguably the most robust, gentle and for good reason the most encountered rosy of the pet trade. these mexican jewels do exceptionally well in captivity and appear to be more tolerant of less than ideal conditions. in general they are a smaller boa not achieving the lengths of the arizona\nrosy boa substrate can be newspaper, paper towels, wood shavings (not too dusty; never cedar), and carefresh. a depth of 1 to 2 inches of substrate will result in easy maintenance and also allows your snake to burrow, adding to its feelings of security .\nwood, dustin a. ; robert n. fisher and tod w. reeder. 2008. novel patterns of historical isolation, dispersal, and secondary contact across baja california in the rosy boa (lichanura trivirgata). molecular phylogenetics and evolution 46 (2): 484 - 502 .\n) are sympatric with rosy boas in parts of southern california and might be confused with some of the more heavily pigmented rosy boas. rubber boas differ in having enlarged scales on the head and tend to be uniformly colored, without trace of striping .\nsimple caging works exceptionally well when maintaining pet rosy boas. most importantly, any cage must be escape proof–if a rosy boa finds even the tiniest gap, it will likely escape its enclosure. there are many escape - proof cages available, and it is prudent to invest in one. also provide an enclosure that does not have an abrasive top, such as screening, otherwise your snake may need medical attention due to rostral abrasion. rosy boas are notorious for rubbing their snouts on cage surfaces while looking for ways to escape their enclosures .\nthe rosy boa is part of a large family of snakes that include all five of the world' s giant snakes. they have flexible jaws found in more advanced families but also retain a pelvic girdle, vestigial hind limbs, which are inherited from their lizard ancestors (schmidt 2003) .\n​in arizona, it' s found also in the mojave desert and the western regions of the sonoran desert. rosy boas are\nwood, dustin a. ; robert n. fisher and tod w. reeder 2008. novel patterns of historical isolation, dispersal, and secondary contact across baja california in the rosy boa (lichanura trivirgata). molecular phylogenetics and evolution 46 (2): 484 - 502 - get paper here\nspring is in the air in the northern hemisphere, and snake keepers are busy preparing for another breeding season. species that range into temperate regions are especially likely to be stimulated to reproduce as the seasons change. for those interested in boas, i highly recommend working with north america’s beautiful rosy boa (\na good strategy for maintaining general health of rosy boas is to allow them to cool down for a few months in winter. this simulates what they would be doing in nature, and it is helpful in establishing a good feeding response in the spring. reluctant feeders, including hatchlings, often come out of this brumation period with a strong feeding response. prior to cooling, maintain your rosy boa at its usual temperatures without food for 14 days. this will allow the snake to clear its intestines and stomach. failure to do so could result in a potentially hazardous situation, as cool temperatures inhibit digestion, and if undigested food is left to spoil in your rosy boa’s gastrointestinal tract during the winter, it could lead to its demise .\nnearly all the rosy boas in the pet trade are captive bred. they sell from $ 75 to more than $ 500 each .\nsnakes have inhabited the earth for a long time. the rosy boa is one of the oldest snakes and obviously encompasses desired traits since they are still around today. although many snakes could not survive during the years following the break up of pangea, those that were selected to have the superior traits were able to pass on their traits to their young for millions of years after. it is true that the rosy boa is federally protected in california, and the decline in their population is probably a result of human impacts, such as urbanization, not because of lacking the desired traits to survive in their habitats .\nspot clean at least twice weekly and change the entire substrate six or seven times a year. dirty substrate may result in the build - up of bacteria, which could be harmful to your rosy boa. a gallon of water mixed with a few tablespoons of soap and a few tablespoons of bleach makes an excellent cleaning solution. after using it, rinse the enclosure, the water bowl and the hide (s) with copious amounts of clean water to ensure all the cleanser is removed from the cage. dry everything and the cage will be ready for a new layer of substrate, followed by your rosy boa .\ntheir coloration is highly variable and, usually depends on the geographic location and among the different subspecies. the rosy boa usual pattern consists of 3 dark stripes against a lighter background, one central stripe down the back, and two on the sides. but some specimens lack the obvious striping and are uniformly colored .\nthe rosy boa has three distinct stripes – one down the center of its back and one on either side of the body – that run its entire length. photo credit: wikipedia, under the terms of the gnu free documentation license by user: athene cunicularia, march 28, 2008, san diego, ca\nbody, length and weight: the adult rosy boa, with a fairly stocky and powerfully - muscled body, a stubby tail and smooth scales (actually tough folds of skin), typically measures about three feet in length. it weighs one to two pounds. the female is somewhat larger than the male .\ncare should be taken in the selection of your first rosy boa. of course the first consideration is to know your local and state laws. many states have laws regarding the keeping of reptiles. a call to the dept. of fish and game will often be your quickest method of information regarding state law .\nrosy boas seem to prefer habitats near water sources, but are not restricted to those areas and are rarely found far from rock cover .\nthe first of the modern terrestrial snakes to appear seem to have been relatives of the living boids, or boas and pythons. the rosy boa has two claw - like spurs near its vent, attached to bones inside its body. these anal spurs are vestigial hind legs inherited from their lizard ancestors (greene 1997) .\nmale rosy boas unlike other snake species apparently don' t engage in competition or fighting for females. the mating season occurs between april and june\nrosy boas feed on warm - blooded prey, such as small mammals and birds. like its larger relatives, they kill prey by constriction .\nmarlow, r. (1990) rosy boa. in: zeiner, d. c. , laudenslayer jr, w. f. , mayer, k. e. and white, m. (eds) california' s wildlife. vol. i - iii. california departartment of fish and game, sacramento, california .\n7. marlow, r. (1990) rosy boa. in: zeiner, d. c. , laudenslayer jr, w. f. , mayer, k. e. and white, m. eds. california' s wildlife. vol. i - iii. california departartment of fish and game, sacramento, california .\noccasionally, some rosy boas will not readily feed upon domesticated mice. several “tricks” can be employed to entice your pet to feed upon this desired food item. a great one is to brumate your rosy boa at 50 to 60 degrees for a month or so. again, be sure there is no food in the snake prior to lowering the temperature. after a month, slowly warm up the snake. often, it will feed on a small fuzzy mouse after it’s warmed up .\nrosy boas rarely attempt to bite, although they may do so if restrained. handle gently, without pinching or squeezing, allowing the snake to move through your fingers. do not allow the snake to dangle unsupported. rosy boas have very strong reflexive feeding tendencies, believed to stem from their habits of feeding on lizards in rock cracks at night. they have strong tactile sensation along the sides, particularly toward the neck, and reaching into a cage and touching a sleeping rosy boa may result in an immediate reflexive feeding response. in simple terms, you should let them know you are there before picking them up or you may get bitten !\ni keep all of my rosy boas in a rack system that includes under - belly heat. i have a proportional controller that keeps the temperatures just right for my boas. on a small scale i recommend that rosy boas be kept in cages made for snakes that have locking doors or lids. snakes are escape artists so be sure to keep your rosy in a good cage that is escape proof. i use aspen bedding for my rosy boas; you can find aspen shavings at any reptile shop, pet supper store, or even at target. i have shifted all of my colubrids and rosy boas to aspen chips that are a much finer product than the shavings found in the previously mentioned locations. i do not recommend any other type of bedding for rosy boas; aspen is the best substrate for most snakes that do not require high humidity. do not use cedar chips, cedar is harmful to reptiles. rosy boas in captivity need under the belly heat; use a heat pad made for reptiles and adhere it under and to one side of the enclosure. it is important that rosy boas have the ability to thermal regulate; they need a cool side and a warm side in their enclosure .\nthere are currently four subspecies of rosy boas; as with the classification of many animals, the taxonomists frequently dispute the species and subspecies designations. as more information is learned about the physiognomy and range of the animals in question, these may change currently, the subspecies designations for the rosy boas are :\nrosy boas eat rodents, nestling birds, bats, lizards, amphibians, and other snakes. the majority of the diet consists of small mammals such as\nrosy boas are found in the southwestern united states, from california to arizona. also found south of california in the baja peninsula and in northern mexico .\nrosy boas have smooth scales and small eyes with vertically elliptical pupils. the tail is proportionately short and thick, but pointed. they are heavy - bodied but a rosy boa has a narrow head that is not much wider than its neck. cloacal spurs, proportionately larger on the males than on the females, are present. in fact, the spurs of some females are occluded by a fold of skin. albinism is well - documented in the wild and is now firmly established in captive breeding programs .\na temperature gradient of 65 degrees at the cool end of the enclosure to 90 degrees at the warm end is a good starting place. adjust the range if you notice your rosy boa is constantly moving about the cage (usually, slightly lower temperatures are needed to stop this restlessness). the warm temperatures can be maintained during spring, summer and fall .\nrosy boas range from 10 inches as hatchlings to almost 4 feet in length when mature. the record length is around 48 inches, although such behemoths are rarely seen, even in captivity. most rosy boas range from 24 to 36 inches and are perfectly suited for keeping in a 10 - or 15 - gallon terrarium .\nklauber, laurence m. 1931. a new subspecies of the california boa, with notes on the genus lichanura. transactions of the san diego society of natural history 6 (20): 305 - 318 .\nif your boa does not feed or is regurgitating meals, it is often a sign that something in the enclosure is not right. the temperature may be to high or low, or it may be too humid .\nklauber, laurence m. 1931. a new subspecies of the california boa, with notes on the genus lichanura. transactions of the san diego society of natural history 6 (20): 305 - 318 - get paper here\nthe body of the rosy boa is covered with smooth, shiny scales, and the eyes are small, with vertical pupils (2). the head is slightly larger than the neck, and the fairly long, thick tail comes to a blunt point. two small claw - like spurs at the base of the tail are vestigial legs, a feature retained from its lizard ancestor (2) .\nnocturnal behavior is predominant during the late spring and summer months and more diurnal activity during the winter months (risen 1999). hibernation usually lasts until early march. the rosy boa uses the spring and summer months to absorb heat and capture prey, and to conserve energy to prepare itself for the coming winter season. it is in the winter that the rosy boa restricts its activity in order to survive the winter months. mating season is during the summer, usually between may and july (risen 1999). in october or november, about 130 after conception, 6 to 10 young are born. hatchlings are usually 10 to 12 inches in length. boas are ovoviviparous (mw 2003), which means that the eggs develop inside the females are surrounded by a membrane instead of a hard shell .\nthere are no known adverse effects of rosy boas on humans or human interests. if handled they may bite, but these inconspicuous snakes certainly do not seek confrontation with people .\nall rosy boas have three, distinct lines running down their bodies, usually orange, brown or black in color, interspersed with any shade of beige, yellow or gray .\nrosy boas are predators that eat mainly nestling rodents in arid and semi - arid habitats. they undoubtedly serve as hosts for various parasites, but these are unreported in wild snakes .\nif threatened by a predator, for instance, a hawk or other predatory bird, the rosy boa rolls itself into a ball, with its head enveloped for protection and its tail exposed and wiggling as a distraction. it emits an evil - smelling odor from glands near the base of its tail. it may suffer bites to its tail, which may be scarred for the rest of the snake' s life .\nany ‘typical’ snake cage can be used, with a ten or fifteen - gallon aquarium being adequate for an adult. rosy boas are crevice dwellers, and appreciate a secure hiding spot .\nrosy boas are undoubtedly killed and eaten by numerous predators, but no reports of predation in nature were found. potential predators known to eat other snake species include carnivorous mammals (such as\n. this designation has not been widely used. wood et. al (2008) analyzed mitochondrial dna in rosy boas across their range and suggested that two evolutionary species could be provisionally recognized :\nfemale boas incubate eggs inside their bodies and give birth up to 60 live babies. boas are about 2 feet long when they are born and grow continually throughout their 25 to 30 - year lifespan. the largest boa constrictor ever found measured 18 feet .\nrosy boas are one of the smaller members of the boa family. like many boas and pythons, they are nocturnal (sometimes crepuscular), thus moving around mostly at night or around dawn and dusk. rosys may live in excess of 15 years. their name comes from lichan = forefinger (gr. (=) and - oura = tail, possibly due to the bluntness of their tail. trivirgata refers to their prominent triad of stripes." ]

{ "text": [ "the rosy boa ( lichanura trivirgata ) is a species of snake of the family boidae .", "the rosy boa is one of only two members of that family native to the united states , the other being the rubber boa ( charina bottae ) .", "the rosy boa is native to the american southwest , and adjacent baja california and sonora , mexico . " ], "topic": [ 2, 22, 22 ] }

[ "the rosy boa (lichanura trivirgata) is a species of snake of the family boidae. the rosy boa is one of only two members of that family native to the united states, the other being the rubber boa (charina bottae). the rosy boa is native to the american southwest, and adjacent baja california and sonora, mexico." ]

[ "worms - world register of marine species - liotia affinis a. adams, 1850\nspecies liotia angasi crosse, 1864 accepted as pseudoliotia micans (a. adams, 1850 )\njennifer hammock split the classifications by nmnh invertebrate zoology resource from liotia to their own page .\nvariety liotia acuticostata var. stearnsii dall, 1918 accepted as parviturbo stearnsii (dall, 1918 )\nworms - world register of marine species - liotia (arene) briareus var. perforata dall, 1889\nspecies liotia heimi a. m. strong & hertlein, 1939 accepted as parviturbo stearnsii (dall, 1918 )\nsubgenus liotia (cynisca) accepted as cynisca h. adams & a. adams, 1854 accepted as cinysca kilburn, 1970\nspecies liotia bellula h. adams, 1873 accepted as bothropoma bellulum (h. adams, 1873) (original combination )\nspecies liotia lucasensis a. m. strong, 1934 accepted as haplocochlias lucasensis (a. m. strong, 1934) (original combination )\nsubgenus liotia (arene) h. adams & a. adams, 1854 accepted as arene h. adams & a. adams, 1854 (original rank )\nspecies liotia erici a. m. strong & hertlein, 1939 accepted as haplocochlias erici (a. m. strong & hertlein, 1939) (original combination )\nnew taxa: dentalium nagoense n. sp. , pendroma perplexa n. sp. , liotia (lippistes ?) huesonica n. sp. , liotia brasiliana n. sp. , liotia microgrammata n. sp. , solariella periscopia n. sp. , calliostoma iheringi n. sp. , calliostoma depictum n. sp. , calliostoma hermosanum n. sp. , calliostoma hendersoni n. sp. , calliostoma sarcodum n. sp. , euchelus barbadensis n. sp. , puncturella pauper n. sp. , scissurella proxima n. sp. , williamia magellanica n. sp. , lepidopleurus carinatus n. sp. , stereochiton felipponei n. sp .\nspecies liotia krausii j. e. gray in gray m. e. , 1850 accepted as pseudotorinia kraussi j. e. gray in m. e. gray, 1850 (spelling emended by bieler (1993: 309) )\n( of turbo (liotia) gray, 1842) dall w. h. 1881. reports on the results of dredging, under the supervision of alexander agassiz, in the gulf of mexico and in the caribbean sea (1877 - 78), by the united states coast survey steamer\nblake\n, lieutenant - commander c. d. sigsbee, u. s. n. , and commander j. r. bartlett, u. s. n. , commanding. xv. preliminary report on the mollusca. bulletin of the museum of comparative zoölogy at harvard college, 9 (2): 33 - 144. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nyour current browser isn' t compatible with soundcloud. please download one of our supported browsers. need help ?\nsubba rao, n. v. & dey, a. 2000. catalogue of marine molluscs of andaman and nicobar islands. zoological survey of india, calcutta, occasional paper 187: 199 - 294. [ details ]\n( of delphinula varicosa reeve, 1843) subba rao, n. v. & dey, a. 2000. catalogue of marine molluscs of andaman and nicobar islands. zoological survey of india, calcutta, occasional paper 187: 199 - 294. [ details ]\nmelvill, j. c. & standen r. (1903) descriptions of sixty - eight new gastropoda from the persian gulf, gulf of oman, and north arabian sea, dredged by mr. f. w. townsend, of the indo - european telegraph service, 1901–1903. annals and magazine of natural history, ser. 7, 12: 289 - 324. [ details ]\nbosch d. t. , dance s. p. , moolenbeek r. g. & oliver p. g. (1995) seashells of eastern arabia. dubai: motivate publishing. 296 pp. [ details ]\nkhalid - otw (official video) ft. 6lack, ty dolla $ ign\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nturgeon, d. d. , j. f. quinn, jr. , a. e. bogan, e. v. coan, f. g. hochberg, w. g. lyons, et al .\ncommon and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada: mollusks, 2nd ed .\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\ndall w. h. (1927). small shells from dredgings off the southeast coast of the united states by the united states fisheries steamer\nalbatross\n, in 1885 and 1886. proceedings of the united states national museum, 70 (18): 1 - 134, available online at urltoken [ details ]\nrosenberg, g. ; moretzsohn, f. ; garcía, e. f. (2009). gastropoda (mollusca) of the gulf of mexico, pp. 579–699 in: felder, d. l. and d. k. camp (eds .), gulf of mexico–origins, waters, and biota. texas a & m; press, college station, texas. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ndall w. h. 1889. reports on the results of dredging, under the supervision of alexander agassiz, in the gulf of mexico (1877 - 78) and in the caribbean sea (1879 - 80), by the u. s. coast survey steamer\nblake\n, lieut. - commander c. d. sigsbee, u. s. n. , and commander j. r. bartlett, u. s. n. , commanding. xxix. report on the mollusca. part 2, gastropoda and scaphopoda. bulletin of the museum of comparative zoölogy at harvard college, 18: 1 - 492, pls. 10 - 40. , available online at urltoken page (s): 388 [ details ]\ncarpenter p. p. 1864. descriptions of new marine shells from the coast of california. part i. proceedings of the california academy of sciences, 3 (3): 155 - 159 [ issued july, 1864 ]. , available online at urltoken page (s): 159 [ details ]\npalmer, k. v. w. (1958) type specimens of marine mollusca described by p. p. carpenter, from the west coast (san diego to british columbia). the geological society of america memoir, 76, 1–376. , available online at urltoken page (s): 146 - 147, pl. 19 fig. 12 - 13 [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nif you do not have an account yet, you can register here first .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail conchbooks office if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nproceedings of the california academy of sciences, 4th series. ser. 4: v. 27 (1951 - 1953 )\nannotated list of fishes obtained by the california academy of sciences during six cruises of the u. s. s. mulberry conducted by the united states navy off central california in 1949 and 1950\nbhl' s existence depends on the support of its patrons. help us keep this free resource alive !\ncrosse h. (1864). description d' espèces nouvelles provenant de l' australie méridionale. journal de conchyliologie. 12: 339 - 346, pl. 13. , available online at urltoken page (s): 343 - 344, pl. 13 fig. 4 [ details ]\ntate r. (1899). a revision of the australian cyclostrematidae and liotiidae. transactions of the royal society of south australia. 23 (2): 213 - 229, pl. 6 - 7. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\neditor' s comment poppe & tagaro [ in poppe, ed. , 2011, philippine marine mollusks, volume 4: 590 ] place this species in coronaliotia. the latter appears to be an unpublished name by j. mclean. [ details ]" ]

{ "text": [ "liotia is a genus of very small sea snails , marine gastropod mollusks in the family liotiidae .", "liotia is the type genus of the family liotiidae . " ], "topic": [ 2, 26 ] }

[ "liotia is a genus of very small sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family liotiidae. liotia is the type genus of the family liotiidae." ]