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10.17561/TAHRJ.V14.5481 | ff367a1242cb145213badaf9845c684f | 23 years after the ICJ’s Advisory Opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, a general treaty prohibiting the use of nuclear weapons has been adopted. It may be anticipated that the TPNW will probably not enter into force very soon, and when it does, it will neither be universally accepted, nor will it significantly influence thepractice of the nuclear weapon States. It is therefore justified to analyse the problem under consideration, not from a State-oriented perspective, but from a human and environmentally centred one. The article argues not only that any use of nuclear weapons would be contrary to the rules of international law applicable in armed conflict, in particular the principles and rules of international humanitarian law, but it would also violate international human rights law. The article further dwells upon the customary international law aspects of the problem under consideration. | 16 | 15SDG 16
| 0 | 6 | 1 |
10.1787/5jm3p5gl4djd-en | ff379a469a46a82be208d8076abf2850 | The analysis of the distribution of public spending across the various policy categories presented here can provide an understanding of the policy mix effectively put into place by OECD countries. Unfortunately this is very difficult because spending information on individual instruments is often missing, and the set of instruments for which information is missing changes from country to country. Even for these countries more work is needed to validate the comparability of data. | 11 | 10SDG 11
| 2 | 2 | 0 |
10.18356/4bdc1a8f-en | ff37b746b701f73f87ad2009053059fc | As will be seen below, this is largely caused by the high participation and weight of retirement benefits, but it is also due to the fact that the proportion of households dependent solely on transfers of that type is lower. On average, transfers cut households’ poverty level by 6.5 percentage points. The number of people living in poverty, however, is down by only 5 percentage points. This is because it is easier to reduce poverty in households comprising fewer members, since the most significant transfers —pensions and retirement benefits— generally target older persons. | 10 | 9SDG 10
| 4 | 5 | 0.111111 |
10.1787/9789264089457-en | ff38982c6408a8c7530e82e41ca3b7e6 | Similarly, staff members from Universiti Sains Malaysia and other higher education institutions work on advisory capacity in many committees at the regional level. It provides training in technical and engineering skills in particular. Graduates from PSDC are directly engaged by the companies that need the skills developed by the centre. While the contribution of BJIM, USAINS Holdings Sdn. | 4 | 3SDG 4
| 2 | 7 | 0.555556 |
10.18356/55fea2f6-en | ff3a4ab3031edc762042aa0f26ed77f7 | Analysis of overlap in income and domain poverty suggests considerable mismatch across the board, regardless of the particular country under consideration. The lack of overlap between groups of deprived children in Germany, France, the Netherlands and the UK points towards a considerable breadth of child poverty in these countries. In other words, deprivation in monetary and nonmonetary terms does not seem to be concentrated on a few particular groups but rather spread out across the population. Hence, instead of a small number of children experiencing deprivation in large numbers of domains, large numbers of children are likely to face deprivation in a few domains. | 1 | 0SDG 1
| 2 | 7 | 0.555556 |
10.14217/9781848590618-5-en | ff3bd3829f031856c459249a1551dd91 | Most countries have now endorsed the principle of equality for women and endowed it with normative universality. Such conflicts arise in the context of almost all religions and traditional cultures, since they rely on norms and social practices formulated or interpreted in a patriarchal context at a time when individual human rights in general, and women’s right to equality in particular, had not yet become a global imperative. Barriers to women's rights are not specific to one region or to one religion, but their form and severity does vary among regions and religions. | 5 | 4SDG 5
| 0 | 3 | 1 |
10.1787/9789264251090-6-en | ff3bd931ce046f5ab8561ae2aa66c83d | River basin organisations are official organisations set up by political authorities or in response to stakeholders’ demands or legal requirements. As administrative and hydrologic perimeters do not coincide in most cases, a diversity of situations can be observed in terms of how many RBOs operate within a city’s perimeter (from one to more than three, see Figure 3.6). River basin organisations carry out different water-related tasks such as monitoring (85%), data collection (81%), as well as co-ordination, planning and stakeholder engagement (above 60%). | 6 | 5SDG 6
| 1 | 3 | 0.5 |
10.6027/9789289342698-7-en | ff3c0893022227eebcf535edf393edef | The nature gives rest and a little bit of food. Gender issues are mainly missing when the question of everyday life and surviving are present (Westman 2005:134). Desegregation, that is, the division of the labour market based on gender, has been an topical issue in gender equality policy since (the 1980s). | 5 | 4SDG 5
| 0 | 8 | 1 |
10.18356/0488519d-en | ff3ca2dde9035b8e8a450595deaafdca | The other is sudden network congestion as governments, emergency responders, and citizens all start using their handsets.38 To reduce the probability of service outages, countries should frequently stress test their networks and where necessary take steps to ‘harden’ the weaker components. Based on information from around 90 countries, the mean rate of packet loss globally is 1.68 per cent and the mean latency globally is 107.31 milliseconds. In the Asia-Pacific region performance on these indicators varies greatly. | 13 | 12SDG 13
| 8 | 1 | 0.777778 |
10.1787/059ce467-en | ff3e76afb6a96fa94b4cd357e5a0b0fa | As such, education plays an important civic role. A change in the Education Act in Sweden from 2016 (Proposal 2015/16:184) re-regulates the education for newly arrived students to help these children be integrated through education as soon as possible. Newly arrived students have the same rights and obligations as other students. Independent schools can make exceptions to established selection rules and can implement a special quota to include newly arrived students who have resided in Sweden for less than two years. | 4 | 3SDG 4
| 0 | 3 | 1 |
10.1787/baf425ad-en | ff417c4de81bc10f75bcec3b99df3672 | These costs are expected to be an underestimation, as most ADEs occurring in primary care do not lead to hospitalisation, but still result in an elevated need for health care. These costs are not taken into account. Health care costs related to ADEs in this base case totaled 816 million Euros, mean costs per case were 381 Euros. All the cost studies that were identified in the literature, including the ones summarised in the table, argued that the figures are likely to be an underestimation of the direct costs. | 3 | 2SDG 3
| 0 | 6 | 1 |
10.1787/9789264233294-6-en | ff4318883db606a30556cb4498605221 | These areas are covered in the next three sections of this chapter. Properly accounting for this risk in financial evaluations could help better allocate capital to low-carbon, climate-resilient assets, or even encourage divestment from more carbon-intensive assets. The effects of the recent drop in oil prices on investors’ portfolios are a striking example of this phenomenon. | 13 | 12SDG 13
| 0 | 6 | 1 |
10.18356/1c11fde8-en | ff438f0f6a6c816001b330a5ce879de2 | The Board reiterates its view that measures taken in various states of the United States to legalize the production, sale and distribution of cannabis for nonmedical and non-scientific purposes are inconsistent with the provisions of the international drug control treaties. The limitation of the use of controlled substances to medical and scientific purposes is a fundamental principle which lies at the heart of the international drug control legal framework which cannot be derogated from. Regardless of whether they are federal or unitary States, all parties to the conventions have a legal obligation to give effect to and carry out the provisions of the convention within their own territories. | 3 | 2SDG 3
| 0 | 3 | 1 |
10.1787/9789264102637-10-en | ff454c4b637cf54d4e5bbc596447ec65 | In this resolution, it is laid down that the Dutch agricultural sector shall not be burdened with an increase in costs when measures have to be taken for the implementation of the WFD, i.e. has made it impossible to force farmers to incur additional costs when implementing the WFD. However, it is important to note that in addition to the country’s more generic manure policy, the regional WFD river basin management plans (that should include a programme of measures) may include separate measures that intervene with high nutrient concentrations within surface waters. The application standards for total-nitrogen and total-phosphorus apply to both livestock manure and other types of organic and inorganic fertilisers. Furthermore, the new manure policy has a wider scope of application and encompasses new regulations governing the application methods for manure and inorganic fertiliser, mainly concerning: i) the time of year when the application of manure is permitted, ii) the ploughing up of grassland, and iii) the obligation to grow a catch crop after the cultivation of maize, to prevent nitrogen leaching (Fraters et al., | 6 | 5SDG 6
| 2 | 2 | 0 |
10.18356/ab0103c2-en | ff45d0eaaa8096c310ad5706f259c3b2 | Discontinuation of cost sharing in Uganda", Bulletin of the World Health Organization, vol. Abolition of cost-sharing is pro-poor: evidence from Uganda" Health Policy and Planning, vol. User fees and managed revenues were determined at the local level, but often were in the range of US$0.25-0.45 per visit.b After the introduction of the user fees, outpatient attendance dropped by more than 20 per cent in some districts, while the opposite happened in some remote areas. | 3 | 2SDG 3
| 1 | 8 | 0.777778 |
10.1787/5jxsr7tt3qf4-en | ff47bdd55cb29d775fad066e26698425 | The model assumes that the three fertiliser nutrients are complementary, leaving the balance between the three nutrients unchanged. Consequently, relative changes in prices to farmers do not affect the choice between the different types of nutrients. As indicated above, regulatory policies in numerous countries aim at limiting such impacts. | 2 | 1SDG 2
| 1 | 3 | 0.5 |
10.1787/0ec26947-en | ff4938cab876ff534fe5a5c97fbb86e4 | Today, a number of blockchain-based services relevant to both mitigation and adaptation have advanced to prototyping and piloting phases. Start-ups and corporate projects are continuing to advance the technology and validate market models. Consortia partnerships and development activities show great potential to scale blockchain networks among immediate stakeholders and beneficiaries. | 9 | 8SDG 9
| 4 | 5 | 0.111111 |
10.14217/9781848599574-13-en | ff4a18196a4fd9e6d965bdf9e0505e0d | This may also encourage the use of renewable energy equipment in remote areas, if these products and services are being procured for government buildings, e.g. health centres and schools. Governments can also consider subsidised solar programmes for schools, health centres/hospitals and other buildings to encourage use of solar PV systems. Development partners, other finance providers, and investors may also prefer to support plans with more realistic targets that can be achieved, rather than fund plans with unrealistic targets that are continually missed. | 7 | 6SDG 7
| 0 | 5 | 1 |
10.1787/9789264114029-en | ff4cad300b103214563532c27dd57048 | The potential benefits of contextualised learning and integrating academics and CTE are widely recognised and the integrated approach is widely used in CTE programmes. A number of policy instruments are designed to ensure strong academic skills among all students, such as the Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills. Data are used to monitor performance among different groups of students and target interventions at schools with unsatisfactory performance. | 4 | 3SDG 4
| 0 | 9 | 1 |
10.1177/1524500418813543 | ff4d3001076a9aa75b5fbf02f6d9d318 | The illegal wildlife trade is a global threat to biodiversity as well as to public health and good governance. As legislation and law enforcement have been insufficient to protect many wildlife spe... | 16 | 15SDG 16
| 2 | 4 | 0.333333 |
10.1007/978-3-319-28335-7_5 | ff4d548c2930584e9bd92840b19d8f05 | Austria is a secular State, which accommodates religious needs both of individuals and institutions. Religious rules are applied within the constitutionally guaranteed autonomy of religious communities. Civilly, they produce legal effects on the basis of reference by State law, including private international law. The same applies to religious adjudication. Beyond explicit reference religious communities may create arbitration tribunals according to the Code of Civil Procedure, as in private international law, the application of religious rules is limited by the public policy clause. | 16 | 15SDG 16
| 2 | 4 | 0.333333 |
10.18356/69c44297-en | ff507383c7c7c3fc19a7ff9bf308842f | It consists of mostly consolidated alluvium increasing in thickness towards the sea. Groundwater originates from the recharge areas inland and generally flows towards the sea where it discharges. Both Egypt and Israel have invested in alternative water supply options for the coastal areas through inter-basin transfer and the use of non-conventional water resources. The Gaza Strip does not have access to alternative water resources and depends almost entirely on the Coastal Aquifer Basin for its water supply. However, as the aquifer in the Gaza Strip is severely threatened by over-abstraction and pollution, desalination is currently being explored as a major alternative source of water supply. | 6 | 5SDG 6
| 0 | 3 | 1 |
10.18356/2017cac5-en | ff533189d902b8d5dde01f44faa34db1 | See Table Al in Annex 1 for the list of survey items included in each dimension. The new method informed the construction of the global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) (Alkire & Santos, 2010) as well as the Inequality Adjusted Human Development Index (Alkire & Foster, 2010) used in the 2010 Human Development Report (UNDP, 2010). The Alkire-Foster methodology has also been applied to multiple national studies of multidimensional poverty in the developing world (Alkire & Seth, 2013, Salazar, Diaz, & Pinzon, 2013). Since the broader list of material deprivation indicators was only available in 2009, the trend analysis had to rely on the more limited set of indicators that are collected in every wave of the EU-SILC. | 1 | 0SDG 1
| 0 | 4 | 1 |
10.18356/c1d6ed54-en | ff53b22dd694e45b0c87306fb7f6a1b0 | All these agendas have strong linkages with SDG 11 - providing a means for financing urban development (Addis Agenda), addressing a wide range of actions necessary for making cities spatially effective for sustainable development (NUA), providing a framework for disaster risk management, prevention and reduction and resilience strengthening including urban resilience (Sendai Framework), and focusing on climate actions that include urbanization-related activities (Paris Agreement). It is also important to note that the linkages and connections between agendas and various targets can be both positive and negative, and hence these relationships versus desired outcomes or impacts need proper identification, analysis and mitigation of any associated risks. These partnerships seek to provide technical and operational guidance for post-disaster city reconstruction and recovery programmes and for assessing capacity at the national level for DRR in the culture sector. | 11 | 10SDG 11
| 1 | 8 | 0.777778 |
10.6027/9789289338912-8-en | ff56a18c44dd84546007e42c58599f59 | Reviews of the theoretical literature on the economics of household waste management can be found in Choe and Fraser (1998) and Fullerton and Kinnaman (2002). As first best solution, a majority of the theoretical results identify deposit-refund schemes, a system with a tax or charge at production or consumer purchase and a refund to consumers that recycle and/or firms that collect or reprocess recycled materials. As an alternative first best solution (when illegal disposal such as dumping is not a problem), the results usually support the use of a virgin material tax or a tax on households' disposal choices. | 12 | 11SDG 12
| 1 | 8 | 0.777778 |
10.1787/9789264274648-6-en | ff56e1a50ba1060839dca5fc0c062822 | Furthermore, business and labour organisations are represented on the body as consulting members. The work of the decision-making body is supported by a permanent secretariat with a staff of 25-30. Beyond the preparation of the Spatial Development Concept, OROK also monitors spatial development across Austria. It has developed an online tool that provides a mapping function of a variety of important indicators at the municipal and regional level and releases a report on the state of spatial development every three years. | 11 | 10SDG 11
| 0 | 3 | 1 |
10.1787/9789264283497-en | ff58199513339a4497689bc3a102c4a1 | Moreover, those who suffer from chronic illnesses are also entitled to their disease-specific medicines free of charge, without means-testing. Since 2008 these can be collected from any phaimacy, including those in the private sector, resulting in improved access. In all other cases, patients must purchase pharmaceuticals out of pocket, except during hospitalisation and for the first three days following discharge (MISSOC, 2016). Furthermore, the President's Malta Community Chest Fund (a philanthropic foundation) has extended its role in financing drugs that are not yet included in the benefits package. In addition, the second national cancer plan published in 2017 outlines a government pledge to include more cancer medications on the Government's Formulary list in the coming yeais. In 2015, such direct payments, as a share of total health expenditure, totalled 29%, significantly higher than the EU average of 15% (Figure 11). | 3 | 2SDG 3
| 0 | 3 | 1 |
10.1787/9789264196155-4-en | ff58e0b284306c9a2b4cb3dd58ef1b80 | Increasing the benefits of voluntary schemes would be an incentive for informal workers to participate in social insurance schemes. The middle class in Viet Nam is a heterogeneous group characterised by significant variation in income and instability. Income mobility within the middle class is high with both winners and losers. | 10 | 9SDG 10
| 1 | 4 | 0.6 |
10.1002/JHBS.20329 | ff5a15fb155f46663adc834be6b43c27 | This paper details the responses made by social scientists as well as criminal justice practitioners during 1932 to a study focusing on the status of criminology by the Bureau of Social Hygiene. These responses ultimately led to the publication of the controversial Crime, Law and Social Science (1933), which gave much-needed direction to the development of criminology. Despite the importance of these responses to the creation of criminological thought, only one (by Edwin H. Sutherland) has previously been published. Examining the responses of all of the individual participants in the project gives a clearer picture of controversies and changes which ultimately occurred as the field of criminology gradually became institutionalized as an academic discipline. | 16 | 15SDG 16
| 0 | 6 | 1 |
10.1787/9789264298576-19-en | ff5aef952c3892553febce6a6e390158 | Data for agricultural output for Albania is 2009-11, for the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 2012-14, and for Montenegro 2012-13. Across the economies, there is some protection against imports of agro-food products, with the most commonly protected groups across the region being dairy products, and beverages and tobacco. However, tariffs on agricultural products and inputs are relatively low, especially in SEE regional agreements (where most of the SEE export agricultural products are bound) and bilateral trade agreements. | 2 | 1SDG 2
| 2 | 7 | 0.555556 |
10.1787/9789264208988-6-en | ff5af68c4ffee041436bde0bb2fa927a | They do not charge fees, and can be funded by any level of government (federal, state or municipal). Their length varies depending on the course (with a minimum of 160 hours). Professional qualification courses prepare individuals for the world of work and can be offered at any level of the educational system and do not necessarily require any other educational participation/attainment. | 4 | 3SDG 4
| 1 | 8 | 0.777778 |
10.1080/1369183X.2014.948392 | ff5cc21f34a34353cbcd113f9f43bcc4 | State-assisted return programmes (SARPs) have emerged as key components of diaspora mobilisation strategies in countries of origin. Especially in countries where the principle of jus sanguinis underpins citizenship regimes, these programmes have often been drawn from ostensibly national(istic) discourses in order to encourage the repatriation of (mostly highly skilled) citizens residing abroad. Drawing on interviews with public officials and migrants as well as content analysis of primary and secondary materials, this paper examines SARPs deployed by Israel and Germany. It argues that while the discourse and practice within which state programmes are embedded (re-)construct the nation in certain ways that are commensurate with perceived determinants of return, migrants have often rejected these formulations, underscoring instead a range of neglected personal and professional return-oriented risks. The paper's main contribution lies in better clarifying the links between highly skilled return migration pol... | 16 | 15SDG 16
| 3 | 3 | 0 |
10.2139/SSRN.2620977 | ff5d3f4c74a01395775afeb70088f911 | Why are some judicial opinions widely cited while others languish in disuse? We theorize that both efficiency and persuasiveness structure the effect an opinion has on legal development. Precedents that are both unanimous and well-grounded in the law have greater persuasive value while citation to precedents that are easier to read allows a judge to craft an opinion more efficiently. We estimate the effect of an opinion's readability, the number of footnotes it contains, its use of precedent, and whether it contains a dissenting opinion on the number of times each year the opinion is cited and its vitality in the United States Supreme Court, the precedent's own court, the precedent's sister courts, the precedent's directly subordinate courts, and all remaining state and federal courts. We thus track vertical influence both up and down the judicial hierarchy and evaluate horizontal influence both within the precedent's jurisdiction and across jurisdictional lines. | 16 | 15SDG 16
| 3 | 3 | 0 |
10.18356/01772a94-en | ff618500a3b7884dc49b07d4cddc0aa2 | Through strengthening research partnerships with leading academic institutions and development networks in both the North and South, the Office seeks to leverage additional resources and influence in support of efforts towards policy reform in favour of children. For that reason, some publications may not necessarily reflect UNICEF policies or approaches on some topics. The views expressed are those of the authors and/or editors and are published in order to stimulate further dialogue on child rights. Core funding is provided by the Government of Italy, while financial support for specific projects is also provided by other governments, international institutions and private sources, including UNICEF National Committees. This paper analyses multidimensional child deprivation across thirty countries in sub-Saharan Africa, applying the Multiple Overlapping Deprivation Analysis (MODA) methodology that measures various aspects of child poverty. The methodology has been adapted to the particular needs of this cross-country comparative study, standardising the indicators and thresholds to allow comparability across countries. | 1 | 0SDG 1
| 1 | 8 | 0.777778 |
10.6027/9789289333764-11-en | ff61c70963a463c67ec56aa283463aa4 | Sweden has also managed long term projects on capacity building and institutional strengthening in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. In many cases, DANIDA’s work on chemicals is part of a broader collaborative effort on environmental quality. The Danish government believes that the challenge facing the government of Vietnam is to bring “pollution under control and restore environmental quality without undermining economic growth or its development and poverty reduction strategy. Individual DANIDA-funded environmental projects will now be incorporated within this program, which commits approximately $42 million to the program for the period 2005 to 2010. | 12 | 11SDG 12
| 4 | 19 | 0.652174 |
10.1787/9789264238657-4-en | ff630b69c36ff0bb7f35a311851a2473 | These methods place great strain on the natural resources upon which they rely and are jeopardising the future of agriculture. This includes transferring arable land to grassland, extensive use of pastures, green cover (mainly during the winter period), and promoting soil conservation practices such as tillage conservation, conservation crop rotation, and crop nutrient management practices. Tillage consumes energy and affects soil carbon sequestration capacity with implications for GHG emissions. | 6 | 5SDG 6
| 3 | 1 | 0.5 |
10.1787/85b52daf-en | ff6329a5154db3d36be4654077b8b529 | Systematic data collection will start from 2017. Annex 1 provides a detailed account of how these estimates were made. This includes all climate-related development finance provided by bilateral DFIs as well as a subset of climate-related development finance provided by bilateral and multilateral development banks, where the direct recipients were identified as private actors through a search of agency websites (see Annex 1 for details on the approach used), including in some cases technical assistance programmes that accompany direct assistance to private actors. | 13 | 12SDG 13
| 2 | 3 | 0.2 |
10.1001/JAMA.2020.21987 | ff634181cc2272b267c822559c68a848 | This Viewpoint looks at the range of medical and public health issues that could be adversely affected by appointment of Justice Amy Coney Barrett to the US Supreme Court, including weakening or elimination of the Affordable Care Act, Medicaid work requirements that could reduce eligibility, and reduced reproductive rights and governmental public health emergency powers. | 16 | 15SDG 16
| 2 | 3 | 0.2 |
10.18356/c1d6ed54-en | ff654af7f3f28b649e283628b76b8e90 | It recognizes that funding from all sources, public and private, bilateral and multilateral, domestic and international, as well as alternative sources will need to be tapped into to effectively exploit the benefits of cities. For example, the African Union (AU), in collaboration with the Economic Commission for Africa and UN-Flabitat, is developing a regional framework aligned with Africa Agenda 2063, the SDGs, the Paris Agreement among others. In Europe, the 2016 regional urban agenda2 has been further aligned with the global urban agendas through action plans and linked directly with the urban related SDGs targets. | 11 | 10SDG 11
| 0 | 9 | 1 |
10.1787/469d7fec-en | ff659c58ae73994d4efbb0343dd744e4 | As such, any international reporting of this information could focus on providing guidance on information that a) is useful to a broader set of countries and stakeholders (e.g. understanding priority areas, funding sources, any impacts), b) communicates more complete information on climate finance flows than can be gathered only from finance providers, and c) can be communicated in a consistent way by all countries with relative ease. There are also areas where, to enhance clarity, countries would need to provide information specific to their circumstances and domestic systems. Countries may have different views on what they consider to be finance received for implementing climate action (e.g. grants and loans or grants only), and it is unlikely that all countries will be able to report figures on an annual basis immediately, based on current BURs. | 13 | 12SDG 13
| 1 | 2 | 0.333333 |
10.1787/9789264085374-5-en | ff65a0a53dbb0c37cbd2b8d73a4ae834 | This variety increases the decisions that teachers must make. Table 3.1 makes explicit some of these assumptions, though it is not meant to be exhaustive. It illustrates how established pedagogical approaches have developed in line with different kinds of intentions, and therefore why comparisons of approaches come down to more than just the question about which pedagogy is “most effective”. | 4 | 3SDG 4
| 1 | 8 | 0.777778 |
10.18356/5d5f408e-en | ff6602e9476b952f4567efae0e29d9a3 | For emerging economies, culture can be a first rate component in their development strategies - be it literature, music, videos and movies, or even the fashion industry or gastronomy. The most important, we believe, is having our children learn to enjoy art: have them take pleasure in paintings, sculptures, music and so on. Appreciation implies a value judgment: to understand why I like what I like, or why I don't. | 4 | 3SDG 4
| 0 | 3 | 1 |
10.1787/sti/scoreboard-2011-66-en | ff66ab23add1e987786668b217fe5f43 | By considering the more general scope of innovation it draws on sectors, particularly services, that do not undertake relatively high levels of formal R&D. Innovation surveys capture a broad range of innovation activities from product and process to marketing and organisational innovations and account for both innovation inputs and outputs. Sectors that perform high levels of formal R&D do not necessarily rank high when broader innovation inputs are considered. For example, “Manu facturing of transport equipment” (Division 35) is relatively R&D-intensive but only just features in the top 20 innovation ranking. To this end, a number of CIS variables are grouped into four main categories that are homogenous with respect to the information provided and the innovation-related feature addressed, namely: product and process innovations, organisation and market innovations, intellectual property rights and innovation-related expenditures. | 9 | 8SDG 9
| 1 | 6 | 0.714286 |
10.1080/01419870.2012.720693 | ff67d19569bbe3bb80b3e5cdd7aa247f | AbstractThis article assesses the relationship between multiculturalism and neoliberalism, focusing on the Australian context. It analyses recent reforms concerning immigrant integration and cultural diversity, and argues that since the mid-1990s Australian multiculturalism has embodied three central components of state restructuring: heightened demands for sociocultural discipline and conformity, fiscal conservatism and the retrenchment of safety nets, and the promotion of economic competitiveness, flexibility and efficiency in global markets. In retracing the trajectory of Australian policy this analysis contributes to emerging literatures on multiculturalism, and the shifting nature of citizenship and government rationalities in the present neoliberal context. In addition to illuminating recent changes in Australia, its findings display significant import for countries facing similar dynamics. | 16 | 15SDG 16
| 1 | 4 | 0.6 |
10.18356/fd80a3d2-en | ff69170f6625ca4096cc903a0660e43c | That is true for both farm and non-farm trade reform, and for own-country as well as rest-of-world reform. Since the rural poor are much poorer on average than the urban poor, this would lead to the expectation that trade reform will also reduce inequality. The effect of non-farm trade reform on its own is more mixed, providing another reason to urge trade negotiators not to neglect agricultural reform in trade negotiations. | 1 | 0SDG 1
| 1 | 8 | 0.777778 |
10.1787/5k912j389bf0-en | ff695525de2e8225c1257851e4304da7 | Using an approach similar to that of the European Commission21, the Dutch model analyses policy interventions by comparing their impact against a “no intervention” scenario. A “no intervention” scenario depicts how health expenditures will affect public finances if left on current trajectories. Historical data are used to estimates parameters of interest (back-casting) which are then used to project health expenditures. The population is divided into 20 age groups (each comprising 5 years). Each age group is associated with levels of per capita expenditure for six major spending sectors. | 3 | 2SDG 3
| 0 | 3 | 1 |
10.1080/23800992.2016.1150683 | ff69c889f06b0ae981f99f0fecbfe543 | Intelligence studies has grown tremendously as an academic discipline in recent years. At key international conferences in the field, such as the Intelligence Studies Section of the International Studies Association (ISA) annual convention, there is not only a broad range of topics under discussion, but attendance by a good mix of academics and practitioners. In many ways, this reflects the broadening and deepening of security actors in the post-Cold War world. But this depth and breadth poses interesting challenges for the discipline: Should it be an interdisciplinary field of study or a more defined and prescribed discipline? Perhaps more importantly, is intelligence studies an adjunct to the intelligence sector or a critical commentator on it? This article seeks to address these questions, arguing for a broad, interdisciplinary approach that combines critical education about intelligence with equipping prospective policymakers with professional skills. | 16 | 15SDG 16
| 4 | 3 | 0.142857 |
10.14217/5jlz411xvqhc-en | ff6d1d6a5448818fe8f919ae3aa9f668 | Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) managed to conclude an agreement of this sort, cutting tariffs on a slim list of 54 goods to 5 per cent as of 2015. The real prize in this respect is non-tariff barriers, as well as services. It is hoped that the current plurilateral efforts to negotiate an Environmental Goods Agreement will eventually lead to such broader commitments. | 13 | 12SDG 13
| 2 | 1 | 0.333333 |
10.1787/9789264246744-5-en | ff6e2f0273ab8da81c06f0090e845002 | In many cases, floodplains do not just affect flood risk, but have additional outcomes in terms of biodiversity and landscape. Not only would these elements be usefully included in cost-benefit analysis, but also in the design of agri-environmental policy tools targeting a bundle of environmental goods. This raises the issue of additionality of ecosystem services and potential stacking of ecosystem services payments, on which the OECD has recently devoted work (Lankoski et al., | 6 | 5SDG 6
| 2 | 2 | 0 |
10.1787/9789264089464-en | ff6e821785adb4527fee5f35ca456791 | More information is available about the OECD review process and requirements on the Higher Education and Regions’ website: www. In 2004-07, the OECD/IMHE conducted an extensive study with 14 regional reviews across 12 countries. This resulted in the OECD flagship publication Higher Education and Regions: Globally Competitive, Locally Engaged (OECD, 2007) with recommendation to benefit both higher education institutions and national and regional governments. In 2008, the OECD/IMHE launched a second series of OECD reviews of Higher Education in Regional and City Development to address the demand by national and regional governments for more responsive and active higher education institutions and to support the OECD strategies on innovation and green growth. As a result, 14 regions in 11 countries, including the Lombardy region in Italy, underwent the OECD review process in 2008-11. | 4 | 3SDG 4
| 1 | 8 | 0.777778 |
10.18356/eb61760a-en | ff6e8263918b87f60949c6be4ba8b40a | Informality is considered to result from the heterogeneity of the productive structure, which can be seen schematically as two sectors: one which is formal, has a medium to high production level, greater levels of investment, relatively high growth potential and effective social protection, and the other informal, with low levels of productivity, growth potential and social protection. Consequently, unskilled own-account workers, unpaid family workers or apprentices, owners and employees of micro-enterprises and domestic workers are all considered informal. This is related to the introduction of the concept of decent work. In order to focus the discussion on the job rather than the company, the new conceptual framework of the “informal economy" has been proposed in order to complement that of the informal sector, given that informal activities are found in both low- and high-productivity sectors. | 8 | 7SDG 8
| 0 | 3 | 1 |
10.1111/DPR.12205 | ff6e945932a24df45d9b2837c2644134 | This article explores the history and impact of affirmative action in Nepal's civil service and political parties. Affirmative action was part of a broader social inclusion agenda introduced after the Comprehensive Peace Agreement was signed in 2006. Affirmative action will always have associated costs and trying to minimize these requires concerted effort and leadership. Affirmative action is difficult to do well in a country like Nepal because it challenges centuries of discrimination that is reinforced daily and involves confronting clientelistic practices and social norms of entitlement. Quotas alone will be insufficient in such a context. This article argues that affirmative action can have wider good governance outcomes by improving accountability and meritocracy if it is combined with other initiatives aside from quotas. Some of the positive governance gains achieved through affirmative action warrant a bigger investment from development partners in this area. | 16 | 15SDG 16
| 0 | 5 | 1 |
10.1080/13504850110100858 | ff72932716bb61a1dbc7ec77ed57bede | The cross-country results presented here show that most aspects of governance affect transition and non-transition economies differently. For governments in transition, more regulation, greater voice and accountability, heightened government effectiveness, and stronger rule of law surprisingly matter very little. What matters most for these transition economies is political stability and insulating the country's business environment from corruption. | 16 | 15SDG 16
| 0 | 7 | 1 |
10.18356/508a648f-en | ff747a5b0d3db54ea870bee5d6d674e5 | Jobs and income growth of top earners and the causes of changing income inequality: Evidence from U.S. tax return data. Working paper, Williams College, William-stown, MA. Cash transfers for older people reduce poverty and inequality. In: Bebbington AJ, Dani AA, De Haan A, and Walton M, eds. Institutional Pathways to Equity: Addressing Inequality Traps. | 10 | 9SDG 10
| 2 | 7 | 0.555556 |
10.18356/a9326a1a-en | ff74faba746fc1dd2e4964e38e4b7a51 | There was one instrument, the policy rate. Central bank policy for employment creation should therefore focus on enabling aggregate demand expansion, making credit available for investment and maintaining a stable and competitive real exchange rate to support export demand. Possible remedies include tripartite or collective wage bargaining and fixing mechanisms, backed by increased government social spending and directed credit allocation to employment-generating sectors and firms. While the former dampens wage demands and thus helps avoid wage-price inflationary spirals, the latter can protect employment from the effects of a general credit crunch that would be triggered if policy were to rely solely on the rather blunt instrument of interest rate hikes. | 8 | 7SDG 8
| 1 | 3 | 0.5 |
10.1787/9789264211940-5-en | ff75607b07406c9bff83ae7c2b202eec | For example, competency descriptions for school professionals (in relation to which they will be appraised) and quality indicators for school evaluation should reflect the learning goals that the school system is aiming to achieve. This also implies ensuring that the evaluation and assessment framework captures a broad range of student learning objectives. To this end, it would be helpful to initiate research and development to strengthen the range of instruments available to assess, for example, students’ broader competencies such as problem solving, reasoning and communication (Chapter 3). Individuals and groups are more likely to accept changes if they understand the reasons for these changes and can see the role they should play within the broad national strategy. | 4 | 3SDG 4
| 0 | 3 | 1 |
10.14217/9781848591677-6-en | ff75c24abfe411f0d0bc3f25ae0bca41 | Why are Bangladeshi women not more prominent in politics, despite having two women leaders? In fact, male control of both the public and private spheres hinders women's political participation. In the public sphere, women have to contend with mastan culture (mastan culture refers to the killers, extortionists, looters, and perpetrators of violent crimes who operate under the supervision of so-called 'godfathers') (Rashiduzzaman 2001: 23) and availability of illegal arms, accessibility to black market money and fear of sexual harassment (Chowdhury 2009). In 2013, the cabinet has six women lead important ministries, including defence, foreign affairs, energy, agriculture, labour and employment. | 5 | 4SDG 5
| 1 | 8 | 0.777778 |
10.1787/empl/outlook-2016-8-en | ff77e8cd70e4313b50f5e27865e5d9fc | Well-designed working time regulations that promote flexibility and facilitate part-time work can be equally valuable. A well-structured system of parental leave can have positive effects on women’s labour force participation and employment. It should be publicly funded and not place excessive costs on employers, to avoid adverse effects on their willingness to hire mothers. | 5 | 4SDG 5
| 0 | 9 | 1 |
10.2139/SSRN.3245279 | ff78fd7578093982f10c4a8dc85a1a05 | The essay considers the record of Supreme Court nominee Brett Kavanaugh within antitrust law and related policies. Deep substantive engagement with a nominee’s record by subject-area experts—as an adjunct to review by generalist Senators and interest groups—seems desirable and missing from much of our debate, as to Supreme Court nominees of any background or persuasion. In this particular case it is uncommonly necessary, because the nominee is himself uncommon. Review of the antitrust cases, along with cases on cognate competition issues and the closely related context of net neutrality, turns out to be both stark and quite telling. It discloses a more generalized political economy and a more generalized approach to judging. In particular, Judge Kavanaugh has demonstrated a strongly ideological agenda and a willingness to pursue it with substantial disregard for precedent and statute. | 16 | 15SDG 16
| 1 | 5 | 0.666667 |
10.1787/9789264231122-7-en | ff79f284fda38374eb6508704819cb89 | There can be internal and external pressure to expand or reduce the spectrum of stakeholders to be engaged. Promoters of stakeholder engagement sometimes try to avoid involving the “usual suspects”, which has become a term of denigration for actors with vast interests in water-related decisions (typically water service providers, farmers, etc.). Stakeholders should be involved because they are the relevant actors to the decision-making process in question. | 6 | 5SDG 6
| 1 | 3 | 0.5 |
10.2139/SSRN.3021228 | ff7a0571ea8e3cc78eed76f96bae31f7 | A fundamental concern of government is getting citizens to comply with its laws. Yet, citizen beliefs on the importance of following the law have received relatively little attention in political science scholarship. People's feelings regarding legal compliance are driven by a dynamic and nuanced set of influences. In this study we explore the degree to which people are committed to the rule of law and the importance of legal obedience. We employ a structural equation modeling approach to assaying the factors that influence citizens' beliefs regarding the importance of following the law. We find that citizens' perceptions on the legitimacy of legal institutions and justice system scandals, among other considerations, can impact the importance citizens' attach to obeying the law. Some factors also wield indirect effects on compliance attitudes by influencing citizens' views regarding the legitimacy of courts. Our paper provides novel insights on this core aspect of government-citizen dynamics. | 16 | 15SDG 16
| 3 | 5 | 0.25 |
10.1787/a09a3a5d-en | ff7a209f9c007ed4692bc808675a4a8b | The removal of barriers to their participation in innovation activities can further contribute. Some studies point out that credit market failures might partly explain cross-country differences in productivity and adoption of new technologies (Baneijee and Duflo, 2005). This is crucial, as barriers to technology adoption facing firms might at least partly explain differences in economic development between countries (Parente and Prescott, 1994, OECD, 2015h). They do so by helping demonstrate the potential of certain social groups and changing the attitudes of employers or investors towards them. | 9 | 8SDG 9
| 5 | 7 | 0.166667 |
10.1080/00933104.2010.10473417 | ff7b29c5b998db8bc79455f09c6cc506 | The authors trace the development and implementation of Virginia's History and Social Science standards-based accountability system from 1995 to 2009. They frame the study within an examination of the political ideologies that influence policy realization and unpack the relationship between ideological and epistemological beliefs about the nature of disciplinary knowledge and arguments regarding what knowledge is of most worth and whose voices should be included. While initial policy implementation created vociferous reactions, subsequent revisions have been met with silence. Such acquiescence, the authors suggest, reflects the ways in which high stakes testing as a vehicle for assessing learning has become normalized in Virginia. This shift in beliefs about education foreshadows the potential impact of the nationwide accountability movement and raises a concern that if Virginia ceased to test history and social science, its place within the school schedule would be lost to content areas that impact Adequ... | 16 | 15SDG 16
| 1 | 4 | 0.6 |
10.18356/fcd1ba6c-en | ff7b92b198ebb44f5b9ea6911b782231 | While some give greater emphasis to the manipulation of prices and financing in carbon markets, others see carbon markets as only one part of a complex ensemble of policies. They will also change the distribution of income available for nonenergy purchases. If carbon prices were increased by a tax or trading system, what would be the extent of the (intended) effect on emissions and the (unintended) effect on income distribution? | 7 | 6SDG 7
| 0 | 3 | 1 |
10.1787/9789264092624-5-en | ff7bce0502a2d36ff9ad654c3d022bfa | Because hazardous waste has a wide range of producers across many types of industries, all levels of government tend to be involved in its management with distributed responsibility across federal, regional and local authorities. A diversity of administrative frameworks deals with hazardous waste management, which is largely market-oriented within a regulatory framework. | 12 | 11SDG 12
| 0 | 9 | 1 |
10.1787/9789264183704-6-en | ff7d6d4d7e1f5f0f17592fac67e3972f | An important innovation to ensure effective TGC support of technologies in the early stages of market deployment was the introduction of banding10 which has been introduced in Italy and the UK. For instance, in the UK one renewable obligation certificate (ROC) is granted per MWh of electricity generated. This market-led approach aims to encourage competition between technologies to minimise cost (Wood and Dow, 2011). | 7 | 6SDG 7
| 0 | 5 | 1 |
10.1787/9789264272637-5-en | ff7d95e8cf158a335ab646e6bc4add71 | In particular, both central and local governments are focusing on reducing reliance on cars, sometimes adopting a “road diet” approach, and promoting public transport and soft mobility. For example, the approach of reducing road lanes and parking space is applied drastically in Sejong, Korea's most recently created city (see detailed profile in Chapter 3). Implementing such a vision requires a holistic approach to the metropolitan area’s development. Well-integrated transport, spatial and economic policies have contributed to making it possible for 90% of morning journey's to be by public transport or non-motorised modes (TfL, 2015). | 11 | 10SDG 11
| 0 | 5 | 1 |
10.1787/9789264110984-6-en | ff7e7488b05d3514d3c30b19caa4fa8c | The programme is run by the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) under the oversight of a high-level inter-ministerial National Advisory Committee. The cash transfer is paid to the most responsible adult person in the household and is based on a set of conditions including completing pre-natal and post-natal care courses, parenthood sessions, preventive child health check-up, vaccination, de-worming, and at least 85% of school attendance. Conditionality is a critical strategic instrument to attain development targets in the health and education sectors linked to the MDGs, namely MDG I: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger, MDG 2: Achieve Universal Primary Education, MDG 3: Reduce Child Mortality, Improve Maternal Health, and MDG 5: Promote Gender Equality. This includes a detailed targeting system to identify the poorest households on the basis of objective parameters, a computerised system to verify compliance installed in schools and health centres, and a two-pronged monitoring and evaluation system to ensure effective implementation and assess impact on beneficiaries. | 8 | 7SDG 8
| 2 | 1 | 0.333333 |
10.1787/5k92n2x6pts3-en | ff7ed1ba748a67dc698dee5378409b5c | For example, budgetary restrictions may lead to a desire to better target the reference programme so as to reduce its outlay, thereby lowering the eligibility line and therefore reducing measured poverty, in a situation where standards of living both in absolute and relative terms are likely to fall. In a country where the national poverty line accurately reflects society's views of what is meant by poverty, the poverty line is the natural measure of policy effectiveness and outcomes. As outlined above, it matters how such a poverty line is defined, and it matters even more how such a poverty line is updated: the use of a poverty line that varies systematically at pre-determined intervals with objective and verifiable data is superior to the use of poverty lines whose evolution leaves scope for political influence or methodological changes. | 1 | 0SDG 1
| 1 | 5 | 0.666667 |
10.1787/9789264303201-5-en | ff7f6394c2cb0632f6090550f44ec63f | Australia’s National Strategy for Ecologically Sustainable Development (1992) contains strategic approaches, objectives and actions for various sectors as well as cross-sectoral issues including biodiversity'. One of the core objectives of the strategy is to protect biological diversity and maintain essential ecological processes and life-support systems21 (Australian Government, 1992). For instance, India’s National Action Plan on Climate Change (Gol, 2008) contains eight national missions, two of which specifically relate to biodiversity. | 15 | 14SDG 15
| 0 | 6 | 1 |
10.6027/9789289331777-4-en | ff81c429f6bd0536e026094bccd2dc23 | Small economic size and a narrow resource base may lead to frequent swings in economic variables as prices or supply of a narrow range of resources change. This volatility complicates circum-Arctic comparisons and raises the risk of arriving at biased or invalid comparisons (Larsen, 2007). The observed economic volatility captured in GDP complicates regional comparisons of material well-being based on single year analysis and GDP data. | 1 | 0SDG 1
| 2 | 1 | 0.333333 |
10.1787/9789264263260-7-en | ff8274ba9701d9f8f275ad8dc90e1bcd | In an urban policy environment characterised by high levels of uncertainty, such indicators and targets can provide a tool for identifying the specific assets for development in different communities and maximising a city’s potential for overall progress. More than 40 separate indicators across administrative, survey and census data sources span seven “domains” of deprivation: employment, income, health, crime, education, living environment and barriers to services. The IMD were initially built at the district ward level in 2000, then at the smaller scale of 32 482 “lower-layer super-output areas” of roughly 1 500 residents in 2004, 2007 and 2010. Most of the statistics used in the latest edition (2010) are from 2008, and new' indices were expected to be produced in 2015. | 11 | 10SDG 11
| 0 | 10 | 1 |
11.1002/pub/80f4831e-d5917bb0-en | ff832e701c98d3e4e91dc8572a3208db | Girl Guides in the Central African Republic. Available at: https://commons.wikimedia.0rg/wiki/File:6irl_6uides_in_the_Central_African_Republic.jpg. All accessed 11 Dec. 2016. Non-formal learning and learning for skills development also help learners obtain knowledge that is not typically found in national curricula, which usually focus solely on subject areas such as mathematics, science and the language of instruction (although academic subjects may still be included to facilitate basic education in the non-formal learning sector). | 4 | 3SDG 4
| 1 | 2 | 0.333333 |
11.1002/pub/807b38cb-39ff5763-en | ff87b9d3dc5b339d6eedb072ce3bdace | However, when comparing findings across research, a number of caveats need to be raised. First, broadband exhibits a higher contribution to economic growth in countries that have a higher adoption of the technology (this could be labelled the "critical mass" or "return to scale" theory"14). Second, broadband has a stronger productivity impact in sectors with high transaction costs, such as financial services, or high labour intensity, such as tourism and lodging. Third, in less developed regions, as postulated in economic theory, broadband enables the adoption of more efficient business processes and leads to capital-labour substitution and, therefore loss of jobs (this could be labelled the "productivity shock theory"). | 9 | 8SDG 9
| 0 | 3 | 1 |
10.1163/15736512-02301003 | ff88643a9bb10b2677b9129f1a5d547e | This paper revisits the 1928 Pact of Paris (also known as the Kellogg-Briand Pact) with special consideration for German and Austrian scholarship during the interwar period and embed it in its historical context, from the establishment of the League of Nations to the Nuremberg Tribunals all the way to the United Nations Charter. Given that the 2016 election of Donald Trump as US president and the parallel rise of China prompts us to contemplate whether we might be witnessing the return of a quasi-Cold War or Great Power-politics, a few concluding thoughts on the waning ‘liberal world order’ and the comeback of (neo-)realist thinking are also warranted. | 16 | 15SDG 16
| 2 | 4 | 0.333333 |
10.1787/9789264281707-7-en | ff8a245e44ae39547129c06eb23b271b | For the same reason, it makes sense to only consider seasonal variation at a later stage in Korea. Section 3.4 discusses how these concerns can be addressed and provides recommendations on how to transition from the existing instruments managed by MoLIT to abstraction charges that contribute to water policy objectives in Korea. This is an issue in Korea, where the development of water infrastructures (dams and canals) was essentially meant to drive economic development and to provide equal opportunities to all parts of the national territory to develop. | 6 | 5SDG 6
| 1 | 2 | 0.333333 |
10.1787/9789264268852-5-en | ff8a577808bc27a3fba458a0f2a225e2 | If spatial and economic plans fail to take into account the reality of a declining city, disproportionately large education and health facilities will put a heavy burden on municipal and regional public finances. The programme has a comprehensive approach of monotown development. It has three major goals: i) developing and improving urban infrastructure (roads, municipal utility networks) and the housing stock, ii) economic diversification and SME development to increase employment, and iii) increasing labour mobility to stimulate voluntary movement to areas with higher social and economic development potential. | 11 | 10SDG 11
| 1 | 3 | 0.5 |
10.1787/5k92sn0f8dbt-en | ff8b08fdc13bb83665c693317bfa3042 | The Ministry of Environment estimates the worldwide investment in RES should be multiplied by five from EUR 122 billion in 2005 to EUR 590 billion in 2030. Depending on the assumptions made on German export market shares, the estimated impact on GDP of the RES policy varied by 20% and the impact on employment by one third (BMU, 2011). Implementing cost-efficient climate change policies will not be sufficient to maintain the leadership on green markets. | 7 | 6SDG 7
| 5 | 4 | 0.111111 |
10.1787/9789264233911-3-en | ff8ce72efa4de84064c20f1447a28615 | Formulaic updating, on the basis for example of a moving average of past prices, reduces the potential for stabilisation and hence the value of the intervention, but does offset the costs of intervention. However, the buffer stock can only sell what it has previously bought so once its stock is exhausted the authority has no further means of defending the ceiling. The consequence is that buffer stock agreements tend to [be] more effective in limiting price falls than in curtailing the incidence and magnitude of spikes. Although attacks can take place either on a floor or a ceiling price, the problem is more serious at the ceiling. | 2 | 1SDG 2
| 5 | 5 | 0 |
10.1787/9789264089457-en | ff8e5b9f6d826664fc0cda34523c7b39 | All researchers and aspiring entrepreneurs are welcome to take part to this forum. Altogether 26 projects/products have passed the proof of concept stage and 11 projects/products have been introduced to potential commercialisation partners involved in activities ranging from pharmaceutical, water and waste management, construction to management of cars. Four projects involving products such as bio-organic fertilisers and microelectronics design are to be commercialised by former USM students graduated from the Student Entrepreneur Development Initiative Agenda (SEDLA) programme. | 4 | 3SDG 4
| 3 | 6 | 0.333333 |
10.4067/S0718-090X2017000200449 | ff900e6a3fcd2474f019bb9a5202696c | El Salvador continues to struggle with elevated levels of criminal violence perpetrated by street gangs, drug trafficking organizations, members of the security forces, and other criminal groups. The Attorney General’s Office and courts have taken some positive steps towards tackling impunity for current and civil war-era crimes. However, a history of corruption and favoritism within those institutions continues to undermine citizens’ faith in the legitimacy of their actions. Finally, El Salvador confronts a challenging road ahead characterized by uncertainty over the implications of an overturned amnesty law, low rates of economic growth, and a new U.S. president in the White House. | 16 | 15SDG 16
| 0 | 6 | 1 |
10.30875/5c87fcba-en | ff90fdfdbb27ab118926c13f6d4d9908 | The term "big data" does not refer simply to the quantity of digital information, but to a qualitative leap in ability that collecting such large sets of digital information makes possible. Those capacities include "the ability to extract new insights or create new forms of value, in ways that change markets, organizations, the relationship between citizens and governments, and more" (Mayer-Schonberger and Cukier, 2013). However, it has been argued that big data can also be the foundation of information asymmetry between firms with differing access to data, and between countries due to the digital divide (Ciuriak, 2018b). | 9 | 8SDG 9
| 1 | 4 | 0.6 |
10.18356/ad0bffd4-en | ff91cbce8a52118422b4d989b64b1b82 | These containers are collected daily, including weekends and holidays, and the town centre is served twice a day. The waste collection scheme for municipal waste from Chisinau is designed so that waste is taken to a transfer station in Chekani, which lies on the outskirts of Chisinau, and from there it is transported 20 km to the landfill at Tintareni. Research done in the Development Region South has found that the collection equipment is sufficient to provide collection services and municipalities are actively searching for investments in the modernization of waste management infrastructure. | 12 | 11SDG 12
| 3 | 22 | 0.76 |
10.18356/c10e763b-en | ff920092eb7a1b2617f756d4c757bfba | Through the Drina assessment, the nexus gained momentum in the Western Balkans, and the project has contributed to the debate on trade-offs related to the development of hydropower potential, while also raising awareness about related environmental considerations in the Energy Community, among others. The regional round table "Operationalizing the Water, Food, Energy and Environment Nexus in South-Eastern Europe (SEE)" held in June 2017, used key inputs from the Drina assessment. The project "Promoting the Sustainable Management of Natural Resources in Southeastern Europe, through the use of Nexus approach", carried out in cooperation with GWP-Mediterranean, contributes to the South-East Europe 2020 Strategy, which includes "advancing the water, energy and food nexus approach at national and transboundary levels" as one of its objectives. | 6 | 5SDG 6
| 2 | 2 | 0 |
10.1787/5kgj0d3vzcth-en | ff92533ecb8721c7a5805a87b6eac355 | The public was invited to comment on ways of providing direct business assistance (e.g. as a concessional credit, as a general cash giant, or a targeted grant). For each option, advantages and disadvantages were outlined for public consideration. The current characteristics of the programme (in particular the SRM) reflect the feedback received from this review process. The Adverse Events Framework is therefore a broadly consulted assistance framework which seems to reflect current public consensus concerning provision of such assistance. The OECD interviews showed there is general appreciation by the farming community of the Adverse Events Framework, although some members of this community questioned the fact that the SRM was not automatically triggered. | 2 | 1SDG 2
| 7 | 2 | 0.555556 |
10.1787/9789264083578-8-en | ff9810c1f38cf5e2ce4933103f9ee212 | Its production possibilities are 1,200 tons of lint on 1,000 ha of irrigated cotton or 4,800 tons of grain on 1,500 ha of irrigated wheat. Suppose Country B is less productive, due to poorer soils, less sunshine, or inadequate access to crop nutrients. Its production possibilities are 800 tons of lint on 1,000 ha of irrigated cotton or 4,000 tons of grain on 1,500 ha of irrigated wheat. | 6 | 5SDG 6
| 3 | 0 | 1 |
10.18356/584f8730-en | ff989091060eca20b6f184a453888e7e | Another relevant indicator is the services reform index of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, which is used to measure progress in policy reform in the services sector. That index reflects the average of three subindices, namely banking, non-banking and infrastructure reforms. For the other two WTO entrants, Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation, although at higher levels than Tajikistan, the index shows a more stable trend, and thus suggests slow progress over the past decade. | 8 | 7SDG 8
| 0 | 3 | 1 |
10.1787/9789264083479-4-en | ff9a7df7bfe40f0bef4be278af9b44c5 | The technology was modified in a lengthy development project with Outlast. A producer of winter jackets now has a licence to use the technology owned by Quilts of Denmark. Networks, OECD, Paris. It offers firms a way to explore new growth opportunities at lower risk and greater flexibility and responsiveness potentially at lower costs. | 9 | 8SDG 9
| 2 | 7 | 0.555556 |
10.1787/9789264116788-5-en | ff9b34f318784e4c970b7f25f29e4c09 | For instance, the “language and language communication” area has seven objectives such as “gaining the self-confidence for public performance and for cultivated expression as a means of self-assertion”. For example, in mathematics, for stage 2 of basic education, expected outcomes are organised in four areas (numbers and variables, dependencies, relations and working with data, planar and spatial geometry, and non-standard application exercises and problems). For each area, between 2 and 13 expected outcomes are proposed, for instance “seek, evaluate and process data” and “sketch and construct basic bodies”. | 4 | 3SDG 4
| 1 | 4 | 0.6 |
11.1002/pub/80d83f4c-en | ff9d8aa189e0ecc529f3955c7d2c8453 | Or you can unsubscribe by calling XXXXXXX or going to www. A similar randomized controlled trial of 2 years' duration among 537 Asian Indian men with pre-diabetes found that mobile phone messaging was an acceptable method for delivering advice and support for lifestyle modification to prevent type 2 diabetes (Ramachandran, 2013). The trial was the first to show the benefit of this technology in the prevention of diabetes, with a 36% reduction in relative risk as compared with standard care within 2 years. A further pilot study of 1 year's duration among 200 patients with type 2 diabetes in the clinic showed that mobile phone messages about the principles of diabetes management helped to improve health care outcomes. | 3 | 2SDG 3
| 0 | 3 | 1 |
10.1787/9789264252820-en | ff9dc9a7dfd20a194f12743267ba9936 | Consider establishing or strengthening capacity of independent institutions (such as Independent Commissions, Supreme Audit Institutions, Ombuds Offices), and advisory bodies (e.g., Government councils) to monitor the implementation of gender equality strategies, integrate gender issues in policy-making, and facilitate regular reporting, audits and measurement. To be effective, such oversight should be undertaken in a balanced manner and avoid prescriptive approaches to foster continuous improvement while enabling to track progress in gender equality. For example, based on good practices and as appropriate, these measures can include disclosure requirements, quotas, voluntary targets, parity laws, alternating the sexes on the party list and linking gender ratios in political parties to their access to public funding. Promote merit-based recruitment, consider positive policies and practices to ensure a balanced representation of men and women in each occupational group in public sector employment, and, develop concrete measures to ensure the effective removal of the implicit barriers within hiring and staffing processes, where appropriate and necessary. | 5 | 4SDG 5
| 0 | 9 | 1 |
10.1787/9789264120525-6-en | ff9efd28f317ba28f9587fd10ed22807 | Ofwat publishes the indicators annually in a public report. These simple performance scorecards have helped measure the efficiency of service provision and pressure the “worst in the class” (Kingdom and Jagannathan, 2001). Such tools need to be used with caution, however, as differences in performance can be due to a variety of factors aside from relative efficiency, such as differences in physical conditions, population density, nature of the terrain, age of the network, etc. For this reason, Ofwat has developed sophisticated econometric models to assess comparative efficiency of regulated companies while controlling for exogenous factors that can affect performance. In OECD countries, the regulatory regime in place can influence the selection of investment options, linked to the set of incentives that they introduce. | 6 | 5SDG 6
| 1 | 2 | 0.333333 |
10.1787/9789264202276-9-en | ff9f5e96efd5ba722befbe50a08185eb | Another utility, Miyahuna, was created by the Ministry of Water and Irrigation to take over the management of the water system in Amman after LEMA’s contract expired in 2006. Miyahuna is an independent limited liability company that is run along commercial principles but wholly owned by the Water Authority of Jordan. In response, the government increased public sector wages and instituted social protection measures, such as lifeline electricity tariffs that subsidise low-income users’ consumption, to counteract the impact of increased energy prices. | 7 | 6SDG 7
| 2 | 7 | 0.555556 |
10.6027/9789289344227-7-en | ff9f9512c72727bff4874c6c1256c7f6 | Moreover, means are also combined, which includes support schemes, advisory services, tailor made education and support of cluster organisations. Among the six strategic areas of Innovation Fund Denmark are "production, materials, digitalisation and ICT". Among other instruments, which can be used to further automation and digitalisation is the so-called InnoBooster scheme. The grants are used to invest in knowledge, consultancy services, equipment and cooperation with knowledge institutes. | 9 | 8SDG 9
| 0 | 9 | 1 |
10.18356/edf15661-en | ffa202e80a0b83007220674861ced91e | Young women's demographic position in a large youth population that is postponing marriage puts their sexuality under particular scrutiny. The total fertility rate is the average number of children a woman would have if current age-specific fertility rates remained constant throughout her childbearing years. Any method includes modern and traditional methods. Traditional methods include periodic abstinence, withdrawal, prolonged breastfeeding and folk methods. | 5 | 4SDG 5
| 2 | 2 | 0 |
10.18356/641d54a4-en | ffa24c58b2f926d03c2c6f5cced7b943 | The study points out that in order to resolve the question of illegal logging, progress is needed on macroeconomic issues beyond the forest sector, such as unemployment and rural poverty. It is physically worn out, obsolete and in need of fundamental reconstruction. The transformation would bypass intermediate development stages and turn the sector into a renewed, vigorous, modern and progressive segment of the national and global economy. | 15 | 14SDG 15
| 3 | 5 | 0.25 |
10.1111/CFS.12125 | ffa9506ac24ab1d69d12cb3da5ebe750 | In a climate of austerity, timescales and targets, this paper probes whether parents matter sufficiently within the current child protection system in England. Evidence suggests that achieving partnership working in the context of child protection has become increasingly illusive, particularly when parents are notified that the local authority is considering compulsory intervention to remove their children under the Children Act 1989. Recent changes to legislation, policy and practice ushered in with the aim of achieving earlier decisions within the time frame for the child are laudable, but there are consequences for both children and their parents. The aspirations of the Public Law Outline (2008) are well rehearsed, but the changes being introduced with the recent reform of the family justice system, alongside particular constructions of parenting, may be failing to recognize the potential of many parents, if offered appropriate support, to care safely for their children. | 16 | 15SDG 16
| 1 | 5 | 0.666667 |
10.1787/5km35m63qqvc-en | ffab93315b08b0471abbb37e0ae17996 | This is reflected in the unemployment rates of young adults aged 25-34, which tend to be about one-third higher than the overall unemployment rate (compared with a difference of 10% on OECD average). It is also reflected in the development of so-called “freeters” (see Box 1.1). The Survey on Human Resource Strategies and Work Awareness in the Population Decreasing Society reveals that companies with a positive attitude towards skills development are not much inclined to recruit freeters as regular workers, and are likely to set a relatively low upper limit on the age of freeters who can be recruited (Mitani, 2008). | 8 | 7SDG 8
| 0 | 3 | 1 |
10.1787/9789264123564-6-en | ffacd66389f60f433bd9ae03b5051faa | However, the overall quality of the ECEC setting did have an effect on adult earnings. In many countries staff-child ratios have been regulated with higher staff-child ratios for the very young and lower ratios for older children (NICHD, 2002). Research is lacking, however, on exactly which ratio is most favourable to enhance teacher job satisfaction, ECEC quality and child outcomes. | 4 | 3SDG 4
| 0 | 9 | 1 |
10.18356/dec4eb09-en | ffae8185c144dddbe1717d0c6e2c3489 | At the current stage, a basic waste management infrastructure for recycling is being developed. In addition, a waste paper processing plant, Sumgait Carton, developed by Azersun in 2009 is able to produce up to 50,000 tons of paper annually. Similarly, the country has capacity for processing waste glass and scrap metal, which creates a solid base for the introduction of nationwide recycling programmes. | 12 | 11SDG 12
| 1 | 22 | 0.913043 |