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10.1787/9789264214262-16-en | fe9143a188f1b78eedbba8eccb1ad87e | Taking the logarithm of GDP per capita can often capture this relationship well. The ratio of female to male members of parliament is the one exception and is characterised by a linear relationship with GDP per capita. Although we still live in a world where women are, on average, disadvantaged relative to men, the situation seems to have improved in the second half of the 20th century, especially from the 1980s onwards. | 5 | 4SDG 5
| 0 | 9 | 1 |
10.1787/5kg57kjj5hs8-en | fe95395dd342b473d15a3487e2181c37 | The online basic skills test for ICT covers the core skills that teachers need to fulfil their wider professional role in schools rather than the subject knowledge required for teaching. The test requires them to demonstrate the ability to make changes to slides in presentation software using a web browser, to use email and various functions within email, to use a text editor and email, to update a spreadsheet and to download resources from the internet and register for a newsletter. All trainee teachers are required to pass this online test in ICT competence before they can be awarded Qualified Teacher Status. The “Initial Teacher Training National Curriculum in the Use of ICT in Subject Teaching” which was introduced in teacher education institutes in 1998 in England consisted of over a hundred statements of competence in ICT, and extended to 17 pages of print, but it was found to be overly bureaucratic and difficult to assess in practice, hence the move to a more succinct formulation of the ICT competences which trainee teachers are required to possess (country report24 dedicated to England, last updated and revised in October 2007). | 4 | 3SDG 4
| 0 | 3 | 1 |
11.1002/pub/80f4cf5d-be0a6beb-en | fe96525d17b80e81e3f8cf0616ca6984 | This increases the need for all countries, industries and people to consider carefully which actions to take, in order to prepare as best as possible. As we look towards how technology can be harnessed to achieve the SDGs, the case of e-commerce provides a case in point. What does this transformative method of trade offer? | 8 | 7SDG 8
| 1 | 2 | 0.333333 |
10.18356/18db943d-en | fe97322d873b5a5a377cb082ea4fad42 | The forecast and the interpretation are passed on to the communities via a local meteorological office. Local NGOs assist the communities in assessing the potential impact of severe weather events on livelihood systems and designing mitigation and coping strategies. But where possible, early warnings for individual hazards should be integrated into a multi-hazard system. This brings benefits in terms of economies of scale, sustainability and efficiency. | 13 | 12SDG 13
| 1 | 8 | 0.777778 |
10.1787/9789264188617-en | fe98232f8ba84b3c67c34f0732a39d70 | Storage facilities would increase system security by storing variable renewable electricity produced during low demand periods and using it during high demand or peak periods. This back-up capacity is considered to be of added value as it is low-carbon electricity production. This controversial debate is illustrated by Nyamdash, Denny and O’Malley for the Irish electricity system (Nyamdash et al., | 7 | 6SDG 7
| 0 | 3 | 1 |
10.18356/78349259-en | fe99d89768a4159d9f424bd7c4a451b6 | Another-and probably the world’s largest — is the Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme of the Government of India. The Scheme has an annual budget of over US$4 billion and guarantees 100 days employment for die participating households. But the conditions applied also represent extra demands on over-worked mothers who have to ensure that children attend schools and clinics. Apart from reinforcing traditional gender roles, diese conditions can displace women from farming or other income-generating activities. | 2 | 1SDG 2
| 5 | 4 | 0.111111 |
10.1007/978-981-13-0417-0_4 | fe99edf315524abfdd53da79935ada9d | The module starts by examining the conceptual framework of culture, cultural diversity and threats to cultural diversity in the form of culture-based prejudicing ideologies and development. To prevent the threats to cultural diversity, the module facilitates awareness development on promoting child’s cultural rights and responsibilities for protection of cultural pluralism, intercultural harmony, multiculturalism, interculturality and intercultural inclusion. The Indian Constitution provides rights and safeguards to preserve religious and linguistic diversity. The module develops awareness of religious diversity and causes of religious communalism. It then facilitates learning of the skills for protecting child’s religious rights and promoting inter-religious inclusion. Finally, it develops awareness of linguistic diversity and learning of the skills for protecting child’s linguistic rights and promoting interlinguistic inclusion. | 16 | 15SDG 16
| 4 | 1 | 0.6 |
10.1787/9789264113503-6-en | fea090cbd0a36a17a2c04625d77b2394 | An earlier intergovernmental agreement envisages financing through a Russian loan of around EUR 5-6 billion. Their economic viability and investment attractiveness is determined by the prices of fuels (coal and natural gas) and electricity tariffs, which both depend mainly on politically sensitive tariff decisions. Investments in this sector thus remain a risky undertaking, despite the significant business potential for electricity exports to neighbouring countries, notably Belarus, Poland and Slovakia. New generation capacity has also been developed: the first unit of the Dnister pumped-storage hydroelectric power plant started operating by the end of 2009 and with additional units planned in coming years this plant might become one of the largest of its type in Europe. Other segments of the renewable sub-sector remain for the moment dominated by small-scale units, mostly privately-owned. Nuclear safety is probably the most successful field of Ukraine’s co-operation with the EU which provides and supports the country’s access to grants and loans. | 7 | 6SDG 7
| 0 | 9 | 1 |
10.18356/520b80a5-en | fea1f48dbeb26e7c062d3eb690c285be | Exports from Thailand recovered by February 2012 but have subsequently been fluctuating. Moreover, Indonesia, the Republic of Korea and Taiwan Province of China have been confronted with weakening demand from China and the rest of the world, which has resulted in declining growth of their exports from March 2012. The country has been affected by its high specialization in exports of IT-related services combined with weak integration in regional production networks. | 10 | 9SDG 10
| 3 | 2 | 0.2 |
11.1002/pub/810be2fb-28c79b34-en | fea2c17eb1e498da4fba1e27bfeb8204 | So, it is not clear how much zero-rated services get new users online. As one report puts it: "Even with a zero-rated service, the user must still have a device and an active account with the operator that offers the zero-rated service. This raises the question of whether zero-rated services can bring people online who had not previously used the Internet" (A4AI, 2016). | 9 | 8SDG 9
| 2 | 7 | 0.555556 |
10.1787/9789264230491-5-en | fea4a11680170f807b2e3300eaa0f10b | The new approach granted a greater degree of administrative independence to states than under the first stage, even though tight financial constraints were maintained through a system of earmarked federal transfers. The states agreed to increase financing of health care from their own resources to reach 20% of their budgets, although this target was not always reached. Unlike the first wave of reforms, the IMSS-Oportunidades system maintained its independence from State Health Services (SHS) for the remaining states decentralised under the second wave. While the 1984 General Health Law regulates all aspects of the health sector, and draws on the universal right to health protection set out in the Constitution, it includes no comprehensive list or specific package of services covered beyond this generic entitlement to coverage (a principal also indicated in the social security laws governing IMSS and ISSSTE). | 3 | 2SDG 3
| 0 | 4 | 1 |
10.1787/5js04v5wjw9p-en | fea5ad16160a0629e242b43be0edd5dd | Wage premia refer to the notion that financial sector workers receive compensation in excess of their productivity, estimated by what people with similar characteristics obtain in other sectors. They can widen income inequality by channelling funds to high-earning financial sector employees. While the earnings of overskilled financial sector workers equal their potential productivity, they are greater than their actual productivity on the job. | 10 | 9SDG 10
| 2 | 7 | 0.555556 |
10.18356/8d6bdedf-en | fea5b96591239ac31ed6da7e165f5e76 | In contrast, the share of the world’s extremely poor people increased in South Asia, from 29 per cent in 1981 to 43 per cent in 2005. The share of poor people in sub-Saharan Africa more than doubled over the same period, having gone from 11 per cent in 1981 to 28 per cent in 2005. These changes are partly accounted for by high rates of population growth in the absence of strong economic and productive employment growth, as well as by the failure in both regions to achieve significant structural change. | 1 | 0SDG 1
| 1 | 8 | 0.777778 |
10.18356/48886cb2-en | fea8082f2ce4753e60d2e8485a5fa7fb | Four main areas are covered: politics and governance, the judiciary, civil service and the private sector. Statistical agencies in many countries do not routinely collect and disseminate data on women in power and decisionmaking, and few international or regional organizations compile those statistics. ' The most readily available information on decision-making is the number and proportion of women in national parliaments and key elected positions, collected under the auspices of the Inter-Parliamentary Union and monitored within the framework of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The European Commissions database on women and men in decision-making gives a comprehensive regional picture of women and men in top positions.5 The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe’s (UNECE) Gender Statistics Database and the United Nations Development Fund’s (UNIFEM) biennial Progress of the World’s Women provided additional statistics on some of the topics covered in the chapter. The statistics and analysis on some of these topics are based in large part on sources available from private or non-governmental organizations. The presentation and analysis on these topics are therefore relatively limited. | 5 | 4SDG 5
| 0 | 9 | 1 |
10.1787/5jrxr7vj1g9v-en | fea816b6600cafe67380414cbe8b4eab | Most involuntary mental health admissions are under the Mental Health Act 1983. Importantly, this Act codified the professional roles of those with the power to apply for the detainment of a patient, specifically those powers held by an Approved Social Worker (ASW), and stipulated specific staff training for any individuals administering the act (Rapaport and Manthorpe, 2009). The Mental Health Act 1995 then gave authorities new powers over those discharged from hospital. | 3 | 2SDG 3
| 0 | 4 | 1 |
10.1787/9789264280489-7-en | feae9621652552bcb02badbf7c3d2952 | Vouchers for career guidance services must be purchased online, and 93% of costs are subsidised. Individuals can benefit from a personal meeting with a counsellor which consists first of an assessment during which the individual completes exercises and tasks w ith the counsellor to discover his strengths, job values, and career goals. Concepts and Transformation, Vol. A cross-country analysis of teacher pay and pupil performance”, Econ. | 4 | 3SDG 4
| 1 | 2 | 0.333333 |
10.1787/9789264207585-4-en | feb0985f45f6122102ac6a500d57e693 | Unlike other federal nations, the United States did not measure the performance of all states individually, but students in three states - Florida, Connecticut and Massachusetts - were oversampled so as to give state-level results for these states. In mathematics, Massachusetts scored highest of the three, with 514 points (comparable with the performance of Germany), followed by Connecticut with 506 points (comparable with the performance of Austria) and then Florida with 467 points (comparable with the performance of Israel). Similarly, there has been no significant change in reading performance since 2000 and none in science since 2006. | 4 | 3SDG 4
| 1 | 2 | 0.333333 |
10.1787/9789264079502-6-en | feb358e3beef88ad35069e600da5f0fe | The revenue they generate supports infrastructure development and compliance promotion campaigns through the Environment Fund. Voluntary approaches by business and industry, especially regarding air and waste, have led to increased recycling, reduced air pollution and the promotion of eco-innovation and energy efficiency. The lack of enforcement capacity in smaller municipalities has been an important impediment. | 12 | 11SDG 12
| 1 | 8 | 0.777778 |
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en | feb380250536ed56ed7b49a14fca3ca7 | The relationship between child poverty and maternal employment is particularly strong (OECD, 2008). Research has increasingly emphasised the role of female employment on poverty levels, with high rates of female employment tending to reduce both poverty and inequality (Harkness, 2010). Employment rates of persons of working age in 2003, employment rates of mothers in 2002. Income Distribution and Poverty in OECD Countries, Figure 5.8, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787!9?89264044197-en. | 1 | 0SDG 1
| 0 | 9 | 1 |
10.1177/0891243215602105 | feb50230bef31ca65e1876d9fe215fd6 | Gender scholars have argued that legal reforms against violence position women as victims in need of state help. Using data collected from 22 months of participant observation with survivors of domestic violence in India, I urge academics to re-theorize the relationship between legal reforms and women’s citizenship during an era of neoliberal governance. Burdened with administrative tasks, Indian law enforcement personnel manage new rights claims by displacing regulatory duties onto survivors and caseworkers. Women who have access to women’s organizations are able to take advantage of these changes and “save” themselves and other women from violence. This article shows how neoliberal governmentality, when combined with women’s organizing, has the potential to restructure women’s relationship to the state. | 16 | 15SDG 16
| 2 | 20 | 0.818182 |
10.1787/rev/fish-2011-5-en | feb5ddcd13dfe0389dfe290b550eb2fa | Following the publication of the Green Paper a general consultation process was put in place where fishing sector stakeholders, as well as the public at large, had the opportunity to express their views and contribute to the dialogue on the CFP reform. The results were made public in 2010. In 2011, the European Commission will prepare a legislative proposal in time to be adopted by the EU Council and implemented by 1 January 2012. With the new approach, the principles will be decided at Community level while the day to day implementation is left to regional authorities. | 14 | 13SDG 14
| 0 | 9 | 1 |
10.18356/5b6c49ea-en | feb63c523377950447e7808af46fb269 | These numbers do nonetheless indicate that Governments favour renewables, since, excluding grid investments, Government subsidies for modern renewables amounted to $9.7/GJ compared with $0.8/GJ for fossil fuels. Note: The IEA New Policies Scenario assumes cautious implementation of recently announced commitments and plans, even if not yet officially adopted. These investments were dominated by electricity generation, transmission and distribution (51 per cent) as well as upstream investments in fossil fuel supply (46 per cent), including the oil exploration and production component and the gas exploration and production component which accounted for 19 and 13 per cent, respectively. The most important renewables investments were in large-scale hydropower (annual capacity additions of 25-30 gigawatts (GW)) and biofuels ($20 billion, of which $8 billion was for Brazil’s ethanol). | 7 | 6SDG 7
| 1 | 8 | 0.777778 |
10.14217/9781848599451-8-en | feb68f1ec8233d4b2d490cd1dd2e5a60 | As the first country where women won the right to vote, it has since championed the participation of women across all levels of society and has been rated one of the best places to work as a woman.1 In spite of key advances in the workforce, women continue to be under-represented in management and leadership roles. As of 2012, women held 14.75 per cent of private sector directorships. A recent study commissioned by New Zealand’s Ministry of Women’s Affairs has substantiated these claims, demonstrating that at the current rate of change, it will take 21 years to reach the 30 per cent representation mark (McAteer 2013). | 5 | 4SDG 5
| 0 | 9 | 1 |
10.1787/aid/glance-2017-14-en | feb900629ac9d552c00185d43a9653b2 | As in past years, the largest share of support is directed to agriculture which attracted USD 9.6 billion, a USD 1.2 billion rise or 15% growth from 2014. Further increases are noted in the fishing, industry and mining sectors up USD 13.4 million, USD 391.3 million and USD 86.8 million respectively. In contrast, the business and banking sectors fell by USD 291.4 million and USD 9.3 million. | 9 | 8SDG 9
| 1 | 4 | 0.6 |
10.1787/9789264290679-5-en | feb9f138ce3a24abf7c20185de1e6761 | The committee was set up when Region Vastra Gotaland was founded in 1999. It brings together politicians from the region and from the four associations of municipalities in the region (representing the 49 municipalities). The committee is directly linked to decision making in the Regional Executive Board. | 11 | 10SDG 11
| 4 | 6 | 0.2 |
10.18356/48886cb2-en | febde6c2059880405dd05fd4f3eef2f5 | In Asia and the more developed regions, women’s likelihood of getting elected is 0.85 that of men. The regions where women candidates are most disadvantaged compared to men candidates in terms of the probability of getting elected are Latin America and the Caribbean and Oceania. Belarus also had a much higher election rate for women, showing a female/male election rate ratio of greater than 2. | 5 | 4SDG 5
| 1 | 8 | 0.777778 |
10.1787/6d9cd656-en | fec5ef14bd043ad65348ddb369cc6c37 | But unlike similar benefits in other countries, unemployment allowance is also subject to a minimum employment requirement in most cases. Eligibility conditions, i.e., behavioural requirements for those with a benefit entitlement based on their past employment, are relatively strict and include active job search, also during participation in ALMPs (Figure 9, Panel B). Meetings with the job counsellor must be attended at least once a month. | 8 | 7SDG 8
| 1 | 3 | 0.5 |
10.18356/a2206e44-en | feca40348deffd75b86f68a619f142b3 | Identify possible synergies with other policies or public investments (e.g. opportunities to bundle public services or to equip public buildings with RETs). Identify and exploit multi-stakeholder platforms at the regional and international levels for providing advice on appropriate RET deployment strategies in combination with job- and income-generation programmes. Combine financial support with consumer education, and managerial and technical capacity-building. The poverty and gender impacts of rural electrification investments have been poorly integrated into projects so far, and while the poorest households tend to benefit from electrification as coverage expands, effectively reaching the most vulnerable remains a priority. | 7 | 6SDG 7
| 0 | 3 | 1 |
10.29397/RECIIS.V9I2.949 | fecb841c792f4bf68d2a6703211c152d | The aim of this article is essentially to discuss the intersection between diplomacy and public health policies to combat and control tobacco use, stressing the importance of cooperation in global health to achieve the foundations for the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), the first international treaty on health which was negotiated by the member countries of the World Health Assembly. The aim is also to evaluate the global health and the role of governance in international tobacco control as well to draw a link between the FCTC and diplomacy. It was concluded that health demands require a global commitment and the legislation establishing control of smoking appears as the first international measure included in a context of diplomacy in health and governance, aiming public policy-making for the promotion of global health. | 16 | 15SDG 16
| 2 | 3 | 0.2 |
10.18356/18db943d-en | fed0e9cd045fa0e551b08883363b74c5 | Since 2004, several countries have made major investments in national early warning systems. These include setting up state-of-the-art warning centres that are helping make the Asia-Pacific region a global hub of excellence in this field. Several countries are also making progress in addressing their unique warning requirements. | 13 | 12SDG 13
| 1 | 4 | 0.6 |
10.2139/SSRN.2731642 | fed12e94242c8a58e1c8441601d9a79d | The terms 'governance' and 'good governance' are increasingly being used in development literature. Intellectuals, bureaucrats and civil society members alike are accepting the spirit of the concept and are conceiving it in the context of their own experience and environment. The Bangladeshi government has recently been under constant pressure from various donor agencies for ensuring good governance. The implementation and achievement of good governance depends upon the transparency, honesty and efficiency of the legislature, executive and judiciary, along with the cooperation of civil society and the private sector. The main concern of this article is to analyse the role of the judiciary in the pursuit of good governance in Bangladesh. The study will focus on the Bangladesh Supreme Court in order to evaluate its role in ensuring good governance. | 16 | 15SDG 16
| 1 | 5 | 0.666667 |
10.1787/9789264202405-9-en | fed3ddf044c5dd5b2937cd7a7040a8ed | However, because not all of this water is accessible for human use, the term water supply is typically used to refer to “the amount of water that is accessible to a demand centre and can be delivered reliably and sustainably with respect to the environment or the finite resource base” (2030 WRG, 2009), and it is water supply that is of primary interest when addressing the risks of water shortage, at least in the short and medium term. For non-OECD countries, this typically involves increasing access to water for basic consumption and sanitation, something that is provided through investment in water supply and delivery. By contrast, in many OECD countries, the vast majority of the population already has access to a reliable water supply, and considerable water infrastructure already exists. Investment in water supply, for instance, is needed to replace ageing infrastructure, meet increasingly stringent water quality controls, and manage extreme weather events (OECD, 2009). | 6 | 5SDG 6
| 0 | 4 | 1 |
10.18356/a81ec314-en | fed3f87e1a779371ce627a5e15fe8930 | Furthermore, low quantity, quality, and reliability of the power supply is a challenge in many places, as is legality and affordability. Coordination and integrated planning between various government actors responsible for planning national grid extensions or rural and off-grid electrification remains inadequate in many countries. Addressing that requires not only the removal of barriers regarding institutional inefficiencies and overlaps, but also the creation of comprehensive, predictable policy frameworks that improve the investment climate. However, this binary measure - either a household has a connection, or it does not - fails to capture relevant aspects of quantity, quality, reliability and affordability. | 7 | 6SDG 7
| 1 | 4 | 0.6 |
10.6027/f960d1a8-en | fed513d9018610dfd749dba1ba7b7495 | They also analyse which aspects of teacher quality are directly related to the quality of instruction and howthis in turn is related to students' learning. The analyses show positive relations between teachers' pedagogical competence and student outcomes both in primary and lower secondary school, while teachers' formal education seems to be more important in the higher grades. The article also discusses how the findings can be related to teachers' professional development. Another important finding is how teachers' self efficacy and motivation are important for students' learning. | 4 | 3SDG 4
| 0 | 9 | 1 |
10.1787/5jm3p5gl4djd-en | fed67187268740b9d445d4efa456bf6e | In addition, the economic crisis of the past few years is bound to increase the number of households who qualify for social rental housing (as well as for other forms of support). Only few countries show an increase in the stock of social rental housing over between 2001 and 2011, including Estonia that did multiply its stock by almost 5 times but starting from a limited stock of around 1,600 dwellings. Countries like Denmark and France have actually responded to the crisis by investing in social housing. | 11 | 10SDG 11
| 2 | 7 | 0.555556 |
10.1787/9789264089457-en | fed9d6e4026ed27ad4d2f782c7c07a56 | When established in 1989, the Penang Skills Development Centre (PSDC) concentrated on technical and vocational training programmes for employees of multinational corporations (MNCs). Over a 20 year period, the knowledge and skills of every level (operators, technicians, supervisors, engineers and managers) have increased significantly (PSDC, 2009, 2010). While the multinational corporations (MNCs) hire some technical personnel to work on design, testing and product developments, the supply of R&D engineers and technicians was too small for them to expand their R&D in Penang. ( The level of educational attainment remains significantly below that of OECD countries in the region. | 4 | 3SDG 4
| 2 | 1 | 0.333333 |
10.18356/c78b2675-en | feda974cc54ef12f427e83f385bd3626 | This funding can be provided on concessional or market terms, as three examples from Thailand, economies in transition and Tunisia illustrate below. This provides annual inflows of approximately THB 2bn ($50mln) p.a. The EERF in turn provides capital at no cost to 10 participating Thai banks, which then provide low-cost loans for energy efficiency projects of up to a maximum of $1.25mln, at an interest rate of no more than 4% p.a. Frequently, banks set an interest rate lower than this maximum figure, depending on their relationship with the customer. | 7 | 6SDG 7
| 3 | 3 | 0 |
10.1787/9789264085374-5-en | fedad0b45d4966893ad923fde76868ed | Likewise at the other levels, the outcomes are policy and implementation decisions, ideally arising from collaborative problem-solving. There are feedback loops connecting the constructs within each level and connecting constructs across the different system levels. Collaborative inquiry and idea diversity are important knowledge-building principles. | 4 | 3SDG 4
| 1 | 5 | 0.666667 |
10.1093/EJIL/CHL004 | fedbf7338cf231207c3c6758311ebf51 | The nature of international law as a legal system which, on the one hand, responds to the need for interaction between states inherent to international society and, on the other hand, is based on agreement between states, categorically excludes viewing international law as the product of a specific regional, i.e., European, tradition. Yet it is still asserted that international law is a European tradition. Such assertions are not only conceptually flawed, but are also unsupported by evidence. The origins of international law lie outside Europe, and at no stage of its development has international law been a truly European system. This holds true not only in terms of general international law, but also in relation to certain ideas developed at the European level, including the 'public law of Europe', and of modern European projects that appear to be based on ideas of a regional solidarity in Europe. | 16 | 15SDG 16
| 2 | 4 | 0.333333 |
10.18356/8464a369-en | fedca95d7d408e3e452580fc4a5a38f7 | Under them, cash is transferred to families in conditions of extreme poverty (Cecchini and Martinez, 2011). Continuing progress in coverage and investment has resulted in coverage rates of close to a quarter of the population of the region and investment levels equivalent to half a point of GDP. Figures 111.10 and III.ll show the differing levels of success. Figure III.ll shows coverage of the poor instead of the total population, assuming perfect targeting of benefits for the former. | 1 | 0SDG 1
| 0 | 9 | 1 |
10.18356/9f24d500-en | fedcf9d3b7765fcdac036012819bce12 | In Egypt, annual participation among skilled workers was 4%. Countries that successfully targeted the poor included Colombia, which made loan terms more favourable for poor students, and Viet Nam which provides aid to ethnic minority students. A number of laudable initiatives exist, some involving the community, but only 19 of refugees participate in tertiary education. | 4 | 3SDG 4
| 1 | 8 | 0.777778 |
10.1787/9789264119536-3-en | fedd58f9082e1c1e93f234fd00576966 | This is especially the case where the share of overall tax burdens borne by high-income groups has declined in recent years (e.g. where tax schedules became flatter and/or where tax expenditures mainly benefitted high-income groups). First, there may be counterproductive disincentive effects if benefit and tax reforms are not well designed. Growing employment may contribute to sustainable cuts in income inequality, provided the employment gains occur in jobs that offer career prospects. Policies for more and better jobs are more important than ever. | 10 | 9SDG 10
| 0 | 9 | 1 |
10.18356/e1196521-en | fedeafe840be4a08aae94d43f36a1197 | Very often the investments in individual energy efficiency and distributed renewable energy projects are small, and a regional approach will help create a large, consolidated regional investment programme that is easily replicable across countries. Aggregating small investments across the region will lower transaction costs. Similarly, large regional programmes for renewable energy can be designed as special purpose funds. | 7 | 6SDG 7
| 0 | 9 | 1 |
10.1787/a09a3a5d-en | fedf2190e06b5ea195197072d3c2fafa | For example, the Nadonal Council for Science and Technology Communication (NCSTC) in India implements a range of initiatives to disseminate scientific knowledge, making use of folk, mass and social media. One popular initiative is the Science Express, a mobile science exhibition mounted on a train travelling across India since 2007. For four years, it showcased ground-breaking discoveries and the latest innovations in the field of modem science by using exhibits, models and audiovisual displays. Since 2015, it has aimed at raising awareness among all groups of society as to how climate change can be combated through mitigation and adaptation (Department of Science and Technology, 2016). | 9 | 8SDG 9
| 0 | 12 | 1 |
10.1787/9789264202924-9-en | fee02df12a87f1a4c9d54582fd31ff10 | The federal level also has primary responsibility for dealing with pandemic disease, rail or air accidents and major incidents related to forestry. All Lander have enacted legislation and established administrative structures to define responsibilities at local, district and state levels. Emergency relief is largely supported by organisations of trained volunteers. Over 400 000 people in Austria volunteer for disaster relief (BMASK, 2009). | 13 | 12SDG 13
| 2 | 7 | 0.555556 |
10.1787/5k98p4wm6kmv-en | fee03897afc47705aa8ae14096eeb7d2 | This fits with plans to make more use of MOITAL research funds for traditional industry such as chemicals. It could draw inspiration large scale research-industry projects in Solar Valley, Saxony, and the Finnish Clean-tech Cluster as discussed in the chapter annex. However, green building and sustainable infrastructure goes far beyond the use of single technologies: they require the integration of different energy efficiency technologies, improvements in materials, and optimising the energy efficiency of settlements and neighbourhoods as a whole. | 7 | 6SDG 7
| 1 | 5 | 0.666667 |
10.1787/871f6812-en | fee17978e8dd4a9efe4ed7917799081e | With respect to the impact of AVs on personal vehicles, 54% of experts believe that AVs will increase overall vehicle use, namely by reducing travel and parking costs and by providing a mobility option to those who are too young or too old to drive. Of these, most (81%) indicated that such an increase should be limited, which could be most effectively accomplished by promoting car sharing and increasing vehicle usage costs. Thirty percent believe that AV use will decrease overall vehicle use due to the fact that autonomous cars will be more efficient at completing the tasks that drivers usually perform, as well as the fact that riders are likely to engage in more car-sharing in the future. | 11 | 10SDG 11
| 3 | 6 | 0.333333 |
10.1787/5jzb6w1rt99p-en | fee488b4eb15176b2c10c8194373becb | At present, they are institutionally separated from Brasil sem Miseria, and a full integration could improve the awareness of households about the social assistance programmes for which they are eligible. Increasing this aw'areness could trigger additional strong demand for some of the assistance services offered and lead to bottlenecks in their delivery, such an integration would nonetheless enhance the transparency of social assistance policies and help identifying programmes or municipalities that should receive more resources. In fact, in many countries, the progressivity of taxation is a significant redistribution instrument, even though public expenditures typically account for three quarters of the overall redistributive impact in OECD countries (Joumard et al., | 10 | 9SDG 10
| 2 | 7 | 0.555556 |
10.18356/cabe9310-en | feeacd215efe7c06682c8eda53c2ded6 | Treatment and landfilling services are delegated to a private Indian consortium (UPL) through a 20-year public-private partnership. The private operator gets its revenues from gate fees, compost sales and the separation and sale of dry recyclable materials. Informal agents complain that the WOW program is damaging their source of livelihood. | 12 | 11SDG 12
| 3 | 6 | 0.333333 |
10.30875/5c87fcba-en | feeaf0d034c5e9b1dc158194d632de92 | Advertisement-supported revenue was Euros 102 million, up 38 per cent from the previous year (Spotify Technology S.A., 2018). These digital technologies are changing the global economy by giving rise to new online markets and products, resulting in considerable benefits for consumers and productivity gains for firms. A better understanding of the effects of digital technologies requires the ability to measure the economic transactions, including digital trade, that they are making possible. | 9 | 8SDG 9
| 4 | 5 | 0.111111 |
10.18356/d378c0c7-en | feeb49f9bd5518a8c29f89682bdd7b5f | This regards the legal provisions pertaining to the conditions of employee dismissal and the percentage of workers covered by these provisions. Furthermore, the legal requirements relating to fixed-term contracts, employment via temporary employment agencies as well as valid employment contracts could also be considered. Legal provisions within a country pertaining to employee dismissal also could influence a country's measurement of security of employment and its interpretation. | 8 | 7SDG 8
| 2 | 7 | 0.555556 |
10.1787/9789264112322-7-en | feeb837eaa315b33efd4ca75da58a480 | In Armenia and Azerbaijan the system of VET qualifications has remained almost unchanged since Soviet times, and fails to meet international requirements for mutual recognition of qualifications. Georgia, by contrast, has a National Qualification Framework corresponding to the European Qualification Framework and provides for recognition of informal education certificates and diplomas, however, in 2008 specific procedures for implementing it had yet to be developed. In 2008 the sector’s share of the education budget ranged from 1% in Georgia to 4.4% in Armenia. Government financing covers mainly teachers’ salaries and students’ allowances, only from 2006 in Georgia and from 2008 in Armenia and Azerbaijan did the governments start investing in renovation of the infrastructure (buildings, equipment, etc) with support from donor organizations. All three countries have introduced per capita financing systems, but whereas in Georgia and Azerbaijan the government pays students’ tuition fees in state-run institutions, in Armenia students must pay the fees themselves. | 4 | 3SDG 4
| 0 | 3 | 1 |
10.1787/9789264277991-5-en | feed8c8591194de6ba3f0d53538c58f4 | Currently, across the Philippines and in Cebu many efforts are being made such as the Cebu Unplugged Campaign of the Visayan Electric Company (VECO, 2015). This awareness drive does not only focus on teaching practical energy conservation measures but also touches on water conservation as well, which is a prudent policy complementarity approach. Areas that can be strengthened include provision of information on labelling of appliance’s energy efficiency to consumers. | 11 | 10SDG 11
| 4 | 5 | 0.111111 |
10.1787/9789264235120-7-en | fef128ed76bd0ff6836a9ccc5fb0fab3 | While it remains difficult to isolate the effect of policy reforms from other factors, the incidence of own-account work increased less in the Czech Republic than in the Slovak Republic during this period (OECD, 2008a). In Italy, the legislation introduced in 1997 and 2003 to legalise temporary work agencies (while reforming collaboration agreements) may have led to an increase in self-employed workers who are in fact working for the same company, but as own-account workers. Foremost, instead of the approximate 17% growth in employment recorded in the pre-crisis period (1995-2007), Figure 4.7 (Panel B) reports, on average, a 2% drop in the total number of persons employed in the latter period. | 1 | 0SDG 1
| 4 | 5 | 0.111111 |
10.1787/9789264268852-4-en | fef2a9bae8ebcba8afedfbc95e155937 | Moreover, government needs to i) regularly monitor and evaluate progress, ii) ensure transparency, iii) assess not only compliance with technical norms but also the local financial, human and natural resources needed for actual implementation, and iv) engage the local community. Urban sprawl, pollution, poor public services (e.g. utilities), housing shortages, and weak intra-city connectivity are all problems that stem from a lack of proper land-use planning and deficiencies in implementing land-use regulation. Three strategies could address these problems. | 11 | 10SDG 11
| 1 | 4 | 0.6 |
10.1787/5km91nfsnkwg-en | fef36427e5d4502d4a63ca4db4a72843 | As shown in the meta-analysis by Alston et al. ( In particular, measures of agricultural inputs (especially capital), outputs, and productivity, are very much transformed from the raw material used to make them. Studies of the returns to agricultural R&D, involve significant further transformation of data on research investments and productivity that already had embodied in them a great deal of judgment, much of which may not be apparent to the user but can have important implications for findings from studies that use them. | 2 | 1SDG 2
| 0 | 10 | 1 |
10.1787/5jxrclljnbxq-en | fef3a280389f177360d6860a671d3a06 | Particular attention is often paid to sustainable, or efficient, water use. Because the agriculture sector demands significant amounts of fresh water, a number of policies in both developing and developed countries target the efficient use of irrigation water. A strong call to recognise the importance of improving the efficiency of water and soil use in a sustainable manner by the agricultural sector was made by G20 leaders and G20 Agricultural Vice Ministers in May and June 2012. | 2 | 1SDG 2
| 7 | 2 | 0.555556 |
10.1080/19452829.2017.1411894 | fef5ff8c6a7d1e3d9644b4efbc4b63d0 | AbstractCitizen Voice and Action (CV&A), a rights- and strengths-based social accountability approach developed in the global South, helps communities marginalized by unfair power relations to counter low accountability. By creating a dynamic of entitlement within communities and obligation by duty-bearers, it improves power relations and frees communities to build shared agency through reciprocity which advances health rights claims. After outlining capability theory and linking it to human rights, this paper explains CV&A’s origins in democratic struggles for rights and its current praxis. Using Ugandan case studies, it examines how people suffering its low accountability claim health and human rights by culturally engaging with each other and with duty-bearers. When interpreted as a set of collective freedoms and capabilities to struggle, social accountability helps explain how democratic action with and for communities at multiple levels aligns policy implementation with service performance to produce... | 16 | 15SDG 16
| 1 | 5 | 0.666667 |
10.1787/5jz159228n6j-en | fef73998e4936ad0364e7b879f317d8f | Reviewing 20 years of HTA studies in the United Kingdom, Raftery and Powell (2013) claim that more than half of them indicate that new technologies are no better than traditional ones. However, in the short term, HTA is likely to add to health management and administration costs. Indeed, de la Maisonneuve etal. ( | 3 | 2SDG 3
| 0 | 3 | 1 |
10.1787/106b1c42-en | fef859db685d92abad64495a184276d7 | These comparisons, in turn, only become useful when the policy maker or policy analyst concludes that any apparent difference was unlikely to have arisen by chance. This is the point at which the policy maker or analyst can feasibly seek reasons for the observed differences. Therefore, the TALIS Starting Strong Survey 2018 instruments aim to cover the most important inputs and processes of pedagogical and professional practices, and learning and well-being environments, at the ECEC staff and centre levels. An important goal of a high-quality indicator is to provide information that can help policy makers set priorities and make evidence-based decisions. Statistical models that account for the inherent multilevel (system, ECEC centre, staff) structure of TALIS Starting Strong Survey data provide a useful way to understand and explain differences within and across ECEC centres and within and across countries. | 4 | 3SDG 4
| 6 | 1 | 0.714286 |
10.18356/4b4d466d-en | fef93b8c9963539ee8335074547695eb | Indeed, reinforcing positive aspects of traditional land tenure systems that encourage and support women’s access to productive resources can produce strong results. It provides for rights within the context of marriage and is conceptually distinct from the notion of "inheritance", covered in subsection 3 below.8' Countries may apply very different default approaches to marital property, ranging from "full separation of property,"8* to "partial or limited community of property,”83 to "full community of property. This is the case in Austria, Canada, Croatia, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Spain, Sweden and the United States.85 Where full community of property or partial community of property is the default regime. | 5 | 4SDG 5
| 1 | 8 | 0.777778 |
10.1787/eco/surveys-grc-2013-5-en | fefbf984171612cbc27b8e8e6d6d2f54 | So far, fully implemented programme spending accounts for 0.3% of GDP, and an additional 1.7% of GDP has been allocated for this purpose. The high social and fiscal costs of unemployment require well-funded activation policies, although they will be costly in the short run. A comprehensive and systematic evaluation of the programmes is essential, however, to identify what works and what doesn’t. | 10 | 9SDG 10
| 3 | 6 | 0.333333 |
10.1787/9789264283336-en | ff023d5074653c61225c8539117ed7a0 | Admissions have declined significantly since 2009 (although they are still above EU averages). Furthermore, patients suffering from asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease have relatively low avoidable admission rates to hospitals. Renewed medical guidelines are in preparation and have the potential to improve primary care effectiveness. Further, the Czech Republic requires only minimal reporting of outcomes on quality of care across the different providers. This means that health insurance funds cannot use quality data for purchasing and that patients are exercising their free choice without access to important information. There have also been some more recent advances with projects in the area of quality and safety assurance, such as the adverse event reporting system and the introduction of sectoral safety targets for all health care providers. | 3 | 2SDG 3
| 0 | 3 | 1 |
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-4-en | ff04de42d9c4d73c53fbe46f4aaca5f2 | These included additional information and reporting obligations and the requirement that countries operating such programmes ensure that they do not adversely affect the food security of other members. In some cases, the objective may be to maintain an emergency reserve to protect against domestic supply shocks, reflecting a reluctance to rely entirely on international markets to ensure adequate food availability. Such emergency reserves generally involve purchases at market prices, food security programmes operated along these lines are not constrained under WTO rules. In other cases, stockholding policies involve purchases at prices higher than prevailing market prices, and in this case WTO limitations on domestic support do apply. Public stocks may be held as part of a domestic price stabilisation policy, or to stimulate production and incomes. | 2 | 1SDG 2
| 2 | 7 | 0.555556 |
10.1787/eco/surveys-chl-2013-4-en | ff06720fd023cea7d85a3603495910b0 | The quintile share ratio is the ratio of total income received by the 20% of the population with the highest income (top quintile) to that received by the 20% of the population with the lowest income (lowest quintile). Youth unemployment was historically high in 2009, but has fallen since then thanks to the rapid economic recovery and fiscal measures targeted at the young. Youth unemployment now stands at its lowest level of the past 13 years, and male youth unemployment rates are below those in the average OECD country. But for young women there is still a significant gap compared to the average OECD country (Figure 1.5, Panel A). | 4 | 3SDG 4
| 5 | 4 | 0.111111 |
10.14217/9781848591431-6-en | ff09cddf9d8f4c9618644cf2d961ea07 | They are therefore committed to providing the highest attainable health for all their citizens. The Commonwealth implements programmes address global health issues such as: non-communicable diseases, maternal and child health, HIV and AIDS, communicable diseases, and mental health. Sport offers direct benefits for health and can provide an effective context for delivering health education. Most (80 per cent) of these occur in low- and middle-income countries, making NCDs a critical global health priority that is not confined to ’rich’ nations. | 3 | 2SDG 3
| 0 | 9 | 1 |
10.1787/9789264027862-12-en | ff0a8917d0135e4ae4a8f217bf87e874 | Political and practical support to ensure that women, including women's civil society organisations, are included in peace processes is a crucial entry point to make sure that the security needs of women, men, boys and girls are taken into consideration. It is therefore critical that the negotiation/mediation teams draw on gender expertise from the outset of a peace process. Briefings on gender issues can be provided to negotiating/mediation teams and others with decision-making power. Civil society organisations, including women's organisations, should also be included in track two processes and can play an important role in monitoring the implementation of peace agreements. | 5 | 4SDG 5
| 0 | 9 | 1 |
10.18356/edf15661-en | ff0aad2666ceb7c27e6f1c1873de63c9 | Second is the emergence of temporary, part-time, casual home-based jobs, alongside the decline of the welfare state in developing countries.19 Privatization and restructuring have in many places—notably Egypt, Morocco and Tunisia—led to layoffs that have affected women relatively more than men. Thus, like their peers elsewhere, young women in Arab countries must toil disproportionately to find meaningful, fulfilling and properly remunerated employment, especially in their first jobs after university. Women are working mainly in the public sector. In Jordan, for example, 82 percent of women's positions are in the public sector. | 5 | 4SDG 5
| 1 | 8 | 0.777778 |
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en | ff0fbc056410bfb3a51bfa6895a8f059 | Choosing an appropriate point in time for assessment can be particularly complicated for climate finance interventions aimed at long-term transformational impacts. Depending on its aims, an intervention may seek results at the project, national, or international scale. This will have implications for how its effectiveness is assessed. | 13 | 12SDG 13
| 1 | 3 | 0.5 |
10.6027/9789289329163-7-en | ff10d4ac80a2be3872c3c9765aec211c | However, for the Kyoto reporting, the areas under each sub-category or activity are accumulated from the base year and onward, and do not leave the LULUCF class. On the other hand, for the UNFCCC reporting, a converted land is usually reported under the land-use class it was converted to (Swedish EPA 2012). The implication of this is that in the Kyoto reporting the deforested land still remains under the forest class and thus the net emissions from this class accounts for the emissions due to deforestation, while in the UNFCCC reporting such emissions are not accounted for under forests (see table below). This is because deforestation is quite rare in the Nordic countries in recent decades. | 15 | 14SDG 15
| 2 | 7 | 0.555556 |
10.1787/5k4c9kwfdx8r-en | ff1120b2a0fee9fe6d5c275152b70cb1 | However, despite this wide range of sources of financing, agribusiness financing represents a very small percentage of the total supply of credit, for example only 5% on average in West Africa (USAID, 2011). This is clearly highlighted in the case study on Zambia. The difficulty of verifying titles and property rights in rural areas raises issues in providing collateral, but in some parts of Africa financial institutions increasingly accept “warrants”28. | 2 | 1SDG 2
| 4 | 5 | 0.111111 |
10.1787/9789264240094-12-en | ff1460926210317a79556b5a5ed8b8f3 | These problems add to the challenges that are common to sustainable forest concessions outside protected areas, including insufficient technical capacity, lack of infrastructure and unresolved land tenure conflicts (Chapter 4). Effective management of such areas requires offering the communities meaningful economic opportunities to sustainably use natural resources. Although traditional communities generally have good knowledge about the use of natural resources, they often lack sufficient expertise for sustainable farming, forestry and fishing that meet market demand levels, and generally have limited access to markets (Prates and Sousa, 2014). This lack, in turn, may translate into a risk of increasing the pressure on the natural asset base. | 15 | 14SDG 15
| 0 | 5 | 1 |
10.18356/b276eed7-en | ff1510830a2d78596b682eab141009b0 | It would reduce poverty by 5 percentage points in Ecuador and Paraguay and by at least 0.6% in Brazil. If the transfer were to be targeted at everyone aged 65 and over, the measure could cost up to an additional 3% of GDP (ECLAC, 2010b, pp. United Nations publication, Sales No. United Nations publication, Sales No. In 10 of the region’s 18 countries, this percentage is around 5% or under in households living in a situation of extreme poverty or high vulnerability to extreme poverty. | 1 | 0SDG 1
| 0 | 3 | 1 |
10.1787/sti/outlook-2012-11-en | ff1583e8b8bc39872f5a0ebd3b6ff931 | As the instruments built up over time normally have differing conceptions of the causes of specific problems and variations in how problems are framed, this also makes achieving policy coherence difficult. Using the policy mix concept in policy assessment and design work helps draw attention to inconsistencies and redundancies. These in turn influence both the set of attainable goals and the ability to achieve them. | 9 | 8SDG 9
| 2 | 7 | 0.555556 |
10.1787/9789264191761-en | ff16ac2a7bfb43ca4dcfb74f9f4d33c6 | Within agriculture, over two-thirds of fixed capital investments in 2011 went to crop production and were concentrated in the northern wheat region (Figure 1.9 and Annex Table 1.A.3). However, the annual rate of renewal of tractors is now 1%, 2.2% for harvesters, and 0.1% for tillage tools, which is far below the normal replacement rate for agricultural machinery of 5-8%. It should be noted that, for example in the northern region old machinery is being replaced by far more productive ones, which allows less machinery to be used on same land. Smaller machines are being replaced by larger ones which are better suited to the vast areas of the northern wheat region, and the old machinery is being moved from the north to the south. | 2 | 1SDG 2
| 1 | 2 | 0.333333 |
10.1787/9789264277991-7-en | ff17949ae75fa870bd9a2c893dae3d28 | It was initiated in early 2015, in partnership with IBM and Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB), one of the top universities in Indonesia, and is similar to other existing command centres in Japan and Korea, aiming to improve public services. The centre consists of a digital control board that allows city staff to remotely monitor traffic and manage crisis situations in the city (in case of accidents, crime, etc.). Fifteen operators from the Bandung Telecommunication and Information Agency work permanently in the Command Centre, but it is also accessible to other city departments, such as fire brigades, police officers and transport agencies. | 11 | 10SDG 11
| 1 | 8 | 0.777778 |
10.1787/5kgk6hpnhxzq-en | ff18ddb99443e7d6a01697f7906c32cc | It is, however, directed primarily towards a specific practical aim or objective. It must be acknowledged however, that there are limitations to the use of these surveys to analyse skills. The principal limitations are that such surveys collect only very aggregate data on skills and there may not be a direct linkage between the type of innovation activity and level of innovation expenditure undertaken by an industry on the one hand, and the employment of people and skills within the industry on the other. | 4 | 3SDG 4
| 2 | 2 | 0 |
10.18356/d7485e6e-en | ff1adf0a434fd1bc70d8401a7e8ab0f5 | Among MoNP departments and subordinate institutions (Figure 1.1), the following are of particular relevance to biodiversity and PA management. Red Data Book of Turkmenistan categories: DE = declining, RA = rare, TE = threatened with extinction. It also drafts legislation and oversees the regulatory framework for the sustainable use of biodiversity resources and the development of the PA system. | 15 | 14SDG 15
| 1 | 8 | 0.777778 |
10.18356/7e830810-en | ff1cc7605069c91e4721d7b0dc13abd4 | When production has to be shut down to install new energy-efficient equipment, costs can include forgone sales income. An energy-efficiency production process might be noisier than the equipment it replaces. Insulating a cavity wall in an old building could result in moisture build-up, or installing a variable-spced drive might require extra maintenance or new skills and tools. | 7 | 6SDG 7
| 0 | 9 | 1 |
10.1787/9789264188617-en | ff1e13fdcb8ea7904940146d3bff8745 | Electricity suppliers have to fulfil technical requirements to support the stability of frequency and voltage. Over very long distances, lower electricity losses and reduced construction costs of a DC line can offset the additional cost of the AC/DC converter station at both ends of the line. There still are many open-air lines, especially in not densely populated areas, but the current tendency is to use mainly underground cables in urban areas. | 7 | 6SDG 7
| 2 | 7 | 0.555556 |
10.1093/IJTJ/IJY024 | ff20e850aa8d1db141ea429987955e3a | In a fully packed courtroom in The Hague District Court, on 15 December 2017, the International Crimes Chamber convicted Eshetu Alemu for war crimes committed between 1978 and 1981 in Ethiopia. Absent at the judgment hearing, Alemu was sentenced to life imprisonment for these historical injustices. Five of his torture survivors received damages. During the short yet intense trial, Alemu testified at large, while victims came to the Netherlands to recount their ordeals. In many ways, it was a remarkable and unique case of universal jurisdiction, historical complementarity and transitional justice. In fact, the 10-day trial was one of the most intense, unique and historical trials I had attended in the past 15 years. In this Note from the Field, I discuss the forgotten episode of transitional justice in Ethiopia, outline the modern Dutch system of post-atrocity crime justice, unravel the substance of the case and feature the trial proceedings. | 16 | 15SDG 16
| 1 | 5 | 0.666667 |
10.1787/9789264086296-6-en | ff21a94f9690af313066917fc9a826d5 | The form and nature of the incentive to be introduced is the subject of instrument choice, which is discussed in the next section. These instruments aim to affect incentives and interests directly. Sometimes, as with emissions trading schemes, these instruments also require new institutions. These instruments impose penalties on actors who fail to meet the standards, and therefore also affect incentives, though less directly than market-based instruments. They also normally require new institutions to administer and enforce the regulations. | 6 | 5SDG 6
| 3 | 0 | 1 |
10.1787/9789264179370-6-en | ff2383a0ac37891d8fdcae6cd4b855e0 | However, the low comparability of existing data makes it complicated to produce the international benchmarks which are essential to identifying achievable targets and understanding the effects of policy reforms. More investment is needed in harmonising data on enterprise owners and their businesses, using as much existing data as possible to minimise the burden on statistical offices and curtail associated costs. Programmes are also needed to boost self-esteem and growth expectations among potential and established women entrepreneurs. | 5 | 4SDG 5
| 4 | 5 | 0.111111 |
10.1787/5k483jpfpsq1-en | ff2679ddf016ef04e163c6898249b438 | The Policy Forum brought together policy-makers and experts from 25 OECD countries, from international organisations and from the private sector to discuss progress, common challenges and successes in the development of national adaptation strategies (OECD, 2012b). The original version included additional European countries which are excluded from the updated table, and also did not include four OECD countries (Chile, Israel, Luxembourg and Turkey) which are included in this analysis. Most OECD members are Annex I countries, with the exception of Chile, Israel, Korea, Mexico. Turkey is an Annex I country, but has only published one NC. The assessment of the scope of discussion is based on the level of attention paid to the topic, classified as: i) extensive, ii) limited, or iii) lacking. | 13 | 12SDG 13
| 6 | 5 | 0.090909 |
10.1787/3726edff-en | ff26f69e396f9d14fc6c92782385cb0f | However, none of these variables is sufficient to clearly identify aid activities with an STI focus, which are cross-sectoral in nature. The CRS also includes description fields, in which the reporting entity can enter project summaries or descriptions of the main objectives of the activity. These fields are free text fields without much restrictions on structure, and can assist in the validation process of the data, e.g. to ensure accuracy of coding. These fields are also aimed to support studies where the topic of interest cannot be separately identified through other classificatory variables. | 9 | 8SDG 9
| 1 | 2 | 0.333333 |
10.18356/6d4db5ea-en | ff28e5a9573576df0f55aff058830319 | This emphasis is also closely aligned with the avowedly transformative 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (2030 Agenda), which includes explicit targets for both structural transformation and industrialization, and places greater emphasis on the interconnectedness of the economic, social and environmental pillars of sustainable development than did the Millennium Development Goals. This is further reinforced by global value chains (GVCs), which tend to realign patterns of trade and investment flows to divide production processes into ever-smaller segments based on existing comparative advantage, rather than fostering a dynamic evolution of comparative advantage (UNCTAD, 2015a: paras. Such a trajectory provides at best a weak foundation for future development. | 10 | 9SDG 10
| 6 | 3 | 0.333333 |
10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.53015-3 | ff2a53feed05a109bfe96716c0e3ac11 | Social class has occupied a central place in the study of language variation since the rise of the discipline of sociolinguistics during the latter half of the twentieth century. Sociolinguists have correlated sociolinguistic variables such as postvocalic /r/ (e.g., car) with social factors such as class, sex, style, age, etc. A major finding of urban sociolinguistic work is that differences among social class dialects are quantitative and not qualitative. Generally speaking, the use of nonstandard forms increases the less formal the style and the lower one's social status, with men's scores higher than women's. | 16 | 15SDG 16
| 5 | 1 | 0.666667 |
10.1787/9789264262430-4-en | ff2a982e825b50f3b66f39293ffa52e1 | Denmark has a comparatively small share of low-performing students, but also a relatively low proportion of top-performing students. The difference in performance between the 90th and the 10th percentiles is comparatively small. Across assessments, the share of top-performing students has remained stable in science, but decreased since 2003 in mathematics (from 15.9% to 10%) and reading (from 8.1% to 5.4%). | 4 | 3SDG 4
| 0 | 5 | 1 |
10.18356/b276eed7-en | ff2adfe76b6f38091e86271195570b88 | They consist of a solidarity benefit paid for by society as a whole, as they are usually funded from general, consumer or income taxes (ECLAC 2010a, p. 108, Uthoff, 2006, p. 29). Furthermore, they are pay-as-you go (PAYG) pensions, that is to say, they are funded from taxes on the current generation of people. Countries with social pensions include Argentina, Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Mexico, Panama, Plurinational State of Bolivia and Uruguay (Barrientos and Hinojosa-Valencia, 2009, Bertranou, Solorio and van Ginneken, 2002, ECLAC, 2010a, p. 165). Social pensions can be either universal (as with the Plurinational State of Bolivia's Dignity Income) or targeted in line with criteria such as income or specific categories (for example, pensions for war veterans or victims of human rights violations, as in Argentina and Chile). | 1 | 0SDG 1
| 1 | 5 | 0.666667 |
10.1787/9789264168985-7-en | ff2cb45b6ca3698c66f52502a07b88d5 | Mexican urban planning has traditionally lacked attention to monitoring and implementation, e.g. there are often few explicit statements about timing and sequencing of development and public facility provisions. The Chihuahua State government and local municipalities could consider integrating monitoring and evaluation as permanent features of their urban plans. The central government could also provide technical assistance and capacity building for local officials to measure plan implementation and compliance. Monitoring land policy merits specific attention given the proliferation of informal settlements, the evidence of illegal land sales, and the role of urban planning for supporting economic activity and safeguarding environmental resources. | 6 | 5SDG 6
| 2 | 1 | 0.333333 |
10.18356/e310d3a1-en | ff2ec6734b7bca5058c7c44fa9ad5745 | No clear guidelines on youth triage had been drafted, nor were there referral guidelines. The interviews with providers suggested that the services might not be acceptable to young people because few of the providers believed in the importance of supplying services to youth regardless of marital status, although they were more likely to supply the services in any case to young men than to young women, indicating possible inequities.84 This gender bias was reflected in the experiences of the anonymous patients. The providers spent much more time with the young man and answered his questions, while the young woman reported that she felt insulted by their treatment.85 Privacy was breached in many clinics. | 3 | 2SDG 3
| 2 | 7 | 0.555556 |
11.1002/pub/80dd7836-0bda635e-en | ff2ed9e096feab23a14145ce90af3af0 | Clear and well-implemented policies helped to create the conditions for Myanmarese to benefit from the potential of the Internet. The Institute emphasizes the need for special computer facilities in order to process the huge number of sci-tech documents produced within the country. Such computer tools can be created through the use of bibliometric methods. | 9 | 8SDG 9
| 0 | 9 | 1 |
10.18356/f5ce8f94-en | ff2f17dbbd1377427a086e524949f058 | This aligns with research by Maldonado, Najera and Segovia (2005) from Mexico that showed that significant income increases to women may threaten men’s status causing husbands with more traditional gender views to reassert control through violence. Overall, however, the risk of increased IPV could also decline over time as both men’s individual attitudes and broader social attitudes become more accepting of women’s increased economic activity and financial autonomy (Ahmed 2005). For example, some participants in the South African IMAGE intervention reported that the increased self-confidence, social support and communication skills gained from being part of a combined micro-finance and training initiative resulted in improved partner communication, preventing any conflict escalating into violence (Kim et al., | 5 | 4SDG 5
| 0 | 9 | 1 |
10.18356/08e82310-en | ff30d73d6942830b2d48c9b5a1cada44 | Ongoing efforts to provide more space to rivers will continue also in future, and measures of a more technical nature will be exclusively reserved for urban areas in cases where no other “soft” option for flood protection is feasible. These impacts are predicted to have an effect on river discharge with an increase in frequency, extent and impacts of floods and possibly constant low water levels in lakes. Quality and quantity of groundwaters will also be affected. | 6 | 5SDG 6
| 0 | 3 | 1 |
10.1787/9789264205406-7-en | ff31658cbc07f2880f2291126f37e8e6 | In a larger programme of system restructure and redesign, these innovative schools are able to provide evidence about the impacts on student learning and well-being of innovative approaches they have been trialling, thereby supporting the whole system to move forward. There is a need to ensure that innovation is captured somewhere, particularly as old structures and processes are replaced and new networks, relationships and connections are created. Through an on-going and expanded Innovation Community of Practice, individual site leaders and their communities are able to use their experience and influence to work collaboratively to shape those future directions and ensure that the new department has innovation as a predominant aspect of its work. | 4 | 3SDG 4
| 5 | 3 | 0.25 |
10.6027/9789289328913-7-en | ff3171a945f67cebbcdbb24b65d4b27a | First, there is a need to have indicators to monitor changes in the field of nature-based recreation in general (related to society wide or sector wide development), which are able to describe the general development and changes concerning nature-based recreation or recreational use of forests as a way of using forest resources. Second, there is a need to have indicators to monitor objectives achieved, impacts and changes caused by a special policy, an action program, a plan or a single action: direct or indirect impact or change, which is a result of administrative, legislative or financial actions, investments or other types of actions directed to recreational use of forest resources. All possible indicators explored from literature or identified by expert knowledge and experience were described by seven categories of information. | 15 | 14SDG 15
| 1 | 2 | 0.333333 |
10.18356/39dd1e2e-en | ff32eb86deb40d2a26b0dcce6d051c2a | In Ulaanbaatar, heavy metal testing showed that concentrations of lead, cadmium and mercury in 58 samples were within the Mongolian norms (MNS 5850:2008). Kosheleva, Natalia E. et al. Pollution by heavy metals comes from different sources, such as tanning production, mining activities, traffic zones and heat and power engineering. | 3 | 2SDG 3
| 0 | 3 | 1 |
10.1504/EG.2011.039833 | ff34200d3471352743ac1e5247c6cd18 | The rapid development of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) has created an environment for citizens to have greater access to their government and to make citizen-to-government contact more inclusive. Previous research does not examine the impact of national public policy initiatives that expand and improve e-government services. This study examines the global divide in e-government implementation by analysing the impact of national policies on the United Nations' Web Measure Index in 174 countries. A multiple regression analysis shows that e-governance is more extensive in countries that have a regulatory authority for telecommunications, encourage competition in their telecommunication industries and invest more financially in the development of ICTs. | 16 | 15SDG 16
| 3 | 2 | 0.2 |
10.1787/9789264187443-7-en | ff345dc25f2350a42e73bae096b42b1d | It may be measured by the share of the first city's population (or the first two) in the total urban population. This applies in particular to Nigeria, in which Lagos, Ibadan and Kano each has a population of between 2.5 million and 10 million. Macrocephaly is higher in the small coastal countries that trade directly with the rest of the world. | 2 | 1SDG 2
| 1 | 2 | 0.333333 |
10.1787/0492621a-en | ff352a71b093c17137a04ce996456a69 | Most OECD countries have been facing this challenge. Shortline railroad companies are small companies that operate local networks, possibly under the supervision of the local authorities, and that act as feeders of the truck network. Because of their small size, they tend to be more flexible than national operators and are aware of local companies' needs. In the USA, Canada and Germany, shortliners represents one-fourth of total activities. | 9 | 8SDG 9
| 3 | 6 | 0.333333 |