Claim: The Chinese community in Panama, which began to form in the early 19th century, faced various challenges, including a 1903 law declaring them as "undesirable citizens", a 1913 head tax, a 1928 law requiring them to submit special petitions in order to become Panamanian citizens, and the revocation of their citizenship under the 1941 constitution promulgated by Arnulfo Arias.
Evidence: The Chinese community in Panama began to form in the latter half of the 19th century.