Claim: Formed in the latter part of the 19th century, the Chinese community in Panama experienced many challenges, including a law that declared them as "undesirable citizens".
Evidence: The community faced various challenges, including a 1903 law declaring them as "undesirable citizens", a 1913 head tax, a 1928 law requiring them to submit special petitions in order to become Panamanian citizens, and the revocation of their citizenship under the 1941 constitution promulgated by Arnulfo Arias. The Chinese community in Panama began to form in the latter half of the 19th century.