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Introduction to the Vedic Period World History Khan Academy.m4a | Now, as I mentioned, the Vedas laid the foundation for much of what we consider to be modern-day India. In fact, the first reference, documented reference to the Indus River, we have from the Vedas. The Indus Valley civilization, we haven't been able to decipher their writing. They didn't write down the word Indus. It was in the Vedas that we have the word Sindhu. And Sindhu was later changed or mispronounced or just pronounced differently into other words that we now associate with India, words like Hindu, Indus, and India. They all derived from Sindhu, which was the river referred to in the Vedas, and then changed into Hindu, Indus, and things like India. |
Introduction to the Vedic Period World History Khan Academy.m4a | They didn't write down the word Indus. It was in the Vedas that we have the word Sindhu. And Sindhu was later changed or mispronounced or just pronounced differently into other words that we now associate with India, words like Hindu, Indus, and India. They all derived from Sindhu, which was the river referred to in the Vedas, and then changed into Hindu, Indus, and things like India. Now, also in the Vedas is the first time that we have reference to a stratified social structure. And we see that with the varnas that are referred to, where at the top you have the, and you could view these as social roles or classes. At the top you have the Brahmins, the priests, the scholars, and the teachers. |
Introduction to the Vedic Period World History Khan Academy.m4a | They all derived from Sindhu, which was the river referred to in the Vedas, and then changed into Hindu, Indus, and things like India. Now, also in the Vedas is the first time that we have reference to a stratified social structure. And we see that with the varnas that are referred to, where at the top you have the, and you could view these as social roles or classes. At the top you have the Brahmins, the priests, the scholars, and the teachers. Then the next you have the kings and the warriors, referred to as the Kshatriyas. Then the Vaishyas, who are the farmers, the merchants, the artisans. And then the Shudras, the laborers. |
Introduction to the Vedic Period World History Khan Academy.m4a | At the top you have the Brahmins, the priests, the scholars, and the teachers. Then the next you have the kings and the warriors, referred to as the Kshatriyas. Then the Vaishyas, who are the farmers, the merchants, the artisans. And then the Shudras, the laborers. Now, some historians and Vedic scholars believe that these reference to the varnas were added after the Vedic period to things like the Rig Veda. And some believe that these weren't traditional castes as it's sometimes perceived today, but just a reference to different social strata, that it wasn't necessarily inherited. We are not actually sure about that. |
Introduction to the Vedic Period World History Khan Academy.m4a | And then the Shudras, the laborers. Now, some historians and Vedic scholars believe that these reference to the varnas were added after the Vedic period to things like the Rig Veda. And some believe that these weren't traditional castes as it's sometimes perceived today, but just a reference to different social strata, that it wasn't necessarily inherited. We are not actually sure about that. But just to give you a feel of what was in the Rig Veda, and I encourage you to go look at the actual primary text, and there's a lot of there to read. It includes prayers, it includes praise of the gods, it includes rituals, but it also has a lot of interesting philosophy. And for example, this is part of, this is from the Rig Veda. |
Introduction to the Vedic Period World History Khan Academy.m4a | We are not actually sure about that. But just to give you a feel of what was in the Rig Veda, and I encourage you to go look at the actual primary text, and there's a lot of there to read. It includes prayers, it includes praise of the gods, it includes rituals, but it also has a lot of interesting philosophy. And for example, this is part of, this is from the Rig Veda. This is a hymn referred to as Nasadiyasukta, and it's in, you could use it as the 10th book, the 129th hymn. And I find it really interesting because it shows a fairly mature philosophical attitude. This is actually the origin hymn, and this is just part of it. |
Introduction to the Vedic Period World History Khan Academy.m4a | And for example, this is part of, this is from the Rig Veda. This is a hymn referred to as Nasadiyasukta, and it's in, you could use it as the 10th book, the 129th hymn. And I find it really interesting because it shows a fairly mature philosophical attitude. This is actually the origin hymn, and this is just part of it. We're talking about the origin of the universe. Who really knows? Who will hear proclaim it? |
Introduction to the Vedic Period World History Khan Academy.m4a | This is actually the origin hymn, and this is just part of it. We're talking about the origin of the universe. Who really knows? Who will hear proclaim it? Whence was it produced? Whence is this creation? Gods came afterward with the creation of this universe. |
Introduction to the Vedic Period World History Khan Academy.m4a | Who will hear proclaim it? Whence was it produced? Whence is this creation? Gods came afterward with the creation of this universe. Who then knows whence it has arisen? Whether gods will created it, or whether he was mute? Perhaps it formed itself, or perhaps it did not. |
Introduction to the Vedic Period World History Khan Academy.m4a | Gods came afterward with the creation of this universe. Who then knows whence it has arisen? Whether gods will created it, or whether he was mute? Perhaps it formed itself, or perhaps it did not. Only he who is the overseer in highest heaven knows. Only he knows, or perhaps he does not know. I just find it interesting because it takes almost a, well, a very philosophical view towards this very fundamental question of the origin of the actual universe. |
Introduction to the Vedic Period World History Khan Academy.m4a | Perhaps it formed itself, or perhaps it did not. Only he who is the overseer in highest heaven knows. Only he knows, or perhaps he does not know. I just find it interesting because it takes almost a, well, a very philosophical view towards this very fundamental question of the origin of the actual universe. So the Vedic period, very important period in India. It really lays a foundation for what we consider to be modern Hinduism, modern-day India. It starts as really a Bronze Age civilization, but as we get into the later Vedic period, we see them smelting iron and creating iron tools and things like that. |
Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a | So you probably have a picture of the Mongols in your head. Yes, that's the picture. Brutal, bloodthirsty, swarthy, humorously mustachioed warriors riding the plains, wearing fur, eating meat directly off the bones, saying, bar bar bar bar bar bar bar. In short, we imagine the Mongol Empire as stereotypically barbarian. And that's not entirely wrong. But if you've been reading recent world history textbooks, like we here at Crash Course have, you might have a different view of the Mongols, one that emphasizes the amazing speed and success of their conquests. How they conquered more land in 25 years than the Romans did in 400. |
Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a | In short, we imagine the Mongol Empire as stereotypically barbarian. And that's not entirely wrong. But if you've been reading recent world history textbooks, like we here at Crash Course have, you might have a different view of the Mongols, one that emphasizes the amazing speed and success of their conquests. How they conquered more land in 25 years than the Romans did in 400. How they controlled more than 11 million contiguous square miles. And you may even have read that the Mongols basically created nations like Russia and even Korea. One historian has even claimed that the Mongols smashed the feudal system and created international law. |
Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a | How they conquered more land in 25 years than the Romans did in 400. How they controlled more than 11 million contiguous square miles. And you may even have read that the Mongols basically created nations like Russia and even Korea. One historian has even claimed that the Mongols smashed the feudal system and created international law. And with religious tolerance, the Mongols, in this view, created the first great free trade zone, like a crazy medieval Eurasian NAFTA. And that's not entirely wrong either. Stupid truth always resisting simplicity. |
Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a | One historian has even claimed that the Mongols smashed the feudal system and created international law. And with religious tolerance, the Mongols, in this view, created the first great free trade zone, like a crazy medieval Eurasian NAFTA. And that's not entirely wrong either. Stupid truth always resisting simplicity. INTRO So remember herders? We talked about them back in episode 1 as an alternative to hunting and gathering or agriculture. Here are the key things to remember. |
Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a | Stupid truth always resisting simplicity. INTRO So remember herders? We talked about them back in episode 1 as an alternative to hunting and gathering or agriculture. Here are the key things to remember. 1. Nomads aren't Jack Kerouac. They don't go on, like, random road trips. |
Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a | Here are the key things to remember. 1. Nomads aren't Jack Kerouac. They don't go on, like, random road trips. They migrate according to climate conditions so they can feed their flocks. 2. Nomads don't generally produce manufactured goods, which means they need to trade, so they almost always live near settled people. |
Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a | They don't go on, like, random road trips. They migrate according to climate conditions so they can feed their flocks. 2. Nomads don't generally produce manufactured goods, which means they need to trade, so they almost always live near settled people. And 3. Because they generally live close to nature and in harsh conditions, pastoralists tend to be tougher than diamond-plated differential calculus. Like think of the Huns, or the Xiongnu, or the Mongols. |
Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a | Nomads don't generally produce manufactured goods, which means they need to trade, so they almost always live near settled people. And 3. Because they generally live close to nature and in harsh conditions, pastoralists tend to be tougher than diamond-plated differential calculus. Like think of the Huns, or the Xiongnu, or the Mongols. Okay, Stan, that's enough. Back to me. Come. |
Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a | Like think of the Huns, or the Xiongnu, or the Mongols. Okay, Stan, that's enough. Back to me. Come. Stan, I am the star of the show, not the Mongols! Hi. Sorry about that. |
Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a | Come. Stan, I am the star of the show, not the Mongols! Hi. Sorry about that. Right, so one last thing. Nomads also tend to be more egalitarian, especially where women are concerned. Paradoxically, when there's less to go around, humans tend to share more. |
Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a | Sorry about that. Right, so one last thing. Nomads also tend to be more egalitarian, especially where women are concerned. Paradoxically, when there's less to go around, humans tend to share more. And when both men and women must work for the social order to survive, there tends to be less patriarchal domination of women, although Mongol women rarely went to war. I can't tell your gender. I mean, you've got the pants, but then you also have the flupity-flop. |
Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a | Paradoxically, when there's less to go around, humans tend to share more. And when both men and women must work for the social order to survive, there tends to be less patriarchal domination of women, although Mongol women rarely went to war. I can't tell your gender. I mean, you've got the pants, but then you also have the flupity-flop. So that's the technical term, by the way. I'm a historian. If you had to choose a pastoral nomadic group to come out of Central Asia and dominate the world, you probably wouldn't have chosen the Mongols. |
Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a | I mean, you've got the pants, but then you also have the flupity-flop. So that's the technical term, by the way. I'm a historian. If you had to choose a pastoral nomadic group to come out of Central Asia and dominate the world, you probably wouldn't have chosen the Mongols. As for most of the history we've been discussing, they just hung out in the foothills bordering the Siberian forest, mixing, herding, and hunting, quietly getting really good at archery and riding horses. Also, the Mongols were much smaller than other pastoral groups like the Tatars or the Uyghurs. And not to get like all great man history on you or anything, but the reason the Mongols came to dominate the world really started with one guy, Genghis Khan. |
Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a | If you had to choose a pastoral nomadic group to come out of Central Asia and dominate the world, you probably wouldn't have chosen the Mongols. As for most of the history we've been discussing, they just hung out in the foothills bordering the Siberian forest, mixing, herding, and hunting, quietly getting really good at archery and riding horses. Also, the Mongols were much smaller than other pastoral groups like the Tatars or the Uyghurs. And not to get like all great man history on you or anything, but the reason the Mongols came to dominate the world really started with one guy, Genghis Khan. Let's go to the Thought Bubble. The story goes that Genghis, or Chinggis Khan, was born around 1162 with the name Temüjin to a lowly clan. His father was poisoned to death, leaving Temüjin under the control of his older brothers, one of whom he soon killed during an argument. |
Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a | And not to get like all great man history on you or anything, but the reason the Mongols came to dominate the world really started with one guy, Genghis Khan. Let's go to the Thought Bubble. The story goes that Genghis, or Chinggis Khan, was born around 1162 with the name Temüjin to a lowly clan. His father was poisoned to death, leaving Temüjin under the control of his older brothers, one of whom he soon killed during an argument. By 19, he was married to his first and most important wife, Borte, who was later kidnapped. This was pretty common among the Mongols. Temüjin's mom had also been kidnapped. |
Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a | His father was poisoned to death, leaving Temüjin under the control of his older brothers, one of whom he soon killed during an argument. By 19, he was married to his first and most important wife, Borte, who was later kidnapped. This was pretty common among the Mongols. Temüjin's mom had also been kidnapped. In rescuing his wife, Temüjin proved his military mettle and he soon became a leader of his tribe, but uniting the Mongol confederations required a civil war, which he won, largely thanks to two innovations. First, he promoted people based on merit rather than family position, and second, he brought lower classes of conquered people into his own tribe while dispossessing the leaders of the conquered clans. Thus, he made peasants love him. |
Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a | Temüjin's mom had also been kidnapped. In rescuing his wife, Temüjin proved his military mettle and he soon became a leader of his tribe, but uniting the Mongol confederations required a civil war, which he won, largely thanks to two innovations. First, he promoted people based on merit rather than family position, and second, he brought lower classes of conquered people into his own tribe while dispossessing the leaders of the conquered clans. Thus, he made peasants love him. The rich hated him, but they didn't matter anymore because they were no longer rich. With these two building block policies, Temüjin was able to win the loyalty of more and more people and in 1206 he was declared the Great Khan, the leader of all the Mongols. How? |
Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a | Thus, he made peasants love him. The rich hated him, but they didn't matter anymore because they were no longer rich. With these two building block policies, Temüjin was able to win the loyalty of more and more people and in 1206 he was declared the Great Khan, the leader of all the Mongols. How? The Mongols chose their rulers in a really cool way. A prospective ruler would call a general council, called a kuraltai, and anyone who supported his candidacy for leadership would show up on their horses, literally voting with their feet. Mr. Green, Mr. Green, but horses don't have feet. |
Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a | How? The Mongols chose their rulers in a really cool way. A prospective ruler would call a general council, called a kuraltai, and anyone who supported his candidacy for leadership would show up on their horses, literally voting with their feet. Mr. Green, Mr. Green, but horses don't have feet. They have hooves. I hate you, me from the past. Also, no interrupting the Thought Bubble. |
Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a | Mr. Green, Mr. Green, but horses don't have feet. They have hooves. I hate you, me from the past. Also, no interrupting the Thought Bubble. After uniting the Mongols, Genghis Khan went on to conquer a lot of territory. By the time he died in his sleep in 1227, his empire stretched from the Mongol homeland in Mongolia all the way to the Caspian Sea. Thanks, Thought Bubble. |
Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a | Also, no interrupting the Thought Bubble. After uniting the Mongols, Genghis Khan went on to conquer a lot of territory. By the time he died in his sleep in 1227, his empire stretched from the Mongol homeland in Mongolia all the way to the Caspian Sea. Thanks, Thought Bubble. So that's a pretty good looking empire, and sure, a lot of it was pasture or mountains or desert, but the Mongols did conquer a lot of people too. And in some ways, with Genghis's death, the empire was just getting started. His son, Ogedai Khan, expanded the empire even more. |
Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a | Thanks, Thought Bubble. So that's a pretty good looking empire, and sure, a lot of it was pasture or mountains or desert, but the Mongols did conquer a lot of people too. And in some ways, with Genghis's death, the empire was just getting started. His son, Ogedai Khan, expanded the empire even more. And Genghis's grandson, Mongke, was the Great Khan in 1258 when Baghdad, the capital of the Abbasid Empire, fell to the Mongols. And another of Genghis's grandsons, Kublai Khan, conquered the Song Dynasty in China in 1279. And if the Mamluks hadn't stopped another of Genghis's grandsons at the Battle of Ain Jalut, they probably would have taken all of North Africa. |
Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a | His son, Ogedai Khan, expanded the empire even more. And Genghis's grandson, Mongke, was the Great Khan in 1258 when Baghdad, the capital of the Abbasid Empire, fell to the Mongols. And another of Genghis's grandsons, Kublai Khan, conquered the Song Dynasty in China in 1279. And if the Mamluks hadn't stopped another of Genghis's grandsons at the Battle of Ain Jalut, they probably would have taken all of North Africa. Man, Genghis Khan sure had a lot of grandkids. Well, it must be time for the open letter. An Open Letter to Genghis Khan's Descendants. |
Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a | And if the Mamluks hadn't stopped another of Genghis's grandsons at the Battle of Ain Jalut, they probably would have taken all of North Africa. Man, Genghis Khan sure had a lot of grandkids. Well, it must be time for the open letter. An Open Letter to Genghis Khan's Descendants. Oh, but first, let's check what's in the secret compartment today. Oh, a noisemaker and champagne poppers. Stan, you know I suck at these. |
Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a | An Open Letter to Genghis Khan's Descendants. Oh, but first, let's check what's in the secret compartment today. Oh, a noisemaker and champagne poppers. Stan, you know I suck at these. What's all this for? Oh, it's because it's a birthday party! Yay! |
Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a | Stan, you know I suck at these. What's all this for? Oh, it's because it's a birthday party! Yay! Happy birthday to Genghis Khan's descendants. How do I know it's your birthday, Genghis Khan's descendants? Because every day is your birthday. |
Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a | Yay! Happy birthday to Genghis Khan's descendants. How do I know it's your birthday, Genghis Khan's descendants? Because every day is your birthday. Because right now, on the planet Earth, there are 16 million direct descendants of Genghis Khan, meaning that every day is the birthday of 43,000 of them. So good news, Genghis Khan, your empire might be gone, but your progeny lives on and on and on and on. Happy birthday! |
Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a | Because every day is your birthday. Because right now, on the planet Earth, there are 16 million direct descendants of Genghis Khan, meaning that every day is the birthday of 43,000 of them. So good news, Genghis Khan, your empire might be gone, but your progeny lives on and on and on and on. Happy birthday! Best wishes, John Green. Unfortunately for the Mongols, those guys weren't always working together because Genghis Khan failed to create a single political unit out of his conquests. Instead, after Genghis's death, the Mongols were left with four really important empires called khanates. |
Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a | Happy birthday! Best wishes, John Green. Unfortunately for the Mongols, those guys weren't always working together because Genghis Khan failed to create a single political unit out of his conquests. Instead, after Genghis's death, the Mongols were left with four really important empires called khanates. The Yuan Dynasty in China, the Ilkhanate in Persia, the Chagatai Khanate in Central Asia, and the Khanate of the Golden Horde in Russia. If you remember all the way back to the Hellenistic period, this is similar to what happened to another good general who wasn't much for administration, Alexander the Great. Also, neither of them ever conquered India. |
Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a | Instead, after Genghis's death, the Mongols were left with four really important empires called khanates. The Yuan Dynasty in China, the Ilkhanate in Persia, the Chagatai Khanate in Central Asia, and the Khanate of the Golden Horde in Russia. If you remember all the way back to the Hellenistic period, this is similar to what happened to another good general who wasn't much for administration, Alexander the Great. Also, neither of them ever conquered India. The Mongols succeeded primarily because of their military skill. Genghis Khan's army, which never numbered more than 130,000, was built on speed and archery. Just like this guy. |
Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a | Also, neither of them ever conquered India. The Mongols succeeded primarily because of their military skill. Genghis Khan's army, which never numbered more than 130,000, was built on speed and archery. Just like this guy. Mongol mounted archers were like super-fast tanks compared to the foot soldiers and knights they were up against. But wait, all the military history nerds are saying, once people knew the Mongols were coming, why didn't they just hole up in castles and forts? It's not like the Mongols had flying horses. |
Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a | Just like this guy. Mongol mounted archers were like super-fast tanks compared to the foot soldiers and knights they were up against. But wait, all the military history nerds are saying, once people knew the Mongols were coming, why didn't they just hole up in castles and forts? It's not like the Mongols had flying horses. Except they did. They didn't? Stan, why are you always making history boring? |
Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a | It's not like the Mongols had flying horses. Except they did. They didn't? Stan, why are you always making history boring? So the Mongols apparently didn't have flying horses, but they were uncommonly adaptable. So even though they'd never seen a castle before they started raiding, they became experts at siege warfare by interrogating prisoners. And they also adopted gunpowder, probably introducing it to Europeans. |
Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a | Stan, why are you always making history boring? So the Mongols apparently didn't have flying horses, but they were uncommonly adaptable. So even though they'd never seen a castle before they started raiding, they became experts at siege warfare by interrogating prisoners. And they also adopted gunpowder, probably introducing it to Europeans. And they even built ships so they could attack Japan. That might have worked too, except there happened to be a typhoon. Also, people were terrified of the Mongols. |
Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a | And they also adopted gunpowder, probably introducing it to Europeans. And they even built ships so they could attack Japan. That might have worked too, except there happened to be a typhoon. Also, people were terrified of the Mongols. Often, cities would surrender the moment the Mongols arrived, just to escape slaughter. But of course, that only happened because there were occasions when the Mongols did, you know, slaughter entire towns. So with all that background, let us return to the question of Mongol awesomeness. |
Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a | Also, people were terrified of the Mongols. Often, cities would surrender the moment the Mongols arrived, just to escape slaughter. But of course, that only happened because there were occasions when the Mongols did, you know, slaughter entire towns. So with all that background, let us return to the question of Mongol awesomeness. First, five arguments for awesome. One, the Mongols really did reinvigorate cross-Eurasian trade. The Silk Road trading routes that had existed for about a thousand years by the time the Mongols made the scene had fallen into disuse. |
Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a | So with all that background, let us return to the question of Mongol awesomeness. First, five arguments for awesome. One, the Mongols really did reinvigorate cross-Eurasian trade. The Silk Road trading routes that had existed for about a thousand years by the time the Mongols made the scene had fallen into disuse. But the Mongols valued trade because they could tax it. And they did a great job of keeping their empire safe. It was said that a man could walk from one end of the Mongol Empire to the other with a gold plate on his head without ever fearing being robbed. |
Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a | The Silk Road trading routes that had existed for about a thousand years by the time the Mongols made the scene had fallen into disuse. But the Mongols valued trade because they could tax it. And they did a great job of keeping their empire safe. It was said that a man could walk from one end of the Mongol Empire to the other with a gold plate on his head without ever fearing being robbed. Two, the Mongols increased communication through Eurasia by developing this pony express-like system of way stations with horses and riders that could quickly relay information. It was called the Yom system, and it also included these amazing bronze passports, which facilitated travel. Three, another thing that traveled along Mongol trade routes was cuisine. |
Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a | It was said that a man could walk from one end of the Mongol Empire to the other with a gold plate on his head without ever fearing being robbed. Two, the Mongols increased communication through Eurasia by developing this pony express-like system of way stations with horses and riders that could quickly relay information. It was called the Yom system, and it also included these amazing bronze passports, which facilitated travel. Three, another thing that traveled along Mongol trade routes was cuisine. For example, it was because of the Mongols that rice became a staple of the Persian diet, which I mention entirely because I happen to like Persian food. Four, the Mongols forcibly relocated people who were useful to them, like artists and musicians and especially administrators. As you can imagine, the Mongols weren't much for administrative tasks, like keeping records, so they found people who were good at that stuff and just moved them around the empire. |
Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a | Three, another thing that traveled along Mongol trade routes was cuisine. For example, it was because of the Mongols that rice became a staple of the Persian diet, which I mention entirely because I happen to like Persian food. Four, the Mongols forcibly relocated people who were useful to them, like artists and musicians and especially administrators. As you can imagine, the Mongols weren't much for administrative tasks, like keeping records, so they found people who were good at that stuff and just moved them around the empire. This created the kind of cross-cultural pollination that world historians these days get really excited about. And five, the Mongols were almost unprecedentedly tolerant of different religions. They themselves were shamanists, believing in nature spirits, but since their religion was tied to the land from which they came, they didn't expect new people to adopt it, and they didn't ask them to. |
Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a | As you can imagine, the Mongols weren't much for administrative tasks, like keeping records, so they found people who were good at that stuff and just moved them around the empire. This created the kind of cross-cultural pollination that world historians these days get really excited about. And five, the Mongols were almost unprecedentedly tolerant of different religions. They themselves were shamanists, believing in nature spirits, but since their religion was tied to the land from which they came, they didn't expect new people to adopt it, and they didn't ask them to. So you could find Muslims and Buddhists and Christians and people of any other religion you can think of prospering throughout the Mongol Empire. And it's that kind of openness that has led historians to go back and reevaluate the Mongols, seeing them as kind of a precursor to modernity. But there is another side of the story that we should not forget, so here are five reasons why the Mongols might not be so great. |
Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a | They themselves were shamanists, believing in nature spirits, but since their religion was tied to the land from which they came, they didn't expect new people to adopt it, and they didn't ask them to. So you could find Muslims and Buddhists and Christians and people of any other religion you can think of prospering throughout the Mongol Empire. And it's that kind of openness that has led historians to go back and reevaluate the Mongols, seeing them as kind of a precursor to modernity. But there is another side of the story that we should not forget, so here are five reasons why the Mongols might not be so great. One, here is Genghis Khan's definition of happiness. The greatest happiness is to vanquish your enemies, to chase them before you, to rob them of their wealth, to see those dear to them bathed in tears, to clasp to your bosom their wives and daughters. Off topic, but if that quote rings a bell, it might be because Oliver Stone blatantly plagiarized Genghis Khan in the movie Conan the Barbarian. |
Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a | But there is another side of the story that we should not forget, so here are five reasons why the Mongols might not be so great. One, here is Genghis Khan's definition of happiness. The greatest happiness is to vanquish your enemies, to chase them before you, to rob them of their wealth, to see those dear to them bathed in tears, to clasp to your bosom their wives and daughters. Off topic, but if that quote rings a bell, it might be because Oliver Stone blatantly plagiarized Genghis Khan in the movie Conan the Barbarian. Two, is an extension of one, the Mongols were seriously brutal conquerors. I mean, not uniquely brutal, but still. The Mongols often destroyed entire cities, and most historians estimate the number they killed to be in the millions. |
Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a | Off topic, but if that quote rings a bell, it might be because Oliver Stone blatantly plagiarized Genghis Khan in the movie Conan the Barbarian. Two, is an extension of one, the Mongols were seriously brutal conquerors. I mean, not uniquely brutal, but still. The Mongols often destroyed entire cities, and most historians estimate the number they killed to be in the millions. Three, their empire didn't last. Within 80 years, they'd left China and been replaced by a new dynasty, the Ming, and in Persia they blended in so completely that by the 15th century they were totally unrecognizable. I mean, they'd even taken up agriculture. |
Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a | The Mongols often destroyed entire cities, and most historians estimate the number they killed to be in the millions. Three, their empire didn't last. Within 80 years, they'd left China and been replaced by a new dynasty, the Ming, and in Persia they blended in so completely that by the 15th century they were totally unrecognizable. I mean, they'd even taken up agriculture. Agriculture, the last refuge of scoundrels who wanted to devote their lives to working instead of scoodily-pooping. They also weren't particularly interested in artistic patronage or architecture. I mean, your palace may last forever, but my yurt can go anywhere. |
Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a | I mean, they'd even taken up agriculture. Agriculture, the last refuge of scoundrels who wanted to devote their lives to working instead of scoodily-pooping. They also weren't particularly interested in artistic patronage or architecture. I mean, your palace may last forever, but my yurt can go anywhere. Five, the Mongols were probably responsible for the Black Death. By opening up trade, they also opened up vectors for disease to travel, in the case of the plague via fleas infected with Yersinia pestis. And at least according to one story, the Mongols intentionally spread the plague by catapulting their plague-ridden cadavers over the walls of Caffa in the Crimea. |
Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a | I mean, your palace may last forever, but my yurt can go anywhere. Five, the Mongols were probably responsible for the Black Death. By opening up trade, they also opened up vectors for disease to travel, in the case of the plague via fleas infected with Yersinia pestis. And at least according to one story, the Mongols intentionally spread the plague by catapulting their plague-ridden cadavers over the walls of Caffa in the Crimea. While this primitive act of biological warfare might have happened, it's unlikely to be what actually spread the plague. More likely it was the fleas on the rats in the holds of Black Sea ships that were trading with Europe, but that trade only existed because of the Mongols. All right, Stan, one last time, cue the Mongoltage. |
Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a | And at least according to one story, the Mongols intentionally spread the plague by catapulting their plague-ridden cadavers over the walls of Caffa in the Crimea. While this primitive act of biological warfare might have happened, it's unlikely to be what actually spread the plague. More likely it was the fleas on the rats in the holds of Black Sea ships that were trading with Europe, but that trade only existed because of the Mongols. All right, Stan, one last time, cue the Mongoltage. So the Mongols promoted trade, diversity, and tolerance, and they also promoted slaughter and senseless destruction. And what you think about the Mongols ends up saying a lot about you. Do you value artistic output over religious diversity? |
Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a | All right, Stan, one last time, cue the Mongoltage. So the Mongols promoted trade, diversity, and tolerance, and they also promoted slaughter and senseless destruction. And what you think about the Mongols ends up saying a lot about you. Do you value artistic output over religious diversity? Is imperialism that doesn't last better or worse than imperialism that does? And are certain kinds of warfare inherently wrong? If you think those are easy questions to answer, then I haven't been doing my job. |
Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a | Do you value artistic output over religious diversity? Is imperialism that doesn't last better or worse than imperialism that does? And are certain kinds of warfare inherently wrong? If you think those are easy questions to answer, then I haven't been doing my job. Regardless, I look forward to reading your answers in comments. Thanks for watching, and I'll see you next week. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. |
Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a | If you think those are easy questions to answer, then I haven't been doing my job. Regardless, I look forward to reading your answers in comments. Thanks for watching, and I'll see you next week. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson. The show is written by my high school history teacher Raoul Meyer and myself, and our graphics theme is Thought Bubble. Last week's Phrase of the Week was Hawaiian pizza. |
Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a | Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson. The show is written by my high school history teacher Raoul Meyer and myself, and our graphics theme is Thought Bubble. Last week's Phrase of the Week was Hawaiian pizza. If you want to suggest future Phrases of the Week or guests at this week's, you can do so in comments, where you can also ask questions about today's video that can be answered by our team of historians. By the way, if you want to wear your glove for Crash Course, there's a Mongol shirt, link in the video info. Thanks for watching Crash Course. |
Globalization I - The Upside Crash Course World History #41.m4a | Hi, I'm John Green, this is Crash Course World History, and today is the penultimate episode of Crash Course. We're going to talk about globalization. This was going to be the last episode, but I just can't quit you, world historians. So today we're going to talk about globalization, and in doing so, we're going to talk about why we study history at all. Ooh, ooh, Mr. Green! Yes, me from the past? We study history to get a good grade, to go to a good college, to get a good job. |
Globalization I - The Upside Crash Course World History #41.m4a | So today we're going to talk about globalization, and in doing so, we're going to talk about why we study history at all. Ooh, ooh, Mr. Green! Yes, me from the past? We study history to get a good grade, to go to a good college, to get a good job. So you can make more money than you would otherwise make and be a slightly larger cog among the 7 billion gears that turn the planet's economic engine, right? And that's fine, but if that's why you really study history, then you need to understand all the ways that the t-shirt you're wearing is both the cause and result of your ambition. This t-shirt contains the global economy, its efficiency, its massive surplus, its hyperconnectedness, and its unsustainability. |
Globalization I - The Upside Crash Course World History #41.m4a | We study history to get a good grade, to go to a good college, to get a good job. So you can make more money than you would otherwise make and be a slightly larger cog among the 7 billion gears that turn the planet's economic engine, right? And that's fine, but if that's why you really study history, then you need to understand all the ways that the t-shirt you're wearing is both the cause and result of your ambition. This t-shirt contains the global economy, its efficiency, its massive surplus, its hyperconnectedness, and its unsustainability. This t-shirt tells one story of globalization, so let's follow it. INTRO So globalization is a cultural phenomenon. It's reflected in contemporary artwork and population migration and linguistic changes, but we're going to focus, as we so often have during Crash Course, on trade. |
Globalization I - The Upside Crash Course World History #41.m4a | This t-shirt contains the global economy, its efficiency, its massive surplus, its hyperconnectedness, and its unsustainability. This t-shirt tells one story of globalization, so let's follow it. INTRO So globalization is a cultural phenomenon. It's reflected in contemporary artwork and population migration and linguistic changes, but we're going to focus, as we so often have during Crash Course, on trade. So the world today, as symbolized by our international felt melange, experiences widespread global economic interdependence. Now, of course, economic interdependence and the accompanying cultural borrowing are nothing new. You'll remember that we found trade documents from the Indus Valley civilization all the way in Mesopotamia. |
Globalization I - The Upside Crash Course World History #41.m4a | It's reflected in contemporary artwork and population migration and linguistic changes, but we're going to focus, as we so often have during Crash Course, on trade. So the world today, as symbolized by our international felt melange, experiences widespread global economic interdependence. Now, of course, economic interdependence and the accompanying cultural borrowing are nothing new. You'll remember that we found trade documents from the Indus Valley civilization all the way in Mesopotamia. But for a few reasons, the scale of this trade has increased dramatically. One, multinational corporations have global reach and increasing power. Two, travel and shipping are cheap and safe. |
Globalization I - The Upside Crash Course World History #41.m4a | You'll remember that we found trade documents from the Indus Valley civilization all the way in Mesopotamia. But for a few reasons, the scale of this trade has increased dramatically. One, multinational corporations have global reach and increasing power. Two, travel and shipping are cheap and safe. It took about two months to cross the Atlantic in 1800. Today, it takes about five hours by plane and less than a week by ship. Three, governments have decreased tariffs and regulations on international trade, leading to what is sometimes called, euphemistically, free trade. |
Globalization I - The Upside Crash Course World History #41.m4a | Two, travel and shipping are cheap and safe. It took about two months to cross the Atlantic in 1800. Today, it takes about five hours by plane and less than a week by ship. Three, governments have decreased tariffs and regulations on international trade, leading to what is sometimes called, euphemistically, free trade. To which I say, if this trade is so free, how come BBC America is in the premium tier of my cable package? To understand the role that governments play in international trade, let's look again at this t-shirt. This t-shirt, like most t-shirts made in the world, contains 100% American cotton. |
Globalization I - The Upside Crash Course World History #41.m4a | Three, governments have decreased tariffs and regulations on international trade, leading to what is sometimes called, euphemistically, free trade. To which I say, if this trade is so free, how come BBC America is in the premium tier of my cable package? To understand the role that governments play in international trade, let's look again at this t-shirt. This t-shirt, like most t-shirts made in the world, contains 100% American cotton. And that's not because the US makes the best cotton or the most efficient cotton, it's because the US government subsidizes cotton production. And that's what makes this cotton cheaper than cotton of similar quality from Brazil or India. But in the last 30 years, the US's share of cotton exports has gone down as Brazil, India, and Africa's cotton exports go up. |
Globalization I - The Upside Crash Course World History #41.m4a | This t-shirt, like most t-shirts made in the world, contains 100% American cotton. And that's not because the US makes the best cotton or the most efficient cotton, it's because the US government subsidizes cotton production. And that's what makes this cotton cheaper than cotton of similar quality from Brazil or India. But in the last 30 years, the US's share of cotton exports has gone down as Brazil, India, and Africa's cotton exports go up. And that trend will likely continue as the US moves away from its expensive cotton subsidies. In fact, these days it's already possible to find t-shirts with Brazilian, Indian, or Ugandan cotton, or a mixture of cottons from all around the world. But because the American government doesn't subsidize industry in the way it does agricultural production, the actual spinning and weaving of the cotton takes place in lower-wage countries – Mexico, Guatemala, Vietnam, China, India, China, China, sometimes even China. |
Globalization I - The Upside Crash Course World History #41.m4a | But in the last 30 years, the US's share of cotton exports has gone down as Brazil, India, and Africa's cotton exports go up. And that trend will likely continue as the US moves away from its expensive cotton subsidies. In fact, these days it's already possible to find t-shirts with Brazilian, Indian, or Ugandan cotton, or a mixture of cottons from all around the world. But because the American government doesn't subsidize industry in the way it does agricultural production, the actual spinning and weaving of the cotton takes place in lower-wage countries – Mexico, Guatemala, Vietnam, China, India, China, China, sometimes even China. And then the finished shirts, called blanks, are usually sent to Europe or the United States for screen printing and then sold. You would think the most expensive part of this process is the part where we ship this across the Pacific Ocean, turn it into this, and then ship it back across the Pacific Ocean. But you'd be wrong. |
Globalization I - The Upside Crash Course World History #41.m4a | But because the American government doesn't subsidize industry in the way it does agricultural production, the actual spinning and weaving of the cotton takes place in lower-wage countries – Mexico, Guatemala, Vietnam, China, India, China, China, sometimes even China. And then the finished shirts, called blanks, are usually sent to Europe or the United States for screen printing and then sold. You would think the most expensive part of this process is the part where we ship this across the Pacific Ocean, turn it into this, and then ship it back across the Pacific Ocean. But you'd be wrong. Wholesale t-shirt blanks can cost as little as $3. The expense is in the printing, the retail side of things, and paying the designer at Thought Bubble who was tasked with the difficult job of creating a mongrel who is at once cute and terrifying. So contemporary global trade is pretty anarchic and unregulated, at least by international institutions and national governments. |
Globalization I - The Upside Crash Course World History #41.m4a | But you'd be wrong. Wholesale t-shirt blanks can cost as little as $3. The expense is in the printing, the retail side of things, and paying the designer at Thought Bubble who was tasked with the difficult job of creating a mongrel who is at once cute and terrifying. So contemporary global trade is pretty anarchic and unregulated, at least by international institutions and national governments. Much of this has to do with academic economists, mostly in the US and Europe, who have argued with great success that governmental regulation diminishes prosperity by limiting growth. Now, some nations in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Africa haven't been particularly keen to pursue free trade, but they've been bullied into it by larger economies with whom they desperately need to trade. So in the past 30 years, we've seen all these emerging markets lowering their tariffs, getting rid of regulation, and privatizing formerly state-run businesses. |
Globalization I - The Upside Crash Course World History #41.m4a | So contemporary global trade is pretty anarchic and unregulated, at least by international institutions and national governments. Much of this has to do with academic economists, mostly in the US and Europe, who have argued with great success that governmental regulation diminishes prosperity by limiting growth. Now, some nations in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Africa haven't been particularly keen to pursue free trade, but they've been bullied into it by larger economies with whom they desperately need to trade. So in the past 30 years, we've seen all these emerging markets lowering their tariffs, getting rid of regulation, and privatizing formerly state-run businesses. And they often do that to appease the International Monetary Fund, which offers low-interest loans to developing world economies with the motto, Many Strings Attached. Now, whether these decreased regulations have been a net positive for these developing world economies is a subject of much debate, and we will wade into it, but not until next week. First, we need to understand more about the nature of this trade. |
Globalization I - The Upside Crash Course World History #41.m4a | So in the past 30 years, we've seen all these emerging markets lowering their tariffs, getting rid of regulation, and privatizing formerly state-run businesses. And they often do that to appease the International Monetary Fund, which offers low-interest loans to developing world economies with the motto, Many Strings Attached. Now, whether these decreased regulations have been a net positive for these developing world economies is a subject of much debate, and we will wade into it, but not until next week. First, we need to understand more about the nature of this trade. So you'll remember from the Industrial Revolution episode that industrial Western powers produced most of the manufactured goods, which were then sold in international markets, but you'll also remember that domestic consumption was extremely important. I mean, almost all early Model Ts were built by Americans and bought by Americans. But since the 1960s, and especially today, former non-industrialized parts of the world have been manufacturing consumer goods for domestic markets, yes, but primarily for foreign ones. |
Globalization I - The Upside Crash Course World History #41.m4a | First, we need to understand more about the nature of this trade. So you'll remember from the Industrial Revolution episode that industrial Western powers produced most of the manufactured goods, which were then sold in international markets, but you'll also remember that domestic consumption was extremely important. I mean, almost all early Model Ts were built by Americans and bought by Americans. But since the 1960s, and especially today, former non-industrialized parts of the world have been manufacturing consumer goods for domestic markets, yes, but primarily for foreign ones. This t-shirt, made in China and the Dominican Republic before being imported to Mexico and then to the United States, is a primary example of what I'm talking about, but so is the computer that you're watching me on. Your computer was probably manufactured in China, but with parts from all over the world, especially Taiwan, Japan, and South Korea. And this international manufacturing is always finding, like, new markets, too. |
Globalization I - The Upside Crash Course World History #41.m4a | But since the 1960s, and especially today, former non-industrialized parts of the world have been manufacturing consumer goods for domestic markets, yes, but primarily for foreign ones. This t-shirt, made in China and the Dominican Republic before being imported to Mexico and then to the United States, is a primary example of what I'm talking about, but so is the computer that you're watching me on. Your computer was probably manufactured in China, but with parts from all over the world, especially Taiwan, Japan, and South Korea. And this international manufacturing is always finding, like, new markets, too. Like Brazil, for instance, has a huge technology sector. They make iPads there, actually. Sorry, I'm trying to play Angry Birds. |
Globalization I - The Upside Crash Course World History #41.m4a | And this international manufacturing is always finding, like, new markets, too. Like Brazil, for instance, has a huge technology sector. They make iPads there, actually. Sorry, I'm trying to play Angry Birds. But what all these countries have in common is that while there is a domestic market for things like iPads and t-shirts, the foreign markets are much, much bigger. Oh, it's time for the open letter? An Open Letter to Cookie Monster But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today. |
Globalization I - The Upside Crash Course World History #41.m4a | Sorry, I'm trying to play Angry Birds. But what all these countries have in common is that while there is a domestic market for things like iPads and t-shirts, the foreign markets are much, much bigger. Oh, it's time for the open letter? An Open Letter to Cookie Monster But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today. Oh, it's a cookie dough flavored balance bar. For people who love cookies and pretending to be healthy. Dear Cookie Monster, here's the thing, man. |
Globalization I - The Upside Crash Course World History #41.m4a | An Open Letter to Cookie Monster But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today. Oh, it's a cookie dough flavored balance bar. For people who love cookies and pretending to be healthy. Dear Cookie Monster, here's the thing, man. You don't have a stomach. That's why when you put a cookie in your mouth, it crumbles up and then it just falls out of your mouth. But here's what fascinates me, Cookie Monster. |
Globalization I - The Upside Crash Course World History #41.m4a | Dear Cookie Monster, here's the thing, man. You don't have a stomach. That's why when you put a cookie in your mouth, it crumbles up and then it just falls out of your mouth. But here's what fascinates me, Cookie Monster. I believe you when you say you love cookies. It doesn't matter that you can't actually eat cookies, because where you would have a stomach, you instead have someone's arm. And that, Cookie Monster, is what makes you a beautiful symbol for contemporary consumption. |
Globalization I - The Upside Crash Course World History #41.m4a | But here's what fascinates me, Cookie Monster. I believe you when you say you love cookies. It doesn't matter that you can't actually eat cookies, because where you would have a stomach, you instead have someone's arm. And that, Cookie Monster, is what makes you a beautiful symbol for contemporary consumption. You just keep eating, even though you can't eat. Cookie Monster, you are the best and the worst of us. Best wishes, John Green. |
Globalization I - The Upside Crash Course World History #41.m4a | And that, Cookie Monster, is what makes you a beautiful symbol for contemporary consumption. You just keep eating, even though you can't eat. Cookie Monster, you are the best and the worst of us. Best wishes, John Green. So although diehard Marxists might still resist this, by 2012 it's become pretty obvious that global capitalism has been good for a lot of people. It's certainly increased worldwide economic output, and while American autoworkers may suffer job loss, moving manufacturing jobs from high-wage to lower-wage countries allows a greater number of people to live better than they did when the first and second worlds monopolized manufacturing. And while I don't want to conflate correlation and causation, some 600 million people have emerged from poverty in the last 30 years, at least according to the World Bank's definition of poverty, which is living on less than $1.25 a day. |
Globalization I - The Upside Crash Course World History #41.m4a | Best wishes, John Green. So although diehard Marxists might still resist this, by 2012 it's become pretty obvious that global capitalism has been good for a lot of people. It's certainly increased worldwide economic output, and while American autoworkers may suffer job loss, moving manufacturing jobs from high-wage to lower-wage countries allows a greater number of people to live better than they did when the first and second worlds monopolized manufacturing. And while I don't want to conflate correlation and causation, some 600 million people have emerged from poverty in the last 30 years, at least according to the World Bank's definition of poverty, which is living on less than $1.25 a day. Americans can argue about whether absurdly inexpensive clothes, shoes, and televisions are worth the domestic, economic, and social dislocation, but for the Vietnamese worker stitching a pair of sneakers, that job represents an opportunity for a longer, healthier, and more secure life than she would have had if those shoes were made in the USA. But before we jump on the celebratory globalization bandwagon, let's acknowledge that this brave new world has some side effects. For instance, it maybe hasn't been so good for families, it definitely has not been good for the environment, and also there's a chance that globalization will spark, like, the end of the human species. |
Globalization I - The Upside Crash Course World History #41.m4a | And while I don't want to conflate correlation and causation, some 600 million people have emerged from poverty in the last 30 years, at least according to the World Bank's definition of poverty, which is living on less than $1.25 a day. Americans can argue about whether absurdly inexpensive clothes, shoes, and televisions are worth the domestic, economic, and social dislocation, but for the Vietnamese worker stitching a pair of sneakers, that job represents an opportunity for a longer, healthier, and more secure life than she would have had if those shoes were made in the USA. But before we jump on the celebratory globalization bandwagon, let's acknowledge that this brave new world has some side effects. For instance, it maybe hasn't been so good for families, it definitely has not been good for the environment, and also there's a chance that globalization will spark, like, the end of the human species. But we're going to talk about all that next week. For today, let's bring on the bandwagon and ride straight for the Thought Bubble. So these days, people move more than they ever have. |
Globalization I - The Upside Crash Course World History #41.m4a | For instance, it maybe hasn't been so good for families, it definitely has not been good for the environment, and also there's a chance that globalization will spark, like, the end of the human species. But we're going to talk about all that next week. For today, let's bring on the bandwagon and ride straight for the Thought Bubble. So these days, people move more than they ever have. 21% of people living in Canada were born somewhere else, as was an astonishing 69% of Kuwait's current population. Migration has become easier because 1. Air travel is pretty cheap, especially if you only take a few plane trips in your life, and 2. it's relatively easy and inexpensive to stay in touch with relatives living far away thanks to Skype, mobile phones, and inexpensive calling cards. |
Globalization I - The Upside Crash Course World History #41.m4a | So these days, people move more than they ever have. 21% of people living in Canada were born somewhere else, as was an astonishing 69% of Kuwait's current population. Migration has become easier because 1. Air travel is pretty cheap, especially if you only take a few plane trips in your life, and 2. it's relatively easy and inexpensive to stay in touch with relatives living far away thanks to Skype, mobile phones, and inexpensive calling cards. Also 3. Even with increased industrialization in the developing world, economic opportunities are often much better in wealthy countries. Remittances, money sent home by people working abroad, are now a huge driver of economic growth in the developing world. |
Globalization I - The Upside Crash Course World History #41.m4a | Air travel is pretty cheap, especially if you only take a few plane trips in your life, and 2. it's relatively easy and inexpensive to stay in touch with relatives living far away thanks to Skype, mobile phones, and inexpensive calling cards. Also 3. Even with increased industrialization in the developing world, economic opportunities are often much better in wealthy countries. Remittances, money sent home by people working abroad, are now a huge driver of economic growth in the developing world. Like in Tajikistan, for instance, remittances are 35% of the country's total gross domestic product. With all these people moving around the world, it's not surprising that globalization also means cultural blending. When people move, they don't just give up their literary, culinary, artistic, and musical traditions. |
Globalization I - The Upside Crash Course World History #41.m4a | Remittances, money sent home by people working abroad, are now a huge driver of economic growth in the developing world. Like in Tajikistan, for instance, remittances are 35% of the country's total gross domestic product. With all these people moving around the world, it's not surprising that globalization also means cultural blending. When people move, they don't just give up their literary, culinary, artistic, and musical traditions. Globalized culture is a bit of a paradox, though, because some people see culture today as increasingly Americanized, right? Like Friends is currently broadcast in over 100 countries. You can find Diet Coke for sale deep in the jungles of Madagascar. |
Globalization I - The Upside Crash Course World History #41.m4a | When people move, they don't just give up their literary, culinary, artistic, and musical traditions. Globalized culture is a bit of a paradox, though, because some people see culture today as increasingly Americanized, right? Like Friends is currently broadcast in over 100 countries. You can find Diet Coke for sale deep in the jungles of Madagascar. The NBA is huge in China. There are fewer languages spoken today, and probably less cultural diversity. But on the other hand, an individual's access to diverse cultural experience has never been greater. |
Globalization I - The Upside Crash Course World History #41.m4a | You can find Diet Coke for sale deep in the jungles of Madagascar. The NBA is huge in China. There are fewer languages spoken today, and probably less cultural diversity. But on the other hand, an individual's access to diverse cultural experience has never been greater. Bollywood movies, Swedish hip-hop, Brazilian soap operas, highlights from Congolese football matches, these are all available to us. Culinary-cultural fusion is all the rage. More novels are translated from languages than ever before, although few are actually read. |
Globalization I - The Upside Crash Course World History #41.m4a | But on the other hand, an individual's access to diverse cultural experience has never been greater. Bollywood movies, Swedish hip-hop, Brazilian soap operas, highlights from Congolese football matches, these are all available to us. Culinary-cultural fusion is all the rage. More novels are translated from languages than ever before, although few are actually read. And in the surest sign of cultural globalization, football, the world's game, has finally reached America, where broadcasts of the greatest collective enterprise humanity has ever known, Liverpool Football Club, got record ratings in 2012. Thanks, Thought Bubble. Hey, one last request. |
Globalization I - The Upside Crash Course World History #41.m4a | More novels are translated from languages than ever before, although few are actually read. And in the surest sign of cultural globalization, football, the world's game, has finally reached America, where broadcasts of the greatest collective enterprise humanity has ever known, Liverpool Football Club, got record ratings in 2012. Thanks, Thought Bubble. Hey, one last request. Could you put me in a Liverpool jersey? On the pitch at Anfield? Raising the Premier League trophy? |
Globalization I - The Upside Crash Course World History #41.m4a | Hey, one last request. Could you put me in a Liverpool jersey? On the pitch at Anfield? Raising the Premier League trophy? With Steven Gerrard hugging me? Yes! Just like that! |
Globalization I - The Upside Crash Course World History #41.m4a | Raising the Premier League trophy? With Steven Gerrard hugging me? Yes! Just like that! Oh, Thought Bubble, I love you so much! Okay, so this all brings us to how globalization has changed us, and whether it's for the better. If you're looking for the minimum wage here in the United States, this t-shirt, purchased at your friendly neighborhood e-tailer dftba.com, will cost you about three hours worth of work, and yes, that does include shipping. |
Globalization I - The Upside Crash Course World History #41.m4a | Just like that! Oh, Thought Bubble, I love you so much! Okay, so this all brings us to how globalization has changed us, and whether it's for the better. If you're looking for the minimum wage here in the United States, this t-shirt, purchased at your friendly neighborhood e-tailer dftba.com, will cost you about three hours worth of work, and yes, that does include shipping. By the time it arrives at your door, the cotton within that t-shirt will have traveled by truck, train, ship, possibly even airplane if you opt for priority shipping. And it will probably have traveled further than Magellan did during his famous circumnavigation of the globe. Yet all that for three hours of work, by contrast, a far less comfortable garment several hundred years ago would have cost you ten times as much work. |
Globalization I - The Upside Crash Course World History #41.m4a | If you're looking for the minimum wage here in the United States, this t-shirt, purchased at your friendly neighborhood e-tailer dftba.com, will cost you about three hours worth of work, and yes, that does include shipping. By the time it arrives at your door, the cotton within that t-shirt will have traveled by truck, train, ship, possibly even airplane if you opt for priority shipping. And it will probably have traveled further than Magellan did during his famous circumnavigation of the globe. Yet all that for three hours of work, by contrast, a far less comfortable garment several hundred years ago would have cost you ten times as much work. But these improvements have been accompanied by change so radical that we struggle to contextualize it. Like, the human population of our planet over time looks like this. Dang. |
Globalization I - The Upside Crash Course World History #41.m4a | Yet all that for three hours of work, by contrast, a far less comfortable garment several hundred years ago would have cost you ten times as much work. But these improvements have been accompanied by change so radical that we struggle to contextualize it. Like, the human population of our planet over time looks like this. Dang. Like in 1800, there were a billion human beings on this planet, and that was more than had ever been seen before. And we live more than twice as long, on average, as humans did just two centuries ago, largely due to improved health care for women in childbirth and their infants, but also thanks to antibiotics and the second agricultural revolution that began in the 1950s, the so-called Green Revolution, that saw increased use of chemical fertilizers lead to dramatically higher crop yields. Of course, these gains haven't been evenly distributed around the world, but chances are, if you're watching this, you a. survive childbirth, and b. feel reasonably confident that your children will as well. |