video_title
stringlengths 25
104
| Sentence
stringlengths 73
2.51k
|
|---|---|
World War II Crash Course World History #38.m4a | Thanks, Thought Bubble. So not to sound jingoistic, but the entry of the US into the war really did change everything, although I doubt the Nazis could have taken Russia regardless. No one conquers Russia in the wintertime, unless you are, wait for it, the Mongols. Okay, we're going to skip most of the big battles of 1942, like the Battle of Midway, which effectively ended Japan's chance of winning the war, and focus on the Battle of Stalingrad. The German attack on Stalingrad, now known as Volgograd because Stalin sucks, was one of the bloodiest battles in the history of war, with more than 2 million dead. The Germans began by dropping more than a thousand tons of bombs on Stalingrad, and then the Russians responded by hugging the Germans, staying as close to their front lines as possible so that German air support would kill Germans and Russians alike. This kind of worked, although the Germans still took most of the city, but then a Soviet counterattack left the 6th Army of the Nazis completely cut off. |
World War II Crash Course World History #38.m4a | Okay, we're going to skip most of the big battles of 1942, like the Battle of Midway, which effectively ended Japan's chance of winning the war, and focus on the Battle of Stalingrad. The German attack on Stalingrad, now known as Volgograd because Stalin sucks, was one of the bloodiest battles in the history of war, with more than 2 million dead. The Germans began by dropping more than a thousand tons of bombs on Stalingrad, and then the Russians responded by hugging the Germans, staying as close to their front lines as possible so that German air support would kill Germans and Russians alike. This kind of worked, although the Germans still took most of the city, but then a Soviet counterattack left the 6th Army of the Nazis completely cut off. And after that, due partly to Hitler's overreaching megalomania and partly to lots of people being scared of him, the 6th Army slowly froze and starved to death before finally surrendering. And of the 91,000 Axis POWs from Stalingrad, only about 6,000 ever returned home. Stalingrad turned the war in Europe, and by 1944 the American strategy of island hopping in the Pacific was taking GIs closer and closer to Japan. |
World War II Crash Course World History #38.m4a | This kind of worked, although the Germans still took most of the city, but then a Soviet counterattack left the 6th Army of the Nazis completely cut off. And after that, due partly to Hitler's overreaching megalomania and partly to lots of people being scared of him, the 6th Army slowly froze and starved to death before finally surrendering. And of the 91,000 Axis POWs from Stalingrad, only about 6,000 ever returned home. Stalingrad turned the war in Europe, and by 1944 the American strategy of island hopping in the Pacific was taking GIs closer and closer to Japan. Rome was liberated in June by Americans and Canadians. And the successful British, Canadian, and American D-Day invasion of Normandy was the beginning of the end for the Nazis. Oh, it's time for the open letter? |
World War II Crash Course World History #38.m4a | Stalingrad turned the war in Europe, and by 1944 the American strategy of island hopping in the Pacific was taking GIs closer and closer to Japan. Rome was liberated in June by Americans and Canadians. And the successful British, Canadian, and American D-Day invasion of Normandy was the beginning of the end for the Nazis. Oh, it's time for the open letter? An open letter to Canada. But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today. Oh, it's Canadian mittens! |
World War II Crash Course World History #38.m4a | Oh, it's time for the open letter? An open letter to Canada. But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today. Oh, it's Canadian mittens! I want to thank the Canadian Crash Course fans who sent us these mittens. Canadians are just so nice, Stan. Like, all we ever do on this show is make fun of them, and they're just like, it's so kind of you to mention us. |
World War II Crash Course World History #38.m4a | Oh, it's Canadian mittens! I want to thank the Canadian Crash Course fans who sent us these mittens. Canadians are just so nice, Stan. Like, all we ever do on this show is make fun of them, and they're just like, it's so kind of you to mention us. Here's some mittens! Dear Canada, we're not always nice to you here on Crash Course, but you are awesome. I'm pointing, but you can't tell because I'm wearing mittens. |
World War II Crash Course World History #38.m4a | Like, all we ever do on this show is make fun of them, and they're just like, it's so kind of you to mention us. Here's some mittens! Dear Canada, we're not always nice to you here on Crash Course, but you are awesome. I'm pointing, but you can't tell because I'm wearing mittens. 45,000 Canadians died fighting for the Allies in World War II, which means that per capita, Canada lost more people than the United States. You fought with the Royal Air Force to defend Great Britain from the beginning of the war, and you were there on D-Day successfully invading Juno Beach. And as many of you have pointed out in comments, you defeated the United States in the War of 1812, meaning that arguably, Canada, you are the greater military power. |
World War II Crash Course World History #38.m4a | I'm pointing, but you can't tell because I'm wearing mittens. 45,000 Canadians died fighting for the Allies in World War II, which means that per capita, Canada lost more people than the United States. You fought with the Royal Air Force to defend Great Britain from the beginning of the war, and you were there on D-Day successfully invading Juno Beach. And as many of you have pointed out in comments, you defeated the United States in the War of 1812, meaning that arguably, Canada, you are the greater military power. Plus, you have lumberjacks and excellent beer and hockey and universal health care and Justin Bieber! I'm jealous! That's what it is! |
World War II Crash Course World History #38.m4a | And as many of you have pointed out in comments, you defeated the United States in the War of 1812, meaning that arguably, Canada, you are the greater military power. Plus, you have lumberjacks and excellent beer and hockey and universal health care and Justin Bieber! I'm jealous! That's what it is! I'm jealous! Best wishes, John Green. So by the end of 1944, the Allies were advancing from the west, and the Russian Red Army was advancing from the east, and then the last-ditch German offensive at the Battle of the Bulge in the winter of 1944 and 1945 failed. |
World War II Crash Course World History #38.m4a | That's what it is! I'm jealous! Best wishes, John Green. So by the end of 1944, the Allies were advancing from the west, and the Russian Red Army was advancing from the east, and then the last-ditch German offensive at the Battle of the Bulge in the winter of 1944 and 1945 failed. Mussolini was executed in April of 1945, Hitler committed suicide at the end of that month, and on May 8, 1945, the Allies declared victory in Europe after Germany surrendered unconditionally. Three months later, the United States dropped the only two nuclear weapons ever deployed in war, Japan surrendered, and World War II was over. The war had a definite cause, unbridled military expansion by Germany, Japan, and to a small extent Italy. |
World War II Crash Course World History #38.m4a | So by the end of 1944, the Allies were advancing from the west, and the Russian Red Army was advancing from the east, and then the last-ditch German offensive at the Battle of the Bulge in the winter of 1944 and 1945 failed. Mussolini was executed in April of 1945, Hitler committed suicide at the end of that month, and on May 8, 1945, the Allies declared victory in Europe after Germany surrendered unconditionally. Three months later, the United States dropped the only two nuclear weapons ever deployed in war, Japan surrendered, and World War II was over. The war had a definite cause, unbridled military expansion by Germany, Japan, and to a small extent Italy. Now, it's easy to claim that Hitler was crazy or evil, and in fact he was certainly both, but that doesn't explain the Nazis' decision to invade Russia, and it sure doesn't explain Japan's decision to bomb Pearl Harbor. And there are many possible explanations beyond mere evil, but the most interesting one, to me, involves food. Hitler had a number of reasons for wanting to expand Germany's territory, but he often talked about Lebensraum, or living space, for the German people. |
World War II Crash Course World History #38.m4a | The war had a definite cause, unbridled military expansion by Germany, Japan, and to a small extent Italy. Now, it's easy to claim that Hitler was crazy or evil, and in fact he was certainly both, but that doesn't explain the Nazis' decision to invade Russia, and it sure doesn't explain Japan's decision to bomb Pearl Harbor. And there are many possible explanations beyond mere evil, but the most interesting one, to me, involves food. Hitler had a number of reasons for wanting to expand Germany's territory, but he often talked about Lebensraum, or living space, for the German people. German agriculture was really inefficiently organized into lots of small farms, and that meant that Germany needed a lot of land in order to be self-sufficient in food production. The plan was to take Poland, the Ukraine, and eastern Russia, and then resettle that land with lots of Germans so that it could feed German people. This was called the Hunger Plan, because the plan called for 20 million people to starve to death. |
World War II Crash Course World History #38.m4a | Hitler had a number of reasons for wanting to expand Germany's territory, but he often talked about Lebensraum, or living space, for the German people. German agriculture was really inefficiently organized into lots of small farms, and that meant that Germany needed a lot of land in order to be self-sufficient in food production. The plan was to take Poland, the Ukraine, and eastern Russia, and then resettle that land with lots of Germans so that it could feed German people. This was called the Hunger Plan, because the plan called for 20 million people to starve to death. Many would be the Poles, Ukrainians, and Russians who'd previously lived on the land. The rest would be Europe's Jews, who would be worked to death. 6 million Jews were killed by the Nazis, many by starvation, but many through a chillingly planned effort of extermination in death camps. |
World War II Crash Course World History #38.m4a | This was called the Hunger Plan, because the plan called for 20 million people to starve to death. Many would be the Poles, Ukrainians, and Russians who'd previously lived on the land. The rest would be Europe's Jews, who would be worked to death. 6 million Jews were killed by the Nazis, many by starvation, but many through a chillingly planned effort of extermination in death camps. These death camps can be distinguished from concentration camps or labor camps in that their primary purpose was extermination of Jews, Roma people, communists, homosexuals, disabled people, and others that the Nazis deemed unfit. Some historians believe that the Nazis opened the death camps because the Jews weren't dying as fast as the Hunger Plan had intended. This was a sickening plan, but it made a kind of demented sense. |
World War II Crash Course World History #38.m4a | 6 million Jews were killed by the Nazis, many by starvation, but many through a chillingly planned effort of extermination in death camps. These death camps can be distinguished from concentration camps or labor camps in that their primary purpose was extermination of Jews, Roma people, communists, homosexuals, disabled people, and others that the Nazis deemed unfit. Some historians believe that the Nazis opened the death camps because the Jews weren't dying as fast as the Hunger Plan had intended. This was a sickening plan, but it made a kind of demented sense. Rather than becoming more involved in global trade as the British had, the Germans would feed themselves by taking land and killing the people who'd previously lived there. Similarly, Japan at the beginning of the war was suffering from an acute fear of food shortage because its agricultural sector was having trouble keeping up with population growth. And the Japanese, too, sought to expand their agricultural holdings by, for instance, resettling farmers in Korea. |
World War II Crash Course World History #38.m4a | This was a sickening plan, but it made a kind of demented sense. Rather than becoming more involved in global trade as the British had, the Germans would feed themselves by taking land and killing the people who'd previously lived there. Similarly, Japan at the beginning of the war was suffering from an acute fear of food shortage because its agricultural sector was having trouble keeping up with population growth. And the Japanese, too, sought to expand their agricultural holdings by, for instance, resettling farmers in Korea. So, while it's tempting to say that World War II was about the Allies fighting for democratic ideals against the totalitarian, militaristic imperialism of the fascist Axis powers, it just doesn't hold up to scrutiny. For instance, a hugely important Allied power, Stalin's Soviet Union, was, like, the least democratic place ever. Stan just said that was hyperbole, but it's not. |
World War II Crash Course World History #38.m4a | And the Japanese, too, sought to expand their agricultural holdings by, for instance, resettling farmers in Korea. So, while it's tempting to say that World War II was about the Allies fighting for democratic ideals against the totalitarian, militaristic imperialism of the fascist Axis powers, it just doesn't hold up to scrutiny. For instance, a hugely important Allied power, Stalin's Soviet Union, was, like, the least democratic place ever. Stan just said that was hyperbole, but it's not. Stalin's Soviet Union is tied with all of the other completely undemocratic countries for last place on the democracy scale. It's a big community there at last place, but they're definitely in there somewhere. And by far the biggest imperialists of the war were the British. |
World War II Crash Course World History #38.m4a | Stan just said that was hyperbole, but it's not. Stalin's Soviet Union is tied with all of the other completely undemocratic countries for last place on the democracy scale. It's a big community there at last place, but they're definitely in there somewhere. And by far the biggest imperialists of the war were the British. They couldn't have fed or clothed themselves or resisted the Nazis without their colonies and commonwealth. So, why is World War II so important? Well, first, it proved the old Roman adage, homo homini lupus, man is a wolf to man. |
World War II Crash Course World History #38.m4a | And by far the biggest imperialists of the war were the British. They couldn't have fed or clothed themselves or resisted the Nazis without their colonies and commonwealth. So, why is World War II so important? Well, first, it proved the old Roman adage, homo homini lupus, man is a wolf to man. This is seen most clearly in the Holocaust, but all the statistics are staggering. More than a million Indian British subjects died, mainly due to famine that could have been avoided if the British had redistributed food. And their failure to do so helped convince Indians that the so-called superior civilization of the British was a sham. |
World War II Crash Course World History #38.m4a | Well, first, it proved the old Roman adage, homo homini lupus, man is a wolf to man. This is seen most clearly in the Holocaust, but all the statistics are staggering. More than a million Indian British subjects died, mainly due to famine that could have been avoided if the British had redistributed food. And their failure to do so helped convince Indians that the so-called superior civilization of the British was a sham. More than a million Vietnamese died, mainly due to famine. Four hundred eighteen thousand Americans. More than a million non-combatants in both Germany and Japan. |
World War II Crash Course World History #38.m4a | And their failure to do so helped convince Indians that the so-called superior civilization of the British was a sham. More than a million Vietnamese died, mainly due to famine. Four hundred eighteen thousand Americans. More than a million non-combatants in both Germany and Japan. And twenty million people in the Soviet Union, most of them civilians. These civilians were targeted because they helped sustain the war, mostly through industrial and agricultural production. In a total war, when a nation is at war, not just its army, there's no such thing as a non-military target. |
World War II Crash Course World History #38.m4a | More than a million non-combatants in both Germany and Japan. And twenty million people in the Soviet Union, most of them civilians. These civilians were targeted because they helped sustain the war, mostly through industrial and agricultural production. In a total war, when a nation is at war, not just its army, there's no such thing as a non-military target. From the firebombing of Dresden, to Tokyo, to Hiroshima, the line between soldier and civilian blurred. And then, of course, there is the Holocaust, which horrifies us because the elements of Western progress, record-keeping, industrial production, technology, were used to slaughter millions. World War II saw modern industrial nations, which represented the best of the Enlightenment and the Scientific Revolution, descend into once unimaginable cruelty. |
World War II Crash Course World History #38.m4a | In a total war, when a nation is at war, not just its army, there's no such thing as a non-military target. From the firebombing of Dresden, to Tokyo, to Hiroshima, the line between soldier and civilian blurred. And then, of course, there is the Holocaust, which horrifies us because the elements of Western progress, record-keeping, industrial production, technology, were used to slaughter millions. World War II saw modern industrial nations, which represented the best of the Enlightenment and the Scientific Revolution, descend into once unimaginable cruelty. And what makes World War II such a historical watershed is that in its wake, all of us, in the West or otherwise, were forced to question whether Western dominance of this planet could or should be considered progress. Thanks for watching. I'll see you next week. |
World War II Crash Course World History #38.m4a | World War II saw modern industrial nations, which represented the best of the Enlightenment and the Scientific Revolution, descend into once unimaginable cruelty. And what makes World War II such a historical watershed is that in its wake, all of us, in the West or otherwise, were forced to question whether Western dominance of this planet could or should be considered progress. Thanks for watching. I'll see you next week. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. Our script supervisor is Meredith Danko. Our associate producer is Danica Johnson. |
World War II Crash Course World History #38.m4a | I'll see you next week. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. Our script supervisor is Meredith Danko. Our associate producer is Danica Johnson. The show is written by my high school history teacher Raoul Meyer and myself, and our graphics team is Thought Bubble. Last week's Phrase of the Week was, an end to history. If you want to guess at this week's Phrase of the Week or suggest future ones, you can do so in comments, where you can also ask questions about today's video that will be answered by our team of historians. |
The Neolithic Age Explained Global History Review.m4a | Hey guys, welcome to Hip Hughes History as we hit you up with some world history knowledge that you're going to need to know if you're in school. And if you're not in school, it's a little creepy, but you can keep watching. We're going to start with a Neolithic revolution, guys. This is going to be about 12, 10,000 before the common era, a very, very long time ago. We're going to take a look at the major causes and major effects of the Neolithic revolution and give you just enough so you can watch this and not hate school. All right guys, what you say we giddy up for the learning and get her done right now. So why don't we start with what it is. |
The Neolithic Age Explained Global History Review.m4a | This is going to be about 12, 10,000 before the common era, a very, very long time ago. We're going to take a look at the major causes and major effects of the Neolithic revolution and give you just enough so you can watch this and not hate school. All right guys, what you say we giddy up for the learning and get her done right now. So why don't we start with what it is. The Neolithic revolution isn't a revolution in the ordinary sense of the word that you might understand it. You might think revolution, bloody coup, people uprising, big changes quickly. The Neolithic revolution is literally going to be a revolution that occurs over thousands of years and it's hard to pinpoint one specific event or one specific place because it's really a multiple of changes over a multiple of regions. |
The Neolithic Age Explained Global History Review.m4a | So why don't we start with what it is. The Neolithic revolution isn't a revolution in the ordinary sense of the word that you might understand it. You might think revolution, bloody coup, people uprising, big changes quickly. The Neolithic revolution is literally going to be a revolution that occurs over thousands of years and it's hard to pinpoint one specific event or one specific place because it's really a multiple of changes over a multiple of regions. Whether it's going to be Syria where we're going to have the first real examples of the domestication of animals to China where we have one of the earliest examples of really a staple crop being planted and being relied on. But either way the answer on the exam is going to be that the Stone Age or the Paleolithic Age which is about two or three million BCE to about 10,000 BCE is characterized by hunting and gathering. It's the caveman thing. |
The Neolithic Age Explained Global History Review.m4a | The Neolithic revolution is literally going to be a revolution that occurs over thousands of years and it's hard to pinpoint one specific event or one specific place because it's really a multiple of changes over a multiple of regions. Whether it's going to be Syria where we're going to have the first real examples of the domestication of animals to China where we have one of the earliest examples of really a staple crop being planted and being relied on. But either way the answer on the exam is going to be that the Stone Age or the Paleolithic Age which is about two or three million BCE to about 10,000 BCE is characterized by hunting and gathering. It's the caveman thing. My goodness gracious, you know what a caveman is. They're clans of 20 or 30 people. They're nomadic. |
The Neolithic Age Explained Global History Review.m4a | It's the caveman thing. My goodness gracious, you know what a caveman is. They're clans of 20 or 30 people. They're nomadic. They're looking for food. They're looking for wild berries. They're looking to live, right? |
The Neolithic Age Explained Global History Review.m4a | They're nomadic. They're looking for food. They're looking for wild berries. They're looking to live, right? But these changes that occur in the Neolithic revolution which we're going to go over next are going to cause the caveman to sit downeth. And once the caveman and the cavewoman sit downeth they have a chance to do a lot of things that are going to be revolutionary. So let's look at the causes of those changes. |
The Neolithic Age Explained Global History Review.m4a | They're looking to live, right? But these changes that occur in the Neolithic revolution which we're going to go over next are going to cause the caveman to sit downeth. And once the caveman and the cavewoman sit downeth they have a chance to do a lot of things that are going to be revolutionary. So let's look at the causes of those changes. The end of the Stone Age, the Old Stone Age, the Paleolithic Age, and the beginning of the Neolithic Age. And again the years fluctuate but a good round number if you're taking notes is about 10,000 before the Common Era, BCE, before the year zero. Are you ready for some causes? |
The Neolithic Age Explained Global History Review.m4a | So let's look at the causes of those changes. The end of the Stone Age, the Old Stone Age, the Paleolithic Age, and the beginning of the Neolithic Age. And again the years fluctuate but a good round number if you're taking notes is about 10,000 before the Common Era, BCE, before the year zero. Are you ready for some causes? I'm ready for some causes. Let's go get them. So causes of the Neolithic revolution and again we might be throwing darts in the wind here. |
The Neolithic Age Explained Global History Review.m4a | Are you ready for some causes? I'm ready for some causes. Let's go get them. So causes of the Neolithic revolution and again we might be throwing darts in the wind here. Now of course there is archaeology where we're studying the land and we're looking for artifacts and fossils. And we also have archaeogenetics, a field which looks at DNA and how that has changed and evolved over time which gives us some insights into the Neolithic Age and the Paleolithic Age as well. But the major change if you're looking for the one answer is probably going to be climate change at the end of the Ice Age. |
The Neolithic Age Explained Global History Review.m4a | So causes of the Neolithic revolution and again we might be throwing darts in the wind here. Now of course there is archaeology where we're studying the land and we're looking for artifacts and fossils. And we also have archaeogenetics, a field which looks at DNA and how that has changed and evolved over time which gives us some insights into the Neolithic Age and the Paleolithic Age as well. But the major change if you're looking for the one answer is probably going to be climate change at the end of the Ice Age. The end of the Ice Age, the melting of the glaciers, is going to cause global changes in the way that the land and the environment is structured. So it might be in the Middle East, say in Syria, where suddenly there is kind of a fertile valley where food will grow more easily giving people the opportunity to sit down. In other areas there might be a lack of an animal food supply which is going to cause people to have to sit down and figure out how do we eat. |
The Neolithic Age Explained Global History Review.m4a | But the major change if you're looking for the one answer is probably going to be climate change at the end of the Ice Age. The end of the Ice Age, the melting of the glaciers, is going to cause global changes in the way that the land and the environment is structured. So it might be in the Middle East, say in Syria, where suddenly there is kind of a fertile valley where food will grow more easily giving people the opportunity to sit down. In other areas there might be a lack of an animal food supply which is going to cause people to have to sit down and figure out how do we eat. And climate change would be probably top on my list. But there's also other reasons that archaeologists and archaeogenetics people have put out there including the population just growing too large to be a huntering and gathering society. So when you have too many people you have to figure out how to feed them. |
The Neolithic Age Explained Global History Review.m4a | In other areas there might be a lack of an animal food supply which is going to cause people to have to sit down and figure out how do we eat. And climate change would be probably top on my list. But there's also other reasons that archaeologists and archaeogenetics people have put out there including the population just growing too large to be a huntering and gathering society. So when you have too many people you have to figure out how to feed them. You also have a feast theory that the clans were more powerful when they would have feasts with lots of food which caused them to have to sit down and make food. Again another reason for a change. You also have the oasis theory that in some parts of the world in the Middle East that there was only so many pockets of water of oasis that was available which caused the hunter and gathering people to come together and sit down. |
The Neolithic Age Explained Global History Review.m4a | So when you have too many people you have to figure out how to feed them. You also have a feast theory that the clans were more powerful when they would have feasts with lots of food which caused them to have to sit down and make food. Again another reason for a change. You also have the oasis theory that in some parts of the world in the Middle East that there was only so many pockets of water of oasis that was available which caused the hunter and gathering people to come together and sit down. But geographically we're located in the Middle East, in Syria, in the Far East, in China and as these changes occur they will begin to kind of like ripples in a pond kind of you know reverberate across Europe and then in Africa and then eventually making their way over to North America. But at the end of the day the biggest thing that you want to know for causes is that it's the end of the Ice Age and that it's going to cause people for the first time to figure out we need to sit down. And now that you sit down there's probably going to be some revolutionary changes that occur that we should look at right now. |
The Neolithic Age Explained Global History Review.m4a | You also have the oasis theory that in some parts of the world in the Middle East that there was only so many pockets of water of oasis that was available which caused the hunter and gathering people to come together and sit down. But geographically we're located in the Middle East, in Syria, in the Far East, in China and as these changes occur they will begin to kind of like ripples in a pond kind of you know reverberate across Europe and then in Africa and then eventually making their way over to North America. But at the end of the day the biggest thing that you want to know for causes is that it's the end of the Ice Age and that it's going to cause people for the first time to figure out we need to sit down. And now that you sit down there's probably going to be some revolutionary changes that occur that we should look at right now. Right now. So number one is agriculture and of course it depended where you are of what you grew but in the beginning it's going to be single crop. They're going to have wheat in the Middle East and figs. |
The Neolithic Age Explained Global History Review.m4a | And now that you sit down there's probably going to be some revolutionary changes that occur that we should look at right now. Right now. So number one is agriculture and of course it depended where you are of what you grew but in the beginning it's going to be single crop. They're going to have wheat in the Middle East and figs. They're going to have rice in China. But they're going to be able to figure out how to eventually breed these seeds to get better tasting and better nutrition packed foods. But at the very beginning it's actually a negative because you've gone from a hunting gathering society where you're eating a lot of protein to one where maybe you're not eating as much protein and actually the life expectancy goes down in the beginning of the Neolithic Revolution as well does the height of the people. |
The Neolithic Age Explained Global History Review.m4a | They're going to have wheat in the Middle East and figs. They're going to have rice in China. But they're going to be able to figure out how to eventually breed these seeds to get better tasting and better nutrition packed foods. But at the very beginning it's actually a negative because you've gone from a hunting gathering society where you're eating a lot of protein to one where maybe you're not eating as much protein and actually the life expectancy goes down in the beginning of the Neolithic Revolution as well does the height of the people. I think we shrank like six inches. It's ridiculous. But number one would be agriculture and with that comes changing your natural environment. |
The Neolithic Age Explained Global History Review.m4a | But at the very beginning it's actually a negative because you've gone from a hunting gathering society where you're eating a lot of protein to one where maybe you're not eating as much protein and actually the life expectancy goes down in the beginning of the Neolithic Revolution as well does the height of the people. I think we shrank like six inches. It's ridiculous. But number one would be agriculture and with that comes changing your natural environment. That's a second effect. In order to have agriculture you're going to have to irrigate and move water. You're going to have to cut trees down and do deforestation. |
The Neolithic Age Explained Global History Review.m4a | But number one would be agriculture and with that comes changing your natural environment. That's a second effect. In order to have agriculture you're going to have to irrigate and move water. You're going to have to cut trees down and do deforestation. So modifying natural resources would be important as well as is the domestication of animals. Before they're just hunting animals. Now they're figuring out that they can in a sense grow animals. |
The Neolithic Age Explained Global History Review.m4a | You're going to have to cut trees down and do deforestation. So modifying natural resources would be important as well as is the domestication of animals. Before they're just hunting animals. Now they're figuring out that they can in a sense grow animals. They can breed animals. We can have cows for milk. We can have larger animals like oxen for traction to pull our plows and help us grow more food. |
The Neolithic Age Explained Global History Review.m4a | Now they're figuring out that they can in a sense grow animals. They can breed animals. We can have cows for milk. We can have larger animals like oxen for traction to pull our plows and help us grow more food. Not to mention sheep and wool and using pigs and all different types of byproducts of animals. But the most probably important thing is going to be milk and that milk is going to really create a source of nutrition and protein for people. And if you don't believe me look at the numbers of lactose intolerant people that kind of disappear off the planet during the Neolithic Revolution through evolutionary survival. |
The Neolithic Age Explained Global History Review.m4a | We can have larger animals like oxen for traction to pull our plows and help us grow more food. Not to mention sheep and wool and using pigs and all different types of byproducts of animals. But the most probably important thing is going to be milk and that milk is going to really create a source of nutrition and protein for people. And if you don't believe me look at the numbers of lactose intolerant people that kind of disappear off the planet during the Neolithic Revolution through evolutionary survival. That those people that aren't drinking milk just aren't going to live as long. Sounds like a milk commercial. I don't even drink milk. |
The Neolithic Age Explained Global History Review.m4a | And if you don't believe me look at the numbers of lactose intolerant people that kind of disappear off the planet during the Neolithic Revolution through evolutionary survival. That those people that aren't drinking milk just aren't going to live as long. Sounds like a milk commercial. I don't even drink milk. But at the end of the day the people that do drink milk are going to grow up nice and healthy and strong and have lots of babies that are also tolerant of lactose. I think I got off the track a little bit there. Interestingly one of the negative effects of the domestication of animals is that lots of people are going to die because animals bring diseases. |
The Neolithic Age Explained Global History Review.m4a | I don't even drink milk. But at the end of the day the people that do drink milk are going to grow up nice and healthy and strong and have lots of babies that are also tolerant of lactose. I think I got off the track a little bit there. Interestingly one of the negative effects of the domestication of animals is that lots of people are going to die because animals bring diseases. We're going to get the measles and influenza and smallpox. But again through survival of the fittest, through evolution, people that do survive are going to pass on those stronger immunity systems that are going to protect them from those diseases to their offspring. We're also going to talk about the division of labor. |
The Neolithic Age Explained Global History Review.m4a | Interestingly one of the negative effects of the domestication of animals is that lots of people are going to die because animals bring diseases. We're going to get the measles and influenza and smallpox. But again through survival of the fittest, through evolution, people that do survive are going to pass on those stronger immunity systems that are going to protect them from those diseases to their offspring. We're also going to talk about the division of labor. For the first time not everybody is hunting and gathering. So you have an opportunity not only for art and having art that you don't have to carry on your back. Imagine doing Stonehenge in the Paleolithic Age. |
The Neolithic Age Explained Global History Review.m4a | We're also going to talk about the division of labor. For the first time not everybody is hunting and gathering. So you have an opportunity not only for art and having art that you don't have to carry on your back. Imagine doing Stonehenge in the Paleolithic Age. Guys pick up Stonehenge. We're going to the other side to catch the animals. So art is going to be a huge deal. |
The Neolithic Age Explained Global History Review.m4a | Imagine doing Stonehenge in the Paleolithic Age. Guys pick up Stonehenge. We're going to the other side to catch the animals. So art is going to be a huge deal. Technology, inventing things like calendars and the wheel and early writing system is going to be very important. Not to mention that people start thinking about larger issues like religion, like politics, like how do we build a civilization. So I would say social classes, division of labor, government, all of these are very important effects of the Neolithic Revolution. |
The Neolithic Age Explained Global History Review.m4a | So art is going to be a huge deal. Technology, inventing things like calendars and the wheel and early writing system is going to be very important. Not to mention that people start thinking about larger issues like religion, like politics, like how do we build a civilization. So I would say social classes, division of labor, government, all of these are very important effects of the Neolithic Revolution. And within that social class that I just mentioned, you're going to get a whole new concept, property ownership. We're going to spare you the Marxism for now. And now that we have agricultural, go back to agricultural, you have a surplus of food. |
The Neolithic Age Explained Global History Review.m4a | So I would say social classes, division of labor, government, all of these are very important effects of the Neolithic Revolution. And within that social class that I just mentioned, you're going to get a whole new concept, property ownership. We're going to spare you the Marxism for now. And now that we have agricultural, go back to agricultural, you have a surplus of food. And that will feed larger populations which will allow you to expand your empire in a sense. And we also have inventions like granaries, you know, where you need to kind of put the food in storage for a little bit while. But that's going to be really important because the more grain you store, the more time you have on your hands to do other stuff. |
The Neolithic Age Explained Global History Review.m4a | And now that we have agricultural, go back to agricultural, you have a surplus of food. And that will feed larger populations which will allow you to expand your empire in a sense. And we also have inventions like granaries, you know, where you need to kind of put the food in storage for a little bit while. But that's going to be really important because the more grain you store, the more time you have on your hands to do other stuff. And of course with new technology comes new weapons. We're going to end up not just with stone, which is Paleolithic, but we're going to have metal weapons as well. And like any civilization, those with the biggest guns wins. |
The Neolithic Age Explained Global History Review.m4a | But that's going to be really important because the more grain you store, the more time you have on your hands to do other stuff. And of course with new technology comes new weapons. We're going to end up not just with stone, which is Paleolithic, but we're going to have metal weapons as well. And like any civilization, those with the biggest guns wins. And that's really going to be the beginnings of the city-state which is going to grow into eventually more of a modern history as we take a look at some of those early civilizations that make the day. So there you go guys. That's kind of the effects of the Neolithic Revolution. |
The Neolithic Age Explained Global History Review.m4a | And like any civilization, those with the biggest guns wins. And that's really going to be the beginnings of the city-state which is going to grow into eventually more of a modern history as we take a look at some of those early civilizations that make the day. So there you go guys. That's kind of the effects of the Neolithic Revolution. I'm going to go get some wrapping paper and see if we can wrap this up and make sure that you know enough to get through your day at school. Alright guys, let's wrap it up. The first thing I want to do is make sure that you look at a timeline and how ridiculously long the Paleolithic Age is and how ridiculously short really the Neolithic Revolution is and certainly where we are in modern history. |
The Neolithic Age Explained Global History Review.m4a | That's kind of the effects of the Neolithic Revolution. I'm going to go get some wrapping paper and see if we can wrap this up and make sure that you know enough to get through your day at school. Alright guys, let's wrap it up. The first thing I want to do is make sure that you look at a timeline and how ridiculously long the Paleolithic Age is and how ridiculously short really the Neolithic Revolution is and certainly where we are in modern history. But if we had to summarize, if you have to put down that big sentence at the end that shows the teacher you know what you're talking about, you want to make sure that you mention that the Paleolithic or the Old Stone Age is characterized by hunting and gathering and moving along and that the Neolithic Revolution around 10,000 BCE, but don't quote me, is where people for climate change reasons began to settle their roots to kind of center their lives around agriculture, domestication of animals, and the building of civilization. So we hope that you understand a little bit more than when you press the button and we certainly hope that you pass all of your tests. So make sure you check out the World History playlist if you have to pass more tests in World History and if you're taking any other social studies class, go to the YouTube home page. |
The Neolithic Age Explained Global History Review.m4a | The first thing I want to do is make sure that you look at a timeline and how ridiculously long the Paleolithic Age is and how ridiculously short really the Neolithic Revolution is and certainly where we are in modern history. But if we had to summarize, if you have to put down that big sentence at the end that shows the teacher you know what you're talking about, you want to make sure that you mention that the Paleolithic or the Old Stone Age is characterized by hunting and gathering and moving along and that the Neolithic Revolution around 10,000 BCE, but don't quote me, is where people for climate change reasons began to settle their roots to kind of center their lives around agriculture, domestication of animals, and the building of civilization. So we hope that you understand a little bit more than when you press the button and we certainly hope that you pass all of your tests. So make sure you check out the World History playlist if you have to pass more tests in World History and if you're taking any other social studies class, go to the YouTube home page. We have like 400 videos. It's absolutely ridiculous. I say it at the end of every lecture because I mean it with all of my heart guys. |
The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a | Hi, my name is John Green, this is Crash Course World History, and today we're going to talk about slavery. Slavery is not funny. In fact, it's very near the top of the list of things that aren't funny, so today's episode is going to be a little light on the jokes. But I'm going to help you understand what pre-Civil War Americans often euphemistically referred to as the peculiar institution. INTRO Slavery is as old as civilization itself, although it's not as old as humanity, thanks to our hunting and gathering foremothers. But the numbers involved in the Atlantic slave trade are truly staggering. From 1500 to 1880 CE, somewhere between 10 and 12 million African slaves were forcibly moved from Africa to the Americas, and about 15% of those people died during the journey. |
The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a | But I'm going to help you understand what pre-Civil War Americans often euphemistically referred to as the peculiar institution. INTRO Slavery is as old as civilization itself, although it's not as old as humanity, thanks to our hunting and gathering foremothers. But the numbers involved in the Atlantic slave trade are truly staggering. From 1500 to 1880 CE, somewhere between 10 and 12 million African slaves were forcibly moved from Africa to the Americas, and about 15% of those people died during the journey. I know you're saying, that looks like a very nice ship, I mean my god, it's almost as big as South America. Yeah, not to scale. And those who didn't die became property, bought and sold like any commodity. |
The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a | From 1500 to 1880 CE, somewhere between 10 and 12 million African slaves were forcibly moved from Africa to the Americas, and about 15% of those people died during the journey. I know you're saying, that looks like a very nice ship, I mean my god, it's almost as big as South America. Yeah, not to scale. And those who didn't die became property, bought and sold like any commodity. Where Africans came from and went to changed over time, but in all, 48% of slaves went to the Caribbean and 41% to Brazil, although few Americans recognize this, relatively few slaves were imported to the US, only about 5% of the total. It's also worth noting that by the time Europeans started importing Africans into the Americas, Europe had a long history of trading slaves. The first real European slave trade began after the Fourth Crusade in 1204, the crusade that you will remember as the crazy one. |
The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a | And those who didn't die became property, bought and sold like any commodity. Where Africans came from and went to changed over time, but in all, 48% of slaves went to the Caribbean and 41% to Brazil, although few Americans recognize this, relatively few slaves were imported to the US, only about 5% of the total. It's also worth noting that by the time Europeans started importing Africans into the Americas, Europe had a long history of trading slaves. The first real European slave trade began after the Fourth Crusade in 1204, the crusade that you will remember as the crazy one. Italian merchants imported thousands of Armenian, Circassian, and Georgian slaves to Italy. Most of them were women who worked as household servants, but many worked processing sugar. And sugar is of course a crop that African slaves later cultivated in the Caribbean. |
The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a | The first real European slave trade began after the Fourth Crusade in 1204, the crusade that you will remember as the crazy one. Italian merchants imported thousands of Armenian, Circassian, and Georgian slaves to Italy. Most of them were women who worked as household servants, but many worked processing sugar. And sugar is of course a crop that African slaves later cultivated in the Caribbean. Camera 2 side note, none of the primary crops grown by slaves, sugar, tobacco, coffee, is necessary to sustain human life. So in a way, slavery is a very early byproduct of a consumer culture that revolves around the purchase of goods that bring us pleasure, but not sustenance. You are welcome to draw your own metaphorically resonant conclusions from this fact. |
The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a | And sugar is of course a crop that African slaves later cultivated in the Caribbean. Camera 2 side note, none of the primary crops grown by slaves, sugar, tobacco, coffee, is necessary to sustain human life. So in a way, slavery is a very early byproduct of a consumer culture that revolves around the purchase of goods that bring us pleasure, but not sustenance. You are welcome to draw your own metaphorically resonant conclusions from this fact. One of the big misconceptions about slavery, at least when I was growing up, was that Europeans somehow captured Africans, put them in chains, stuck them on boats, and then took them to the Americas. The chains and ships bit is true, as is the America part, if you define America as America and not as Merica. But Africans were living in all kinds of conglomerations, from small villages to city-states to empires, and they were much too powerful for the Europeans to just conquer. |
The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a | You are welcome to draw your own metaphorically resonant conclusions from this fact. One of the big misconceptions about slavery, at least when I was growing up, was that Europeans somehow captured Africans, put them in chains, stuck them on boats, and then took them to the Americas. The chains and ships bit is true, as is the America part, if you define America as America and not as Merica. But Africans were living in all kinds of conglomerations, from small villages to city-states to empires, and they were much too powerful for the Europeans to just conquer. And in fact, Europeans obtained African slaves by trading for them. Because trade is a two-way proposition, this meant that Africans were captured by other Africans and then traded to Europeans in exchange for goods, usually like metal tools or fine textiles or guns. And for those Africans, slaves were a form of property, and a very valuable one. |
The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a | But Africans were living in all kinds of conglomerations, from small villages to city-states to empires, and they were much too powerful for the Europeans to just conquer. And in fact, Europeans obtained African slaves by trading for them. Because trade is a two-way proposition, this meant that Africans were captured by other Africans and then traded to Europeans in exchange for goods, usually like metal tools or fine textiles or guns. And for those Africans, slaves were a form of property, and a very valuable one. In many places, slaves were one of the only sources of private wealth because land was usually owned by the state. And this gets to a really important point. If we're going to understand the tragedy of slavery, we need to understand the economics of it. |
The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a | And for those Africans, slaves were a form of property, and a very valuable one. In many places, slaves were one of the only sources of private wealth because land was usually owned by the state. And this gets to a really important point. If we're going to understand the tragedy of slavery, we need to understand the economics of it. We need to get inside what Mark Twain famously called a deformed conscience. We have to see slaves both as they were, as human beings, and as they were viewed as an economic commodity. Right, so you probably know about the horrendous conditions aboard slave ships, which at their largest could hold 400 people. |
The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a | If we're going to understand the tragedy of slavery, we need to understand the economics of it. We need to get inside what Mark Twain famously called a deformed conscience. We have to see slaves both as they were, as human beings, and as they were viewed as an economic commodity. Right, so you probably know about the horrendous conditions aboard slave ships, which at their largest could hold 400 people. But it's worth underscoring that each slave had an average of four square feet of space. That is four square feet. As one eyewitness testified before Parliament in 1791, they had not so much room as a man in his coffin. |
The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a | Right, so you probably know about the horrendous conditions aboard slave ships, which at their largest could hold 400 people. But it's worth underscoring that each slave had an average of four square feet of space. That is four square feet. As one eyewitness testified before Parliament in 1791, they had not so much room as a man in his coffin. Once in the Americas, the surviving slaves were sold at a market very similar to the way cattle would be sold. After purchase, slave owners would often brand their new possession on the cheeks, again, just as they would do with cattle. The lives of slaves were dominated by work and terror, but mostly work. |
The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a | As one eyewitness testified before Parliament in 1791, they had not so much room as a man in his coffin. Once in the Americas, the surviving slaves were sold at a market very similar to the way cattle would be sold. After purchase, slave owners would often brand their new possession on the cheeks, again, just as they would do with cattle. The lives of slaves were dominated by work and terror, but mostly work. Slaves did all types of work, from housework to skilled crafts work, and some even worked as sailors, but the majority of them worked as agricultural laborers. In the Caribbean and Brazil, most of them planted, harvested, and processed sugar, working ten months out of the year, dawn until dusk. The worst part of this job, which is saying something, because there were many bad parts, was fertilizing the sugar cane. |
The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a | The lives of slaves were dominated by work and terror, but mostly work. Slaves did all types of work, from housework to skilled crafts work, and some even worked as sailors, but the majority of them worked as agricultural laborers. In the Caribbean and Brazil, most of them planted, harvested, and processed sugar, working ten months out of the year, dawn until dusk. The worst part of this job, which is saying something, because there were many bad parts, was fertilizing the sugar cane. This required slaves to carry 80-pound baskets of manure on their heads up and down hilly terrain. Mr. Green, Mr. Green, isn't there a poop joke in there somewhere? Nope. |
The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a | The worst part of this job, which is saying something, because there were many bad parts, was fertilizing the sugar cane. This required slaves to carry 80-pound baskets of manure on their heads up and down hilly terrain. Mr. Green, Mr. Green, isn't there a poop joke in there somewhere? Nope. Me from the past, because this whole thing is too depressing. When it came time to harvest and process the cane, speed was incredibly important, because once cut, sugar sap can go sour within a day. This meant that slaves would often work 48 hours straight during harvest time, working without sleep in the sweltering sugar press houses, where the cane would be crushed in hand rollers and then boiled. |
The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a | Nope. Me from the past, because this whole thing is too depressing. When it came time to harvest and process the cane, speed was incredibly important, because once cut, sugar sap can go sour within a day. This meant that slaves would often work 48 hours straight during harvest time, working without sleep in the sweltering sugar press houses, where the cane would be crushed in hand rollers and then boiled. Slaves often caught their hands in the rollers, and their overseers kept a hatchet on hand for amputations. Ugh, I told you this wasn't going to be funny. Given these appalling conditions, it's little wonder that the average life expectancy for a Brazilian slave on a sugar plantation in the late 18th century was 23 years. |
The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a | This meant that slaves would often work 48 hours straight during harvest time, working without sleep in the sweltering sugar press houses, where the cane would be crushed in hand rollers and then boiled. Slaves often caught their hands in the rollers, and their overseers kept a hatchet on hand for amputations. Ugh, I told you this wasn't going to be funny. Given these appalling conditions, it's little wonder that the average life expectancy for a Brazilian slave on a sugar plantation in the late 18th century was 23 years. Things were slightly better in British sugar colonies like Barbados, and in the U.S., living and working conditions were better still. So relatively good that in fact, slave populations began increasing naturally, meaning that more slaves were born than died. This may sound like a good thing, but it is of course its own kind of evil, because it meant that slave owners were calculating that if they kept their slaves healthy enough, they would reproduce, and then the slave owners could steal and sell their children. |
The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a | Given these appalling conditions, it's little wonder that the average life expectancy for a Brazilian slave on a sugar plantation in the late 18th century was 23 years. Things were slightly better in British sugar colonies like Barbados, and in the U.S., living and working conditions were better still. So relatively good that in fact, slave populations began increasing naturally, meaning that more slaves were born than died. This may sound like a good thing, but it is of course its own kind of evil, because it meant that slave owners were calculating that if they kept their slaves healthy enough, they would reproduce, and then the slave owners could steal and sell their children. Or use them to work their land, either way. Anyway, this explains why even though the percentage of slaves imported from Africa to the United States was relatively small, slaves and other people of African descent came to make up a significant portion of the U.S. population. The brutality of working conditions in Brazil, on the other hand, meant that slaves were never able to increase their population naturally, hence the continued need to import slaves into Brazil until slavery ended in the 1880s. |
The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a | This may sound like a good thing, but it is of course its own kind of evil, because it meant that slave owners were calculating that if they kept their slaves healthy enough, they would reproduce, and then the slave owners could steal and sell their children. Or use them to work their land, either way. Anyway, this explains why even though the percentage of slaves imported from Africa to the United States was relatively small, slaves and other people of African descent came to make up a significant portion of the U.S. population. The brutality of working conditions in Brazil, on the other hand, meant that slaves were never able to increase their population naturally, hence the continued need to import slaves into Brazil until slavery ended in the 1880s. So I noted earlier that slavery isn't new. It's also a hard word to define. Like Stalin forced millions to work in the gulags, but we don't usually consider those people slaves. |
The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a | The brutality of working conditions in Brazil, on the other hand, meant that slaves were never able to increase their population naturally, hence the continued need to import slaves into Brazil until slavery ended in the 1880s. So I noted earlier that slavery isn't new. It's also a hard word to define. Like Stalin forced millions to work in the gulags, but we don't usually consider those people slaves. On the other hand, many slaves in history had lives of great power, wealth, and influence. Like remember Zheng He, the world's greatest admiral? He was technically a slave. |
The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a | Like Stalin forced millions to work in the gulags, but we don't usually consider those people slaves. On the other hand, many slaves in history had lives of great power, wealth, and influence. Like remember Zheng He, the world's greatest admiral? He was technically a slave. So were many of the most important advisors to Suleiman the Magnificent. So was Darth Vader. But Atlantic slavery was different and more horrifying because it was chattel slavery, a term historians used to indicate that the slaves were movable property. |
The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a | He was technically a slave. So were many of the most important advisors to Suleiman the Magnificent. So was Darth Vader. But Atlantic slavery was different and more horrifying because it was chattel slavery, a term historians used to indicate that the slaves were movable property. Oh, it's time for the open letter? Ow! Oh! |
The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a | But Atlantic slavery was different and more horrifying because it was chattel slavery, a term historians used to indicate that the slaves were movable property. Oh, it's time for the open letter? Ow! Oh! Ah! An open letter to the word slave. But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today. |
The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a | Oh! Ah! An open letter to the word slave. But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today. Oh, it's Boba Fett, noted owner of a ship called Slave I. Apparently a ballet dancer. Doo doo doo doo doo doo doo doo doo. |
The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a | But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today. Oh, it's Boba Fett, noted owner of a ship called Slave I. Apparently a ballet dancer. Doo doo doo doo doo doo doo doo doo. That's a fine approximation of ballet music. Thank you, Stan. Alright. |
The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a | Doo doo doo doo doo doo doo doo doo. That's a fine approximation of ballet music. Thank you, Stan. Alright. Dear Slave, as a word, you are overused. Like Britney Spears, I'm a slave, number four letter you. No you're not. |
The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a | Alright. Dear Slave, as a word, you are overused. Like Britney Spears, I'm a slave, number four letter you. No you're not. Boba Fett's ship, Slave I, a ship can't be a slave. But more importantly, slave, you are constantly used in political rhetoric and never correctly. There's nothing new about this. |
The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a | No you're not. Boba Fett's ship, Slave I, a ship can't be a slave. But more importantly, slave, you are constantly used in political rhetoric and never correctly. There's nothing new about this. Witness, for instance, all the early Americans claiming that paying the stamp tax would make them slaves. That was in a time when they knew exactly what slavery looked like. Taxes, as I've mentioned before, can be very useful. |
The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a | There's nothing new about this. Witness, for instance, all the early Americans claiming that paying the stamp tax would make them slaves. That was in a time when they knew exactly what slavery looked like. Taxes, as I've mentioned before, can be very useful. I, for instance, like paved roads. But even if you don't like a tax, it's not slavery. Here, I have written for you a list of all the times that it is okay to use the word slave. |
The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a | Taxes, as I've mentioned before, can be very useful. I, for instance, like paved roads. But even if you don't like a tax, it's not slavery. Here, I have written for you a list of all the times that it is okay to use the word slave. Oh, it is a one item long list. Best wishes, John Green. So what exactly makes slavery so horrendous? |
The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a | Here, I have written for you a list of all the times that it is okay to use the word slave. Oh, it is a one item long list. Best wishes, John Green. So what exactly makes slavery so horrendous? Well, definitions are slippery, but I'm going to start with the definition of slavery proposed by sociologist Orlando Patterson. It is the permanent, violent, and personal domination of natally alienated and generally dishonored persons. According to this definition, a slave is removed from the culture, land, and society of his or her birth and suffers what Patterson called social death. |
The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a | So what exactly makes slavery so horrendous? Well, definitions are slippery, but I'm going to start with the definition of slavery proposed by sociologist Orlando Patterson. It is the permanent, violent, and personal domination of natally alienated and generally dishonored persons. According to this definition, a slave is removed from the culture, land, and society of his or her birth and suffers what Patterson called social death. Ultimately, then, what makes slavery slavery is that slaves are dehumanized. The Latin word that gave us chattel also gave us cattle. In many ways, Atlantic slavery drew from a lot of previous models of slavery and took everything that sucked about each of them and combined them into a big ball so that it would be the biggest possible ball of suck. |
The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a | According to this definition, a slave is removed from the culture, land, and society of his or her birth and suffers what Patterson called social death. Ultimately, then, what makes slavery slavery is that slaves are dehumanized. The Latin word that gave us chattel also gave us cattle. In many ways, Atlantic slavery drew from a lot of previous models of slavery and took everything that sucked about each of them and combined them into a big ball so that it would be the biggest possible ball of suck. Stan, am I allowed to say suck on this show? Nice. Okay, to understand what I'm talking about, we need to look at some previous models of slavery. |
The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a | In many ways, Atlantic slavery drew from a lot of previous models of slavery and took everything that sucked about each of them and combined them into a big ball so that it would be the biggest possible ball of suck. Stan, am I allowed to say suck on this show? Nice. Okay, to understand what I'm talking about, we need to look at some previous models of slavery. Let's go to the Thought Bubble. The Greeks were among the first to consider otherness a characteristic of slaves. Most Greek slaves were barbarians, and their inability to speak Greek kept them from talking back to their masters and also indicated their slave status. |
The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a | Okay, to understand what I'm talking about, we need to look at some previous models of slavery. Let's go to the Thought Bubble. The Greeks were among the first to consider otherness a characteristic of slaves. Most Greek slaves were barbarians, and their inability to speak Greek kept them from talking back to their masters and also indicated their slave status. Aristotle, who despite being spectacularly wrong about almost everything, was incredibly influential, believed that some people were just naturally slaves, saying, It is clear that there are certain people who are free and certain people who are slaves by nature, and it is both to their advantage and just for them to be slaves. This idea, despite being totally insane, remained popular for millennia. The Greeks popularized the idea that slaves should be traded from far away, but the Romans took it to another level. |
The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a | Most Greek slaves were barbarians, and their inability to speak Greek kept them from talking back to their masters and also indicated their slave status. Aristotle, who despite being spectacularly wrong about almost everything, was incredibly influential, believed that some people were just naturally slaves, saying, It is clear that there are certain people who are free and certain people who are slaves by nature, and it is both to their advantage and just for them to be slaves. This idea, despite being totally insane, remained popular for millennia. The Greeks popularized the idea that slaves should be traded from far away, but the Romans took it to another level. Slaves probably made up 30% of the total Roman population, similar to the percentage of slaves in America at slavery's height. The Romans also invented the plantation, using mass numbers of slaves to work the land on giant farms called latifundia, so-called because they were not fun-dia. The Judeo-Christian world contributed as well, and while we are not going to venture into the incredibly complicated role that slavery plays in the Bible, because I vividly remember the comment section from the Christianity episode, the Bible was widely used to justify slavery and in particular the enslavement of Africans, because of the moment in Genesis when Noah curses Ham, saying, Cursed be Canaan, the lowest of slaves shall he be to his brothers. |
The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a | The Greeks popularized the idea that slaves should be traded from far away, but the Romans took it to another level. Slaves probably made up 30% of the total Roman population, similar to the percentage of slaves in America at slavery's height. The Romans also invented the plantation, using mass numbers of slaves to work the land on giant farms called latifundia, so-called because they were not fun-dia. The Judeo-Christian world contributed as well, and while we are not going to venture into the incredibly complicated role that slavery plays in the Bible, because I vividly remember the comment section from the Christianity episode, the Bible was widely used to justify slavery and in particular the enslavement of Africans, because of the moment in Genesis when Noah curses Ham, saying, Cursed be Canaan, the lowest of slaves shall he be to his brothers. This encapsulates two ideas vital to Atlantic slavery. One, that slavery can be a hereditary status passed down through generations, and two, that slavery is the result of human sin. Both ideas serve as powerful justifications for holding an entire race in bondage. |
The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a | The Judeo-Christian world contributed as well, and while we are not going to venture into the incredibly complicated role that slavery plays in the Bible, because I vividly remember the comment section from the Christianity episode, the Bible was widely used to justify slavery and in particular the enslavement of Africans, because of the moment in Genesis when Noah curses Ham, saying, Cursed be Canaan, the lowest of slaves shall he be to his brothers. This encapsulates two ideas vital to Atlantic slavery. One, that slavery can be a hereditary status passed down through generations, and two, that slavery is the result of human sin. Both ideas serve as powerful justifications for holding an entire race in bondage. Thanks Thought Bubble, but there were even more contributors to the ideas that led to Atlantic slavery. For instance, Muslim Arabs were the first to import large number of Bantu-speaking Africans into their territory as slaves. The Muslims called these Africans Zanj, and they were a distinct and despised group, distinguished from other North Africans by the color of their skin. |
The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a | Both ideas serve as powerful justifications for holding an entire race in bondage. Thanks Thought Bubble, but there were even more contributors to the ideas that led to Atlantic slavery. For instance, Muslim Arabs were the first to import large number of Bantu-speaking Africans into their territory as slaves. The Muslims called these Africans Zanj, and they were a distinct and despised group, distinguished from other North Africans by the color of their skin. The Zanjan territory held by the Abbasids staged one of the first big slave revolts in 869 CE, and it may be that this revolt was so devastating that it convinced the Abbasids that large-scale plantation-style agriculture on the Roman model just wasn't worth it. But by then they'd connected the Aristotelian idea that some people are just naturally slaves with the appearance of sub-Saharan Africans. The Spanish and the Portuguese, you no doubt remember, were the Europeans with the closest ties to the Muslim world because there were Muslims living on the Iberian Peninsula until 1492, so it makes sense that the Iberians would be the first to absorb these racist attitude toward blacks. |
The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a | The Muslims called these Africans Zanj, and they were a distinct and despised group, distinguished from other North Africans by the color of their skin. The Zanjan territory held by the Abbasids staged one of the first big slave revolts in 869 CE, and it may be that this revolt was so devastating that it convinced the Abbasids that large-scale plantation-style agriculture on the Roman model just wasn't worth it. But by then they'd connected the Aristotelian idea that some people are just naturally slaves with the appearance of sub-Saharan Africans. The Spanish and the Portuguese, you no doubt remember, were the Europeans with the closest ties to the Muslim world because there were Muslims living on the Iberian Peninsula until 1492, so it makes sense that the Iberians would be the first to absorb these racist attitude toward blacks. And as the first colonizers of the Americas and the dominant importers of slaves, the Portuguese and the Spanish helped define the attitudes that characterized Atlantic slavery, beliefs they'd inherited from a complicated nexus of all the slaveholders who came before them. Atlantic slavery was a monstrous tragedy, but it was a tragedy in which the whole world participated. And it was the culmination of millennia of imagining the other as inherently lesser. |
The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a | The Spanish and the Portuguese, you no doubt remember, were the Europeans with the closest ties to the Muslim world because there were Muslims living on the Iberian Peninsula until 1492, so it makes sense that the Iberians would be the first to absorb these racist attitude toward blacks. And as the first colonizers of the Americas and the dominant importers of slaves, the Portuguese and the Spanish helped define the attitudes that characterized Atlantic slavery, beliefs they'd inherited from a complicated nexus of all the slaveholders who came before them. Atlantic slavery was a monstrous tragedy, but it was a tragedy in which the whole world participated. And it was the culmination of millennia of imagining the other as inherently lesser. It's tempting to pin all the blame for Atlantic slavery on one particular group, but to blame one group is to exonerate all the others, and by extension, ourselves. The truth that we must grapple with is that a vast array of our ancestors, including those we think of as ours, whoever they may be, believed that it was possible for their fellow human beings to be mere property. Thanks for watching. |
The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a | And it was the culmination of millennia of imagining the other as inherently lesser. It's tempting to pin all the blame for Atlantic slavery on one particular group, but to blame one group is to exonerate all the others, and by extension, ourselves. The truth that we must grapple with is that a vast array of our ancestors, including those we think of as ours, whoever they may be, believed that it was possible for their fellow human beings to be mere property. Thanks for watching. I'll see you next week. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson. |
The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a | Thanks for watching. I'll see you next week. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson. The show is written by my high school history teacher Raoul Meyer and myself, and our graphics team is Thought Bubble. Last week's Phrase of the Week was Cinnamon Challenge. I hate you for that, by the way. |