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Question ID:PT92 S1 Q1 Passage:Advertisement: Omnicide kills more species of insects than any other insecticide. So Omnicide is the best insecticide for home gardeners, especially gardeners who cannot determine which insects are destroying their plants. Stem:Which one of the following, if true, most weakens the reasoning in the advertisement? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:Some of Omnicide's competitors kill almost as many species of insects as Omnicide does. Choice B:Many insect species are beneficial to garden plants, and Omnicide kills most of these beneficial species. Choice C:Merely protecting plants from attack by insect pests does not guarantee that the plants will be healthy. Choice D:Omnicide is more profitable for the manufacturer than most other insecticides made by the same company. Choice E:Omnicide does not kill weeds or mammalian pests such as gophers, moles, and groundhogs. | PT92 S1 Q1 |
Question ID:PT92 S1 Q2 Passage:Although the audience for part one of the television documentary Train Stories shown on Thursday night was small, the audience for part two on Friday night was not significantly smaller. Thus, most of the viewers who watched the program the first night liked it enough to tune in again the next night. Stem:Which one of the following is an assumption required by the argument? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:Most of the viewers who tuned in to the program the second night had also watched it the first night. Choice B:Most of the viewers who tuned in to the program the second night liked it. Choice C:Most of the viewers who watched the program both nights enjoyed the first night more than the second. Choice D:Many of the viewers who tuned in to the program the first night but not the second night were unable to watch television on the second night. Choice E:Many of the viewers who watched the program the first night were people who generally like to watch television documentaries. | PT92 S1 Q2 |
Question ID:PT92 S1 Q3 Passage:When frightened by hunters in a truck, healthy gazelles run away quickly, efficiently using the landscape for concealment. But when a healthy gazelle detects the approach of a predator such as a lion, it leaps high into the air as it runs away‚ a behavior known as "stotting." As a defensive behavior, stotting appears paradoxical, because it draws predators' attention and consumes energy that could be put into running faster. Stem:Which one of the following would, if true, most help to resolve the apparent paradox described above? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:Animals that are startled sometimes act in ways that appear irrational to human observers. Choice B:Young gazelles and gazelles that are not very healthy often stot when they become frightened by humans or by loud machines. Choice C:To animals that typically prey on gazelles, stotting is a signal of strength and ability to escape. Choice D:A healthy gazelle can usually detect the approach of a predator before the predator becomes aware of the presence of the gazelle. Choice E:While not able to run as quickly as gazelles, predators such as lions hunt effectively by hunting in groups and coordinating their attacks. | PT92 S1 Q3 |
Question ID:PT92 S1 Q4 Passage:Zahler Motors executive: The Graham Motor Company should stop running its deceptive minivan commercial, which claims that Graham's minivan has a foldable third-row seat while our minivans do not. Zahler's minivan from the newest model year, which recently began arriving at dealers, has a foldable third-row seat.Graham Motor Company executive: Our commercial is not misleading. Zahler dealers are still selling new minivans from the previous model year, which lack a foldable third-row seat. Stem:The dialogue most strongly supports the claim that which one of the following principles is accepted by the Graham executive but not by the Zahler executive? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:It is not misleading for a company to advertise that its product has a feature that a competing product lacks if some instances of the competing product that are currently offered for sale lack the feature in question. Choice B:It is not misleading for a company to advertise that its product has a feature that a competing product lacks if company executives are unaware that the competing product has the feature in question. Choice C:It is not misleading for a company to advertise that its product has a feature that a competing product lacks if most consumers would not choose the product solely or primarily on the basis of whether it has that feature. Choice D:It is misleading for a company to advertise that its product has a feature that a competing product lacks if, on balance, the competing product has more of the features that most consumers want. Choice E:It is misleading for a company to advertise that its product has a feature that a competing product lacks if all instances of the competing product that are currently offered for sale have the feature in question. | PT92 S1 Q4 |
Question ID:PT92 S1 Q5 Passage:Of the dinosaurs of the birdlike group called ornithomimids, the later ones had toothless beaks and weak jaw muscles. A fossil of the later ornithomimid species Gallimimus bullatus was found to have remnants of a comblike plate inside the beak. Such plates are found in modern ducks and geese, animals that strain small bits of food from water and mud. Paleontologists therefore hypothesize that G. bullatus fed by filtering food from water and mud. Stem:Which one of the following, if true, most bolsters the support for the paleontologists' hypothesis? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:Some dinosaurs with toothless beaks and weak jaw muscles are believed to have pursued small prey and to have eaten eggs. Choice B:Toothless beaks and weak jaw muscles were not common to any dinosaur group other than ornithomimids. Choice C:Except for the comblike plates in their beaks, G. bullatus shared few anatomical features with modern ducks and geese. Choice D:Most G. bullatus fossils have been found in sediments deposited in lakes, rivers, and other wet environments. Choice E:Paleontologists have not found evidence that any dinosaurs other than G. bullatus had comblike plates. | PT92 S1 Q5 |
Question ID:PT92 S1 Q6 Passage:In a counterattack on the harmful effects of acid rain, wildlife experts are adding lime to the water of some lakes. "Liming" neutralizes the acid and thus staves off some damage caused by acid rain and restores the health of some lakes where life has already been harmed by acidification. Lakes in which lime is used must be treated periodically because their water is constantly being replaced, carrying away the lime. If a lake's water is replaced more often than once every six months, it is not a candidate for liming because of the cost. Stem:If all the statements above are true, each of the following must also be true EXCEPT: Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:If a lake is a candidate for liming, its water is replaced every six months or less often. Choice B:In some lakes, if liming is to be successful over the long term in counteracting the harmful effects of acid rain, liming must be repeated at intervals. Choice C:Unlimed lakes in which the water is replaced frequently are less likely to be harmed by acid rain than those lakes in which the water is replaced infrequently. Choice D:Liming can be effective even if it is used after some life in a lake has been killed by acid rain. Choice E:If a lake's water is replaced frequently, it may not be economical to attack the effects of acid rain there by liming. | PT92 S1 Q6 |
Question ID:PT92 S1 Q7 Passage:Transportation official: I reject the claim that the ruts in our city's roads are caused by large trucks rather than studded snow tires. There are many places that have as much large truck traffic as we have here and also have a comparable amount of snowfall, and only those few places that allow studded snow tires have ruts in their roads similar to ours. Clearly, studded snow tires are to blame. Stem:Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens the transportation official's argument? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:Large trucks are not allowed to have studded snow tires in many areas. Choice B:The number of ruts in the roads of the transportation official's city has declined recently as the amount of large truck traffic has diminished. Choice C:Most of the places that allow studded snow tires but have negligible large truck traffic have roads full of ruts similar to those in the transportation official's city. Choice D:Some cities with even more truck traffic than in the transportation official's city also have ruts in their roads. Choice E:Most places that have little snowfall do not allow the use of studded snow tires. | PT92 S1 Q7 |
Question ID:PT92 S1 Q8 Passage:A person who does not have both a high school diploma and a demonstrated competence in the techniques of cardiopulmonary resuscitation will not be licensed as an emergency medical technician. Since Marie has both a high school diploma and a demonstrated competence in the techniques of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, she will be licensed as an emergency medical technician. Stem:Which one of the following contains flawed reasoning that most closely parallels the flawed reasoning in the argument above? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:Without having either an excellent ear for music or exceptional manual dexterity, a person cannot play the piano well. Since Paul plays piano extremely well, he must have both an excellent ear for music and exceptional manual dexterity. Choice B:It is not possible to be an effective foreign language teacher without being fluent in at least two languages. Since Professor Yessios is fluent not only in her native Greek but also in English and in Persian, she will be an effective foreign language teacher. Choice C:A person cannot be a licensed plumbing contractor without having completed an apprenticeship. Since Martin is a licensed plumber, his apprenticeship has been completed. Choice D:No one can be an effective mayor of a major industrial seaport without a thorough knowledge of both national and international affairs. The fact that Mayor Leroux is an effective mayor proves that she is thoroughly knowledgeable in both national and international affairs. Choice E:The only way to make a delicious vegetable soup is to use fresh vegetables. Since this vegetable soup is delicious, it must have been made with fresh vegetables. | PT92 S1 Q8 |
Question ID:PT92 S1 Q9 Passage:Essayist: Practical intelligence is the ability to discover means to ends. This ability is a skill‚ something that does not develop on its own. Thus, if there were a being that was never deprived of anything but was always and immediately given what it wants, that being could never become intelligent in the practical sense. Stem:The conclusion of the essayist's argument can be properly drawn if which one of the following is assumed? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:A being cannot acquire a skill without the help of others. Choice B:Skills are acquired only if they are needed. Choice C:The best way to learn how to acquire something is to be deprived of it. Choice D:A being with practical intelligence would get what it wants entirely through the use of its practical intelligence. Choice E:If a being were always deprived of what it wanted, it could not acquire practical intelligence. | PT92 S1 Q9 |
Question ID:PT92 S1 Q10 Passage:Dentist: Five recently conducted studies all show that the proportion of children with decayed, missing, or filled teeth is lower in Europe, where water is not fluoridated, than in the United States, where it is. This is convincing evidence that fluoridation of water does not have a substantial tendency to prevent tooth decay. Stem:Which one of the following, if true, would most strengthen the dentist's argument? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:Toothpaste containing fluoride is widely available in both the United States and Europe. Choice B:Nearly all dentists in the United States use dental treatments involving the application of fluoride directly to tooth surfaces. Choice C:Dental hygiene is typically taught in elementary school in both Europe and the United States. Choice D:On average, children in Europe receive dental checkups more frequently than children in the United States. Choice E:The diets of children in the United States are not generally worse for teeth than those of children in Europe. | PT92 S1 Q10 |
Question ID:PT92 S1 Q11 Passage:Science writer: Studies indicate that North Americans are becoming more lethargic. One researcher has concluded from these data that fast-food consumption has an adverse effect on people's health. In the early 1970s the average North American family consumed one fast-food meal a week, while in the 1990s an average family consumed one fast-food meal a day. However, few lethargic adults exercise regularly, and lack of exercise can contribute to lethargy. Thus, the lethargy studies do not settle the question of whether fast food is unhealthy. Stem:Which one of the following most accurately expresses the conclusion of the science writer's argument? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:A lack of regular exercise is one cause of lethargy in North Americans. Choice B:High consumption of fast food is a health risk only when combined with a lack of regular exercise. Choice C:The researcher's data show that the consumption of fast food is not the main cause of poor health in North Americans. Choice D:The lethargy studies failed to consider one probable cause of lethargy. Choice E:The researcher's conclusion was not adequately justified by the lethargy studies. | PT92 S1 Q11 |
Question ID:PT92 S1 Q12 Passage:Physician: Of the health experts who advocate moderate consumption of alcohol for its cardiac benefits, some say that red wine is the most beneficial. But while there is statistical evidence that people who drink moderate amounts of red wine are less likely to fall victim to heart disease than are people who drink moderate amounts of other alcoholic beverages, proponents of red wine have yet to determine what biochemical mechanism, if any, explains this difference. So their evidence is inconclusive. Stem:Which one of the following principles must be assumed in order for the physician's conclusion to be properly drawn? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:If a substance has health benefits when consumed in moderation, then physicians should advocate moderate consumption even if excessive consumption is harmful. Choice B:Assertions regarding the health benefits of foods or drinks should be supported by persuasive statistical evidence. Choice C:Physicians should not make any recommendations regarding the consumption of food or drink unless there is conclusive evidence supporting those recommendations. Choice D:Evidence regarding the health benefits of foods or drinks must be corroborated by accurate accounts of the mechanisms involved in order to be conclusive. Choice E:One should try to find a causal mechanism for the health benefits of a substance only if those benefits have been conclusively demonstrated. | PT92 S1 Q12 |
Question ID:PT92 S1 Q13 Passage:Philosopher: As many prominent physicists have suggested, energy is merely a theoretical construct. Since the theory of relativity tells us that there is no essential distinction between energy and mass, mass must also be a theoretical construct. But all physical objects are composed purely of mass and energy. Thus, physical objects must also be theoretical constructs. Stem:The philosopher's argument is most vulnerable to criticism on which one of the following grounds? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:It fails to consider whether anything other than physical objects may be composed purely of mass and energy. Choice B:It overlooks the possibility that something may lack a feature even if it is composed purely of things that have that feature. Choice C:It presumes, without providing justification, that two things may have different features even if there is no essential distinction between them. Choice D:It fails to address adequately the possibility that a feature of some theoretical constructs need not be shared by every theoretical construct. Choice E:It presumes, without providing justification, that the fact that a suggestion has been made by a physicist proves the truth of that suggestion. | PT92 S1 Q13 |
Question ID:PT92 S1 Q14 Passage:Jones: A budget deficit is good for the country's finances; it discourages excessive government spending.Espinosa: That's like saying that reaching the credit limit on your credit cards is a good thing for your finances because it discourages you from spending excessively. While it's true that reaching your credit limit will likely discourage you from spending excessively, it's still poor financial management. You should have stayed out of debt in the first place. The same goes for governments. Stem:The strategy Espinosa uses in responding to Jones's argument is to Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:provide an argument that is analogous to the one given by Jones but that is clearly fallacious Choice B:demonstrate that Jones's position presupposes what it sets out to prove Choice C:offer empirical evidence that undermines Jones's conclusion Choice D:argue that Jones's reasoning about finances is questionable because of Jones's poor management of personal finances Choice E:suggest that Jones's conclusion is more general than is warranted by the evidence Jones presents | PT92 S1 Q14 |
Question ID:PT92 S1 Q15 Passage:Most cats like to go outside to play when the temperature is above freezing. However, Jamil does not allow his cat to go outside unless at least one member of his family is outside, and Jamil's family members go outside only when the sun is shining or it is hot outside. Stem:Which one of the following can be properly inferred from the information above? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:If Jamil's cat is outside, then the temperature is above freezing. Choice B:If Jamil's cat is not outside, it is cloudy and it is not hot outside. Choice C:If the sun is shining or it is hot outside, Jamil's cat is probably outside. Choice D:If at least one member of Jamil's family is outside, then Jamil's cat is outside also. Choice E:If the sun is not shining and it is not hot outside, Jamil's cat is not outside. | PT92 S1 Q15 |
Question ID:PT92 S1 Q16 Passage:Park ranger: It is unfair to cite people for fishing in the newly restricted areas. They probably are unaware of the changes in regulations, since even many of us who are supposed to enforce these changes have not yet been informed of them. Until we have made a real effort to publicize the new restrictions, we should do no more than issue a simple warning against fishing in the newly restricted areas. Stem:Which one of the following is a principle that, if valid, most helps to justify the park ranger's argument? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:People should not be cited for violating laws of which they are unaware. Choice B:Regulations regarding park use should be widely publicized. Choice C:The public should not be expected to know more about the law than any law enforcement officials do. Choice D:People who fish in a public park should make every effort to be fully aware of the restrictions that govern fishing in the park. Choice E:People who are caught in the act of violating a law should be afforded the opportunity to explain why they think that law does not apply to them. | PT92 S1 Q16 |
Question ID:PT92 S1 Q17 Passage:For several years the Technology Institute has used a new experimental curriculum in its plumbing program. A survey last year found that only one-third of the Institute's plumbing graduates‚ well below the national average‚ were able to pass the plumber's certification test. This shows that the new curriculum has lowered the quality of plumbing instruction. Stem:The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:treats a phenomenon as an effect of an observed change in the face of evidence indicating that it may be the cause of that change Choice B:uses a lack of evidence that the quality of the Institute's plumbing instruction has increased as though it were conclusive evidence that it has decreased Choice C:concludes that something has diminished in quality from evidence indicating that it is of below-average quality Choice D:uses a national average as a standard without specifying what that national average is Choice E:confuses a factor's presence being required to produce a phenomenon with the factor's presence being sufficient in itself to produce that phenomenon | PT92 S1 Q17 |
Question ID:PT92 S1 Q18 Passage:To achieve the traditional hotness of spicy cuisines, cooks use some specific kind of chili or other spice. But, as experienced cooks know, if food is sufficiently spiced it is impossible to distinguish which ingredient is causing the hot sensation. Therefore, none of the hot spices traditionally used is irreplaceable. Stem:Which one of the following arguments is most similar in its reasoning to the argument above? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:It is light-sensitive pigment in fishes' eyes that makes it possible for them to see. Any one of a variety of pigments makes underwater vision possible. Therefore, no particular one of these pigments is necessary for underwater vision. Choice B:Every country needs an adequate defense. But this can be overdone; no country that devotes the majority of its resources to the military can avoid war. Therefore, peacetime cannot persist in any nation that uses over half of its resources to support its armed forces. Choice C:To receive a doctorate, a student must complete the required number of classes and write a dissertation. Therefore, any student who writes a dissertation and completes the required number of classes will receive a doctorate. Choice D:Attending a music concert is a far richer experience than listening to a recorded piece of music. When playing live, musicians often depart from the original score; therefore, each live concert is a unique and irreplaceable event. Choice E:Good cooks always select their ingredients carefully, for they know that every delicious meal is made with high-quality ingredients. Therefore, no meal made without high-quality ingredients is delicious. | PT92 S1 Q18 |
Question ID:PT92 S1 Q19 Passage:Productivity growth in industrialized nations has dropped substantially since computer technology became widespread in the 1960s and 1970s. Furthermore, productivity growth has dropped the most in industries that rely most heavily on computer technology. Thus, a business that has increased its reliance on computer technology probably has not improved its productivity growth by doing so. Stem:Which one of the following, if true, most weakens the argument? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:The industries that rely most heavily on computer technology have been burdened by inefficiencies that have substantially hindered their productivity growth. Choice B:Productivity growth in many less industrialized nations has also dropped substantially since the 1960s and 1970s. Choice C:Productivity growth in industries responsible for producing computer technology has increased substantially as computer technology has become more widespread. Choice D:Within any given industry, the businesses whose productivity growth has been greatest have been those that have invested most heavily in computer technology. Choice E:Within the next few years, recent technological advances will almost certainly make investments in computer technology among the most effective ways for any business to improve productivity. | PT92 S1 Q19 |
Question ID:PT92 S1 Q20 Passage:Mr. Klemke argues that the complaints recently lodged against his roofing company are unfounded, on the grounds that each of the complainants disagrees with Klemke's widely known political views and is therefore biased. However, having a different political outlook from Klemke's would in no way prevent one from being badly treated by his company. Clearly, then, the complaints are not, as Mr. Klemke alleges, unfounded. Stem:The argument against Mr. Klemke's allegation is flawed in that it Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:takes a consequence of someone's being biased to be a cause of the bias Choice B:concludes that a claim is false on the grounds that an inadequate argument has been given for it Choice C:rejects an argument on the grounds that the person who offered the argument is biased Choice D:relies on a sample of opinions that is unlikely to represent diverse political outlooks Choice E:overlooks the possibility that people whose views diverge are unaware of their disagreement | PT92 S1 Q20 |
Question ID:PT92 S1 Q21 Passage:Guidelines for constructing new Bonjour hotels: A hotel is to have a radiant floor heating system installed if a radiant floor cooling system is being installed or if it is to be a luxury hotel; however, a radiant floor cooling system should not be installed in any hotel that is located in a region that tends to have high humidity during the summer. Stem:The reasoning in which one of the following is most strongly supported by the guidelines? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:The newest Bonjour hotel should not have a radiant floor cooling system installed, for it is not being newly constructed and it will not be a luxury hotel. Choice B:The newest Bonjour hotel should have a radiant floor heating system but not a radiant floor cooling system installed, for it will be a luxury hotel in a region that has high humidity throughout the year. Choice C:The newest Bonjour hotel should not have a radiant floor cooling system installed, for it will not be a luxury hotel and it will have a radiant floor heating system. Choice D:The newest Bonjour hotel should have neither a radiant floor heating system nor a radiant floor cooling system installed, for it will be a luxury hotel in a region that frequently has high humidity in the summer. Choice E:The newest Bonjour hotel should have both a radiant floor cooling system and a radiant floor heating system installed, for it will be a luxury hotel in a region with very low humidity throughout the year. | PT92 S1 Q21 |
Question ID:PT92 S1 Q22 Passage:Essayist: The historical figures that we find most engaging are very rarely those who are morally most virtuous. What most commonly distinguishes them is their bravery and creativity. Thus, moral virtue is not among the characteristics that we admire most, since the people whose lives we would most like to live are those whose characteristics we admire most. Stem:Which one of the following is an assumption required by the essayist's argument? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:The historical figures that we find most engaging are those whose lives we would most like to live. Choice B:Bravery and creativity are characteristics that make it more difficult to be morally virtuous. Choice C:Historical figures are very rarely morally virtuous. Choice D:People develop their conception of what makes an individual admirable based on what they know about historical figures. Choice E:Moral virtue is the characteristic of historical figures that we find least engaging. | PT92 S1 Q22 |
Question ID:PT92 S1 Q23 Passage:On Earth, biological activity leads to a change in the ratio of isotope S-34 to isotope S-32. However, a newly discovered meteorite of Martian origin exhibits ratios of these elements found only in terrestrial minerals dating from before the beginning of life on Earth. Therefore, it is unlikely that life occurred on Mars. Stem:Each of the following, if true, would weaken the argument EXCEPT: Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:Life forms that have a different effect on the ratio of S-34 to S-32 from that of life forms on Earth could have evolved elsewhere. Choice B:The effects of life on the ratio of S-34 to S-32 depend on a number of climatic and environmental factors with regard to which Earth and Mars differ. Choice C:The ratio of S-34 to S-32 in the meteorite is the same as that on Mars as a whole at the time that the material in the meteorite left Mars. Choice D:Relatively few terrestrial mineral samples contain S-34 and S-32 in the ratio that indicates the presence of biological activity. Choice E:The current ratio of S-34 to S-32 on Mars is different from that at the time the material in the meteorite left Mars. | PT92 S1 Q23 |
Question ID:PT92 S1 Q24 Passage:Editorial: Last year, many polls found that most people in our country claimed to be tired of television news programs' obsession with celebrity scandals and to be unwilling to watch such programs. But at the same time, ratings of television news shows soared. This indicates that when responding to polls, whether or not they are aware of it, people often portray themselves as they wish to be perceived, rather than as they actually are. Stem:Which one of the following is an assumption that the argument in the editorial requires? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:Last year, everyone in the editorialist's country who claimed in polls to be tired of television news programs' obsession with celebrity scandals also claimed to be unwilling to watch such programs. Choice B:Last year, almost everyone in the editorialist's country who claimed in polls to be tired of television news programs' obsession with celebrity scandals and to be unwilling to watch such programs continued to watch those programs. Choice C:Last year, at least some of the people who responded to polls in the editorialist's country did not believe that in their responses they were portraying themselves as they actually were. Choice D:Last year, none of the people in the editorialist's country who responded to polls about their views about television news programs portrayed themselves as they actually were. Choice E:Last year, at least some people responding to polls in the editorialist's country wished to be perceived as unwilling to watch television news programs. | PT92 S1 Q24 |
Question ID:PT92 S1 Q25 Passage:The rise of book megastores in the 1990s increased sales of best-sellers, but decreased sales of less commercial, more literary books. In 1986, best-selling hardcover titles accounted for about 7 percent of all hardcover sales. By 1996, that figure had nearly doubled. Megastores can offer deeper discounts than independent stores and offer their biggest discounts on best-selling hardcovers, which discourages sales of other hardcovers. Stem:Which one of the following, if true, most weakens the argument? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:Bookstore customers are more likely to purchase a book that they have seen on a best-seller list than one that they have not. Choice B:In the 1990s, bookstore customers' most frequent purchases were books written by authors who had already written at least one best-seller. Choice C:In the 1990s, less commercial, more literary works increasingly had their initial publication in paperback editions rather than hardback editions. Choice D:By 1996, there were about 20 percent more titles in print than in 1986. Choice E:Books that are not expected to be best-sellers are featured more often in independent bookstores than in book megastores. | PT92 S1 Q25 |
Question ID:PT92 S2 Q1 Passage:At a one-day job fair, a law firm interviews exactly six students‚ Feingold, Harriman, Juarez, Klett, Lee, and Murayama‚ one student at a time. The firm interviews each student exactly once. The following conditions govern the order of the interviews:Klett is interviewed at some time before Feingold is.Lee is interviewed at some time before Klett is.Murayama is interviewed immediately before Juarez is.If Harriman is interviewed first, Lee is interviewed fourth.If Feingold is interviewed sixth, Juarez is interviewed third. Stem:Which one of the following could be the order in which the students are interviewed by the firm, from first through sixth? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:Harriman, Lee, Klett, Feingold, Murayama, Juarez Choice B:Harriman, Murayama, Juarez, Lee, Feingold, Klett Choice C:Lee, Klett, Juarez, Murayama, Harriman, Feingold Choice D:Lee, Klett, Murayama, Juarez, Harriman, Feingold Choice E:Lee, Murayama, Juarez, Klett, Harriman, Feingold | PT92 S2 Q1 |
Question ID:PT92 S2 Q2 Passage:At a one-day job fair, a law firm interviews exactly six students‚ Feingold, Harriman, Juarez, Klett, Lee, and Murayama‚ one student at a time. The firm interviews each student exactly once. The following conditions govern the order of the interviews:Klett is interviewed at some time before Feingold is.Lee is interviewed at some time before Klett is.Murayama is interviewed immediately before Juarez is.If Harriman is interviewed first, Lee is interviewed fourth.If Feingold is interviewed sixth, Juarez is interviewed third. Stem:What is the minimum number of students who could be interviewed by the firm at some time before Feingold? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:zero Choice B:one Choice C:two Choice D:three Choice E:four | PT92 S2 Q2 |
Question ID:PT92 S2 Q3 Passage:At a one-day job fair, a law firm interviews exactly six students‚ Feingold, Harriman, Juarez, Klett, Lee, and Murayama‚ one student at a time. The firm interviews each student exactly once. The following conditions govern the order of the interviews:Klett is interviewed at some time before Feingold is.Lee is interviewed at some time before Klett is.Murayama is interviewed immediately before Juarez is.If Harriman is interviewed first, Lee is interviewed fourth.If Feingold is interviewed sixth, Juarez is interviewed third. Stem:If Feingold is interviewed by the firm at some time before Juarez is, then Harriman CANNOT be interviewed Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:second Choice B:third Choice C:fourth Choice D:fifth Choice E:sixth | PT92 S2 Q3 |
Question ID:PT92 S2 Q4 Passage:At a one-day job fair, a law firm interviews exactly six students‚ Feingold, Harriman, Juarez, Klett, Lee, and Murayama‚ one student at a time. The firm interviews each student exactly once. The following conditions govern the order of the interviews:Klett is interviewed at some time before Feingold is.Lee is interviewed at some time before Klett is.Murayama is interviewed immediately before Juarez is.If Harriman is interviewed first, Lee is interviewed fourth.If Feingold is interviewed sixth, Juarez is interviewed third. Stem:What is the maximum number of students who could be interviewed by the firm at some time before Lee? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:one Choice B:two Choice C:three Choice D:four Choice E:five | PT92 S2 Q4 |
Question ID:PT92 S2 Q5 Passage:At a one-day job fair, a law firm interviews exactly six students‚ Feingold, Harriman, Juarez, Klett, Lee, and Murayama‚ one student at a time. The firm interviews each student exactly once. The following conditions govern the order of the interviews:Klett is interviewed at some time before Feingold is.Lee is interviewed at some time before Klett is.Murayama is interviewed immediately before Juarez is.If Harriman is interviewed first, Lee is interviewed fourth.If Feingold is interviewed sixth, Juarez is interviewed third. Stem:Which one of the following must be false of the firm's interviews? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:Feingold is interviewed immediately before Murayama is. Choice B:Harriman is interviewed immediately before Lee is. Choice C:Juarez is interviewed immediately before Feingold is. Choice D:Klett is interviewed immediately before Murayama is. Choice E:Lee is interviewed immediately before Harriman is. | PT92 S2 Q5 |
Question ID:PT92 S2 Q6 Passage:At a one-day job fair, a law firm interviews exactly six students‚ Feingold, Harriman, Juarez, Klett, Lee, and Murayama‚ one student at a time. The firm interviews each student exactly once. The following conditions govern the order of the interviews:Klett is interviewed at some time before Feingold is.Lee is interviewed at some time before Klett is.Murayama is interviewed immediately before Juarez is.If Harriman is interviewed first, Lee is interviewed fourth.If Feingold is interviewed sixth, Juarez is interviewed third. Stem:If Harriman is interviewed fourth by the firm, then which one of the following must be true? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:Lee is interviewed first. Choice B:Klett is interviewed second. Choice C:Juarez is interviewed third. Choice D:Murayama is interviewed fifth. Choice E:Feingold is interviewed sixth. | PT92 S2 Q6 |
Question ID:PT92 S2 Q7 Passage:At a one-day job fair, a law firm interviews exactly six students‚ Feingold, Harriman, Juarez, Klett, Lee, and Murayama‚ one student at a time. The firm interviews each student exactly once. The following conditions govern the order of the interviews:Klett is interviewed at some time before Feingold is.Lee is interviewed at some time before Klett is.Murayama is interviewed immediately before Juarez is.If Harriman is interviewed first, Lee is interviewed fourth.If Feingold is interviewed sixth, Juarez is interviewed third. Stem:Which one of the following students CANNOT be interviewed second by the firm? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:Harriman Choice B:Juarez Choice C:Klett Choice D:Lee Choice E:Murayama | PT92 S2 Q7 |
Question ID:PT92 S2 Q8 Passage:There are exactly three apartments‚ #1, #2, and #3‚ in the Gladstone apartment building. Exactly five tenants live in the building‚ Felicity, Gabrielle, Helena, Jung-Sook, and Kyla. Exactly three of the tenants are pet owners. The following conditions hold:No more than one apartment is vacant.No pet owner lives in the same apartment as anyone who is not a pet owner.Felicity does not live in the apartment Gabrielle lives in.At most two tenants live in #1.Helena, a pet owner, lives with at least one other tenant.Jung-Sook, who is not a pet owner, lives in #3. Stem:Which one of the following could be an accurate matching of the apartments to the tenants living in them? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:#1: Felicity, Helena, Kyla; #2: Gabrielle; #3: Jung-Sook Choice B:#1: no tenants; #2: Felicity, Gabrielle, Helena; #3: Jung-Sook, Kyla Choice C:#1: no tenants; #2: Gabrielle, Helena, Kyla; #3: Felicity, Jung-Sook Choice D:#1: Helena; #2: Gabrielle; #3: Felicity, Jung-Sook, Kyla Choice E:#1: Felicity, Kyla; #2: Gabrielle; #3: Helena, Jung-Sook | PT92 S2 Q8 |
Question ID:PT92 S2 Q9 Passage:There are exactly three apartments‚ #1, #2, and #3‚ in the Gladstone apartment building. Exactly five tenants live in the building‚ Felicity, Gabrielle, Helena, Jung-Sook, and Kyla. Exactly three of the tenants are pet owners. The following conditions hold:No more than one apartment is vacant.No pet owner lives in the same apartment as anyone who is not a pet owner.Felicity does not live in the apartment Gabrielle lives in.At most two tenants live in #1.Helena, a pet owner, lives with at least one other tenant.Jung-Sook, who is not a pet owner, lives in #3. Stem:If at least one tenant who is not a pet owner lives in #1, then which one of the following must be true? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:Exactly two tenants live in #1. Choice B:Exactly one tenant lives in #2. Choice C:Exactly two tenants live in #2. Choice D:Exactly three tenants live in #2. Choice E:Exactly two tenants live in #3. | PT92 S2 Q9 |
Question ID:PT92 S2 Q10 Passage:There are exactly three apartments‚ #1, #2, and #3‚ in the Gladstone apartment building. Exactly five tenants live in the building‚ Felicity, Gabrielle, Helena, Jung-Sook, and Kyla. Exactly three of the tenants are pet owners. The following conditions hold:No more than one apartment is vacant.No pet owner lives in the same apartment as anyone who is not a pet owner.Felicity does not live in the apartment Gabrielle lives in.At most two tenants live in #1.Helena, a pet owner, lives with at least one other tenant.Jung-Sook, who is not a pet owner, lives in #3. Stem:If Felicity lives alone in #2, then which one of the following could be true? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:Only Gabrielle lives in #1. Choice B:Only Helena lives in #1. Choice C:Only Jung-Sook lives in #3. Choice D:Only Gabrielle and Kyla live in #1. Choice E:Only Gabrielle and Jung-Sook live in #3. | PT92 S2 Q10 |
Question ID:PT92 S2 Q11 Passage:There are exactly three apartments‚ #1, #2, and #3‚ in the Gladstone apartment building. Exactly five tenants live in the building‚ Felicity, Gabrielle, Helena, Jung-Sook, and Kyla. Exactly three of the tenants are pet owners. The following conditions hold:No more than one apartment is vacant.No pet owner lives in the same apartment as anyone who is not a pet owner.Felicity does not live in the apartment Gabrielle lives in.At most two tenants live in #1.Helena, a pet owner, lives with at least one other tenant.Jung-Sook, who is not a pet owner, lives in #3. Stem:If Gabrielle lives in the same apartment as Helena, then each of the following could be true EXCEPT: Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:Felicity lives in the same apartment as Kyla. Choice B:Felicity lives in the same apartment as Jung-Sook. Choice C:Jung-Sook lives in the same apartment as Kyla. Choice D:Jung-Sook lives alone. Choice E:Kyla lives alone. | PT92 S2 Q11 |
Question ID:PT92 S2 Q12 Passage:There are exactly three apartments‚ #1, #2, and #3‚ in the Gladstone apartment building. Exactly five tenants live in the building‚ Felicity, Gabrielle, Helena, Jung-Sook, and Kyla. Exactly three of the tenants are pet owners. The following conditions hold:No more than one apartment is vacant.No pet owner lives in the same apartment as anyone who is not a pet owner.Felicity does not live in the apartment Gabrielle lives in.At most two tenants live in #1.Helena, a pet owner, lives with at least one other tenant.Jung-Sook, who is not a pet owner, lives in #3. Stem:If Kyla is not a pet owner, then which one of the following could be true? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:Felicity lives in #2. Choice B:Felicity lives in #3. Choice C:Gabrielle lives in #3. Choice D:Kyla lives in #1. Choice E:Kyla lives in #2. | PT92 S2 Q12 |
Question ID:PT92 S2 Q13 Passage:There are exactly three apartments‚ #1, #2, and #3‚ in the Gladstone apartment building. Exactly five tenants live in the building‚ Felicity, Gabrielle, Helena, Jung-Sook, and Kyla. Exactly three of the tenants are pet owners. The following conditions hold:No more than one apartment is vacant.No pet owner lives in the same apartment as anyone who is not a pet owner.Felicity does not live in the apartment Gabrielle lives in.At most two tenants live in #1.Helena, a pet owner, lives with at least one other tenant.Jung-Sook, who is not a pet owner, lives in #3. Stem:Which one of the following CANNOT be a complete and accurate list of the tenants living in #1? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:Felicity Choice B:Gabrielle Choice C:Felicity, Helena Choice D:Gabrielle, Helena Choice E:Gabrielle, Kyla | PT92 S2 Q13 |
Question ID:PT92 S2 Q14 Passage:A company's personnel office is scheduling orientation sessions for five new employees: Miller, Phan, Quintero, Schneider, and Terrell. There can be up to three sessions‚ one on Wednesday afternoon, one on Friday morning, and one on Friday afternoon. Each employee is to be scheduled for exactly one of the sessions, subject to the following constraints:Quintero must be scheduled for a Friday session.Schneider must be scheduled for an afternoon session.Terrell must be scheduled for an earlier session than Phan.If there is a Friday afternoon session, more employees must be scheduled for the Wednesday afternoon session than for the Friday afternoon session. Stem:Which one of the following could be the schedule for the employees' sessions? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:Wednesday afternoon: Miller, SchneiderFriday morning: TerrellFriday afternoon: Phan, Quintero Choice B:Wednesday afternoon: Miller, SchneiderFriday morning: Phan, QuinteroFriday afternoon: Terrell Choice C:Wednesday afternoon: Miller, TerrellFriday morning: Phan, Quintero, SchneiderFriday afternoon: none Choice D:Wednesday afternoon: Miller, Schneider, TerrellFriday morning: Phan, QuinteroFriday afternoon: none Choice E:Wednesday afternoon: Quintero, TerrellFriday morning: Miller, PhanFriday afternoon: Schneider | PT92 S2 Q14 |
Question ID:PT92 S2 Q15 Passage:A company's personnel office is scheduling orientation sessions for five new employees: Miller, Phan, Quintero, Schneider, and Terrell. There can be up to three sessions‚ one on Wednesday afternoon, one on Friday morning, and one on Friday afternoon. Each employee is to be scheduled for exactly one of the sessions, subject to the following constraints:Quintero must be scheduled for a Friday session.Schneider must be scheduled for an afternoon session.Terrell must be scheduled for an earlier session than Phan.If there is a Friday afternoon session, more employees must be scheduled for the Wednesday afternoon session than for the Friday afternoon session. Stem:Which one of the following is a pair of employees who CANNOT be scheduled for the same session as each other? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:Miller and Phan Choice B:Miller and Quintero Choice C:Quintero and Schneider Choice D:Quintero and Terrell Choice E:Schneider and Terrell | PT92 S2 Q15 |
Question ID:PT92 S2 Q16 Passage:A company's personnel office is scheduling orientation sessions for five new employees: Miller, Phan, Quintero, Schneider, and Terrell. There can be up to three sessions‚ one on Wednesday afternoon, one on Friday morning, and one on Friday afternoon. Each employee is to be scheduled for exactly one of the sessions, subject to the following constraints:Quintero must be scheduled for a Friday session.Schneider must be scheduled for an afternoon session.Terrell must be scheduled for an earlier session than Phan.If there is a Friday afternoon session, more employees must be scheduled for the Wednesday afternoon session than for the Friday afternoon session. Stem:If Schneider and Terrell are not scheduled for the same session as each other, then which one of the following could be true? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:Miller is scheduled for the Friday morning session. Choice B:Phan is scheduled for the Friday morning session. Choice C:Miller is scheduled for the Friday afternoon session. Choice D:Quintero is scheduled for the Friday afternoon session. Choice E:No one is scheduled for the Friday afternoon session. | PT92 S2 Q16 |
Question ID:PT92 S2 Q17 Passage:A company's personnel office is scheduling orientation sessions for five new employees: Miller, Phan, Quintero, Schneider, and Terrell. There can be up to three sessions‚ one on Wednesday afternoon, one on Friday morning, and one on Friday afternoon. Each employee is to be scheduled for exactly one of the sessions, subject to the following constraints:Quintero must be scheduled for a Friday session.Schneider must be scheduled for an afternoon session.Terrell must be scheduled for an earlier session than Phan.If there is a Friday afternoon session, more employees must be scheduled for the Wednesday afternoon session than for the Friday afternoon session. Stem:If Miller is scheduled for a Friday session, then which one of the following must be true? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:Terrell is scheduled for the Wednesday afternoon session. Choice B:Schneider is scheduled for the Friday afternoon session. Choice C:Quintero is scheduled for the Friday morning session. Choice D:Phan is scheduled for the Friday morning session. Choice E:Miller is scheduled for the Friday morning session. | PT92 S2 Q17 |
Question ID:PT92 S2 Q18 Passage:A company's personnel office is scheduling orientation sessions for five new employees: Miller, Phan, Quintero, Schneider, and Terrell. There can be up to three sessions‚ one on Wednesday afternoon, one on Friday morning, and one on Friday afternoon. Each employee is to be scheduled for exactly one of the sessions, subject to the following constraints:Quintero must be scheduled for a Friday session.Schneider must be scheduled for an afternoon session.Terrell must be scheduled for an earlier session than Phan.If there is a Friday afternoon session, more employees must be scheduled for the Wednesday afternoon session than for the Friday afternoon session. Stem:If Terrell is scheduled for a Friday session, then which one of the following is a pair of employees who must be scheduled for the same session as each other? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:Schneider and Terrell Choice B:Quintero and Terrell Choice C:Phan and Quintero Choice D:Miller and Phan Choice E:Miller and Terrell | PT92 S2 Q18 |
Question ID:PT92 S2 Q19 Passage:During a television special, five commercials will be shown. Each of five advertisers‚ F, G, H, I, and K‚ has available a commercial in two versions‚ a short version and a long version‚ but only one version of each advertiser's commercial will be shown. The order in which the commercials are shown and, for each commercial, whether the short version or the long version is shown is subject to the following constraints:The long versions of both G's and K's commercials must be shown.The third commercial shown must be long.No two consecutive commercials can be long.H's commercial must be shown later than I's and immediately before K's. Stem:Which one of the following could be the order, from first to last, in which the commercials are shown? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:F, G, I, H, K Choice B:F, H, K, I, G Choice C:I, F, G, H, K Choice D:I, H, G, F, K Choice E:I, H, K, G, F | PT92 S2 Q19 |
Question ID:PT92 S2 Q20 Passage:During a television special, five commercials will be shown. Each of five advertisers‚ F, G, H, I, and K‚ has available a commercial in two versions‚ a short version and a long version‚ but only one version of each advertiser's commercial will be shown. The order in which the commercials are shown and, for each commercial, whether the short version or the long version is shown is subject to the following constraints:The long versions of both G's and K's commercials must be shown.The third commercial shown must be long.No two consecutive commercials can be long.H's commercial must be shown later than I's and immediately before K's. Stem:If more short commercials than long commercials are shown, then which one of the following CANNOT be true? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:F's commercial is shown fourth. Choice B:G's commercial is shown first. Choice C:H's commercial is shown second. Choice D:I's commercial is shown second. Choice E:K's commercial is shown third. | PT92 S2 Q20 |
Question ID:PT92 S2 Q21 Passage:During a television special, five commercials will be shown. Each of five advertisers‚ F, G, H, I, and K‚ has available a commercial in two versions‚ a short version and a long version‚ but only one version of each advertiser's commercial will be shown. The order in which the commercials are shown and, for each commercial, whether the short version or the long version is shown is subject to the following constraints:The long versions of both G's and K's commercials must be shown.The third commercial shown must be long.No two consecutive commercials can be long.H's commercial must be shown later than I's and immediately before K's. Stem:If the second commercial shown is I's, then what is the latest position in which F's commercial could be shown? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:fifth Choice B:fourth Choice C:third Choice D:second Choice E:first | PT92 S2 Q21 |
Question ID:PT92 S2 Q22 Passage:During a television special, five commercials will be shown. Each of five advertisers‚ F, G, H, I, and K‚ has available a commercial in two versions‚ a short version and a long version‚ but only one version of each advertiser's commercial will be shown. The order in which the commercials are shown and, for each commercial, whether the short version or the long version is shown is subject to the following constraints:The long versions of both G's and K's commercials must be shown.The third commercial shown must be long.No two consecutive commercials can be long.H's commercial must be shown later than I's and immediately before K's. Stem:If F's commercial is shown earlier than I's, then the only positions in which G's commercial could be shown are Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:first and third Choice B:first and fifth Choice C:third and fifth Choice D:first, third, and fourth Choice E:first, third, and fifth | PT92 S2 Q22 |
Question ID:PT92 S2 Q23 Passage:During a television special, five commercials will be shown. Each of five advertisers‚ F, G, H, I, and K‚ has available a commercial in two versions‚ a short version and a long version‚ but only one version of each advertiser's commercial will be shown. The order in which the commercials are shown and, for each commercial, whether the short version or the long version is shown is subject to the following constraints:The long versions of both G's and K's commercials must be shown.The third commercial shown must be long.No two consecutive commercials can be long.H's commercial must be shown later than I's and immediately before K's. Stem:Which one of the following, if substituted for the constraint that no two consecutive commercials can be long, would have the same effect on the selection and ordering of the commercials? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:If the long version of I's commercial is shown, the short version of H's commercial must be shown. Choice B:G's commercial cannot immediately follow K's commercial. Choice C:At least two of the commercials must be short. Choice D:Both the first commercial and the fifth commercial must be long. Choice E:Both the second commercial and the fourth commercial must be short. | PT92 S2 Q23 |
Question ID:PT92 S3 Q1 Passage:Because most agricultural practices in North America produce row after row of only a few, genetically identical, varieties of crops, the continent's food system rests precariously on a rapidly eroding genetic base, increasingly susceptible to pests and disease. As a possible solution, agricultural researchers, development experts, and policy makers are searching for ways to conserve the wealth of genetic information contained in crops known as heirloom varieties, which have been developed and maintained by indigenous farmers for many generations. The store of agricultural knowledge associated with the cultivation of these varieties has only recently been recognized as a valuable resource by crop geneticists, who have tended to base their research and their thinking solely on agricultural methods brought to North America from elsewhere. But given the intensity with which these non‚ North American methods seek to maximize the land's output for economic reasons, they are not always suited to preserving a diverse pool of crop genetics.A recent study describes how generations of indigenous farmers relied on their understanding of practical genetics to develop hundreds of varieties of each indigenous plant cultivated. For example, long aware of the technique referred to now as hybridization, indigenous farmers frequently used the pollen from one variety of corn to fertilize another variety, thereby creating many varieties of sweet corn, dent or cereal corn, popcorn, and numerous other types. This variation allowed for the exploitation of the crops' natural ability to resist pests and disease. Furthermore, indigenous farmers maintained those varieties that provided the best yields in their local environment; varieties in the wet areas along the coastal plains, for instance, differed substantially from those grown in the mountains. Thus in addition to being more resistant to pests and disease, heirloom crops are less dependent on intensive irrigation systems because they have been selectively bred for particular environments.Many of these heirloom varieties are preserved in household seed stocks by indigenous farmers who obtain seeds through long-standing family, community, and regional exchange networks; similarly, knowledge of the required development and cultivation methods has been maintained through the centuries by intergenerational exchanges within an oral tradition. Over the past century, however, penetration of the world market economy into small agricultural communities, both native and non-native, has discouraged small-scale, internal food production in favor of income-generating work. The result has been a dwindling number of small farmers‚ with many of those planting nonheirloom, commercial seed varieties‚ and a breakdown of many community and regional exchange networks. These recent developments have made clear that immediate steps must be taken to preserve indigenous knowledge systems and integrate them with programs for the conservation of diverse crop genetics, thus bolstering the long-term sustainability of the continent's agricultural systems. Stem:Which one of the following most accurately states the main point of the passage? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:Heirloom crops need to be protected not only to maintain desirable genetic diversity but to protect North American cultures as well. Choice B:Indigenous farmers originated the practice of creating hybrid crops to maximize yields, but their efforts were overlooked by crop geneticists until recent increases in crop failures reduced yields to unacceptable levels. Choice C:The problem of an eroding crop genetic base in North America points to the need for crop geneticists to preserve and utilize knowledge held by indigenous farmers who have developed and maintained a wide variety of specialized crops. Choice D:Erosion of the crop genetic base in North America is the result of the loss of indigenous knowledge regarding the cultivation of a wide variety of heirloom crops. Choice E:The wide variety of heirloom crop genetics maintained by indigenous farmers is a direct result of efforts to procure the best yields in varying regions of North America. | PT92 S3 Q1 |
Question ID:PT92 S3 Q2 Passage:Because most agricultural practices in North America produce row after row of only a few, genetically identical, varieties of crops, the continent's food system rests precariously on a rapidly eroding genetic base, increasingly susceptible to pests and disease. As a possible solution, agricultural researchers, development experts, and policy makers are searching for ways to conserve the wealth of genetic information contained in crops known as heirloom varieties, which have been developed and maintained by indigenous farmers for many generations. The store of agricultural knowledge associated with the cultivation of these varieties has only recently been recognized as a valuable resource by crop geneticists, who have tended to base their research and their thinking solely on agricultural methods brought to North America from elsewhere. But given the intensity with which these non‚ North American methods seek to maximize the land's output for economic reasons, they are not always suited to preserving a diverse pool of crop genetics.A recent study describes how generations of indigenous farmers relied on their understanding of practical genetics to develop hundreds of varieties of each indigenous plant cultivated. For example, long aware of the technique referred to now as hybridization, indigenous farmers frequently used the pollen from one variety of corn to fertilize another variety, thereby creating many varieties of sweet corn, dent or cereal corn, popcorn, and numerous other types. This variation allowed for the exploitation of the crops' natural ability to resist pests and disease. Furthermore, indigenous farmers maintained those varieties that provided the best yields in their local environment; varieties in the wet areas along the coastal plains, for instance, differed substantially from those grown in the mountains. Thus in addition to being more resistant to pests and disease, heirloom crops are less dependent on intensive irrigation systems because they have been selectively bred for particular environments.Many of these heirloom varieties are preserved in household seed stocks by indigenous farmers who obtain seeds through long-standing family, community, and regional exchange networks; similarly, knowledge of the required development and cultivation methods has been maintained through the centuries by intergenerational exchanges within an oral tradition. Over the past century, however, penetration of the world market economy into small agricultural communities, both native and non-native, has discouraged small-scale, internal food production in favor of income-generating work. The result has been a dwindling number of small farmers‚ with many of those planting nonheirloom, commercial seed varieties‚ and a breakdown of many community and regional exchange networks. These recent developments have made clear that immediate steps must be taken to preserve indigenous knowledge systems and integrate them with programs for the conservation of diverse crop genetics, thus bolstering the long-term sustainability of the continent's agricultural systems. Stem:Which one of the following most accurately describes the author's attitude toward the value of heirloom crops? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:certainty that these crops will eventually produce the same yields more economically than their commercial counterparts do now Choice B:relief that these crops have been used to maintain the genetic base of the continent's food crops Choice C:optimism that the agricultural knowledge associated with these crops will help bolster the genetic base of the continent's food crops Choice D:pride in the agricultural researchers who have studied for generations the methods used by indigenous farmers in developing and maintaining these crops Choice E:confidence that the world market economy will encourage the production of these crops in both native and non-native agricultural communities | PT92 S3 Q2 |
Question ID:PT92 S3 Q3 Passage:Because most agricultural practices in North America produce row after row of only a few, genetically identical, varieties of crops, the continent's food system rests precariously on a rapidly eroding genetic base, increasingly susceptible to pests and disease. As a possible solution, agricultural researchers, development experts, and policy makers are searching for ways to conserve the wealth of genetic information contained in crops known as heirloom varieties, which have been developed and maintained by indigenous farmers for many generations. The store of agricultural knowledge associated with the cultivation of these varieties has only recently been recognized as a valuable resource by crop geneticists, who have tended to base their research and their thinking solely on agricultural methods brought to North America from elsewhere. But given the intensity with which these non‚ North American methods seek to maximize the land's output for economic reasons, they are not always suited to preserving a diverse pool of crop genetics.A recent study describes how generations of indigenous farmers relied on their understanding of practical genetics to develop hundreds of varieties of each indigenous plant cultivated. For example, long aware of the technique referred to now as hybridization, indigenous farmers frequently used the pollen from one variety of corn to fertilize another variety, thereby creating many varieties of sweet corn, dent or cereal corn, popcorn, and numerous other types. This variation allowed for the exploitation of the crops' natural ability to resist pests and disease. Furthermore, indigenous farmers maintained those varieties that provided the best yields in their local environment; varieties in the wet areas along the coastal plains, for instance, differed substantially from those grown in the mountains. Thus in addition to being more resistant to pests and disease, heirloom crops are less dependent on intensive irrigation systems because they have been selectively bred for particular environments.Many of these heirloom varieties are preserved in household seed stocks by indigenous farmers who obtain seeds through long-standing family, community, and regional exchange networks; similarly, knowledge of the required development and cultivation methods has been maintained through the centuries by intergenerational exchanges within an oral tradition. Over the past century, however, penetration of the world market economy into small agricultural communities, both native and non-native, has discouraged small-scale, internal food production in favor of income-generating work. The result has been a dwindling number of small farmers‚ with many of those planting nonheirloom, commercial seed varieties‚ and a breakdown of many community and regional exchange networks. These recent developments have made clear that immediate steps must be taken to preserve indigenous knowledge systems and integrate them with programs for the conservation of diverse crop genetics, thus bolstering the long-term sustainability of the continent's agricultural systems. Stem:Based on the passage, the expression "knowledge systems" (last sentence of the passage) most likely refers to which one of the following? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:sets of farming techniques developed by crop-genetics researchers Choice B:the passing of heirloom seed stock from generation to generation Choice C:techniques of hybridization brought to North America from elsewhere Choice D:methods for breeding and raising heirloom crop varieties Choice E:fail-safe techniques for successful farming operations | PT92 S3 Q3 |
Question ID:PT92 S3 Q4 Passage:Because most agricultural practices in North America produce row after row of only a few, genetically identical, varieties of crops, the continent's food system rests precariously on a rapidly eroding genetic base, increasingly susceptible to pests and disease. As a possible solution, agricultural researchers, development experts, and policy makers are searching for ways to conserve the wealth of genetic information contained in crops known as heirloom varieties, which have been developed and maintained by indigenous farmers for many generations. The store of agricultural knowledge associated with the cultivation of these varieties has only recently been recognized as a valuable resource by crop geneticists, who have tended to base their research and their thinking solely on agricultural methods brought to North America from elsewhere. But given the intensity with which these non‚ North American methods seek to maximize the land's output for economic reasons, they are not always suited to preserving a diverse pool of crop genetics.A recent study describes how generations of indigenous farmers relied on their understanding of practical genetics to develop hundreds of varieties of each indigenous plant cultivated. For example, long aware of the technique referred to now as hybridization, indigenous farmers frequently used the pollen from one variety of corn to fertilize another variety, thereby creating many varieties of sweet corn, dent or cereal corn, popcorn, and numerous other types. This variation allowed for the exploitation of the crops' natural ability to resist pests and disease. Furthermore, indigenous farmers maintained those varieties that provided the best yields in their local environment; varieties in the wet areas along the coastal plains, for instance, differed substantially from those grown in the mountains. Thus in addition to being more resistant to pests and disease, heirloom crops are less dependent on intensive irrigation systems because they have been selectively bred for particular environments.Many of these heirloom varieties are preserved in household seed stocks by indigenous farmers who obtain seeds through long-standing family, community, and regional exchange networks; similarly, knowledge of the required development and cultivation methods has been maintained through the centuries by intergenerational exchanges within an oral tradition. Over the past century, however, penetration of the world market economy into small agricultural communities, both native and non-native, has discouraged small-scale, internal food production in favor of income-generating work. The result has been a dwindling number of small farmers‚ with many of those planting nonheirloom, commercial seed varieties‚ and a breakdown of many community and regional exchange networks. These recent developments have made clear that immediate steps must be taken to preserve indigenous knowledge systems and integrate them with programs for the conservation of diverse crop genetics, thus bolstering the long-term sustainability of the continent's agricultural systems. Stem:The author's main purpose in writing the passage is to Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:criticize current efforts to solve a problem Choice B:contrast two approaches to solving a problem Choice C:propose a novel solution to a problem Choice D:praise a definitive solution to a problem Choice E:support a promising approach to a problem | PT92 S3 Q4 |
Question ID:PT92 S3 Q5 Passage:Because most agricultural practices in North America produce row after row of only a few, genetically identical, varieties of crops, the continent's food system rests precariously on a rapidly eroding genetic base, increasingly susceptible to pests and disease. As a possible solution, agricultural researchers, development experts, and policy makers are searching for ways to conserve the wealth of genetic information contained in crops known as heirloom varieties, which have been developed and maintained by indigenous farmers for many generations. The store of agricultural knowledge associated with the cultivation of these varieties has only recently been recognized as a valuable resource by crop geneticists, who have tended to base their research and their thinking solely on agricultural methods brought to North America from elsewhere. But given the intensity with which these non‚ North American methods seek to maximize the land's output for economic reasons, they are not always suited to preserving a diverse pool of crop genetics.A recent study describes how generations of indigenous farmers relied on their understanding of practical genetics to develop hundreds of varieties of each indigenous plant cultivated. For example, long aware of the technique referred to now as hybridization, indigenous farmers frequently used the pollen from one variety of corn to fertilize another variety, thereby creating many varieties of sweet corn, dent or cereal corn, popcorn, and numerous other types. This variation allowed for the exploitation of the crops' natural ability to resist pests and disease. Furthermore, indigenous farmers maintained those varieties that provided the best yields in their local environment; varieties in the wet areas along the coastal plains, for instance, differed substantially from those grown in the mountains. Thus in addition to being more resistant to pests and disease, heirloom crops are less dependent on intensive irrigation systems because they have been selectively bred for particular environments.Many of these heirloom varieties are preserved in household seed stocks by indigenous farmers who obtain seeds through long-standing family, community, and regional exchange networks; similarly, knowledge of the required development and cultivation methods has been maintained through the centuries by intergenerational exchanges within an oral tradition. Over the past century, however, penetration of the world market economy into small agricultural communities, both native and non-native, has discouraged small-scale, internal food production in favor of income-generating work. The result has been a dwindling number of small farmers‚ with many of those planting nonheirloom, commercial seed varieties‚ and a breakdown of many community and regional exchange networks. These recent developments have made clear that immediate steps must be taken to preserve indigenous knowledge systems and integrate them with programs for the conservation of diverse crop genetics, thus bolstering the long-term sustainability of the continent's agricultural systems. Stem:The information in the passage most strongly supports which one of the following statements? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:Revitalizing seed exchange networks will ultimately help preserve an essential aspect of traditional indigenous culture. Choice B:The heirloom crops of indigenous farmers are the only possible solution to the problem of the eroding genetic base of the continent's food system. Choice C:North American farmers have always refused to switch to nonheirloom, commercial crop varieties. Choice D:Maintaining many varieties of a plant can have significant advantages over exclusively cultivating the single variety that provides the highest yield. Choice E:Crop geneticists must rely on North American farmers' long-standing knowledge of local environments when developing new varieties. | PT92 S3 Q5 |
Question ID:PT92 S3 Q6 Passage:Because most agricultural practices in North America produce row after row of only a few, genetically identical, varieties of crops, the continent's food system rests precariously on a rapidly eroding genetic base, increasingly susceptible to pests and disease. As a possible solution, agricultural researchers, development experts, and policy makers are searching for ways to conserve the wealth of genetic information contained in crops known as heirloom varieties, which have been developed and maintained by indigenous farmers for many generations. The store of agricultural knowledge associated with the cultivation of these varieties has only recently been recognized as a valuable resource by crop geneticists, who have tended to base their research and their thinking solely on agricultural methods brought to North America from elsewhere. But given the intensity with which these non‚ North American methods seek to maximize the land's output for economic reasons, they are not always suited to preserving a diverse pool of crop genetics.A recent study describes how generations of indigenous farmers relied on their understanding of practical genetics to develop hundreds of varieties of each indigenous plant cultivated. For example, long aware of the technique referred to now as hybridization, indigenous farmers frequently used the pollen from one variety of corn to fertilize another variety, thereby creating many varieties of sweet corn, dent or cereal corn, popcorn, and numerous other types. This variation allowed for the exploitation of the crops' natural ability to resist pests and disease. Furthermore, indigenous farmers maintained those varieties that provided the best yields in their local environment; varieties in the wet areas along the coastal plains, for instance, differed substantially from those grown in the mountains. Thus in addition to being more resistant to pests and disease, heirloom crops are less dependent on intensive irrigation systems because they have been selectively bred for particular environments.Many of these heirloom varieties are preserved in household seed stocks by indigenous farmers who obtain seeds through long-standing family, community, and regional exchange networks; similarly, knowledge of the required development and cultivation methods has been maintained through the centuries by intergenerational exchanges within an oral tradition. Over the past century, however, penetration of the world market economy into small agricultural communities, both native and non-native, has discouraged small-scale, internal food production in favor of income-generating work. The result has been a dwindling number of small farmers‚ with many of those planting nonheirloom, commercial seed varieties‚ and a breakdown of many community and regional exchange networks. These recent developments have made clear that immediate steps must be taken to preserve indigenous knowledge systems and integrate them with programs for the conservation of diverse crop genetics, thus bolstering the long-term sustainability of the continent's agricultural systems. Stem:According to the passage, which one of the following is a cause of the dwindling stock of heirloom crop varieties maintained by indigenous farmers? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:North American farmers now exclusively use commercial crop varieties that produce higher yields. Choice B:The loss of crop genetic diversity has led to a loss of heirloom varieties due to disease and insects. Choice C:Agricultural researchers have not generally considered heirloom crop varieties viable because of the lower yields these varieties produce. Choice D:Heirloom crop varieties have been too difficult to adapt to the large-scale agricultural production prevalent today. Choice E:There are fewer farmers planting and passing on information about heirloom crop varieties. | PT92 S3 Q6 |
Question ID:PT92 S3 Q7 Passage:Because most agricultural practices in North America produce row after row of only a few, genetically identical, varieties of crops, the continent's food system rests precariously on a rapidly eroding genetic base, increasingly susceptible to pests and disease. As a possible solution, agricultural researchers, development experts, and policy makers are searching for ways to conserve the wealth of genetic information contained in crops known as heirloom varieties, which have been developed and maintained by indigenous farmers for many generations. The store of agricultural knowledge associated with the cultivation of these varieties has only recently been recognized as a valuable resource by crop geneticists, who have tended to base their research and their thinking solely on agricultural methods brought to North America from elsewhere. But given the intensity with which these non‚ North American methods seek to maximize the land's output for economic reasons, they are not always suited to preserving a diverse pool of crop genetics.A recent study describes how generations of indigenous farmers relied on their understanding of practical genetics to develop hundreds of varieties of each indigenous plant cultivated. For example, long aware of the technique referred to now as hybridization, indigenous farmers frequently used the pollen from one variety of corn to fertilize another variety, thereby creating many varieties of sweet corn, dent or cereal corn, popcorn, and numerous other types. This variation allowed for the exploitation of the crops' natural ability to resist pests and disease. Furthermore, indigenous farmers maintained those varieties that provided the best yields in their local environment; varieties in the wet areas along the coastal plains, for instance, differed substantially from those grown in the mountains. Thus in addition to being more resistant to pests and disease, heirloom crops are less dependent on intensive irrigation systems because they have been selectively bred for particular environments.Many of these heirloom varieties are preserved in household seed stocks by indigenous farmers who obtain seeds through long-standing family, community, and regional exchange networks; similarly, knowledge of the required development and cultivation methods has been maintained through the centuries by intergenerational exchanges within an oral tradition. Over the past century, however, penetration of the world market economy into small agricultural communities, both native and non-native, has discouraged small-scale, internal food production in favor of income-generating work. The result has been a dwindling number of small farmers‚ with many of those planting nonheirloom, commercial seed varieties‚ and a breakdown of many community and regional exchange networks. These recent developments have made clear that immediate steps must be taken to preserve indigenous knowledge systems and integrate them with programs for the conservation of diverse crop genetics, thus bolstering the long-term sustainability of the continent's agricultural systems. Stem:The author would be most likely to agree with which one of the following statements about the crop geneticists mentioned in the second-to-last sentence of the first paragraph? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:They have been too willing to further intense efforts to maximize the land's agricultural output. Choice B:They are focused on maximizing crop production at the expense of small farmers. Choice C:They have not demonstrated any interest in diversifying the crop genetic pool. Choice D:They are interested in heirloom crop varieties because they help maximize specific crop yields. Choice E:They continue to ignore heirloom crop varieties in favor of commercial varieties. | PT92 S3 Q7 |
Question ID:PT92 S3 Q8 Passage:Passage AWhat public interest is served by an earmarked tax for the arts? This is a most important question, for unless the public interest is somehow served, proponents of arts subsidies will be hard pressed to justify the transfer of money from taxpayers in general to those who happen to enjoy attending cultural events that would be eligible for such funding. It is not enough to claim that the range of organizations receiving public funding will be large and attract diverse audiences: this leaves unanswered the question of why the arts should not be funded exclusively through the private sector.But public support of the arts is, in fact, eminently justifiable. Left to the private sector alone, opportunities to share in a region's cultural life will not be distributed equitably. Individuals who simply do not have the money, or those who live in regions with few cultural offerings, will miss out on an important part of a full life.Arts events and institutions in a community also build social capital: the invisible, informal ties that bind our society together. By enhancing opportunities for citizens to get together, especially in amateur cultural organizations where they are participants rather than spectators, we build the social capital that is an essential determinant of a region's quality of life. Those who participate frequently in arts and cultural events are far more likely to engage in other civic activities, such as voting and volunteer work.Passage BTax-funded arts subsidies admittedly provide some incidental benefits, such as increasing tourism. Yet a justification for such subsidies must show the direct benefit of spending taxpayers' money on things the taxpayers themselves would not have chosen. It must show that subsidies will enable many more people to enjoy works of art that are decidedly better than art that is privately funded. Yet even if we could guarantee better art, it is doubtful that we could guarantee more widespread aesthetic enjoyment. Art that is subsidized generally will not be the art that most taxpayers would have chosen for themselves. Subsidized art generally reflects the tastes, not of popular audiences, but of selection committees that distribute government money. Most people will therefore get what they don't like.Moreover, culture is not like national defense: a public good that must be available to everyone if it is available to anyone. I can't buy my own defense policy, but I can buy my own aesthetic experiences. Nor can income level justify cultural subsidies. It may be that, if I had more money, I would spend it on aesthetic experiences. By this logic, perhaps we should augment incomes to enable all people, if they so choose, to buy art they select themselves. But it is wrong for government to choose for people the art works and cultural events it considers they should have. We must respect all people as equal individuals, capable of making their own choices. For these reasons, there can be no justification for arts subsidies. Stem:Both passages are concerned with answering which one of the following questions? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:Does public funding for the arts raise the quality of the art produced? Choice B:Does broader access to the arts result in more diverse audiences? Choice C:Is public funding for the arts a justifiable use of taxpayers' money? Choice D:Is access to the arts distributed broadly? Choice E:Is there a direct relationship between participation in the arts and civic involvement? | PT92 S3 Q8 |
Question ID:PT92 S3 Q9 Passage:Passage AWhat public interest is served by an earmarked tax for the arts? This is a most important question, for unless the public interest is somehow served, proponents of arts subsidies will be hard pressed to justify the transfer of money from taxpayers in general to those who happen to enjoy attending cultural events that would be eligible for such funding. It is not enough to claim that the range of organizations receiving public funding will be large and attract diverse audiences: this leaves unanswered the question of why the arts should not be funded exclusively through the private sector.But public support of the arts is, in fact, eminently justifiable. Left to the private sector alone, opportunities to share in a region's cultural life will not be distributed equitably. Individuals who simply do not have the money, or those who live in regions with few cultural offerings, will miss out on an important part of a full life.Arts events and institutions in a community also build social capital: the invisible, informal ties that bind our society together. By enhancing opportunities for citizens to get together, especially in amateur cultural organizations where they are participants rather than spectators, we build the social capital that is an essential determinant of a region's quality of life. Those who participate frequently in arts and cultural events are far more likely to engage in other civic activities, such as voting and volunteer work.Passage BTax-funded arts subsidies admittedly provide some incidental benefits, such as increasing tourism. Yet a justification for such subsidies must show the direct benefit of spending taxpayers' money on things the taxpayers themselves would not have chosen. It must show that subsidies will enable many more people to enjoy works of art that are decidedly better than art that is privately funded. Yet even if we could guarantee better art, it is doubtful that we could guarantee more widespread aesthetic enjoyment. Art that is subsidized generally will not be the art that most taxpayers would have chosen for themselves. Subsidized art generally reflects the tastes, not of popular audiences, but of selection committees that distribute government money. Most people will therefore get what they don't like.Moreover, culture is not like national defense: a public good that must be available to everyone if it is available to anyone. I can't buy my own defense policy, but I can buy my own aesthetic experiences. Nor can income level justify cultural subsidies. It may be that, if I had more money, I would spend it on aesthetic experiences. By this logic, perhaps we should augment incomes to enable all people, if they so choose, to buy art they select themselves. But it is wrong for government to choose for people the art works and cultural events it considers they should have. We must respect all people as equal individuals, capable of making their own choices. For these reasons, there can be no justification for arts subsidies. Stem:Which one of the following principles underlies both passages? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:The arts should serve purposes besides aesthetic enjoyment. Choice B:Public funding of a service is justifiable only if it serves the public good. Choice C:People's aesthetic choices should not be dictated to them. Choice D:Participatory cultural events are essential for a community's cohesion. Choice E:Culture is a public good that must be equally available to all. | PT92 S3 Q9 |
Question ID:PT92 S3 Q10 Passage:Passage AWhat public interest is served by an earmarked tax for the arts? This is a most important question, for unless the public interest is somehow served, proponents of arts subsidies will be hard pressed to justify the transfer of money from taxpayers in general to those who happen to enjoy attending cultural events that would be eligible for such funding. It is not enough to claim that the range of organizations receiving public funding will be large and attract diverse audiences: this leaves unanswered the question of why the arts should not be funded exclusively through the private sector.But public support of the arts is, in fact, eminently justifiable. Left to the private sector alone, opportunities to share in a region's cultural life will not be distributed equitably. Individuals who simply do not have the money, or those who live in regions with few cultural offerings, will miss out on an important part of a full life.Arts events and institutions in a community also build social capital: the invisible, informal ties that bind our society together. By enhancing opportunities for citizens to get together, especially in amateur cultural organizations where they are participants rather than spectators, we build the social capital that is an essential determinant of a region's quality of life. Those who participate frequently in arts and cultural events are far more likely to engage in other civic activities, such as voting and volunteer work.Passage BTax-funded arts subsidies admittedly provide some incidental benefits, such as increasing tourism. Yet a justification for such subsidies must show the direct benefit of spending taxpayers' money on things the taxpayers themselves would not have chosen. It must show that subsidies will enable many more people to enjoy works of art that are decidedly better than art that is privately funded. Yet even if we could guarantee better art, it is doubtful that we could guarantee more widespread aesthetic enjoyment. Art that is subsidized generally will not be the art that most taxpayers would have chosen for themselves. Subsidized art generally reflects the tastes, not of popular audiences, but of selection committees that distribute government money. Most people will therefore get what they don't like.Moreover, culture is not like national defense: a public good that must be available to everyone if it is available to anyone. I can't buy my own defense policy, but I can buy my own aesthetic experiences. Nor can income level justify cultural subsidies. It may be that, if I had more money, I would spend it on aesthetic experiences. By this logic, perhaps we should augment incomes to enable all people, if they so choose, to buy art they select themselves. But it is wrong for government to choose for people the art works and cultural events it considers they should have. We must respect all people as equal individuals, capable of making their own choices. For these reasons, there can be no justification for arts subsidies. Stem:It can be inferred that the author of passage B believes which one of the following about public arts subsidies? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:They promote important public policy objectives that are not directly related to the arts. Choice B:They are not as effective as private subsidies in disseminating culture evenly. Choice C:They are not justified unless they make the arts available to everyone equally. Choice D:They condescend to people by making aesthetic choices for them. Choice E:They reduce the availability of funds for other public programs that are of far greater importance. | PT92 S3 Q10 |
Question ID:PT92 S3 Q11 Passage:Passage AWhat public interest is served by an earmarked tax for the arts? This is a most important question, for unless the public interest is somehow served, proponents of arts subsidies will be hard pressed to justify the transfer of money from taxpayers in general to those who happen to enjoy attending cultural events that would be eligible for such funding. It is not enough to claim that the range of organizations receiving public funding will be large and attract diverse audiences: this leaves unanswered the question of why the arts should not be funded exclusively through the private sector.But public support of the arts is, in fact, eminently justifiable. Left to the private sector alone, opportunities to share in a region's cultural life will not be distributed equitably. Individuals who simply do not have the money, or those who live in regions with few cultural offerings, will miss out on an important part of a full life.Arts events and institutions in a community also build social capital: the invisible, informal ties that bind our society together. By enhancing opportunities for citizens to get together, especially in amateur cultural organizations where they are participants rather than spectators, we build the social capital that is an essential determinant of a region's quality of life. Those who participate frequently in arts and cultural events are far more likely to engage in other civic activities, such as voting and volunteer work.Passage BTax-funded arts subsidies admittedly provide some incidental benefits, such as increasing tourism. Yet a justification for such subsidies must show the direct benefit of spending taxpayers' money on things the taxpayers themselves would not have chosen. It must show that subsidies will enable many more people to enjoy works of art that are decidedly better than art that is privately funded. Yet even if we could guarantee better art, it is doubtful that we could guarantee more widespread aesthetic enjoyment. Art that is subsidized generally will not be the art that most taxpayers would have chosen for themselves. Subsidized art generally reflects the tastes, not of popular audiences, but of selection committees that distribute government money. Most people will therefore get what they don't like.Moreover, culture is not like national defense: a public good that must be available to everyone if it is available to anyone. I can't buy my own defense policy, but I can buy my own aesthetic experiences. Nor can income level justify cultural subsidies. It may be that, if I had more money, I would spend it on aesthetic experiences. By this logic, perhaps we should augment incomes to enable all people, if they so choose, to buy art they select themselves. But it is wrong for government to choose for people the art works and cultural events it considers they should have. We must respect all people as equal individuals, capable of making their own choices. For these reasons, there can be no justification for arts subsidies. Stem:The author of passage B mentions national defense primarily in order to Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:identify an area in which there is little consensus about public spending Choice B:suggest a similarity between arts funding and other types of public subsidies Choice C:make a comparison to a good that can be acquired only through public funding Choice D:point to an example of a public subsidy that enjoys widespread support Choice E:highlight the importance of public subsidies in general | PT92 S3 Q11 |
Question ID:PT92 S3 Q12 Passage:Passage AWhat public interest is served by an earmarked tax for the arts? This is a most important question, for unless the public interest is somehow served, proponents of arts subsidies will be hard pressed to justify the transfer of money from taxpayers in general to those who happen to enjoy attending cultural events that would be eligible for such funding. It is not enough to claim that the range of organizations receiving public funding will be large and attract diverse audiences: this leaves unanswered the question of why the arts should not be funded exclusively through the private sector.But public support of the arts is, in fact, eminently justifiable. Left to the private sector alone, opportunities to share in a region's cultural life will not be distributed equitably. Individuals who simply do not have the money, or those who live in regions with few cultural offerings, will miss out on an important part of a full life.Arts events and institutions in a community also build social capital: the invisible, informal ties that bind our society together. By enhancing opportunities for citizens to get together, especially in amateur cultural organizations where they are participants rather than spectators, we build the social capital that is an essential determinant of a region's quality of life. Those who participate frequently in arts and cultural events are far more likely to engage in other civic activities, such as voting and volunteer work.Passage BTax-funded arts subsidies admittedly provide some incidental benefits, such as increasing tourism. Yet a justification for such subsidies must show the direct benefit of spending taxpayers' money on things the taxpayers themselves would not have chosen. It must show that subsidies will enable many more people to enjoy works of art that are decidedly better than art that is privately funded. Yet even if we could guarantee better art, it is doubtful that we could guarantee more widespread aesthetic enjoyment. Art that is subsidized generally will not be the art that most taxpayers would have chosen for themselves. Subsidized art generally reflects the tastes, not of popular audiences, but of selection committees that distribute government money. Most people will therefore get what they don't like.Moreover, culture is not like national defense: a public good that must be available to everyone if it is available to anyone. I can't buy my own defense policy, but I can buy my own aesthetic experiences. Nor can income level justify cultural subsidies. It may be that, if I had more money, I would spend it on aesthetic experiences. By this logic, perhaps we should augment incomes to enable all people, if they so choose, to buy art they select themselves. But it is wrong for government to choose for people the art works and cultural events it considers they should have. We must respect all people as equal individuals, capable of making their own choices. For these reasons, there can be no justification for arts subsidies. Stem:The authors would be most likely to disagree over whether tax-funded arts subsidies Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:build social capital Choice B:provide any benefits Choice C:negatively impact private arts support Choice D:guarantee better art than private arts support Choice E:encourage fiscal responsibility among arts institutions | PT92 S3 Q12 |
Question ID:PT92 S3 Q13 Passage:Passage AWhat public interest is served by an earmarked tax for the arts? This is a most important question, for unless the public interest is somehow served, proponents of arts subsidies will be hard pressed to justify the transfer of money from taxpayers in general to those who happen to enjoy attending cultural events that would be eligible for such funding. It is not enough to claim that the range of organizations receiving public funding will be large and attract diverse audiences: this leaves unanswered the question of why the arts should not be funded exclusively through the private sector.But public support of the arts is, in fact, eminently justifiable. Left to the private sector alone, opportunities to share in a region's cultural life will not be distributed equitably. Individuals who simply do not have the money, or those who live in regions with few cultural offerings, will miss out on an important part of a full life.Arts events and institutions in a community also build social capital: the invisible, informal ties that bind our society together. By enhancing opportunities for citizens to get together, especially in amateur cultural organizations where they are participants rather than spectators, we build the social capital that is an essential determinant of a region's quality of life. Those who participate frequently in arts and cultural events are far more likely to engage in other civic activities, such as voting and volunteer work.Passage BTax-funded arts subsidies admittedly provide some incidental benefits, such as increasing tourism. Yet a justification for such subsidies must show the direct benefit of spending taxpayers' money on things the taxpayers themselves would not have chosen. It must show that subsidies will enable many more people to enjoy works of art that are decidedly better than art that is privately funded. Yet even if we could guarantee better art, it is doubtful that we could guarantee more widespread aesthetic enjoyment. Art that is subsidized generally will not be the art that most taxpayers would have chosen for themselves. Subsidized art generally reflects the tastes, not of popular audiences, but of selection committees that distribute government money. Most people will therefore get what they don't like.Moreover, culture is not like national defense: a public good that must be available to everyone if it is available to anyone. I can't buy my own defense policy, but I can buy my own aesthetic experiences. Nor can income level justify cultural subsidies. It may be that, if I had more money, I would spend it on aesthetic experiences. By this logic, perhaps we should augment incomes to enable all people, if they so choose, to buy art they select themselves. But it is wrong for government to choose for people the art works and cultural events it considers they should have. We must respect all people as equal individuals, capable of making their own choices. For these reasons, there can be no justification for arts subsidies. Stem:Which one of the following, if it were to occur, would cast the most doubt on the assertion made in the last sentence of passage A? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:Despite a vigorous publicity campaign, attendance at a recently opened, publicly funded art museum has been significantly lower than expected. Choice B:As a result of reductions in federal funding for the arts over the past several years, participation in local theatrical groups has declined in many municipalities. Choice C:A recent study reveals that, in contrast to most predictions, contributions to the arts by private institutions do not decline during periods of high public funding. Choice D:A survey of several small municipalities shows a positive correlation between enrollment in volunteer rescue organizations and involvement in local amateur theatrics. Choice E:In the ten-year period since the initiation of a tax-funded arts program, local voter turnout rates in several affected municipalities have not changed. | PT92 S3 Q13 |
Question ID:PT92 S3 Q14 Passage:Passage AWhat public interest is served by an earmarked tax for the arts? This is a most important question, for unless the public interest is somehow served, proponents of arts subsidies will be hard pressed to justify the transfer of money from taxpayers in general to those who happen to enjoy attending cultural events that would be eligible for such funding. It is not enough to claim that the range of organizations receiving public funding will be large and attract diverse audiences: this leaves unanswered the question of why the arts should not be funded exclusively through the private sector.But public support of the arts is, in fact, eminently justifiable. Left to the private sector alone, opportunities to share in a region's cultural life will not be distributed equitably. Individuals who simply do not have the money, or those who live in regions with few cultural offerings, will miss out on an important part of a full life.Arts events and institutions in a community also build social capital: the invisible, informal ties that bind our society together. By enhancing opportunities for citizens to get together, especially in amateur cultural organizations where they are participants rather than spectators, we build the social capital that is an essential determinant of a region's quality of life. Those who participate frequently in arts and cultural events are far more likely to engage in other civic activities, such as voting and volunteer work.Passage BTax-funded arts subsidies admittedly provide some incidental benefits, such as increasing tourism. Yet a justification for such subsidies must show the direct benefit of spending taxpayers' money on things the taxpayers themselves would not have chosen. It must show that subsidies will enable many more people to enjoy works of art that are decidedly better than art that is privately funded. Yet even if we could guarantee better art, it is doubtful that we could guarantee more widespread aesthetic enjoyment. Art that is subsidized generally will not be the art that most taxpayers would have chosen for themselves. Subsidized art generally reflects the tastes, not of popular audiences, but of selection committees that distribute government money. Most people will therefore get what they don't like.Moreover, culture is not like national defense: a public good that must be available to everyone if it is available to anyone. I can't buy my own defense policy, but I can buy my own aesthetic experiences. Nor can income level justify cultural subsidies. It may be that, if I had more money, I would spend it on aesthetic experiences. By this logic, perhaps we should augment incomes to enable all people, if they so choose, to buy art they select themselves. But it is wrong for government to choose for people the art works and cultural events it considers they should have. We must respect all people as equal individuals, capable of making their own choices. For these reasons, there can be no justification for arts subsidies. Stem:The authors would be most likely to disagree over whether Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:most people would be willing to pay taxes for the support of public arts subsidies if they could be sure that such subsidies would serve the public interest Choice B:the range of arts organizations that can be reached by public funding and the resulting increase in the diversity of audiences is in itself a justification for such funding Choice C:most people, if given the opportunity and means, would spend some of their discretionary income on cultural events Choice D:tax-funded subsidies for the arts result in many more people's taking advantage of cultural opportunities than would be the case without the subsidies Choice E:art that is publicly funded is generally aesthetically superior to art that is privately funded | PT92 S3 Q14 |
Question ID:PT92 S3 Q15 Passage:Traditionally, corporate bankruptcy law placed highest priority on the orderly discharge of debts; courts generally ordered failed businesses to pay all creditors a set percentage of the amounts owed. Modern bankruptcy laws, by contrast, allow insolvent companies to apply for "reorganization," which establishes a plan for satisfying liabilities while allowing the company to continue operating. Some legal scholars prefer the traditional model, arguing that bankruptcy law's sole task should be to make the largest possible asset pool available for settling creditors' preexisting contractually secured claims‚ something that is usually precluded by allowing companies to stay in business. Thomas H. Jackson, for example, argues that bankruptcy law is best seen simply as a "collectivized debt collection device." Such a compulsory regime, Jackson argues, guarantees that claims will be fairly adjudicated and that the collection process will be efficient. Donald Korobkin and others argue that Jackson's account fails to give due regard to the interests of other parties affected by a corporation's bankruptcy, such as suppliers, employees and their dependents, and the community at large‚ parties whose interests are not represented in the company's contractual debts. Jackson's position, Korobkin argues, calls for a sell-off of assets to satisfy creditors, an approach to business failure that places no value on reorganizing companies to enable them to continue benefiting others by producing wealth, providing employment and tax revenue, and so forth. Korobkin claims that fairness and acceptability to all interested parties, not just to creditors, can be achieved through the application of two principles. First, a principle of inclusion requires that all parties significantly affected by a company's failure be eligible to have their claims considered. Additionally, a principle of rational planning requires that each party's interests be considered in the context of whether a rational long-term plan could salvage any of the troubled company's remaining potential. The rational-planning principle also mandates that the interests of those suffering the greatest financial distress as a result of the bankruptcy be protected over the interests of those less badly affected.But while Korobkin's approach is more equitable than Jackson's, it also has significant weaknesses. First, a fair accounting of the interests of other affected parties represents an increase in risk to creditors, since they are likely to recover less in the event of bankruptcy. Under such a regime, creditors charge more for credit, a result that has its own adverse economic effects. Furthermore, Korobkin's scheme provides no way of empirically assessing the relative vulnerability to loss of the various parties affected by a corporate bankruptcy. With a company's reorganization, for example, some creditors may suffer financial losses while many employees retain their jobs; Korobkin fails to provide a way of deciding when such trade-offs are warranted. Stem:Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main point of the passage? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:According to Korobkin, Jackson's conception of bankruptcy law does not adequately balance the competing needs of all who are affected by the failure of a corporation. Choice B:Korobkin's approach to protecting the interests of people affected by corporate bankruptcy is fairer than the traditional approach favored by Jackson, but it is not without drawbacks. Choice C:Korobkin opposes Jackson's conception of bankruptcy law because it fails to provide a rational plan for compensating the employees, as well as the creditors, of failed corporations. Choice D:Korobkin argues that the traditional bankruptcy laws advocated by Jackson needlessly extinguished corporations that were still capable of providing salaries and tax revenue. Choice E:Korobkin's vision of bankruptcy law is more popular among policymakers than Jackson's approach, but the long-term economic costs of Korobkin's regime outweigh its short-term benefits. | PT92 S3 Q15 |
Question ID:PT92 S3 Q16 Passage:Traditionally, corporate bankruptcy law placed highest priority on the orderly discharge of debts; courts generally ordered failed businesses to pay all creditors a set percentage of the amounts owed. Modern bankruptcy laws, by contrast, allow insolvent companies to apply for "reorganization," which establishes a plan for satisfying liabilities while allowing the company to continue operating. Some legal scholars prefer the traditional model, arguing that bankruptcy law's sole task should be to make the largest possible asset pool available for settling creditors' preexisting contractually secured claims‚ something that is usually precluded by allowing companies to stay in business. Thomas H. Jackson, for example, argues that bankruptcy law is best seen simply as a "collectivized debt collection device." Such a compulsory regime, Jackson argues, guarantees that claims will be fairly adjudicated and that the collection process will be efficient. Donald Korobkin and others argue that Jackson's account fails to give due regard to the interests of other parties affected by a corporation's bankruptcy, such as suppliers, employees and their dependents, and the community at large‚ parties whose interests are not represented in the company's contractual debts. Jackson's position, Korobkin argues, calls for a sell-off of assets to satisfy creditors, an approach to business failure that places no value on reorganizing companies to enable them to continue benefiting others by producing wealth, providing employment and tax revenue, and so forth. Korobkin claims that fairness and acceptability to all interested parties, not just to creditors, can be achieved through the application of two principles. First, a principle of inclusion requires that all parties significantly affected by a company's failure be eligible to have their claims considered. Additionally, a principle of rational planning requires that each party's interests be considered in the context of whether a rational long-term plan could salvage any of the troubled company's remaining potential. The rational-planning principle also mandates that the interests of those suffering the greatest financial distress as a result of the bankruptcy be protected over the interests of those less badly affected.But while Korobkin's approach is more equitable than Jackson's, it also has significant weaknesses. First, a fair accounting of the interests of other affected parties represents an increase in risk to creditors, since they are likely to recover less in the event of bankruptcy. Under such a regime, creditors charge more for credit, a result that has its own adverse economic effects. Furthermore, Korobkin's scheme provides no way of empirically assessing the relative vulnerability to loss of the various parties affected by a corporate bankruptcy. With a company's reorganization, for example, some creditors may suffer financial losses while many employees retain their jobs; Korobkin fails to provide a way of deciding when such trade-offs are warranted. Stem:The passage most helps to provide an answer to which one of the following questions? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:What is the likelihood that a corporation undergoing reorganization will emerge successfully from bankruptcy? Choice B:What percentage of contractually secured debt is recovered on average by creditors of failed corporations? Choice C:What arguments does Jackson offer in favor of his approach to bankruptcy law? Choice D:What kinds of creditors are most vulnerable to financial losses when a corporation fails? Choice E:What are some of the inefficiencies that exist in bankruptcy regimes that place a high priority on the orderly discharge of debts? | PT92 S3 Q16 |
Question ID:PT92 S3 Q17 Passage:Traditionally, corporate bankruptcy law placed highest priority on the orderly discharge of debts; courts generally ordered failed businesses to pay all creditors a set percentage of the amounts owed. Modern bankruptcy laws, by contrast, allow insolvent companies to apply for "reorganization," which establishes a plan for satisfying liabilities while allowing the company to continue operating. Some legal scholars prefer the traditional model, arguing that bankruptcy law's sole task should be to make the largest possible asset pool available for settling creditors' preexisting contractually secured claims‚ something that is usually precluded by allowing companies to stay in business. Thomas H. Jackson, for example, argues that bankruptcy law is best seen simply as a "collectivized debt collection device." Such a compulsory regime, Jackson argues, guarantees that claims will be fairly adjudicated and that the collection process will be efficient. Donald Korobkin and others argue that Jackson's account fails to give due regard to the interests of other parties affected by a corporation's bankruptcy, such as suppliers, employees and their dependents, and the community at large‚ parties whose interests are not represented in the company's contractual debts. Jackson's position, Korobkin argues, calls for a sell-off of assets to satisfy creditors, an approach to business failure that places no value on reorganizing companies to enable them to continue benefiting others by producing wealth, providing employment and tax revenue, and so forth. Korobkin claims that fairness and acceptability to all interested parties, not just to creditors, can be achieved through the application of two principles. First, a principle of inclusion requires that all parties significantly affected by a company's failure be eligible to have their claims considered. Additionally, a principle of rational planning requires that each party's interests be considered in the context of whether a rational long-term plan could salvage any of the troubled company's remaining potential. The rational-planning principle also mandates that the interests of those suffering the greatest financial distress as a result of the bankruptcy be protected over the interests of those less badly affected.But while Korobkin's approach is more equitable than Jackson's, it also has significant weaknesses. First, a fair accounting of the interests of other affected parties represents an increase in risk to creditors, since they are likely to recover less in the event of bankruptcy. Under such a regime, creditors charge more for credit, a result that has its own adverse economic effects. Furthermore, Korobkin's scheme provides no way of empirically assessing the relative vulnerability to loss of the various parties affected by a corporate bankruptcy. With a company's reorganization, for example, some creditors may suffer financial losses while many employees retain their jobs; Korobkin fails to provide a way of deciding when such trade-offs are warranted. Stem:The meaning of the third sentence of the final paragraph would remain most nearly the same if "regime" were replaced with which one of the following words? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:principle Choice B:constraint Choice C:law Choice D:system Choice E:government | PT92 S3 Q17 |
Question ID:PT92 S3 Q18 Passage:Traditionally, corporate bankruptcy law placed highest priority on the orderly discharge of debts; courts generally ordered failed businesses to pay all creditors a set percentage of the amounts owed. Modern bankruptcy laws, by contrast, allow insolvent companies to apply for "reorganization," which establishes a plan for satisfying liabilities while allowing the company to continue operating. Some legal scholars prefer the traditional model, arguing that bankruptcy law's sole task should be to make the largest possible asset pool available for settling creditors' preexisting contractually secured claims‚ something that is usually precluded by allowing companies to stay in business. Thomas H. Jackson, for example, argues that bankruptcy law is best seen simply as a "collectivized debt collection device." Such a compulsory regime, Jackson argues, guarantees that claims will be fairly adjudicated and that the collection process will be efficient. Donald Korobkin and others argue that Jackson's account fails to give due regard to the interests of other parties affected by a corporation's bankruptcy, such as suppliers, employees and their dependents, and the community at large‚ parties whose interests are not represented in the company's contractual debts. Jackson's position, Korobkin argues, calls for a sell-off of assets to satisfy creditors, an approach to business failure that places no value on reorganizing companies to enable them to continue benefiting others by producing wealth, providing employment and tax revenue, and so forth. Korobkin claims that fairness and acceptability to all interested parties, not just to creditors, can be achieved through the application of two principles. First, a principle of inclusion requires that all parties significantly affected by a company's failure be eligible to have their claims considered. Additionally, a principle of rational planning requires that each party's interests be considered in the context of whether a rational long-term plan could salvage any of the troubled company's remaining potential. The rational-planning principle also mandates that the interests of those suffering the greatest financial distress as a result of the bankruptcy be protected over the interests of those less badly affected.But while Korobkin's approach is more equitable than Jackson's, it also has significant weaknesses. First, a fair accounting of the interests of other affected parties represents an increase in risk to creditors, since they are likely to recover less in the event of bankruptcy. Under such a regime, creditors charge more for credit, a result that has its own adverse economic effects. Furthermore, Korobkin's scheme provides no way of empirically assessing the relative vulnerability to loss of the various parties affected by a corporate bankruptcy. With a company's reorganization, for example, some creditors may suffer financial losses while many employees retain their jobs; Korobkin fails to provide a way of deciding when such trade-offs are warranted. Stem:It can be inferred from the passage that Jackson would be most likely to agree with which one of the following statements? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:Bankruptcy laws should be designed to minimize the likelihood that businesses will have to cease operating in order to satisfy creditors. Choice B:The claims of those creditors to whom the largest amounts of money are owed should be given highest priority when funds yielded by bankruptcy proceedings are distributed. Choice C:Bankruptcy law should favor promises to firms' creditors over the well-being of those firms' employees. Choice D:Bankruptcy laws that emphasize efficiency should be abandoned in favor of those that place a greater emphasis on equity. Choice E:The legal system should function as a debt collection service only in cases in which corporations that owe debts cannot earn sufficient profits to stay in business. | PT92 S3 Q18 |
Question ID:PT92 S3 Q19 Passage:Traditionally, corporate bankruptcy law placed highest priority on the orderly discharge of debts; courts generally ordered failed businesses to pay all creditors a set percentage of the amounts owed. Modern bankruptcy laws, by contrast, allow insolvent companies to apply for "reorganization," which establishes a plan for satisfying liabilities while allowing the company to continue operating. Some legal scholars prefer the traditional model, arguing that bankruptcy law's sole task should be to make the largest possible asset pool available for settling creditors' preexisting contractually secured claims‚ something that is usually precluded by allowing companies to stay in business. Thomas H. Jackson, for example, argues that bankruptcy law is best seen simply as a "collectivized debt collection device." Such a compulsory regime, Jackson argues, guarantees that claims will be fairly adjudicated and that the collection process will be efficient. Donald Korobkin and others argue that Jackson's account fails to give due regard to the interests of other parties affected by a corporation's bankruptcy, such as suppliers, employees and their dependents, and the community at large‚ parties whose interests are not represented in the company's contractual debts. Jackson's position, Korobkin argues, calls for a sell-off of assets to satisfy creditors, an approach to business failure that places no value on reorganizing companies to enable them to continue benefiting others by producing wealth, providing employment and tax revenue, and so forth. Korobkin claims that fairness and acceptability to all interested parties, not just to creditors, can be achieved through the application of two principles. First, a principle of inclusion requires that all parties significantly affected by a company's failure be eligible to have their claims considered. Additionally, a principle of rational planning requires that each party's interests be considered in the context of whether a rational long-term plan could salvage any of the troubled company's remaining potential. The rational-planning principle also mandates that the interests of those suffering the greatest financial distress as a result of the bankruptcy be protected over the interests of those less badly affected.But while Korobkin's approach is more equitable than Jackson's, it also has significant weaknesses. First, a fair accounting of the interests of other affected parties represents an increase in risk to creditors, since they are likely to recover less in the event of bankruptcy. Under such a regime, creditors charge more for credit, a result that has its own adverse economic effects. Furthermore, Korobkin's scheme provides no way of empirically assessing the relative vulnerability to loss of the various parties affected by a corporate bankruptcy. With a company's reorganization, for example, some creditors may suffer financial losses while many employees retain their jobs; Korobkin fails to provide a way of deciding when such trade-offs are warranted. Stem:The primary purpose of the final paragraph of the passage is to do which one of the following? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:provide criticisms of the position described in the third paragraph Choice B:offer evidence that the two principles discussed in the third paragraph are better served by traditional bankruptcy laws than by modern ones Choice C:refute the argument attributed to Korobkin in the second paragraph Choice D:offer an alternative way of solving the problems discussed in the second paragraph Choice E:suggest refinements to the modern bankruptcy laws described in the first paragraph | PT92 S3 Q19 |
Question ID:PT92 S3 Q20 Passage:Traditionally, corporate bankruptcy law placed highest priority on the orderly discharge of debts; courts generally ordered failed businesses to pay all creditors a set percentage of the amounts owed. Modern bankruptcy laws, by contrast, allow insolvent companies to apply for "reorganization," which establishes a plan for satisfying liabilities while allowing the company to continue operating. Some legal scholars prefer the traditional model, arguing that bankruptcy law's sole task should be to make the largest possible asset pool available for settling creditors' preexisting contractually secured claims‚ something that is usually precluded by allowing companies to stay in business. Thomas H. Jackson, for example, argues that bankruptcy law is best seen simply as a "collectivized debt collection device." Such a compulsory regime, Jackson argues, guarantees that claims will be fairly adjudicated and that the collection process will be efficient. Donald Korobkin and others argue that Jackson's account fails to give due regard to the interests of other parties affected by a corporation's bankruptcy, such as suppliers, employees and their dependents, and the community at large‚ parties whose interests are not represented in the company's contractual debts. Jackson's position, Korobkin argues, calls for a sell-off of assets to satisfy creditors, an approach to business failure that places no value on reorganizing companies to enable them to continue benefiting others by producing wealth, providing employment and tax revenue, and so forth. Korobkin claims that fairness and acceptability to all interested parties, not just to creditors, can be achieved through the application of two principles. First, a principle of inclusion requires that all parties significantly affected by a company's failure be eligible to have their claims considered. Additionally, a principle of rational planning requires that each party's interests be considered in the context of whether a rational long-term plan could salvage any of the troubled company's remaining potential. The rational-planning principle also mandates that the interests of those suffering the greatest financial distress as a result of the bankruptcy be protected over the interests of those less badly affected.But while Korobkin's approach is more equitable than Jackson's, it also has significant weaknesses. First, a fair accounting of the interests of other affected parties represents an increase in risk to creditors, since they are likely to recover less in the event of bankruptcy. Under such a regime, creditors charge more for credit, a result that has its own adverse economic effects. Furthermore, Korobkin's scheme provides no way of empirically assessing the relative vulnerability to loss of the various parties affected by a corporate bankruptcy. With a company's reorganization, for example, some creditors may suffer financial losses while many employees retain their jobs; Korobkin fails to provide a way of deciding when such trade-offs are warranted. Stem:The author would be most likely to agree with which one of the following statements? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:The short-term consequences of modern bankruptcy laws are more predictable than are those of traditional bankruptcy laws. Choice B:The creditors of failed corporations are more vulnerable than are the employees of those corporations to financial losses. Choice C:Korobkin's conception of the purpose of bankruptcy laws relies more than Jackson's does on an appeal to efficiency. Choice D:Insolvent companies that are allowed to reorganize ultimately discharge a greater portion of their contractual debts than do insolvent companies that are forced to liquidate their assets to pay creditors immediately. Choice E:Bankruptcy laws that place a high priority on equitable treatment of noncreditors tend to make it more expensive to finance the establishment of a new business than do those that prioritize the orderly discharge of debts. | PT92 S3 Q20 |
Question ID:PT92 S3 Q21 Passage:Traditionally, corporate bankruptcy law placed highest priority on the orderly discharge of debts; courts generally ordered failed businesses to pay all creditors a set percentage of the amounts owed. Modern bankruptcy laws, by contrast, allow insolvent companies to apply for "reorganization," which establishes a plan for satisfying liabilities while allowing the company to continue operating. Some legal scholars prefer the traditional model, arguing that bankruptcy law's sole task should be to make the largest possible asset pool available for settling creditors' preexisting contractually secured claims‚ something that is usually precluded by allowing companies to stay in business. Thomas H. Jackson, for example, argues that bankruptcy law is best seen simply as a "collectivized debt collection device." Such a compulsory regime, Jackson argues, guarantees that claims will be fairly adjudicated and that the collection process will be efficient. Donald Korobkin and others argue that Jackson's account fails to give due regard to the interests of other parties affected by a corporation's bankruptcy, such as suppliers, employees and their dependents, and the community at large‚ parties whose interests are not represented in the company's contractual debts. Jackson's position, Korobkin argues, calls for a sell-off of assets to satisfy creditors, an approach to business failure that places no value on reorganizing companies to enable them to continue benefiting others by producing wealth, providing employment and tax revenue, and so forth. Korobkin claims that fairness and acceptability to all interested parties, not just to creditors, can be achieved through the application of two principles. First, a principle of inclusion requires that all parties significantly affected by a company's failure be eligible to have their claims considered. Additionally, a principle of rational planning requires that each party's interests be considered in the context of whether a rational long-term plan could salvage any of the troubled company's remaining potential. The rational-planning principle also mandates that the interests of those suffering the greatest financial distress as a result of the bankruptcy be protected over the interests of those less badly affected.But while Korobkin's approach is more equitable than Jackson's, it also has significant weaknesses. First, a fair accounting of the interests of other affected parties represents an increase in risk to creditors, since they are likely to recover less in the event of bankruptcy. Under such a regime, creditors charge more for credit, a result that has its own adverse economic effects. Furthermore, Korobkin's scheme provides no way of empirically assessing the relative vulnerability to loss of the various parties affected by a corporate bankruptcy. With a company's reorganization, for example, some creditors may suffer financial losses while many employees retain their jobs; Korobkin fails to provide a way of deciding when such trade-offs are warranted. Stem:Which one of the following most closely conforms to the moral priorities underlying Korobkin's principle of rational planning (last two sentences of the third paragraph)? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:a peace plan that attempts to balance each concession made by one warring party with a concession from the other warring party Choice B:an emergency management plan according to which those most badly injured in a disaster are to be evacuated and given medical attention before those not injured as badly Choice C:an investment strategy that balances high-risk investments with some less-risky investments in order to protect the investor against catastrophic loss Choice D:a taxation policy that imposes a substantial luxury tax on very expensive items such as yachts but exempts necessities such as food and clothing from taxation Choice E:a public-health initiative that emphasizes the prevention of disease rather than its treatment | PT92 S3 Q21 |
Question ID:PT92 S3 Q22 Passage:Discovered in 1993, the site known as Ukhaa Tolgod, in the Gobi desert of Mongolia, is one of the world's best sources of fossils from the Late Cretaceous period, which ended about 65 million years ago. The dinosaur, lizard, and mammal fossils from this area, including skeletal structures less than 2 millimeters across, are extraordinarily well preserved. The quality and completeness of their preservation was at first thought to have been due to immense, sudden sandstorms that buried the bodies of the animals before they could be scavenged or destroyed by exposure to the elements. However, new evidence gathered by scientists analyzing the geological formations of Ukhaa Tolgod indicates that this sandstorm hypothesis is probably mistaken.The scientists found that there are three distinct types of sandstone at the site. The first exhibits a well-defined structure of layers tilted at 25 degrees and sorted by particle size. Such arrangements are typical of deposits created from windblown sand. While this sandstone contains dinosaur footprints, it contains no skeletal remains. The second type of sandstone does not show the same fine-grained structure as the first, but similarities in tilt and layering indicate that it, too, was created by wind. The third type shows no layering whatsoever and contains pebbles that are too large to have been windblown. It is in this third type of deposit that all the vertebrate skeletal fossils of Ukhaa Tolgod are found.This third type of sandstone exhibits a structure similar to that caused by a phenomenon in which an otherwise stable sand dune becomes drenched with water from heavy rains, triggering a sudden debris flow. The resulting avalanche of sand can be as powerful and violent as a snow avalanche or mudslide. Such a debris flow at Ukhaa Tolgod in the Late Cretaceous period could have trapped whatever animals were in its path, resulting in the pristine quality of the remains. The cause of these sandslides is not well understood. However, there is evidence that clay plays an important role. When windblown clay particles deposited by dust storms are moistened with rain, the wet clay filters into the dune and adheres to individual sand grains. The buildup of clay eventually inhibits drainage of rainwater from the dune but does not prevent the wet sand grains from shifting. Unusually heavy rains can therefore cause a layer of wet sand to rush down a dune's face. Observations of modern sand dunes indicate that clay accumulates only if the dunes are stabilized by vegetation; dunes in deserts lacking vegetation migrate across the desert as the sand is blown away, preventing clay buildup. If the animals of Ukhaa Tolgod were indeed killed by sandslides, this suggests that the Gobi area at that time was not a sterile desert, but a stable dune field with plant life and rain. Stem:Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main point of the passage? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:Some scientists have long believed that the Gobi desert experienced abundant rainfall in the past, and the geological formations at Ukhaa Tolgod provide evidence to support this theory. Choice B:Though the causes of rain-induced sandslides in dunes are not entirely understood, scientists have now settled on a particular explanation for the sandslides that occurred at Ukhaa Tolgod. Choice C:Investigations of geological formations at Ukhaa Tolgod have raised the possibility that, contrary to previous assumptions, the Gobi desert was once a stable dune field. Choice D:Geological evidence suggests that the animals whose fossilized skeletons have been found at Ukhaa Tolgod died from rain-induced sandslides rather than from sandstorms. Choice E:The search for fossilized dinosaur, lizard, and mammal skeletons at Ukhaa Tolgod has provided scientists with new evidence concerning the ways in which various types of sandstone are formed. | PT92 S3 Q22 |
Question ID:PT92 S3 Q23 Passage:Discovered in 1993, the site known as Ukhaa Tolgod, in the Gobi desert of Mongolia, is one of the world's best sources of fossils from the Late Cretaceous period, which ended about 65 million years ago. The dinosaur, lizard, and mammal fossils from this area, including skeletal structures less than 2 millimeters across, are extraordinarily well preserved. The quality and completeness of their preservation was at first thought to have been due to immense, sudden sandstorms that buried the bodies of the animals before they could be scavenged or destroyed by exposure to the elements. However, new evidence gathered by scientists analyzing the geological formations of Ukhaa Tolgod indicates that this sandstorm hypothesis is probably mistaken.The scientists found that there are three distinct types of sandstone at the site. The first exhibits a well-defined structure of layers tilted at 25 degrees and sorted by particle size. Such arrangements are typical of deposits created from windblown sand. While this sandstone contains dinosaur footprints, it contains no skeletal remains. The second type of sandstone does not show the same fine-grained structure as the first, but similarities in tilt and layering indicate that it, too, was created by wind. The third type shows no layering whatsoever and contains pebbles that are too large to have been windblown. It is in this third type of deposit that all the vertebrate skeletal fossils of Ukhaa Tolgod are found.This third type of sandstone exhibits a structure similar to that caused by a phenomenon in which an otherwise stable sand dune becomes drenched with water from heavy rains, triggering a sudden debris flow. The resulting avalanche of sand can be as powerful and violent as a snow avalanche or mudslide. Such a debris flow at Ukhaa Tolgod in the Late Cretaceous period could have trapped whatever animals were in its path, resulting in the pristine quality of the remains. The cause of these sandslides is not well understood. However, there is evidence that clay plays an important role. When windblown clay particles deposited by dust storms are moistened with rain, the wet clay filters into the dune and adheres to individual sand grains. The buildup of clay eventually inhibits drainage of rainwater from the dune but does not prevent the wet sand grains from shifting. Unusually heavy rains can therefore cause a layer of wet sand to rush down a dune's face. Observations of modern sand dunes indicate that clay accumulates only if the dunes are stabilized by vegetation; dunes in deserts lacking vegetation migrate across the desert as the sand is blown away, preventing clay buildup. If the animals of Ukhaa Tolgod were indeed killed by sandslides, this suggests that the Gobi area at that time was not a sterile desert, but a stable dune field with plant life and rain. Stem:According to the passage, which one of the following has been considered evidence that the animals whose fossilized skeletons are found at Ukhaa Tolgod were killed in sudden sandstorms? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:the existence of three distinct types of sandstone at Ukhaa Tolgod Choice B:the fact that fossilized remains of some of those animals are in unlayered sandstone Choice C:the fact that those animals' fossilized remains are extremely well preserved Choice D:the discovery of dinosaur footprints in one type of sandstone at Ukhaa Tolgod Choice E:the fact that clay particles are deposited on sand dunes by dust storms | PT92 S3 Q23 |
Question ID:PT92 S3 Q24 Passage:Discovered in 1993, the site known as Ukhaa Tolgod, in the Gobi desert of Mongolia, is one of the world's best sources of fossils from the Late Cretaceous period, which ended about 65 million years ago. The dinosaur, lizard, and mammal fossils from this area, including skeletal structures less than 2 millimeters across, are extraordinarily well preserved. The quality and completeness of their preservation was at first thought to have been due to immense, sudden sandstorms that buried the bodies of the animals before they could be scavenged or destroyed by exposure to the elements. However, new evidence gathered by scientists analyzing the geological formations of Ukhaa Tolgod indicates that this sandstorm hypothesis is probably mistaken.The scientists found that there are three distinct types of sandstone at the site. The first exhibits a well-defined structure of layers tilted at 25 degrees and sorted by particle size. Such arrangements are typical of deposits created from windblown sand. While this sandstone contains dinosaur footprints, it contains no skeletal remains. The second type of sandstone does not show the same fine-grained structure as the first, but similarities in tilt and layering indicate that it, too, was created by wind. The third type shows no layering whatsoever and contains pebbles that are too large to have been windblown. It is in this third type of deposit that all the vertebrate skeletal fossils of Ukhaa Tolgod are found.This third type of sandstone exhibits a structure similar to that caused by a phenomenon in which an otherwise stable sand dune becomes drenched with water from heavy rains, triggering a sudden debris flow. The resulting avalanche of sand can be as powerful and violent as a snow avalanche or mudslide. Such a debris flow at Ukhaa Tolgod in the Late Cretaceous period could have trapped whatever animals were in its path, resulting in the pristine quality of the remains. The cause of these sandslides is not well understood. However, there is evidence that clay plays an important role. When windblown clay particles deposited by dust storms are moistened with rain, the wet clay filters into the dune and adheres to individual sand grains. The buildup of clay eventually inhibits drainage of rainwater from the dune but does not prevent the wet sand grains from shifting. Unusually heavy rains can therefore cause a layer of wet sand to rush down a dune's face. Observations of modern sand dunes indicate that clay accumulates only if the dunes are stabilized by vegetation; dunes in deserts lacking vegetation migrate across the desert as the sand is blown away, preventing clay buildup. If the animals of Ukhaa Tolgod were indeed killed by sandslides, this suggests that the Gobi area at that time was not a sterile desert, but a stable dune field with plant life and rain. Stem:The observations reported in the second-to-last sentence of the passage serve a function that is most analogous to the function of the observations in which one of the following scenarios? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:In order to theorize about how a certain distinctive style of ancient pottery was created, a historian watches skilled craftspeople making a similar type of pottery. Choice B:In order to determine the approximate rate of unemployment, an economist surveys a large number of working-age people about their employment status. Choice C:A historian considers some ancient manuscripts' descriptions of ancient medicines in order to theorize about whether or not the manuscripts' authors viewed medicine as a science. Choice D:As part of an effort to develop a technique for predicting the future performance of the stock market, an economist studies past trends in the stock market. Choice E:An archaeologist examines the objects preserved by members of an ancient civilization in order to determine what that civilization valued most highly. | PT92 S3 Q24 |
Question ID:PT92 S3 Q25 Passage:Discovered in 1993, the site known as Ukhaa Tolgod, in the Gobi desert of Mongolia, is one of the world's best sources of fossils from the Late Cretaceous period, which ended about 65 million years ago. The dinosaur, lizard, and mammal fossils from this area, including skeletal structures less than 2 millimeters across, are extraordinarily well preserved. The quality and completeness of their preservation was at first thought to have been due to immense, sudden sandstorms that buried the bodies of the animals before they could be scavenged or destroyed by exposure to the elements. However, new evidence gathered by scientists analyzing the geological formations of Ukhaa Tolgod indicates that this sandstorm hypothesis is probably mistaken.The scientists found that there are three distinct types of sandstone at the site. The first exhibits a well-defined structure of layers tilted at 25 degrees and sorted by particle size. Such arrangements are typical of deposits created from windblown sand. While this sandstone contains dinosaur footprints, it contains no skeletal remains. The second type of sandstone does not show the same fine-grained structure as the first, but similarities in tilt and layering indicate that it, too, was created by wind. The third type shows no layering whatsoever and contains pebbles that are too large to have been windblown. It is in this third type of deposit that all the vertebrate skeletal fossils of Ukhaa Tolgod are found.This third type of sandstone exhibits a structure similar to that caused by a phenomenon in which an otherwise stable sand dune becomes drenched with water from heavy rains, triggering a sudden debris flow. The resulting avalanche of sand can be as powerful and violent as a snow avalanche or mudslide. Such a debris flow at Ukhaa Tolgod in the Late Cretaceous period could have trapped whatever animals were in its path, resulting in the pristine quality of the remains. The cause of these sandslides is not well understood. However, there is evidence that clay plays an important role. When windblown clay particles deposited by dust storms are moistened with rain, the wet clay filters into the dune and adheres to individual sand grains. The buildup of clay eventually inhibits drainage of rainwater from the dune but does not prevent the wet sand grains from shifting. Unusually heavy rains can therefore cause a layer of wet sand to rush down a dune's face. Observations of modern sand dunes indicate that clay accumulates only if the dunes are stabilized by vegetation; dunes in deserts lacking vegetation migrate across the desert as the sand is blown away, preventing clay buildup. If the animals of Ukhaa Tolgod were indeed killed by sandslides, this suggests that the Gobi area at that time was not a sterile desert, but a stable dune field with plant life and rain. Stem:The information in the passage most helps to answer which one of the following questions? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:What kinds of mammals inhabited the Gobi desert at the end of the Late Cretaceous period? Choice B:What kind of sandstone is currently being formed at Ukhaa Tolgod? Choice C:Have fossilized plants ever been found in sandstone in the Gobi desert? Choice D:Have scientists found fossilized skeletons of animals that were killed in sudden sandstorms somewhere other than at Ukhaa Tolgod? Choice E:Are present-day sand dunes ever subject to sudden, violent, rain-caused sandslides? | PT92 S3 Q25 |
Question ID:PT92 S3 Q26 Passage:Discovered in 1993, the site known as Ukhaa Tolgod, in the Gobi desert of Mongolia, is one of the world's best sources of fossils from the Late Cretaceous period, which ended about 65 million years ago. The dinosaur, lizard, and mammal fossils from this area, including skeletal structures less than 2 millimeters across, are extraordinarily well preserved. The quality and completeness of their preservation was at first thought to have been due to immense, sudden sandstorms that buried the bodies of the animals before they could be scavenged or destroyed by exposure to the elements. However, new evidence gathered by scientists analyzing the geological formations of Ukhaa Tolgod indicates that this sandstorm hypothesis is probably mistaken.The scientists found that there are three distinct types of sandstone at the site. The first exhibits a well-defined structure of layers tilted at 25 degrees and sorted by particle size. Such arrangements are typical of deposits created from windblown sand. While this sandstone contains dinosaur footprints, it contains no skeletal remains. The second type of sandstone does not show the same fine-grained structure as the first, but similarities in tilt and layering indicate that it, too, was created by wind. The third type shows no layering whatsoever and contains pebbles that are too large to have been windblown. It is in this third type of deposit that all the vertebrate skeletal fossils of Ukhaa Tolgod are found.This third type of sandstone exhibits a structure similar to that caused by a phenomenon in which an otherwise stable sand dune becomes drenched with water from heavy rains, triggering a sudden debris flow. The resulting avalanche of sand can be as powerful and violent as a snow avalanche or mudslide. Such a debris flow at Ukhaa Tolgod in the Late Cretaceous period could have trapped whatever animals were in its path, resulting in the pristine quality of the remains. The cause of these sandslides is not well understood. However, there is evidence that clay plays an important role. When windblown clay particles deposited by dust storms are moistened with rain, the wet clay filters into the dune and adheres to individual sand grains. The buildup of clay eventually inhibits drainage of rainwater from the dune but does not prevent the wet sand grains from shifting. Unusually heavy rains can therefore cause a layer of wet sand to rush down a dune's face. Observations of modern sand dunes indicate that clay accumulates only if the dunes are stabilized by vegetation; dunes in deserts lacking vegetation migrate across the desert as the sand is blown away, preventing clay buildup. If the animals of Ukhaa Tolgod were indeed killed by sandslides, this suggests that the Gobi area at that time was not a sterile desert, but a stable dune field with plant life and rain. Stem:The author's main purpose in discussing the sandstorm hypothesis (last two sentences of the first paragraph) is to Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:question the wisdom of the scientists who formulated the sandstorm hypothesis Choice B:provide the basis for a contrast with a competing hypothesis that is discussed in the rest of the passage Choice C:explain the geological basis for the sandstorm hypothesis Choice D:show how adherence to the sandstorm hypothesis previously hindered a type of research that has now turned out to be fruitful Choice E:establish that scientists formulating the sandstorm hypothesis ignored crucial evidence, which is discussed later in the passage | PT92 S3 Q26 |
Question ID:PT92 S3 Q27 Passage:Discovered in 1993, the site known as Ukhaa Tolgod, in the Gobi desert of Mongolia, is one of the world's best sources of fossils from the Late Cretaceous period, which ended about 65 million years ago. The dinosaur, lizard, and mammal fossils from this area, including skeletal structures less than 2 millimeters across, are extraordinarily well preserved. The quality and completeness of their preservation was at first thought to have been due to immense, sudden sandstorms that buried the bodies of the animals before they could be scavenged or destroyed by exposure to the elements. However, new evidence gathered by scientists analyzing the geological formations of Ukhaa Tolgod indicates that this sandstorm hypothesis is probably mistaken.The scientists found that there are three distinct types of sandstone at the site. The first exhibits a well-defined structure of layers tilted at 25 degrees and sorted by particle size. Such arrangements are typical of deposits created from windblown sand. While this sandstone contains dinosaur footprints, it contains no skeletal remains. The second type of sandstone does not show the same fine-grained structure as the first, but similarities in tilt and layering indicate that it, too, was created by wind. The third type shows no layering whatsoever and contains pebbles that are too large to have been windblown. It is in this third type of deposit that all the vertebrate skeletal fossils of Ukhaa Tolgod are found.This third type of sandstone exhibits a structure similar to that caused by a phenomenon in which an otherwise stable sand dune becomes drenched with water from heavy rains, triggering a sudden debris flow. The resulting avalanche of sand can be as powerful and violent as a snow avalanche or mudslide. Such a debris flow at Ukhaa Tolgod in the Late Cretaceous period could have trapped whatever animals were in its path, resulting in the pristine quality of the remains. The cause of these sandslides is not well understood. However, there is evidence that clay plays an important role. When windblown clay particles deposited by dust storms are moistened with rain, the wet clay filters into the dune and adheres to individual sand grains. The buildup of clay eventually inhibits drainage of rainwater from the dune but does not prevent the wet sand grains from shifting. Unusually heavy rains can therefore cause a layer of wet sand to rush down a dune's face. Observations of modern sand dunes indicate that clay accumulates only if the dunes are stabilized by vegetation; dunes in deserts lacking vegetation migrate across the desert as the sand is blown away, preventing clay buildup. If the animals of Ukhaa Tolgod were indeed killed by sandslides, this suggests that the Gobi area at that time was not a sterile desert, but a stable dune field with plant life and rain. Stem:Which one of the following, if true, provides the strongest grounds for doubting that the animals whose fossilized skeletons were found at Ukhaa Tolgod were killed by sandslides? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:Scientists have never directly observed animals being killed by a sandslide in the Gobi desert. Choice B:The area of the Gobi desert in which Ukhaa Tolgod is located is currently not a stable dune field. Choice C:In areas of the Gobi desert other than Ukhaa Tolgod, pristine vertebrate skeletal fossils have been found in the second type of sandstone described in the second paragraph. Choice D:Geologists believe that no sandslides have occurred in the Gobi desert for at least 5 million years. Choice E:There are several natural processes that can produce the third type of sandstone described in the second paragraph. | PT92 S3 Q27 |
Question ID:PT92 S4 Q1 Passage:A concert will consist of separate performances by five bands—the Loners, the Neighbors, the Rockers, the Snap, and the Yaks. The concert will last exactly seven hours, with a one-hour performance by each band and two one-hour breaks. The concert schedule obeys the following restrictions:The second break cannot take place immediately after the first break.The Yaks must perform sometime before the first break.The Snap must perform sometime before the Rockers' performance.The Neighbors must perform during the hour immediately before or else during the hour immediately after the Rockers' performance.The Loners must perform during the seventh hour. Stem:Which one of the following could be the schedule of performances and breaks during the concert, in order from the first to the seventh hour? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:Snap, break, Yaks, Neighbors, Rockers, break, Loners Choice B:Yaks, break, Neighbors, Rockers, break, Snap, Loners Choice C:Yaks, break, Snap, Neighbors, Rockers, break, Loners Choice D:Yaks, break, Snap, Loners, break, Neighbors, Rockers Choice E:Yaks, break, Neighbors, Snap, break, Rockers, Loners | PT92 S4 Q1 |
Question ID:PT92 S4 Q2 Passage:A concert will consist of separate performances by five bands—the Loners, the Neighbors, the Rockers, the Snap, and the Yaks. The concert will last exactly seven hours, with a one-hour performance by each band and two one-hour breaks. The concert schedule obeys the following restrictions:The second break cannot take place immediately after the first break.The Yaks must perform sometime before the first break.The Snap must perform sometime before the Rockers' performance.The Neighbors must perform during the hour immediately before or else during the hour immediately after the Rockers' performance.The Loners must perform during the seventh hour. Stem:If the Yaks perform during the hour immediately after the Snap's performance, which one of the following must be true? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:The Rockers perform during the fourth hour. Choice B:The Snap perform during the second hour. Choice C:The Yaks perform during the first hour. Choice D:The second break occurs during the fifth hour. Choice E:The first break occurs during the third hour. | PT92 S4 Q2 |
Question ID:PT92 S4 Q3 Passage:A concert will consist of separate performances by five bands—the Loners, the Neighbors, the Rockers, the Snap, and the Yaks. The concert will last exactly seven hours, with a one-hour performance by each band and two one-hour breaks. The concert schedule obeys the following restrictions:The second break cannot take place immediately after the first break.The Yaks must perform sometime before the first break.The Snap must perform sometime before the Rockers' performance.The Neighbors must perform during the hour immediately before or else during the hour immediately after the Rockers' performance.The Loners must perform during the seventh hour. Stem:Which one of the following can occur during the fifth hour? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:the first break Choice B:the second break Choice C:the Yaks' performance Choice D:the Snap's performance Choice E:the Neighbors' performance | PT92 S4 Q3 |
Question ID:PT92 S4 Q4 Passage:A concert will consist of separate performances by five bands—the Loners, the Neighbors, the Rockers, the Snap, and the Yaks. The concert will last exactly seven hours, with a one-hour performance by each band and two one-hour breaks. The concert schedule obeys the following restrictions:The second break cannot take place immediately after the first break.The Yaks must perform sometime before the first break.The Snap must perform sometime before the Rockers' performance.The Neighbors must perform during the hour immediately before or else during the hour immediately after the Rockers' performance.The Loners must perform during the seventh hour. Stem:If the Snap perform immediately before the second break, which one of the following can be true? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:The Neighbors perform during the third hour. Choice B:The Neighbors perform during the sixth hour. Choice C:The Rockers perform during the fourth hour. Choice D:The Snap perform during the fourth hour. Choice E:The Yaks perform during the second hour. | PT92 S4 Q4 |
Question ID:PT92 S4 Q5 Passage:A concert will consist of separate performances by five bands—the Loners, the Neighbors, the Rockers, the Snap, and the Yaks. The concert will last exactly seven hours, with a one-hour performance by each band and two one-hour breaks. The concert schedule obeys the following restrictions:The second break cannot take place immediately after the first break.The Yaks must perform sometime before the first break.The Snap must perform sometime before the Rockers' performance.The Neighbors must perform during the hour immediately before or else during the hour immediately after the Rockers' performance.The Loners must perform during the seventh hour. Stem:Which one of the following must be true? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:The Neighbors perform immediately after the first break. Choice B:The Neighbors perform immediately after the second break. Choice C:The Rockers perform sometime before the second break. Choice D:The Snap perform sometime before the second break. Choice E:The Yaks perform immediately before the first break. | PT92 S4 Q5 |
Question ID:PT92 S4 Q6 Passage:A concert will consist of separate performances by five bands—the Loners, the Neighbors, the Rockers, the Snap, and the Yaks. The concert will last exactly seven hours, with a one-hour performance by each band and two one-hour breaks. The concert schedule obeys the following restrictions:The second break cannot take place immediately after the first break.The Yaks must perform sometime before the first break.The Snap must perform sometime before the Rockers' performance.The Neighbors must perform during the hour immediately before or else during the hour immediately after the Rockers' performance.The Loners must perform during the seventh hour. Stem:Which one of the following must be true? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:The Neighbors perform sometime before the Rockers. Choice B:The Neighbors perform sometime before the Snap. Choice C:The Rockers perform sometime before the Yaks. Choice D:The Yaks perform sometime before the Neighbors. Choice E:The Yaks perform sometime before the Snap. | PT92 S4 Q6 |
Question ID:PT92 S4 Q7 Passage:In preparation for an expedition, exactly six campers—Gonzalez, Haig, Jackson, Keeton, Lowell, and Macon—each purchase at least one of the following three sorts of items: rucksacks, stoves, and tents. No camper purchases more than one of any sort of item. The purchases are consistent with the following:Jackson and exactly two other campers purchase rucksacks.Keeton purchases a stove and a tent.Haig does not purchase any sort of item that Keeton purchases.Jackson purchases at least one sort of item that Haig does not purchase.Macon purchases more items than Jackson purchases. Stem:For exactly how many of the campers is it possible to determine exactly which sorts of items they purchase? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:one Choice B:two Choice C:three Choice D:four Choice E:five | PT92 S4 Q7 |
Question ID:PT92 S4 Q8 Passage:In preparation for an expedition, exactly six campers—Gonzalez, Haig, Jackson, Keeton, Lowell, and Macon—each purchase at least one of the following three sorts of items: rucksacks, stoves, and tents. No camper purchases more than one of any sort of item. The purchases are consistent with the following:Jackson and exactly two other campers purchase rucksacks.Keeton purchases a stove and a tent.Haig does not purchase any sort of item that Keeton purchases.Jackson purchases at least one sort of item that Haig does not purchase.Macon purchases more items than Jackson purchases. Stem:If Lowell is the only camper to purchase a stove and nothing else, which one of the following could be the exact number of stoves and tents the campers purchase? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:five stoves and two tents Choice B:four stoves and two tents Choice C:four stoves and three tents Choice D:three stoves and two tents Choice E:three stoves and three tents | PT92 S4 Q8 |
Question ID:PT92 S4 Q9 Passage:In preparation for an expedition, exactly six campers—Gonzalez, Haig, Jackson, Keeton, Lowell, and Macon—each purchase at least one of the following three sorts of items: rucksacks, stoves, and tents. No camper purchases more than one of any sort of item. The purchases are consistent with the following:Jackson and exactly two other campers purchase rucksacks.Keeton purchases a stove and a tent.Haig does not purchase any sort of item that Keeton purchases.Jackson purchases at least one sort of item that Haig does not purchase.Macon purchases more items than Jackson purchases. Stem:Each of the following could be a pair of campers who purchase none of the same sorts of items as each other EXCEPT: Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:Haig and Lowell Choice B:Gonzalez and Jackson Choice C:Gonzalez and Keeton Choice D:Gonzalez and Lowell Choice E:Jackson and Lowell | PT92 S4 Q9 |
Question ID:PT92 S4 Q10 Passage:In preparation for an expedition, exactly six campers—Gonzalez, Haig, Jackson, Keeton, Lowell, and Macon—each purchase at least one of the following three sorts of items: rucksacks, stoves, and tents. No camper purchases more than one of any sort of item. The purchases are consistent with the following:Jackson and exactly two other campers purchase rucksacks.Keeton purchases a stove and a tent.Haig does not purchase any sort of item that Keeton purchases.Jackson purchases at least one sort of item that Haig does not purchase.Macon purchases more items than Jackson purchases. Stem:If Gonzalez does not purchase any sort of item that Lowell purchases, which one of the following could be false? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:Jackson does not purchase any sort of item that Lowell purchases. Choice B:Gonzalez purchases exactly one sort of item that Keeton purchases. Choice C:No more than four stoves are purchased. Choice D:No more than four tents are purchased. Choice E:Exactly three campers purchase exactly one item each. | PT92 S4 Q10 |
Question ID:PT92 S4 Q11 Passage:In preparation for an expedition, exactly six campers—Gonzalez, Haig, Jackson, Keeton, Lowell, and Macon—each purchase at least one of the following three sorts of items: rucksacks, stoves, and tents. No camper purchases more than one of any sort of item. The purchases are consistent with the following:Jackson and exactly two other campers purchase rucksacks.Keeton purchases a stove and a tent.Haig does not purchase any sort of item that Keeton purchases.Jackson purchases at least one sort of item that Haig does not purchase.Macon purchases more items than Jackson purchases. Stem:Which one of the following is a pair of campers who must purchase exactly the same number of items as each other? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:Gonzalez and Haig Choice B:Gonzalez and Jackson Choice C:Gonzalez and Lowell Choice D:Jackson and Keeton Choice E:Keeton and Lowell | PT92 S4 Q11 |
Question ID:PT92 S4 Q12 Passage:A community has one junior high school and one senior high school. Exactly six teachers—K, L, M, N, O, and P—teach a language at the two schools. Each of them teaches at either the junior or the senior high school, but not both, and each teaches exactly one of the following languages: French, German, or Russian. The following is also known:Any two of the teachers who teach at the same school do not teach the same language as each other.K teaches at the same school as L.L teaches the same language as M. N teaches Russian.O teaches French. Stem:Which one of the following statements could be true? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:K teaches the same language as M. Choice B:L teaches the same language as O. Choice C:K teaches at the same school as M. Choice D:K, N, and O teach at the same school as each other. Choice E:M, N, and O teach at the same school as each other. | PT92 S4 Q12 |
Question ID:PT92 S4 Q13 Passage:A community has one junior high school and one senior high school. Exactly six teachers—K, L, M, N, O, and P—teach a language at the two schools. Each of them teaches at either the junior or the senior high school, but not both, and each teaches exactly one of the following languages: French, German, or Russian. The following is also known:Any two of the teachers who teach at the same school do not teach the same language as each other.K teaches at the same school as L.L teaches the same language as M. N teaches Russian.O teaches French. Stem:If O and P teach at the junior high school, then which one of the following statements must be true? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:K teaches German. Choice B:K teaches Russian. Choice C:P teaches Russian. Choice D:K teaches at the junior high school. Choice E:M teaches at the senior high school. | PT92 S4 Q13 |
Question ID:PT92 S4 Q14 Passage:A community has one junior high school and one senior high school. Exactly six teachers—K, L, M, N, O, and P—teach a language at the two schools. Each of them teaches at either the junior or the senior high school, but not both, and each teaches exactly one of the following languages: French, German, or Russian. The following is also known:Any two of the teachers who teach at the same school do not teach the same language as each other.K teaches at the same school as L.L teaches the same language as M. N teaches Russian.O teaches French. Stem:If L and N teach at the junior high school, then which one of the following statements must be true? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:K teaches French. Choice B:K teaches Russian. Choice C:P teaches French. Choice D:M teaches at the junior high school. Choice E:O teaches at the junior high school. | PT92 S4 Q14 |
Question ID:PT92 S4 Q15 Passage:A community has one junior high school and one senior high school. Exactly six teachers—K, L, M, N, O, and P—teach a language at the two schools. Each of them teaches at either the junior or the senior high school, but not both, and each teaches exactly one of the following languages: French, German, or Russian. The following is also known:Any two of the teachers who teach at the same school do not teach the same language as each other.K teaches at the same school as L.L teaches the same language as M. N teaches Russian.O teaches French. Stem:If M, N, and P teach at the senior high school, then which one of the following statements must be true? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:K teaches French. Choice B:K teaches Russian. Choice C:L teaches Russian. Choice D:P teaches German. Choice E:P teaches Russian. | PT92 S4 Q15 |
Question ID:PT92 S4 Q16 Passage:A community has one junior high school and one senior high school. Exactly six teachers—K, L, M, N, O, and P—teach a language at the two schools. Each of them teaches at either the junior or the senior high school, but not both, and each teaches exactly one of the following languages: French, German, or Russian. The following is also known:Any two of the teachers who teach at the same school do not teach the same language as each other.K teaches at the same school as L.L teaches the same language as M. N teaches Russian.O teaches French. Stem:If N teaches at the same school as O, then the teachers in which one of the following pairs must teach at the same school as each other? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:K and N Choice B:K and O Choice C:L and O Choice D:M and O Choice E:O and P | PT92 S4 Q16 |
Question ID:PT92 S4 Q17 Passage:A community has one junior high school and one senior high school. Exactly six teachers—K, L, M, N, O, and P—teach a language at the two schools. Each of them teaches at either the junior or the senior high school, but not both, and each teaches exactly one of the following languages: French, German, or Russian. The following is also known:Any two of the teachers who teach at the same school do not teach the same language as each other.K teaches at the same school as L.L teaches the same language as M. N teaches Russian.O teaches French. Stem:If P teaches at the junior high school and does not teach French, then which one of the following statements must be true? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:K teaches French at the senior high school. Choice B:L teaches German at the senior high school. Choice C:M teaches German at the junior high school. Choice D:N teaches Russian at the senior high school. Choice E:O teaches French at the junior high school. | PT92 S4 Q17 |
Question ID:PT92 S4 Q18 Passage:Exactly five hats are displayed in a boutique. The hats are numbered 1 through 5, and each hat is one of three kinds: either a fedora, a pillbox, or a tam. The display must be consistent with the following:At most two pillboxes are displayed.3 is not a pillbox.2 is the same kind of hat as 5.If 1 is a different kind of hat than 3, then 2 and 4 are both tams.If 3 and 4 are both tams, then 1 is a pillbox. Stem:Which one of the following could be an accurate list of the hats, from 1 through 5? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:fedora, fedora, pillbox, fedora, tam Choice B:fedora, pillbox, fedora, pillbox, pillbox Choice C:fedora, tam, fedora, tam, tam Choice D:tam, fedora, tam, tam, fedora Choice E:tam, pillbox, tam, tam, fedora | PT92 S4 Q18 |
Question ID:PT92 S4 Q19 Passage:Exactly five hats are displayed in a boutique. The hats are numbered 1 through 5, and each hat is one of three kinds: either a fedora, a pillbox, or a tam. The display must be consistent with the following:At most two pillboxes are displayed.3 is not a pillbox.2 is the same kind of hat as 5.If 1 is a different kind of hat than 3, then 2 and 4 are both tams.If 3 and 4 are both tams, then 1 is a pillbox. Stem:If exactly one tam is displayed, which one of the following must be true? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:3 is the tam. Choice B:4 is the tam. Choice C:2 is a pillbox. Choice D:1 is a pillbox. Choice E:5 is a fedora. | PT92 S4 Q19 |
Question ID:PT92 S4 Q20 Passage:Exactly five hats are displayed in a boutique. The hats are numbered 1 through 5, and each hat is one of three kinds: either a fedora, a pillbox, or a tam. The display must be consistent with the following:At most two pillboxes are displayed.3 is not a pillbox.2 is the same kind of hat as 5.If 1 is a different kind of hat than 3, then 2 and 4 are both tams.If 3 and 4 are both tams, then 1 is a pillbox. Stem:Which one of the following must be true? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:No more than one pillbox is displayed. Choice B:No more than three fedoras are displayed. Choice C:No more than four tams are displayed. Choice D:At least one fedora is displayed. Choice E:At least one tam is displayed. | PT92 S4 Q20 |
Question ID:PT92 S4 Q21 Passage:Exactly five hats are displayed in a boutique. The hats are numbered 1 through 5, and each hat is one of three kinds: either a fedora, a pillbox, or a tam. The display must be consistent with the following:At most two pillboxes are displayed.3 is not a pillbox.2 is the same kind of hat as 5.If 1 is a different kind of hat than 3, then 2 and 4 are both tams.If 3 and 4 are both tams, then 1 is a pillbox. Stem:Which one of the following CANNOT be true? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:Five fedoras are displayed. Choice B:Four fedoras and one pillbox are displayed. Choice C:Three fedoras and two pillboxes are displayed. Choice D:Two pillboxes and three tams are displayed. Choice E:One pillbox and four tams are displayed. | PT92 S4 Q21 |
Question ID:PT92 S4 Q22 Passage:Exactly five hats are displayed in a boutique. The hats are numbered 1 through 5, and each hat is one of three kinds: either a fedora, a pillbox, or a tam. The display must be consistent with the following:At most two pillboxes are displayed.3 is not a pillbox.2 is the same kind of hat as 5.If 1 is a different kind of hat than 3, then 2 and 4 are both tams.If 3 and 4 are both tams, then 1 is a pillbox. Stem:If 4 is a pillbox, which one of the following could be true? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:Exactly one tam is displayed. Choice B:Exactly two pillboxes are displayed. Choice C:Exactly three fedoras are displayed. Choice D:Exactly four fedoras are displayed. Choice E:Exactly five fedoras are displayed. | PT92 S4 Q22 |
Question ID:PT91 S1 Q1 Passage:Each of five experts—a lawyer, a naturalist, an oceanographer, a physicist, and a statistician—individually gives exactly one presentation at a conference. The five presentations are given consecutively. Each presentation is in exactly one of the four following languages: French, German, Japanese, or Mandarin. Each expert speaks exactly one of the languages. The following conditions must hold: Exactly two of the presentations are in the same language as each other.The statistician gives the second presentation in German.The lawyer gives the fourth presentation in either Mandarin or French.The oceanographer presents in either French or Japanese; the same is true of the physicist.The first presentation and the last presentation are in Japanese. Stem:Which one of the following could be the order in which the experts give their presentations, from first to last? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:the naturalist, the physicist, the statistician, the lawyer, the oceanographer Choice B:the physicist, the statistician, the lawyer, the naturalist, the oceanographer Choice C:the physicist, the naturalist, the oceanographer, the lawyer, the statistician Choice D:the oceanographer, the statistician, the lawyer, the naturalist, the physicist Choice E:the oceanographer, the statistician, the naturalist, the lawyer, the physicist | PT91 S1 Q1 |
Question ID:PT91 S1 Q2 Passage:Each of five experts—a lawyer, a naturalist, an oceanographer, a physicist, and a statistician—individually gives exactly one presentation at a conference. The five presentations are given consecutively. Each presentation is in exactly one of the four following languages: French, German, Japanese, or Mandarin. Each expert speaks exactly one of the languages. The following conditions must hold: Exactly two of the presentations are in the same language as each other.The statistician gives the second presentation in German.The lawyer gives the fourth presentation in either Mandarin or French.The oceanographer presents in either French or Japanese; the same is true of the physicist.The first presentation and the last presentation are in Japanese. Stem:Which one of the following is a complete and accurate list of the experts any one of whom could be one of the two who present in Japanese? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:the lawyer, the oceanographer Choice B:the oceanographer, the physicist Choice C:the naturalist, the oceanographer, the physicist Choice D:the naturalist, the oceanographer, the statistician Choice E:the naturalist, the oceanographer, the physicist, the statistician | PT91 S1 Q2 |
Question ID:PT91 S1 Q3 Passage:Each of five experts—a lawyer, a naturalist, an oceanographer, a physicist, and a statistician—individually gives exactly one presentation at a conference. The five presentations are given consecutively. Each presentation is in exactly one of the four following languages: French, German, Japanese, or Mandarin. Each expert speaks exactly one of the languages. The following conditions must hold: Exactly two of the presentations are in the same language as each other.The statistician gives the second presentation in German.The lawyer gives the fourth presentation in either Mandarin or French.The oceanographer presents in either French or Japanese; the same is true of the physicist.The first presentation and the last presentation are in Japanese. Stem:If the naturalist presents in French, which one of the following could be true? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:The oceanographer presents third. Choice B:The oceanographer presents fifth. Choice C:The lawyer presents in French. Choice D:The oceanographer presents in French. Choice E:The physicist presents in French. | PT91 S1 Q3 |