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Question ID:PT93 S1 Q1 Passage:The late 1950s and early 1960s were a time of profound growth for the civil rights movement in the United States. Although racial segregation in the public schools had been outlawed in 1954, the ruling applied only to this one category of discriminatory practice in U.S. society. But it furthered within the African-American community the anticipation of broader changes. It was in this climate that the student sit-in demonstrations of the early 1960s were born. The technique of the sit-in was simple—African Americans occupying "whites only" seats in racially segregated establishments—but this new type of student activism galvanized established civil rights organizations, brought about the creation of new ones, and generated support for the civil rights movement among many new segments of the populace.Initiated by four students of the North Carolina Agricultural and Technical College, the first sit-in occurred at a lunch counter in February 1960. Sit-ins then spread rapidly through the southern U.S., involving over 70,000 participants by August 1961. The sit-ins provided an important model for nonviolent protest and showed students that they could affect the political process. The influence of these demonstrations on the determination of the student activists was particularly visible in two events:  the formation of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, and the birth of a second form of sit-ins called Freedom Rides.The formation of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee followed the first sit-in by just a few months and not only solidified student involvement in the civil rights movement but also placed students in leadership roles for the first time. It operated independently of other civil rights organizations and relied on strong local leadership, helping to transform student involvement from participation in small-scale protests into a sustained effort to challenge discrimination throughout the U.S. But the development that marked the clearest turning point for the civil rights movement was the Freedom Rides. The goal of the rides, which were organized in 1961 by the already well-established Congress of Racial Equality, was to challenge segregation through the occupation of "whites only" seats on interstate buses and in facilities at the various terminals at which the buses stopped. Because the rides inspired violent reprisals in some regions, the U.S. government began using force to protect the safety of the Freedom Riders; this was the first government action taken explicitly in support of the cause of desegregation outside the public schools. The Freedom Rides thus helped take the civil rights movement to a new level by underscoring to the U.S. government, and to U.S. society generally, the harsh realities of the segregation system, and by providing, for students and their elders alike, examples of the methods they might use to achieve a more equal society. Stem:The primary purpose of the passage is to Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:describe how the successful use in the early 1960s of a new tactic to combat discriminatory social practices led to the transformation of the U.S. civil rights movement Choice B:chronicle the activities of the U.S. civil rights movement during the late 1950s and early 1960s that led to the first use by student activists of sit-in demonstrations Choice C:contrast various techniques and tactics used by U.S. civil rights organizations in the early 1960s to expose the injustice of racial segregation and achieve a more equal society Choice D:argue that confrontational sit-in tactics were necessary in order for the U.S. civil rights movement to make inroads against racial discrimination in the late 1950s and early 1960s Choice E:provide information on the extent to which the activities of the U.S. civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s were rooted in the earlier successes of the movement

PT93 S1 Q1

Question ID:PT93 S1 Q2 Passage:The late 1950s and early 1960s were a time of profound growth for the civil rights movement in the United States. Although racial segregation in the public schools had been outlawed in 1954, the ruling applied only to this one category of discriminatory practice in U.S. society. But it furthered within the African-American community the anticipation of broader changes. It was in this climate that the student sit-in demonstrations of the early 1960s were born. The technique of the sit-in was simple—African Americans occupying "whites only" seats in racially segregated establishments—but this new type of student activism galvanized established civil rights organizations, brought about the creation of new ones, and generated support for the civil rights movement among many new segments of the populace.Initiated by four students of the North Carolina Agricultural and Technical College, the first sit-in occurred at a lunch counter in February 1960. Sit-ins then spread rapidly through the southern U.S., involving over 70,000 participants by August 1961. The sit-ins provided an important model for nonviolent protest and showed students that they could affect the political process. The influence of these demonstrations on the determination of the student activists was particularly visible in two events:  the formation of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, and the birth of a second form of sit-ins called Freedom Rides.The formation of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee followed the first sit-in by just a few months and not only solidified student involvement in the civil rights movement but also placed students in leadership roles for the first time. It operated independently of other civil rights organizations and relied on strong local leadership, helping to transform student involvement from participation in small-scale protests into a sustained effort to challenge discrimination throughout the U.S. But the development that marked the clearest turning point for the civil rights movement was the Freedom Rides. The goal of the rides, which were organized in 1961 by the already well-established Congress of Racial Equality, was to challenge segregation through the occupation of "whites only" seats on interstate buses and in facilities at the various terminals at which the buses stopped. Because the rides inspired violent reprisals in some regions, the U.S. government began using force to protect the safety of the Freedom Riders; this was the first government action taken explicitly in support of the cause of desegregation outside the public schools. The Freedom Rides thus helped take the civil rights movement to a new level by underscoring to the U.S. government, and to U.S. society generally, the harsh realities of the segregation system, and by providing, for students and their elders alike, examples of the methods they might use to achieve a more equal society. Stem:According to the passage, the outlawing of segregation in the U.S. public schools in 1954 had which one of the following consequences? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:It led directly to the formation of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. Choice B:It served to encourage African Americans to expect similar changes in other parts of society. Choice C:It provided a useful example of a method students might use to achieve a more equal society. Choice D:It dramatically concluded a period of profound growth in the U.S. civil rights movement. Choice E:It galvanized established U.S. civil rights organizations and led immediately to the creation of new ones.

PT93 S1 Q2

Question ID:PT93 S1 Q3 Passage:The late 1950s and early 1960s were a time of profound growth for the civil rights movement in the United States. Although racial segregation in the public schools had been outlawed in 1954, the ruling applied only to this one category of discriminatory practice in U.S. society. But it furthered within the African-American community the anticipation of broader changes. It was in this climate that the student sit-in demonstrations of the early 1960s were born. The technique of the sit-in was simple—African Americans occupying "whites only" seats in racially segregated establishments—but this new type of student activism galvanized established civil rights organizations, brought about the creation of new ones, and generated support for the civil rights movement among many new segments of the populace.Initiated by four students of the North Carolina Agricultural and Technical College, the first sit-in occurred at a lunch counter in February 1960. Sit-ins then spread rapidly through the southern U.S., involving over 70,000 participants by August 1961. The sit-ins provided an important model for nonviolent protest and showed students that they could affect the political process. The influence of these demonstrations on the determination of the student activists was particularly visible in two events:  the formation of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, and the birth of a second form of sit-ins called Freedom Rides.The formation of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee followed the first sit-in by just a few months and not only solidified student involvement in the civil rights movement but also placed students in leadership roles for the first time. It operated independently of other civil rights organizations and relied on strong local leadership, helping to transform student involvement from participation in small-scale protests into a sustained effort to challenge discrimination throughout the U.S. But the development that marked the clearest turning point for the civil rights movement was the Freedom Rides. The goal of the rides, which were organized in 1961 by the already well-established Congress of Racial Equality, was to challenge segregation through the occupation of "whites only" seats on interstate buses and in facilities at the various terminals at which the buses stopped. Because the rides inspired violent reprisals in some regions, the U.S. government began using force to protect the safety of the Freedom Riders; this was the first government action taken explicitly in support of the cause of desegregation outside the public schools. The Freedom Rides thus helped take the civil rights movement to a new level by underscoring to the U.S. government, and to U.S. society generally, the harsh realities of the segregation system, and by providing, for students and their elders alike, examples of the methods they might use to achieve a more equal society. Stem:Based on the passage, which one of the following can be most reasonably inferred about the Freedom Rides? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:They were primarily a spontaneous phenomenon. Choice B:They were directed against the U.S. government. Choice C:They were less important to the U.S. civil rights movement than were the original sit-in demonstrations. Choice D:They were based on a different philosophy than the original sit-in demonstrations. Choice E:They were modeled on the original sit-in demonstrations.

PT93 S1 Q3

Question ID:PT93 S1 Q4 Passage:The late 1950s and early 1960s were a time of profound growth for the civil rights movement in the United States. Although racial segregation in the public schools had been outlawed in 1954, the ruling applied only to this one category of discriminatory practice in U.S. society. But it furthered within the African-American community the anticipation of broader changes. It was in this climate that the student sit-in demonstrations of the early 1960s were born. The technique of the sit-in was simple—African Americans occupying "whites only" seats in racially segregated establishments—but this new type of student activism galvanized established civil rights organizations, brought about the creation of new ones, and generated support for the civil rights movement among many new segments of the populace.Initiated by four students of the North Carolina Agricultural and Technical College, the first sit-in occurred at a lunch counter in February 1960. Sit-ins then spread rapidly through the southern U.S., involving over 70,000 participants by August 1961. The sit-ins provided an important model for nonviolent protest and showed students that they could affect the political process. The influence of these demonstrations on the determination of the student activists was particularly visible in two events:  the formation of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, and the birth of a second form of sit-ins called Freedom Rides.The formation of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee followed the first sit-in by just a few months and not only solidified student involvement in the civil rights movement but also placed students in leadership roles for the first time. It operated independently of other civil rights organizations and relied on strong local leadership, helping to transform student involvement from participation in small-scale protests into a sustained effort to challenge discrimination throughout the U.S. But the development that marked the clearest turning point for the civil rights movement was the Freedom Rides. The goal of the rides, which were organized in 1961 by the already well-established Congress of Racial Equality, was to challenge segregation through the occupation of "whites only" seats on interstate buses and in facilities at the various terminals at which the buses stopped. Because the rides inspired violent reprisals in some regions, the U.S. government began using force to protect the safety of the Freedom Riders; this was the first government action taken explicitly in support of the cause of desegregation outside the public schools. The Freedom Rides thus helped take the civil rights movement to a new level by underscoring to the U.S. government, and to U.S. society generally, the harsh realities of the segregation system, and by providing, for students and their elders alike, examples of the methods they might use to achieve a more equal society. Stem:The discussion of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee in the third paragraph is intended primarily to Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A: argue for the preeminence of a particular U.S. civil rights organization Choice B:serve as a contrast to discussion of the efforts of student sit-in demonstrators Choice C:summarize the historical background against which the Freedom Rides flourished Choice D:describe an important outgrowth of the student sit-in demonstrations Choice E:explain why local sit-in demonstrations require nationally coordinated efforts

PT93 S1 Q4

Question ID:PT93 S1 Q5 Passage:The late 1950s and early 1960s were a time of profound growth for the civil rights movement in the United States. Although racial segregation in the public schools had been outlawed in 1954, the ruling applied only to this one category of discriminatory practice in U.S. society. But it furthered within the African-American community the anticipation of broader changes. It was in this climate that the student sit-in demonstrations of the early 1960s were born. The technique of the sit-in was simple—African Americans occupying "whites only" seats in racially segregated establishments—but this new type of student activism galvanized established civil rights organizations, brought about the creation of new ones, and generated support for the civil rights movement among many new segments of the populace.Initiated by four students of the North Carolina Agricultural and Technical College, the first sit-in occurred at a lunch counter in February 1960. Sit-ins then spread rapidly through the southern U.S., involving over 70,000 participants by August 1961. The sit-ins provided an important model for nonviolent protest and showed students that they could affect the political process. The influence of these demonstrations on the determination of the student activists was particularly visible in two events:  the formation of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, and the birth of a second form of sit-ins called Freedom Rides.The formation of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee followed the first sit-in by just a few months and not only solidified student involvement in the civil rights movement but also placed students in leadership roles for the first time. It operated independently of other civil rights organizations and relied on strong local leadership, helping to transform student involvement from participation in small-scale protests into a sustained effort to challenge discrimination throughout the U.S. But the development that marked the clearest turning point for the civil rights movement was the Freedom Rides. The goal of the rides, which were organized in 1961 by the already well-established Congress of Racial Equality, was to challenge segregation through the occupation of "whites only" seats on interstate buses and in facilities at the various terminals at which the buses stopped. Because the rides inspired violent reprisals in some regions, the U.S. government began using force to protect the safety of the Freedom Riders; this was the first government action taken explicitly in support of the cause of desegregation outside the public schools. The Freedom Rides thus helped take the civil rights movement to a new level by underscoring to the U.S. government, and to U.S. society generally, the harsh realities of the segregation system, and by providing, for students and their elders alike, examples of the methods they might use to achieve a more equal society. Stem:Which one of the following statements most accurately expresses the author's view in the passage regarding the Freedom Rides? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:By exposing the harsh realities of the segregation system, the Freedom Rides induced the U.S. government to address segregation. Choice B:The Freedom Rides were the final contribution of student activists in their effort to defeat the segregation system. Choice C:The Freedom Rides introduced an entirely new technique into the U.S. civil rights movement that served as a model for later protest. Choice D:Because the Freedom Rides provoked violent reprisals against demonstrators, they reversed earlier progress in the cause of desegregation. Choice E:The Freedom Rides transformed a series of uncoordinated local student protests into a movement with national scope.

PT93 S1 Q5

Question ID:PT93 S1 Q6 Passage:Grammarians of the prescriptive school take it as part of their task to distinguish correct from incorrect usage in language and thereby to encourage the former. They believe that in so doing they play an essential role in preventing a constantly changing language from falling into disarray. In contrast, descriptive grammarians are so called because they are content to describe the way language is actually used by members of a community. In their eyes, those who seek to preserve some forms of usage while preventing others from gaining a foothold are being unscientific and are, moreover, doomed to almost certain failure. Descriptivists point to numerous examples of usage that were once judged by prescriptivists to be incorrect but that over time and through continual use have come to be almost universally accepted. One example is the use of "data" as a singular noun in English:  prescriptivists have typically regarded the phrase "the data is incomplete" as ungrammatical, on the grounds that "data" is the plural of the Latin noun "datum" and should continue to be treated as a plural in English out of respect for the word's origins. Descriptivists argue that "data," in addition to its use as a plural, has acquired a widespread use as a singular mass term, like "water." It would be pointless, they say, to try to reverse this trend.This example illustrates the two main objections of descriptivists to prescriptivism. The first is the scientific objection:  the transformation of language is governed by laws not unlike the laws of nature, and those trying to hold back linguistic change might as well attempt to defy the law of gravity. The second is the egalitarian objection:  the prescriptivists are simply trying to impose their own linguistic practices, which are usually those of an educated and affluent elite, upon other members of society. The suggestion is that the attempted imposition is somehow immoral.With regard to the scientific objection, it should be noted that while many attempts to regulate language have failed, some have succeeded. Descriptivists may respond that in the latter cases the usages favored by prescriptivists were in accordance with the laws governing linguistic change and would have prevailed without their assistance. But this is in large measure an article of faith. In the end it must be acknowledged that the laws governing the transformation of language are not like the laws of physics. Language usage depends on choices made by individuals, who are subject to persuasion. In response to the egalitarian objection, prescriptivists point to the importance of standard language usage for the free exchange of ideas. Those to whom preservation of the standard is entrusted inevitably possess some of the attributes of an elite, but their aim is one of inclusion rather than exclusion. Stem:The passage says that the aim of descriptivist grammarians is to Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:criticize the habits of language users Choice B:observe how language is actually used Choice C:facilitate communication among language users Choice D:slow the pace of linguistic change Choice E:influence laws that govern language usage

PT93 S1 Q6

Question ID:PT93 S1 Q7 Passage:Grammarians of the prescriptive school take it as part of their task to distinguish correct from incorrect usage in language and thereby to encourage the former. They believe that in so doing they play an essential role in preventing a constantly changing language from falling into disarray. In contrast, descriptive grammarians are so called because they are content to describe the way language is actually used by members of a community. In their eyes, those who seek to preserve some forms of usage while preventing others from gaining a foothold are being unscientific and are, moreover, doomed to almost certain failure. Descriptivists point to numerous examples of usage that were once judged by prescriptivists to be incorrect but that over time and through continual use have come to be almost universally accepted. One example is the use of "data" as a singular noun in English:  prescriptivists have typically regarded the phrase "the data is incomplete" as ungrammatical, on the grounds that "data" is the plural of the Latin noun "datum" and should continue to be treated as a plural in English out of respect for the word's origins. Descriptivists argue that "data," in addition to its use as a plural, has acquired a widespread use as a singular mass term, like "water." It would be pointless, they say, to try to reverse this trend.This example illustrates the two main objections of descriptivists to prescriptivism. The first is the scientific objection:  the transformation of language is governed by laws not unlike the laws of nature, and those trying to hold back linguistic change might as well attempt to defy the law of gravity. The second is the egalitarian objection:  the prescriptivists are simply trying to impose their own linguistic practices, which are usually those of an educated and affluent elite, upon other members of society. The suggestion is that the attempted imposition is somehow immoral.With regard to the scientific objection, it should be noted that while many attempts to regulate language have failed, some have succeeded. Descriptivists may respond that in the latter cases the usages favored by prescriptivists were in accordance with the laws governing linguistic change and would have prevailed without their assistance. But this is in large measure an article of faith. In the end it must be acknowledged that the laws governing the transformation of language are not like the laws of physics. Language usage depends on choices made by individuals, who are subject to persuasion. In response to the egalitarian objection, prescriptivists point to the importance of standard language usage for the free exchange of ideas. Those to whom preservation of the standard is entrusted inevitably possess some of the attributes of an elite, but their aim is one of inclusion rather than exclusion. Stem:The author's defense of the prescriptivist approach in the fourth and fifth sentences of the final paragraph would be most strengthened if which one of the following were true? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:A study showed that communities left to formulate their own rules of grammar typically develop rules very similar to those of other communities. Choice B:A study found a strong correlation between emphasis on grammar instruction in primary schools and lifelong adherence to the rules of usage taught there. Choice C:A cross-cultural study found that nations with extensive formal education systems and those with minimal education systems demonstrate a similar range of variation in language use. Choice D:A study showed that groups of students left to formulate their own rules of grammar usage were more likely to reach agreement if they had little prior instruction in correct usage. Choice E:A report demonstrated that within certain communities linguistic practices were quite uniform despite large differences between communities.

PT93 S1 Q7

Question ID:PT93 S1 Q8 Passage:Grammarians of the prescriptive school take it as part of their task to distinguish correct from incorrect usage in language and thereby to encourage the former. They believe that in so doing they play an essential role in preventing a constantly changing language from falling into disarray. In contrast, descriptive grammarians are so called because they are content to describe the way language is actually used by members of a community. In their eyes, those who seek to preserve some forms of usage while preventing others from gaining a foothold are being unscientific and are, moreover, doomed to almost certain failure. Descriptivists point to numerous examples of usage that were once judged by prescriptivists to be incorrect but that over time and through continual use have come to be almost universally accepted. One example is the use of "data" as a singular noun in English:  prescriptivists have typically regarded the phrase "the data is incomplete" as ungrammatical, on the grounds that "data" is the plural of the Latin noun "datum" and should continue to be treated as a plural in English out of respect for the word's origins. Descriptivists argue that "data," in addition to its use as a plural, has acquired a widespread use as a singular mass term, like "water." It would be pointless, they say, to try to reverse this trend.This example illustrates the two main objections of descriptivists to prescriptivism. The first is the scientific objection:  the transformation of language is governed by laws not unlike the laws of nature, and those trying to hold back linguistic change might as well attempt to defy the law of gravity. The second is the egalitarian objection:  the prescriptivists are simply trying to impose their own linguistic practices, which are usually those of an educated and affluent elite, upon other members of society. The suggestion is that the attempted imposition is somehow immoral.With regard to the scientific objection, it should be noted that while many attempts to regulate language have failed, some have succeeded. Descriptivists may respond that in the latter cases the usages favored by prescriptivists were in accordance with the laws governing linguistic change and would have prevailed without their assistance. But this is in large measure an article of faith. In the end it must be acknowledged that the laws governing the transformation of language are not like the laws of physics. Language usage depends on choices made by individuals, who are subject to persuasion. In response to the egalitarian objection, prescriptivists point to the importance of standard language usage for the free exchange of ideas. Those to whom preservation of the standard is entrusted inevitably possess some of the attributes of an elite, but their aim is one of inclusion rather than exclusion. Stem:The passage most strongly suggests that the author would agree with which one of the following statements? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:The conflict between prescriptivists and descriptivists reveals the need for a new approach synthesizing the ideas of the existing schools. Choice B:Although the prescriptivist call for a free exchange of ideas should be supported, the etymologies of words should not influence current usage. Choice C:Moral considerations should ultimately have no bearing on recommendations regarding correct language usage. Choice D:Scientific methods can contribute nothing to the study of grammar because language is not subject to natural laws like those of physics. Choice E:The successful attempts by prescriptivists to regulate language are evidence that individuals will sometimes make linguistic choices in response to persuasion.

PT93 S1 Q8

Question ID:PT93 S1 Q9 Passage:Grammarians of the prescriptive school take it as part of their task to distinguish correct from incorrect usage in language and thereby to encourage the former. They believe that in so doing they play an essential role in preventing a constantly changing language from falling into disarray. In contrast, descriptive grammarians are so called because they are content to describe the way language is actually used by members of a community. In their eyes, those who seek to preserve some forms of usage while preventing others from gaining a foothold are being unscientific and are, moreover, doomed to almost certain failure. Descriptivists point to numerous examples of usage that were once judged by prescriptivists to be incorrect but that over time and through continual use have come to be almost universally accepted. One example is the use of "data" as a singular noun in English:  prescriptivists have typically regarded the phrase "the data is incomplete" as ungrammatical, on the grounds that "data" is the plural of the Latin noun "datum" and should continue to be treated as a plural in English out of respect for the word's origins. Descriptivists argue that "data," in addition to its use as a plural, has acquired a widespread use as a singular mass term, like "water." It would be pointless, they say, to try to reverse this trend.This example illustrates the two main objections of descriptivists to prescriptivism. The first is the scientific objection:  the transformation of language is governed by laws not unlike the laws of nature, and those trying to hold back linguistic change might as well attempt to defy the law of gravity. The second is the egalitarian objection:  the prescriptivists are simply trying to impose their own linguistic practices, which are usually those of an educated and affluent elite, upon other members of society. The suggestion is that the attempted imposition is somehow immoral.With regard to the scientific objection, it should be noted that while many attempts to regulate language have failed, some have succeeded. Descriptivists may respond that in the latter cases the usages favored by prescriptivists were in accordance with the laws governing linguistic change and would have prevailed without their assistance. But this is in large measure an article of faith. In the end it must be acknowledged that the laws governing the transformation of language are not like the laws of physics. Language usage depends on choices made by individuals, who are subject to persuasion. In response to the egalitarian objection, prescriptivists point to the importance of standard language usage for the free exchange of ideas. Those to whom preservation of the standard is entrusted inevitably possess some of the attributes of an elite, but their aim is one of inclusion rather than exclusion. Stem:The author most likely uses the phrase "article of faith" (third sentence of the final paragraph) to mean that descriptivists Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:demonstrate a greater measure of intellectual commitment than prescriptivists do Choice B:rely on theory rather than observation in describing language usage Choice C:hold to their views on language usage despite overwhelming evidence to the contrary Choice D:have no proof to bolster their claim that prescriptivists' efforts have no effect on the evolution of language Choice E:have based their claims on empirical evidence that other researchers have discredited

PT93 S1 Q9

Question ID:PT93 S1 Q10 Passage:Grammarians of the prescriptive school take it as part of their task to distinguish correct from incorrect usage in language and thereby to encourage the former. They believe that in so doing they play an essential role in preventing a constantly changing language from falling into disarray. In contrast, descriptive grammarians are so called because they are content to describe the way language is actually used by members of a community. In their eyes, those who seek to preserve some forms of usage while preventing others from gaining a foothold are being unscientific and are, moreover, doomed to almost certain failure. Descriptivists point to numerous examples of usage that were once judged by prescriptivists to be incorrect but that over time and through continual use have come to be almost universally accepted. One example is the use of "data" as a singular noun in English:  prescriptivists have typically regarded the phrase "the data is incomplete" as ungrammatical, on the grounds that "data" is the plural of the Latin noun "datum" and should continue to be treated as a plural in English out of respect for the word's origins. Descriptivists argue that "data," in addition to its use as a plural, has acquired a widespread use as a singular mass term, like "water." It would be pointless, they say, to try to reverse this trend.This example illustrates the two main objections of descriptivists to prescriptivism. The first is the scientific objection:  the transformation of language is governed by laws not unlike the laws of nature, and those trying to hold back linguistic change might as well attempt to defy the law of gravity. The second is the egalitarian objection:  the prescriptivists are simply trying to impose their own linguistic practices, which are usually those of an educated and affluent elite, upon other members of society. The suggestion is that the attempted imposition is somehow immoral.With regard to the scientific objection, it should be noted that while many attempts to regulate language have failed, some have succeeded. Descriptivists may respond that in the latter cases the usages favored by prescriptivists were in accordance with the laws governing linguistic change and would have prevailed without their assistance. But this is in large measure an article of faith. In the end it must be acknowledged that the laws governing the transformation of language are not like the laws of physics. Language usage depends on choices made by individuals, who are subject to persuasion. In response to the egalitarian objection, prescriptivists point to the importance of standard language usage for the free exchange of ideas. Those to whom preservation of the standard is entrusted inevitably possess some of the attributes of an elite, but their aim is one of inclusion rather than exclusion. Stem:The passage indicates that which one of the following views is held by prescriptivists? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:The constant change that language undergoes should be regarded as healthy for the language. Choice B:The study of language is not a scientific undertaking. Choice C:A word's origins should inform its current usage. Choice D:Laws do not govern the transformation of language. Choice E:Morality is not at issue in the study of language usage.

PT93 S1 Q10

Question ID:PT93 S1 Q11 Passage:Grammarians of the prescriptive school take it as part of their task to distinguish correct from incorrect usage in language and thereby to encourage the former. They believe that in so doing they play an essential role in preventing a constantly changing language from falling into disarray. In contrast, descriptive grammarians are so called because they are content to describe the way language is actually used by members of a community. In their eyes, those who seek to preserve some forms of usage while preventing others from gaining a foothold are being unscientific and are, moreover, doomed to almost certain failure. Descriptivists point to numerous examples of usage that were once judged by prescriptivists to be incorrect but that over time and through continual use have come to be almost universally accepted. One example is the use of "data" as a singular noun in English:  prescriptivists have typically regarded the phrase "the data is incomplete" as ungrammatical, on the grounds that "data" is the plural of the Latin noun "datum" and should continue to be treated as a plural in English out of respect for the word's origins. Descriptivists argue that "data," in addition to its use as a plural, has acquired a widespread use as a singular mass term, like "water." It would be pointless, they say, to try to reverse this trend.This example illustrates the two main objections of descriptivists to prescriptivism. The first is the scientific objection:  the transformation of language is governed by laws not unlike the laws of nature, and those trying to hold back linguistic change might as well attempt to defy the law of gravity. The second is the egalitarian objection:  the prescriptivists are simply trying to impose their own linguistic practices, which are usually those of an educated and affluent elite, upon other members of society. The suggestion is that the attempted imposition is somehow immoral.With regard to the scientific objection, it should be noted that while many attempts to regulate language have failed, some have succeeded. Descriptivists may respond that in the latter cases the usages favored by prescriptivists were in accordance with the laws governing linguistic change and would have prevailed without their assistance. But this is in large measure an article of faith. In the end it must be acknowledged that the laws governing the transformation of language are not like the laws of physics. Language usage depends on choices made by individuals, who are subject to persuasion. In response to the egalitarian objection, prescriptivists point to the importance of standard language usage for the free exchange of ideas. Those to whom preservation of the standard is entrusted inevitably possess some of the attributes of an elite, but their aim is one of inclusion rather than exclusion. Stem:The passage provides the most support for inferring which one of the following? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:The rate at which linguistic change takes place has increased as descriptivism has gained more widespread acceptance. Choice B:Descriptivists endorse some attempts to prescribe correct language usage, but only in cases in which the prescription takes word origins into account. Choice C:Descriptivists do not acknowledge that some uses of language are unavoidably ambiguous. Choice D:Prescriptivists and descriptivists both recognize that the English language is constantly changing. Choice E:Prescriptivists generally do not consider their attempts to regulate language as successful until descriptivists' investigations show that the regulation is being followed.

PT93 S1 Q11

Question ID:PT93 S1 Q12 Passage:Grammarians of the prescriptive school take it as part of their task to distinguish correct from incorrect usage in language and thereby to encourage the former. They believe that in so doing they play an essential role in preventing a constantly changing language from falling into disarray. In contrast, descriptive grammarians are so called because they are content to describe the way language is actually used by members of a community. In their eyes, those who seek to preserve some forms of usage while preventing others from gaining a foothold are being unscientific and are, moreover, doomed to almost certain failure. Descriptivists point to numerous examples of usage that were once judged by prescriptivists to be incorrect but that over time and through continual use have come to be almost universally accepted. One example is the use of "data" as a singular noun in English:  prescriptivists have typically regarded the phrase "the data is incomplete" as ungrammatical, on the grounds that "data" is the plural of the Latin noun "datum" and should continue to be treated as a plural in English out of respect for the word's origins. Descriptivists argue that "data," in addition to its use as a plural, has acquired a widespread use as a singular mass term, like "water." It would be pointless, they say, to try to reverse this trend.This example illustrates the two main objections of descriptivists to prescriptivism. The first is the scientific objection:  the transformation of language is governed by laws not unlike the laws of nature, and those trying to hold back linguistic change might as well attempt to defy the law of gravity. The second is the egalitarian objection:  the prescriptivists are simply trying to impose their own linguistic practices, which are usually those of an educated and affluent elite, upon other members of society. The suggestion is that the attempted imposition is somehow immoral.With regard to the scientific objection, it should be noted that while many attempts to regulate language have failed, some have succeeded. Descriptivists may respond that in the latter cases the usages favored by prescriptivists were in accordance with the laws governing linguistic change and would have prevailed without their assistance. But this is in large measure an article of faith. In the end it must be acknowledged that the laws governing the transformation of language are not like the laws of physics. Language usage depends on choices made by individuals, who are subject to persuasion. In response to the egalitarian objection, prescriptivists point to the importance of standard language usage for the free exchange of ideas. Those to whom preservation of the standard is entrusted inevitably possess some of the attributes of an elite, but their aim is one of inclusion rather than exclusion. Stem:The passage most strongly suggests that prescriptivists hold which one of the following views of descriptivists? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:Descriptivists are motivated more by animosity toward prescriptivism than by a desire to study language objectively. Choice B:Descriptivists adhere to the scientific method less rigorously than prescriptivists do, despite their claims to the contrary. Choice C:Descriptivists fail to recognize the ways in which their own approach may undermine egalitarian ideals. Choice D:Descriptivists are generally unaware of the etymologies of words that carry different meanings today than they originally did. Choice E:Descriptivists fail to acknowledge that their empirical observations generally support prescriptivist views.

PT93 S1 Q12

Question ID:PT93 S1 Q13 Passage:Passage A is from a newspaper article. Passage B is from UNESCO's 1999 Draft Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage.Passage AA North American company that found what is believed to be the HMS Sussex during expeditions in the Mediterranean from 1998 to 2001 has signed an agreement with the British government, which owns the Sussex, to raise what may be history's richest sunken treasure and to split the proceeds. The agreement is a legal breakthrough that could allow the recovery of perhaps US$4 billion in gold coins lost with the Sussex in a storm in 1694.As robots, sonar, and other technologically advanced gear have opened the deepest oceans to exploration and recovery, governments have begun asserting ownership over their sunken vessels. But governments often lack the money and skills to retrieve cultural riches and, until now, there had been no legal precedent for a private company to join with a government to salvage the government's treasure. This agreement could end the days of freelance treasure hunting and allow nations to oversee the recovery of their lost fleets.The company, which is funding the venture, agrees with British historians that the ship carried coins, most likely gold, worth £1 million in 1694. The US$4 billion figure is the coins' theoretical value if sold to collectors. The agreement calls for archaeological integrity—a difficult technical feat at such depths and a goal that critics of for-profit archaeology are likely to doubt. Many archaeologists abhor the sale of recovered artifacts, arguing that this inhibits scholarly analysis and public display. The agreement, however, draws a distinction between different classes of artifacts, recognizing that cultural items have greater archaeological value than coins, which it allows to be sold to help pay for the project.Passage B"Underwater cultural heritage" (UCH) means all traces of human existence that have been partially, totally, or periodically situated underwater for at least 100 years.1. The protection of UCH is best achieved through in situ (original site) preservation, which should be considered as the first option. Accordingly, activities directed at UCH shall be authorized by the competent authority of the concerned State only when they make a significant contribution to knowledge, protection, and/or enhancement of UCH.2. The commercial exploitation of UCH for trade, sale, barter, or speculation...is fundamentally incompatible with the protection and proper management of the UCH.3. Activities directed at UCH shall not adversely impact UCH more than is necessary for the objectives of the project;4. must use nondestructive techniques and prospection and limited sampling in preference to recovery of objects. If excavation is necessary for the purpose of scientific studies, the methods and techniques used must be as nondestructive as possible and contribute to the preservation of the remains;5. shall avoid the unnecessary disturbance of human remains or venerated sites; 6. shall be strictly regulated to ensure proper recording of historical, cultural, and archaeological information.7. Public access to conduct activities relating to UCH that are nonintrusive (such as photography) should, where practicable, be encouraged. Stem:Which one of the following projects would most clearly NOT fall within the scope of the provisions specified in passage B? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:The recovery of a sunken eighteenth-century Spanish treasure fleet by private, freelance treasure hunters. Choice B:The recovery of a nineteenth-century shipwreck of unknown origin in one of the Great Lakes. Choice C:The recovery of underwater artifacts from the ruins of a long-submerged ancient city built when sea levels were much lower than they are today. Choice D:The recovery of the cargo of a privately owned merchant ship that sank in 1970 off the coast of Ireland. Choice E:The recovery of prehistoric cultural artifacts recently uncovered by the damming and rerouting of a major river.

PT93 S1 Q13

Question ID:PT93 S1 Q14 Passage:Passage A is from a newspaper article. Passage B is from UNESCO's 1999 Draft Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage.Passage AA North American company that found what is believed to be the HMS Sussex during expeditions in the Mediterranean from 1998 to 2001 has signed an agreement with the British government, which owns the Sussex, to raise what may be history's richest sunken treasure and to split the proceeds. The agreement is a legal breakthrough that could allow the recovery of perhaps US$4 billion in gold coins lost with the Sussex in a storm in 1694.As robots, sonar, and other technologically advanced gear have opened the deepest oceans to exploration and recovery, governments have begun asserting ownership over their sunken vessels. But governments often lack the money and skills to retrieve cultural riches and, until now, there had been no legal precedent for a private company to join with a government to salvage the government's treasure. This agreement could end the days of freelance treasure hunting and allow nations to oversee the recovery of their lost fleets.The company, which is funding the venture, agrees with British historians that the ship carried coins, most likely gold, worth £1 million in 1694. The US$4 billion figure is the coins' theoretical value if sold to collectors. The agreement calls for archaeological integrity—a difficult technical feat at such depths and a goal that critics of for-profit archaeology are likely to doubt. Many archaeologists abhor the sale of recovered artifacts, arguing that this inhibits scholarly analysis and public display. The agreement, however, draws a distinction between different classes of artifacts, recognizing that cultural items have greater archaeological value than coins, which it allows to be sold to help pay for the project.Passage B"Underwater cultural heritage" (UCH) means all traces of human existence that have been partially, totally, or periodically situated underwater for at least 100 years.1. The protection of UCH is best achieved through in situ (original site) preservation, which should be considered as the first option. Accordingly, activities directed at UCH shall be authorized by the competent authority of the concerned State only when they make a significant contribution to knowledge, protection, and/or enhancement of UCH.2. The commercial exploitation of UCH for trade, sale, barter, or speculation...is fundamentally incompatible with the protection and proper management of the UCH.3. Activities directed at UCH shall not adversely impact UCH more than is necessary for the objectives of the project;4. must use nondestructive techniques and prospection and limited sampling in preference to recovery of objects. If excavation is necessary for the purpose of scientific studies, the methods and techniques used must be as nondestructive as possible and contribute to the preservation of the remains;5. shall avoid the unnecessary disturbance of human remains or venerated sites; 6. shall be strictly regulated to ensure proper recording of historical, cultural, and archaeological information.7. Public access to conduct activities relating to UCH that are nonintrusive (such as photography) should, where practicable, be encouraged. Stem:Which one of the following is most strongly implied by passage A? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:A government's property rights in a ship that sank several centuries ago are not forfeited merely by their not having salvaged the ship during the intervening time. Choice B:Governments have a legal obligation to ensure the archaeological integrity of efforts to salvage or explore old shipwrecks. Choice C:Gold coins salvaged from an old shipwreck should not be regarded as archaeologically significant cultural property if they can be used to fund the exploration and recovery of the shipwreck for scientific and cultural reasons. Choice D:If neither the original owner of a sunken ship nor any legitimate heirs of the owner still exist, the ownership of that ship devolves to the government under whose laws it was originally owned. Choice E:When there is no salvage agreement between the owner of a sunken ship and some other party, then freelance treasure hunters have a legal right to salvage the remains of that ship.

PT93 S1 Q14

Question ID:PT93 S1 Q15 Passage:Passage A is from a newspaper article. Passage B is from UNESCO's 1999 Draft Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage.Passage AA North American company that found what is believed to be the HMS Sussex during expeditions in the Mediterranean from 1998 to 2001 has signed an agreement with the British government, which owns the Sussex, to raise what may be history's richest sunken treasure and to split the proceeds. The agreement is a legal breakthrough that could allow the recovery of perhaps US$4 billion in gold coins lost with the Sussex in a storm in 1694.As robots, sonar, and other technologically advanced gear have opened the deepest oceans to exploration and recovery, governments have begun asserting ownership over their sunken vessels. But governments often lack the money and skills to retrieve cultural riches and, until now, there had been no legal precedent for a private company to join with a government to salvage the government's treasure. This agreement could end the days of freelance treasure hunting and allow nations to oversee the recovery of their lost fleets.The company, which is funding the venture, agrees with British historians that the ship carried coins, most likely gold, worth £1 million in 1694. The US$4 billion figure is the coins' theoretical value if sold to collectors. The agreement calls for archaeological integrity—a difficult technical feat at such depths and a goal that critics of for-profit archaeology are likely to doubt. Many archaeologists abhor the sale of recovered artifacts, arguing that this inhibits scholarly analysis and public display. The agreement, however, draws a distinction between different classes of artifacts, recognizing that cultural items have greater archaeological value than coins, which it allows to be sold to help pay for the project.Passage B"Underwater cultural heritage" (UCH) means all traces of human existence that have been partially, totally, or periodically situated underwater for at least 100 years.1. The protection of UCH is best achieved through in situ (original site) preservation, which should be considered as the first option. Accordingly, activities directed at UCH shall be authorized by the competent authority of the concerned State only when they make a significant contribution to knowledge, protection, and/or enhancement of UCH.2. The commercial exploitation of UCH for trade, sale, barter, or speculation...is fundamentally incompatible with the protection and proper management of the UCH.3. Activities directed at UCH shall not adversely impact UCH more than is necessary for the objectives of the project;4. must use nondestructive techniques and prospection and limited sampling in preference to recovery of objects. If excavation is necessary for the purpose of scientific studies, the methods and techniques used must be as nondestructive as possible and contribute to the preservation of the remains;5. shall avoid the unnecessary disturbance of human remains or venerated sites; 6. shall be strictly regulated to ensure proper recording of historical, cultural, and archaeological information.7. Public access to conduct activities relating to UCH that are nonintrusive (such as photography) should, where practicable, be encouraged. Stem:Which one of the following would, if true, strengthen the position of the draft convention in passage B, as well as that of the critics of for-profit archaeology in passage A? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:Many archaeological sites require visitors to pay a fee for the privilege of viewing the site firsthand. Choice B:Selling artifacts that have substantial archaeological value encourages the looting of archaeological sites by nonscientists. Choice C:Most of the archaeological artifacts displayed in major museums were contributed by private collectors. Choice D:While nonscientists often work on archaeological sites, they are under the supervision of professional archaeologists. Choice E:The excavation and recovery of valuable cargo and artifacts from shipwrecks almost always involves disturbing human remains.

PT93 S1 Q15

Question ID:PT93 S1 Q16 Passage:Passage A is from a newspaper article. Passage B is from UNESCO's 1999 Draft Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage.Passage AA North American company that found what is believed to be the HMS Sussex during expeditions in the Mediterranean from 1998 to 2001 has signed an agreement with the British government, which owns the Sussex, to raise what may be history's richest sunken treasure and to split the proceeds. The agreement is a legal breakthrough that could allow the recovery of perhaps US$4 billion in gold coins lost with the Sussex in a storm in 1694.As robots, sonar, and other technologically advanced gear have opened the deepest oceans to exploration and recovery, governments have begun asserting ownership over their sunken vessels. But governments often lack the money and skills to retrieve cultural riches and, until now, there had been no legal precedent for a private company to join with a government to salvage the government's treasure. This agreement could end the days of freelance treasure hunting and allow nations to oversee the recovery of their lost fleets.The company, which is funding the venture, agrees with British historians that the ship carried coins, most likely gold, worth £1 million in 1694. The US$4 billion figure is the coins' theoretical value if sold to collectors. The agreement calls for archaeological integrity—a difficult technical feat at such depths and a goal that critics of for-profit archaeology are likely to doubt. Many archaeologists abhor the sale of recovered artifacts, arguing that this inhibits scholarly analysis and public display. The agreement, however, draws a distinction between different classes of artifacts, recognizing that cultural items have greater archaeological value than coins, which it allows to be sold to help pay for the project.Passage B"Underwater cultural heritage" (UCH) means all traces of human existence that have been partially, totally, or periodically situated underwater for at least 100 years.1. The protection of UCH is best achieved through in situ (original site) preservation, which should be considered as the first option. Accordingly, activities directed at UCH shall be authorized by the competent authority of the concerned State only when they make a significant contribution to knowledge, protection, and/or enhancement of UCH.2. The commercial exploitation of UCH for trade, sale, barter, or speculation...is fundamentally incompatible with the protection and proper management of the UCH.3. Activities directed at UCH shall not adversely impact UCH more than is necessary for the objectives of the project;4. must use nondestructive techniques and prospection and limited sampling in preference to recovery of objects. If excavation is necessary for the purpose of scientific studies, the methods and techniques used must be as nondestructive as possible and contribute to the preservation of the remains;5. shall avoid the unnecessary disturbance of human remains or venerated sites; 6. shall be strictly regulated to ensure proper recording of historical, cultural, and archaeological information.7. Public access to conduct activities relating to UCH that are nonintrusive (such as photography) should, where practicable, be encouraged. Stem:Passage B calls for each of the following policies regarding UCH EXCEPT: Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:encouraging public access to UCH for nonintrusive activities Choice B:forbidding the sale of UCH Choice C:preserving UCH in situ Choice D:restricting the removal of human remains from UCH Choice E:prohibiting contracts with private companies to explore UCH

PT93 S1 Q16

Question ID:PT93 S1 Q17 Passage:Passage A is from a newspaper article. Passage B is from UNESCO's 1999 Draft Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage.Passage AA North American company that found what is believed to be the HMS Sussex during expeditions in the Mediterranean from 1998 to 2001 has signed an agreement with the British government, which owns the Sussex, to raise what may be history's richest sunken treasure and to split the proceeds. The agreement is a legal breakthrough that could allow the recovery of perhaps US$4 billion in gold coins lost with the Sussex in a storm in 1694.As robots, sonar, and other technologically advanced gear have opened the deepest oceans to exploration and recovery, governments have begun asserting ownership over their sunken vessels. But governments often lack the money and skills to retrieve cultural riches and, until now, there had been no legal precedent for a private company to join with a government to salvage the government's treasure. This agreement could end the days of freelance treasure hunting and allow nations to oversee the recovery of their lost fleets.The company, which is funding the venture, agrees with British historians that the ship carried coins, most likely gold, worth £1 million in 1694. The US$4 billion figure is the coins' theoretical value if sold to collectors. The agreement calls for archaeological integrity—a difficult technical feat at such depths and a goal that critics of for-profit archaeology are likely to doubt. Many archaeologists abhor the sale of recovered artifacts, arguing that this inhibits scholarly analysis and public display. The agreement, however, draws a distinction between different classes of artifacts, recognizing that cultural items have greater archaeological value than coins, which it allows to be sold to help pay for the project.Passage B"Underwater cultural heritage" (UCH) means all traces of human existence that have been partially, totally, or periodically situated underwater for at least 100 years.1. The protection of UCH is best achieved through in situ (original site) preservation, which should be considered as the first option. Accordingly, activities directed at UCH shall be authorized by the competent authority of the concerned State only when they make a significant contribution to knowledge, protection, and/or enhancement of UCH.2. The commercial exploitation of UCH for trade, sale, barter, or speculation...is fundamentally incompatible with the protection and proper management of the UCH.3. Activities directed at UCH shall not adversely impact UCH more than is necessary for the objectives of the project;4. must use nondestructive techniques and prospection and limited sampling in preference to recovery of objects. If excavation is necessary for the purpose of scientific studies, the methods and techniques used must be as nondestructive as possible and contribute to the preservation of the remains;5. shall avoid the unnecessary disturbance of human remains or venerated sites; 6. shall be strictly regulated to ensure proper recording of historical, cultural, and archaeological information.7. Public access to conduct activities relating to UCH that are nonintrusive (such as photography) should, where practicable, be encouraged. Stem:Which one of the following is a distinction that plays a key role in both of the passages? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:between shipwrecks and other types of UCH Choice B:between legal agreements and international conventions Choice C:between monetary value and nonmonetary value Choice D:between government ownership and private ownership Choice E:between in situ preservation and recovery of objects

PT93 S1 Q17

Question ID:PT93 S1 Q18 Passage:Passage A is from a newspaper article. Passage B is from UNESCO's 1999 Draft Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage.Passage AA North American company that found what is believed to be the HMS Sussex during expeditions in the Mediterranean from 1998 to 2001 has signed an agreement with the British government, which owns the Sussex, to raise what may be history's richest sunken treasure and to split the proceeds. The agreement is a legal breakthrough that could allow the recovery of perhaps US$4 billion in gold coins lost with the Sussex in a storm in 1694.As robots, sonar, and other technologically advanced gear have opened the deepest oceans to exploration and recovery, governments have begun asserting ownership over their sunken vessels. But governments often lack the money and skills to retrieve cultural riches and, until now, there had been no legal precedent for a private company to join with a government to salvage the government's treasure. This agreement could end the days of freelance treasure hunting and allow nations to oversee the recovery of their lost fleets.The company, which is funding the venture, agrees with British historians that the ship carried coins, most likely gold, worth £1 million in 1694. The US$4 billion figure is the coins' theoretical value if sold to collectors. The agreement calls for archaeological integrity—a difficult technical feat at such depths and a goal that critics of for-profit archaeology are likely to doubt. Many archaeologists abhor the sale of recovered artifacts, arguing that this inhibits scholarly analysis and public display. The agreement, however, draws a distinction between different classes of artifacts, recognizing that cultural items have greater archaeological value than coins, which it allows to be sold to help pay for the project.Passage B"Underwater cultural heritage" (UCH) means all traces of human existence that have been partially, totally, or periodically situated underwater for at least 100 years.1. The protection of UCH is best achieved through in situ (original site) preservation, which should be considered as the first option. Accordingly, activities directed at UCH shall be authorized by the competent authority of the concerned State only when they make a significant contribution to knowledge, protection, and/or enhancement of UCH.2. The commercial exploitation of UCH for trade, sale, barter, or speculation...is fundamentally incompatible with the protection and proper management of the UCH.3. Activities directed at UCH shall not adversely impact UCH more than is necessary for the objectives of the project;4. must use nondestructive techniques and prospection and limited sampling in preference to recovery of objects. If excavation is necessary for the purpose of scientific studies, the methods and techniques used must be as nondestructive as possible and contribute to the preservation of the remains;5. shall avoid the unnecessary disturbance of human remains or venerated sites; 6. shall be strictly regulated to ensure proper recording of historical, cultural, and archaeological information.7. Public access to conduct activities relating to UCH that are nonintrusive (such as photography) should, where practicable, be encouraged. Stem:Which one of the following statements is the most appropriate response by a representative of the company mentioned in passage A to the draft convention delineated in passage B? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:The UNESCO draft convention presupposes that most shipwrecks are easily accessible and that the costs of recovering them will therefore be low. Choice B:It is better to preserve shipwreck artifacts in situ than to recover them, because artifacts deteriorate less quickly in the cold water of the deep ocean than they do when they are exposed to air. Choice C:If an archaeological project recovers a thousand gold coins that are virtually identical, it is justifiable to keep representative samples for museums and sell the rest to pay for the project. Choice D:Whenever an agreement includes the government of a sovereign state, activities engaged in under that agreement do not fall within the scope of the UNESCO draft convention. Choice E:The recovery plans for the Sussex described in the joint agreement with the British government comply completely with all elements of the UNESCO draft convention.

PT93 S1 Q18

Question ID:PT93 S1 Q19 Passage:Passage A is from a newspaper article. Passage B is from UNESCO's 1999 Draft Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage.Passage AA North American company that found what is believed to be the HMS Sussex during expeditions in the Mediterranean from 1998 to 2001 has signed an agreement with the British government, which owns the Sussex, to raise what may be history's richest sunken treasure and to split the proceeds. The agreement is a legal breakthrough that could allow the recovery of perhaps US$4 billion in gold coins lost with the Sussex in a storm in 1694.As robots, sonar, and other technologically advanced gear have opened the deepest oceans to exploration and recovery, governments have begun asserting ownership over their sunken vessels. But governments often lack the money and skills to retrieve cultural riches and, until now, there had been no legal precedent for a private company to join with a government to salvage the government's treasure. This agreement could end the days of freelance treasure hunting and allow nations to oversee the recovery of their lost fleets.The company, which is funding the venture, agrees with British historians that the ship carried coins, most likely gold, worth £1 million in 1694. The US$4 billion figure is the coins' theoretical value if sold to collectors. The agreement calls for archaeological integrity—a difficult technical feat at such depths and a goal that critics of for-profit archaeology are likely to doubt. Many archaeologists abhor the sale of recovered artifacts, arguing that this inhibits scholarly analysis and public display. The agreement, however, draws a distinction between different classes of artifacts, recognizing that cultural items have greater archaeological value than coins, which it allows to be sold to help pay for the project.Passage B"Underwater cultural heritage" (UCH) means all traces of human existence that have been partially, totally, or periodically situated underwater for at least 100 years.1. The protection of UCH is best achieved through in situ (original site) preservation, which should be considered as the first option. Accordingly, activities directed at UCH shall be authorized by the competent authority of the concerned State only when they make a significant contribution to knowledge, protection, and/or enhancement of UCH.2. The commercial exploitation of UCH for trade, sale, barter, or speculation...is fundamentally incompatible with the protection and proper management of the UCH.3. Activities directed at UCH shall not adversely impact UCH more than is necessary for the objectives of the project;4. must use nondestructive techniques and prospection and limited sampling in preference to recovery of objects. If excavation is necessary for the purpose of scientific studies, the methods and techniques used must be as nondestructive as possible and contribute to the preservation of the remains;5. shall avoid the unnecessary disturbance of human remains or venerated sites; 6. shall be strictly regulated to ensure proper recording of historical, cultural, and archaeological information.7. Public access to conduct activities relating to UCH that are nonintrusive (such as photography) should, where practicable, be encouraged. Stem:Which one of the following mentions a pair of documents that are related in a way most analogous to the way in which passage A and passage B are related? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:a proposal from an architectural firm competing for a project and the work specifications for the project Choice B:a magazine article discussing an innovative architectural proposal and the set of codes that govern building projects Choice C:a newspaper account of an agreement between two architectural firms to work together on a proposal for a project and the work specifications for the project Choice D:a publicity brochure describing an architectural design and the set of blueprints for that project Choice E:a press release, made jointly by two firms that have worked together on an architectural proposal, describing the proposal in general terms and an abstract conceptual description that will govern the design of the project

PT93 S1 Q19

Question ID:PT93 S1 Q20 Passage:Some environmentalists claim that the higher the international debt a nation carries, the more likely it is that the quality of life in that nation will suffer. These environmentalists argue that in a variety of ways the effort a nation must expend to pay its debt hastens the depletion of its natural resources, increases pollution, or hampers domestic spending. The most common reason given by the environmentalists is known as the exports promotion hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, in order to increase foreign trade in a way that better allows it to repay international debt, a nation must divert resources away from sectors generating domestic goods and toward the production of export goods. Partly because of the greater volume involved, this causes more environmental damage than does production of goods for domestic consumption. One possible scenario frequently cited by environmentalists is that a nation might raze its forests for timber or to open up land on which to plant cash crops. Another reason the environmentalists give for their claims is that domestic spending can fall when a nation shifts money toward repayment of its debt. A nation may take funds away from health care, education, or improvements in such public services as water quality or sanitation. It can also adjust its economy in other potentially harmful ways in order to cut costs—for example, through the elimination of government subsidies for practices that reduce pollution or conserve natural resources. But the evidence for the environmentalists' claims is weak. With respect to the exports promotion hypothesis, one recent study does suggest a positive correlation between international debt and deforestation, but also indicates that other factors besides debt may play a stronger role. Another study found only a slight positive correlation between debt and deforestation; in fact, in one nation the correlation was negative, contrary to the environmentalists' expectations. The impact of debt on environmental indicators such as pollution or depletion of other resources has not yet been studied. Similarly, with respect to the domestic spending argument, while debt-saddled nations might shift money away from programs designed to enhance quality of life, it is just as likely that they would shift the money from plans that, if implemented, would have a negative impact on the environment. For example, they might abandon plans to build new dams or roads, or eliminate subsidies that promote fertilizer or pesticide use. The extent, then, to which a nation's quality of life is connected to the size of its international debt must be considered unknown. Indeed, a case could be made that at least some of the fiscal discipline or economic restructuring imposed by debt may rein in potentially harmful spending. Stem:Which one of the following most accurately states the main point of the passage? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:While some environmentalists maintain that international debt adversely affects a nation's quality of life, there is little evidence to support their claim. Choice B:Although some environmentalists maintain that international debt leads to environmental damage, we can safely conclude that this is not the case. Choice C:Further study will demonstrate that international debt does not significantly threaten a nation's quality of life. Choice D:The arguments of environmentalists regarding the relation between international debt and a nation's quality of life are based upon fundamental misconceptions about economic theory. Choice E:International debt may lead to some environmental damage, but those effects are minor and are offset by countervailing effects.

PT93 S1 Q20

Question ID:PT93 S1 Q21 Passage:Some environmentalists claim that the higher the international debt a nation carries, the more likely it is that the quality of life in that nation will suffer. These environmentalists argue that in a variety of ways the effort a nation must expend to pay its debt hastens the depletion of its natural resources, increases pollution, or hampers domestic spending. The most common reason given by the environmentalists is known as the exports promotion hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, in order to increase foreign trade in a way that better allows it to repay international debt, a nation must divert resources away from sectors generating domestic goods and toward the production of export goods. Partly because of the greater volume involved, this causes more environmental damage than does production of goods for domestic consumption. One possible scenario frequently cited by environmentalists is that a nation might raze its forests for timber or to open up land on which to plant cash crops. Another reason the environmentalists give for their claims is that domestic spending can fall when a nation shifts money toward repayment of its debt. A nation may take funds away from health care, education, or improvements in such public services as water quality or sanitation. It can also adjust its economy in other potentially harmful ways in order to cut costs—for example, through the elimination of government subsidies for practices that reduce pollution or conserve natural resources. But the evidence for the environmentalists' claims is weak. With respect to the exports promotion hypothesis, one recent study does suggest a positive correlation between international debt and deforestation, but also indicates that other factors besides debt may play a stronger role. Another study found only a slight positive correlation between debt and deforestation; in fact, in one nation the correlation was negative, contrary to the environmentalists' expectations. The impact of debt on environmental indicators such as pollution or depletion of other resources has not yet been studied. Similarly, with respect to the domestic spending argument, while debt-saddled nations might shift money away from programs designed to enhance quality of life, it is just as likely that they would shift the money from plans that, if implemented, would have a negative impact on the environment. For example, they might abandon plans to build new dams or roads, or eliminate subsidies that promote fertilizer or pesticide use. The extent, then, to which a nation's quality of life is connected to the size of its international debt must be considered unknown. Indeed, a case could be made that at least some of the fiscal discipline or economic restructuring imposed by debt may rein in potentially harmful spending. Stem:Based on information in the passage, it can be inferred that one reason for lingering controversy over the status of the exports promotion hypothesis is that Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:there are very few countries to which the hypothesis is applicable Choice B:the hypothesis has not been fully investigated Choice C:debt must be increased in order to increase exports Choice D:environmental degradation is not measurable Choice E:environmentalists cannot agree on a precise statement of the hypothesis

PT93 S1 Q21

Question ID:PT93 S1 Q22 Passage:Some environmentalists claim that the higher the international debt a nation carries, the more likely it is that the quality of life in that nation will suffer. These environmentalists argue that in a variety of ways the effort a nation must expend to pay its debt hastens the depletion of its natural resources, increases pollution, or hampers domestic spending. The most common reason given by the environmentalists is known as the exports promotion hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, in order to increase foreign trade in a way that better allows it to repay international debt, a nation must divert resources away from sectors generating domestic goods and toward the production of export goods. Partly because of the greater volume involved, this causes more environmental damage than does production of goods for domestic consumption. One possible scenario frequently cited by environmentalists is that a nation might raze its forests for timber or to open up land on which to plant cash crops. Another reason the environmentalists give for their claims is that domestic spending can fall when a nation shifts money toward repayment of its debt. A nation may take funds away from health care, education, or improvements in such public services as water quality or sanitation. It can also adjust its economy in other potentially harmful ways in order to cut costs—for example, through the elimination of government subsidies for practices that reduce pollution or conserve natural resources. But the evidence for the environmentalists' claims is weak. With respect to the exports promotion hypothesis, one recent study does suggest a positive correlation between international debt and deforestation, but also indicates that other factors besides debt may play a stronger role. Another study found only a slight positive correlation between debt and deforestation; in fact, in one nation the correlation was negative, contrary to the environmentalists' expectations. The impact of debt on environmental indicators such as pollution or depletion of other resources has not yet been studied. Similarly, with respect to the domestic spending argument, while debt-saddled nations might shift money away from programs designed to enhance quality of life, it is just as likely that they would shift the money from plans that, if implemented, would have a negative impact on the environment. For example, they might abandon plans to build new dams or roads, or eliminate subsidies that promote fertilizer or pesticide use. The extent, then, to which a nation's quality of life is connected to the size of its international debt must be considered unknown. Indeed, a case could be made that at least some of the fiscal discipline or economic restructuring imposed by debt may rein in potentially harmful spending. Stem:Which one of the following most accurately characterizes the author's attitude toward reductions in domestic spending in response to the need to repay international debt? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:optimism that they will lead to enhanced quality of life Choice B:concern that governments may lack the political will to carry them out Choice C:insistence upon restricting them to health care and education Choice D:conviction that they need only be short-term measures Choice E:skepticism about whether their consequences are predominantly negative

PT93 S1 Q22

Question ID:PT93 S1 Q23 Passage:Some environmentalists claim that the higher the international debt a nation carries, the more likely it is that the quality of life in that nation will suffer. These environmentalists argue that in a variety of ways the effort a nation must expend to pay its debt hastens the depletion of its natural resources, increases pollution, or hampers domestic spending. The most common reason given by the environmentalists is known as the exports promotion hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, in order to increase foreign trade in a way that better allows it to repay international debt, a nation must divert resources away from sectors generating domestic goods and toward the production of export goods. Partly because of the greater volume involved, this causes more environmental damage than does production of goods for domestic consumption. One possible scenario frequently cited by environmentalists is that a nation might raze its forests for timber or to open up land on which to plant cash crops. Another reason the environmentalists give for their claims is that domestic spending can fall when a nation shifts money toward repayment of its debt. A nation may take funds away from health care, education, or improvements in such public services as water quality or sanitation. It can also adjust its economy in other potentially harmful ways in order to cut costs—for example, through the elimination of government subsidies for practices that reduce pollution or conserve natural resources. But the evidence for the environmentalists' claims is weak. With respect to the exports promotion hypothesis, one recent study does suggest a positive correlation between international debt and deforestation, but also indicates that other factors besides debt may play a stronger role. Another study found only a slight positive correlation between debt and deforestation; in fact, in one nation the correlation was negative, contrary to the environmentalists' expectations. The impact of debt on environmental indicators such as pollution or depletion of other resources has not yet been studied. Similarly, with respect to the domestic spending argument, while debt-saddled nations might shift money away from programs designed to enhance quality of life, it is just as likely that they would shift the money from plans that, if implemented, would have a negative impact on the environment. For example, they might abandon plans to build new dams or roads, or eliminate subsidies that promote fertilizer or pesticide use. The extent, then, to which a nation's quality of life is connected to the size of its international debt must be considered unknown. Indeed, a case could be made that at least some of the fiscal discipline or economic restructuring imposed by debt may rein in potentially harmful spending. Stem:The exports promotion hypothesis, as presented in the passage, involves the claim that when export goods rather than domestic goods are produced, then Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:international debt increases Choice B:more goods are produced Choice C:timber must be destroyed Choice D:goods are produced more cheaply Choice E:higher quality goods are produced

PT93 S1 Q23

Question ID:PT93 S1 Q24 Passage:Some environmentalists claim that the higher the international debt a nation carries, the more likely it is that the quality of life in that nation will suffer. These environmentalists argue that in a variety of ways the effort a nation must expend to pay its debt hastens the depletion of its natural resources, increases pollution, or hampers domestic spending. The most common reason given by the environmentalists is known as the exports promotion hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, in order to increase foreign trade in a way that better allows it to repay international debt, a nation must divert resources away from sectors generating domestic goods and toward the production of export goods. Partly because of the greater volume involved, this causes more environmental damage than does production of goods for domestic consumption. One possible scenario frequently cited by environmentalists is that a nation might raze its forests for timber or to open up land on which to plant cash crops. Another reason the environmentalists give for their claims is that domestic spending can fall when a nation shifts money toward repayment of its debt. A nation may take funds away from health care, education, or improvements in such public services as water quality or sanitation. It can also adjust its economy in other potentially harmful ways in order to cut costs—for example, through the elimination of government subsidies for practices that reduce pollution or conserve natural resources. But the evidence for the environmentalists' claims is weak. With respect to the exports promotion hypothesis, one recent study does suggest a positive correlation between international debt and deforestation, but also indicates that other factors besides debt may play a stronger role. Another study found only a slight positive correlation between debt and deforestation; in fact, in one nation the correlation was negative, contrary to the environmentalists' expectations. The impact of debt on environmental indicators such as pollution or depletion of other resources has not yet been studied. Similarly, with respect to the domestic spending argument, while debt-saddled nations might shift money away from programs designed to enhance quality of life, it is just as likely that they would shift the money from plans that, if implemented, would have a negative impact on the environment. For example, they might abandon plans to build new dams or roads, or eliminate subsidies that promote fertilizer or pesticide use. The extent, then, to which a nation's quality of life is connected to the size of its international debt must be considered unknown. Indeed, a case could be made that at least some of the fiscal discipline or economic restructuring imposed by debt may rein in potentially harmful spending. Stem:Which one of the following is identified in the passage as a response to the pressures of debt repayment that would avert a negative impact on the environment? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:reintroducing traditional farming methods Choice B:opening up land for new crops Choice C:curtailing road construction Choice D:decreasing spending on sanitation Choice E:raising prices on exports

PT93 S1 Q24

Question ID:PT93 S1 Q25 Passage:Some environmentalists claim that the higher the international debt a nation carries, the more likely it is that the quality of life in that nation will suffer. These environmentalists argue that in a variety of ways the effort a nation must expend to pay its debt hastens the depletion of its natural resources, increases pollution, or hampers domestic spending. The most common reason given by the environmentalists is known as the exports promotion hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, in order to increase foreign trade in a way that better allows it to repay international debt, a nation must divert resources away from sectors generating domestic goods and toward the production of export goods. Partly because of the greater volume involved, this causes more environmental damage than does production of goods for domestic consumption. One possible scenario frequently cited by environmentalists is that a nation might raze its forests for timber or to open up land on which to plant cash crops. Another reason the environmentalists give for their claims is that domestic spending can fall when a nation shifts money toward repayment of its debt. A nation may take funds away from health care, education, or improvements in such public services as water quality or sanitation. It can also adjust its economy in other potentially harmful ways in order to cut costs—for example, through the elimination of government subsidies for practices that reduce pollution or conserve natural resources. But the evidence for the environmentalists' claims is weak. With respect to the exports promotion hypothesis, one recent study does suggest a positive correlation between international debt and deforestation, but also indicates that other factors besides debt may play a stronger role. Another study found only a slight positive correlation between debt and deforestation; in fact, in one nation the correlation was negative, contrary to the environmentalists' expectations. The impact of debt on environmental indicators such as pollution or depletion of other resources has not yet been studied. Similarly, with respect to the domestic spending argument, while debt-saddled nations might shift money away from programs designed to enhance quality of life, it is just as likely that they would shift the money from plans that, if implemented, would have a negative impact on the environment. For example, they might abandon plans to build new dams or roads, or eliminate subsidies that promote fertilizer or pesticide use. The extent, then, to which a nation's quality of life is connected to the size of its international debt must be considered unknown. Indeed, a case could be made that at least some of the fiscal discipline or economic restructuring imposed by debt may rein in potentially harmful spending. Stem:What is the main purpose of the author's discussion in the second paragraph? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:to argue that international debt can enhance a nation's quality of life Choice B:to examine critically the specific arguments put forward by the environmentalists Choice C:to propose a study that investigates the relation between international debt and environmental health Choice D:to argue that there is no relation between international debt and a nation's quality of life Choice E:to question the sources of evidence for the claims of the environmentalists

PT93 S1 Q25

Question ID:PT93 S1 Q26 Passage:Some environmentalists claim that the higher the international debt a nation carries, the more likely it is that the quality of life in that nation will suffer. These environmentalists argue that in a variety of ways the effort a nation must expend to pay its debt hastens the depletion of its natural resources, increases pollution, or hampers domestic spending. The most common reason given by the environmentalists is known as the exports promotion hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, in order to increase foreign trade in a way that better allows it to repay international debt, a nation must divert resources away from sectors generating domestic goods and toward the production of export goods. Partly because of the greater volume involved, this causes more environmental damage than does production of goods for domestic consumption. One possible scenario frequently cited by environmentalists is that a nation might raze its forests for timber or to open up land on which to plant cash crops. Another reason the environmentalists give for their claims is that domestic spending can fall when a nation shifts money toward repayment of its debt. A nation may take funds away from health care, education, or improvements in such public services as water quality or sanitation. It can also adjust its economy in other potentially harmful ways in order to cut costs—for example, through the elimination of government subsidies for practices that reduce pollution or conserve natural resources. But the evidence for the environmentalists' claims is weak. With respect to the exports promotion hypothesis, one recent study does suggest a positive correlation between international debt and deforestation, but also indicates that other factors besides debt may play a stronger role. Another study found only a slight positive correlation between debt and deforestation; in fact, in one nation the correlation was negative, contrary to the environmentalists' expectations. The impact of debt on environmental indicators such as pollution or depletion of other resources has not yet been studied. Similarly, with respect to the domestic spending argument, while debt-saddled nations might shift money away from programs designed to enhance quality of life, it is just as likely that they would shift the money from plans that, if implemented, would have a negative impact on the environment. For example, they might abandon plans to build new dams or roads, or eliminate subsidies that promote fertilizer or pesticide use. The extent, then, to which a nation's quality of life is connected to the size of its international debt must be considered unknown. Indeed, a case could be made that at least some of the fiscal discipline or economic restructuring imposed by debt may rein in potentially harmful spending. Stem:As the phrase "nation's quality of life" (second-to-last sentence of the passage) is used by the author, a central component of a nation's quality of life is its Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:balance of trade with other countries Choice B:level of domestic spending Choice C:level of international debt Choice D:level of environmental health Choice E:level of economic health

PT93 S1 Q26

Question ID:PT93 S1 Q27 Passage:Some environmentalists claim that the higher the international debt a nation carries, the more likely it is that the quality of life in that nation will suffer. These environmentalists argue that in a variety of ways the effort a nation must expend to pay its debt hastens the depletion of its natural resources, increases pollution, or hampers domestic spending. The most common reason given by the environmentalists is known as the exports promotion hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, in order to increase foreign trade in a way that better allows it to repay international debt, a nation must divert resources away from sectors generating domestic goods and toward the production of export goods. Partly because of the greater volume involved, this causes more environmental damage than does production of goods for domestic consumption. One possible scenario frequently cited by environmentalists is that a nation might raze its forests for timber or to open up land on which to plant cash crops. Another reason the environmentalists give for their claims is that domestic spending can fall when a nation shifts money toward repayment of its debt. A nation may take funds away from health care, education, or improvements in such public services as water quality or sanitation. It can also adjust its economy in other potentially harmful ways in order to cut costs—for example, through the elimination of government subsidies for practices that reduce pollution or conserve natural resources. But the evidence for the environmentalists' claims is weak. With respect to the exports promotion hypothesis, one recent study does suggest a positive correlation between international debt and deforestation, but also indicates that other factors besides debt may play a stronger role. Another study found only a slight positive correlation between debt and deforestation; in fact, in one nation the correlation was negative, contrary to the environmentalists' expectations. The impact of debt on environmental indicators such as pollution or depletion of other resources has not yet been studied. Similarly, with respect to the domestic spending argument, while debt-saddled nations might shift money away from programs designed to enhance quality of life, it is just as likely that they would shift the money from plans that, if implemented, would have a negative impact on the environment. For example, they might abandon plans to build new dams or roads, or eliminate subsidies that promote fertilizer or pesticide use. The extent, then, to which a nation's quality of life is connected to the size of its international debt must be considered unknown. Indeed, a case could be made that at least some of the fiscal discipline or economic restructuring imposed by debt may rein in potentially harmful spending. Stem:The passage suggests that the author would be most likely to agree with which one of the following statements about government policy? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:Borrowing from other countries never has an overall positive effect. Choice B:Subsidies for practices that reduce pollution are ineffective. Choice C:Encouraging the production of exports leads to decreased domestic spending. Choice D:International debt payments are a problem only when they are greater than domestic spending. Choice E:A nation can benefit from decreasing its domestic spending.

PT93 S1 Q27

Question ID:PT93 S2 Q1 Passage:One should not do anything that has the potential to produce serious harm to one's society. The public actions—or inactions—of celebrities and of people who are widely respected are widely emulated. Some celebrities do not vote. Serious harm befalls a society in which many people refrain from voting. Stem:Which one of the following principles can be properly inferred from the statements above? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:A society should require all celebrities to vote. Choice B:One should vote only if one expects that doing so will cause many other people to do likewise. Choice C:Celebrities who do not vote should not be widely respected. Choice D:People should not emulate celebrities who are not widely respected. Choice E:Widely respected people should not publicly refrain from voting.

PT93 S2 Q1

Question ID:PT93 S2 Q2 Passage:The sculptor Barajas died before she could even begin sculpting the statue called Sonora. However, because Sonora was sculpted by Barajas's assistants, working from three sketches Barajas drew in preparing to create the statue herself, the statue probably looks very much like it would have looked if she had lived to complete it. Stem:Which one of the following, if true, most weakens the argument? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:Ordinarily, Barajas's ideas for her statues were revised substantially throughout a series of dozens of preliminary sketches. Choice B:One of the assistants who worked closely with Barajas in planning Sonora did not participate in sculpting it. Choice C:Sonora is composed partly of materials that Barajas did not frequently use in the statues that she completed during her lifetime. Choice D:Barajas always worked from sketches when she sculpted a statue. Choice E:Barajas never took as long to complete a statue as the assistants did to sculpt Sonora.

PT93 S2 Q2

Question ID:PT93 S2 Q3 Passage:Although there are immediate short-term gains in crop yield from a single application of certain hydrocarbon-based pesticides to fields on which they have not been previously used, studies have shown clearly that long-term use gradually depresses crop yield from this initially elevated level. We should conclude that use of these pesticides _______. Stem:Which one of the following would most logically complete the argument above? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:is uneconomic Choice B:damages the environment Choice C:will eventually make pest problems unmanageable Choice D:is probably not occurring in accordance with manufacturers' instructions Choice E:gives financial returns that diminish over time

PT93 S2 Q3

Question ID:PT93 S2 Q4 Passage:Economist:  Our country needs as much capital as possible from overseas investors in order to sustain our economy. Hence, we cannot afford any reduction in the amount of capital that overseas investors have invested here. Therefore, to sustain our economy, we should pass laws making it much more difficult for overseas investors to remove their capital. Stem:Which one of the following, if true, most weakens the economist's reasoning? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:To sustain its economy, the country needs to diversify its investments more evenly across the country's industries. Choice B:Laws that would make it more difficult for overseas investors to remove their capital would strongly discourage them from investing any additional capital. Choice C:The historical periods during which the country's economy had the highest rate of growth were those periods during which the amount of capital invested by overseas investors was highest. Choice D:In countries other than the economist's, passage of laws that made it very difficult for overseas investors to remove their capital have not entirely prevented the removal of capital invested by overseas investors. Choice E:Two years ago, the country enacted laws that place some restrictions on the removal of capital by overseas investors.

PT93 S2 Q4

Question ID:PT93 S2 Q5 Passage:Columnist:  Many people with access to the Internet express a longing for emotional connection to a global human community. This longing often leads them to use the Internet to learn about other cultures. However, learning about other cultures probably will not satisfy their longing, for the Internet is utilized primarily for acquiring information rather than developing feelings of interconnectedness. Stem:Which one of the following most accurately expresses the conclusion drawn in the columnist's argument? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:It is common for people who have access to the Internet to express a longing for emotional connection to an international human community. Choice B:The longing for emotional connection to a global human community frequently leads people to use the Internet in order to acquire information about other cultures. Choice C:People who have access to the Internet tend to use it primarily for acquiring information and only secondarily for developing feelings of interconnectedness. Choice D:For people desiring connection to a global human community, learning about other cultures through the Internet probably will not provide emotional connection to those cultures. Choice E:When people long for connection to a global human community, they tend to engage in behavior that results in the acquisition of knowledge about other cultures but rarely produces genuine emotional connection to those cultures.

PT93 S2 Q5

Question ID:PT93 S2 Q6 Passage:Democratic societies in which there is widespread discontent more often blame their politicians than they do other powerful figures who are at least as responsible for those societies' woes. This is not primarily because politicians are more familiar to people than are other powerful figures; rather it is because people in democratic societies feel that they have more power over politicians than they have over other powerful figures. Stem:The case described above best illustrates which one of the following generalizations? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:Often the people who have the most power in a society are not the people who are generally perceived by the public as having the most power. Choice B:People tend to ascribe more power to a person with whom they are familiar than to one with whom they are unfamiliar. Choice C:To the extent that a person is well known to the public, that person is more likely to be blamed for the woes of society. Choice D:Publicly known people are usually not held sufficiently responsible for the problems they cause. Choice E:People are more inclined to blame a publicly known person if that person is someone over whom they feel they have power.

PT93 S2 Q6

Question ID:PT93 S2 Q7 Passage:The mu mesons generated by cosmic rays just outside Earth's atmosphere travel to Earth at speeds approaching the speed of light. Mu mesons generated in the laboratory, however, are nearly at rest. Mu mesons generated in the laboratory typically decay in much less time than it takes for a mu meson to travel from just outside Earth's atmosphere to our detection apparatus on Earth. If mu mesons traveling through the atmosphere at speeds approaching the speed of light typically decay as fast as they do in the laboratory, then we should detect only about one one-hundredth of the number we actually do detect. Apparently, mu mesons moving at speeds near the speed of light _______. Stem:Which one of the following most logically completes the argument? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:take longer to reach Earth than was supposed Choice B:are quite difficult to detect with available equipment Choice C:are much less numerous than previously thought Choice D:decay more slowly than mu mesons almost at rest Choice E:are probably not generated by cosmic rays

PT93 S2 Q7

Question ID:PT93 S2 Q8 Passage:Buyer: As a buyer for a large chain of department stores, I will buy a garment only if it is fashionable and not too expensive for our clientele. The evening dress from the fall collection by Peruka is certainly fashionable, but it is far too expensive for our clientele. Therefore, I will not buy that dress. Stem:The pattern of reasoning in which one of the following arguments most closely resembles the pattern of reasoning in the buyer's argument? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:A snowflake will melt if it is in a warm place and not protected by insulation. This snowflake is in a warm place, but it is protected by insulation. Therefore, this snowflake will not melt. Choice B:A stuffed animal, in order to pass inspection, must be free of sharp edges and completely sealed. This stuffed hippo is free of sharp edges, but it is not completely sealed. Therefore, this hippo will not pass inspection. Choice C:A sidewalk is accessible if its edges are fully graded and if it has no sizable bumps. This sidewalk's edges are fully graded, and it has no sizable bumps. Therefore, this sidewalk is accessible. Choice D:A poetic translation is accurate only if it adequately expresses the meaning of the original poem and gives an idea of the meter. This translation adequately expresses the meaning of the original and gives an idea of the meter. Therefore, this translation is accurate. Choice E:An assembly may call a meeting of the executive board only if the assembly meets quorum requirements and the motion passes by two-thirds. This assembly meets quorum requirements, so unless the motion does not pass by two-thirds, this assembly may call a meeting of the executive board.

PT93 S2 Q8

Question ID:PT93 S2 Q9 Passage:Psychologists report that children in nine-month schools typically forget a significant amount of schooling during summer breaks. So, some educators have proposed a twelve-month schedule in which there are three month-long breaks spread throughout the year. We should conclude, on the basis of the psychologists' research, that the twelve-month schedule is to be preferred insofar as academic learning is concerned, since this schedule will insure that students will not forget their schooling during their breaks. Stem:The reasoning above is most vulnerable to the criticism that it Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:relies on an unsubstantiated assumption about the comparative worth of academic and nonacademic learning experiences Choice B:draws on an arbitrary distinction between two groups Choice C:takes for granted, in comparing two situations, that a certain undesirable result is correlated with only one of them Choice D:fails to show that the data on which the psychologists' conclusions were based was adequately representative of children in the population as a whole Choice E:claims to accept a view, but then rejects it in the course of argument

PT93 S2 Q9

Question ID:PT93 S2 Q10 Passage:The Industrial Revolution decreased the value that society conferred on physical labor because it enabled unskilled workers to quickly produce goods that formerly took skilled craftspeople long periods of time to produce. Clearly, our most important intellectual skills will similarly be devalued by electronic data-processing technology. Computations that once took skilled mathematicians a long time to perform can now be quickly performed by moderately well-trained high school students using computers. Stem:Which one of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:Much industrial machinery is now designed and built with the aid of computers. Choice B:Before electronic data-processing technology, improvements in mathematical techniques reduced the amount of time it took to perform computations. Choice C:On average, skilled mathematicians tend to be much younger when they are in their most productive years than are skilled craftspeople. Choice D:The intellectual skills that society values most highly are not computational ones. Choice E:Electronic data-processing technology has enabled people to perform some tasks that previously could not be performed at all.

PT93 S2 Q10

Question ID:PT93 S2 Q11 Passage:Wounds become infected because the break in the skin allows bacteria to enter. Infection slows healing. Often bacteria-killing ointment is applied to wounds after they have been cleaned, but a study at a Nigerian hospital found that cleaned wounds that were treated with honey—which contains significant quantities of bacteria—healed faster, on average, than both cleaned wounds treated with antibiotic ointment and wounds cleaned but not otherwise treated. Stem:Which one of the following, if true, most helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy between the results of the study and the stated facts about wounds, bacteria, infection, and healing? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:Wounds that have simply been cleaned with soap and water and not otherwise treated heal faster than wounds that have been cleaned and then treated with antibiotic ointment. Choice B:The bacteria found in honey are present in much lower concentrations than the concentrations of bacteria typically present in infected wounds, and applying antibiotic ointment to a wound rarely if ever kills all of the bacteria infecting the wound. Choice C:Honey has properties that inhibit the growth of bacteria in wounds, including the bacteria the honey contains, and antibiotic ointments damage sensitive wound tissue, which slows healing. Choice D:The high concentration of sugar in honey inhibits the growth of bacteria in wounds, including the bacteria contained in the honey itself. Choice E:The antibiotic ointment used in the study damages sensitive tissue in wounds, which slows healing, but honey does not have this effect if the wound has been cleaned.

PT93 S2 Q11

Question ID:PT93 S2 Q12 Passage:Art student: Great works of art evoke passionate responses in those who view them. Thus, since it is well known in art circles that the provocative work of abstract painter Ezekiel Reilly elicits intensely emotional responses in those who view them, his art is great. Stem:Which one of the following most accurately describes a flaw in the argument's reasoning? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:One of the premises used to support the argument's conclusion assumes the truth of that conclusion. Choice B:The argument treats a condition that is necessary for having a certain quality as if it must also be sufficient for having that quality. Choice C:The argument misapplies a general claim about the members of a class to an atypical instance of that class. Choice D:The argument contains a generalization derived from an insufficient number of instances. Choice E:The argument draws a conclusion expressing a value judgment from premises that do not involve statements about values.

PT93 S2 Q12

Question ID:PT93 S2 Q13 Passage:In northern Europe, archaeologists have discovered 400,000-year-old sharpened wooden poles alongside flint cutting implements and the remains of horses. Since it is normally assumed that Homo sapiens did not inhabit Europe prior to 200,000 years ago, this discovery effectively disproves the widespread belief that the humanlike precursors of Homo sapiens were entirely gatherers and scavengers and did not hunt. Stem:Which one of the following, if true, would add the most support to the argument? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:Sharpened wooden poles were not used by humanlike precursors of Homo sapiens for self-defense or to cut or transport scavenged carcasses. Choice B:Humanlike inhabitants of northern Europe are known to have used stones and wooden sticks as tools more than 400,000 years ago. Choice C:Homo sapiens evolved from humanlike precursors at least 200,000 years earlier than is normally assumed. Choice D:The humanlike precursors of Homo sapiens developed widely divergent patterns of behavior in the very different ecosystems they inhabited. Choice E:Prehistoric Homo sapiens who adopted hunting as a means of food acquisition did not abandon scavenging and gathering.

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Question ID:PT93 S2 Q14 Passage:Politician:  Our public libraries are open only on weekdays and generally at times when most children are at school and most adults at work. Hence, most taxpayers and their families have few opportunities to use public libraries. Therefore, no new taxes supporting the library system should be approved unless the library hours are changed to better suit taxpayers and their families. Stem:Which one of the following principles, if valid, would most help to justify the politician's reasoning? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:Libraries and other public facilities that serve an educational purpose should be made as convenient as possible for taxpayers and their families to use. Choice B:If use of a public facility is made more convenient for taxpayers and their families, then new taxes supporting that facility should be approved. Choice C:Taxpayers who have plenty of opportunities to use a public facility should have to pay taxes to support that facility. Choice D:The best way to increase usage of public libraries is to change the library hours for the convenience of most people. Choice E:A new tax supporting a public facility should be approved only when most taxpayers have ample opportunities to use that facility.

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Question ID:PT93 S2 Q15 Passage:The introduction of mass production techniques in modern industrial economies allowed the owners of industries to lower prices because they could employ fewer workers, many of whom required little training. The lower prices allowed workers to buy goods that they previously would not have been able to afford. But since jobs for workers with little training are more vulnerable to elimination than those for more highly trained workers, _______. Stem:Which one of the following most logically completes the argument? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:highly trained workers have more purchasing power in modern industrial economies than workers who are less trained Choice B:the introduction of mass production techniques has decreased benefits for workers as it has increased the profits for owners of industries Choice C:even the highest paid employees in modern industrial economies are never able to achieve job security Choice D:a source of increased purchasing power for workers in modern industrial economies also undermines their job security Choice E:the percentage of workers who can afford to purchase goods produced by modern industrial techniques is shrinking

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Question ID:PT93 S2 Q16 Passage:Child psychologist:  Psychologists have found that most children under the age of six are egocentric and selfish in their attitudes toward animals. Ordinarily, it is only between the ages of six and nine that children begin to understand that animals are independent creatures with their own feelings and needs. Hence, most children should not have pets until they are at least six years old. Stem:The child psychologist's conclusion follows logically if which one of the following is assumed? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:Most children who are egocentric and selfish in their attitudes towards animals rely on others to take care of a pet. Choice B:Children who are old enough to understand that animals are independent creatures with their own feelings and needs should be allowed to have pets. Choice C:Most children who are egocentric and selfish in their attitudes towards animals do not have pets. Choice D:Most children are egocentric and selfish in their attitudes towards their pets and do not understand that their pets are independent creatures with their own feelings and needs. Choice E:The only children who should have pets are those who understand that their pets are independent creatures with their own feelings and needs.

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Question ID:PT93 S2 Q17 Passage:The average tax refund received by taxpayers who use tax preparation services is about 50 percent higher than the average refund received by those who do not. So if you want a large refund, you should use a tax preparation service. Stem:Which one of the following arguments exhibits flawed reasoning most similar to the flawed reasoning exhibited by the argument above? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:People who invest heavily in the stock market generally have higher incomes than people who do not; so if you want to have a high income, you should invest heavily in the stock market. Choice B:Establishing an in-house print shop usually enables companies to produce their publications more efficiently. So if your company produces publications, then it should establish an in-house print shop. Choice C:Quitting smoking will lower your life insurance premium and will also decrease your risk of lung cancer. So if you want to lower your life insurance premium, you should try to reduce your risk of lung cancer. Choice D:People with larger-than-average estates to manage usually find it helpful to have their own lawyers; so if you have a larger-than-average estate to manage, you should get your own lawyer. Choice E:In deciding who they will call, telemarketers target people who have purchased from telemarketers in the past. So if you do not want to receive calls from telemarketers, you should not purchase anything from them.

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Question ID:PT93 S2 Q18 Passage:In an experiment, each of 200 randomly selected people was videotaped while describing action-packed excerpts from previously unfamiliar cartoons. Half the subjects were allowed to gesture while speaking, and the other half were not. Those who gestured spoke more quickly and repeated themselves less. This indicates that gesturing helps speakers quickly find the phrases they want. Stem:Which one of the following, if assumed, enables the conclusion in the argument to be properly drawn? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:Ordinarily almost everyone regularly gestures when speaking quickly and with little repetition, regardless of the topic being discussed. Choice B:The cartoons were chosen by those who conducted the experiment and were selected from a variety of sources. Choice C:Any form of behavior correlated with quicker speech and less repetition in speech helps speakers find the phrases they want quickly. Choice D:Any form of behavior that helps speakers quickly find the phrases they want also enables them to speak more quickly and repeat themselves less than they would if they were not engaged in that behavior. Choice E:Of the subjects who were allowed to gesture, those who spoke the most quickly and repeated themselves least were among those who gestured the most.

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Question ID:PT93 S2 Q19 Passage:Committee chairperson: No new course will be approved for next year's schedule unless a proposal for it has already been received either by this committee or by Dean Wilson. Dean Wilson has received only one new course proposal, and all of the new course proposals that this committee has received are for upper-level courses. It has been decided that, beginning next year, all upper-level courses will have prerequisites. Stem:Which one of the following can be properly inferred if the chairperson's statements are true? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:If there are no new upper-level courses next year, then there will be no new courses next year that have prerequisites. Choice B:If all of the new courses next year are upper-level courses, then all of the new course proposals submitted to the committee will have been approved. Choice C:If there is more than one new course next year, at least one of them will be a course that has a prerequisite. Choice D:If the new course proposal that Dean Wilson received is for an upper-level course, then all courses offered next year will have prerequisites. Choice E:If there are no new upper-level courses next year, then the new course proposal that was submitted to Dean Wilson will have been approved.

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Question ID:PT93 S2 Q20 Passage:The olecranon process is a bony part of the mammalian elbow. The shorter the olecranon process, the faster the forelimbs can typically be moved. Predatory mammals must move their forelimbs very quickly when attacking prey, and thus generally have short olecranon processes. It has recently been found that the extinct mammal Megatherium had a short olecranon process. Hence, in all probability, Megatherium was a predator. Stem:The argument is most vulnerable to criticism on which one of the following grounds? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:It fails to address the possibility that most mammals with short olecranon processes have not been predators. Choice B:It takes for granted that the only reason predators need to move their forelimbs quickly is to attack prey. Choice C:It overlooks the possibility that Megatherium could have been a successful predator even if it did not have a short olecranon process. Choice D:It takes for granted that, on average, the olecranon processes of extinct mammals were no shorter than those of living mammals are. Choice E:It fails to address the possibility that a longer olecranon process may confer some other advantage, such as greater strength.

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Question ID:PT93 S2 Q21 Passage:Essayist:  Commitment to relationships or careers is commonly held to be virtuous. But all commitments should be seen as morally neutral. After all, what one is committed to might be either good or bad; for example, commitment to a relationship that benefits none of the people involved deserves no praise. Often, commitment is nothing more than involvement that has outlasted its original justification. Stem:Which one of the following principles, if valid, most helps to justify the essayist's reasoning? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:Any commitment that is morally neutral either has outlasted its original justification or deserves no praise, or both. Choice B:Commitment to a relationship or career is virtuous when, but only when, the relationship or career is good. Choice C:If a commitment deserves no praise, then that commitment is morally neutral. Choice D:If a commitment has outlasted its original justification, then it cannot be virtuous. Choice E:All commitments are morally neutral if there are any commitments that are undeserving of praise.

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Question ID:PT93 S2 Q22 Passage:Because of the ubiquity of television in modern households, few children today spend their free time reading stories, which lack the visual appeal of flashy television programs. Thus, few children today will develop a lifelong interest in literature. Stem:The conclusion drawn above follows logically if which one of the following is assumed? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:No children who spend their free time reading stories fail to develop a lifelong interest in literature. Choice B:Only those people who currently spend their free time reading stories will develop a lifelong interest in literature. Choice C:No children who grow up in a household that lacks a television fail to spend their free time reading stories. Choice D:Few people who watch a great deal of television develop a lifelong interest in literature. Choice E:Few children who spend their free time reading stories watch television.

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Question ID:PT93 S2 Q23 Passage:Filmmaker: I use hidden cameras when filming documentaries, because people behave differently when they are aware of being filmed. Although my subjects have been told that a camera is present, they remain unaware of its location and act naturally. Hence, my documentaries are more worthwhile than documentaries in which, for example, people speak directly to the camera. Stem:Which one of the following principles, if valid, most helps to justify the filmmaker's argument? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:A documentary with no purpose other than authentically depicting the behavior of its human subjects can be legitimate. Choice B:A documentary can be authentic only if it does not include any subjects speaking directly to a camera. Choice C:Makers of documentaries do not have a moral obligation to reveal to their subjects the location of the cameras filming them. Choice D:The more authentically a documentary depicts its subjects, the more worthwhile it is. Choice E:Subjects of documentaries should not try to discover the locations of the cameras filming them.

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Question ID:PT93 S2 Q24 Passage:The more profitable a corporation is, the more valuable its managers' time is. As a result, it is especially costly for highly profitable corporations to have their managers spend time monitoring employees. Such corporations can save money by reducing this monitoring, as long as the employees are given strong incentives to keep working hard. So highly profitable corporations can save money by giving their employees expensive bonuses. Stem:The argument requires the assumption that Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:only a few corporations give their employees bonuses that provide strong enough incentives for the employees to keep working hard even when they are not being monitored Choice B:if a highly profitable corporation could save money by giving its employees expensive bonuses, it is because giving such bonuses would reduce the amount of time its managers must spend monitoring those employees Choice C:the more valuable the managers' time is at a corporation, the less likely it is that the corporation will actually have those managers spend time monitoring employees Choice D:for people who are employees of highly profitable corporations where monitoring is reduced, expensive bonuses constitute strong incentives to keep working hard Choice E:a highly profitable corporation can save money by reducing its managers' monitoring of employees only if its employees are given expensive bonuses

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Question ID:PT93 S2 Q25 Passage:Columnist:  Consent forms filled out by subjects prior to their participation in tests of experimental medicines designed to treat the diseases from which they are suffering show that almost all subjects accept the risk of receiving ineffective substances. This casts doubt on the claim made by some medical ethicists that many test subjects resent being given placebos (as happens to roughly half of all test subjects) or resent being given medicines that turn out to be ineffective (as also often occurs). Stem:The reasoning in the columnist's argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:infers that two phenomena are associated merely from the claim that there are many instances in which both phenomena are present Choice B:uses as evidence the opinions of people who are unlikely to be qualified to make informed judgments about the scientific value of placebos Choice C:uses evidence drawn from a sample that is likely to be unrepresentative Choice D:takes for granted that most test subjects do not change their attitudes toward the chance of taking ineffective substances once the substances they take turn out to be ineffective Choice E:draws a conclusion that is essentially about a moral issue by appealing to evidence that is purely factual

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Question ID:PT93 S3 Q1 Passage:Over the long run, apple orchards that use organic farming methods cost no more to run than, and are just as productive as, apple orchards using conventional methods. However, organically grown apples tend to be better tasting, and thus, organic orchards are likely to be more profitable than conventional orchards in the long run. Stem:Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:The use of organic farming methods has recently increased in the commercial apple farming industry. Choice B:The apple orchards that tend to be most profitable in the long run tend to be those that are most profitable in the short run. Choice C:Demand for a given kind of apple is based primarily on flavor. Choice D:Most people prefer to buy apples that have the lowest price. Choice E:Many consumers prefer the appearance of apples grown using conventional methods to that of apples grown organically.

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Question ID:PT93 S3 Q2 Passage:Banking industry visionaries foresee a bright day in the near future when customers will be able to transact all their financial business by means of computers or telephones from the comfort of their own homes. But that may be more of a paradise for banks than for their customers. As banks eliminate their branch offices and customer-service employees, customers will have to serve as their own tellers—and pay more transaction fees for their efforts. Stem:  Which one of the following most accurately expresses the conclusion of the argument? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:In the near future, bank customers will be able to transact all their financial business by means of computers or telephones from their own homes. Choice B:Enabling bank customers to transact all their financial business by means of computers or telephones from their own homes may be more beneficial to banks than to their customers. Choice C:As banks eliminate branch offices and customer-service employees, bank customers will have to serve as their own tellers and pay more fees. Choice D:Eliminating branch offices and customer-service employees would benefit the banking industry. Choice E:Enabling customers to transact all their financial business by means of computers or telephones from their own homes would allow banks to eliminate branch offices and customer-service employees.

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Question ID:PT93 S3 Q3 Passage:Bernard:  We should not invite Carl to speak at the forum. Carl's views are clearly false, and worse, dangerous. To encourage their consideration will not only legitimize them but also help to promulgate them, both of which we should avoid, since we wish not to support their adoption.Ayla:  The best way to combat false views is to challenge them in public. Once Carl's views are subjected to the kind of public scrutiny the forum provides, people will see them for what they are because the forum will provide convincing arguments against them. Stem:The dialogue provides the most support for the claim that Bernard and Ayla disagree about whether Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:one should always avoid legitimizing a view whose adoption one wishes not to support Choice B:people will see the falsity of every dangerous idea for which they are furnished with forceful counterarguments Choice C:the best way to fight erroneous ideas involves allowing the public expression of these ideas Choice D:people who hold false views tend to pose a danger to society Choice E:one should not encourage the adoption of dangerous views

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Question ID:PT93 S3 Q4 Passage:Principle: It is unethical for someone who has bought an item to return it to the store after getting all the use from it that he or she ever intended to get.Application: James purchased a video camera and returned it to the store two weeks later. This return was unethical. Stem:Which one of the following, if true, most justifies the above application of the principle? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:Before returning the camera, James used it extensively to record members of his family engaged in funny activities. Choice B:James bought the camera to avoid having to hire a professional videographer for his sister's graduation party, and he returned the camera immediately after the party. Choice C:James used the camera several times but returned it after he had dropped it and then discovered that some of the features did not work. Choice D:James returned the camera after he discovered that the same model was on sale at another store at a considerably lower price. Choice E:James used the camera in the manner for which he bought it, and, though he generally enjoyed it, he thought a different one might work better with his new computer.

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Question ID:PT93 S3 Q5 Passage:Taylorism, the early-twentieth-century industrial efficiency movement pioneered by Frederick Taylor, has had a profound effect on industrialized societies. Increased productivity resulting from greater efficiency has led to increases in most workers' standards of living. At the same time, Taylor's methods have tended to make these workers' jobs routine and repetitive, thereby robbing their work of some of the intrinsic worth it possessed when it emphasized creativity and talent. Stem:The situation described above most closely conforms to which one of the following generalizations? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:Sometimes measures that appear to promote efficiency are actually deleterious to it. Choice B:Some developments in industry can benefit workers financially while making their work less rewarding in other respects. Choice C:Increased efficiency in industrial settings is sometimes accompanied by decreases in the amount of effort workers devote to their jobs. Choice D:An increase in workers' standards of living will likely involve an accompanying decrease in how much they value their jobs overall. Choice E:Workers who have greater than average creativity and talent are sometimes less efficient than workers who have average creativity and talent.

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Question ID:PT93 S3 Q6 Passage:Winchester Township cannot afford to keep its several small branch libraries supplied with a wide selection of current books. However, if the branch libraries were closed, then Winchester could afford to open one large library, which could carry broader and more current selections. Thus, Winchester would better meet its residents' needs by closing its small branch libraries and opening one larger, well-supplied library. Stem:Which one of the following, if true, most weakens the argument above? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:Many Winchester residents never use the branch libraries because of the irregular hours each branch keeps. Choice B:Most Winchester residents have complained about the selection of books at the branch libraries. Choice C:The only possible site for a new library is not readily accessible to most Winchester residents. Choice D:It would cost Winchester a significant amount of money to build a larger library. Choice E:Each of Winchester's branch libraries attempts to cater to the tastes of the residents of the entire township.

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Question ID:PT93 S3 Q7 Passage:News report:  Some recently invented television screens are built out of small tiles seamlessly joined together, each tile a separate miniature screen. Television sets with these compound screens are just a few inches thick. For a noncompound screen in a set of this thickness, the larger the screen is, the dimmer it is. However, each tile in a compound screen is small enough to be quite bright. Moreover, an unlimited number of the tiles can be joined together, without making the resulting screen any less bright or the set any thicker. Stem:Which one of the following can be properly inferred from the information in the news report? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:The technology used to make compound television screens is not appropriate for television sets with relatively small screens. Choice B:There is a great consumer demand for television sets that are just a few inches thick and that have very large screens. Choice C:In a television set with a noncompound screen, the thicker the television set, the brighter the screen. Choice D:Television sets that are just a few inches thick can now be made with screens that are both bright and very large. Choice E:Television sets with compound screens do not have any disadvantages relative to sets with noncompound screens.

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Question ID:PT93 S3 Q8 Passage:Anthropologist: For early humans who moved from a hunter-gatherer lifestyle to agriculture, the transition must have been traumatic. There would have been increased incidence of disease and injury and a more homogeneous diet lacking vital nutrients more easily obtainable from the richly varied diet of hunter-gatherers. Thus, groups that made the transition were likely motivated by certain benefits that accompany the settled life of the agriculturist, such as opportunities for the accumulation of wealth by those with specialized social roles. Stem:Which one of the following most accurately describes the role played in the anthropologist's overall argument by the statement that for early humans who moved from a hunter-gatherer lifestyle to agriculture, the transition must have been traumatic? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:It is a premise for which another premise is offered as support. Choice B:It is background information that plays no logical role in the argument. Choice C:It is a premise for which no support is offered. Choice D:It is the conclusion of the argument as a whole. Choice E:It is a claim that the rest of the argument seeks to rebut.

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Question ID:PT93 S3 Q9 Passage:Most lawyers hold that violations of the rights of those who possess sites on the web are best prevented using copyright law. Yet many of the words used to describe such sites evoke ideas that are usually associated with real estate:  for example, the word "site" itself and the term "visiting" as applied to sites. The common law of trespass usually applies to cases of encroachment on real estate. Thus, it is reasonable to extend that law to protect against encroachments on property in cyberspace. Stem:The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:fails to provide adequate evidence that property in cyberspace is widely considered to be real estate Choice B:has a premise that presupposes what the argument attempts to show in the conclusion Choice C:itself provides significant evidence against the conclusion that it draws Choice D:fails to provide evidence that the similarities that constitute the analogy are anything but merely verbal Choice E:defends a view solely on the grounds that the view is held by many experts

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Question ID:PT93 S3 Q10 Passage:Journalist:  Contrary to popular opinion, it is more dangerous for an individual to drive during the day than during the night. A recent study found that in each of the last ten years, the number of traffic accidents that resulted in death was greater during the day than during the night. Stem:Each of the following, if true, helps to strengthen the argument EXCEPT: Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:Only during the day are there more unsafe than safe vehicles on the road. Choice B:There is decreased law enforcement presence during the day. Choice C:Persons drive more cautiously during the night than during the day. Choice D:The number of travelers per vehicle has increased over the past ten years. Choice E:Persons drive faster during the day than during the night.

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Question ID:PT93 S3 Q11 Passage:Biologist:  The evolutionary advantage of sexual reproduction is that it increases the range of genetic variation in a species, which is an advantage for the species as a whole. However, an increased range of genetic variation in a species is not advantageous for any individual member of the species. It follows that the sole reason that sexual reproduction has become the rule among both animals and plants is that natural selection has favored some entire species over others. Stem:The claim that an increased range of genetic variation in a species is not advantageous for any individual member of the species plays which one of the following roles in the biologist's argument? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:It is a claim offered in support of the argument's conclusion. Choice B:It is presented to raise a question that sheds doubt on the argument's conclusion. Choice C:It is a claim that the argument is designed to call into question. Choice D:It describes an observed phenomenon for which the argument seeks an explanation. Choice E:It is presented as the main explanation of the origin of an observed phenomenon.

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Question ID:PT93 S3 Q12 Passage:Columnist: Vagrancy laws are supposed to reduce criminal activity, but they don't. Making vagrancy illegal means transforming many innocuous everyday occurrences into crimes. Thus, vagrancy laws increase crime while purporting to reduce it. Stem:The reasoning in the columnist's argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:presumes, without providing any justification, that most innocuous everyday occurrences are harmful to society Choice B:mistakenly infers, from the claim that vagrancy laws are associated with an increase in many innocuous everyday occurrences, that vagrancy laws cause that increase Choice C:fails to specify what is meant by "innocuous everyday occurrences" Choice D:fails to consider the possibility that crime will increase even in the absence of vagrancy laws Choice E:does not adequately distinguish between an increase in criminal activity and the reclassification of certain occurrences as crimes

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Question ID:PT93 S3 Q13 Passage:Political theorist: The purpose of government is to prevent individuals from injuring others in the pursuit of their own welfare. Hence, if most individuals take a reasoned approach to getting what they want, the power of government should be less. Stem:Which one of the following is an assumption required by the political theorist's argument? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:Governments alone are not able to convince individuals to take a reasoned approach to getting what they want. Choice B:Government can serve its purpose without diminishing people's ability to promote their own welfare. Choice C:People who take a reasoned approach to getting what they want are less likely to injure other people than are those who do not. Choice D:People who injure other people in the pursuit of their own welfare will eventually be treated in the same fashion by others. Choice E:The more interest people have in promoting their own welfare, the less likely they are to be injured by others.

PT93 S3 Q13

Question ID:PT93 S3 Q14 Passage:Food critic:  One of the chief competitors of Chris's restaurant claims that Chris's okra supplier cannot reliably supply fresh okra. If this claim were true, Chris's customers could not count on getting good seafood gumbo, Chris's specialty, because the best seafood gumbo requires fresh okra. Stem:The food critic's argument is most subject to criticism because it Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:relies upon testimony that is likely to be biased Choice B:illicitly presumes that a dish must lack a certain quality if one of its ingredients lacks that quality Choice C:confuses a necessary condition for the best seafood gumbo with a sufficient condition for good seafood gumbo Choice D:takes for granted that a necessary ingredient of the best seafood gumbo is also a necessary ingredient of good seafood gumbo Choice E:fails to consider the possibility that on some days Chris's might be serving seafood gumbo made with fresh okra

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Question ID:PT93 S3 Q15 Passage:Ants sometimes live in hollow places in the roots of a certain orchid species.  Those orchids of that species that house ants are far healthier than those that do not.  Since the ants store organic matter in the orchids' roots, an explanation for the superior health of the orchids that house ants is that the organic matter stored by the ants provides those orchids with additional nutrients. Stem:Which one of the following, if true, is an alternative explanation for the better health of orchids that house the ants? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:Microscopic organisms that are present in the orchids' roots break down the organic matter stored there by the ants. Choice B:The nutrients present in the organic matter stored by the ants are the same as those present in the soil in which the orchids are found. Choice C:The ants that live in hollow places in the roots of orchids prey on an insect species whose members eat the orchids' roots. Choice D:The ants that live in hollow places in the roots of orchids do not play a role in pollinating the flowers of the plant. Choice E:Most plant species whose roots, stems, or leaves harbor insects are more prone to disease and rot than are other plants.

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Question ID:PT93 S3 Q16 Passage:Future overall demand for professors can be predicted with reasonable accuracy from current birth rates. But the accuracy of predictions of future demand for music professors is lower, and that for jazz studies professors lower still. Stem:The situation described above best illustrates which one of the following principles? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:The more detailed and complete the evidence, the more precise predictions based on that evidence are. Choice B:The more general the level of a prediction, the more accurate it is. Choice C:Predicting future trends becomes more difficult as the events those predictions concern become more temporally remote. Choice D:The more detailed and complete the evidence, the more confidence we can have in predictions based on that evidence. Choice E:Predictions based only on general trends are unlikely to be accurate.

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Question ID:PT93 S3 Q17 Passage:Anarchist:  People can either fight for anarchy or they can tolerate totalitarian government control. But history shows that government control of all facets of human life destroys the spirit, making life miserable. So, people should fight for anarchy, which allows each individual the freedom to pursue a personal course of happiness. Stem:Which one of the following most accurately describes a flaw in the argument's reasoning? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:Governments provide many social goods, and the argument does not attempt to explain why anarchy is a desirable alternative to government control of all facets of human life. Choice B:By asserting that people both should and should not tolerate totalitarian government, the argument contradicts itself. Choice C:The argument infers from the assertion that people should fight for anarchy that totalitarianism is objectionable. Choice D:The argument offers no indication that there is evidence for its claim that totalitarianism destroys the spirit and makes life miserable. Choice E:The argument sets out anarchy and totalitarianism as the only two political alternatives that are available.

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Question ID:PT93 S3 Q18 Passage:Consumer demand for personal computers continues to increase each year, which might lead one to think that the profits earned selling personal computers at the retail level are very high relative to total retail sales of personal computers. Yet the retail profit margin on personal computer sales is extremely low compared to that of other popular high-technology items. Stem:Each of the following, if true, helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy described above EXCEPT: Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:Rapid innovation in computer technology increases the likelihood of a store's stock becoming obsolete. Choice B:Satisfaction with their first personal computer tends to make customers very loyal to that particular brand. Choice C:A customer needs more help from store employees when buying a personal computer than when buying other high-technology items. Choice D:Many retail stores have low prices on personal computers in order to bring in customers who might buy software and accessories. Choice E:An increase in the number of discount retail outlets selling personal computers has intensified the competition for customers.

PT93 S3 Q18

Question ID:PT93 S3 Q19 Passage:If a film is accepted by the festival committee, then one of the distributors attending the festival buys it. If a distributor buys a film, the film's financial backers are assured of recouping their investment. This film was not accepted by the festival committee, so this film's financial backers will not recoup their investment. Stem:Which one of the following arguments employs a flawed pattern of reasoning most similar to the flawed pattern of reasoning in the argument above? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:If a film has a good story, it will be praised by critics. If a film is praised by critics, it will do well at the box office. This film did not do well at the box office, so it must not have a good story. Choice B:If a film features several stars, it will be successful at the box office. A box office success has a long run at theaters. This film features only one star, so it will not have a long run at theaters. Choice C:If a film is directed by a talented artist, it will be praised by critics. If a film is praised by critics, it will do well on video. This film did well on video, so it was directed by a talented artist. Choice D:If a film is a box office success, then one of its stars is nominated for an award. If a star receives an award, the film is assured of doing well on video. This star was not nominated for an award, so the film will not do well on video. Choice E:If a film has a big budget, it will be heavily promoted. A heavily promoted film will be released all over the country at once. This film has a big budget, so it will be released all over the country at once.

PT93 S3 Q19

Question ID:PT93 S3 Q20 Passage:Psychologist:  In an experiment, business managers who normally drank coffee on a daily basis were given more than their normal amount. The managers got faster at processing new information, but were less able to integrate it with past information when making decisions. Because successful management depends more on integrating information than on speed, this study demonstrates that drinking more coffee than usual impairs overall management ability. Stem:Which one of the following is an assumption on which the psychologist's argument depends? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:The business managers in the experiment were different from each other in both the speed at which they processed information and in their ability to integrate information. Choice B:Drinking less coffee than usual would not impede a manager's overall management ability as much as would drinking more coffee than usual. Choice C:There is no other factor that is more important to successful business management than either speed of processing information or ability to integrate it. Choice D:In the experiment, drinking more coffee than usual did not have beneficial effects on overall management ability that outweighed the reduction in ability to integrate past information. Choice E:The amount of coffee one drinks is the most important factor influencing the speed at which one processes new information.

PT93 S3 Q20

Question ID:PT93 S3 Q21 Passage:Orator: Moral excellence can be achieved only by repeatedly overcoming inclinations to do the wrong thing. Overcoming these inclinations is often difficult to do, even for a morally virtuous person, but the only way to become a morally virtuous person is through the achievement of moral excellence. Stem:Which one of the following is a conclusion that follows logically from the orator's statements? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:A morally virtuous person is incapable of doing the wrong thing. Choice B:Most people who achieve moral excellence are morally virtuous. Choice C:Someone who has no inclination to do anything that is wrong has achieved moral excellence. Choice D:Someone who is not morally virtuous is incapable of achieving moral excellence. Choice E:Every morally virtuous person has been inclined to do something that is wrong.

PT93 S3 Q21

Question ID:PT93 S3 Q22 Passage:Philosopher:  Philosophers usually treat emotions as nonrational. But emotion is not nonrational:  it only seems that way because language lacks the ability to convey adequate conceptions of emotion. The words we use to refer to emotions name only very general kinds of inner experience—excitement, calm, joy, and so on. Thus, for example, there is no language for describing just how one joy differs from another. Stem:Which one of the following most accurately describes the role played in the philosopher's argument by the proposition that there is no language for describing just how one joy differs from another? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:It is an example of the phenomenon that the argument seeks to explain. Choice B:It is the main conclusion of the argument. Choice C:It is a specific instance illustrating a general claim, thereby indirectly supporting the conclusion. Choice D:It is a concession to the view that the argument seeks to refute. Choice E:It is the explanation proposed for the phenomenon the argument seeks to explain.

PT93 S3 Q22

Question ID:PT93 S3 Q23 Passage:Superstring theory is a controversial new theory in physics that purports, unlike more established physical theories, to explain the nature and existence of gravity. A major problem with superstring theory is that to test it we would have to build a particle accelerator 100 trillion kilometers long. Another problem is that superstring theory has had no success in adequately explaining why the force of gravity is not stronger or weaker than it is. Stem:Which one of the following is most strongly supported by the information above? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:Superstring theory would be more successful if superstring theorists attempted to explain why the force of gravity is not stronger or weaker than it is. Choice B:Physical theories that are better established than superstring theory provide better explanations of physical phenomena than does superstring theory. Choice C:Some physical theory more established than superstring theory has had at least some success in explaining why the force of gravity is not stronger or weaker than it is. Choice D:A physical theory cannot be true if testing that theory would require us to build a particle accelerator 100 trillion kilometers long. Choice E:A theory that purports to explain the nature of a force is deficient if it cannot account for the strength of that force.

PT93 S3 Q23

Question ID:PT93 S3 Q24 Passage:A smaller number of short documentary films than of full-length science-fiction films are commercially successful, even though there are more short documentary films than there are science-fiction films. Therefore, a higher proportion of full-length science-fiction films than of short documentary films are commercially successful. Stem:Which one of the following arguments is most similar in its pattern of reasoning to the argument above? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:A greater number of small modern apartments than of large Victorian apartments have freestanding bathtubs. Hence, a smaller percentage of large Victorian apartments than of small modern apartments have freestanding bathtubs. Choice B:A greater number of large Victorian apartments than of modern apartments have freestanding bathtubs, even though there are more modern apartments than there are Victorian apartments. Thus, a higher proportion of large Victorian apartments than of modern apartments have freestanding bathtubs. Choice C:A smaller number of small modern apartments than of large Victorian apartments have freestanding bathtubs. For even though there are more small modern apartments than there are Victorian apartments, a higher proportion of large Victorian apartments than of small modern apartments have freestanding bathtubs. Choice D:A greater number of large Victorian apartments than of small modern apartments have freestanding bathtubs, so there are more small modern apartments than there are large Victorian apartments, since a higher percentage of large Victorian apartments than of small modern apartments have freestanding bathtubs. Choice E:A smaller number of modern apartments than of Victorian apartments have freestanding bathtubs, even though there are fewer modern apartments than there are large Victorian apartments. This establishes that a higher proportion of Victorian apartments than of modern apartments have freestanding bathtubs.

PT93 S3 Q24

Question ID:PT93 S3 Q25 Passage:To test the claim that vitamin C is effective in treating acne, scientists administered it to one group of subjects and a placebo to a control group. The group receiving vitamin C had less severe acne during the study than did the control group. It was subsequently discovered, however, that half of the subjects in each group knew which kind of pill they were given. Among those who could not tell, no difference in the severity of acne was found between the two groups. Therefore, we can tentatively conclude that vitamin C has no real benefit in reducing the severity of acne. Stem:Which one of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:The subjects who were given vitamin C had a history of suffering from more severe acne than did the subjects receiving a placebo. Choice B:None of the subjects who were given vitamin C took additional doses of vitamin C on their own. Choice C:During the study, the severity of the subjects' acne was lower than the national average. Choice D:Some of the subjects who were given placebos consumed foods during the study that are naturally rich in vitamin C. Choice E:Some of the subjects who knew their pills were placebos did not actually take the pills they were given.

PT93 S3 Q25

Question ID:PT93 S4 Q1 Passage:A corporation is planning separate travel itineraries for two representatives, Frank and Gloria, each of whom must visit exactly three of the following cities: Houston, Montreal, Seattle, and Toronto. Each city must be visited by at least one of the representatives and at most once by each representative. The following additional conditions apply to the itineraries:Anyone visiting Montreal must visit Toronto immediately afterwards.If Gloria visits Houston, then Frank must visit Montreal.If Frank visits Houston, then he must later visit Seattle. Stem:Which one of the following could be the itineraries of the two representatives, each listing the cities in the order in which they are visited? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:Frank: Houston, Montreal, TorontoGloria: Montreal, Toronto, Seattle Choice B:Frank: Houston, Seattle, TorontoGloria: Houston, Montreal, Toronto Choice C:Frank: Montreal, Houston, SeattleGloria: Toronto, Houston, Seattle Choice D:Frank: Montreal, Toronto, SeattleGloria: Houston, Seattle, Toronto Choice E:Frank: Toronto, Houston, SeattleGloria: Toronto, Montreal, Seattle

PT93 S4 Q1

Question ID:PT93 S4 Q2 Passage:A corporation is planning separate travel itineraries for two representatives, Frank and Gloria, each of whom must visit exactly three of the following cities: Houston, Montreal, Seattle, and Toronto. Each city must be visited by at least one of the representatives and at most once by each representative. The following additional conditions apply to the itineraries:Anyone visiting Montreal must visit Toronto immediately afterwards.If Gloria visits Houston, then Frank must visit Montreal.If Frank visits Houston, then he must later visit Seattle. Stem:Which one of the following could be Frank's itinerary, listing the cities in the order in which he visits them? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:Houston, Montreal, Toronto Choice B:Houston, Toronto, Seattle Choice C:Montreal, Houston, Seattle Choice D:Seattle, Toronto, Houston Choice E:Seattle, Toronto, Montreal

PT93 S4 Q2

Question ID:PT93 S4 Q3 Passage:A corporation is planning separate travel itineraries for two representatives, Frank and Gloria, each of whom must visit exactly three of the following cities: Houston, Montreal, Seattle, and Toronto. Each city must be visited by at least one of the representatives and at most once by each representative. The following additional conditions apply to the itineraries:Anyone visiting Montreal must visit Toronto immediately afterwards.If Gloria visits Houston, then Frank must visit Montreal.If Frank visits Houston, then he must later visit Seattle. Stem:If Frank and Gloria each visit Montreal, then which one of the following could be true? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:Houston is the second city Frank visits. Choice B:Houston is the second city Gloria visits. Choice C:Seattle is the first city Frank visits. Choice D:Seattle is the third city Gloria visits. Choice E:Toronto is the first city Gloria visits.

PT93 S4 Q3

Question ID:PT93 S4 Q4 Passage:A corporation is planning separate travel itineraries for two representatives, Frank and Gloria, each of whom must visit exactly three of the following cities: Houston, Montreal, Seattle, and Toronto. Each city must be visited by at least one of the representatives and at most once by each representative. The following additional conditions apply to the itineraries:Anyone visiting Montreal must visit Toronto immediately afterwards.If Gloria visits Houston, then Frank must visit Montreal.If Frank visits Houston, then he must later visit Seattle. Stem:If Toronto is the first city Gloria visits, then which one of the following CANNOT be true? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:Frank visits Houston. Choice B:Frank visits Montreal. Choice C:Frank visits Toronto. Choice D:Gloria visits Houston. Choice E:Gloria visits Seattle.

PT93 S4 Q4

Question ID:PT93 S4 Q5 Passage:A corporation is planning separate travel itineraries for two representatives, Frank and Gloria, each of whom must visit exactly three of the following cities: Houston, Montreal, Seattle, and Toronto. Each city must be visited by at least one of the representatives and at most once by each representative. The following additional conditions apply to the itineraries:Anyone visiting Montreal must visit Toronto immediately afterwards.If Gloria visits Houston, then Frank must visit Montreal.If Frank visits Houston, then he must later visit Seattle. Stem:Which one of the following must be true? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:Frank visits Houston. Choice B:Frank visits Montreal. Choice C:Gloria visits Houston. Choice D:Gloria visits Seattle. Choice E:Gloria visits Toronto.

PT93 S4 Q5

Question ID:PT93 S4 Q6 Passage:A corporation is planning separate travel itineraries for two representatives, Frank and Gloria, each of whom must visit exactly three of the following cities: Houston, Montreal, Seattle, and Toronto. Each city must be visited by at least one of the representatives and at most once by each representative. The following additional conditions apply to the itineraries:Anyone visiting Montreal must visit Toronto immediately afterwards.If Gloria visits Houston, then Frank must visit Montreal.If Frank visits Houston, then he must later visit Seattle. Stem:If the second city Frank visits is Seattle, then which one of the following must be true? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:The first city Frank visits is Montreal. Choice B:The third city Frank visits is Toronto. Choice C:The first city Gloria visits is Seattle. Choice D:The second city Gloria visits is Montreal. Choice E:The third city Gloria visits is Toronto.

PT93 S4 Q6

Question ID:PT93 S4 Q7 Passage:A city manager is determining the order in which the city's two snowplows—plow 1 and plow 2—will clear six streets—Gilman, Hickory, Juniper, King, Lime, and Main. Each street will be cleared exactly once, with each snowplow clearing three streets, in order from first to third. The streets must be cleared in accordance with the following conditions:Whichever of the two snowplows clears Main does so before clearing any other street.The same snowplow clears both Gilman and Hickory.If the same snowplow clears both Juniper and Lime, Lime is cleared at some time before Juniper.Plow 1 clears King. Stem:Which one of the following could be the streets cleared by each snowplow, in order from first to third? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:plow 1: Gilman, King, Hickoryplow 2: Main, Juniper, Lime Choice B:plow 1: Gilman, Lime, Kingplow 2: Main, Juniper, Hickory Choice C:plow 1: Juniper, Main, Kingplow 2: Gilman, Lime, Hickory Choice D:plow 1: Lime, King, Juniperplow 2: Main, Gilman, Hickory Choice E:plow 1: Main, Hickory, Gilmanplow 2: Lime, Juniper, King

PT93 S4 Q7

Question ID:PT93 S4 Q8 Passage:A city manager is determining the order in which the city's two snowplows—plow 1 and plow 2—will clear six streets—Gilman, Hickory, Juniper, King, Lime, and Main. Each street will be cleared exactly once, with each snowplow clearing three streets, in order from first to third. The streets must be cleared in accordance with the following conditions:Whichever of the two snowplows clears Main does so before clearing any other street.The same snowplow clears both Gilman and Hickory.If the same snowplow clears both Juniper and Lime, Lime is cleared at some time before Juniper.Plow 1 clears King. Stem:If Lime is the second street that plow 1 clears, then each of the following could be true EXCEPT: Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:Gilman is the first street that plow 2 clears. Choice B:Hickory is the first street that plow 1 clears. Choice C:Juniper is the first street that plow 2 clears. Choice D:King is the first street that plow 1 clears. Choice E:Main is the first street that plow 1 clears.

PT93 S4 Q8

Question ID:PT93 S4 Q9 Passage:A city manager is determining the order in which the city's two snowplows—plow 1 and plow 2—will clear six streets—Gilman, Hickory, Juniper, King, Lime, and Main. Each street will be cleared exactly once, with each snowplow clearing three streets, in order from first to third. The streets must be cleared in accordance with the following conditions:Whichever of the two snowplows clears Main does so before clearing any other street.The same snowplow clears both Gilman and Hickory.If the same snowplow clears both Juniper and Lime, Lime is cleared at some time before Juniper.Plow 1 clears King. Stem:Which one of the following CANNOT be true? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:Gilman is the first street that plow 2 clears. Choice B:Gilman is the third street that plow 2 clears. Choice C:Juniper is the first street that plow 1 clears. Choice D:Juniper is the second street that plow 1 clears. Choice E:King is the third street that plow 1 clears.

PT93 S4 Q9

Question ID:PT93 S4 Q10 Passage:A city manager is determining the order in which the city's two snowplows—plow 1 and plow 2—will clear six streets—Gilman, Hickory, Juniper, King, Lime, and Main. Each street will be cleared exactly once, with each snowplow clearing three streets, in order from first to third. The streets must be cleared in accordance with the following conditions:Whichever of the two snowplows clears Main does so before clearing any other street.The same snowplow clears both Gilman and Hickory.If the same snowplow clears both Juniper and Lime, Lime is cleared at some time before Juniper.Plow 1 clears King. Stem:How many of the streets are there any one of which could be the third street cleared by plow 2? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:one Choice B:two Choice C:three Choice D:four Choice E:five

PT93 S4 Q10

Question ID:PT93 S4 Q11 Passage:A city manager is determining the order in which the city's two snowplows—plow 1 and plow 2—will clear six streets—Gilman, Hickory, Juniper, King, Lime, and Main. Each street will be cleared exactly once, with each snowplow clearing three streets, in order from first to third. The streets must be cleared in accordance with the following conditions:Whichever of the two snowplows clears Main does so before clearing any other street.The same snowplow clears both Gilman and Hickory.If the same snowplow clears both Juniper and Lime, Lime is cleared at some time before Juniper.Plow 1 clears King. Stem:If Hickory is the second street that plow 1 clears, which one of the following could be false? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:Gilman is cleared by plow 1. Choice B:Juniper is cleared by plow 2. Choice C:King is the third street that plow 1 clears. Choice D:Lime is the second street that plow 2 clears. Choice E:Main is the first street that plow 2 clears.

PT93 S4 Q11

Question ID:PT93 S4 Q12 Passage:A city manager is determining the order in which the city's two snowplows—plow 1 and plow 2—will clear six streets—Gilman, Hickory, Juniper, King, Lime, and Main. Each street will be cleared exactly once, with each snowplow clearing three streets, in order from first to third. The streets must be cleared in accordance with the following conditions:Whichever of the two snowplows clears Main does so before clearing any other street.The same snowplow clears both Gilman and Hickory.If the same snowplow clears both Juniper and Lime, Lime is cleared at some time before Juniper.Plow 1 clears King. Stem:Which one of the following, if substituted for the condition that the same snowplow clears both Gilman and Hickory, would have the same effect in determining which streets are cleared by which snowplow and in what order? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:The snowplow that clears Main also clears Gilman. Choice B:If plow 1 clears Main, King is either the second or third street that plow 1 clears. Choice C:If Juniper is cleared by the same snowplow as Lime, plow 2 clears both Gilman and Hickory. Choice D:Juniper is cleared by the same snowplow as Lime if and only if plow 2 clears Hickory. Choice E:Juniper is cleared by the same snowplow as Lime if and only if plow 2 clears Main.

PT93 S4 Q12

Question ID:PT93 S4 Q13 Passage:For a group show, an art dealer selects exactly five of an artist's eight paintings:  Funscape, Golem, Helios, Incorrigibility, Quisling, Rhododendra, Salvation, and Verisimilitude. The art dealer's selection must be consistent with the following:If either or both of Golem and Helios are selected, Funscape is selected.If Verisimilitude is selected, both Quisling and Rhododendra are selected.If Helios is selected, then neither Quisling nor Incorrigibility is selected.If both Golem and Salvation are selected, Incorrigibility is not selected.If Funscape is selected, exactly one of Salvation or Verisimilitude is selected. Stem:Which one of the following could be an accurate list of the five paintings selected for the show? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:Funscape, Golem, Incorrigibility, Salvation, Rhododendra Choice B:Funscape, Incorrigibility, Quisling, Rhododendra, Salvation Choice C:Funscape, Helios, Quisling, Rhododendra, Verisimilitude Choice D:Golem, Helios, Salvation, Verisimilitude, Rhododendra Choice E:Funscape, Golem, Helios, Salvation, Verisimilitude

PT93 S4 Q13

Question ID:PT93 S4 Q14 Passage:For a group show, an art dealer selects exactly five of an artist's eight paintings:  Funscape, Golem, Helios, Incorrigibility, Quisling, Rhododendra, Salvation, and Verisimilitude. The art dealer's selection must be consistent with the following:If either or both of Golem and Helios are selected, Funscape is selected.If Verisimilitude is selected, both Quisling and Rhododendra are selected.If Helios is selected, then neither Quisling nor Incorrigibility is selected.If both Golem and Salvation are selected, Incorrigibility is not selected.If Funscape is selected, exactly one of Salvation or Verisimilitude is selected. Stem:If Incorrigibility is not selected for the show, then each of the following pairs could be among the selected paintings EXCEPT: Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:Quisling and Rhododendra Choice B:Salvation and Golem Choice C:Verisimilitude and Golem Choice D:Salvation and Verisimilitude Choice E:Rhododendra and Golem

PT93 S4 Q14

Question ID:PT93 S4 Q15 Passage:For a group show, an art dealer selects exactly five of an artist's eight paintings:  Funscape, Golem, Helios, Incorrigibility, Quisling, Rhododendra, Salvation, and Verisimilitude. The art dealer's selection must be consistent with the following:If either or both of Golem and Helios are selected, Funscape is selected.If Verisimilitude is selected, both Quisling and Rhododendra are selected.If Helios is selected, then neither Quisling nor Incorrigibility is selected.If both Golem and Salvation are selected, Incorrigibility is not selected.If Funscape is selected, exactly one of Salvation or Verisimilitude is selected. Stem:If both Funscape and Helios are selected for the show, then which one of the following pairs must be two of the selected paintings? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:Incorrigibility and Rhododendra Choice B:Incorrigibility and Verisimilitude Choice C:Quisling and Salvation Choice D:Rhododendra and Salvation Choice E:Rhododendra and Verisimilitude

PT93 S4 Q15

Question ID:PT93 S4 Q16 Passage:For a group show, an art dealer selects exactly five of an artist's eight paintings:  Funscape, Golem, Helios, Incorrigibility, Quisling, Rhododendra, Salvation, and Verisimilitude. The art dealer's selection must be consistent with the following:If either or both of Golem and Helios are selected, Funscape is selected.If Verisimilitude is selected, both Quisling and Rhododendra are selected.If Helios is selected, then neither Quisling nor Incorrigibility is selected.If both Golem and Salvation are selected, Incorrigibility is not selected.If Funscape is selected, exactly one of Salvation or Verisimilitude is selected. Stem:If both Quisling and Verisimilitude are selected for the show, then which one of the following pairs could be two of the selected paintings? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:Salvation and Helios Choice B:Salvation and Incorrigibility Choice C:Salvation and Funscape Choice D:Golem and Incorrigibility Choice E:Golem and Helios

PT93 S4 Q16

Question ID:PT93 S4 Q17 Passage:For a group show, an art dealer selects exactly five of an artist's eight paintings:  Funscape, Golem, Helios, Incorrigibility, Quisling, Rhododendra, Salvation, and Verisimilitude. The art dealer's selection must be consistent with the following:If either or both of Golem and Helios are selected, Funscape is selected.If Verisimilitude is selected, both Quisling and Rhododendra are selected.If Helios is selected, then neither Quisling nor Incorrigibility is selected.If both Golem and Salvation are selected, Incorrigibility is not selected.If Funscape is selected, exactly one of Salvation or Verisimilitude is selected. Stem:If Quisling is not selected for the show, then which one of the following pairs must be two of the selected paintings? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:Salvation and Verisimilitude Choice B:Rhododendra and Salvation Choice C:Rhododendra and Verisimilitude Choice D:Helios and Incorrigibility Choice E:Golem and Incorrigibility

PT93 S4 Q17

Question ID:PT93 S4 Q18 Passage:A movie studio will release exactly seven movies next year: Half-Hearted, Jujitsu, Kiley, Lowball, Meanderers, Ollie, and Periwinkle. Based on the studio's marketing plan, the movies will be released, one at a time, in accordance with the following conditions:Jujitsu must be released earlier than Half-Hearted.Periwinkle must be released later than both Ollie and Half-Hearted, but earlier than Lowball.Kiley must be released third if Jujitsu is released first.If Meanderers is released earlier than Periwinkle, then Jujitsu must be released earlier than Kiley and later than Meanderers. Stem:Which one of the following could be the order, from first to last, in which the movies are released? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:Jujitsu, Half-Hearted, Ollie, Periwinkle, Lowball, Kiley, Meanderers Choice B:Ollie, Half-Hearted, Jujitsu, Periwinkle, Meanderers, Kiley, Lowball Choice C:Kiley, Meanderers, Ollie, Jujitsu, Half-Hearted, Periwinkle, Lowball Choice D:Kiley, Jujitsu, Ollie, Half-Hearted, Periwinkle, Meanderers, Lowball Choice E:Meanderers, Jujitsu, Ollie, Half-Hearted, Lowball, Periwinkle, Kiley

PT93 S4 Q18

Question ID:PT93 S4 Q19 Passage:A movie studio will release exactly seven movies next year: Half-Hearted, Jujitsu, Kiley, Lowball, Meanderers, Ollie, and Periwinkle. Based on the studio's marketing plan, the movies will be released, one at a time, in accordance with the following conditions:Jujitsu must be released earlier than Half-Hearted.Periwinkle must be released later than both Ollie and Half-Hearted, but earlier than Lowball.Kiley must be released third if Jujitsu is released first.If Meanderers is released earlier than Periwinkle, then Jujitsu must be released earlier than Kiley and later than Meanderers. Stem:If Ollie is the fifth movie released, then which one of the following could be true? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:Half-Hearted is released earlier than Kiley. Choice B:Lowball is released earlier than Kiley. Choice C:Ollie is released earlier than Meanderers. Choice D:Kiley is released earlier than Jujitsu. Choice E:Periwinkle is released earlier than Meanderers.

PT93 S4 Q19

Question ID:PT93 S4 Q20 Passage:A movie studio will release exactly seven movies next year: Half-Hearted, Jujitsu, Kiley, Lowball, Meanderers, Ollie, and Periwinkle. Based on the studio's marketing plan, the movies will be released, one at a time, in accordance with the following conditions:Jujitsu must be released earlier than Half-Hearted.Periwinkle must be released later than both Ollie and Half-Hearted, but earlier than Lowball.Kiley must be released third if Jujitsu is released first.If Meanderers is released earlier than Periwinkle, then Jujitsu must be released earlier than Kiley and later than Meanderers. Stem:Which one of the following must be true? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:Half-Hearted is one of the first four movies released. Choice B:Lowball is one of the last three movies released. Choice C:Meanderers is released earlier than Jujitsu. Choice D:Meanderers is released earlier than Lowball. Choice E:Kiley is released earlier than Jujitsu.

PT93 S4 Q20

Question ID:PT93 S4 Q21 Passage:A movie studio will release exactly seven movies next year: Half-Hearted, Jujitsu, Kiley, Lowball, Meanderers, Ollie, and Periwinkle. Based on the studio's marketing plan, the movies will be released, one at a time, in accordance with the following conditions:Jujitsu must be released earlier than Half-Hearted.Periwinkle must be released later than both Ollie and Half-Hearted, but earlier than Lowball.Kiley must be released third if Jujitsu is released first.If Meanderers is released earlier than Periwinkle, then Jujitsu must be released earlier than Kiley and later than Meanderers. Stem:If Meanderers is the second movie released, then which one of the following must be true? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:Half-Hearted is released fifth. Choice B:Kiley is released fourth. Choice C:Lowball is released seventh. Choice D:Ollie is released first. Choice E:Periwinkle is released third.

PT93 S4 Q21

Question ID:PT93 S4 Q22 Passage:A movie studio will release exactly seven movies next year: Half-Hearted, Jujitsu, Kiley, Lowball, Meanderers, Ollie, and Periwinkle. Based on the studio's marketing plan, the movies will be released, one at a time, in accordance with the following conditions:Jujitsu must be released earlier than Half-Hearted.Periwinkle must be released later than both Ollie and Half-Hearted, but earlier than Lowball.Kiley must be released third if Jujitsu is released first.If Meanderers is released earlier than Periwinkle, then Jujitsu must be released earlier than Kiley and later than Meanderers. Stem:If Periwinkle is the sixth movie released, then which one of the following must be true? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:Jujitsu is released earlier than Ollie. Choice B:Kiley is released earlier than Half-Hearted. Choice C:Meanderers is released earlier than Half-Hearted. Choice D:Meanderers is released earlier than Ollie. Choice E:Ollie is released earlier than Half-Hearted.

PT93 S4 Q22

Question ID:PT93 S4 Q23 Passage:A movie studio will release exactly seven movies next year: Half-Hearted, Jujitsu, Kiley, Lowball, Meanderers, Ollie, and Periwinkle. Based on the studio's marketing plan, the movies will be released, one at a time, in accordance with the following conditions:Jujitsu must be released earlier than Half-Hearted.Periwinkle must be released later than both Ollie and Half-Hearted, but earlier than Lowball.Kiley must be released third if Jujitsu is released first.If Meanderers is released earlier than Periwinkle, then Jujitsu must be released earlier than Kiley and later than Meanderers. Stem:Which one of the following CANNOT be true? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:Kiley is released later than Meanderers but earlier than Jujitsu. Choice B:Meanderers is released later than Jujitsu but earlier than Kiley. Choice C:Meanderers is released later than Ollie but earlier than Jujitsu. Choice D:Meanderers is released later than Half-Hearted but earlier than Lowball. Choice E:Ollie is released later than Meanderers but earlier than Half-Hearted.

PT93 S4 Q23