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S1364815216303541 | As a particular case of survey data, we used the iUTAH “Utah Water Survey,” which was implemented by participating researchers from several Utah institutions of higher education. The objectives of the survey were to document how a representative cross-section of Utah's adult population thinks about water issues. The survey included three core blocks of questions: perceptions of the adequacy of local water supplies, perceptions of the quality of local water resources, and concern about a range of water and non-water issues. A number of additional questions captured information about respondents' familiarity with water cost, lawn-watering behaviors, participation in water based recreation, and demographic attributes. Supplementary material to this paper includes a document with a description of the dataset as a whole, a document containing the complete survey instrument, and two data files containing the results and an associated codebook (see Section 4.3). | [
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S0377221716303873 | The iron ore may be extracted from blocks of 25×25×12meter3 located at three consecutive mining benches of 12meter height. For this case study, ten equally probable scenarios of iron content, phosphorous, silica, aluminum and LOI are used to quantify the joint uncertainty in the characteristics of the iron ore deposit considered and are the input to the SSTPS formulation proposed in the previous section. The simulated scenarios available were provided and generated using the stochastic simulated technique detailed in Boucher and Dimitrakopoulos (2012). The area considered is bounded by the limits of the given volume of production in the long-term first year production schedule provided. Fig. 4 shows 3 scenarios of iron ore content as well as the corresponding conventional and single estimated (average) representation of iron content (Fe2O3%) for the upper bench. In total, 734 blocks from 3525 to 21,150 tonnes, with Fe2O3 from 54.59% to 60.63%, P from 0.02% to 0.04%, SiO2 from 3.10% to 8.58%, Al2O3 from 0.53% to 1.88% and LOI from 8.75% to 11.75% are available. | [
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S2212667814000884 | Many models have been propounded for forecasting lightning. Though majority of the model had shown accuracy, the response time in detecting natural phenomenon is quite low. In this model, we used the mathematical experimentation of the micro scale plasmas to develop the macro scale atmospheric plasma which we believe is a major influence of lightning. The Schrödinger-electrostatic algorithm was propounded to further increase both the accuracy and alacrity of detecting natural phenomena. According to our theoretical experimentation, the air density plays a major role in lightning forecast. Our guess was verified using the Davis Weather Station to track the air density both in the upper and lower atmosphere. The air density in the upper atmosphere showed prospect as a vital factor for lightning forecast. | [
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S0167931711005120 | A nanocomposite system consisting of a semiconducting matrix and embedded ferromagnetic nanostructures has been fabricated. The ferromagnetic characteristics as coercivity, remanence and magnetic anisotropy of the nanocomposite can be adjusted by the electrochemical parameters. Furthermore the spatial distribution of the metal structures within the pores can be varied which means that the magnetic interactions between the particles can be influenced. In the case of densely packed particles within the pores dipolar coupling between them occurs and results in quasi magnetic chains which offer a much larger magnetic anisotropy than non-interacting particles. By modifying the current density small Ni-particles (3–6nm) can be deposited. If the packing density of these particles is sufficiently close, Ni-tubes of a few nanometer in thickness are covering the pore walls. The presented nanocomposite is an interesting system for magnetic applications as magnetic sensor technology. Silicon as substrate renders this composite a good candidate for the integration in existing process technology. | [
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S030193221400144X | In the present work, a LIF technique is applied for investigation of gas-sheared film flow in horizontal rectangular duct. The technique makes it possible to perform field measurements of local film thickness, resolved in both space and time, similar to the work of Alekseenko et al. (2009). The flat shape and large transverse size of the duct allow us to resolve the film thickness in transverse coordinate as well. Alekseenko et al. (2012) attempted to do this in annular downward flow, but, for technical reasons, the sampling frequency was not high enough in their experiments. More recently Alekseenko et al. (2014a) showed that the LIF technique can also detect entrained droplets. The technique allows the simultaneous study of three-dimensional wavy structures and liquid entrainment, and can improve understanding of the entrainment phenomenon. | [
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S002231151500032X | Zirconium alloys are used as cladding to encapsulate fuel pellets in pressurised and boiling water nuclear reactors. Research into oxidation of these alloys has been significant since the introduction of the material. However, the microstructure and electro-chemical processes during oxidation are complex and many questions still remain unanswered. One such issue is the formation of lateral cracks near the metal-oxide interface. Small cracks have been seen to form continuously during oxidation, with large scale networks of lateral cracks forming cyclically every ∼2μm of oxide growth. These networks of cracks can be correlated with acceleration in the corrosion kinetics [1–7]. These lateral cracks might enable the link up of nano pores along grain boundaries perpendicular to the metal/oxide interface as reported in [8,9]. Experiments using Synchrotron X-Ray Diffraction (S-XRD) by both Polatidis et al. and Petigny et al., have separately shown that oxides formed on Zircaloy-4 are composed of monoclinic and stabilised tetragonal phases, with an ∼7% reduction in the tetragonal phase fraction from 1 to 3μm oxide growth [4,10]. One theory is that the lateral cracks may destabilise the tetragonal phase close to the metal-oxide interface. The phase transformation has an ∼6% expansion associated with it, which could lead to fracture perpendicular to the metal-oxide interface, thereby generating fast ingress routes for oxygen containing species [11,12]. | [
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S0377221716302259 | Regarding the implications of the results of this paper, we note two points. From a practical point of view, we have endowed the weighted additive model with a distance function structure, which takes negative values for points located outside the technology and non-negative values for points into the production possibility set. In this respect, the weighted additive distance function methodologically supports the branch of the literature that resorts to the weighted additive model or some related approach to measure productivity over time (see, for example, Mahlberg & Sahoo, 2011 or Chang et al., 2012). From a theoretical point of view, we have provided a new distance function with some interesting properties in contrast to the usual ones, mainly (1) when technical inefficiency has to be estimated, the weighted additive distance function coincides with the weighted additive model, which means that technical inefficiency is measured following the Pareto-Koopmans notion of efficiency; and (2) when productivity has to be determined and decomposed over time the weighted additive distance function emerges as an attractive tool to be used for cross-period evaluation of returns to scale changes, since this distance function is always feasible, even under Variable Returns to Scale. | [
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S0167931713005042 | We used 2μm of ultra-nanocrystalline diamond (UNCD) grown by chemical vapour deposition (CVD) on a ∼520μm silicon carrier wafer from Advanced Diamond Technologies Ltd. Detailed information about the material and the stamp fabrication can be found in our earlier paper [16]. The UNCD wafer was scribed into 1×1cm2 samples and subjected to RCA cleaning (SC-1), followed by ultrasonic solvent cleaning. Nanofeature stamps were then created from the samples using conventional electron beam lithography (EBL) with negative tone electron sensitive resist, hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ). An Al discharge layer was required above the resist to prevent e-beam deflection due to charge build-up on the surface [17]. Several stamps were produced with this process and the pattern written varied in design but consisted of arrays of circular pillars. After EBL and HSQ development, the HSQ was used as an etch mask for RIE with a mixture of oxygen and argon gas. The etched diamond nanopillars were typically 225nm high. Fig. 1 displays a scanning electron micrograph of some typical stamp features. | [
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S0370269304006768 | In our study we illustrate the properties of gauge invariant extensions of local functionals. We aim at clarifying, via specific examples, the relation between a functional which is local in a particular gauge (but not necessarily gauge invariant), and its gauge invariant extension (which is not necessarily local). We show that the non-localities found are not perturbatively local because they cannot be expressed in terms of an infinite derivative expansion. We believe that the implications of this observation have not been clearly emphasised in the literature, as attested by the absence of any debate about it in recent works. It is precisely these dangerous infrared modes that make it hard to define a gauge independent renormalisation for the gauge invariant extensions of local functionals. This observation supports the remark in [2] that the expectation value receives important contributions from both large and small distances. Our arguments on renormalisability are based on the notion of renormalisation in the modern sense [8] which relies on BRST cohomology theorems. The BRST terminology will therefore be frequently used here, even though it is not always necessary. | [
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S0045782512003234 | An attempt of a quite comprehensive answer to this question is made hereafter, within the following structure of the remaining paper: first, we introduce the mathematical systems biology of bone, starting from the work of Pivonka et al. [25,26], and extending it to mechanoregulatory feedback control (Section 2). Then, we introduce a continuum micromechanics representation adopted from Hellmich et al. [30], in order to scale elasticity and strains from the level of the extravascular bone matrix to that of cortical bone1In this paper, we restrict ourselves to cortical bone, due to its major importance in providing sufficient load-carrying capacity. However, extension of the coupled approach proposed here to trabecular bone is straightforward; it merely requires recalibration of underlying parameters.1 and vice versa (Section 3). The micromechanics formulation is fed with composition quantities derived from the systems biology approach, which, in turn, is provided with mechanical stimuli gained from the micromechanics model. We then apply the coupled approach to biochemical and mechanical conditions typical for postmenopausal osteoporosis (Section 4) and microgravity exposure (Section 5), and discuss key sensitivity features (Section 6). After emphasizing the potentials and limitations of the presented approach (Section 7), we conclude the paper in (Section 8). | [
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S0038092X15001681 | For the reverse current analysis, for both scenarios (shading and short circuits) were tested on two systems, one system using standard silicon modules and another system using high efficiency modules. For the standard silicon system, a power of 50kWp was considered, with a system composed by 10 strings of 24 modules per string and an approximate system Voc of 864 [VDC]. For the high efficiency system, a power of 40kWp was considered, with a system composed by 10 strings of 18 modules per string and an approximate system Voc of 873 [VDC]. Fig. 5(a) shows the reverse current present in one string when different numbers of modules in the string are shaded by 90%. Fig. 5(b) shows the reverse current present in one string when different numbers of modules of the string are short-circuited. For both figures the continuous lines are for the standard silicon system and the dashed lines are for the high efficiency system. | [
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S0957417416303773 | In the recent years and mainly motivated by the impulse of data mining many methods for dimensionality reduction have arisen. Within these, it is worth highlighting the Principal Component Analysis method (PCA) (Jolliffe, 2002). In an N-dimensional vector space, the simplest version of PCA (linear PCA) is a technique that finds the mutually-uncorrelated vectors onto which the projection of the samples generates the highest variances. The result is a set of orthogonal vectors sorted in descending order of achieved variance. The first of these vectors is that onto which the variance of the projection of the samples is maximum. In this sense, the original KPIs constitute the N-dimensional vector space basis, whereas the N^ synthetic KPIs represent the orthogonal vectors with the highest variance. To be rigorous, up to N synthetic orthogonal KPIs may be computed. However, only a small set of them, the first N^, is enough to account for most of the variance of the data. | [
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S004578251400334X | In this article we propose a method which adopts a different approach to the generation procedure outlined above and that helps to address the problem of generating high-order meshes for high Reynolds number flows. The method is conceptually simple, cheap to implement and does not require a dense linear boundary-layer mesh. It is based on the use of an isoparametric [17] or, in general, a transfinite interpolation [18] where a high-order coarse boundary-layer prismatic mesh is subdivided into either prisms or tetrahedra using the mapping that defines the coarse high-order prisms. The procedure is also very versatile as it permits meshes with different distributions of y+ to be generated with ease and furthermore, the validity of these meshes is guaranteed if the initial mesh is valid and the polynomial space is chosen appropriately. | [
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S0022311514000919 | The dashed curve represents the PuO2 molar fraction on the sample surface. It shows that, following the UO2–PuO2 phase boundaries, rather well established in this compositional range (see Section 4.3 below), the newly formed liquid surface is initially enriched in plutonium dioxide. Subsequently, due to fast diffusion in the liquid phase, the initial sample composition (x(PuO2)=0.25) tends to be rapidly restored. It is however clear, from the simulation, that the fast cooling occurring after the end of the laser pulse leads to onset of solidification before the initial composition is fully recovered in the liquid. A surface solid crust forms then upon freezing before the total liquid mass has crystallised (see insets in Fig. 4). The double inflection during cooling in this case corresponds to the solidification onset on the sample surface (first inflection) and to the disappearance of the last liquid inside the material (second inflection). The highest recalescence temperature represents the solidification point of a composition very close to the initial one (approximately ±0.01 on x(PuO2) in the current example), except for small segregation effects. These latter have been studied also experimentally in the present research, by post-melting material characterisation. | [
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S0370269304009530 | If signals suggesting supersymmetry (SUSY) are discovered at the LHC then it will be vital to measure the spins of the new particles to demonstrate that they are indeed the predicted super-partners. A method is discussed by which the spins of some of the SUSY particles can be determined. Angular distributions in sparticle decays lead to charge asymmetry in lepton-jet invariant mass distributions. The size of the asymmetry is proportional to the primary production asymmetry between squarks and anti-squarks. Monte Carlo simulations are performed for a particular mSUGRA model point at the LHC. The resultant asymmetry distributions are consistent with a spin-0 slepton and a spin-12χ˜20, but are not consistent with both particles being scalars. | [
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S0009261413006738 | The PESs here employed have already been tested in order to verify their validity for dynamical purposes. Such tests include studies of the nitrogen exchange reaction [14] both adiabatic by running trajectories on the lowest surfaces and non-adiabatic by using the trajectory surface hoping (TSH) method [22,23] for transitions to the excited state of same symmetry. It was concluded that nonadiabatic transitions could not make a significant impact on the rate coefficients, and therefore all trajectories here reported are independently integrated for each symmetry on the corresponding lowest adiabatic PES. In fact, we have tested the impact of running the trajectories starting on the upper sheets, and found no vibrational transition to take place, only small amounts of rotational energy is exchanged in this case. Also neglected are electronic transitions to the quartet state which are believed to be far less probable than the simple vibrational energy transfer here studied due to their spin-forbidden character. It should also be noted that the use of quasiclassical trajectories is justified by the large masses of the atoms involved [24]. | [
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S0010938X1500195X | Poor oxidation behavior is the major barrier to the increased use of Ti-based alloys in high-temperature structural applications. The demand to increase the service temperature of these alloys beyond 550°C (the typical temperature limit) requires careful study to understand the role that composition has on the oxidation behavior of Ti-based alloys [1–3]. The attempt to overcome this limitation in Ti-based alloys has led to the production of alloys with substantially improved oxidation resistance such as β-21S and also development of coatings and pre-oxidation techniques [1,4–6]. While it is tempting to extrapolate the oxidation behavior (e.g. oxidation rate law, depth of oxygen ingress and scale thickness) observed for a limited number of compositions under a certain oxidation condition to a broader compositional range, there are numerous examples in the literature where deviations from the expected relations are observed [7,8]. | [
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S0370269304008792 | We investigate the density behavior of the symmetry energy with respect to isospin equilibration in the combined systems Ru(Zr)+Zr(Ru) at relativistic energies of 0.4 and 1.528A GeV. The study is performed within a relativistic framework and the contribution of the iso-vector, scalar δ field to the symmetry energy and the isospin dynamics is particularly explored. We find that the isospin mixing depends on the symmetry energy and a stiffer behavior leads to more transparency. The results are also nicely sensitive to the “fine structure” of the symmetry energy, i.e., to the covariant properties of the isovector meson fields.The isospin tracing appears much less dependent on the in medium neutron–proton cross sections (σnp) and this makes such observable very peculiar for the study of the isovector part of the nuclear equation of state.Within such a framework, comparisons with experiments support the introduction of the δ meson in the description of the iso-vector equation of state. | [
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S0045782512002678 | To the best of authors’ knowledge, so far there are only very few papers [12,13,16,29] which address the performance of linear algebra solvers. In Ref. [16], the authors study the performance of direct solvers which are clearly not suitable for large problems, specially in three-dimensions. In Ref. [29], the tearing and interconnecting approach of finite element methods is used in the context of isogeometric analysis, and the numerical tests (in absence of any theoretical study) suggest almost optimal (with a logarithmic factor) convergence rates of the proposed isogeometric tearing and interconnecting method. The only paper which provides rigorous theoretical study, supported by extensive numerical examples, is by Beirao et al. [12] where the authors discuss the overlapping Schwarz methods. The same authors have also proposed BDDC preconditioners for isogeometric analysis in [13]. | [
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S0022311515002470 | To conclude, the electrochemical reduction of uranium dioxide to uranium metal has been studied in a lithium chloride–potassium chloride eutectic molten salt at 450°C. Both electrochemical and synchrotron X-ray techniques have been utilised to deduce the electrochemical reduction potential, mechanism and reduction pathway. The electrochemical reduction potential of the UO2|U couple is dependent on the activity of oxide ions existing within the melt. The electrochemical reduction of uranium dioxide to uranium metal seems to occur in a single, 4-electron-step, process; indicated by a single reduction peak (C1) in the cyclic voltammograms and also by the exclusion of any other phases in the EDXD data. The electrochemical reduction may be impeded by an increase in oxo-acidity of the molten salt. That is, O2− ions that are liberated by the electroreduction may not react at the counter electrode and, thus, not be removed from the molten salt. This could be due to the electrode geometry and/or the inherent microstructure of the working electrode: a high tortuosity, for example, would impede the diffusion of O2− ions out of the working electrode. This could then cause an increase in the activity of oxide ions existing within the melt and hence inhibit the electrochemical reduction – exploration of the microstructure of working electrodes will be the focus of future work. | [
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S0010938X13002187 | The results from two types of oxidation test are combined in this study. Table 1 shows the test matrix with the two approaches included. All the 100h tests and the test conducted at 650°C were performed using a thermogravimetric balance (TGA). The weight change during these tests was monitored continually and adjusted to accommodate buoyancy effects. All other tests were conducted in horizontal tube furnaces. For these latter tests, batches of specimens were placed in alumina boats and inserted into the furnaces at temperature. Intermittent weighing at room temperature was used to determine the oxidation kinetics. At selected time intervals, a specimen was removed from the batch for examination before the high temperature exposure continued for the remainder of the batch. Table 1 shows the time intervals chosen for examination. At 600°C one isothermal test, having an exposure time of 1000h, has been performed to date. | [
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S0370269304009803 | Our aim is to introduce vector mesons in terms of a Lagrangian which satisfies the low energy current algebra. One consistent method is in terms of a non-linear chiral Lagrangian with a hidden local symmetry [6]. In this theory the vector mesons emerge as dynamical vector mesons. The three point vector-pseudo scalar interaction is given by (11)ih4〈Vμ(P∂μP−∂μPP)〉, where h stands for the vector-pseudoscalar coupling. Some typical vertices of ρ's to pseudoscalar mesons are (12)π+(p1)π−(p2)ρ0:h(p1−p2)μεμ,π+(p1)π0(p2)ρ−:h(p1−p2)μεμ,K+(p1)K¯0(p2)ρ−:h2(p1−p2)μεμ,etc., which is directly related to the ρ decay width: Γ(ρ)=h2(|pπ|)3/(6πmρ2), where pπ is the momentum of final state pions in the ρ rest frame. With Γ(ρ)=149.2MeV, we find h=5.95. We note in passing that the Kawarabayashi–Suzuki–Riazuddin–Fayyazuddin relation gives the value h=mρ/(2fπ)[12]. Thus the value of h in Eq. (4) and the two values in this paragraph differ by small amounts (∼19%). The strong four-point vertices involving pions are obtained from the first two terms of Eq. (5). The weak vertices are obtained from the definitions of Q6 and Q8. In the numerical work we shall use the value of h from Eq. (4) and also h=5.95 obtained from the decay width. | [
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