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S0167931712003012 | We evaluated three spin-on carbon hardmasks from Irresistible Materials [12]. The spin-on carbon compositions were dissolved in a suitable solvent such as chloroform or anisole with a concentration in the range 5–50g/l. In this report, film thickness measurements were made for IM-HM11-01 and IM-HM11-02 films, whilst IM-HM11-03 was used for etching; further investigations to compare the performance of the different compositions across tasks are underway. Films of the SoC were prepared by spin coating on hydrogen-terminated silicon substrates with a speed varying between 800 and 2000 RPM for 60s. After spin coating the film was baked for 2min at temperatures of up to 330°C. In order to enable further processing, the SoC should be rendered insoluble in typical solvents for resist and spin-on-hardmask to enable further processing. The elution behavior of films of IM-HM11-01 and IM-HM11-02 for thicknesses between 30 and 325nm was tested as a function of the baking temperature. Fig. 1 shows the normalized film thickness of two formulations of the SoC (IM-HM11-01 and IM-HM11-02), before and after dipping in monochlorobenzene (MCB):IPA 1:1 solution. Prior to baking the thickness of IM-HM11-01 was ∼320nm, and the thickness of IM-HM11-02 was ∼250nm. For temperatures above 190°C the IM-HM11-02 film was rendered insoluble, whilst a temperature of 260°C was required to achieve the same for IM-HM11-01. Film thickness did not affect the elution results. | [
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S0009261409006666 | We have presented spectrally resolved femtosecond three-pulse photon echo measurements on Zn(II)–OEP, Ni(II)–OEP and Co(II)–OEP. Increased degree of freedom in scans of time delays allows one to separate and extract specific type of spectroscopic information in complex molecules by studying spectral and temporal evolution of the photon echo signals. By varying the population times, population relaxation dynamics and inhomogeneous broadening is revealed in the photon echo spectra. Time-integrated photon echo signals show two different timescales. The electronic relaxation timescale is found to be sub 50fs whereas the timescale for intramolecular vibrational relaxation, occurring in Q00 band, was found to be over a picosecond for Co(II)–OEP and Ni(II)–OEP and within a picosecond for Zn(II)–OEP. | [
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S0003491615001955 | A fluctuating vacuum is a general feature of quantum fields, of which the free Maxwell field considered in [1–12] is but one example. Fermionic fields such as that describing the electron, also undergo vacuum fluctuations, consequently one expects to find Casimir effects associated with such fields whenever they are confined in some way. Such effects were first investigated in the context of nuclear physics, within the so-called “MIT bag model” of the nucleon [13]. In the bag-model one envisages the nucleon as a collection of fermionic fields describing confined quarks. These quarks are subject to a boundary condition at the surface of the ‘bag’ that represents the nucleon’s surface. Just as in the electromagnetic case, the bag boundary condition modifies the vacuum fluctuations of the field, which results in the appearance of a Casimir force [14–18]. This force, although very weak at a macroscopic scale, can be significant on the small length scales encountered in nuclear physics. It therefore has important consequences for the physics of the bag-model nucleon [19]. | [
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S221266781400149X | In this paper, adaptive beamforming techniques for smart antennas based upon Least Mean Squares (LMS), Sample Matrix Inversion (SMI), Recursive Least Squares (RLS) and Conjugate Gradient Method (CGM) are discussed and analyzed. The beamforming performance is studied by varying the element spacing and the number of antenna array elements for each algorithm. These four algorithms are compared for their rate of convergence, beamforming and null steering performance (beamwidth, null depths and maximum side lobe level). | [
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S2212667814000756 | This study is focused on the water-gas shift reaction (WGSR), occurring in the chemical kinetics equipment, which is used to increase hydrogen recovery from industrial processes. The research deals with comparing hydrogen recovery with the use of three different catalysts. The amount of the produced hydrogen depends considerably on the reaction state and the catalyst composition. To improve the course of the reaction, natural catalysts – calcite, coal char (unburned residues from coal) and modified olivine – are added to the gasification process and heated to the process temperature of 800, 850 and 900oC. | [
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S0009261412012365 | Under these experimental conditions, the observed dynamics has to occur where the probe laser induces the reactions resulting in further ionization [30]. The two-step decay model [26] was applied to explain the above-mentioned fragmentation of DCPD to CPD, shown in Figure 8a. The fitting of the rise and decay components of the transients were done by Matlab® programming using the curve fitting Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm. The best fit decay constants for the biexponential decay components of C10H12+ ion signal is τ1=35fs and τ2=240fs, while that for C5H6+ ion signal is τ1=36fs and τ2=280fs, respectively. These decay constants conform to the previously reported time constants of norbornene and norbornadiene [22,23]. The transients of the reaction fragment C5H6+ are sufficiently different from that of the parent ion C10H12+ indicating that we are studying the distinct dynamics of the neutrals and not that of the parent ion fragmentation [24]. Applying laser control principles under such experimental circumstances also confirms that we are controlling the product yield of C5H6+, resulting from the photochemical reaction of DCPD. | [
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S0370269304009189 | The spins and parities of Θ+ and Ξ−− are not yet known experimentally. In this new wave of pentaquark research, most theoretical papers take the spin equal to 1/2. The parity is more controversial. In chiral soliton or Skyrme models the parity is positive [4]. In constituent quark models it is usually positive. In the present approach, the parity of the pentaquark is given by P=(−)ℓ+1, where ℓ is the angular momentum associated with the relative coordinates of the q4 subsystem. We analyze the case where the subsystem of four light quarks is in a state of orbital symmetry [31]O and carries an angular momentum ℓ=1. Although the kinetic energy of such a state is higher than that of the totally symmetric [4]O state, the [31]O symmetry is the most favourable both for the flavour–spin interaction [12] and the colour–spin interaction [13]. In the first case the statement is confirmed by the comparison between the realistic calculations for positive parity [12] and negative parity [14], based on the same quark model [15]. In Ref. [12] the antiquark was heavy, c or b, and accordingly the interaction between light quarks and the heavy antiquark was neglected, consistent with the heavy quark limit. In Ref. [16] an attractive spin–spin interaction between s̄ and the light quarks was incorporated and shown that a stable or narrow positive parity uudds̄ pentaquark can be accommodated within such a model. This interaction has a form that corresponds to η meson exchange [17] and its role is to lower the energy of the whole system. | [
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S0266352X16301550 | To address the vertical displacement estimation of conventional pile groups subjected to mechanical loads, various numerical and analytical methods have been proposed. These methods include the finite element method [e.g., 2,3], the boundary element method [e.g., 4,5], the finite difference method [e.g., 6], the interaction factor method [e.g., 7,8–11], the equivalent pier and raft methods [e.g., 12–14], and the settlement ratio method [e.g., 15]. The finite element method, while providing the most rigorous and exhaustive representation of the pile group-related problem, is generally computationally expensive and considered mainly a research tool rather than a design tool. Conversely, the versatility of simplified (approximate) methods, such as the interaction factor approach that allows capturing the (e.g., vertical) displacements of any general pile group by the analysis of the displacement interaction between two identical piles and by the use of the elastic principle of superposition of effects, makes them attractive as design tools because they allow for the use of expedient parametric studies under various design conditions. | [
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S0022311514006849 | The early theoretical work of Catlow assessed a number of Willis type clusters and found them all to be stable using potential-based methods [6]. More recently “split interstitial” type clusters (Fig. 1) have emerged from computational studies as stable species following the potential based investigation of Govers et al. which found the 2:2:2 cluster in a UO2 supercell relaxed to a split di-interstitial [13] (Fig. 1(b)); a single VO with three Oi displaced approximately 1.6Å in 〈111〉 directions from the VO. This result was later confirmed by the LSDA+U calculations of Geng et al. [7]. The family of split interstitial clusters was extended to include tri-interstitials [8] (a di-interstitial with the fourth Oi site occupied) and quad-interstitials [9] (two di-interstitials on adjacent sites, giving a total of two VO and six Oi) (Fig. 1(d)). Following this Andersson et al. postulated a model for U4O9 based on a UO2 supercell containing multiple split quad-interstitial clusters; following the prediction of their LSDA+U calculations that the quad-interstitial is more stable than its cuboctahedral counterpart [12]. | [
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S0045782514000607 | As mentioned previously, the weakly penalized system can be thought of as a generalized formulation which can result in the PL, penalty or statically condensed PL formulations depending on the choice of the projection operator. The equivalence of these methods under the weakly penalized regime, allows us to combine and take advantage of the good characteristics of each method. For instance, the weakly penalized formulation combines the simplified structure of the penalty method with the convergence characteristics of the PL formulation. However, due to the stiffness of the linear system at high values of the bulk modulus, the penalized formulations (classic penalty/weakly penalized) exhibit deteriorated nonlinear convergence. This stands in stark contrast to the PL method which (for inf–sup stable schemes) exhibits fast convergence even for high bulk modulus. However, we observe that, when the choice of πh provides equivalence with the discrete PL method, poor nonlinear convergence is observed though, in principle, the convergence should be similar. Examining the update formulae for both weakly penalized and PL approaches (see Appendix C), we observe that deteriorated convergence stems from: (1) initial residual amplification, and (2) the amplification of the residual. | [
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S0010938X13005945 | The adhesion/cohesion of the coating was evaluated by the scratch test method, using a Revetest system (CSM Instruments SA, Switzerland) equipped with a H-270 diamond indentor (200μm diameter). Six scratch indentations were carried out under previously optimized conditions (linear progressive load mode 1–4N, 4Nmin−1). In order to aid in determination of location of spallation/delamination, an extended scratch length of 6mm was employed. The scratch tracks were subsequently observed by SEM to determine the locations of the first coating failure and to understand the nature of the coating failure. During the scratch tests, the loading force and penetration depth were recorded and their respective values were correlated with the observed failure locations. The surface roughness of the coating was evaluated using a surface roughness tester (TR200, Timegroup Inc.) according to ISO standard [29]. Due to the presence of the open porosity in the outer layer of the coating, a measurement length for determination of the roughness (Ra) of 0.8mm was used. In total, eight measurements were carried out in different directions. | [
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S037596011300741X | In exploring the WKB limit of quantum theory, Bohm [2] was the first to notice that although one starts with all the ambiguities about the nature of a quantum system, the first order approximation fits the ordinary classical ontology. By that we mean that the real part of the Schrödinger equation under polar decomposition of the wave function becomes the classical Hamilton–Jacobi equation in the limit where terms involving ℏ are neglected. In contrast to this approach, in this Letter we show that the classical trajectories arise from a short-time quantum propagator when terms of O(Δt2) can be neglected. This fact was actually already observed by Holland some twenty years ago: In page 269 of his book [6] infinitesimal time intervals are considered whose sequence constructs a finite path. It is shown that along each segment the motion is classical (negligible quantum potential), and that it follows that the quantum path may be decomposed into a sequence of segments along each of which the classical action is a minimum. The novel contribution of the present Letter is an improved proof of Hollandʼs result using an improved version of the propagator due to Makri and Miller [9,10]. (See also de Gosson [3] for a further discussion.) | [
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S0370269304007208 | It is well known that one of the long standing problems in physics is understanding the confinement physics from first principles. Hence the challenge is to develop analytical approaches which provide valuable insight and theoretical guidance. According to this viewpoint, an effective theory in which confining potentials are obtained as a consequence of spontaneous symmetry breaking of scale invariance has been developed [1]. In particular, it was shown that a such theory relies on a scale-invariant Lagrangian of the type [2] (1)L=14w2−12w−FμνaFaμν, where Fμνa=∂μAνa−∂νAμa+gfabcAμbAνc, and w is not a fundamental field but rather is a function of 4-index field strength, that is, (2)w=εμναβ∂μAναβ. The Aναβ equation of motion leads to (3)εμναβ∂βw−−FγδaFaγδ=0, which is then integrated to (4)w=−FμνaFaμν+M. It is easy to verify that the Aaμ equation of motion leads us to (5)∇μFaμν+MFaμν−FαβbFbαβ=0. It is worth stressing at this stage that the above equation can be obtained from the effective Lagrangian (6)Leff=−14FμνaFaμν+M2−FμνaFaμν. Spherically symmetric solutions of Eq. (5) display, even in the Abelian case, a Coulomb piece and a confining part. Also, the quantum theory calculation of the static energy between two charges displays the same behavior [1]. It is well known that the square root part describes string like solutions [3,4]. | [
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S2212667813001068 | It is difficult in directly predicting permeability from porosity in tight sandstones due to the poor relationship between core derived porosity and permeability that caused by the extreme heterogeneity. The classical SDR (Schlumberger Doll Research) and Timur-Coates models are all unusable because not enough core samples were drilled for lab NMR experimental measurements to calibrate the involved model parameters. Based on the classification scale method (CSM), after the target tight sandstones are classified into two types, the relationship between core porosity and permeability is established for every type of formations, and the corresponding permeability estimation models are established. Field examples show that the classification scale method is effective in estimating tight sandstone permeability. | [
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S0039602899010869 | The final contribution to the force is the van der Waals interaction. It includes the following contributions: (i) between the macroscopic Si tip of conical shape with the sphere of radius R at the end [27] and semi-infinite substrate; (ii) the dispersion forces between the atoms in the sample treated atomistically; and (iii) the interaction between the macroscopic part of the tip and the sample atoms. The first contribution is calculated analytically [27]. In fact, the macroscopic contribution to the van der Waals force is the same in each of the three systems described below, as it depends only on the tip–surface separation, macroscopic sphere radius, cone-angle and Hamaker constant of the system [27]. All these quantities are identical in each system we look at, so that the van der Waals force acts as a background attractive force independent of the microscopic properties of the system [8]. The Hamaker constant needed for the calculation of the macroscopic van der Waals force is estimated to be 0.5eV [32]. | [
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S0022311515002391 | Spark plasma sintering (SPS) is a relatively new sintering-based technique [17] in which the powder to be consolidated is loaded into an electrically and thermally conductive graphite mould and a large DC pulsed current (1000–5000A) is applied under a uniaxial pressure. When current passes through the graphite mould (and the powder if it is electrically conductive), the powder is heated both from the outside (the mould acts as a heating element) and inside (due to Joule heating from the intrinsic electrical resistance of the powder material). SPS is characterised by very fast heating (up to 2000°C/min) and cooling rates and short holding times (minutes) to achieve near theoretical density [17]. Thus SPS occupies a very different time–temperature–density space in powder consolidation maps when compared with conventional methods, such as hot pressing sintering and HIP with ramp rate of 50–80°C/min and a few hours holding time. Although SPS has been studied for a rapidly growing number of materials [17], there are only a small number of studies on the fabrication and microstructural characterisation of ODS steels processed by SPS, briefly reviewed below. | [
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S0957417416301786 | These results demonstrate that SW-SVR predicts complicated micrometeorological data with the best prediction performance and the lowest computational complexity compared with standard algorithms. In particular, we found that dynamic aggregation of models built from very little extracted data by D-SDC is effective for compatibility of high prediction performance and low computational complexity. However, there are problems to be solved in SW-SVR. Firstly, the prediction performance of SW-SVR sometimes deteriorates despite an increase of training data. In particular, this problem occurred under the conditions that prediction horizons are 6 h as shown in Fig. 3. This is because data extracted by D-SDC involves unnecessary training data for highly accurate prediction. If D-SDC extracts the same data as the extracted data when training periods are shorter, the prediction performance of SW-SVR never deteriorates due to an increase of training data. Therefore, we must review both feature mapping and algorithms of D-SDC so as to avoid extracting unnecessary training data. Meanwhile, SW-SVR is based on a combination of several algorithms: kernel approximation, PLS regression, k-means, D-SDC, and linear SVR. Moreover, each algorithm has several parameters. Therefore, SW-SVR has more varied parameters, and it takes more time to tune the parameters. In this experiment, we used a grid search roughly so as to decide the parameters in a certain time. However, there is still room for improvement in the prediction performance by using other approaches such as a genetic algorithm instead of a grid search (Huang & Wang, 2006). | [
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S0370269304008780 | In the NJL model studied here, we find no stable stars with either CFL or normal quark matter cores. This is the opposite of the prediction of Ref. [15] where it was argued that there is no 2SC phase in compact stars. Let us be more precise: performing a Taylor expansion in the strange quark mass, the authors of Ref. [15] found that in beta-equilibrated electrically and color neutral quark matter the 2SC phase is always less favored than the CFL phase or normal quark matter. From this observation they concluded that the 2SC phase is absent in compact stars. In contrast to this result, it was shown in Ref. [16] in the framework of the NJL model that neutral 2SC matter could be the most favored quark phase in a certain regime. However, the authors argued that this interval might disappear if the hadronic phase is included more properly. This is indeed what we found for parameter set RKH, while for parameter set HK the 2SC phase survives only in a tiny window. Nevertheless, if Nature chooses to be similar to this equation of state, it will be this tiny window which gives rise to hybrid stars, whereas the CFL phase would be never present in compact stars. | [
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S003238610801080X | Up to now, morphological studies of the multi-component polymeric materials have been carried out by various microscopic and scattering methods. Optical microscopes, transmission electron microscopes (TEMs), scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) and atomic force microscopes (AFMs) are commercially available and widely used. The biggest advantage of microscopy is that they provide intuitive real-space representations of the various morphologies. However, when it comes to “measurements”, especially in a quantitative way, microscopy sometimes lacks a statistical accuracy due to the small field of view. In contrast, the scattering methods provide much a superior statistical accuracy than that of microscopy simply because the observation volume is larger than that of the microscopes. One must remember, however, that the scattering methods normally require “(hypothesized) models” for data analysis in advance: They do not provide an intuitive insight into the morphologies as does microscopy. After all, for the complete characterization of a specific morphology, one may need to first know the morphologies from the microscopy and subsequently to evaluate the structural parameters by scattering on the basis of the morphology; the two methods are complementary. | [
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