| {"text": "Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n \u0110\u1ed3ng (1 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1906 \u2013 29 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 2000) l\u00e0 Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1976 (t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1981 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng) cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ngh\u1ec9 h\u01b0u n\u0103m 1987. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng t\u1eebng gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1955 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1976. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 v\u1ecb Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1ea1i v\u1ecb l\u00e2u nh\u1ea5t (1955\u20131987). \u00d4ng l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2, c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh. \u00d4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi th\u00e2n m\u1eadt l\u00e0 T\u00f4, \u0111\u00e2y t\u1eebng l\u00e0 b\u00ed danh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. \u00d4ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 L\u00e2m B\u00e1 Ki\u1ec7t khi l\u00e0m Ph\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 nhi\u1ec7m c\u01a1 quan Bi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 x\u1ee9 t\u1ea1i Qu\u1ebf L\u00e2m (Ch\u1ee7 nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0 H\u1ed3 H\u1ecdc L\u00e3m). </s>"} | |
| {"text": "N\u0103m 1954, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 Tr\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 d\u1ef1 H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Gen\u00e8ve v\u1ec1 \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a \u0111o\u00e0n Vi\u1ec7t Nam do \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng quan tr\u1ecdng, t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0a H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb t\u1edbi th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. Tr\u1ea3i qua 8 phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 23 phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp r\u1ea5t c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n Vi\u1ec7t Nam, ng\u00e0y 20/7/1954, b\u1ea3n Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 chi\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, Campuchia v\u00e0 L\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00fd k\u1ebft th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n, c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam, L\u00e0o v\u00e0 Campuchia. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n \u0110\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 v\u1ee3 l\u00e0 b\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m Th\u1ecb C\u00fac v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi con trai duy nh\u1ea5t t\u00ean l\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m S\u01a1n D\u01b0\u01a1ng, hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu t\u01b0\u1edbng Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam, ph\u00f3 gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c Vi\u1ec7n Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 Qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1. Sau khi l\u1ea5y b\u00e0 C\u00fac (th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1946) Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n \u0110\u1ed3ng v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c trong li\u00ean khu 5. M\u1ea5y n\u0103m sau b\u00e0 C\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p v\u00e0o Nam s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi ch\u1ed3ng. V\u00e0o \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i th\u00ec Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n \u0110\u1ed3ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ec7nh ra B\u1eafc. Sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u00e0 C\u00fac b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh \"n\u1eeda qu\u00ean n\u1eeda nh\u1edb\" (theo l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eebng l\u00e0m th\u01b0 k\u00fd cho Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n \u0110\u1ed3ng trong 53 n\u0103m) k\u00e9o d\u00e0i cho \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn b\u00e2y gi\u1edd. Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n \u0110\u1ed3ng t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0a b\u00e0 C\u00fac sang Trung Qu\u1ed1c, Li\u00ean X\u00f4 ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ecfi. Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n \u0110\u1ed3ng m\u1ea5t tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e0 C\u00fac. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "\u00d4ng Vi\u1ec7t Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, nguy\u00ean th\u01b0 k\u00fd c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n \u0110\u1ed3ng, trong bu\u1ed5i h\u1ecdp b\u00e1o gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i giao, \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 r\u1eb1ng khi \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh Geneva (1954), do \u0111o\u00e0n Vi\u1ec7t Nam kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e0i n\u00ean B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng Ngo\u1ea1i giao l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n \u0110\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e3 m\u1eafc m\u1ed9t sai l\u1ea7m khi nh\u1edd Trung Qu\u1ed1c chuy\u1ec3n c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc, do v\u1eady Trung Qu\u1ed1c bi\u1ebft h\u1ebft c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 \u00e9p Vi\u1ec7t Nam k\u00fd hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh theo l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Trong \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n \u0110\u1ed3ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch Trung Qu\u1ed1c n\u00ean n\u1ed9i dung li\u00ean l\u1ea1c gi\u1eefa \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n v\u00e0 Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng, Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n. \u00d4ng Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n \u0110\u1ed3ng sau n\u00e0y c\u0169ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 \u0111o\u00e0n Vi\u1ec7t Nam khi \u0111\u00f3 qu\u00e1 tin \u0111o\u00e0n Trung Qu\u1ed1c. T\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb \u1ea5y, \u00f4ng \u0110\u1ed3ng ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi \u0111o\u00e0n Li\u00ean X\u00f4 v\u00e0 \u0111o\u00e0n Trung Qu\u1ed1c, trong khi Anh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng tranh th\u1ee7, kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n Anh. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "Theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c (t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u B\u1ed9 Ngo\u1ea1i giao), c\u00f4ng h\u00e0m c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n Ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng Ho\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n \u0110\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean \"c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn\" ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 trong s\u1ed1 b\u00e1o ng\u00e0y 6 th\u00e1ng 9 b\u00e1o Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \"\u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u0103ng chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 L\u00e3nh h\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Trung Qu\u1ed1c trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ednh l\u00e3nh h\u1ea3i bao g\u1ed3m b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n hai qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o T\u00e2y Sa v\u00e0 Nam Sa tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng\". C\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng khai cho c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang Trung Qu\u1ed1c b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng Trung \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y, thi\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u1ed9i dung trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111o\u1ea1n \"tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng h\u1ea3i ph\u1eadn 12 h\u1ea3i l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c\". </s>"} | |
| {"text": "Theo Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 Ngo\u1ea1i giao n\u01b0\u1edbc CHXHCN Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1ec1 qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Ho\u00e0ng Sa v\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Sa ng\u00e0y 7 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1979 th\u00ec: S\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a Trung qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng h\u00e0m ng\u00e0y 14 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1958 c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng Ho\u00e0 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ph\u00eda Trung qu\u1ed1c tr\u00ean c\u00e1c qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c tr\u1eafng tr\u1ee3n khi tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng h\u00e0m ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n 12 h\u1ea3i l\u00fd c\u1ee7a l\u00e3nh h\u1ea3i Trung qu\u1ed1c. (T\u1ee9c l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 22 km, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng cho bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n 12 h\u1ea3i l\u00fd c\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n hai qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111\u00f3 hay kh\u00f4ng). V\u0103n b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn hai qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o (ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c t\u00ednh h\u1ea3i ph\u1eadn v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c h\u1ea3i ph\u1eadn). Vi\u1ec7t Nam kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi 2 qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00e0y, nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft s\u1ef1 tranh ch\u1ea5p v\u1ec1 2 qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o gi\u1eefa hai n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1eb1ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "\u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu ph\u1ea3i nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh theo tinh th\u1ea7n tr\u00ean l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c, c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng, Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng qu\u00e1, tho\u00e1i h\u00f3a bi\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t, ch\u1ea1y theo ch\u1ee9c quy\u1ec1n, ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0 danh l\u1ee3i, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u0111ang l\u00e0m cho m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ecf trong nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ta ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng gi\u1ea3m l\u00f2ng tin v\u00e0o \u0110\u1ea3ng ta, \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh nguy k\u1ecbch, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 coi th\u01b0\u1eddng, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a \"b\u1ed1n nguy c\u01a1\" t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1eabn nhau v\u00e0 ph\u00e1 ta, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t c\u00f2n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t k\u00edn l\u00e0 \"Angiosperm\", c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i \u03b1\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd (ch\u1ed7 ch\u1ee9a) v\u00e0 \u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1 (h\u1ea1t), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Paul Hermann t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef Angiospermae v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1690, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh trong gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, n\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 hoa v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao ph\u1ee7 trong c\u00e1c bao v\u1ecf (qu\u1ea3 nang), ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi Gymnospermae c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, hay th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 hoa v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ea3 thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i qu\u1ea3 b\u1ebf hay qu\u1ea3 n\u1ee9t - to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 qu\u1ea3 hay m\u1ed7i mi\u1ebfng ri\u00eang r\u1ebd c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 h\u1ea1t v\u00e0 tr\u1ea7n tr\u1ee5i. Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef n\u00e0y v\u00e0 t\u1eeb tr\u00e1i ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Carolus Linnaeus duy tr\u00ec v\u1edbi c\u00f9ng ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh, nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng h\u1ea1n h\u1eb9p h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0 trong t\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 trong l\u1edbp Didynamia c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 trong b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sau khi Robert Brown thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1827 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c no\u00e3n tr\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 trong Cycadeae (Tu\u1ebf) v\u00e0 Coniferae (Th\u00f4ng), cho ph\u00e9p g\u1ecdi ch\u00fang m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t tr\u1ea7n. T\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y tr\u1edf \u0111i, c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Gymnosperm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t tr\u1ea7n th\u00ec thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef Angiosperm \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc d\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp, nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n thay \u0111\u1ed5i, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 t\u00ean nh\u00f3m cho c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt hai l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m kh\u00e1c. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Hofmeister n\u0103m 1851 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i x\u1ea3y ra trong t\u00fai ph\u00f4i c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 hoa, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 m\u1ea1ch, \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a Gymnosperm nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt hai l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m, v\u00e0 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef Angiosperm sau \u0111\u00f3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 hoa h\u01a1n l\u00e0 Gymnosperm, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c l\u1edbp th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt hai l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a m\u00e0 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef n\u00e0y hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "S\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 theo xu h\u01b0\u1edbng thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt v\u1edbi ki\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t k\u00edn l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a n\u00e0y. Ch\u00fang t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh th\u1ea3m th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t trong k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. Th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t k\u00edn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y t\u1eeb hai \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ef1c t\u1edbi x\u00edch \u0111\u1ea1o, khi m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ch\u00fang c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c con s\u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ed3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ecdt, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 \u00edt h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lo\u00e0i trong c\u00e1c h\u1ed3 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7n hay trong l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t k\u00edn th\u1ee7y sinh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t sinh ra t\u1eeb c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean trung gian tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n. G\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 n\u01a1i sinh s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 dao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i chung v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3u sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i b\u00e8o t\u1ea5m quen thu\u1ed9c che ph\u1ee7 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u00e1c ao h\u1ed3 g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ch\u1ed3i nh\u1ecf m\u00e0u xanh l\u1ee5c d\u1ea1ng \"t\u1ea3n\", g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n - th\u00e2n v\u00e0 l\u00e1, ch\u00fang c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t r\u1ec5 \u0111\u01a1n m\u1ecdc theo chi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ee9ng xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c c\u00e2y th\u00e2n g\u1ed7 l\u1edbn trong r\u1eebng c\u00f3 th\u00e2n c\u00e2y, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 sau h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m n\u0103m, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ea3i r\u1ed9ng bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c c\u00e0nh v\u00e0 nh\u00e1nh, mang theo nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e0nh con hay nh\u00e1nh nh\u1ecf v\u1edbi h\u1eb1ng h\u00e0 sa s\u1ed1 l\u00e1, trong khi d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea5t th\u00ec h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng r\u1ec5 tr\u1ea3i r\u1ed9ng nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e1nh c\u0169ng chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t di\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng. Gi\u1eefa hai th\u00e1i c\u1ef1c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ecdi tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y th\u00e2n th\u1ea3o tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y th\u00e2n b\u00f2, m\u1ecdc th\u1eb3ng hay d\u00e2y leo v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, c\u00e2y b\u1ee5i hay c\u00e2y th\u00e2n g\u1ed7 nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i v\u00e0 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 h\u1ea1t, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u1edf th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t tr\u1ea7n. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "C\u00e1c ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t k\u00edn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong c\u00e1c m\u1eabu h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i kho\u1ea3ng 140 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a k\u1ef7 Jura (203-135 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc). D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t k\u00edn v\u00e0 ng\u00e0nh D\u00e2y g\u1eafm (Gnetophyta) \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1ch ra kh\u1ecfi nhau v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i k\u1ef7 Trias (220-202 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc). C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t k\u00edn xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong k\u1ef7 Jura v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u k\u1ef7 Ph\u1ea5n tr\u1eafng (k\u1ef7 Creta) (135-65 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc), nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 r\u1ea5t \u00edt h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i th\u00f4 s\u01a1. H\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t k\u00edn, Archaefructus liaoningensis, c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i kho\u1ea3ng 125 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Ph\u1ea5n hoa, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 li\u00ean quan tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a hoa, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u1ed5 t\u1edbi 130 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m. S\u1ef1 b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t k\u00edn (khi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t k\u00edn trong c\u00e1c m\u1eabu h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch) \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa k\u1ef7 Ph\u1ea5n tr\u1eafng (kho\u1ea3ng 100 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc). Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u trong n\u0103m 2007 \u0111\u00e3 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia c\u1ee7a 5 trong s\u1ed1 8 nh\u00f3m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1ea5t (chi Ceratophyllum, h\u1ecd Chloranthaceae, th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt hai l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m th\u1eadt s\u1ef1, magnoliids, th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m) \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra kho\u1ea3ng 140 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i k\u1ef7 Ph\u1ea5n tr\u1eafng, th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t k\u00edn d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u00f3m th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb trong s\u1ed1 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u1ecd ng\u00e0y nay (bao g\u1ed3m d\u1ebb gai, s\u1ed3i, th\u00edch, m\u1ed9c lan) \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "Trong ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 hoa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u1ed1 k\u1ebft m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c. T\u00ean g\u1ecdi mang t\u00ednh mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Angiospermae (Angiospermae), v\u1edbi Anthophyta (\"th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 hoa\") l\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn th\u1ee9 hai. C\u00e1c t\u00ean g\u1ecdi n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng g\u1eafn k\u1ebft c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 c\u1ea5p ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Wettstein v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Engler s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00ean g\u1ecdi Angiospermae v\u1edbi c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1n l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n ng\u00e0nh. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Reveal coi th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 hoa nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n ng\u00e0nh Magnoliophytina, nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u00e1ch n\u00f3 ra th\u00e0nh Magnoliopsida, Liliopsida v\u00e0 Rosopsida. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Takhtadjan v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Cronquist coi nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y \u1edf c\u1ea5p ng\u00e0nh, d\u1eabn t\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi Magnoliophyta (t\u1eeb t\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd Magnoliaceae). H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Dahlgren v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Thorne (1992) coi nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbp, d\u1eabn t\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi Magnoliopsida. Tuy nhi\u00ean, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng APG n\u0103m 1998 v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng APG II n\u0103m 2003, kh\u00f4ng coi n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 coi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00ean g\u1ecdi angiosperms cho nh\u00e1nh n\u00e0y. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 qua nhi\u1ec1u thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Cronquist, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Arthur Cronquist \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t n\u0103m 1968 v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 \u1edf d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 n\u0103m 1981, v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u0111\u00fang c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ph\u00e1t sinh lo\u00e0i. S\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed chung v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 hoa c\u1ea7n s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, th\u00f4ng qua c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c h\u01a1n cho th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t k\u00edn v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1998. S\u1ef1 c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 APG II (2003). </s>"} | |
| {"text": "Theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 hoa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh hai nh\u00f3m ch\u00ednh, trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Cronquist \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Magnoliopsida (\u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbp, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean t\u00ean g\u1ecdi Magnolia) v\u00e0 Liliopsida (\u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbp, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean t\u00ean g\u1ecdi Lilium). Ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00ean g\u1ecdi mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 (theo \u0111i\u1ec1u 16 c\u1ee7a ICBN): Dicotyledones (m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u01b0a d\u00f9ng Dicotyledoneae) v\u00e0 Monocotyledones (m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u01b0a d\u00f9ng Monocotyledoneae), l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00ean g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u. Trong ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi chung l\u00e0 \"th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m\" hay \"th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt hai l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m\", t\u00f9y theo s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. C\u00e1c t\u00ean g\u1ecdi n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt hai l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng (kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n) c\u00f3 hai l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m trong m\u1ed7i h\u1ea1t, trong khi th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n m\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady cao. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m \"t\u1ed1t\" (nh\u00f3m \u0111\u01a1n ng\u00e0nh hay to\u00e0n ph\u1ea7n), trong khi th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt hai l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady (nh\u00f3m \u0111a ng\u00e0nh). Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt hai l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u00f3m \"t\u1ed1t\", n\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt hai l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m. Nh\u00f3m m\u1edbi n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t b\u00e1n ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt hai l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m th\u1eadt s\u1ef1\" (eudicots) hay \"ba l\u1ed7 ch\u00e2n l\u00f4ng\" (tricolpate). T\u00ean g\u1ecdi \"tricolpate\" c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea5n hoa t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong c\u1ea3 nh\u00f3m. T\u00ean g\u1ecdi eudicots \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch g\u1eafn \"dicots\" v\u1edbi ti\u1ec1n t\u1ed1 \"eu-\" (ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p 'eu'= \"th\u1eadt s\u1ef1\"), do m\u1ecdi th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt hai l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec1u chia s\u1ebb c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1n cho th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt hai l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m. T\u00ean g\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c cho nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng l\u00e0 Rosopsida (\u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbp, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean chi Rosa). T\u00e1ch nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y ra kh\u1ecfi th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt hai l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m (c\u0169) ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt hai l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m c\u1ed5\" (palaeodicot v\u1edbi ti\u1ec1n t\u1ed1 \"palaeo-\" trong ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u1ed5). Do nh\u00f3m c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m \"t\u1ed1t\" n\u00ean thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0m thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i trong ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "Trong nh\u00f3m l\u1edbn h\u01a1n l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt hai l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m th\u00ec ch\u00fang c\u00f3 c\u00e1c b\u00f3 m\u1ea1ch trong c\u00e1c th\u00e2n c\u00e2y non \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp trong v\u00f2ng g\u1ed7 m\u1edf, chia t\u00e1ch ph\u1ea7n l\u00f5i x\u1ed1p trung t\u00e2m v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n v\u1ecf ngo\u00e0i. Trong m\u1ed7i b\u00f3, chia t\u00e1ch b\u1edfi ph\u1ea7n ch\u1ea5t g\u1ed7 v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n li be, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp m\u00f4 ph\u00e2n sinh hay m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi t\u1ea7ng ph\u00e1t sinh g\u1ed7; b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp ph\u00e1t sinh g\u1ed7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u00f3 (t\u1ea7ng ph\u00e1t sinh g\u1ed7 trong b\u00f3) th\u00ec v\u00f2ng g\u1ed7 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y h\u00e0ng n\u0103m do s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t g\u1ed7 \u1edf b\u00ean trong v\u00e0 l\u1edbp li be \u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. Li be m\u1ec1m nhanh ch\u00f3ng b\u1ecb ti\u00eau tan, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ea5t g\u1ed7 c\u1ee9ng th\u00ec v\u1eabn c\u00f2n v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n c\u00e2y v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00e2y th\u00e2n g\u1ed7 l\u00e2u n\u0103m. Do c\u00e1c kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t trong \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i m\u00f9a n\u00ean n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n theo m\u1eb7t c\u1eaft ngang th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c v\u00f2ng g\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00e2m, m\u1ed7i v\u00f2ng cho m\u1ed9t m\u00f9a t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng - c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u00f2ng g\u1ed7 h\u00e0ng n\u0103m. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 r\u1ea5t h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p th\u00ec th\u00e2n c\u00e2y ch\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o c\u00e0nh v\u00e0 k\u1ebft th\u00fac c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 hoa, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u1edf lo\u00e0i hoa tulip (u\u1ea5t kim h\u01b0\u01a1ng), trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c l\u00e1 b\u1eafc h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh l\u00ean th\u00e2n h\u00e0nh d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t, c\u00e1c l\u00e1 xanh l\u1ee5c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u00e1 d\u1ea1ng hoa m\u00e0u m\u00e8 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5c. N\u00f3i chung, c\u00e1c hoa ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh tr\u00ean c\u00e1c c\u00e0nh, nh\u00e1nh c\u00f3 c\u1ea5p cao h\u01a1n, th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 \u1edf c\u00e1c c\u00e0nh cao nh\u1ea5t trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u00e1nh c\u00e2y. Nh\u00e1nh ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng (ch\u1ed3i), ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 ch\u1ed3i l\u00e1 ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 ch\u1ed3i hoa, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u1edf n\u00e1ch l\u00e1; \u0111\u00f4i khi nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed3i m\u1ecdc ra, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u1edf c\u00e2y \u00f3c ch\u00f3, trong \u0111\u00f3 2-3 ch\u1ed3i m\u1ecdc th\u00e0nh chu\u1ed7i theo chi\u1ec1u d\u1ecdc ph\u00eda tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i l\u00e1. Nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ed3i ch\u1ec9 \u1edf d\u1ea1ng ng\u1ee7 hay ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c trong nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n sau khi c\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c ch\u1eb7t hay x\u00e9n t\u1ec9a c\u00e0nh s\u1ebd gi\u00fap cho c\u00e1c ch\u1ed3i ng\u1ee7 nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ee9c d\u1eady. C\u00e1c ch\u1ed3i l\u00e1 \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ecdc ra t\u1eeb r\u1ec5, khi ch\u00fang b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean; \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y \u0103n qu\u1ea3, nh\u01b0 c\u00e2y d\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111u v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, c\u00e1c ch\u1ed3i non tr\u1ed5 ra t\u1eeb l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea5t xung quanh c\u00e2y \u0111u kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e2y non m\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ed3i r\u1ec5. \u1ede nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt hai l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m th\u00ec r\u1ec5 nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y non t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i su\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh (th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y \u1edf c\u00e1c c\u00e2y hai n\u0103m) m\u1ed9t r\u1ec5 c\u00e1i to, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u1edf c\u00e0 r\u1ed1t, hay \u1edf c\u00e2y l\u00e2u n\u0103m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng r\u1ec5 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e1nh.Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt hai l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m kh\u00e1c th\u00ec r\u1ec5 nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y s\u1ebd t\u00e0n l\u1ee5i \u0111i nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u00e0 thay th\u1ebf v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c r\u1ec5 ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean m\u1ecdc t\u1eeb th\u00e2n c\u00e2y. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t k\u00edn l\u00e0 hoa, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 dao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t k\u00edn. Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a hoa l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o cho s\u1ef1 th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a no\u00e3n v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea3 ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t. Hoa c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sinh ra \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u1ecdn hay \u1edf n\u00e1ch l\u00e1. Th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u1edf hoa vi \u00f4 let, hoa m\u1ecdc ra \u1edf n\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a l\u00e1. Tuy nhi\u00ean, th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng h\u01a1n th\u00ec c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n mang hoa c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 n\u00e9t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n sinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng hay ph\u1ea7n mang l\u00e1, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ea1o ra h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u00e1nh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p nhi\u1ec1u hay \u00edt, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u1ee5m hoa. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u1edf th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t tr\u1ea7n, c\u00e1c b\u00e0o t\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hoa t\u1ea1o ra c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i: ti\u1ec3u b\u00e0o t\u1eed hay ph\u1ea5n hoa, sinh s\u1ea3n trong c\u00e1c nh\u1ecb hoa v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e0o t\u1eed, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o tr\u1ee9ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, ch\u1ee9a trong no\u00e3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao ph\u1ee7 trong l\u00e1 no\u00e3n. Hoa c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n mang b\u00e0o t\u1eed nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n \u1edf c\u00e2y li\u1ec5u, trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed7i hoa ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i nh\u1ecb hoa hay hai l\u00e1 no\u00e3n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eb1m hai m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c b\u00e0o t\u1eed v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u1ecf bao h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac xung quanh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0i hoa v\u00e0 c\u00e1nh hoa (hay bao hoa trong hoa c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i chi nh\u01b0 Michelia). Ph\u1ea7n b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i (\u0111\u00e0i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e0i hoa) th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 m\u00e0u xanh l\u1ee5c gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e1, c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a hoa, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong n\u1ee5. Ph\u1ea7n b\u00ean trong (tr\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1nh hoa) n\u00f3i chung c\u00f3 m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng hay c\u00e1c m\u00e0u s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 tinh t\u1ebf h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng ho\u1eb7c chim ch\u00f3c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang gi\u00fap cho s\u1ef1 th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea1t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n. S\u1ef1 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 m\u00f9i, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 m\u1eadt hoa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebft ra t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a hoa. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch cho s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a hoa v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 hoa \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "Hoa l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan sinh s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 hoa. B\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn \"\u0111\u1ef1c\" l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u1ecb hoa hay b\u1ed9 nh\u1ecb, n\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra ph\u1ea5n hoa (c\u00e1c b\u00e0o t\u1eed \u0111\u1ef1c) trong c\u00e1c bao ph\u1ea5n. B\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn \"c\u00e1i\" l\u00e0 l\u00e1 no\u00e3n hay b\u1ed9 nh\u1ee5y, n\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c giao t\u1eed c\u00e1i v\u00e0 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ef1 th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n di\u1ec5n ra. Trong khi ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c hoa l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o hay l\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u00ednh (c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1i trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t hoa) th\u00ec th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 hoa \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i v\u00e0 sinh l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n hay l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n. C\u00e1c hoa kh\u00e1c h\u00ecnh c\u00f3 c\u00e1c l\u00e1 no\u00e3n ng\u1eafn v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u1ecb d\u00e0i, ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, v\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng chuy\u1ec3n ph\u1ea5n hoa t\u1edbi nh\u1ee5y hoa (ph\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a l\u00e1 no\u00e3n). C\u00e1c hoa \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf h\u00f3a sinh (sinh l\u00fd) g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t ph\u1ea5n hoa c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 hay kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. \u1ede c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn \u0111\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1i l\u00e0 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u00ean c\u00e1c hoa kh\u00e1c nhau. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "V\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n th\u00ec t\u00fai ph\u00f4i n\u1eb1m g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi l\u1edbp m\u00e0ng bao ph\u1ee7 no\u00e3n, sao cho \u1ed1ng ph\u1ea5n hoa c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o, l\u1edbp t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u00e0nh ng\u0103n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111\u1ef1c (ph\u1ea5n hoa) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u01a1m v\u00e0o trong t\u00fai ph\u00f4i. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn d\u1eaft b\u1edfi t\u1ebf b\u00e0o tr\u1ee9ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, m\u1ed9t t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111\u1ef1c s\u1ebd chui \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o no\u00e3n c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi n\u00f3, hai nh\u00e2n k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i, trong khi m\u1ed9t t\u1ebf b\u00e0o kh\u00e1c s\u1ebd h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, hay c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n n\u1ed9i nh\u0169. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd th\u00fa v\u1ecb n\u00e0y s\u1ebd t\u0103ng g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh l\u00e0 x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecd c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch r\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra trong c\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nguy\u00ean t\u1ea3n sau kho\u1ea3ng l\u1eb7ng ti\u1ebfp theo sau qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00e1i ti\u1ebfp sinh l\u1ef1c h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 c\u1ef1c. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1eef quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t hai h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n trong t\u00fai ph\u00f4i, v\u00e0 g\u1ecdi h\u00e0nh vi t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111\u1ef1c th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ebf b\u00e0o tr\u1ee9ng l\u00e0 th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n sinh s\u1ea3n hay th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n th\u1ef1c th\u1ee5, v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a giao t\u1eed \u0111\u1ef1c th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 c\u1ef1c l\u00e0 th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt, n\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 k\u00edch th\u00edch \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh vi kia. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, n\u1ebfu n\u1ed9i nh\u0169 l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra ph\u00f4i th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt sinh \u0111\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra trong t\u00fai ph\u00f4i - m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 ph\u00f4i, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t k\u00edn v\u00e0 hai l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i nh\u0169, c\u00f3 chu k\u1ef3 s\u1ed1ng ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i, n\u01a1i nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ee7a ph\u00f4i, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00f4i ph\u1ee5 tr\u1ee3 trong th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t tr\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho s\u1ef1 dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ee7a ph\u00f4i tr\u1ed9i. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 v\u1eady v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i nh\u0169 c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ph\u00f4i, l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi sinh s\u1ea3n, th\u00ec s\u1ef1 lai gi\u1ed1ng s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra n\u1ed9i nh\u0169 lai gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra ph\u00f4i lai, v\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft) ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch cho hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng giao ph\u1ea5n quan s\u00e1t th\u1ea5y \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u1ed9i nh\u0169 h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u1ed1ng ng\u00f4 lai v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea5n hoa \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi no\u00e3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 k\u00edch c\u1ee1 v\u00e0 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc trung gian gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u00e2y cha m\u1eb9 lai gh\u00e9p ch\u00e9o. \u00dd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 c\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1edfi c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n m\u1edbi n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd khi cho r\u1eb1ng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111\u1ef1c th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u00f4i khi h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 c\u1ef1c \u1edf \u0111\u1ec9nh, ch\u1ecb em c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o tr\u1ee9ng, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 c\u1ef1c \u1edf g\u1ed1c. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "\u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i nh\u0169 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt ph\u1ee5 tr\u1ee3 th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u1edbi m\u1ebb; n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 c\u1ef1c, nh\u01b0ng khi \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1i, m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 n\u00f3 v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c. N\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ef1c th\u1ee9 hai v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng t\u1ea1o ra cho s\u1ef1 th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ef1c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 nhi\u1ec1u hay \u00edt trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng ph\u00f4i \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3i qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ch\u00fang b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y, c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o tr\u1ee9ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u1edf th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t tr\u1ea7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1c, s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n. S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3 (xem T\u1ebf b\u00e0o h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt) trong nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a hai b\u00e0o t\u1eed, h\u1ea1t ph\u1ea5n v\u00e0 t\u00fai ph\u00f4i, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong nh\u00e2n th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng; v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb ch\u00fang. S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i trong s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1i trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n v\u00e0 n\u00f3 duy tr\u00ec cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o m\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c b\u00e0o t\u1eed l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra trong c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 m\u1edbi. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "\u1ede m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 chi th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt, s\u1ef1 tr\u1ec7ch h\u01b0\u1edbng ra kh\u1ecfi ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y. Trong b\u1ed9 Rosaceae, lo\u1ea1t Querciflorae, chi Casuarina r\u1ea5t b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chi kh\u00e1c, thay v\u00ec m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e0o t\u1eed th\u00ec m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u00f4 d\u1ea1ng b\u00e0o t\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ebf b\u00e0o ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u00e1i sinh s\u1ea3n. Trong c\u00e1c chi Casuarina, Juglans v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 Corylaceae, \u1ed1ng ph\u1ea5n hoa kh\u00f4ng th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp theo m\u00e0ng bao no\u00e3n, m\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua th\u00e0nh bao b\u1ea7u nh\u1ee5y v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng qua th\u1ef1c gi\u00e1 no\u00e3n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o ph\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a no\u00e3n. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u1ee3p, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp m\u00e0ng bao hay ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0ng bao no\u00e3n. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a no\u00e3n th\u00e0nh h\u1ea1t. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n chia t\u1ebf b\u00e0o tr\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n, hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao ph\u1ee7 trong m\u00e0ng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, th\u00ec th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt-ph\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra. M\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \"b\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh\" ph\u00e2n chia theo chi\u1ec1u ngang bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00fang th\u00e0nh m\u1ea7m ph\u00f4i - m\u1ed9t d\u00e3y t\u1ebf b\u00e0o trong \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o g\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi m\u00e0ng bao no\u00e3n s\u1ebd g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a t\u00fai ph\u00f4i, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00f3 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a ph\u00f4i \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, trong khi t\u1ebf b\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9a trong khoang c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. \u1ede th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt hai l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ph\u00f4i ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb t\u1ebf b\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ea7m ph\u00f4i, t\u1eeb t\u1ebf b\u00e0o ti\u1ebfp theo s\u1ebd sinh ra r\u1ec5, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i t\u1ea1o ra cu\u1ed1ng no\u00e3n. \u1ede nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m th\u00ec t\u1ebf b\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n ph\u00f4i, ph\u1ea7n tr\u1ee5c v\u00e0 r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u1eadn k\u1ec1; nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m l\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y - m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt hai l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m th\u00ec l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng. R\u1ec5 nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y c\u1ee7a ph\u00f4i trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t k\u00edn \u0111\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda m\u00e0ng bao no\u00e3n. Ph\u00f4i \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1ng no\u00e3n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0o trong n\u1ed9i nh\u0169 \u0111ang h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, t\u1eeb trong \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1edd h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t n\u00f3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u1ed1t cho s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng. C\u00f9ng th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3, cu\u1ed1ng no\u00e3n \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ea5t dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, khi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u00f4i nh\u0169 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra, c\u00e1c \"r\u1ec5 cu\u1ed1ng no\u00e3n\" h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t bao l\u1ea5y ph\u00f4i \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n hay chui v\u00e0o trong th\u00e2n v\u00e0 v\u1ecf bao no\u00e3n, ho\u1eb7c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed v\u00e0o trong th\u1ef1c gi\u00e1 no\u00e3n. Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ph\u00f4i hay t\u00fai ph\u00f4i g\u1eedi c\u00e1c v\u00f2i h\u00fat v\u00e0o trong ph\u00f4i t\u00e2m v\u00e0 v\u1ecf b\u1ecdc no\u00e3n. Khi ph\u00f4i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 m\u1ecdi ch\u1ea5t nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m hay trong tr\u1ee5 d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, l\u00e0 n\u01a1i kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n d\u00f9ng ngay \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n th\u1ee9c \u0103n d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng khi n\u1ea3y m\u1ea7m v\u00e0 nh\u1edd v\u1eady n\u00f3 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi n\u00f3 chi\u1ebfm to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 t\u00fai ph\u00f4i; ho\u1eb7c s\u1ee9c h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ch\u1ec9 \u1edf m\u1ee9c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 n\u00f3 duy tr\u00ec \u1edf k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i nh\u1ecf, chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 t\u00edch nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a t\u00fai ph\u00f4i, m\u00e0 n\u1ebfu kh\u00e1c \u0111i th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea7y b\u1edfi n\u1ed9i nh\u0169 trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u gi\u1eef. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i trung gian. V\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a ph\u00f4i so v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i nh\u0169 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0111\u00f4i khi n\u00f3 \u1edf b\u00ean trong nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f4i khi l\u1ea1i \u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m r\u00f5. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a n\u1ed9i nh\u0169 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb nh\u00e2n n\u1ed9i nh\u0169. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o tr\u1ee9ng, v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb \u0111\u00fang l\u00fac cho s\u1ef1 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng ph\u00f4i non. N\u1ebfu t\u00fai ph\u00f4i h\u1eb9p th\u00ec s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a n\u1ed9i nh\u0169 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh trong kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e2n chia t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, nh\u01b0ng trong c\u00e1c t\u00fai ph\u00f4i r\u1ed9ng th\u00ec n\u1ed9i nh\u0169 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp t\u1ebf b\u00e0o tr\u1ea7n tr\u1ee5i xung quanh t\u01b0\u1eddng bao c\u1ee7a t\u00fai, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a \u0111a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, t\u1ea1o ra m\u00f4 \u0111i\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea7y t\u00fai ph\u00f4i. Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a n\u1ed9i nh\u0169 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng ph\u00f4i, v\u00e0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong t\u00fai ph\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp sao cho n\u00f3 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t cho s\u1ef1 h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ee7a no\u00e3n. Th\u1eddi gian t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1edbm ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ph\u00f4i. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh c\u1ee7a ph\u00f4i ngay t\u1eeb trong t\u00fai ph\u00f4i, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i d\u1ec5 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1t. Khi n\u00f3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1t th\u00ec ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng cung c\u1ea5p ngu\u1ed3n nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng l\u00e0 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, n\u00f3 t\u00edch l\u0169y trong c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u00e1c th\u1ee9c \u0103n d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef v\u00e0 theo c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n th\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 tinh b\u1ed9t, d\u1ea7u hay xenluloza, ch\u1ea5t nh\u1ea7y v\u00e0 protein. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ph\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 t\u00edch tr\u1eef ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef trong ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u00ec n\u1ed9i nh\u0169 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i trong h\u1ea1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng kh\u00e1c, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 n\u01b0\u1edbc. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 sai bi\u1ec7t khi so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn. Sinh s\u1ea3n \u0111\u01a1n t\u00ednh, hay s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ph\u00f4i t\u1eeb t\u1ebf b\u00e0o tr\u1ee9ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n s\u1ef1 th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c chi Thalictrum, Antennaria v\u00e0 Alchemilla. \u0110a ph\u00f4i n\u00f3i chung g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o h\u01a1n l\u00e0 t\u1eeb t\u1ebf b\u00e0o tr\u1ee9ng. V\u00ec th\u1ebf trong c\u00e1c chi Erythronium v\u00e0 Limnocharis th\u00ec t\u1ebf b\u00e0o tr\u1ee9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00f4 m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ph\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3. C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o n\u00e0o trong t\u00fai ph\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u0169ng t\u1ea1o ra ph\u00f4i, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o tr\u1ee9ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 trong c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i thu\u1ed9c chi Mimosa, Iris v\u00e0 Allium, v\u00e0 trong chi cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau th\u00ec c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ef1c c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3. Trong chi Coelebogyne (h\u1ecd Euphorbiaceae) v\u00e0 Funkia (h\u1ecd Liliaceae) \u0111a ph\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean c\u00e1c ph\u00f4i t\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u1ee7a ph\u00f4i t\u00e2m xung quanh \u0111\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a t\u00fai ph\u00f4i. \u1ede c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i thu\u1ed9c chi Allium, c\u00e1c ph\u00f4i c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb t\u1ebf b\u00e0o tr\u1ee9ng, t\u1ebf b\u00e0o tr\u1ee9ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u1ee7a ph\u00f4i t\u00e2m. \u1ede hai lo\u00e0i thu\u1ed9c chi Balanophora sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c Malaya, ph\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1eeb t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u1ee7a n\u1ed9i nh\u0169, n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 c\u1ef1c ph\u00eda tr\u00ean v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn tr\u1ee9ng b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n sinh s\u1ea3n v\u00f4 giao c\u1ee7a th\u1ec3 b\u00e0o t\u1eed t\u1eeb th\u1ec3 giao t\u1eed khi so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p sinh s\u1ea3n v\u00f4 giao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i d\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ec9. S\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p d\u1ecb th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra trong c\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, l\u00e0 l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u1ea7n c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc k\u1ef9 h\u01a1n trong vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 hoa. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "Do s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ph\u00f4i v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i nh\u0169 di\u1ec5n ra trong t\u00fai ph\u00f4i, th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ph\u00ecnh to l\u00ean v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00fang h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ph\u00f4i t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi n\u00f3 v\u00e0 v\u1ecf b\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra v\u1ecf h\u1ea1t; ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ph\u00f4i t\u00e2m v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u1ea3 v\u1ecf b\u1ecdc c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5. \u1ede m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt th\u00ec ph\u00f4i t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u01a1i t\u00edch l\u0169y th\u1ee9c \u0103n d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef t\u1ea1o ra ngo\u1ea1i nh\u0169 v\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i nh\u0169, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u1edf b\u1ed9 hoa S\u00fang, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o ra th\u1ee9c \u0103n d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef cho ph\u00f4i, nh\u01b0 \u1edf chi Canna. Ngu\u1ed3n th\u1ee9c \u0103n d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef n\u1ed9i nh\u0169 c\u00f3 \u01b0u th\u1ebf h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi ngo\u1ea1i nh\u0169, v\u00e0 c\u00e1i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00f3 th\u1ea5y, ch\u1ec9 \u1edf v\u00e0i lo\u1ea1t kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a m\u1ea1nh. C\u00e1c h\u1ea1t trong \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ed9i nh\u0169 hay ngo\u1ea1i nh\u0169 ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea3 hai c\u00f9ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i n\u00f3i chung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00f3 ph\u00f4i nh\u0169 hay c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i nh\u0169, c\u00f2n c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 n\u1ed9i nh\u0169 v\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i nh\u0169 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u00f4i nh\u0169 hay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i nh\u0169. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef n\u00e0y (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00f3a s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i) ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng th\u00f4 thi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1t, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ra ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef th\u1ee9c \u0103n; nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i h\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u00f4i nh\u0169 nh\u01b0ng khi quan s\u00e1t d\u01b0\u1edbi k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi l\u1ea1i r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i nh\u0169 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ea5p ngu\u1ed3n dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng. S\u1ef1 c\u00f3 hay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a n\u1ed9i nh\u0169, kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 khi c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a ph\u00f4i trong n\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m b\u1ed9. Trong khi \u1ea5y th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea7u nh\u1ee5y \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 hay v\u1ecf qu\u1ea3, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi ki\u1ec3u ph\u00e1t t\u00e1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1t. N\u00f3i chung \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n r\u01a1i v\u00e0o b\u1ea7u nh\u1ee5y v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a hoa c\u0169ng tham gia v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o qu\u1ea3, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ebf hoa \u1edf t\u00e1o, d\u00e2u t\u00e2y v.v. \u0110\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a v\u1ecf h\u1ea1t c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea3. Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u00e0 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ph\u00f4i v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 trong s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t t\u00e1n; ch\u00fang c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac ti\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 n\u1ea3y m\u1ea7m. N\u1ebfu qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i qu\u1ea3 n\u1ee9t v\u00e0 h\u1ea1t v\u00ec th\u1ebf nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00f4 ra th\u00ec v\u1ecf h\u1ea1t c\u1ea7n cung \u1ee9ng cho s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ph\u00f4i v\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 an to\u00e0n cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t t\u00e1n. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, qu\u1ea3 lo\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng n\u1ee9t kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u00f4i v\u00e0 v\u1ecf h\u1ea1t ch\u1ec9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "Th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 hoa cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 l\u1edbn c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp hay gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp qua th\u1ee9c \u0103n cho gia s\u00fac, gia c\u1ea7m. Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c h\u1ecd th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 hoa th\u00ec h\u1ecd H\u00f2a th\u1ea3o (Poaceae) l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t, cung c\u1ea5p ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 l\u00faa, ng\u00f4, l\u00faa m\u00ec, l\u00faa m\u1ea1ch, k\u00ea, y\u1ebfn m\u1ea1ch, l\u00faa m\u1ea1ch \u0111en, m\u00eda, l\u00faa mi\u1ebfn, trong khi h\u1ecd \u0110\u1eadu (Fabaceae) \u0111\u1ee9ng h\u00e0ng th\u1ee9 hai. C\u00e1c h\u1ecd quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 h\u1ecd C\u00e0 (Solanaceae) v\u1edbi khoai t\u00e2y, c\u00e0 chua v\u00e0 h\u1ea1t ti\u00eau, hay h\u1ecd B\u1ea7u b\u00ed (Cucurbitaceae) v\u1edbi b\u1ea7u, b\u00ed, d\u01b0a h\u1ea5u, d\u01b0a chu\u1ed9t, hay h\u1ecd C\u1ea3i (Brassicaceae), v\u1edbi m\u00f9 t\u1ea1c, c\u1ea3i b\u1eafp, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd Hoa t\u00e1n (Apiaceae). Nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 t\u1eeb h\u1ecd Cam (Rutaceae), h\u1ecd Hoa h\u1ed3ng (Rosaceae) nh\u01b0 t\u00e1o, \u0111\u00e0o, m\u01a1, m\u1eadn v.v. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "Ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1940, ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o, khi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u M\u1ef9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u1eadp bay s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh analog \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng c\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7t trong thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. M\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 the type19 synthetic radar trainer \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1943. T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ban \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00e0y, trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eeb chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi II \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa 1970, ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u00e1y t\u00ednh l\u1edbn. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i ti\u00ean phong trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 PLATO (1960) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Illinois v\u00e0 TICCIT (1969). C\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb n\u00e0y c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u00ean 10.000, ch\u00fang v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra ngo\u00e0i kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t BASIC (1963) v\u00e0 LOGO (1967), c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1y cho sinh vi\u00ean v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi l\u00e0m quen v\u1edbi m\u00e1y t\u00ednh. Plato IV, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh v\u00e0o 1972, h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ednh n\u0103ng m\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh chu\u1ea9n cho ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ch\u1ea1y \u1edf m\u00e1y t\u00ednh trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh. Nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh n\u0103ng n\u00e0y g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecda, t\u1ea1o ra \u00e2m thanh v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb v\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng qua b\u00e0n ph\u00edm (nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh). </s>"} | |
| {"text": "S\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, v\u1edbi altair 8800 n\u0103m 1975, t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0o ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc 1975, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ea3i chia s\u1ebb th\u1eddi gian s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c m\u00e1y t\u00ednh l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ho\u1eb7c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n th\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u1ea3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m cho m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u1edf nh\u00e0 ho\u1eb7c \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc. Gi\u00e1 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng d\u01b0\u1edbi $2000. \u0110\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1980, v\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n nh\u01b0 Commodore PET v\u00e0 Apple II cho ph\u00e9p th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. Broderbund v\u00e0 Learning Company l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ty then ch\u1ed1t trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, MECC (Minnesota Educational Computing Consortium) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m phi l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn. Nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ty n\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cho Apple II. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea1y v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 1000s \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i t\u1eeb gi\u1eefa 1990 \u0111\u1ebfn nay c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00ednh ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 cho tr\u1ebb nh\u1ecf. Sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng n\u00e0y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u g\u1eafn k\u1ebft n\u1ed9i dung gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc trong nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng (nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee7a Anh). Vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd b\u1edfi kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i tr\u00ean m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u2013 n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00ec c\u1ea7n th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 (nh\u01b0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y) v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh bay \u1edf sau). C\u00e1c b\u1eadc ph\u1ee5 huynh c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u0103n c\u1ee9 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn. C\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 sau \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c cho tr\u1ebb em. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 t\u00ednh s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m, h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c d\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ecdc vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "M\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc. \u0110i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ebfu l\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng tr\u1eafng l\u1edbn \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbp v\u00e0 ch\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi tr\u00ean m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh c\u00e1c m\u00e1y t\u00ednh kh\u00e1c trong ph\u00f2ng. Trong khi gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ecdn s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u1eeb c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng IT, m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mong \u0111\u1ee3i s\u1ebd tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y t\u1ea1i l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc. C\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ea5t chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 do r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u h\u00e3ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. The schoolzone.co.uk Guide to Digital Resources, 5th ed. (2005) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 500 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i theo m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng UK. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "Theo ngh\u0129a r\u1ed9ng, c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed mang t\u00ednh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ed3ng gh\u00e9p c\u00e1c tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i m\u00e1y t\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m (do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m d\u1ea1y tr\u1ebb em). Trong ph\u1ea1m vi h\u1eb9p h\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u00e0 ch\u00fang mang t\u00ednh gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 quan gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. C\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m k\u1ec9\u1ec3u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac theo ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng, th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u00e0 s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u00eam c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m tham kh\u1ea3o cho d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1990. \u0110\u1ec3 tham gia v\u00e0o th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ec1n tham kh\u1ea3o, h\u1ecd th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1n, \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 Microsoft. Ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m tham kh\u1ea3o th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u1edf d\u1ea1ng CD-ROM, th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 sung th\u00eam c\u00e1c n\u1ed9i dung multimedia, ch\u1ee9a nh\u1eefng file n\u00e9n \u00e2m thanh v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh. C\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 internet, b\u1ed5 sung th\u00eam cho c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m CD-ROM, d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n ch\u00fang thay th\u1ebf ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n CD-ROM. Wikipedia v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 (nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 Wiktionary) \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m tham kh\u1ea3o gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean, s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n n\u1ed9i dung d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m chuy\u00ean gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m Wiki cho ph\u00e9p ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c tham kh\u1ea3o qua vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 chuy\u00ean gia v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng chuy\u00ean. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t cho r\u1eb1ng m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh n\u1ec1n m\u00e1y t\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c cho tr\u1ebb em v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi tr\u1ebb em \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0o ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng. Ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhau th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 laptop c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho tr\u1ebb em. M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m Leapfrog. Nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n c\u1ea7m tay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf theo t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f9ng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ed9p \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u01a1i v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng nh\u01b0 cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang di l\u1ea1i d\u1ec5 d\u1ea1ng h\u01a1n m\u00e1y t\u00ednh s\u00e1ch tay. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch, ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c d\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ecdc vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "C\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc (cao \u0111\u1eb3ng) v\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ch\u1ea1y tr\u00ean m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111\u01a1n (ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u1ea7m tay). L\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f3m t\u1eaft trong SCORM 2004 2nd edition Overview (ph\u1ea7n 1.3), kh\u00f4ng may l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m sau 2000, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean sever v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 cao. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c ch\u1ea1y tr\u00ean sever, h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ho\u1eb7c h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t xa c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u1eebng ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ecf trong module d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc ho\u1eb7c ki\u1ec3m tra, th\u00f4ng qua h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1ea1ng. Ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m tr\u00ean sever quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i, thu l\u01b0\u1ee3m k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ecb qu\u00e1 trinh \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc. C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 M\u1ef9 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng nhanh ch\u00f3ng sang c\u00e1ch m\u1edbi trong vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "M\u00e3 m\u00e1y nh\u1ecb ph\u00e2n (kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi m\u00e3 h\u1ee3p ng\u1eef) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 bi\u00ean d\u1ecbch hay h\u1ee3p d\u1ecbch, hay l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng (ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean). M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u00fang ta ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp b\u1eb1ng m\u00e3 nh\u1ecb ph\u00e2n, vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 g\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng v\u00ec ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd t\u1eebng bit \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb v\u00e0 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0 h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng. Do \u0111\u00f3, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb nh\u1eefng thao t\u00e1c c\u1ea7n t\u1ed1i \u01b0u v\u00e0 g\u1ee1 l\u1ed7i chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t, ch\u00fang ta r\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm khi l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "Hi\u1ec7n nay, h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u00e1y t\u00ednh trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef b\u1eadc cao hay (\u0111\u00f4i khi) h\u1ee3p ng\u1eef, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch th\u00e0nh m\u00e3 m\u00e1y th\u1ef1c thi b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ph\u1ee5 tr\u1ee3 nh\u01b0 tr\u00ecnh bi\u00ean d\u1ecbch, tr\u00ecnh h\u1ee3p d\u1ecbch hay tr\u00ecnh li\u00ean k\u1ebft. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef th\u00f4ng d\u1ecbch th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch sang m\u00e3 m\u00e1y nh\u1edd tr\u00ecnh th\u00f4ng d\u1ecbch t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng (c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c thi hay tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd). C\u00e1c tr\u00ecnh th\u00f4ng d\u1ecbch n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c m\u00e3 m\u00e1y th\u1ef1c thi tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp (sinh ra t\u1eeb m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n h\u1ee3p ng\u1eef hay c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef b\u1eadc cao). </s>"} | |
| {"text": "M\u1ecdi vi x\u1eed l\u00fd hay h\u1ecd vi x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb m\u00e3 m\u00e1y ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. C\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1eabu bit \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u1ec7nh kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y t\u00ednh. Do \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp vi x\u1eed l\u00fd thu\u1ed9c c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac m\u00e1y t\u00ednh. Nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf vi x\u1eed l\u00fd k\u1ebf th\u1eeba th\u01b0\u1eddng bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb c\u1ee7a vi x\u1eed l\u00fd ti\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7m c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb m\u1edbi. \u0110\u00f4i khi, c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf k\u1ebf th\u1eeba l\u1ea1i lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf hay thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb (v\u00ec ch\u00fang c\u1ea7n d\u00f9ng cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch m\u1edbi), g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n \u1edf m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed, c\u00e1c vi x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 c\u1eadn ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm x\u1ea3y ra. C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nhau \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb, h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh hay thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ngo\u1ea1i vi. V\u00ec c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh hay ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c nhau kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea1y c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t m\u00e3 m\u00e1y, ngay c\u1ea3 khi ch\u00fang s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i vi x\u1eed l\u00fd. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "M\u1ed9t t\u1eadp ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t hay bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng. C\u00e1ch c\u00e1c bit \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp thay \u0111\u1ed5i r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac kh\u00e1c nhau hay c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb kh\u00e1c nhau. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t hay nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f9ng m\u00e3 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb c\u01a1 s\u1edf (nh\u01b0 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n hay nh\u1ea3y) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb th\u1ef1c (nh\u01b0 c\u1ed9ng hay so s\u00e1nh), v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n lo\u1ea1i to\u00e1n h\u1ea1ng, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9, c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 hay c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1ef1c (c\u00e1c to\u00e1n h\u1ea1ng h\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9a trong ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u1ee9c th\u1eddi). </s>"} | |
| {"text": "Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u00e1y t\u00ednh hay ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 to\u00e1n h\u1ea1ng hi\u1ec7n (r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng). M\u1ed9t m\u00e1y t\u00ednh thanh ch\u1ee9a c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa to\u00e1n h\u1ea1ng tr\u00e1i v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n l\u01b0u trong m\u1ed9t thanh ch\u1ee9a \u1ea9n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ed1. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac kh\u00e1c (nh\u01b0 8086 hay x86) c\u00f3 phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thanh ch\u1ee9a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng, v\u00e0 thanh ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng thanh ghi t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb d\u00e0i. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y t\u00ednh ng\u0103n x\u1ebfp l\u1ea1i l\u01b0u h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c to\u00e1n h\u1ea1ng trong m\u1ed9t ng\u0103n x\u1ebfp \u1ea9n. Nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng thi\u1ebfu to\u00e1n t\u1eed hi\u1ec7n (v\u00ed d\u1ee5, vi x\u1eed l\u00fd ID trong ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac x86 ghi gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0o b\u1ed1n thanh ghi \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m \u1ea9n). S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa to\u00e1n t\u1eed hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u1ea9n cho ph\u00e9p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea1m vi r\u1ed9ng, 'u\u1ed1n n\u1eafn' c\u00e1c thanh ghi li\u00ean t\u1ee5c (l\u01b0u gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e8 l\u00ean gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a thanh ghi) v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u00e1y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7t b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u01a1n \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u00f3, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 vi ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh (microprogram). Vi ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t giao di\u1ec7n ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u00e1y th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh m\u00e1y t\u00ednh kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng m\u1ea1ch x\u1eed l\u00fd d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c nhau, trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng hay h\u1ecd. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u00e3 m\u00e1y qua c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh m\u00e1y t\u00ednh kh\u00e1c nhau d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. H\u1ecd m\u00e1y t\u00ednh v\u00e0 vi x\u1eed l\u00fd IBM System/360 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 d\u00f2ng x\u1eed l\u00fd d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbn kh\u00e1c nhau, t\u1eeb 8 bits \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1edbn h\u01a1n 16 bits, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh thu\u1ed9c c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac m\u00e1y t\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u00e1y. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Harvard l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u00f3 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb ri\u00eang l\u1ebb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u cho m\u00e3 (ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb) v\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Ng\u00e0y nay, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn vi x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7t nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng (th\u1eadt ra l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Modified Harvard), nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c nh\u01b0 t\u1ea3i ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh t\u1eeb \u1ed5 c\u1ee9ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c thi n\u00f3. Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Harvard tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n so v\u1edbi ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Von Neumann: d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 m\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u v\u00e0o c\u00f9ng b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb, v\u00e0 vi x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u1ecdc ch\u00fang gi\u00fap m\u00e1y t\u00ednh th\u1ef1c thi c\u00e1c l\u1ec7nh. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "Edward I (17/18 th\u00e1ng 6 1239 \u2013 7 th\u00e1ng 7 1307), c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi lav Edward Longshanks v\u00e0 K\u1ebb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Scots (Latin: Malleus Scotorum), l\u00e0 Vua c\u1ee7a Anh t\u1eeb 1272 \u0111\u1ebfn 1307. L\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eed c\u1ee7a Henry III, Edward c\u00f3 d\u00ednh l\u00edu \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u00e2m m\u01b0u ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 ho\u00e0ng, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nam t\u01b0\u1edbc. N\u0103m 1259, \u00f4ng tham gia v\u00e0o phong tr\u00e0o c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nam t\u01b0\u1edbc trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn, \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u0110i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n Oxford. Tuy nhi\u00ean, sau khi h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 th\u00e2n, \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda ho\u00e0ng gia trong cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u0169 trang sau \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Chi\u1ebfn tranh Nam t\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai. Sau tr\u1eadn Lewes, Edward b\u1ecb c\u00e1c nam t\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n b\u1eaft l\u00e0m con tin, song \u00f4ng tr\u1ed1n tho\u00e1t sau v\u00e0i th\u00e1ng v\u00e0 tham gia v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Simon de Montfort. Montfort b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i tr\u1ea1i tr\u1eadn Evesham n\u0103m 1265, v\u00e0 trong v\u00f2ng hai n\u0103m ti\u1ebfp theo cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady b\u1ecb d\u1eb9p tan. N\u1ec1n h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh t\u00e1i l\u1eadp \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh, Edward l\u1ea1i tham gia Cu\u1ed9c Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh th\u1ee9 ch\u00edn v\u00e0o v\u00f9ng \u0110\u1ea5t Th\u00e1nh. Cu\u1ed9c Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh k\u1ebft th\u00fac sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn, v\u00e0 Edward \u0111ang tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u0103m 1272 khi \u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tin ph\u1ee5 v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u0103ng h\u00e0. Tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1eadm ch\u1ea1p, \u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00e2n t\u1edbi Anh qu\u1ed1c n\u0103m 1274 v\u00e0 l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 gia mi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i Westminster ng\u00e0y 19 th\u00e1ng 8. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "Trong tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u00f4ng d\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ho\u00e0ng gia v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng. Qua m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra ph\u00e1p l\u00fd quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn, Edward \u0111i\u1ec1u tra v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 chi\u1ebfm h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c phong ki\u1ebfn, trong khi lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed1n h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n s\u1eed h\u1eefu. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y, m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Edward l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i. Sau khi \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n nh\u1ecf \u1edf Wales n\u0103m 1276\u201377, Edward \u0111\u00e1o l\u1ea1i cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n th\u1ee9 hai n\u0103m 1282\u201383 b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n. Sau th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch, Edward \u0111\u1eaft x\u1ee9 Wales d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n t\u1ec3 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Anh, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i v\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n \u1edf n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0. Sau \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 Scotland. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft tranh ch\u1ea5p th\u1eeba k\u1ebf, Edward tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 ch\u1ee7 phong ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c n\u00e0y. Trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh di\u1ec5n ra sau \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Scots v\u1eabn ki\u00ean tr\u00ec chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u, d\u00f9 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh c\u00f3 v\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eafp chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m. C\u00f9ng l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 trong n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u1ea3y ra nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec1. Gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1290, nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i t\u0103ng thu\u1ebf, v\u00e0 Edward ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi phe ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i. Nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3. Khi nh\u00e0 vua b\u0103ng h\u00e0 n\u0103m 1307, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i con trai \u00f4ng, Edward II, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u1edbi Scotland v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "Edward I l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi cao l\u1edbn trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u00f3 bi\u1ec7t danh \"Longshanks\". T\u00ednh kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng th\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi chi\u1ec1u cao c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, khi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ee3, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi \u00f4ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u00f4ng d\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng cho c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb vua th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea1o. C\u00e1c s\u1eed gia hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i khi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u1ec1 Edward I chia ra hai lu\u1ed3ng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn: trong khi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 khen ng\u1ee3i \u00f4ng v\u00ec nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng cho ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch \u00f4ng v\u00ec th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c. Hi\u1ec7n nay, Edward I \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u trong th\u1eddi gian tr\u1ecb v\u00ec, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 trung h\u01b0ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ho\u00e0ng gia sau th\u1eddi Henry III, thi\u1ebft l\u1ea1p Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng thu\u1ebf, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt. C\u00f9ng l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng c\u0169ng b\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Scots, v\u00e0 ban h\u00e0nh S\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh Tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t n\u0103m 1290, \u0111u\u1ed5i c\u1ed5 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i ra kh\u1ecfi n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh. S\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh v\u1eabn c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c su\u1ed1t ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5, v\u00e0 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i h\u01a1n 350 n\u0103m cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi n\u00f3 b\u1ecb b\u00e3i b\u1ecf b\u1edfi Oliver Cromwell n\u0103m 1656. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "Edward ch\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi t\u1ea1i Cung \u0111i\u1ec7n Westminster v\u00e0o \u0111\u00eam ng\u00e0y 17\u201318 th\u00e1ng 6, 1239, l\u00e0 con c\u1ee7a Henry III v\u00e0 Eleanor x\u1ee9 Provence.[a] Edward l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i t\u00ean Anglo-Saxon, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ho\u00e0ng t\u1ed9c sau Cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Norman, nh\u01b0ng Henry r\u1ea5t t\u00f4n k\u00ednh Edward the Confessor, v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u00f9ng t\u00ean n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00e0m t\u00ean th\u00e1nh cho con trai tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.[b] Trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n h\u1ed3i nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u00f3 Henry x\u1ee9 Almain, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh trai c\u1ee7a Henry l\u00e0 Richard x\u1ee9 Cornwall. Henry x\u1ee9 Almain v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n th\u00e2n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed, h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh trong cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh. Edward \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u0103m s\u00f3c b\u1edfi Hugh Giffard \u2013 ph\u1ee5t h\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Quan Th\u1ee7 qu\u1ef9 sau n\u00e0y Godfrey Giffard \u2013 cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi Bartholomew Pecche l\u00ean thay khi Giffard ch\u1ebft n\u0103m 1246. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i lo ng\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ee7a Edward trong th\u1eddi tr\u1ebb, \u00f4ng ng\u00e3 b\u1ec7nh n\u0103m 1246, 1247 v\u00e0 1251. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng tr\u00e1ng ki\u1ec7n; cao 6 feet 2 inches (1.88 m) v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd do \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng c\u00f3 bi\u1ec7t danh \"Longshanks\", c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \"ch\u00e2n d\u00e0i\" hay \"c\u1eb3ng ch\u00e2n d\u00e0i\". S\u1eed gia Michael Prestwich n\u00f3i r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng \"c\u00e1nh tay d\u00e0i mang l\u1ea1i cho \u00f4ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ee3i th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfm v\u1ecb, \u0111\u00f9i d\u00e0i c\u1ea7n cho m\u1ed9t k\u1ecb s\u0129. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi tr\u1ebb, \u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u00e1i t\u00f3c xo\u0103n v\u00e0ng; \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh l\u00e0 m\u00e0u t\u1ed1i, v\u00e0 khi v\u1ec1 gi\u00e0 n\u00f3 ng\u1ea3 sang m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng. [Nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng b\u1ecb l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng b\u1edfi m\u00ed m\u1eaft tr\u00e1i v\u1ecb c\u1ee5p.] C\u00e1ch \u0103n n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 n\u00f3i ng\u1ecdng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c.\" </s>"} | |
| {"text": "N\u0103m 1254, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh lo ng\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a Castile v\u00e0o t\u1ec9nh Gascony n\u00ean cha c\u1ee7a Edward \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ee9a con trai 14 tu\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 Eleanor 13 tu\u1ed5i, em g\u00e1i kh\u00e1c m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a Alfonso X c\u1ee7a Castile. Eleanor v\u00e0 Edward k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u00e0o 1 th\u00e1ng 11 1254 \u1edf Nh\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7n Santa Mar\u00eda la Real de Las Huelgas thu\u1ed9c Castile. M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n, ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed tr\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1 15,000 marks m\u1ed9t n\u0103m. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 vua Henry \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eedi m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n b\u1ed9ng l\u1ed9c kh\u00e1 l\u1edbn, ch\u00fang cho Edward m\u1ed9t \u00edt s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong \u0111\u1ea5t Gascony \u0111\u1ea7u 1249, nh\u01b0ng Simon de Montfort, B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Leicester th\u1ee9 6, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0m Trung \u00fay ho\u00e0ng gia v\u00e0o n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, do v\u1eady, \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y h\u1ebft l\u1ee3i t\u1ee9c \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, cho n\u00ean trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf Edward kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u t\u1eeb c\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n thu trong t\u1ec9nh n\u00e0y. Ph\u1ee5 c\u1ea5p \u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u0103m 1254 bao g\u1ed3m ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn Ireland, nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u1edf Wales v\u00e0 Anh, bao g\u1ed3m L\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Chester, nh\u01b0ng nh\u00e0 vua v\u1eabn gi\u1eefa l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u1edf Ireland, n\u00ean quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Edward b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 vua nh\u1eadn ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u1ee3i t\u1ee9c t\u1eeb c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "T\u1eeb 1254 \u0111\u1ebfn 1257, Edward n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e0 con b\u00ean ngo\u1ea1i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Savoyards, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u1ee7 \u00fd nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Peter x\u1ee9 Savoy, c\u1eadu c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu. Sau 1257, Edward ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng g\u1eafn b\u00f3 v\u1edbi ph\u00e1i Poitevin v\u00e0 Lusignan \u2013 em trai kh\u00e1c m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua Henry III \u2013 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 William de Valence.[c] S\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd, b\u1edfi v\u00ec hai nh\u00f3m qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c g\u1ed1c ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c n\u1eafm nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n \u0111ang b\u1ef1c b\u1ed9i v\u1edbi t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c Anh, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ee9ng trung t\u00e2m trong phong tr\u00e0o c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nam t\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng n\u0103m ti\u1ebfp theo. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi ngang ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c b\u1edfi Edward v\u00e0 phe c\u00e1nh Lusignan c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eeba k\u1ebf ho\u00e0ng gia. Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m ti\u1ebfp theo s\u1ebd h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi Edward. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "Edward th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u 1255, khi \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda gia t\u1ed9c Soler \u1edf Gascony, trong cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t dai d\u1eb3ng gi\u1eefa hai nh\u00e0 Soler v\u00e0 Colomb. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c phe ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 th\u00e2n \u00f4ng. Th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1258, m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp ra m\u1ed9t y\u00eau s\u00e1ch c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua - n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n Oxford \u2013 n\u1ed9i dung ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Lusignans. Edward \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng minh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0110i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n. Phong tr\u00e0o c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Lusignan, tuy nhi\u00ean, d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Edward b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1259, \u00f4ng tham gia li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ph\u00e1i c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch, Richard de Clare, B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Gloucester. Sau \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0o 15 th\u00e1ng 10 1259, \u00f4ng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nam t\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, Simon de Montfort. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "\u0110\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u1eb1ng sau s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a Edward c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng; Montfort s\u1ebd h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 cho s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u1edf Gascony. Khi nh\u00e0 vua sang Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 11, nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a Edward tr\u1edf n\u00ean ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu ph\u1ee5c t\u00f9ng. \u00d4ng c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c h\u1eb9n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch, khi\u1ebfn ph\u1ee5 v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng tin r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng \u0111ang l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh. Khi nh\u00e0 vua tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 t\u1eeb Ph\u00e1p, ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f4ng t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i g\u1eb7p con trai, nh\u01b0ng qua s\u1ef1 trung gian h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Cornwall v\u00e0 T\u1ed5ng Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Canterbury, hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i v\u1edbi nhau. Edward \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi ra n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1260 \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi Lusignans, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e0y sang Ph\u00e1p. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "Tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Anh qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1262, Edward b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t \u01b0u th\u1ebf c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed3ng minh Lusignan do v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh. N\u0103m sau, vua Henry c\u1eed \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch \u1edf Wales ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. V\u00e0o l\u00fac n\u00e0y, Simon de Montfort, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1261, tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Anh v\u00e0 kh\u01a1i l\u1ea1i phong tr\u00e0o c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch nam t\u01b0\u1edbc. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00f3, nh\u00e0 vua d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb tho\u00e1i v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nam t\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 Edward b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, d\u00f9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia \u0111\u00e3 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng l\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 phe n\u00e0o, \u0111\u1ebfn nay Edward ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng gia v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. \u00d4ng li\u00ean minh l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 xa l\u00e1nh tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia, trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n th\u00e2n th\u1eddi tr\u1ebb, Henry x\u1ee9 Almain, v\u00e0 John de Warenne, B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Surrey \u2013 v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i L\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i Windsor t\u1eeb tay qu\u00e2n phi\u1ebfn lo\u1ea1n. Qua s\u1ef1 trung gian c\u1ee7a Vua Louis IX c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, m\u1ed9t th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp ra gi\u1eefa hai b\u00ean. \u0110\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Mise of Amiens v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho phe ho\u00e0ng gia, v\u00e0 gieo m\u1ea7m cho cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t l\u1edbn h\u01a1n n\u1eefa. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1264 - 1267 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Chi\u1ebfn tranh Nam t\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ee9 hai, gi\u1eefa l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c nam t\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 Simon de Montfort ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 vua. Tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean di\u1ec5n ra \u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Gloucester, m\u00e0 Edward kh\u01a1i ngu\u1ed3n nh\u1eb1m chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y t\u1eeb tay qu\u00e2n th\u00f9. Khi Robert de Ferrers, B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Derby, \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng phi\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n, Edward \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n m\u1ed9t th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn ng\u1eebng chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi b\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc, th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn n\u00e0y sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb \u00f4ng ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1. Sau Edward l\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Northampton t\u1eeb con trai c\u1ee7a Montfort l\u00e0 Simon, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch tr\u1ea3 \u0111\u0169a v\u00e0o l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a Derby. Phe nam t\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 ho\u00e0ng gia l\u1ea1i g\u1eb7p nhau \u1edf Tr\u1eadn Lewes, ng\u00e0y 14 th\u00e1ng 5, 1264. Edward, ch\u1ec9 huy h\u1eefu qu\u00e2n, chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u t\u1ed1t, v\u00e0 s\u1edbm t\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Montfort \u1edf London. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ea1i d\u1ed9t, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea3i m\u00ea \u0111u\u1ed5i theo qu\u00e2n th\u00f9, v\u00e0 khi \u00f4ng tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i th\u00ec l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u00e0ng gia c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i. Theo th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn Mise of Lewes, Edward v\u00e0 Henry x\u1ee9 Almain b\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0m con tin c\u1ee7a Montfort. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "S\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 d\u00e0nh cho Montfort ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u1ea1n ki\u1ec7t, v\u00e0 Edward gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i Worcester v\u00e0 Gloucester m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, Montfort l\u1eadp li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi Llywelyn v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi con trai Simon. Edward l\u1eadp k\u1ebf m\u1edf cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd v\u00e0o L\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i Kenilworth, n\u01a1i Montfort con b\u1ecb phanh th\u00e2y, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e1nh b\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Leiceiter. Hai b\u00ean g\u1eb7p nhau tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 hai trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh Nam t\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u00e0 Tr\u1eadn Evesham, ng\u00e0y 4 th\u00e1ng 8 1265. Montfort kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u hi v\u1ecdng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1eafng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i ho\u00e0ng gia, v\u00e0 sau khi thua tr\u1eadn \u00f4ng b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft v\u00e0 phanh th\u00e2y tr\u00ean chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "Qua nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i b\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Derby t\u1ea1i Gloucester, Edward b\u1ecb mang ti\u1ebfng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady. Trong chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch m\u00f9a h\u00e8, \u00f4ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi. Chi\u1ebfn tranh kh\u00f4ng k\u1ebft th\u00fac ch\u1ec9 v\u1edbi c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Montfort, v\u00e0 Edward ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch. V\u00e0o Gi\u00e1ng sinh, \u00f4ng k\u00fd m\u1ed9t th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi Simon de Montfort con v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng minh c\u1ee7a h\u1eafn t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea3o Axholme thu\u1ed9c Lincolnshire, v\u00e0 th\u00e1ng 3 \u00f4ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u1edf Cinque Ports. M\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m phi\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n c\u1ed1 bthur \u1edfLaau \u0111\u00e0i Kenilworth v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i v\u1edbi Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Kenilworth.[e] V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 4 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 Gloucester s\u1ebd kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng phong tr\u00e0o c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch, v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c, nh\u01b0ng sau m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n l\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Kenilworth, hai b\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn.[f] Edward, tuy nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng tham gia nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n sau chi\u1ebfn tranh; m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh s\u1eafp s\u1eeda di\u1ec5n ra. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "Edward b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed9c th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 trang tr\u1ecdng ng\u00e0y 24 th\u00e1ng 6 1268, v\u1edbi em trai \u00f4ng Edmund v\u00e0 em h\u1ecd Henry x\u1ee9 Almain. M\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh th\u1ee9 9 l\u00e0 c\u1ef1u th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a Edward - nh\u01b0 B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Gloucester, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 de Clare cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng tham gia. B\u1ea5y gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i, tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh. Vua Louis IX c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111o\u00e0n qu\u00e2n th\u1eadp t\u1ef1, \u0111\u00e3 trao cho m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n vay \u00a317,500. S\u1ed1 n\u00e0y, tuy nhi\u00ean, l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7; ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c thu thu\u1ebf l\u00ean gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n, v\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ebf n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb 1237. Th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1270, Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn m\u1ee9c thu\u1ebf 1/20,[g] \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 vua \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd t\u00e1i c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn Magna Carta, v\u00e0 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf cho vay ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i. Ng\u00e0y 20 th\u00e1ng 8 Edward giong bu\u1ed3m t\u1eeb Dover sang Ph\u00e1p. C\u00e1c s\u1eed gia kh\u00f4ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c vi\u1ec5n chinh l\u00e0 bao nhi\u00eau, nh\u01b0ng Edward c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 mang theo kho\u1ea3ng 225 hi\u1ec7p s\u0129 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n 1000 qu\u00e2n. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "Ban \u0111\u1ea7u, \u0111o\u00e0n qu\u00e2n Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u1ea3i v\u00e2y cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3n l\u0169y c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c \u1edf Acre, nh\u01b0ng Louis l\u1ea1i chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng sau Tunis. Nh\u00e0 vua n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 em trai \u00f4ng ta Charles x\u1ee9 Anjou, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp l\u00e0m Vua c\u1ee7a Sicily, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t t\u00f2a th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec ki\u00ean c\u1ed1 \u1edf B\u1eafc Phi. K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch th\u1ea5y b\u1ea1i khi l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u00e1p g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee3t b\u1ec7nh d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y 25 th\u00e1ng 8, b\u1ec7nh d\u1ecbch \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y \u0111i m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a vua Louis. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m Edward \u0111\u1ebfn Tunis, Charles \u0111\u00e3 k\u00fd m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u v\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m th\u00eam vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec n\u1eefa tr\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i Sicily. Cu\u1ed9c th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh b\u1ecb ho\u00e3n l\u1ea1i cho \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n n\u0103m sau, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n b\u00e3o \u1eadp t\u1edbi v\u00e0 t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 ngo\u00e0i kh\u01a1i b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n Sicily khi\u1ebfn cho Charles x\u1ee9 Anjou v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf v\u1ecb Louis l\u00e0 Philippe III t\u1eeb b\u1ecf chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch. Edward quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c, v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y 9 th\u00e1ng 5 1271 \u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00e2n l\u00ean Acre.. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "Sau \u0111\u00f3, t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i V\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t Th\u00e1nh tr\u1edf n\u00ean b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n. Jerusalem th\u1ea5t th\u1ee7 n\u0103m 1244, v\u00e0 Acre b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Kito gi\u00e1o. C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o \u0111ang \u1edf th\u1ebf t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Mamluk x\u1ee9 Baibars, v\u00e0 nay \u0111\u00e3 \u0111e d\u1ecda \u0111\u1ebfn Acre. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Edward l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 b\u1ed5 sung l\u1edbn cho l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed3n tr\u00fa, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Baibars, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o v\u00f9ng g\u1ea7n St Georges-de-Lebeyne v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 6 kh\u00f4ng thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 g\u00ec. M\u1ed9t \u0111o\u00e0n s\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 Ilkhan Abaqa (1234\u20131282) c\u1ee7a Mongols gi\u00fap \u0111em l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o Aleppo \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc, nh\u1eb1m gi\u00fap \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1ea1c h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Baibars. Th\u00e1ng 11, Edward d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0o Qaqun, m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i t\u1edbi Jerusalem, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea3 cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a Mongol v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng Qaqun \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. M\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 r\u01a1i v\u00e0o tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng, v\u00e0 th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1272 Hugh III c\u1ee7a Cyprus, ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean danh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 vua c\u1ee7a Jerusalem, k\u00fd th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn ng\u1eebng b\u1eafn 10 n\u0103m v\u1edbi Baibars. Edward b\u1ecb th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u00e1t th\u1ee7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1p v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 6 bu\u1ed9c \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb b\u1ecf m\u1ecdi chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ecdi l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 gi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ean s\u00e1t th\u1ee7, \u00f4ng b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf c\u00e1nh tay do b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e2m b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t con dao g\u0103m t\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ed9c, v\u00e0 ng\u00e3 b\u1ec7nh tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng trong nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ng sau.[h] </s>"} | |
| {"text": "M\u00e3i cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 24 th\u00e1nh 9 Edward m\u1edbi r\u1eddi Acre. \u0110\u1ebfn Sicily, \u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tin ph\u1ee5 v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u0103ng h\u00e0 v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 16 th\u00e1ng 11, 1272. Edward r\u1ea5t \u0111au bu\u1ed3n b\u1edfi tin n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng thay v\u00ec ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u00f4ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c du ngo\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eafc. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 do s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a h\u1ed3i ph\u1ee5c, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 chuy\u1ec7n tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea5p thi\u1ebft l\u1eafm. T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh ch\u00e1nh tr\u1ecb \u1edf Anh \u0111\u00e3 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh sau nhi\u1ec1u bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 qua, v\u00e0 Edward \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean ng\u00f4i ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf ngay sau c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 th\u00e2n, thay v\u00ec ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ec5 \u0111\u0103ng quang c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng, theo nh\u01b0 t\u1ee5c l\u1ec7.[i] B\u1edfi s\u1ef1 v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a Edward, m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o b\u1edfi Robert Burnell. V\u1ecb t\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh tr\u00ean b\u1ed9 xuy\u00ean qua c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00dd v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p, \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng gh\u00e9 th\u0103m Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Gregory X[j] \u1edf Rome, Vua Philippe III \u1edf Paris, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady \u1edf Gascony. Ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 2 th\u00e1ng 8 1274 \u00f4ng m\u1edbi tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i Anh, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 gia mi\u1ec7n ng\u00e0y 19 th\u00e1ng 8. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "Llywelyn ap Gruffudd th\u1ea5y m\u1eebng v\u00ec t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n b\u1edfi h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Chi\u1ebfn tranh Nam t\u01b0\u1edbc. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1267 v\u1edbi Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Montgomery, \u00f4ng ta nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0 \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 chinh ph\u1ee5c trong Four Cantrefs of Perfeddwlad v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn danh hi\u1ec7u Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed x\u1ee9 Wales. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c L\u00e3nh ch\u00faa Marcher, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 Gilbert de Clare, B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Gloucester, Roger Mortimer v\u00e0 Humphrey de Bohun, B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Hereford. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u1edf n\u00ean nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n khi em trai c\u1ee7a Llywelyn, Dafydd v\u00e0Gruffydd ap Gwenwynwyn x\u1ee9 Powys, sau th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong n\u1ed7i l\u1ef1c ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Llywelyn, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e0o tho\u00e1t sang Anh n\u0103m 1274.. L\u1ea5y l\u00fd do l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 vua n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh ch\u1ee9a ch\u1ea5p k\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Llywelyn t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 phi\u00ean th\u1ea7n v\u1edbi Edward. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Edward, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 khi\u00eau kh\u00edch l\u1edbn h\u01a1n n\u1eefa l\u00e0 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a Llywelyn nh\u1eb1m k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi Eleanor, con g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Simon de Montfort. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "Th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1276, cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea1i \u00fay c\u1ee7a Mortimer, Lancaster (em trai c\u1ee7a Edward, Edmund) v\u00e0 William de Beauchamp, B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Warwick.[k] S\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Llywelyn t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u01b0\u01a1ng. Th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1277 Edward ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch v\u1edbi l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng 15,500, trong \u0111\u00f3 9,000 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba Wales. Chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1edbn, v\u00e0 Llywelyn s\u1edbm nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng. V\u1edbi Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Aberconwy th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1277, \u00f4ng ta ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba Gwynedd, d\u00f9 v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed x\u1ee9 Wales. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "Khi chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u1ea1i b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t n\u0103m 1282, n\u00f3 mang m\u1ed9t t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Wales, cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh n\u00e0y \u0111e d\u1ecda \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t b\u1ecb k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1edfi n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p Anh l\u00ean th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n Wales. V\u1edbi Edward, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n ph\u1ea3n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c vi\u1ec5n chinh mang t\u00ednh tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t nh\u01b0 chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Chi\u1ebfn tranh b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a Dafydd, ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00e0 \u00f4ng ta cho l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb Edward n\u0103m 1277. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "Llywelyn v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi Wales kh\u00e1c s\u1edbm tham gia v\u00e0o, v\u00e0 ban \u0111\u1ea7u qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Wales gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. Th\u00e1ng 6, Gloucester b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i Tr\u1eadn Llandeilo Fawr. Ng\u00e0y 6 th\u00e1ng 11, trong l\u00fac John Peckham, T\u1ed5ng Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Canterbury, \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, t\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u1ec9 huy qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Edward \u1edf Anglesey, Luke de Tany, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd. M\u1ed9t c\u00e2y c\u1ea7u phao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n, nh\u01b0ng ngay sau khi Tany v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, h\u1ecd b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi Wales ph\u1ee5c k\u00edch v\u00e0 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 trong Tr\u1eadn Moel-y-don. Tuy nhi\u00ean nh\u1eefng th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Wales ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng 12, khi khi Llywelyn b\u1ecb d\u1ee5 v\u00e0o \u1ed5 ph\u1ee5c k\u00edch v\u00e0 b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft t\u1ea1i Tr\u1eadn c\u1ea7u Orewin. Cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ea1t Gwynedd k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c b\u1eaft gi\u1eef Dafydd th\u00e0ng 6 n\u0103m 1283, v\u00e0 b\u1ecb d\u1eabn t\u1edbi Shrewsbury v\u00e0 b\u1ecb x\u1eed t\u1eed v\u1edbi c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c l\u00e0 k\u1ebb ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i v\u00e0o m\u00f9a thu n\u0103m sau. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "\u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1284 v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Rhuddlan, L\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba Ho\u00e0ng th\u00e2n x\u1ee9 Wales \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 t\u1ea1i Anh, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1eadn huy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t b\u1edfi qu\u1eadn tr\u01b0\u1edfng. Lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p Anh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 \u00e1n h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Wales \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1p duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lu\u1eadt t\u1ee5c ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong v\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p tranh ch\u1ea5p t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n. Sau 1277, v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 sau 1283, Edward b\u1eaft tay v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 quy m\u00f4 d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t Wales, th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n m\u1edbi nh\u01b0 Flint, Aberystwyth v\u00e0 Rhuddlan. Nh\u1eefng c\u01b0 d\u00e2n m\u1edbi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ed1c Anh, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Wales b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m c\u01b0 tr\u00fa \u1edf nh\u1eefng th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao b\u1ecdc b\u1edfi c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "M\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c t\u00f2a l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i c\u00f3 quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Master James x\u1ee9 Saint George, m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 l\u00e3o luy\u1ec7n m\u00e0 Edward \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p t\u1ea1i Savoy trong chuy\u1ebfn h\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u01a1ng sau cu\u1ed9c vi\u1ec5n chinh th\u1eadp t\u1ef1. \u0110\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c t\u00f2a l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i nh\u01b0 Beaumaris, Caernarfon, Conwy v\u00e0 Harlech, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i v\u00e0 cung \u0111i\u1ec7n ho\u00e0ng gia d\u00e0nh cho Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i \u1edf Wales c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 ch\u00e2u mai trong c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh kh\u1eafp l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u0169ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c vi\u1ec5n chinh th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00e2m, v\u00e0 b\u1ed1n trong t\u00e1m l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i m\u00e0 Edward l\u1eadp ra \u1edf Wales \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y. Nh\u1eefng t\u00f2a l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e2u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a Edward l\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc Wales m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, v\u00e0 d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u0110\u00f4ng La M\u00e3 v\u00e0 Vua Arthur trong m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "N\u0103m 1284, Vua Edward s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp cho con trai \u00f4ng Edward (v\u1ec1 sau l\u00e0 Edward II) ch\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi t\u1ea1i l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i Caernarfon, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ed9t tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00edch v\u1ec1 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u1edbi \u1edf x\u1ee9 Wales. David Powel, m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c s\u01b0 th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XVI, \u0111o\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng ho\u00e0ng \"sinh ra \u1edf Wales v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef ti\u1ebfng Anh n\u00e0o\", nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. N\u0103m 1301 t\u1ea1i Lincoln, Edward con tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed Anh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao t\u1eb7ng danh hi\u1ec7u Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed x\u1ee9 Wales, khi Vua Edward c\u1ea5p cho \u00f4ng L\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Chester v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc x\u1ee9 Wales. D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 vua hi v\u1ecdng r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 cho vi\u1ec7c b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh trong khu v\u1ee9c n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 s\u1ebd cung c\u1ea5p cho con trai \u00f4ng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh.[l] </s>"} | |
| {"text": "Edward kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd tham gia cu\u1ed9c th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh n\u00e0o n\u1eefa sau khi v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1274, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng duy tr\u00ec d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y th\u1eadp gi\u00e1 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa n\u0103m 1287. D\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 cho t\u1edbi n\u0103m 1291. \u0110\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c vi\u1ec5n chinh th\u1eadp t\u1ef1, \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft l\u00e0 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n c\u00e1c xung \u0111\u1ed9t l\u1edbn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea7u tr\u00ean l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba. M\u1ed9t tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i l\u1edbn l\u00fac n\u00e0y l\u00e0 xung \u0111\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa Nh\u00e0 Anjou g\u1ed1c Ph\u00e1p cai tr\u1ecb mi\u1ec1n nam Italia, v\u1edbi V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Aragon \u1edf T\u00e2y Ban Nha. N\u0103m 1282, c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n x\u1ee9 Palermo n\u1ed5i d\u1eady ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Carlo I c\u1ee7a Naples v\u00e0 quay sang t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 t\u1eeb Pedro de Arag\u00f3n, trong c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Sicilian Vespers. Trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn di\u1ec5n ra sau \u0111\u00f3, con trai c\u1ee7a Carlo d'Angi\u00f2, Carlo x\u1ee9 Salerno, b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi Aragon b\u1eaft l\u00e0m t\u00f9 binh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o Aragon, th\u1eafp m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Edward, \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c l\u00e0 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh di\u1ec5n ra, v\u00e0 \u1edf Paris n\u0103m 1286 \u00f4ng l\u00e0m trung gian h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i gi\u1eefa Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Aragon v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o gi\u00fap ph\u00f3ng th\u00edch Carlo. V\u00ec cu\u1ed9c th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn, tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Edward t\u1ecf ra thi\u1ebfu hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f2n n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0o k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1291, khi Mamluks chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea5y Acre, th\u00e0nh l\u0169y cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf V\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t Th\u00e1nh. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "Sau khi Arce th\u1ea5t th\u1ee7, vai tr\u00f2 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Edward thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i giao chuy\u1ec3n sang m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ph\u1ea3n di\u1ec7n. T\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 tham gia c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng t\u1ea1i L\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba C\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc Gascon. N\u0103m 1278 \u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t \u1ee7y ban \u0111i\u1ec1u tra g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 Otto de Grandson v\u00e0 t\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edbng Robert Burnell, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ean thay th\u1ebf cho Luke de Tany. N\u0103m 1286, Edward \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba n\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 trong v\u00f2ng ba n\u0103m. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a Gascon thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 Edward tr\u00ean danh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a vua Ph\u00e1p. M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ngo\u1ea1i giao v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1286, Edward l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 phi\u00ean th\u1ea7n v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 vua m\u1edbi, Philip IV, nh\u01b0ng v\u00e0o 1294 Philippe tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 thu h\u1ed3i Gascon khi Edward t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t \u00f4ng ra \u1edf Paris \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea3o thu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ee7y th\u1ee7 Anh, Gascon, v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p (\u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u00e0u c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p b\u1ecb b\u1eaft gi\u1eef, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda c\u1ea3ng La Rochelle c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p). </s>"} | |
| {"text": "Ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu Eleanor x\u1ee9 Castile b\u0103ng h\u00e0 ng\u00e0y 28 th\u00e1ng 11 1290. M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u hi\u1ebfm th\u1ea5y trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n ho\u00e0ng gia th\u1eddi k\u00ec n\u00e0y, hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng nhau. H\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ph\u1ee5 th\u00e2n, Edward r\u1ea5t t\u1eadn t\u00e2m v\u1edbi ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu v\u1edbi chung th\u1ee7y v\u1edbi b\u00e0 trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi gian h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n - m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb qu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ebfm c\u00f3 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3. \u00d4ng b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a v\u1ee3 v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ebfc b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean 12 c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Eleanor cross, \u1edf m\u1ed7i n\u01a1i \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0a tang c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 gh\u00e9 l\u1ea1i ngh\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00eam. M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh gi\u1eefa Anh v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p n\u0103m 1294, m\u1ed9t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp \u0111\u1eb7t gi\u1eefa Edward v\u1edbi em g\u00e1i kh\u00e1c m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a Philippe IV l\u00e0 Marguerite, nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed9c h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i tr\u00ec ho\u00e3n v\u00ec chi\u1ebfn tranh b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "Edward thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi vua \u0110\u1ee9c, c\u00e1c B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc x\u1ee9 Flanders v\u00e0 Guelders, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Burgundy, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng Ph\u00e1p qu\u1ed1c t\u1eeb ph\u00eda b\u1eafc. Li\u00ean minh t\u1ecf ra kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn, v\u00e0 Edward l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, c\u1ea3 \u1edf Wales v\u00e0 Scotland. M\u00e3i cho t\u1edbi th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m \u01b0 \u00f4ng mmoiws c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i thuy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn Flanders, v\u00e0 l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng minh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i. S\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ph\u00e1t huy t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng, v\u00e0 Edward bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh. Cu\u1ed9c h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1edbi Marguerite (Margaret) n\u0103m 1299 \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac chi\u1ebfn tranh, nh\u01b0ng to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thi\u1ebfu hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh.[m] </s>"} | |
| {"text": "Quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa hai n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh v\u00e0 Scotland tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1280 kh\u00e1 \u00eam d\u1ecbu. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u xung \u0111\u1ed9t nh\u01b0 trong t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u1edf Wales; n\u0103m 1278 Vua Alexander III c\u1ee7a Scotland x\u01b0ng th\u1ea7n v\u1edbi Edward I, nh\u01b0ng d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u00f4ng n\u1eafm gi\u1eef c\u1ee7a Edward \u1edf England. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1ea3y sinh t\u1eeb cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng k\u1ebf v\u1ecb Scotland \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1290. T\u1eeb 1281 \u0111\u1ebfn 1284, hai con trai v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Alexander \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ebft y\u1ec3u. Sau \u0111\u00f3, n\u0103m 1286, ch\u00ednh Alexander c\u0169ng b\u0103ng h\u00e0, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i ngai v\u00e0ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e1u g\u00e1i m\u1edbi l\u00ean ba tu\u1ed5i, Margaret. V\u1edbi Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Birgham, quy \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng Margaret s\u1ebd k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi c\u1eadu con trai m\u1edbi l\u00ean 1 tu\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a Edward l\u00e0 Edward x\u1ee9 Carnarvon, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Scotland v\u1eabn duy tr\u00ec quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1ec3 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a vua n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn 14 phe ph\u00e1i tranh ch\u1ea5p ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ngai v\u00e0ng, cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea1nh tranh th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 n\u1ed5 ra gi\u1eefa John Balliol v\u00e0 Robert de Brus. C\u00e1c l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa Scotland \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb Edward ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n x\u1eed gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u00ean tranh ch\u1ea5p. Quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra b\u1edfi 104 ng\u01b0\u1eddi - 40 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m b\u1edfi BBalliol, 40 b\u1edfi Bruce v\u00e0 24 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi Edward I t\u1eeb c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean cao c\u1ea5p trong H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Scotland. T\u1ea1i Birgham, v\u1edbi tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n gi\u1eefa hai v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 b\u00e1 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Edward. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u00f4ng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng, n\u1ebfu \u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tranh ch\u1ea5p, \u00f4ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00e0 l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa c\u1ee7a Scotland. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Scots mi\u1ec5n c\u01b0\u1ee1ng nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9, v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi r\u1eb1ng khi \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 vua, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Th\u1ebf c\u1edd n\u00e0y b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ecfng khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tranh ch\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd r\u1eb1ng v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0n giao cho Edward cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi t\u00ecm ra ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eeba k\u1ebf. Sau cu\u1ed9c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn k\u00e9o d\u00e0i, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 ngai v\u00e0ng trao cho John Balliol ng\u00e0y 17 th\u00e1ng 11, 1292.[o] </s>"} | |
| {"text": "Ngay c\u1ea3 sau khi Balliol l\u00ean ng\u00f4i, Edward v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 ch\u1ee7 \u1edf Scotland. Ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Scots, \u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u00ec gi\u1eefa hai \u0111\u1eddi vua Scotland. M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 khi\u00eau kh\u00edch xa h\u01a1n n\u1eefa l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n g\u00e2y ra b\u1edfi Macduff, con trai c\u1ee7a Malcolm, B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Fife, v\u00e0 khi \u0111\u00f3 Edward b\u1eaft Balliol ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n Anh \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi nh\u1eefng c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c. Vua Scotland \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m theo, nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng gi\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng l\u00e0m tr\u00e0n li khi Edward b\u1eaft b\u1ecdn qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c Scotland cung c\u1ea5p cho qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i gi\u00fap \u00f4ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p d\u01b0\u1edbi danh ngh\u0129a ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn; thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Scots l\u1eadp ra m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng b\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh v\u00e0o Carlisle. Edward \u0111\u00e1p tr\u1ea3 v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c Scotland n\u0103m 1296 v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea5y th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n Berwick b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eabm m\u00e1u. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfn Dunbar, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Scotland ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb nghi\u1ec1n n\u00e1t. Edward t\u1ecbch thu H\u00f2n \u0111\u00e1 v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh \u2013 v\u1eadt b\u00e1u \u0111\u0103ng c\u01a1 c\u1ee7a vua Scotland \u2013 v\u00e0 \u0111em n\u00f3 v\u1ec1 Westminster r\u1ed3i \u0111\u0103th l\u00ean m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 King Edward's Chair; \u00f4ng l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 Balliol v\u00e0 t\u1ed1ng c\u1ed1 \u00f4ng ta v\u00e0o Th\u00e1p London, v\u00e0 b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh cai qu\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y. Chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch r\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, nh\u01b0ng chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "Edward n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t, v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ee3; m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n Tr\u01b0\u1edfng Tu vi\u1ec7n St Paul's, mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi Edward khi \u00f4ng t\u0103ng thu\u1ebf l\u00ean cao n\u0103m 1295, b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea9y ng\u00e3 t\u1eeb tr\u00ean cao v\u00e0 ch\u1ebft khi nh\u00e0 vua c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. Khi Edward x\u1ee9 Caernarfon \u0111\u00f2i \u00f4ng phong cho s\u1ee7ng nam c\u1ee7a h\u1eafn Gaveston m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u00e0 vua n\u1ed5i c\u01a1n th\u1ecbnh n\u1ed9 v\u00e0 r\u1ee9t t\u1eebng n\u1eafm t\u00f3c c\u1ee7a con trai \u00f4ng. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi coi Edward l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ee3, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. B\u00e0i h\u00e1t Lewes n\u0103m 1264 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i b\u00e1o, lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ee3, m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "Tuy nhi\u00ean m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ee3 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi Edward coi \u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb vua c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb vua l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng. D\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u00f4ng v\u1eabn nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 k\u00ednh s\u1ee3 v\u00e0 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng. \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi k\u00ec v\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 huy quy\u1ebft \u0111o\u00e1n v\u00e0 t\u00ednh h\u00e0o hi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Trong c\u00e1c nghi l\u1ec5 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u00f4ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0m th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n s\u1ef1 k\u00ec v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3: \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 th\u1edd \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 th\u00ed m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u00e0o ph\u00f3ng. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "Edward th\u00edch th\u00fa v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 t\u00edch v\u1ec1 Vua Arthur, ch\u00fang r\u1ea5t n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng kh\u1eafp c\u1ea3 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u trong su\u1ed1t tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. N\u0103m 1278 \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m Glastonbury Abbey \u0111\u1ec3 khai tr\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tin l\u00e0 m\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Arthur v\u00e0 Guinevere, kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c \"Arthur's crown\" t\u1eeb Llywelyn sau cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ea1t B\u1eafc Wales, trong khi, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean, nh\u1eefng t\u00f2a l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi Arthur. \u00d4ng m\u1edf c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \"B\u00e0n tr\u00f2n\" v\u00e0o c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1284 v\u00e0 1302, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c thi \u0111\u1ea5u v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng bu\u1ed5i ti\u1ec7c t\u00f9ng ph\u00e8 ph\u1ee1n, v\u00e0 bi\u00ean ni\u00ean s\u1eed so s\u00e1nh \u00f4ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n trong tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh \u00f4ng v\u1edbi l\u1ea1i Arthur. Trong v\u00e0i s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n Edward d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m d\u00e0nh cho th\u1eddi Arthur c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang \u00f4ng, bao g\u1ed3m h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a n\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb \u1edf Wales v\u00e0 g\u00e2y ni\u1ec1m tin \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Wales cho r\u1eb1ng Arthur c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb c\u1ee9u tinh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "Kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau khi tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 l\u00ean ng\u00f4i, Edward \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 t\u00e1i l\u1eadp v\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ec1n sau m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7y bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 th\u00e2n \u00f4ng. \u0110\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, \u00f4ng ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1 trong ch\u00e1nh quy\u1ec1n. Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m Robert Burnell l\u00e0m t\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edbng, \u00f4ng n\u00e0y v\u1eabn gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1292 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 th\u00e2n c\u1eadn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua. Edward sau \u0111\u00f3 thay th\u1ebf h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean sung c\u00f4ng (escheator) v\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t tr\u01b0\u1edfng. Nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 thi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra r\u1ed9ng kh\u1eafp n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh, \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eafng nghe nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi ph\u00e0n n\u00e0n v\u1edbi chuy\u1ec7n c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh l\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n. Nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra v\u1ec1 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Hundred Rolls, \u1edf c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n khu h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh trong c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t.[p] </s>"} | |
| {"text": "M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4i vua \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t d\u01b0\u01a1i th\u1eddi Henry III.. The Hundred Rolls \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 s\u1edf ph\u00e1p l\u00fd cho c\u00e1i m\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n Quo warranto. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh (ti\u1ebfng Latinh: Quo warranto) thay cho v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do.[q] N\u1ebfu b\u1ecb c\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p t\u1eeb ho\u00e0ng gia ch\u1ee9ng minh vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn t\u1eeb qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng, th\u00ec quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do s\u1ebd b\u1ecb nh\u00e0 vua thu h\u1ed3i. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c, h\u1ecd kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e2u d\u00e0i s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p. M\u1ed9t th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u0103m 1290, theo \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh l\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb l\u1ec5 \u0111\u0103ng quang c\u1ee7a Richard Tr\u00e1i tim Siw t\u1eed n\u0103m 1189. Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ho\u00e0ng gia thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb Quo warranto kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3; ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t \u00edt quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do b\u1ecb nh\u00e0 vua thu h\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i. Edward v\u1eabn gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng quan tr\u1ecdng, trong vi\u1ec7c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb ng\u00f4i vua. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "\u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Quo warranto n\u0103m 1290 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n trong n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Edward I. Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m phong tr\u00e0o c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch nam t\u01b0\u1edbc; \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Marlborough (1267) ch\u1ee9a nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho \u0110i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n Oxford v\u00e0 Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Kenilworth. Vi\u1ec7c bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n Hundred Rolls \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ngay sau s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n Westminster I (1275), trong \u0111\u00f3 n\u00eau r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n ho\u00e0ng gia v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc chung v\u1ec1 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do. Trong Mortmain (1279), v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea5t cho nh\u00e0 th\u1edd. \u0110i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Westminster II (1285), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 De donis conditionalibus, d\u00e0n x\u1ebfp ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1eeba k\u1ebf trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh. Merchants (1285) thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp quy \u0111\u1ecbnh thu h\u1ed3i c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n n\u1ee3, trong khi Winchester (1285) gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft vi\u1ec7c gi\u1eef g\u00ecn h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Quia emptores (1290) \u2013 ban h\u00e0nh k\u00e8m v\u1edbi Quo warranto \u2013 \u0111\u1eb7t ra \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c c\u00e1c tranh ch\u1ea5p quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai do chuy\u1ec3n nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea5t. Th\u1eddi k\u00ec c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt l\u1edbn k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u1edbi c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Robert Burnell n\u0103m 1292. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "C\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean c\u1ee7a Edward I \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m gia t\u0103ng t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh tr\u00ean to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00e0 vua c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1n trang tr\u1ea3i cho chi\u1ebfn tranh, bao g\u1ed3m thu\u1ebf h\u1ea3i quan, cho vay ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0 b\u1eaft tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p. N\u0103m 1275, Edward I \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n m\u1ed9t th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia trong n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 vay m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n vay l\u00e2u d\u00e0i. N\u0103m 1303, m\u1ed9t th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea1i \u00f4ng cho h\u1ecd m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. C\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n thu t\u1eeb thu\u1ebf h\u1ea3i quan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp \u0111\u1eb7t b\u1edfi Riccardi, m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb Lucca c\u1ee7a \u00dd. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea5y v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 cho qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng vay ti\u1ec1n, gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh cho cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh Wales. Khi chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p n\u1ed5 ra, nh\u00e0 vua n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p t\u1ecbch thu t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n trong Riccardi, v\u00e0 ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n. Sau v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00f3, Frescobaldi x\u1ee9 Florence \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn vai tr\u00f2 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho vay ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "M\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n thu nh\u1eadp kh\u00e1c cho ng\u00f4i vua \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i l\u00e0 v\u1eadt s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n nh\u00e0 vua, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u1ebf h\u1ecd theo \u00fd th\u00edch. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1280, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4i vua, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00e1nh tr\u1ecb. Vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecd cho vay n\u1eb7ng l\u00e3i \u2013 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00edn h\u1eefu Kito gi\u00e1o \u2013 khi\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eafc n\u1ee3 h\u1ecd v\u00e0 g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang. N\u0103m 1275, Edward ban h\u00e0nh Quy ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i, c\u1ea5m cho vay n\u1eb7ng l\u00e3i v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i chuy\u1ec3n qua ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c; n\u0103m 1279, v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t x\u1ebft n\u1ee9t tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng xu, \u00f4ng b\u1eaft gi\u1eef t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 gia ch\u1ee7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i \u1edf An v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 300 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb h\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh. N\u0103m 1280, \u00f4ng ra l\u1ec7nh cho to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng b\u1edfi c\u00e1c tu s\u0129 d\u00f2ng \u0110a Minh, v\u1edbi hi v\u1ecdng h\u1ecd thay \u0111\u1ed5i, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi h\u00f4 h\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu\u00e2n theo. \u0110\u00f2n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i \u1edf Anh \u0111\u1ebfn trong S\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh Tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t n\u0103m 1290, kh \u0111\u00f3 Edward tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i ra kh\u1ecfi Anh qu\u1ed1c. \u0110\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n thu nh\u1eadp \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 cho ho\u00e0ng gia th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n vay v\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u0169ng cho Edward c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ec1 kho\u1ea3n tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p trong cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n n\u0103m 1290. Vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t, v\u1ec1 sau b\u1ecb d\u1ee1 b\u1ecf n\u0103m 1656, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea7u ch\u00e2u \u00c2u ti\u1ebfp b\u01b0\u1edbc: Philipoe II c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p had \u0111u\u1ed5i h\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i trong l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh n\u0103m 1181; Johann I, C\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc Brittany, \u0111u\u1ed5i h\u1ecd ra kh\u1ecfi C\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh n\u0103m 1239; v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1240 Louis IX c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i ra kh\u1ecfi n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "Edward t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf ph\u00e1p l\u00fd r\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean trong tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean n\u0103m 1295, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n ra. Trong Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y, ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 tu s\u0129 trong Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i, hai hi\u1ec7p s\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb m\u1ed7i qu\u1eadn v\u00e0 hai \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n trong m\u1ed7i qu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang trong Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec m\u1edbi, c\u00e1i m\u1edbi l\u00e0 uy quy\u1ec1n d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u. Trong khi Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa, b\u00e2y gi\u1edd n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 l\u00e0 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 (plena potestas) c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh trong Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n. Nh\u00e0 Vua b\u00e2y gi\u1edd c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec3 thu tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n tr\u00ean to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c. Tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p l\u00e0 thu\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u1eeb t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n. Trong khi Henry III ch\u1ec9 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed1n l\u1ea7n d\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Edward I thu t\u1edbi ch\u00edn. Khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 sau tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i sau n\u00e0y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c s\u1eed gia g\u1ecdi t\u00ean l\u00e0 \"M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i\".[r] </s>"} | |
| {"text": "C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh dai d\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1290 \u0111\u1eb7t ra m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh l\u00ean c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Edward. Trong khi Nh\u00e0 Vua ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00e1nh ba l\u1ea7n tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n cho \u0111\u1ebfn 1294, th\u00ec l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1nh t\u1edbi b\u1ed1n l\u1ea7n trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1294\u201397, s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n l\u00ean t\u1edbi \u00a3200,000. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng v\u1ec1 thu\u1ebf \u0111\u00e1nh l\u00ean th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, h\u00e0ng len v\u00e0 da, v\u00e0 thu\u1ebf len kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 maltolt. Vi\u1ec7c v\u1eaft ki\u1ec7t t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh t\u1eeb c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua g\u00e2y n\u00ean s\u1ef1 o\u00e1n gi\u1eadn v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn tranh ch\u1ea5p quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. S\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng ban \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u1ebf, tuy nhi\u00ean, l\u00e0 do kho\u1ea3n tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "N\u0103m 1294, Edward y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda doanh thu gi\u00e1o s\u0129. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng Nh\u00e0 Vua tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111e d\u1ecda v\u00e0 tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t, n\u00ean cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5p c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. Th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1ee9c T\u1ed5ng Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Canterbury b\u1ecf tr\u1ed1ng, k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi Robert Winchelsey \u0111\u1ebfn Italia ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh l\u1ec5 t\u00f4n phong. Winchelsey tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1295 v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3. Tuy nhi\u00ean n\u0103m 1296, \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i khi \u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh Clericis laicos t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng. S\u1eafc ch\u1ec9 n\u00e0y c\u1ea5m c\u00e1c tu s\u0129 n\u1ed9p thu\u1ebf cho ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n n\u1ebfu \u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng. Khi \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1edbi t\u0103ng l\u1eef, vi\u1ec7n d\u1eabn s\u1eafc ch\u1ec9, t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i n\u1ed9p thu\u1ebf, Edward h\u1ed3i \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 coi th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eafc d\u1ee5 \u0111\u00f3. Winchelsey g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 x\u1eed khi ph\u1ea3i l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn gi\u1eefa l\u00f2ng trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 vua v\u00e0 tu\u00e2n theo \u00fd ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng h\u1ed3i \u0111\u00e1p b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y cho c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c s\u01b0 kh\u00e1c tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi. V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra b\u1edfi s\u1eafc ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi Etsi de statu c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng, cho ph\u00e9p \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u1ebf trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "S\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1eeb c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3o d\u00e2n m\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u00f4ng khai. Nh\u1eefng ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o hai \u0111i\u1ec1u: quy\u1ec1n tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua, v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n thu thu\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. T\u1ea1i Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n Salisbury v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1297, Roger Bigod, B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Norfolk, tr\u00ean c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb l\u00e0 Th\u1ed1ng so\u00e1i n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh, ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i gi\u1ea5y tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng gia. Bigod l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i ch\u1ec9 \u0111i c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 vua; n\u1ebfu nh\u00e0 vua giong bu\u1ed3m t\u1edbi Flanders, \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 g\u1eedi th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh t\u1edbi Gascony. Th\u00e1ng 7, Bigod v\u00e0 Humphrey de Bohun, B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Hereford v\u00e0 Quan \u0110\u1ea1i Nguy\u00ean so\u00e1i, \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp ra m\u1ed9t danh s\u00e1ch nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 L\u1eddi Can gi\u00e1n, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 l\u1eddi ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng thu\u1ebf. Kh\u00f4ng n\u1ea3n l\u00f2ng, Edward l\u1ea1i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 khi\u00eau kh\u00edch, b\u1edfi v\u00ec nh\u00e0 vua ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111a s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n trong Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n. Trong khi Edward \u0111ang \u1edf Winchelsea, chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch Flanders, Bigod v\u00e0 Bohun \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 quan Th\u1ee7 qu\u1ef9 ng\u0103n vi\u1ec7c thu thu\u1ebf. V\u00ec Nh\u00e0 vua \u0111\u00e3 r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00edt h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u, v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u1edf b\u1edd v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn. \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi Scots \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i \u1edf Tr\u1eadn c\u1ea7u Stirling, c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc khi\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 vua v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00f2a ngh\u1ecb. Edward k\u00fd v\u00e0o Confirmatio cartarum \u2013 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn Magna Carta v\u00e0 k\u00e8m theo \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Charter of the Forest \u2013 \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho vua trong chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch Scotland. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "Nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Edward v\u00e0 phe \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp kh\u00f4ng d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch Falkirk. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m sau kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee9a, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh Charter of the Forest.[s] Trong cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n n\u0103m 1301, nh\u00e0 vua bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i ra l\u1ec7nh \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u1ebf nh\u1eefng khu r\u1eebng ho\u00e0ng gia, nh\u01b0ng n\u0103m 1305, \u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1eafc ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng mi\u1ec5n cho s\u1ef1 nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f3. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1 d\u00e0nh cho phe \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Edward I. Bohun ch\u1ebft v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1298, sau khi tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 t\u1eeb chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch Falkirk. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Bigod, n\u0103m 1302 \u00f4ng ta c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i \u0111\u00f4i b\u00ean v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 vua: Bigod, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 con, coi Edward l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eeba k\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p h\u00e0o ph\u00f3ng. Edward cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3 th\u00f9 Winchelsey n\u0103m 1305, khi Clement V \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u00e0m Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng. Clement ng\u01b0\u1eddi Gascon c\u00f3 t\u00ecnh th\u00e2n \u00e1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 vua, v\u00e0 b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 x\u00fai gi\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Edward Winchelsey b\u1ecb l\u1ed9t h\u1ebft ch\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1edbc. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh Scotland t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft khi Edward r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y n\u0103m 1296, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o William Wallace. Ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng 9 1297, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 huy c\u1ee7a John de Warenne, B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Surrey, v\u00e0 Hugh de Cressingham b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i b\u1edfi l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Scotland v\u1ed1n \u00edt h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Wallace v\u00e0 Andrew Moray t\u1ea1i c\u1ea7u Stirling. Tin th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i bay v\u1ec1 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Anh, ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c sau \u0111\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng tr\u1ea3 \u0111\u0169a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh. Kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau khi Edward tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 t\u1eeb Flanders, \u00f4ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1eafc ph\u1ea1t. Ng\u00e0y 22 th\u00e1ng 7 1298, trong tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1edbn duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb sau tr\u1eadn Evesham n\u0103m 1265, Edward \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Wallace \u1edf tr\u1eadn Falkirk. Tuy nhi\u00ean Edward, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 sang n\u0103m sau ng\u01b0\u1eddi Scotland gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t C\u1ea7u Stirling. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Edward tham gia chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch t\u1ea1i Scotland su\u1ed1t n\u0103m 1300, khi \u00f4ng bao v\u00e2y th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng L\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i Caerlaverock v\u00e0 n\u0103m 1301, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Scots t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn l\u1edbn n\u1eefa, thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9t k\u00edch b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf v\u00e0o mi\u1ec1n bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Scots thua tr\u1eadn, b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p b\u00ed m\u1eadt th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y, k\u00eau g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng, x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ch\u00faa t\u1ec3 Scotland kh\u00f4ng d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh. S\u1eafc ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng. g\u1eedi cho vua Edward \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i trong Barons' Letter n\u0103m 1301. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch khu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c. Tuy nhi\u00ean n\u0103m 1303, m\u1ed9t th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eefa Anh v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p, c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 li\u00ean minh Ph\u00e1p-Scotland. Robert the Bruce, ch\u00e1u n\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f2i ng\u00f4i vua n\u0103m 1291, \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh v\u00e0o m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1301\u201302. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc 1304, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c Scotland tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi Edward, v\u00e0 n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea1i C\u1ea7u Stirling. M\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1305 khi Wallace b\u1ecb Sir John de Menteith ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i v\u00e0 b\u1eaft n\u1ed9p cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh, \u00f4ng b\u1ecb d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn London v\u00e0 b\u1ecb x\u1eed t\u1eed m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng khai. B\u1ea5y gi\u1edd Scotland ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn n\u1eb1m trong tay ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh, Edward b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Scots cai tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "T\u00ecnh th\u1ebf m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed5i thay v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 10 th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1306, khi Robert the Bruce gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a h\u1eafn ta, John Comyn v\u00e0 v\u00e0i tu\u1ea7n sau \u0111\u00f3, ng\u00e0y 25 th\u00e1ng 3, \u00f4ng ta l\u00ean ng\u00f4i vua Scotland b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap s\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Isobel, ch\u1ecb g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Buchan. Bruce gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y b\u1eaft tay v\u00e0o chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp cho Scotland, v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch n\u00e0y l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd. Edward l\u00fac n\u00e0y \u0111ang l\u00e2m b\u1ec7nh, v\u00e0 thay v\u00ec \u0111\u00edch th\u00e2n d\u1eabn qu\u00e2n vi\u1ec5n chinh, \u00f4ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1eed m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 huy c\u1ee7a Aymer de Valence v\u00e0 Henry Percy, trong khi l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn d\u1eaft b\u1edfi Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed x\u1ee9 Wales. Qu\u00e2n Anh gi\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng; ng\u00e0y 19 th\u00e1ng 6, Aymer de Valence \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i Bruce \u1edf Tr\u1eadn Methven. Bruce ph\u1ea3i b\u1ed1 tr\u1ed1n trong khi qu\u00e2n Anh l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai v\u1eeba m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "Edward tr\u1ea3 th\u00f9 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3ng minh v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 nh\u00e0 Bruce. Ch\u1ecb g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Bruce, Mary, b\u1ecb giam trong m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i l\u1ed3ng s\u1eaft \u0111\u1eb7t ngo\u00e0i Roxburgh trong b\u1ed1n n\u0103m. Isabella MacDuff, N\u1eef B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Buchan, ng\u01b0\u1eddi gia mi\u1ec7n cho Bruce, b\u1ecb giam ngo\u00e0i L\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i Berwick trong b\u1ed1n n\u0103m. Em trai nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a Bruce l\u00e0 Neil b\u1ecb x\u1eed t\u1eed b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c treo c\u1ed5, r\u00fat ru\u1ed9t, v\u00e0 phanh th\u00e2y; \u00f4ng ta b\u1ecb b\u1eaft sau khi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc Edward, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a Bruce(Elizabeth), con g\u00e1i Marjorie, ch\u1ecb em g\u00e1i Mary v\u00e0 Christina, v\u00e0 Isabella. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "R\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea7u chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 l\u1eddi di ch\u00fac l\u00fac l\u00e2m chung c\u1ee7a Edward; theo nh\u01b0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb r\u1eb1ng qu\u1ea3 tim c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn V\u00f9ng \u0110\u1ea5t Th\u00e1nh, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o. M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1edd k\u1ec3 r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n x\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mang theo trong cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ea1t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Scots s\u1eafp t\u1edbi. M\u1ed9t l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 khung c\u1ea3nh gi\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ec7nh l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady h\u01a1n; theo nh\u01b0 bi\u00ean s\u1eed, Edward tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn quanh \u00f4ng c\u00e1c b\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc x\u1ee9 Lincoln v\u00e0 Warwick, Aymer de Valence, v\u00e0 Robert Clifford, v\u00e0 c\u0103n d\u1eb7n h\u1ecd tr\u00f4ng nom con trai \u00f4ng Edward. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u00f4ng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng Piers Gaveston kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. L\u1eddi d\u1eb7n n\u00e0y, tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00e3 ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c b\u1ecb con trai \u00f4ng g\u1ea1c \u0111i, v\u00e0 anh ta ngay sau \u0111\u00f3 tri\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 l\u1ea1i s\u1ee7ng nam c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. V\u1ecb t\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng, Edward II, ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c b\u1eafc ph\u1ea1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 8, nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t chi\u1ebfm d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 r\u00fat v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam. Anh ta \u0111\u0103ng c\u01a1 ng\u00f4i vua ng\u00e0y 25 th\u00e1ng 2 1308. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "Di th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a Edward I \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam, qu\u00e0n t\u1ea1i Waltham Abbey, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an t\u00e1ng \u1edf Tu vi\u1ec7n Westminster v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 27 th\u00e1ng 10. C\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 l\u1ec5 tang c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, n\u00f3 ti\u00eau t\u1ed1n \u00a3473. M\u1ed9 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Edward c\u00f3 v\u1ebb kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1 c\u1ea9m th\u1ea1ch Purbeck, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh n\u1ed9m ho\u00e0ng gia, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 do k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c th\u00e2m h\u1ee5t ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch ho\u00e0ng gia sau khi nh\u00e0 vua gi\u00e1 b\u0103ng. Quan t\u00e0i b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao ph\u1ee7 b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng t\u1ea5m v\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eaft ti\u1ec1n, v\u00e0 ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao quanh b\u1edfi b\u1ee9c ch\u1ea1m kh\u1eafc b\u00e1n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t l\u1ea1c. H\u1ed9i kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 Antiquaries khai qu\u1eadt ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 n\u0103m 1774, t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y di th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n t\u1ed1t qua 467 n\u0103m, v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u1ecbp \u0111\u00f3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ec1u cao th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng.B\u1ea3n m\u1eabu:Eff D\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng ch\u1eef ti\u1ebfng Latin Edwardus Primus Scottorum Malleus hic est, 1308. Pactum Serva (\"\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 Edward I, K\u1ebb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Scots, 1308. Y theo l\u1eddi th\u1ec1\"), v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf ph\u1ea7n b\u00ean c\u1ee7a l\u0103ng m\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1eddi th\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 s\u1ebd tr\u1ea3 th\u00f9 cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a Robert the Bruce. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn Edward c\u00f3 bi\u1ec7t danh \"K\u1ebb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Scots\" b\u1edfi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t b\u1edfi Cha x\u1ee9 John Feckenham v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XVI. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "Nh\u1eefng s\u1eed gia \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 Edward v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XVI v\u00e0 XVII ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh bi\u00ean ni\u00ean s\u1eed, v\u00e0 \u00edt s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u00ec n\u00e0y. H\u1ecd c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn v\u1ec1 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Edward tr\u00ean c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb qu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00e0 l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i l\u1eddi khen c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 bi\u00ean ni\u00ean s\u1eed v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u00edch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Trong th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XVII, lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 Edward Coke vi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt th\u1eddi Edward, \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ecdi nh\u00e0 Vua l\u00e0 the \"Justinian c\u1ee7a Anh\", theo t\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 l\u00e0m lu\u1eadt \u0110\u00f4ng La M\u00e3 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, Justinian I. Trong c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 sau, c\u00e1c quy\u1ec3n s\u1eed s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 V\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ec1n d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Edward, l\u00e0m ra m\u1ed9t so s\u00e1nh v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng xung \u0111\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb trong th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. C\u00e1c s\u1eed gia th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XVIII x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh Edward l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb qu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c, t\u00e0n nh\u1eabn, v\u00e0 l\u1ea1nh l\u00f9ng v\u00ec nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "S\u1eed gia c\u00f3 uy t\u00edn th\u1eddi Victoria William Stubbs l\u1ea1i cho r\u1eb1ng Edward \u0111\u00e3 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecbch h\u00ecnh cho l\u1ecbch s\u1eed qu\u1ed1c gia, l\u1eadp ra lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c trong n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh, v\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u00fap cho Anh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng tr\u00ean c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb nh\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh cho to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh. H\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Stubbs, Thomas Tout, ban \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, nh\u01b0ng sau khi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u00e2u h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 gia \u0111\u00ecnh ho\u00e0ng t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a Edward, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i th\u1eddi k\u00ec \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00e0y, \u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i quan \u0111i\u1ec3m. Tout coi Edward nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7, t\u01b0 l\u1ee3i, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \"c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 th\u00f4ng minh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 vua chuy\u00ean quy\u1ec1n, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m th\u1ee9 k\u00ecm h\u00e3m nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch truy\u1ec1n ki\u1ebfp l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nam t\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ef1c l\u1edbn.\" </s>"} | |
| {"text": "C\u00e1c s\u1eed gia th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XX v\u00e0 XXI \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 Edward v\u00e0 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i xa h\u01a1n v\u00e0 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 Edward l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb vua l\u1edbn th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd r\u1eb1ng n\u0103m cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u00edt th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n.[t] Ba c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 Edward \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n trong th\u1eddi k\u00ec n\u00e0y. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Frederick Powicke, xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1947 v\u00e0 1953, h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 Edward trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp k\u1ec9, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec1u ca ng\u1ee3i nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c d\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p. N\u0103m 1988, Michael Prestwich xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec3n ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed v\u1ec1 Nh\u00e0 vua, t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p ch\u00e1nh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, v\u1eabn mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i ch\u00e1nh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed c\u1ee7a Marc Morris theo sau \u0111\u00f3 n\u0103m 2008, \u0111\u01b0a ra nhi\u1ec1u chi ti\u1ebft h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi Edward, v\u00e0 xem \u0111i\u1ec3m y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua l\u00e0 t\u00ednh t\u00ecnh kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng m\u1ea5y d\u1ec5 ch\u1ecbu. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng tranh lu\u1eadn h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt di\u1ec5n ra quanh nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt vua Edward, nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u00e1nh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c hay \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p t\u00f9y theo t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00fai l\u1eeda v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 6.852 \u0111\u1ea3o, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu n\u1eb1m trong khu v\u1ef1c \u00f4n \u0111\u1edbi v\u1edbi b\u1ed1n m\u00f9a r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t d\u1ecdc theo chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. B\u1ed1n h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu v\u00e0 Shikoku chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 97% di\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 r\u1eebng v\u00e0 n\u00fai v\u1edbi ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean kho\u00e1ng s\u1ea3n r\u1ea5t h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf. Qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh 47 t\u1ec9nh thu\u1ed9c 8 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd. D\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 126 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, t\u1eadp trung ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng nh\u1ecf h\u1eb9p ven bi\u1ec3n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 98,5% t\u1ed5ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. G\u1ea7n 9,1 tri\u1ec7u c\u01b0 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i trung t\u00e2m Tokyo,(th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc), c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng d\u00e2n th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m trong kh\u1ed1i OECD v\u00e0 l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ee9ng h\u00e0ng th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. V\u00f9ng th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Tokyo, bao g\u1ed3m th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i t\u1ec9nh xung quanh n\u00f3, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi h\u01a1n 35 tri\u1ec7u d\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1ea5t h\u00e0nh tinh. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 t\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1 c\u0169. Nh\u1eefng ghi ch\u00e9p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y n\u1eb1m trong c\u00e1c th\u01b0 li\u1ec7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Trung Hoa c\u00f3 t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t C\u00f4ng Nguy\u00ean. Tho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Trung Qu\u1ed1c, ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1ef1 c\u00e1ch ly, v\u1ec1 sau tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 chi ph\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. T\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XII \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1868, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n li\u00ean t\u1ee5c thu\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u00e2n nh\u00e2n phong ki\u1ebfn shogun nh\u00e2n danh Thi\u00ean ho\u00e0ng. Qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u00f4 l\u1eadp k\u00e9o d\u00e0i su\u1ed1t n\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1853 khi m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 g\u00e2y \u00e1p l\u1ef1c bu\u1ed9c Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n ph\u1ea3i m\u1edf c\u1eeda v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. G\u1ea7n hai th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 b\u1ea1o lo\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Thi\u00ean ho\u00e0ng Minh Tr\u1ecb t\u00e1i thi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc trong vai tr\u00f2 nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1868 v\u00e0 khai sinh \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean ho\u00e0ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thi\u00eang li\u00eang c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, nh\u1eefng th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i sau chi\u1ebfn tranh Thanh-Nh\u1eadt, chi\u1ebfn tranh Nga-Nh\u1eadt v\u00e0 Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n phi\u1ec7t. Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh Trung-Nh\u1eadt n\u0103m 1937 \u0111\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng lan r\u1ed9ng th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1941, m\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1945 sau v\u1ee5 n\u00e9m bom nguy\u00ean t\u1eed xu\u1ed1ng Hiroshima v\u00e0 Nagasaki. T\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ea3n Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban h\u00e0nh n\u0103m 1947, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n duy tr\u00ec ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1i ngh\u1ecb, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u01a1 quan l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p d\u00e2n c\u1eed l\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean H\u1ee3p Qu\u1ed1c, kh\u1ed1i APEC, c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m G7, G8 v\u00e0 G20, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c. Qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ee9ng h\u1ea1ng ba th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi theo GDP danh ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 h\u1ea1ng t\u01b0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi theo s\u1ee9c mua t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee9ng h\u1ea1ng t\u01b0 h\u00e0nh tinh c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 kim ng\u1ea1ch nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u l\u1eabn xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c t\u1eeb b\u1ecf quy\u1ec1n tuy\u00ean chi\u1ebfn, n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y v\u1eabn s\u1edf h\u1eefu m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch cao th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c huy \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u1ef1 v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 g\u00ecn gi\u1eef h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh. Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 Ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ea5t cao, trong \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd cao nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ee9ng h\u1ea1ng ba trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 t\u1eed vong \u1edf tr\u1ebb s\u01a1 sinh th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 vinh d\u1ef1 c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111o\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i Nobel nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t ch\u00e2u \u00c1. Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 Ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ed1c gia, h\u1ea1ng s\u00e1u trong B\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ea1nh tranh to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u 2015\u20132016 v\u00e0 gi\u1eef v\u1ecb tr\u00ed cao nh\u1ea5t \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c1 v\u1ec1 Ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u0169ng l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u00e2u \u00c1 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u0103ng cai t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf v\u1eadn h\u1ed9i M\u00f9a h\u00e8 v\u00e0 M\u00f9a \u0110\u00f4ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n hi\u1ec7n c\u0169ng \u0111ang ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 \u00e1p l\u1ef1c cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng cao, n\u1ea1n t\u1ef1 s\u00e1t, ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb - n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n s\u00e2u s\u1eafc, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 thanh ni\u00ean k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u00e0 sinh \u0111\u1ebb gi\u1ea3m m\u1ea1nh khi\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng l\u00e3o h\u00f3a d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ef9 danh trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \"X\u1ee9 s\u1edf hoa anh \u0111\u00e0o\", v\u00ec c\u00e2y hoa anh \u0111\u00e0o (\u685c (\u685c) (Anh Hoa)/ \u3055\u304f\u3089/ \uff7b\uff78\uff97, sakura?) m\u1ecdc tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp n\u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u1eadt t\u1eeb b\u1eafc xu\u1ed1ng nam. Lo\u00e0i hoa \"tho\u1eaft n\u1edf tho\u1eaft t\u00e0n\" n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t y\u00eau th\u00edch, ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh t\u00ednh nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m, y\u00eau c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb9p, s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1u quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c h\u1ecd. M\u1ed9t m\u1ef9 danh kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 \"\u0110\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc hoa c\u00fac\" v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3a hoa c\u00fac 16 c\u00e1nh gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi \u0111ang t\u1ecfa chi\u1ebfu l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng gia v\u00e0 l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c huy Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n ng\u00e0y nay. Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ph\u00f9 Tang (\u6276\u6851, Ph\u00f9 Tang?), \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e2y ph\u00f9 tang. Theo truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft c\u1ed5 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i c\u00e2y r\u1ed7ng l\u00f2ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ph\u00f9 Tang hay Kh\u1ed5ng Tang, l\u00e0 n\u01a1i th\u1ea7n M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi ngh\u1ec9 ng\u01a1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi du h\u00e0nh ngang qua b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi t\u1eeb \u0110\u00f4ng sang T\u00e2y, do \u0111\u00f3 Ph\u00f9 Tang h\u00e0m ngh\u0129a v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ec9 n\u01a1i M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi m\u1ecdc. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 IV, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y t\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 Yamato, c\u00f2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng Nguy\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ecdi n\u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u1eadt l\u00e0 Oa qu\u1ed1c (\u502d\u56fd, Oa qu\u1ed1c? n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00f9n), ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt l\u00e0 Oa nh\u00e2n (\u502d\u4eba, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00f9n?), g\u1ecdi c\u01b0\u1edbp bi\u1ec3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt tr\u00ean Bi\u1ec3n Hoa \u0110\u00f4ng th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 Minh l\u00e0 Oa kh\u1ea5u (\u502d\u5bc7, gi\u1eb7c l\u00f9n?). Trong H\u00e1n-Vi\u1ec7t, ch\u1eef \"oa\" (\u502d, \"oa\"?) v\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u1ea7m l\u00e0 \"n\u1ee5y\". Tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Heian, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft ri\u00eang v\u00e0 v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i vay m\u01b0\u1ee3n ch\u1eef H\u00e1n n\u00ean Yamato \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft l\u00e0 wa (\u502d (oa), wa?). V\u1ec1 sau khi \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00ean h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef cho ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt d\u00f9ng hai ch\u1eef kanji \u5927\u548c (\u0110\u1ea1i H\u00f2a) \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00fd \u00e2m ch\u1eef Yamato, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 t\u00f4n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. N\u0103m 670, Yamato g\u1eedi m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u00e0n s\u1ee9 b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00fac m\u1eebng tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi vua \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Cao T\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n d\u1ecbp v\u1eeba b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecbnh Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean th\u00e0nh Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n (\u65e5\u672c/ \u306b\u3063\u307d\u3093, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n?). K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb sau cu\u1ed9c Duy t\u00e2n Minh Tr\u1ecb cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi k\u1ebft th\u00fac Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai, qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 Dai Nippon Teikoku (\u5927\u65e5\u672c\u5e1d\u570b (\u0110\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c), Dai Nippon Teikoku?), ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \"\u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u0110\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n\". Ng\u00e0y nay qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7u Nippon-koku hay Nihon-koku (\u65e5\u672c\u56fd (Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n Qu\u1ed1c), Nippon-koku hay Nihon-koku?) c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t nghi th\u1ee9c, v\u1edbi ch\u1eef koku (\u56fd, koku?) ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \"qu\u1ed1c gia\", \"n\u01b0\u1edbc\" hay \"nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc\" thay th\u1ebf cho m\u1ed9t mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 d\u00e0i v\u1ec1 \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "Trong ti\u1ebfng Anh, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Japan ( /d\u0292\u0259\u02c8p\u00e6n/), t\u1eeb n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u giai \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch Nanban. Ph\u00e1t \u00e2m t\u00ean qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng Ti\u1ebfng Quan Tho\u1ea1i c\u1ed5 ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Ng\u00f4 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Marco Polo ghi l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 Cipangu. Trong ti\u1ebfng Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i m\u1edbi, m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef ti\u1ebfng Ng\u00f4, c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t \u00e2m c\u00e1c k\u00fd t\u1ef1 \u65e5\u672c 'Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n' l\u00e0 Zeppen [z\u0259\u0294p\u0259n]. Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n trong Ti\u1ebfng M\u00e3 Lai c\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Jepang, vay m\u01b0\u1ee3n t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ven bi\u1ec3n mi\u1ec1n nam Trung Qu\u1ed1c, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00fac Ki\u1ebfn ho\u1eb7c Ninh Ba, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb M\u00e3 Lai n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o th\u1eddi Malacca \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVI. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean mang t\u00ean g\u1ecdi n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "Cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn v\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t x\u1ee9 v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u cho r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o t\u1eeb xa x\u01b0a v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi nay. Nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ed5 v\u1eadt, x\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 th\u00eam s\u1ef1 nghi ng\u1edd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi thuy\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia cho r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt l\u00e0 con ch\u00e1u c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ebfn sau \"th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n\" Ainu v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c n\u00e0y ra kh\u1ecfi qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o. Ng\u00e0y nay, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta tin r\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m n\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m mang t\u00ean Jomon. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t tr\u00ean qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o \u00edt nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb n\u0103m 5000 TCN, sau \u0111\u00f3 theo th\u1eddi gian, pha tr\u1ed9n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n qua l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u00e0nh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n ng\u00e0y nay. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 phong t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc l\u1eabn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam. D\u01b0\u1edbi g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 c\u00fa ph\u00e1p, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt thu\u1ed9c ng\u1eef h\u1ec7 Altai c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ph\u00eda b\u1eafc l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00e2u \u00c1, song trong t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u1eeb g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb ph\u00eda nam. Trong c\u00e1c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n v\u00e0 t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng, ta th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c l\u1ec5 nghi g\u1eafn v\u1edbi v\u0103n h\u00f3a l\u00faa n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c \u1edf ph\u00eda nam; c\u00f2n huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i l\u1eadp n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1edfi v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n - \u00f4ng t\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a n\u00f2i gi\u1ed1ng - t\u1eeb thi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ed1ng h\u1ea1 gi\u1edbi th\u00ec c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc. V\u00ec v\u1eady, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta cho r\u1eb1ng d\u00e2n c\u01b0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t x\u1ee9 t\u1eeb c\u1ea3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc l\u1eabn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam, \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n t\u1eeb th\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed v\u00e0 qua m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ho\u00e0 tr\u1ed9n c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n t\u1ea1o ra d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n.[c\u1ea7n d\u1eabn ngu\u1ed3n] </s>"} | |
| {"text": "Ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft trong s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p ba ki\u1ec3u ch\u1eef: ch\u1eef H\u00e1n hay Kanji v\u00e0 hai ki\u1ec3u ch\u1eef \u0111\u01a1n \u00e2m m\u1ec1m Hiragana (B\u00ecnh Gi\u00e1 Danh) v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n \u00e2m c\u1ee9ng Katakana (Phi\u1ebfn Gi\u00e1 Danh). Kanji d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c t\u1eeb H\u00e1n (m\u01b0\u1ee3n c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c) ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef H\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 ngh\u0129a. Hiragana d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ghi c\u00e1c t\u1eeb g\u1ed1c Nh\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 tr\u1ee3 t\u1eeb, tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb, \u0111u\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb, t\u00ednh t\u1eeb,\u2026 Katakana d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 phi\u00ean \u00e2m t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, tr\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Trung v\u00e0 t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef H\u00e1n kh\u00e1c. B\u1ea3ng k\u00fd t\u1ef1 Latinh R\u014dmaji c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u1edf t\u00ean v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty, qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o, nh\u00e3n hi\u1ec7u h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a, khi nh\u1eadp ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt v\u00e0o m\u00e1y t\u00ednh v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y \u1edf c\u1ea5p ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh th\u00ed \u0111i\u1ec3m. S\u1ed1 \u1ea2 R\u1eadp theo ki\u1ec3u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ghi s\u1ed1, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft s\u1ed1 theo ng\u1eef h\u1ec7 H\u00e1n-Nh\u1eadt c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "\u0110\u01a1n v\u1ecb ph\u00e2n v\u00f9ng h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh c\u1ea5p 1 c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea1o ph\u1ee7 huy\u1ec7n, c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh 1 \u0111\u00f4, 1 \u0111\u1ea1o, 2 ph\u1ee7, 43 huy\u1ec7n. C\u00e1c \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb l\u1edbn t\u00f9y theo s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh l\u1ec7nh ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 trung t\u00e2m, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. Ph\u00e2n v\u00f9ng h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea1o ph\u1ee7 huy\u1ec7n l\u00e0 th\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00f4n, ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb nh\u01b0 qu\u1eadn, chi s\u1ea3nh, khu, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t khu,\u2026 C\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u0103n, \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng kinh t\u1ebf, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh 8 khu v\u1ef1c l\u1edbn, bao g\u1ed3m: v\u00f9ng Hokkaid\u014d, v\u00f9ng \u0110\u00f4ng B\u1eafc, v\u00f9ng Kant\u014d, v\u00f9ng Trung B\u1ed9, v\u00f9ng Kinki (c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng Kansai), v\u00f9ng Ch\u016bgoku, v\u00f9ng Shikoku v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng Kyushu-Okinawa. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "M\u1ea5y n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n thi h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp th\u1ecb \u0111inh th\u00f4n, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111inh th\u00f4n \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec1u. Hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung m\u1ed9t c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a T\u014dky\u014d v\u00e0 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111ang nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u b\u1ecf \u0111\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea1o ph\u1ee7 huy\u1ec7n, chuy\u1ec3n sang ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o ch\u00e2u (th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o ch\u00e2u Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n). N\u0103m 1968, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n ban h\u00e0nh ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e3 s\u1ed1 b\u01b0u ch\u00ednh \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 c\u00f4ng khai \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea1o ph\u1ee7 huy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ecb \u0111inh th\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u00e3 s\u1ed1 b\u01b0u ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. M\u00e3 s\u1ed1 b\u01b0u ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea1o ph\u1ee7 huy\u1ec7n \u0103n kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ISO 31166-2:JP. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ranh gi\u1edbi gi\u1eefa b\u1ed1n m\u1ea3ng ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t. Nh\u01b0ng quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 m\u1ea3ng Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111ang ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda m\u1ea3ng \u00c2u-\u00c1 v\u00e0 ch\u00fai xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y. Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y di\u1ec5n ra kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y \u00eam \u1ea3 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng xung \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t m\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t. Khi m\u1ea3ng Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00ecm xu\u1ed1ng, c\u00e1c l\u1edbp tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u1ee1 ra v\u00e0 b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u1edbp v\u1ecf \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng s\u1ebd b\u1ecb tan ch\u1ea3y th\u00e0nh dung nham d\u00e2ng l\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t, phun tr\u00e0o v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda. S\u1ef1 phun tr\u00e0o n\u00fai l\u1eeda c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o nhi\u1ec1u n\u00fai \u2013 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3o h\u00ecnh cung. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "Ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 n\u00fai N\u00fai Ph\u00fa S\u0129, m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Fuji-san, cao 3776 m. S\u1ef1 d\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh n\u00f3n g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai bi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u1ef3 th\u00fa c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y t\u1eeb Tokyo. N\u00fai Ph\u00fa S\u0129 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m du l\u1ecbch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0a th\u00edch v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng n\u0103m c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi leo l\u00ean ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai n\u00e0y. Ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda n\u00e0y phun tr\u00e0o l\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1707 v\u00e0 ng\u1ee7 y\u00ean t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn nay. Tuy nhi\u00ean, th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 2000, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1eb9 b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u00fai Ph\u00fa S\u0129. C\u00e1c ch\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u1eddi c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "V\u1ecb tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n khi\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia x\u1ea3y ra nhi\u1ec1u thi\u00ean tai nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Hai m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 s\u00f3ng th\u1ea7n. M\u1ed7i n\u0103m Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu 7500 tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t nh\u1eb9, ri\u00eang Tokyo c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn 150 tr\u1eadn. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y qu\u00e1 nh\u1eb9, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh. T\u1eeb tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t Kanto ch\u1ebft ch\u00f3c n\u0103m 1923, t\u1edbi nay Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua 16 v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 s\u00f3ng th\u1ea7n. V\u1ee5 s\u00f3ng th\u1ea7n kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1ea5t x\u1ea3y ra ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 2011 l\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t ng\u1ea7m ngo\u00e0i kh\u01a1i Tohoku c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n m\u1ea1nh 9 \u0111\u1ed9 richte, s\u00f3ng th\u1ea7n cao nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 39m, \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0o ven b\u1edd Sendai l\u00e0m cho c\u1ea3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c xung quanh b\u1ecb thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1, l\u00e0m g\u1ea7n 16.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft, h\u01a1n 6.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 h\u01a1n 2.600 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ea5t t\u00edch. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t x\u1ee9 s\u1edf c\u00f3 phong c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong 10 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (n\u0103m 2010) v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n ch\u00e2u \u00c1 duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong danh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y v\u1edbi b\u1ed1n m\u00f9a thay \u0111\u1ed5i r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t: m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n v\u1edbi hoa anh \u0111\u00e0o n\u1edf d\u1ea7n t\u1eeb nam l\u00ean b\u1eafc, m\u00f9a h\u00e8 c\u00e2y c\u1ed1i xanh m\u01b0\u1edbt, m\u00f9a thu l\u00e1 phong (momiji) \u0111\u1ecf th\u1eafm t\u1eeb b\u1eafc xu\u1ed1ng nam, m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng tuy\u1ebft tr\u1eafng tinh kh\u00f4i. N\u00fai Ph\u00fa S\u0129 (Fujisan) l\u00e0 ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai cao nh\u1ea5t Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, n\u1eb1m gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng, l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 tuy\u1ebft bao ph\u1ee7 n\u01a1i ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai, l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u0103n s\u0129 v\u00e0 thi s\u0129 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u0103n ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh gia v\u00e0 h\u1ecda s\u0129 kh\u1eafp b\u1ed1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "V\u1ecb tr\u00ed n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean v\u00e0nh \u0111ai n\u00fai l\u1eeda Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng, n\u1eb1m \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a ba v\u00f9ng ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu c\u00e1c d\u01b0 tr\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t nh\u1eb9 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00fai l\u1eeda. C\u00e1c c\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c t\u00e0n ph\u00e1, th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00f3ng th\u1ea7n, di\u1ec5n ra v\u00e0i l\u1ea7n trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. Nh\u1eefng c\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t l\u1edbn g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t Ch\u016betsu n\u0103m 2004 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t Hanshin n\u0103m 1995. V\u00ec c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda di\u1ec5n ra th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean n\u00ean qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y c\u00f3 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 su\u1ed1i n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c su\u1ed1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c khu ngh\u1ec9 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u00f3 ch\u00edn v\u00f9ng sinh th\u00e1i r\u1eebng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh r\u00f5 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea3o.Ch\u00fang bao g\u1ed3m t\u1eeb r\u1eebng \u1ea9m l\u00e1 r\u1ed9ng c\u1eadn nhi\u1ec7t \u1edf Ry\u016bky\u016b v\u00e0 qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Ogasawara \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c khu r\u1eebng h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p l\u00e1 r\u1ed9ng \u00f4n \u0111\u1edbi trong n\u1ec1n kh\u00ed h\u1eadu nh\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c r\u1eebng l\u00e1 kim \u00f4n \u0111\u1edbi \u1edf nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 l\u1ea1nh l\u1ebdo thu\u1ed9c nh\u1eefng h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc. Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 90.000 lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt hoang d\u00e3, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 g\u1ea5u n\u00e2u, kh\u1ec9 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, l\u1eedng ch\u00f3 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 k\u1ef3 gi\u00f4ng kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. N\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi l\u1edbn c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt quan tr\u1ecdng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 37 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t ng\u1eadp n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1eadp Ramsar. B\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c UNESCO c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 di s\u1ea3n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00ec c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "C\u01a1 quan l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p d\u00e2n c\u1eed c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i (\u56fd\u4f1a, Kokkai?), \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf t\u1ea1i Chiyoda, Tokyo. Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdat \u0111\u1ed9ng theo c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf l\u01b0\u1ee1ng vi\u1ec7n, trong \u0111\u00f3 H\u1ea1 vi\u1ec7n (\u8846\u8b70\u9662 (Ch\u00fang Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n), Sh\u016bgiin?) c\u00f3 480 gh\u1ebf, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed tri b\u1ea7u ch\u1ecdn sau m\u1ed7i b\u1ed1n n\u0103m ho\u1eb7c sau khi gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n, v\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n (\u53c2\u8b70\u9662 (Tham Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n), Sangiin?) c\u00f3 242 gh\u1ebf, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed tri b\u1ea7u ch\u1ecdn cho nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 s\u00e1u n\u0103m v\u00e0 c\u1ee9 m\u1ed7i ba n\u0103m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean. Quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u phi\u1ebfu thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n tr\u00ean 18 tu\u1ed5i kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t nam-n\u1eef, trong \u0111\u00f3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu k\u00edn t\u1ea1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb b\u1ea7u c\u1eed. C\u00e1c ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ti\u1ebfn c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ef1 do x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 T\u1ef1 do c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7. \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 T\u1ef1 do \u0111\u00e3 li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp gi\u00e0nh th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c t\u1ed5ng tuy\u1ec3n c\u1eed k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1955, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb hai giai \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1993 \u0111\u1ebfn 1994 v\u00e0 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2009 \u0111\u1ebfn 2012. \u0110\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y chi\u1ebfm 294 gh\u1ebf trong Ch\u00fang Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 83 gh\u1ebf trong Tham Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n (\u5185\u95a3\u7dcf\u7406\u5927\u81e3 (N\u1ed9i c\u00e1c T\u1ed5ng l\u00fd \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n), Naikaku s\u014dri daijin?) l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 do Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i ch\u1ecdn ra t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Thi\u00ean ho\u00e0ng s\u1eafc phong. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb chi\u1ebfm \u0111a s\u1ed1 gh\u1ebf trong Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng. Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o n\u1ed9i c\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh hay b\u00e3i nhi\u1ec7m B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng Qu\u1ed1c v\u1ee5. Sau chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng \u00e1p \u0111\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 T\u1ef1 do trong cu\u1ed9c t\u1ed5ng tuy\u1ec3n c\u1eed n\u0103m 2012, Abe Shinz\u014d thay th\u1ebf Noda Yoshihiko gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 26 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 2012 v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u tuy\u00ean th\u1ec7 nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c trong v\u00f2ng s\u00e1u n\u0103m c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c b\u1edfi Thi\u00ean ho\u00e0ng, Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n quy \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Thi\u00ean ho\u00e0ng b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0o v\u1ecb tr\u00ed n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i theo s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p Trung Qu\u1ed1c, lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp trong th\u1eddi Edo qua c\u00e1c th\u01b0 li\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 Kujikata Osadamegaki. Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1a s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o lu\u1eadt ch\u00e2u \u00c2u l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba, n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1896, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 ban h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 d\u1ef1a theo b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o B\u00fcrgerliches Gesetzbuch \u0110\u1ee9c; b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay qua nh\u1eefng s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1eddi h\u1eadu Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai. Lu\u1eadt th\u00e0nh v\u0103n do Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i so\u1ea1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean ho\u00e0ng. Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p quy \u0111\u1ecbnh Thi\u00ean ho\u00e0ng ban h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u lu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i th\u00f4ng qua, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng trao cho v\u1ecb vua quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e1c b\u1ecf d\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u01a1 quan t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n chia th\u00e0nh b\u1ed1n c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc: T\u00f2a \u00e1n T\u1ed1i cao (\u6700\u9ad8\u88c1\u5224\u6240 (T\u1ed1i cao T\u00e0i ph\u00e1n S\u1edf), Saik\u014d-Saibansho?) v\u00e0 ba c\u1ea5p t\u00f2a \u00e1n th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n. Ch\u00e1nh Th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n T\u00f2a \u00e1n T\u1ed1i cao do Thi\u00ean ho\u00e0ng s\u1eafc phong theo ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, trong khi c\u00e1c Th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n T\u00f2a \u00e1n T\u1ed1i cao do n\u1ed9i c\u00e1c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m. Tr\u1ee5 c\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 L\u1ee5c ph\u00e1p (\u516d\u6cd5, Ropp\u014d?, S\u00e1u b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt). </s>"} | |
| {"text": "Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ea5t ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb g\u1ed7 v\u00e0 h\u1ea3i s\u1ea3n, trong khi d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 th\u00ec qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00f4ng, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nguy\u00ean nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1edd c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c Minh Tr\u1ecb duy t\u00e2n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, v\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edbc Th\u1ebf Chi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 Hai, quy m\u00f4 kinh t\u1ebf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. N\u0103m 1940, t\u1ed5ng s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kinh t\u1ebf (GDP) c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt b\u1ea3n (quy \u0111\u1ed5i theo th\u1eddi gi\u00e1 USD n\u0103m 1990) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t 192 t\u1ef7 USD, so v\u1edbi Anh l\u00e0 316 t\u1ef7 USD, Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 164 t\u1ef7 USD, Italy l\u00e0 147 t\u1ef7 USD, \u0110\u1ee9c l\u00e0 387 t\u1ef7 USD, Li\u00ean X\u00f4 l\u00e0 417 t\u1ef7 USD </s>"} | |
| {"text": "Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111ang x\u00fac ti\u1ebfn 6 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch l\u1edbn trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u kinh t\u1ebf, gi\u1ea3m th\u00e2m h\u1ee5t ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch, c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch khu v\u1ef1c t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp l\u1ea1i c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7,... C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 2001. D\u00f9 di\u1ec5n ra ch\u1eadm ch\u1ea1p nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch \u0111ang \u0111i d\u1ea7n v\u00e0o qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh xu th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e1ng kh\u00edch l\u1ec7, n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i v\u00e0 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i, tuy nhi\u00ean trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 2001-2015, kinh t\u1ebf Nh\u1eadt v\u1eabn ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t ch\u1eadm, trung b\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 d\u01b0\u1edbi 1% m\u1ed7i n\u0103m. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "T\u1eeb 1974 \u0111\u1ebfn nay t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tuy ch\u1eadm l\u1ea1i, song Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 ba tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ee9ng sau Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c). Trong 20 n\u0103m (t\u1eeb 1990 t\u1edbi 2010), Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n lu\u00f4n gi\u00e0nh v\u1ecb tr\u00ed th\u1ee9 hai v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 2010. T\u1ed5ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba (GDP) t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2016 l\u00e0 4.730 t\u1ef7 USD, GDP tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 40,090 USD (2017), \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 hai ch\u00e2u \u00c1 (sau Trung Qu\u1ed1c). C\u00e1n c\u00e2n th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i th\u1eb7ng d\u01b0 v\u00e0 d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef ngo\u1ea1i t\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ee9ng h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, n\u00ean ngu\u1ed3n v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt b\u1ea3n ra n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u, l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc cho vay, vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 t\u00e1i thi\u1ebft v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ee9ng h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. \u0110\u01a1n v\u1ecb ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 l\u00e0: \u0111\u1ed3ng y\u00ean Nh\u1eadt. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "D\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng, b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m, b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, b\u00e1n l\u1ebb, giao th\u00f4ng, vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn b\u1eadc nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m xe c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1, trang thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 m\u00e1y m\u00f3c, th\u00e9p, phi kim lo\u1ea1i, c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p t\u00e0u th\u1ee7y, h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, d\u1ec7t may, th\u1ee9c \u0103n ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111a qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 m\u00e1y m\u00f3c. X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh Mitsubishi UFJ (Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group) v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 v\u1ed1n \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 3.500 t\u1ec9 Y\u00ean (2013). Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u00f3 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 hai th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi - th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n Tokyo v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 549.7 ngh\u00ecn t\u1ec9 y\u00ean v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 12/2006. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng ty d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n kinh doanh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n kinh doanh v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ty \u0111a qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u01b0 Sony, Sumitomo, Mitsubishi v\u00e0 Toyota s\u1edf h\u1eefu h\u00e0ng t\u1ec9 v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng, nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 ho\u1eb7c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh nh\u01b0 ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Sumitomo, ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Fuji, ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Mitsubishi, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Toyota v\u00e0 Sony. C\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7u h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n bao g\u1ed3m Toyota, Honda, Canon, Nissan, Sony, Mitsubishi UFJ (MUFG), Panasonic, Uniqlo, Lexus, Subaru, Nintendo, Bridgestone, Mazda v\u00e0 Suzuki. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt l\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3 22.9%, Trung Qu\u1ed1c 13.4%, H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c 7.8%, \u0110\u00e0i Loan 7.3% v\u00e0 H\u1ed3ng K\u00f4ng 6.1% (2005). Nh\u1eefng m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb giao th\u00f4ng v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i, xe c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi, h\u00e0ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, m\u00e1y m\u00f3c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed v\u00e0 h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t. Do h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u v\u00ec v\u1eady \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a \u0111a d\u1ea1ng. \u0110\u1ed1i t\u00e1c nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt l\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c 21%, Hoa K\u1ef3 12.7%, A R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat 5.5%, UAE 4.9%, Australia 4.7%, H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c 4.7% v\u00e0 Indonesia 4% (s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u 2005). Nh\u1eefng m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u00e1y m\u00f3c, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb, ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1t, th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m (\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 th\u1ecbt b\u00f2), h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t, nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u d\u1ec7t may v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u cho c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u00ecn chung, \u0110\u1ed1i t\u00e1c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "D\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n ch\u1eefng l\u1ea1i v\u00e0o th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1980, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1990 th\u00ec l\u00e2m v\u00e0o tr\u00ec tr\u1ec7, t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng trung b\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1t 1.7%, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu do nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 do d\u01b0 ch\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a bong b\u00f3ng b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 kinh doanh m\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i t\u00e1i c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u v\u1ec1 n\u1ee3 qu\u00e1 h\u1ea1n, v\u1ed1n t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. Th\u00e1ng 11/2007, n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t \u0111\u00e0 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng k\u00e9o d\u00e0i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c 69 th\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2001 v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c suy tho\u00e1i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2008 khi GDP gi\u1ea3m 3%, m\u1ee9c l\u00e3i su\u1ea5t ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng trung \u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c 0% v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 2009. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n h\u00f3a 10 n\u0103m ng\u00e0nh b\u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec7n Nh\u1eadt v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u01b0u ch\u00ednh qu\u1ed1c gia m\u00e0 c\u00f2n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m tr\u1ef1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 10/2007, \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ng\u00e0nh n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "Kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, khu v\u1ef1c t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh Nh\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea1nh t\u1eeb cu\u1ed9c Kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng cho vay th\u1ebf ch\u1ea5p nh\u01b0ng do \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5t gi\u1ea3m m\u1ea1nh v\u1ec1 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nhu c\u1ea7u tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 2008, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea9y n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y v\u00e0o v\u00f2ng suy tho\u00e1i nhanh h\u01a1n. T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u1ee3 c\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn (chi\u1ebfm 229% GDP theo s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a n\u0103m 2015) v\u00e0 t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u00f3 tu\u1ed5i qu\u00e1 cao l\u00e0 hai v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea7y th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c v\u1edbi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n. Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng tranh c\u00e3i xung quanh vai tr\u00f2 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch v\u1ef1c d\u1eady n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n l\u1eabn ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y. Nh\u00ecn chung, trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 2005-2015, kinh t\u1ebf Nh\u1eadt ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t ch\u1eadm, trung b\u00ecnh 1% m\u1ed7i n\u0103m. Kinh t\u1ebf Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1eadm nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00ec trong 10 n\u0103m t\u1edbi, Indonesia v\u00e0 Nga s\u1ebd v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua Nh\u1eadt v\u1ec1 t\u1ed5ng GDP theo s\u1ee9c mua t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00f2n H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 \u0110\u00e0i Loan c\u0169ng s\u1ebd s\u1edbm v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua Nh\u1eadt v\u1ec1 thu nh\u1eadp b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "Giao th\u00f4ng \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n r\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cao. Ng\u00e0nh giao th\u00f4ng v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt v\u00ec hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3: n\u00f3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u00edt n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u01a1n tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c, nh\u1edd v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 cao c\u1ee7a giao th\u00f4ng v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch \u0111i l\u1ea1i trung b\u00ecnh ng\u1eafn h\u01a1n.. Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng giao th\u00f4ng b\u00ean tr\u00e1i. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 2004 \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 1.177.278 km (731.683 miles) \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9, 173 s\u00e2n bay, 23.577 km (14.653 miles) \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu b\u1edfi All Nippon Airways (ANA) v\u00e0 Japan Airlines (JAL). \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n b\u1edfi Japan Railways. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft cao t\u1ed1c Shinkansen c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang gi\u1edd. C\u00f3 176 s\u00e2n bay t\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt, v\u00e0 s\u00e2n bay l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, s\u00e2n bay qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf Tokyo, l\u00e0 s\u00e2n bay b\u1eadn r\u1ed9n nh\u1ea5t ch\u00e2u \u00c1. C\u1ed5ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 s\u00e2n bay Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf Narita (khu v\u1ef1c Tokyo), s\u00e2n bay Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf Kansai (khu v\u1ef1c Osaka/Kobe/Kyoto), v\u00e0 s\u00e2n bay Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf Ch\u016bbu (khu v\u1ef1c Nagoya). C\u00e1c c\u1ea3ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3ng Nagoya. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t minh trong c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, \u00f4 t\u00f4, m\u00e1y m\u00f3c, robot c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, quang h\u1ecdc, h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t, ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn v\u00e0 kim lo\u1ea1i. Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc robot, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia s\u1edf h\u1eefu h\u01a1n n\u1eeda (402.200 trong t\u1ed5ng 742.500) s\u1ed1 robot cho c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t (n\u0103m 2000). Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t minh ra QRIO, ASIMO v\u00e0 Aibo. Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u00f4 t\u00f4 l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 hai tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (sau Trung Qu\u1ed1c, n\u0103m 2012) v\u00e0 l\u00e0 qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a 6 trong t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 15 nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u00f4 t\u00f4 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 7 trong s\u1ed1 20 nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. </s>"} | |
| {"text": "C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Nh\u1eadt c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00ecnh qua c\u00e1c l\u1ea7n \u0111o\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i Nobel. Hideki Yukawa m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u01b0u t\u00fa xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Kyoto gi\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3i Nobel v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt l\u00fd n\u0103m 1949. Sin-Itiro Tomonaga c\u0169ng nh\u1eadn vinh d\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 n\u0103m 1965. Nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn Leo Esaki sau n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Tokyo c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vinh quang \u0111\u00f3 n\u0103m 1973. Kenichi Fukui c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Kyoto l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f9ng chia gi\u1ea3i Nobel h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc n\u0103m 1981. Susumu Tonegawa, c\u0169ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Kyoto tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1eeb 2007 nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i n\u00e0y v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u v\u1ec1 sinh h\u00f3a k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u0103m 1987. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu k\u00e9m khi l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2000, 2001: Hideki Shirakawa (Vi\u1ec7n khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 Tokyo) v\u00e0 Ryoji Noyori (\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Kyoto). N\u0103m 2002 l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd Masatoshi Koshiba (\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Tokyo) v\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc gia Koichi Tanaka (\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Tohoku). N\u0103m 2008, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i Nobel g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 Yoichiro Nambu, Makoto Kobayashi, Toshihide Maskawa v\u00e0 Osamu Shimomura. Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1edf h\u1eefu nhi\u1ec1u khoa h\u1ecdc gia \u0111o\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i Nobel nh\u1ea5t \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c1 hi\u1ec7n nay. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u0169ng l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng Fields nh\u1ea5t ch\u00e2u \u00c1, gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 Nobel To\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi 3 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u0103ng quang: Kunihiko Kodaira (1954), Hironaka Heisuke (1970), Mori Shigefumi (1990). </s>"} | |