Anh_cut_train.jsonl

{"text": "Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n \u0110\u1ed3ng (1 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1906 \u2013 29 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 2000) l\u00e0 Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1976 (t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1981 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng) cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ngh\u1ec9 h\u01b0u n\u0103m 1987. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng t\u1eebng gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1955 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1976. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 v\u1ecb Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1ea1i v\u1ecb l\u00e2u nh\u1ea5t (1955\u20131987). \u00d4ng l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2, c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh. \u00d4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi th\u00e2n m\u1eadt l\u00e0 T\u00f4, \u0111\u00e2y t\u1eebng l\u00e0 b\u00ed danh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. \u00d4ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 L\u00e2m B\u00e1 Ki\u1ec7t khi l\u00e0m Ph\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 nhi\u1ec7m c\u01a1 quan Bi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 x\u1ee9 t\u1ea1i Qu\u1ebf L\u00e2m (Ch\u1ee7 nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0 H\u1ed3 H\u1ecdc L\u00e3m). </s>"}
{"text": "N\u0103m 1954, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 Tr\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 d\u1ef1 H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Gen\u00e8ve v\u1ec1 \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a \u0111o\u00e0n Vi\u1ec7t Nam do \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng quan tr\u1ecdng, t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0a H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb t\u1edbi th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. Tr\u1ea3i qua 8 phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 23 phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp r\u1ea5t c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n Vi\u1ec7t Nam, ng\u00e0y 20/7/1954, b\u1ea3n Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 chi\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, Campuchia v\u00e0 L\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00fd k\u1ebft th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n, c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam, L\u00e0o v\u00e0 Campuchia. </s>"}
{"text": "Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n \u0110\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 v\u1ee3 l\u00e0 b\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m Th\u1ecb C\u00fac v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi con trai duy nh\u1ea5t t\u00ean l\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m S\u01a1n D\u01b0\u01a1ng, hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu t\u01b0\u1edbng Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam, ph\u00f3 gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c Vi\u1ec7n Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 Qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1. Sau khi l\u1ea5y b\u00e0 C\u00fac (th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1946) Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n \u0110\u1ed3ng v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c trong li\u00ean khu 5. M\u1ea5y n\u0103m sau b\u00e0 C\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p v\u00e0o Nam s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi ch\u1ed3ng. V\u00e0o \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i th\u00ec Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n \u0110\u1ed3ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ec7nh ra B\u1eafc. Sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u00e0 C\u00fac b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh \"n\u1eeda qu\u00ean n\u1eeda nh\u1edb\" (theo l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eebng l\u00e0m th\u01b0 k\u00fd cho Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n \u0110\u1ed3ng trong 53 n\u0103m) k\u00e9o d\u00e0i cho \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn b\u00e2y gi\u1edd. Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n \u0110\u1ed3ng t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0a b\u00e0 C\u00fac sang Trung Qu\u1ed1c, Li\u00ean X\u00f4 ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ecfi. Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n \u0110\u1ed3ng m\u1ea5t tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e0 C\u00fac. </s>"}
{"text": "\u00d4ng Vi\u1ec7t Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, nguy\u00ean th\u01b0 k\u00fd c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n \u0110\u1ed3ng, trong bu\u1ed5i h\u1ecdp b\u00e1o gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i giao, \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 r\u1eb1ng khi \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh Geneva (1954), do \u0111o\u00e0n Vi\u1ec7t Nam kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e0i n\u00ean B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng Ngo\u1ea1i giao l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n \u0110\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e3 m\u1eafc m\u1ed9t sai l\u1ea7m khi nh\u1edd Trung Qu\u1ed1c chuy\u1ec3n c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc, do v\u1eady Trung Qu\u1ed1c bi\u1ebft h\u1ebft c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 \u00e9p Vi\u1ec7t Nam k\u00fd hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh theo l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Trong \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n \u0110\u1ed3ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch Trung Qu\u1ed1c n\u00ean n\u1ed9i dung li\u00ean l\u1ea1c gi\u1eefa \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n v\u00e0 Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng, Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n. \u00d4ng Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n \u0110\u1ed3ng sau n\u00e0y c\u0169ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 \u0111o\u00e0n Vi\u1ec7t Nam khi \u0111\u00f3 qu\u00e1 tin \u0111o\u00e0n Trung Qu\u1ed1c. T\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb \u1ea5y, \u00f4ng \u0110\u1ed3ng ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi \u0111o\u00e0n Li\u00ean X\u00f4 v\u00e0 \u0111o\u00e0n Trung Qu\u1ed1c, trong khi Anh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng tranh th\u1ee7, kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n Anh. </s>"}
{"text": "Theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c (t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u B\u1ed9 Ngo\u1ea1i giao), c\u00f4ng h\u00e0m c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n Ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng Ho\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n \u0110\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean \"c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn\" ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 trong s\u1ed1 b\u00e1o ng\u00e0y 6 th\u00e1ng 9 b\u00e1o Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \"\u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u0103ng chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 L\u00e3nh h\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Trung Qu\u1ed1c trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ednh l\u00e3nh h\u1ea3i bao g\u1ed3m b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n hai qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o T\u00e2y Sa v\u00e0 Nam Sa tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng\". C\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng khai cho c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang Trung Qu\u1ed1c b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng Trung \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y, thi\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u1ed9i dung trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111o\u1ea1n \"tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng h\u1ea3i ph\u1eadn 12 h\u1ea3i l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c\". </s>"}
{"text": "Theo Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 Ngo\u1ea1i giao n\u01b0\u1edbc CHXHCN Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1ec1 qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Ho\u00e0ng Sa v\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Sa ng\u00e0y 7 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1979 th\u00ec: S\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a Trung qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng h\u00e0m ng\u00e0y 14 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1958 c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng Ho\u00e0 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ph\u00eda Trung qu\u1ed1c tr\u00ean c\u00e1c qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c tr\u1eafng tr\u1ee3n khi tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng h\u00e0m ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n 12 h\u1ea3i l\u00fd c\u1ee7a l\u00e3nh h\u1ea3i Trung qu\u1ed1c. (T\u1ee9c l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 22 km, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng cho bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n 12 h\u1ea3i l\u00fd c\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n hai qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111\u00f3 hay kh\u00f4ng). V\u0103n b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn hai qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o (ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c t\u00ednh h\u1ea3i ph\u1eadn v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c h\u1ea3i ph\u1eadn). Vi\u1ec7t Nam kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi 2 qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00e0y, nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft s\u1ef1 tranh ch\u1ea5p v\u1ec1 2 qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o gi\u1eefa hai n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1eb1ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh. </s>"}
{"text": "\u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu ph\u1ea3i nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh theo tinh th\u1ea7n tr\u00ean l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c, c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng, Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng qu\u00e1, tho\u00e1i h\u00f3a bi\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t, ch\u1ea1y theo ch\u1ee9c quy\u1ec1n, ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0 danh l\u1ee3i, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u0111ang l\u00e0m cho m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ecf trong nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ta ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng gi\u1ea3m l\u00f2ng tin v\u00e0o \u0110\u1ea3ng ta, \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh nguy k\u1ecbch, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 coi th\u01b0\u1eddng, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a \"b\u1ed1n nguy c\u01a1\" t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1eabn nhau v\u00e0 ph\u00e1 ta, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t c\u00f2n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. </s>"}
{"text": "Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t k\u00edn l\u00e0 \"Angiosperm\", c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i \u03b1\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd (ch\u1ed7 ch\u1ee9a) v\u00e0 \u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1 (h\u1ea1t), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Paul Hermann t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef Angiospermae v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1690, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh trong gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, n\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 hoa v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao ph\u1ee7 trong c\u00e1c bao v\u1ecf (qu\u1ea3 nang), ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi Gymnospermae c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, hay th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 hoa v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ea3 thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i qu\u1ea3 b\u1ebf hay qu\u1ea3 n\u1ee9t - to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 qu\u1ea3 hay m\u1ed7i mi\u1ebfng ri\u00eang r\u1ebd c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 h\u1ea1t v\u00e0 tr\u1ea7n tr\u1ee5i. Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef n\u00e0y v\u00e0 t\u1eeb tr\u00e1i ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Carolus Linnaeus duy tr\u00ec v\u1edbi c\u00f9ng ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh, nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng h\u1ea1n h\u1eb9p h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0 trong t\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 trong l\u1edbp Didynamia c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 trong b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sau khi Robert Brown thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1827 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c no\u00e3n tr\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 trong Cycadeae (Tu\u1ebf) v\u00e0 Coniferae (Th\u00f4ng), cho ph\u00e9p g\u1ecdi ch\u00fang m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t tr\u1ea7n. T\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y tr\u1edf \u0111i, c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Gymnosperm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t tr\u1ea7n th\u00ec thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef Angiosperm \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc d\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp, nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n thay \u0111\u1ed5i, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 t\u00ean nh\u00f3m cho c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt hai l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m kh\u00e1c. </s>"}
{"text": "S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Hofmeister n\u0103m 1851 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i x\u1ea3y ra trong t\u00fai ph\u00f4i c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 hoa, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 m\u1ea1ch, \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a Gymnosperm nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt hai l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m, v\u00e0 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef Angiosperm sau \u0111\u00f3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 hoa h\u01a1n l\u00e0 Gymnosperm, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c l\u1edbp th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt hai l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a m\u00e0 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef n\u00e0y hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. </s>"}
{"text": "S\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 theo xu h\u01b0\u1edbng thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt v\u1edbi ki\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t k\u00edn l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a n\u00e0y. Ch\u00fang t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh th\u1ea3m th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t trong k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. Th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t k\u00edn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y t\u1eeb hai \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ef1c t\u1edbi x\u00edch \u0111\u1ea1o, khi m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ch\u00fang c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c con s\u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ed3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ecdt, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 \u00edt h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lo\u00e0i trong c\u00e1c h\u1ed3 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7n hay trong l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t k\u00edn th\u1ee7y sinh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t sinh ra t\u1eeb c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean trung gian tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n. G\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 n\u01a1i sinh s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 dao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i chung v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3u sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i b\u00e8o t\u1ea5m quen thu\u1ed9c che ph\u1ee7 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u00e1c ao h\u1ed3 g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ch\u1ed3i nh\u1ecf m\u00e0u xanh l\u1ee5c d\u1ea1ng \"t\u1ea3n\", g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n - th\u00e2n v\u00e0 l\u00e1, ch\u00fang c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t r\u1ec5 \u0111\u01a1n m\u1ecdc theo chi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ee9ng xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c c\u00e2y th\u00e2n g\u1ed7 l\u1edbn trong r\u1eebng c\u00f3 th\u00e2n c\u00e2y, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 sau h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m n\u0103m, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ea3i r\u1ed9ng bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c c\u00e0nh v\u00e0 nh\u00e1nh, mang theo nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e0nh con hay nh\u00e1nh nh\u1ecf v\u1edbi h\u1eb1ng h\u00e0 sa s\u1ed1 l\u00e1, trong khi d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea5t th\u00ec h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng r\u1ec5 tr\u1ea3i r\u1ed9ng nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e1nh c\u0169ng chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t di\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng. Gi\u1eefa hai th\u00e1i c\u1ef1c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ecdi tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y th\u00e2n th\u1ea3o tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y th\u00e2n b\u00f2, m\u1ecdc th\u1eb3ng hay d\u00e2y leo v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, c\u00e2y b\u1ee5i hay c\u00e2y th\u00e2n g\u1ed7 nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i v\u00e0 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 h\u1ea1t, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u1edf th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t tr\u1ea7n. </s>"}
{"text": "C\u00e1c ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t k\u00edn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong c\u00e1c m\u1eabu h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i kho\u1ea3ng 140 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a k\u1ef7 Jura (203-135 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc). D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t k\u00edn v\u00e0 ng\u00e0nh D\u00e2y g\u1eafm (Gnetophyta) \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1ch ra kh\u1ecfi nhau v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i k\u1ef7 Trias (220-202 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc). C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t k\u00edn xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong k\u1ef7 Jura v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u k\u1ef7 Ph\u1ea5n tr\u1eafng (k\u1ef7 Creta) (135-65 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc), nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 r\u1ea5t \u00edt h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i th\u00f4 s\u01a1. H\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t k\u00edn, Archaefructus liaoningensis, c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i kho\u1ea3ng 125 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Ph\u1ea5n hoa, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 li\u00ean quan tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a hoa, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u1ed5 t\u1edbi 130 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m. S\u1ef1 b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t k\u00edn (khi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t k\u00edn trong c\u00e1c m\u1eabu h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch) \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa k\u1ef7 Ph\u1ea5n tr\u1eafng (kho\u1ea3ng 100 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc). Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u trong n\u0103m 2007 \u0111\u00e3 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia c\u1ee7a 5 trong s\u1ed1 8 nh\u00f3m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1ea5t (chi Ceratophyllum, h\u1ecd Chloranthaceae, th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt hai l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m th\u1eadt s\u1ef1, magnoliids, th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m) \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra kho\u1ea3ng 140 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i k\u1ef7 Ph\u1ea5n tr\u1eafng, th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t k\u00edn d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u00f3m th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb trong s\u1ed1 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u1ecd ng\u00e0y nay (bao g\u1ed3m d\u1ebb gai, s\u1ed3i, th\u00edch, m\u1ed9c lan) \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. </s>"}
{"text": "Trong ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 hoa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u1ed1 k\u1ebft m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c. T\u00ean g\u1ecdi mang t\u00ednh mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Angiospermae (Angiospermae), v\u1edbi Anthophyta (\"th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 hoa\") l\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn th\u1ee9 hai. C\u00e1c t\u00ean g\u1ecdi n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng g\u1eafn k\u1ebft c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 c\u1ea5p ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Wettstein v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Engler s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00ean g\u1ecdi Angiospermae v\u1edbi c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1n l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n ng\u00e0nh. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Reveal coi th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 hoa nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n ng\u00e0nh Magnoliophytina, nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u00e1ch n\u00f3 ra th\u00e0nh Magnoliopsida, Liliopsida v\u00e0 Rosopsida. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Takhtadjan v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Cronquist coi nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y \u1edf c\u1ea5p ng\u00e0nh, d\u1eabn t\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi Magnoliophyta (t\u1eeb t\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd Magnoliaceae). H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Dahlgren v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Thorne (1992) coi nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbp, d\u1eabn t\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi Magnoliopsida. Tuy nhi\u00ean, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng APG n\u0103m 1998 v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng APG II n\u0103m 2003, kh\u00f4ng coi n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 coi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00ean g\u1ecdi angiosperms cho nh\u00e1nh n\u00e0y. </s>"}
{"text": "Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 qua nhi\u1ec1u thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Cronquist, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Arthur Cronquist \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t n\u0103m 1968 v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 \u1edf d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 n\u0103m 1981, v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u0111\u00fang c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ph\u00e1t sinh lo\u00e0i. S\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed chung v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 hoa c\u1ea7n s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, th\u00f4ng qua c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c h\u01a1n cho th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t k\u00edn v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1998. S\u1ef1 c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 APG II (2003). </s>"}
{"text": "Theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 hoa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh hai nh\u00f3m ch\u00ednh, trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Cronquist \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Magnoliopsida (\u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbp, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean t\u00ean g\u1ecdi Magnolia) v\u00e0 Liliopsida (\u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbp, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean t\u00ean g\u1ecdi Lilium). Ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00ean g\u1ecdi mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 (theo \u0111i\u1ec1u 16 c\u1ee7a ICBN): Dicotyledones (m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u01b0a d\u00f9ng Dicotyledoneae) v\u00e0 Monocotyledones (m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u01b0a d\u00f9ng Monocotyledoneae), l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00ean g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u. Trong ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi chung l\u00e0 \"th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m\" hay \"th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt hai l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m\", t\u00f9y theo s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. C\u00e1c t\u00ean g\u1ecdi n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt hai l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng (kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n) c\u00f3 hai l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m trong m\u1ed7i h\u1ea1t, trong khi th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n m\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady cao. </s>"}
{"text": "C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m \"t\u1ed1t\" (nh\u00f3m \u0111\u01a1n ng\u00e0nh hay to\u00e0n ph\u1ea7n), trong khi th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt hai l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady (nh\u00f3m \u0111a ng\u00e0nh). Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt hai l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u00f3m \"t\u1ed1t\", n\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt hai l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m. Nh\u00f3m m\u1edbi n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t b\u00e1n ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt hai l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m th\u1eadt s\u1ef1\" (eudicots) hay \"ba l\u1ed7 ch\u00e2n l\u00f4ng\" (tricolpate). T\u00ean g\u1ecdi \"tricolpate\" c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea5n hoa t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong c\u1ea3 nh\u00f3m. T\u00ean g\u1ecdi eudicots \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch g\u1eafn \"dicots\" v\u1edbi ti\u1ec1n t\u1ed1 \"eu-\" (ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p 'eu'= \"th\u1eadt s\u1ef1\"), do m\u1ecdi th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt hai l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec1u chia s\u1ebb c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1n cho th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt hai l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m. T\u00ean g\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c cho nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng l\u00e0 Rosopsida (\u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbp, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean chi Rosa). T\u00e1ch nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y ra kh\u1ecfi th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt hai l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m (c\u0169) ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt hai l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m c\u1ed5\" (palaeodicot v\u1edbi ti\u1ec1n t\u1ed1 \"palaeo-\" trong ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u1ed5). Do nh\u00f3m c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m \"t\u1ed1t\" n\u00ean thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0m thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i trong ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. </s>"}
{"text": "Trong nh\u00f3m l\u1edbn h\u01a1n l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt hai l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m th\u00ec ch\u00fang c\u00f3 c\u00e1c b\u00f3 m\u1ea1ch trong c\u00e1c th\u00e2n c\u00e2y non \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp trong v\u00f2ng g\u1ed7 m\u1edf, chia t\u00e1ch ph\u1ea7n l\u00f5i x\u1ed1p trung t\u00e2m v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n v\u1ecf ngo\u00e0i. Trong m\u1ed7i b\u00f3, chia t\u00e1ch b\u1edfi ph\u1ea7n ch\u1ea5t g\u1ed7 v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n li be, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp m\u00f4 ph\u00e2n sinh hay m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi t\u1ea7ng ph\u00e1t sinh g\u1ed7; b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp ph\u00e1t sinh g\u1ed7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u00f3 (t\u1ea7ng ph\u00e1t sinh g\u1ed7 trong b\u00f3) th\u00ec v\u00f2ng g\u1ed7 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y h\u00e0ng n\u0103m do s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t g\u1ed7 \u1edf b\u00ean trong v\u00e0 l\u1edbp li be \u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. Li be m\u1ec1m nhanh ch\u00f3ng b\u1ecb ti\u00eau tan, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ea5t g\u1ed7 c\u1ee9ng th\u00ec v\u1eabn c\u00f2n v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n c\u00e2y v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00e2y th\u00e2n g\u1ed7 l\u00e2u n\u0103m. Do c\u00e1c kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t trong \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i m\u00f9a n\u00ean n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n theo m\u1eb7t c\u1eaft ngang th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c v\u00f2ng g\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00e2m, m\u1ed7i v\u00f2ng cho m\u1ed9t m\u00f9a t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng - c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u00f2ng g\u1ed7 h\u00e0ng n\u0103m. </s>"}
{"text": "Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 r\u1ea5t h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p th\u00ec th\u00e2n c\u00e2y ch\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o c\u00e0nh v\u00e0 k\u1ebft th\u00fac c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 hoa, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u1edf lo\u00e0i hoa tulip (u\u1ea5t kim h\u01b0\u01a1ng), trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c l\u00e1 b\u1eafc h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh l\u00ean th\u00e2n h\u00e0nh d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t, c\u00e1c l\u00e1 xanh l\u1ee5c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u00e1 d\u1ea1ng hoa m\u00e0u m\u00e8 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5c. N\u00f3i chung, c\u00e1c hoa ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh tr\u00ean c\u00e1c c\u00e0nh, nh\u00e1nh c\u00f3 c\u1ea5p cao h\u01a1n, th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 \u1edf c\u00e1c c\u00e0nh cao nh\u1ea5t trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u00e1nh c\u00e2y. Nh\u00e1nh ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng (ch\u1ed3i), ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 ch\u1ed3i l\u00e1 ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 ch\u1ed3i hoa, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u1edf n\u00e1ch l\u00e1; \u0111\u00f4i khi nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed3i m\u1ecdc ra, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u1edf c\u00e2y \u00f3c ch\u00f3, trong \u0111\u00f3 2-3 ch\u1ed3i m\u1ecdc th\u00e0nh chu\u1ed7i theo chi\u1ec1u d\u1ecdc ph\u00eda tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i l\u00e1. Nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ed3i ch\u1ec9 \u1edf d\u1ea1ng ng\u1ee7 hay ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c trong nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n sau khi c\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c ch\u1eb7t hay x\u00e9n t\u1ec9a c\u00e0nh s\u1ebd gi\u00fap cho c\u00e1c ch\u1ed3i ng\u1ee7 nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ee9c d\u1eady. C\u00e1c ch\u1ed3i l\u00e1 \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ecdc ra t\u1eeb r\u1ec5, khi ch\u00fang b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean; \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y \u0103n qu\u1ea3, nh\u01b0 c\u00e2y d\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111u v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, c\u00e1c ch\u1ed3i non tr\u1ed5 ra t\u1eeb l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea5t xung quanh c\u00e2y \u0111u kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e2y non m\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ed3i r\u1ec5. \u1ede nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt hai l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m th\u00ec r\u1ec5 nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y non t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i su\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh (th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y \u1edf c\u00e1c c\u00e2y hai n\u0103m) m\u1ed9t r\u1ec5 c\u00e1i to, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u1edf c\u00e0 r\u1ed1t, hay \u1edf c\u00e2y l\u00e2u n\u0103m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng r\u1ec5 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e1nh.Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt hai l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m kh\u00e1c th\u00ec r\u1ec5 nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y s\u1ebd t\u00e0n l\u1ee5i \u0111i nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u00e0 thay th\u1ebf v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c r\u1ec5 ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean m\u1ecdc t\u1eeb th\u00e2n c\u00e2y. </s>"}
{"text": "T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t k\u00edn l\u00e0 hoa, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 dao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t k\u00edn. Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a hoa l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o cho s\u1ef1 th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a no\u00e3n v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea3 ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t. Hoa c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sinh ra \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u1ecdn hay \u1edf n\u00e1ch l\u00e1. Th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u1edf hoa vi \u00f4 let, hoa m\u1ecdc ra \u1edf n\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a l\u00e1. Tuy nhi\u00ean, th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng h\u01a1n th\u00ec c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n mang hoa c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 n\u00e9t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n sinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng hay ph\u1ea7n mang l\u00e1, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ea1o ra h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u00e1nh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p nhi\u1ec1u hay \u00edt, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u1ee5m hoa. </s>"}
{"text": "Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u1edf th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t tr\u1ea7n, c\u00e1c b\u00e0o t\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hoa t\u1ea1o ra c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i: ti\u1ec3u b\u00e0o t\u1eed hay ph\u1ea5n hoa, sinh s\u1ea3n trong c\u00e1c nh\u1ecb hoa v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e0o t\u1eed, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o tr\u1ee9ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, ch\u1ee9a trong no\u00e3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao ph\u1ee7 trong l\u00e1 no\u00e3n. Hoa c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n mang b\u00e0o t\u1eed nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n \u1edf c\u00e2y li\u1ec5u, trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed7i hoa ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i nh\u1ecb hoa hay hai l\u00e1 no\u00e3n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eb1m hai m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c b\u00e0o t\u1eed v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u1ecf bao h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac xung quanh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0i hoa v\u00e0 c\u00e1nh hoa (hay bao hoa trong hoa c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i chi nh\u01b0 Michelia). Ph\u1ea7n b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i (\u0111\u00e0i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e0i hoa) th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 m\u00e0u xanh l\u1ee5c gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e1, c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a hoa, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong n\u1ee5. Ph\u1ea7n b\u00ean trong (tr\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1nh hoa) n\u00f3i chung c\u00f3 m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng hay c\u00e1c m\u00e0u s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 tinh t\u1ebf h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng ho\u1eb7c chim ch\u00f3c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang gi\u00fap cho s\u1ef1 th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea1t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n. S\u1ef1 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 m\u00f9i, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 m\u1eadt hoa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebft ra t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a hoa. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch cho s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a hoa v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 hoa \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. </s>"}
{"text": "Hoa l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan sinh s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 hoa. B\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn \"\u0111\u1ef1c\" l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u1ecb hoa hay b\u1ed9 nh\u1ecb, n\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra ph\u1ea5n hoa (c\u00e1c b\u00e0o t\u1eed \u0111\u1ef1c) trong c\u00e1c bao ph\u1ea5n. B\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn \"c\u00e1i\" l\u00e0 l\u00e1 no\u00e3n hay b\u1ed9 nh\u1ee5y, n\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c giao t\u1eed c\u00e1i v\u00e0 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ef1 th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n di\u1ec5n ra. Trong khi ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c hoa l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o hay l\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u00ednh (c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1i trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t hoa) th\u00ec th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 hoa \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i v\u00e0 sinh l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n hay l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n. C\u00e1c hoa kh\u00e1c h\u00ecnh c\u00f3 c\u00e1c l\u00e1 no\u00e3n ng\u1eafn v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u1ecb d\u00e0i, ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, v\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng chuy\u1ec3n ph\u1ea5n hoa t\u1edbi nh\u1ee5y hoa (ph\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a l\u00e1 no\u00e3n). C\u00e1c hoa \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf h\u00f3a sinh (sinh l\u00fd) g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t ph\u1ea5n hoa c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 hay kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. \u1ede c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn \u0111\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1i l\u00e0 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u00ean c\u00e1c hoa kh\u00e1c nhau. </s>"}
{"text": "V\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n th\u00ec t\u00fai ph\u00f4i n\u1eb1m g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi l\u1edbp m\u00e0ng bao ph\u1ee7 no\u00e3n, sao cho \u1ed1ng ph\u1ea5n hoa c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o, l\u1edbp t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u00e0nh ng\u0103n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111\u1ef1c (ph\u1ea5n hoa) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u01a1m v\u00e0o trong t\u00fai ph\u00f4i. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn d\u1eaft b\u1edfi t\u1ebf b\u00e0o tr\u1ee9ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, m\u1ed9t t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111\u1ef1c s\u1ebd chui \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o no\u00e3n c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi n\u00f3, hai nh\u00e2n k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i, trong khi m\u1ed9t t\u1ebf b\u00e0o kh\u00e1c s\u1ebd h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, hay c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n n\u1ed9i nh\u0169. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd th\u00fa v\u1ecb n\u00e0y s\u1ebd t\u0103ng g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh l\u00e0 x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecd c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch r\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra trong c\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nguy\u00ean t\u1ea3n sau kho\u1ea3ng l\u1eb7ng ti\u1ebfp theo sau qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00e1i ti\u1ebfp sinh l\u1ef1c h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 c\u1ef1c. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1eef quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t hai h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n trong t\u00fai ph\u00f4i, v\u00e0 g\u1ecdi h\u00e0nh vi t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111\u1ef1c th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ebf b\u00e0o tr\u1ee9ng l\u00e0 th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n sinh s\u1ea3n hay th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n th\u1ef1c th\u1ee5, v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a giao t\u1eed \u0111\u1ef1c th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 c\u1ef1c l\u00e0 th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt, n\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 k\u00edch th\u00edch \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh vi kia. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, n\u1ebfu n\u1ed9i nh\u0169 l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra ph\u00f4i th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt sinh \u0111\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra trong t\u00fai ph\u00f4i - m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 ph\u00f4i, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t k\u00edn v\u00e0 hai l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i nh\u0169, c\u00f3 chu k\u1ef3 s\u1ed1ng ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i, n\u01a1i nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ee7a ph\u00f4i, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00f4i ph\u1ee5 tr\u1ee3 trong th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t tr\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho s\u1ef1 dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ee7a ph\u00f4i tr\u1ed9i. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 v\u1eady v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i nh\u0169 c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ph\u00f4i, l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi sinh s\u1ea3n, th\u00ec s\u1ef1 lai gi\u1ed1ng s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra n\u1ed9i nh\u0169 lai gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra ph\u00f4i lai, v\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft) ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch cho hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng giao ph\u1ea5n quan s\u00e1t th\u1ea5y \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u1ed9i nh\u0169 h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u1ed1ng ng\u00f4 lai v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea5n hoa \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi no\u00e3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 k\u00edch c\u1ee1 v\u00e0 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc trung gian gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u00e2y cha m\u1eb9 lai gh\u00e9p ch\u00e9o. \u00dd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 c\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1edfi c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n m\u1edbi n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd khi cho r\u1eb1ng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111\u1ef1c th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u00f4i khi h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 c\u1ef1c \u1edf \u0111\u1ec9nh, ch\u1ecb em c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o tr\u1ee9ng, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 c\u1ef1c \u1edf g\u1ed1c. </s>"}
{"text": "\u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i nh\u0169 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt ph\u1ee5 tr\u1ee3 th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u1edbi m\u1ebb; n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 c\u1ef1c, nh\u01b0ng khi \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1i, m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 n\u00f3 v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c. N\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ef1c th\u1ee9 hai v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng t\u1ea1o ra cho s\u1ef1 th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ef1c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 nhi\u1ec1u hay \u00edt trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng ph\u00f4i \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3i qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ch\u00fang b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y, c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o tr\u1ee9ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u1edf th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t tr\u1ea7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1c, s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n. S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3 (xem T\u1ebf b\u00e0o h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt) trong nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a hai b\u00e0o t\u1eed, h\u1ea1t ph\u1ea5n v\u00e0 t\u00fai ph\u00f4i, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong nh\u00e2n th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng; v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb ch\u00fang. S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i trong s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1i trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n v\u00e0 n\u00f3 duy tr\u00ec cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o m\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c b\u00e0o t\u1eed l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra trong c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 m\u1edbi. </s>"}
{"text": "\u1ede m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 chi th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt, s\u1ef1 tr\u1ec7ch h\u01b0\u1edbng ra kh\u1ecfi ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y. Trong b\u1ed9 Rosaceae, lo\u1ea1t Querciflorae, chi Casuarina r\u1ea5t b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chi kh\u00e1c, thay v\u00ec m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e0o t\u1eed th\u00ec m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u00f4 d\u1ea1ng b\u00e0o t\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ebf b\u00e0o ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u00e1i sinh s\u1ea3n. Trong c\u00e1c chi Casuarina, Juglans v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 Corylaceae, \u1ed1ng ph\u1ea5n hoa kh\u00f4ng th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp theo m\u00e0ng bao no\u00e3n, m\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua th\u00e0nh bao b\u1ea7u nh\u1ee5y v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng qua th\u1ef1c gi\u00e1 no\u00e3n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o ph\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a no\u00e3n. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u1ee3p, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp m\u00e0ng bao hay ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0ng bao no\u00e3n. </s>"}
{"text": "K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a no\u00e3n th\u00e0nh h\u1ea1t. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n chia t\u1ebf b\u00e0o tr\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n, hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao ph\u1ee7 trong m\u00e0ng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, th\u00ec th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt-ph\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra. M\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \"b\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh\" ph\u00e2n chia theo chi\u1ec1u ngang bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00fang th\u00e0nh m\u1ea7m ph\u00f4i - m\u1ed9t d\u00e3y t\u1ebf b\u00e0o trong \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o g\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi m\u00e0ng bao no\u00e3n s\u1ebd g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a t\u00fai ph\u00f4i, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00f3 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a ph\u00f4i \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, trong khi t\u1ebf b\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9a trong khoang c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. \u1ede th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt hai l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ph\u00f4i ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb t\u1ebf b\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ea7m ph\u00f4i, t\u1eeb t\u1ebf b\u00e0o ti\u1ebfp theo s\u1ebd sinh ra r\u1ec5, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i t\u1ea1o ra cu\u1ed1ng no\u00e3n. \u1ede nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m th\u00ec t\u1ebf b\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n ph\u00f4i, ph\u1ea7n tr\u1ee5c v\u00e0 r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u1eadn k\u1ec1; nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m l\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y - m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt hai l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m th\u00ec l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng. R\u1ec5 nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y c\u1ee7a ph\u00f4i trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t k\u00edn \u0111\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda m\u00e0ng bao no\u00e3n. Ph\u00f4i \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1ng no\u00e3n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0o trong n\u1ed9i nh\u0169 \u0111ang h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, t\u1eeb trong \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1edd h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t n\u00f3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u1ed1t cho s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng. C\u00f9ng th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3, cu\u1ed1ng no\u00e3n \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ea5t dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, khi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u00f4i nh\u0169 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra, c\u00e1c \"r\u1ec5 cu\u1ed1ng no\u00e3n\" h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t bao l\u1ea5y ph\u00f4i \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n hay chui v\u00e0o trong th\u00e2n v\u00e0 v\u1ecf bao no\u00e3n, ho\u1eb7c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed v\u00e0o trong th\u1ef1c gi\u00e1 no\u00e3n. Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ph\u00f4i hay t\u00fai ph\u00f4i g\u1eedi c\u00e1c v\u00f2i h\u00fat v\u00e0o trong ph\u00f4i t\u00e2m v\u00e0 v\u1ecf b\u1ecdc no\u00e3n. Khi ph\u00f4i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 m\u1ecdi ch\u1ea5t nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m hay trong tr\u1ee5 d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, l\u00e0 n\u01a1i kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n d\u00f9ng ngay \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n th\u1ee9c \u0103n d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng khi n\u1ea3y m\u1ea7m v\u00e0 nh\u1edd v\u1eady n\u00f3 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi n\u00f3 chi\u1ebfm to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 t\u00fai ph\u00f4i; ho\u1eb7c s\u1ee9c h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ch\u1ec9 \u1edf m\u1ee9c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 n\u00f3 duy tr\u00ec \u1edf k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i nh\u1ecf, chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 t\u00edch nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a t\u00fai ph\u00f4i, m\u00e0 n\u1ebfu kh\u00e1c \u0111i th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea7y b\u1edfi n\u1ed9i nh\u0169 trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u gi\u1eef. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i trung gian. V\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a ph\u00f4i so v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i nh\u0169 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0111\u00f4i khi n\u00f3 \u1edf b\u00ean trong nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f4i khi l\u1ea1i \u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m r\u00f5. </s>"}
{"text": "S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a n\u1ed9i nh\u0169 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb nh\u00e2n n\u1ed9i nh\u0169. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o tr\u1ee9ng, v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb \u0111\u00fang l\u00fac cho s\u1ef1 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng ph\u00f4i non. N\u1ebfu t\u00fai ph\u00f4i h\u1eb9p th\u00ec s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a n\u1ed9i nh\u0169 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh trong kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e2n chia t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, nh\u01b0ng trong c\u00e1c t\u00fai ph\u00f4i r\u1ed9ng th\u00ec n\u1ed9i nh\u0169 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp t\u1ebf b\u00e0o tr\u1ea7n tr\u1ee5i xung quanh t\u01b0\u1eddng bao c\u1ee7a t\u00fai, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a \u0111a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, t\u1ea1o ra m\u00f4 \u0111i\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea7y t\u00fai ph\u00f4i. Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a n\u1ed9i nh\u0169 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng ph\u00f4i, v\u00e0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong t\u00fai ph\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp sao cho n\u00f3 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t cho s\u1ef1 h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ee7a no\u00e3n. Th\u1eddi gian t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1edbm ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ph\u00f4i. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh c\u1ee7a ph\u00f4i ngay t\u1eeb trong t\u00fai ph\u00f4i, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i d\u1ec5 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1t. Khi n\u00f3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1t th\u00ec ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng cung c\u1ea5p ngu\u1ed3n nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng l\u00e0 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, n\u00f3 t\u00edch l\u0169y trong c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u00e1c th\u1ee9c \u0103n d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef v\u00e0 theo c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n th\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 tinh b\u1ed9t, d\u1ea7u hay xenluloza, ch\u1ea5t nh\u1ea7y v\u00e0 protein. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ph\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 t\u00edch tr\u1eef ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef trong ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u00ec n\u1ed9i nh\u0169 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i trong h\u1ea1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng kh\u00e1c, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 n\u01b0\u1edbc. </s>"}
{"text": "M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 sai bi\u1ec7t khi so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn. Sinh s\u1ea3n \u0111\u01a1n t\u00ednh, hay s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ph\u00f4i t\u1eeb t\u1ebf b\u00e0o tr\u1ee9ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n s\u1ef1 th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c chi Thalictrum, Antennaria v\u00e0 Alchemilla. \u0110a ph\u00f4i n\u00f3i chung g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o h\u01a1n l\u00e0 t\u1eeb t\u1ebf b\u00e0o tr\u1ee9ng. V\u00ec th\u1ebf trong c\u00e1c chi Erythronium v\u00e0 Limnocharis th\u00ec t\u1ebf b\u00e0o tr\u1ee9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00f4 m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ph\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3. C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o n\u00e0o trong t\u00fai ph\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u0169ng t\u1ea1o ra ph\u00f4i, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o tr\u1ee9ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 trong c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i thu\u1ed9c chi Mimosa, Iris v\u00e0 Allium, v\u00e0 trong chi cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau th\u00ec c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ef1c c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3. Trong chi Coelebogyne (h\u1ecd Euphorbiaceae) v\u00e0 Funkia (h\u1ecd Liliaceae) \u0111a ph\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean c\u00e1c ph\u00f4i t\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u1ee7a ph\u00f4i t\u00e2m xung quanh \u0111\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a t\u00fai ph\u00f4i. \u1ede c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i thu\u1ed9c chi Allium, c\u00e1c ph\u00f4i c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb t\u1ebf b\u00e0o tr\u1ee9ng, t\u1ebf b\u00e0o tr\u1ee9ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u1ee7a ph\u00f4i t\u00e2m. \u1ede hai lo\u00e0i thu\u1ed9c chi Balanophora sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c Malaya, ph\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1eeb t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u1ee7a n\u1ed9i nh\u0169, n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 c\u1ef1c ph\u00eda tr\u00ean v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn tr\u1ee9ng b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n sinh s\u1ea3n v\u00f4 giao c\u1ee7a th\u1ec3 b\u00e0o t\u1eed t\u1eeb th\u1ec3 giao t\u1eed khi so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p sinh s\u1ea3n v\u00f4 giao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i d\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ec9. S\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p d\u1ecb th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra trong c\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, l\u00e0 l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u1ea7n c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc k\u1ef9 h\u01a1n trong vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 hoa. </s>"}
{"text": "Do s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ph\u00f4i v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i nh\u0169 di\u1ec5n ra trong t\u00fai ph\u00f4i, th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ph\u00ecnh to l\u00ean v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00fang h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ph\u00f4i t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi n\u00f3 v\u00e0 v\u1ecf b\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra v\u1ecf h\u1ea1t; ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ph\u00f4i t\u00e2m v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u1ea3 v\u1ecf b\u1ecdc c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5. \u1ede m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt th\u00ec ph\u00f4i t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u01a1i t\u00edch l\u0169y th\u1ee9c \u0103n d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef t\u1ea1o ra ngo\u1ea1i nh\u0169 v\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i nh\u0169, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u1edf b\u1ed9 hoa S\u00fang, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o ra th\u1ee9c \u0103n d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef cho ph\u00f4i, nh\u01b0 \u1edf chi Canna. Ngu\u1ed3n th\u1ee9c \u0103n d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef n\u1ed9i nh\u0169 c\u00f3 \u01b0u th\u1ebf h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi ngo\u1ea1i nh\u0169, v\u00e0 c\u00e1i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00f3 th\u1ea5y, ch\u1ec9 \u1edf v\u00e0i lo\u1ea1t kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a m\u1ea1nh. C\u00e1c h\u1ea1t trong \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ed9i nh\u0169 hay ngo\u1ea1i nh\u0169 ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea3 hai c\u00f9ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i n\u00f3i chung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00f3 ph\u00f4i nh\u0169 hay c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i nh\u0169, c\u00f2n c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 n\u1ed9i nh\u0169 v\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i nh\u0169 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u00f4i nh\u0169 hay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i nh\u0169. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef n\u00e0y (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00f3a s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i) ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng th\u00f4 thi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1t, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ra ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef th\u1ee9c \u0103n; nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i h\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u00f4i nh\u0169 nh\u01b0ng khi quan s\u00e1t d\u01b0\u1edbi k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi l\u1ea1i r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i nh\u0169 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ea5p ngu\u1ed3n dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng. S\u1ef1 c\u00f3 hay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a n\u1ed9i nh\u0169, kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 khi c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a ph\u00f4i trong n\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m b\u1ed9. Trong khi \u1ea5y th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea7u nh\u1ee5y \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 hay v\u1ecf qu\u1ea3, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi ki\u1ec3u ph\u00e1t t\u00e1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1t. N\u00f3i chung \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n r\u01a1i v\u00e0o b\u1ea7u nh\u1ee5y v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a hoa c\u0169ng tham gia v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o qu\u1ea3, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ebf hoa \u1edf t\u00e1o, d\u00e2u t\u00e2y v.v. \u0110\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a v\u1ecf h\u1ea1t c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea3. Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u00e0 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ph\u00f4i v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 trong s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t t\u00e1n; ch\u00fang c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac ti\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 n\u1ea3y m\u1ea7m. N\u1ebfu qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i qu\u1ea3 n\u1ee9t v\u00e0 h\u1ea1t v\u00ec th\u1ebf nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00f4 ra th\u00ec v\u1ecf h\u1ea1t c\u1ea7n cung \u1ee9ng cho s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ph\u00f4i v\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 an to\u00e0n cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t t\u00e1n. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, qu\u1ea3 lo\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng n\u1ee9t kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u00f4i v\u00e0 v\u1ecf h\u1ea1t ch\u1ec9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. </s>"}
{"text": "Th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 hoa cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 l\u1edbn c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp hay gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp qua th\u1ee9c \u0103n cho gia s\u00fac, gia c\u1ea7m. Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c h\u1ecd th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 hoa th\u00ec h\u1ecd H\u00f2a th\u1ea3o (Poaceae) l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t, cung c\u1ea5p ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 l\u00faa, ng\u00f4, l\u00faa m\u00ec, l\u00faa m\u1ea1ch, k\u00ea, y\u1ebfn m\u1ea1ch, l\u00faa m\u1ea1ch \u0111en, m\u00eda, l\u00faa mi\u1ebfn, trong khi h\u1ecd \u0110\u1eadu (Fabaceae) \u0111\u1ee9ng h\u00e0ng th\u1ee9 hai. C\u00e1c h\u1ecd quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 h\u1ecd C\u00e0 (Solanaceae) v\u1edbi khoai t\u00e2y, c\u00e0 chua v\u00e0 h\u1ea1t ti\u00eau, hay h\u1ecd B\u1ea7u b\u00ed (Cucurbitaceae) v\u1edbi b\u1ea7u, b\u00ed, d\u01b0a h\u1ea5u, d\u01b0a chu\u1ed9t, hay h\u1ecd C\u1ea3i (Brassicaceae), v\u1edbi m\u00f9 t\u1ea1c, c\u1ea3i b\u1eafp, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd Hoa t\u00e1n (Apiaceae). Nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 t\u1eeb h\u1ecd Cam (Rutaceae), h\u1ecd Hoa h\u1ed3ng (Rosaceae) nh\u01b0 t\u00e1o, \u0111\u00e0o, m\u01a1, m\u1eadn v.v. </s>"}
{"text": "Ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1940, ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o, khi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u M\u1ef9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u1eadp bay s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh analog \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng c\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7t trong thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. M\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 the type19 synthetic radar trainer \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1943. T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ban \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00e0y, trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eeb chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi II \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa 1970, ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u00e1y t\u00ednh l\u1edbn. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i ti\u00ean phong trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 PLATO (1960) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Illinois v\u00e0 TICCIT (1969). C\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb n\u00e0y c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u00ean 10.000, ch\u00fang v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra ngo\u00e0i kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t BASIC (1963) v\u00e0 LOGO (1967), c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1y cho sinh vi\u00ean v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi l\u00e0m quen v\u1edbi m\u00e1y t\u00ednh. Plato IV, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh v\u00e0o 1972, h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ednh n\u0103ng m\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh chu\u1ea9n cho ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ch\u1ea1y \u1edf m\u00e1y t\u00ednh trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh. Nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh n\u0103ng n\u00e0y g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecda, t\u1ea1o ra \u00e2m thanh v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb v\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng qua b\u00e0n ph\u00edm (nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh). </s>"}
{"text": "S\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, v\u1edbi altair 8800 n\u0103m 1975, t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0o ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc 1975, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ea3i chia s\u1ebb th\u1eddi gian s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c m\u00e1y t\u00ednh l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ho\u1eb7c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n th\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u1ea3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m cho m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u1edf nh\u00e0 ho\u1eb7c \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc. Gi\u00e1 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng d\u01b0\u1edbi $2000. \u0110\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1980, v\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n nh\u01b0 Commodore PET v\u00e0 Apple II cho ph\u00e9p th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. Broderbund v\u00e0 Learning Company l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ty then ch\u1ed1t trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, MECC (Minnesota Educational Computing Consortium) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m phi l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn. Nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ty n\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cho Apple II. </s>"}
{"text": "M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea1y v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 1000s \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i t\u1eeb gi\u1eefa 1990 \u0111\u1ebfn nay c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00ednh ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 cho tr\u1ebb nh\u1ecf. Sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng n\u00e0y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u g\u1eafn k\u1ebft n\u1ed9i dung gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc trong nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng (nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee7a Anh). Vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd b\u1edfi kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i tr\u00ean m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u2013 n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00ec c\u1ea7n th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 (nh\u01b0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y) v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh bay \u1edf sau). C\u00e1c b\u1eadc ph\u1ee5 huynh c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u0103n c\u1ee9 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn. C\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 sau \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c cho tr\u1ebb em. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 t\u00ednh s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m, h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c d\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ecdc vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc. </s>"}
{"text": "M\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc. \u0110i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ebfu l\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng tr\u1eafng l\u1edbn \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbp v\u00e0 ch\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi tr\u00ean m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh c\u00e1c m\u00e1y t\u00ednh kh\u00e1c trong ph\u00f2ng. Trong khi gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ecdn s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u1eeb c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng IT, m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mong \u0111\u1ee3i s\u1ebd tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y t\u1ea1i l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc. C\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ea5t chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 do r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u h\u00e3ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. The schoolzone.co.uk Guide to Digital Resources, 5th ed. (2005) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 500 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i theo m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng UK. </s>"}
{"text": "Theo ngh\u0129a r\u1ed9ng, c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed mang t\u00ednh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ed3ng gh\u00e9p c\u00e1c tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i m\u00e1y t\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m (do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m d\u1ea1y tr\u1ebb em). Trong ph\u1ea1m vi h\u1eb9p h\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u00e0 ch\u00fang mang t\u00ednh gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 quan gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. C\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m k\u1ec9\u1ec3u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac theo ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng, th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc. </s>"}
{"text": "Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u00e0 s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u00eam c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m tham kh\u1ea3o cho d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1990. \u0110\u1ec3 tham gia v\u00e0o th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ec1n tham kh\u1ea3o, h\u1ecd th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1n, \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 Microsoft. Ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m tham kh\u1ea3o th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u1edf d\u1ea1ng CD-ROM, th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 sung th\u00eam c\u00e1c n\u1ed9i dung multimedia, ch\u1ee9a nh\u1eefng file n\u00e9n \u00e2m thanh v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh. C\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 internet, b\u1ed5 sung th\u00eam cho c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m CD-ROM, d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n ch\u00fang thay th\u1ebf ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n CD-ROM. Wikipedia v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 (nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 Wiktionary) \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m tham kh\u1ea3o gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean, s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n n\u1ed9i dung d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m chuy\u00ean gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m Wiki cho ph\u00e9p ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c tham kh\u1ea3o qua vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 chuy\u00ean gia v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng chuy\u00ean. </s>"}
{"text": "M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t cho r\u1eb1ng m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh n\u1ec1n m\u00e1y t\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c cho tr\u1ebb em v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi tr\u1ebb em \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0o ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng. Ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhau th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 laptop c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho tr\u1ebb em. M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m Leapfrog. Nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n c\u1ea7m tay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf theo t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f9ng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ed9p \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u01a1i v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng nh\u01b0 cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang di l\u1ea1i d\u1ec5 d\u1ea1ng h\u01a1n m\u00e1y t\u00ednh s\u00e1ch tay. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch, ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c d\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ecdc vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc. </s>"}
{"text": "C\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc (cao \u0111\u1eb3ng) v\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ch\u1ea1y tr\u00ean m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111\u01a1n (ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u1ea7m tay). L\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f3m t\u1eaft trong SCORM 2004 2nd edition Overview (ph\u1ea7n 1.3), kh\u00f4ng may l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m sau 2000, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean sever v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 cao. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c ch\u1ea1y tr\u00ean sever, h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ho\u1eb7c h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t xa c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u1eebng ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ecf trong module d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc ho\u1eb7c ki\u1ec3m tra, th\u00f4ng qua h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1ea1ng. Ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m tr\u00ean sever quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i, thu l\u01b0\u1ee3m k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ecb qu\u00e1 trinh \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc. C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 M\u1ef9 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng nhanh ch\u00f3ng sang c\u00e1ch m\u1edbi trong vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp. </s>"}
{"text": "M\u00e3 m\u00e1y nh\u1ecb ph\u00e2n (kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi m\u00e3 h\u1ee3p ng\u1eef) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 bi\u00ean d\u1ecbch hay h\u1ee3p d\u1ecbch, hay l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng (ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean). M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u00fang ta ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp b\u1eb1ng m\u00e3 nh\u1ecb ph\u00e2n, vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 g\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng v\u00ec ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd t\u1eebng bit \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb v\u00e0 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0 h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng. Do \u0111\u00f3, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb nh\u1eefng thao t\u00e1c c\u1ea7n t\u1ed1i \u01b0u v\u00e0 g\u1ee1 l\u1ed7i chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t, ch\u00fang ta r\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm khi l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y. </s>"}
{"text": "Hi\u1ec7n nay, h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u00e1y t\u00ednh trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef b\u1eadc cao hay (\u0111\u00f4i khi) h\u1ee3p ng\u1eef, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch th\u00e0nh m\u00e3 m\u00e1y th\u1ef1c thi b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ph\u1ee5 tr\u1ee3 nh\u01b0 tr\u00ecnh bi\u00ean d\u1ecbch, tr\u00ecnh h\u1ee3p d\u1ecbch hay tr\u00ecnh li\u00ean k\u1ebft. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef th\u00f4ng d\u1ecbch th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch sang m\u00e3 m\u00e1y nh\u1edd tr\u00ecnh th\u00f4ng d\u1ecbch t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng (c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c thi hay tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd). C\u00e1c tr\u00ecnh th\u00f4ng d\u1ecbch n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c m\u00e3 m\u00e1y th\u1ef1c thi tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp (sinh ra t\u1eeb m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n h\u1ee3p ng\u1eef hay c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef b\u1eadc cao). </s>"}
{"text": "M\u1ecdi vi x\u1eed l\u00fd hay h\u1ecd vi x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb m\u00e3 m\u00e1y ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. C\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1eabu bit \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u1ec7nh kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y t\u00ednh. Do \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp vi x\u1eed l\u00fd thu\u1ed9c c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac m\u00e1y t\u00ednh. Nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf vi x\u1eed l\u00fd k\u1ebf th\u1eeba th\u01b0\u1eddng bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb c\u1ee7a vi x\u1eed l\u00fd ti\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7m c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb m\u1edbi. \u0110\u00f4i khi, c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf k\u1ebf th\u1eeba l\u1ea1i lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf hay thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb (v\u00ec ch\u00fang c\u1ea7n d\u00f9ng cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch m\u1edbi), g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n \u1edf m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed, c\u00e1c vi x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 c\u1eadn ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm x\u1ea3y ra. C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nhau \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb, h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh hay thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ngo\u1ea1i vi. V\u00ec c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh hay ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c nhau kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea1y c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t m\u00e3 m\u00e1y, ngay c\u1ea3 khi ch\u00fang s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i vi x\u1eed l\u00fd. </s>"}
{"text": "M\u1ed9t t\u1eadp ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t hay bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng. C\u00e1ch c\u00e1c bit \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp thay \u0111\u1ed5i r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac kh\u00e1c nhau hay c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb kh\u00e1c nhau. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t hay nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f9ng m\u00e3 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb c\u01a1 s\u1edf (nh\u01b0 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n hay nh\u1ea3y) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb th\u1ef1c (nh\u01b0 c\u1ed9ng hay so s\u00e1nh), v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n lo\u1ea1i to\u00e1n h\u1ea1ng, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9, c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 hay c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1ef1c (c\u00e1c to\u00e1n h\u1ea1ng h\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9a trong ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u1ee9c th\u1eddi). </s>"}
{"text": "Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u00e1y t\u00ednh hay ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 to\u00e1n h\u1ea1ng hi\u1ec7n (r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng). M\u1ed9t m\u00e1y t\u00ednh thanh ch\u1ee9a c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa to\u00e1n h\u1ea1ng tr\u00e1i v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n l\u01b0u trong m\u1ed9t thanh ch\u1ee9a \u1ea9n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ed1. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac kh\u00e1c (nh\u01b0 8086 hay x86) c\u00f3 phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thanh ch\u1ee9a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng, v\u00e0 thanh ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng thanh ghi t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb d\u00e0i. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y t\u00ednh ng\u0103n x\u1ebfp l\u1ea1i l\u01b0u h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c to\u00e1n h\u1ea1ng trong m\u1ed9t ng\u0103n x\u1ebfp \u1ea9n. Nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng thi\u1ebfu to\u00e1n t\u1eed hi\u1ec7n (v\u00ed d\u1ee5, vi x\u1eed l\u00fd ID trong ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac x86 ghi gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0o b\u1ed1n thanh ghi \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m \u1ea9n). S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa to\u00e1n t\u1eed hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u1ea9n cho ph\u00e9p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea1m vi r\u1ed9ng, 'u\u1ed1n n\u1eafn' c\u00e1c thanh ghi li\u00ean t\u1ee5c (l\u01b0u gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e8 l\u00ean gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a thanh ghi) v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c. </s>"}
{"text": "Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u00e1y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7t b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u01a1n \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u00f3, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 vi ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh (microprogram). Vi ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t giao di\u1ec7n ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u00e1y th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh m\u00e1y t\u00ednh kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng m\u1ea1ch x\u1eed l\u00fd d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c nhau, trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng hay h\u1ecd. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u00e3 m\u00e1y qua c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh m\u00e1y t\u00ednh kh\u00e1c nhau d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. H\u1ecd m\u00e1y t\u00ednh v\u00e0 vi x\u1eed l\u00fd IBM System/360 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 d\u00f2ng x\u1eed l\u00fd d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbn kh\u00e1c nhau, t\u1eeb 8 bits \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1edbn h\u01a1n 16 bits, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh thu\u1ed9c c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac m\u00e1y t\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u00e1y. </s>"}
{"text": "Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Harvard l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u00f3 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb ri\u00eang l\u1ebb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u cho m\u00e3 (ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb) v\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Ng\u00e0y nay, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn vi x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7t nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng (th\u1eadt ra l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Modified Harvard), nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c nh\u01b0 t\u1ea3i ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh t\u1eeb \u1ed5 c\u1ee9ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c thi n\u00f3. Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Harvard tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n so v\u1edbi ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Von Neumann: d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 m\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u v\u00e0o c\u00f9ng b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb, v\u00e0 vi x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u1ecdc ch\u00fang gi\u00fap m\u00e1y t\u00ednh th\u1ef1c thi c\u00e1c l\u1ec7nh. </s>"}
{"text": "Edward I (17/18 th\u00e1ng 6 1239 \u2013 7 th\u00e1ng 7 1307), c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi lav Edward Longshanks v\u00e0 K\u1ebb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Scots (Latin: Malleus Scotorum), l\u00e0 Vua c\u1ee7a Anh t\u1eeb 1272 \u0111\u1ebfn 1307. L\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eed c\u1ee7a Henry III, Edward c\u00f3 d\u00ednh l\u00edu \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u00e2m m\u01b0u ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 ho\u00e0ng, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nam t\u01b0\u1edbc. N\u0103m 1259, \u00f4ng tham gia v\u00e0o phong tr\u00e0o c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nam t\u01b0\u1edbc trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn, \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u0110i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n Oxford. Tuy nhi\u00ean, sau khi h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 th\u00e2n, \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda ho\u00e0ng gia trong cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u0169 trang sau \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Chi\u1ebfn tranh Nam t\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai. Sau tr\u1eadn Lewes, Edward b\u1ecb c\u00e1c nam t\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n b\u1eaft l\u00e0m con tin, song \u00f4ng tr\u1ed1n tho\u00e1t sau v\u00e0i th\u00e1ng v\u00e0 tham gia v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Simon de Montfort. Montfort b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i tr\u1ea1i tr\u1eadn Evesham n\u0103m 1265, v\u00e0 trong v\u00f2ng hai n\u0103m ti\u1ebfp theo cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady b\u1ecb d\u1eb9p tan. N\u1ec1n h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh t\u00e1i l\u1eadp \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh, Edward l\u1ea1i tham gia Cu\u1ed9c Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh th\u1ee9 ch\u00edn v\u00e0o v\u00f9ng \u0110\u1ea5t Th\u00e1nh. Cu\u1ed9c Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh k\u1ebft th\u00fac sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn, v\u00e0 Edward \u0111ang tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u0103m 1272 khi \u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tin ph\u1ee5 v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u0103ng h\u00e0. Tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1eadm ch\u1ea1p, \u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00e2n t\u1edbi Anh qu\u1ed1c n\u0103m 1274 v\u00e0 l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 gia mi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i Westminster ng\u00e0y 19 th\u00e1ng 8. </s>"}
{"text": "Trong tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u00f4ng d\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ho\u00e0ng gia v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng. Qua m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra ph\u00e1p l\u00fd quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn, Edward \u0111i\u1ec1u tra v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 chi\u1ebfm h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c phong ki\u1ebfn, trong khi lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed1n h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n s\u1eed h\u1eefu. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y, m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Edward l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i. Sau khi \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n nh\u1ecf \u1edf Wales n\u0103m 1276\u201377, Edward \u0111\u00e1o l\u1ea1i cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n th\u1ee9 hai n\u0103m 1282\u201383 b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n. Sau th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch, Edward \u0111\u1eaft x\u1ee9 Wales d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n t\u1ec3 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Anh, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i v\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n \u1edf n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0. Sau \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 Scotland. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft tranh ch\u1ea5p th\u1eeba k\u1ebf, Edward tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 ch\u1ee7 phong ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c n\u00e0y. Trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh di\u1ec5n ra sau \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Scots v\u1eabn ki\u00ean tr\u00ec chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u, d\u00f9 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh c\u00f3 v\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eafp chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m. C\u00f9ng l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 trong n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u1ea3y ra nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec1. Gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1290, nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i t\u0103ng thu\u1ebf, v\u00e0 Edward ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi phe ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i. Nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3. Khi nh\u00e0 vua b\u0103ng h\u00e0 n\u0103m 1307, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i con trai \u00f4ng, Edward II, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u1edbi Scotland v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. </s>"}
{"text": "Edward I l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi cao l\u1edbn trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u00f3 bi\u1ec7t danh \"Longshanks\". T\u00ednh kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng th\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi chi\u1ec1u cao c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, khi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ee3, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi \u00f4ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u00f4ng d\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng cho c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb vua th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea1o. C\u00e1c s\u1eed gia hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i khi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u1ec1 Edward I chia ra hai lu\u1ed3ng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn: trong khi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 khen ng\u1ee3i \u00f4ng v\u00ec nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng cho ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch \u00f4ng v\u00ec th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c. Hi\u1ec7n nay, Edward I \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u trong th\u1eddi gian tr\u1ecb v\u00ec, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 trung h\u01b0ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ho\u00e0ng gia sau th\u1eddi Henry III, thi\u1ebft l\u1ea1p Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng thu\u1ebf, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt. C\u00f9ng l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng c\u0169ng b\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Scots, v\u00e0 ban h\u00e0nh S\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh Tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t n\u0103m 1290, \u0111u\u1ed5i c\u1ed5 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i ra kh\u1ecfi n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh. S\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh v\u1eabn c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c su\u1ed1t ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5, v\u00e0 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i h\u01a1n 350 n\u0103m cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi n\u00f3 b\u1ecb b\u00e3i b\u1ecf b\u1edfi Oliver Cromwell n\u0103m 1656. </s>"}
{"text": "Edward ch\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi t\u1ea1i Cung \u0111i\u1ec7n Westminster v\u00e0o \u0111\u00eam ng\u00e0y 17\u201318 th\u00e1ng 6, 1239, l\u00e0 con c\u1ee7a Henry III v\u00e0 Eleanor x\u1ee9 Provence.[a] Edward l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i t\u00ean Anglo-Saxon, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ho\u00e0ng t\u1ed9c sau Cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Norman, nh\u01b0ng Henry r\u1ea5t t\u00f4n k\u00ednh Edward the Confessor, v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u00f9ng t\u00ean n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00e0m t\u00ean th\u00e1nh cho con trai tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.[b] Trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n h\u1ed3i nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u00f3 Henry x\u1ee9 Almain, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh trai c\u1ee7a Henry l\u00e0 Richard x\u1ee9 Cornwall. Henry x\u1ee9 Almain v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n th\u00e2n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed, h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh trong cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh. Edward \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u0103m s\u00f3c b\u1edfi Hugh Giffard \u2013 ph\u1ee5t h\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Quan Th\u1ee7 qu\u1ef9 sau n\u00e0y Godfrey Giffard \u2013 cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi Bartholomew Pecche l\u00ean thay khi Giffard ch\u1ebft n\u0103m 1246. </s>"}
{"text": "C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i lo ng\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ee7a Edward trong th\u1eddi tr\u1ebb, \u00f4ng ng\u00e3 b\u1ec7nh n\u0103m 1246, 1247 v\u00e0 1251. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng tr\u00e1ng ki\u1ec7n; cao 6 feet 2 inches (1.88 m) v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd do \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng c\u00f3 bi\u1ec7t danh \"Longshanks\", c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \"ch\u00e2n d\u00e0i\" hay \"c\u1eb3ng ch\u00e2n d\u00e0i\". S\u1eed gia Michael Prestwich n\u00f3i r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng \"c\u00e1nh tay d\u00e0i mang l\u1ea1i cho \u00f4ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ee3i th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfm v\u1ecb, \u0111\u00f9i d\u00e0i c\u1ea7n cho m\u1ed9t k\u1ecb s\u0129. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi tr\u1ebb, \u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u00e1i t\u00f3c xo\u0103n v\u00e0ng; \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh l\u00e0 m\u00e0u t\u1ed1i, v\u00e0 khi v\u1ec1 gi\u00e0 n\u00f3 ng\u1ea3 sang m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng. [Nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng b\u1ecb l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng b\u1edfi m\u00ed m\u1eaft tr\u00e1i v\u1ecb c\u1ee5p.] C\u00e1ch \u0103n n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 n\u00f3i ng\u1ecdng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c.\" </s>"}
{"text": "N\u0103m 1254, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh lo ng\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a Castile v\u00e0o t\u1ec9nh Gascony n\u00ean cha c\u1ee7a Edward \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ee9a con trai 14 tu\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 Eleanor 13 tu\u1ed5i, em g\u00e1i kh\u00e1c m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a Alfonso X c\u1ee7a Castile. Eleanor v\u00e0 Edward k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u00e0o 1 th\u00e1ng 11 1254 \u1edf Nh\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7n Santa Mar\u00eda la Real de Las Huelgas thu\u1ed9c Castile. M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n, ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed tr\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1 15,000 marks m\u1ed9t n\u0103m. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 vua Henry \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eedi m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n b\u1ed9ng l\u1ed9c kh\u00e1 l\u1edbn, ch\u00fang cho Edward m\u1ed9t \u00edt s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong \u0111\u1ea5t Gascony \u0111\u1ea7u 1249, nh\u01b0ng Simon de Montfort, B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Leicester th\u1ee9 6, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0m Trung \u00fay ho\u00e0ng gia v\u00e0o n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, do v\u1eady, \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y h\u1ebft l\u1ee3i t\u1ee9c \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, cho n\u00ean trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf Edward kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u t\u1eeb c\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n thu trong t\u1ec9nh n\u00e0y. Ph\u1ee5 c\u1ea5p \u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u0103m 1254 bao g\u1ed3m ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn Ireland, nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u1edf Wales v\u00e0 Anh, bao g\u1ed3m L\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Chester, nh\u01b0ng nh\u00e0 vua v\u1eabn gi\u1eefa l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u1edf Ireland, n\u00ean quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Edward b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 vua nh\u1eadn ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u1ee3i t\u1ee9c t\u1eeb c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y. </s>"}
{"text": "T\u1eeb 1254 \u0111\u1ebfn 1257, Edward n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e0 con b\u00ean ngo\u1ea1i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Savoyards, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u1ee7 \u00fd nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Peter x\u1ee9 Savoy, c\u1eadu c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu. Sau 1257, Edward ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng g\u1eafn b\u00f3 v\u1edbi ph\u00e1i Poitevin v\u00e0 Lusignan \u2013 em trai kh\u00e1c m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua Henry III \u2013 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 William de Valence.[c] S\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd, b\u1edfi v\u00ec hai nh\u00f3m qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c g\u1ed1c ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c n\u1eafm nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n \u0111ang b\u1ef1c b\u1ed9i v\u1edbi t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c Anh, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ee9ng trung t\u00e2m trong phong tr\u00e0o c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nam t\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng n\u0103m ti\u1ebfp theo. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi ngang ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c b\u1edfi Edward v\u00e0 phe c\u00e1nh Lusignan c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eeba k\u1ebf ho\u00e0ng gia. Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m ti\u1ebfp theo s\u1ebd h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi Edward. </s>"}
{"text": "Edward th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u 1255, khi \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda gia t\u1ed9c Soler \u1edf Gascony, trong cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t dai d\u1eb3ng gi\u1eefa hai nh\u00e0 Soler v\u00e0 Colomb. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c phe ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 th\u00e2n \u00f4ng. Th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1258, m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp ra m\u1ed9t y\u00eau s\u00e1ch c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua - n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n Oxford \u2013 n\u1ed9i dung ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Lusignans. Edward \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng minh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0110i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n. Phong tr\u00e0o c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Lusignan, tuy nhi\u00ean, d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Edward b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1259, \u00f4ng tham gia li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ph\u00e1i c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch, Richard de Clare, B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Gloucester. Sau \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0o 15 th\u00e1ng 10 1259, \u00f4ng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nam t\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, Simon de Montfort. </s>"}
{"text": "\u0110\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u1eb1ng sau s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a Edward c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng; Montfort s\u1ebd h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 cho s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u1edf Gascony. Khi nh\u00e0 vua sang Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 11, nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a Edward tr\u1edf n\u00ean ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu ph\u1ee5c t\u00f9ng. \u00d4ng c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c h\u1eb9n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch, khi\u1ebfn ph\u1ee5 v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng tin r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng \u0111ang l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh. Khi nh\u00e0 vua tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 t\u1eeb Ph\u00e1p, ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f4ng t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i g\u1eb7p con trai, nh\u01b0ng qua s\u1ef1 trung gian h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Cornwall v\u00e0 T\u1ed5ng Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Canterbury, hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i v\u1edbi nhau. Edward \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi ra n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1260 \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi Lusignans, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e0y sang Ph\u00e1p. </s>"}
{"text": "Tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Anh qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1262, Edward b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t \u01b0u th\u1ebf c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed3ng minh Lusignan do v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh. N\u0103m sau, vua Henry c\u1eed \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch \u1edf Wales ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. V\u00e0o l\u00fac n\u00e0y, Simon de Montfort, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1261, tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Anh v\u00e0 kh\u01a1i l\u1ea1i phong tr\u00e0o c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch nam t\u01b0\u1edbc. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00f3, nh\u00e0 vua d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb tho\u00e1i v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nam t\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 Edward b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, d\u00f9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia \u0111\u00e3 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng l\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 phe n\u00e0o, \u0111\u1ebfn nay Edward ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng gia v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. \u00d4ng li\u00ean minh l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 xa l\u00e1nh tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia, trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n th\u00e2n th\u1eddi tr\u1ebb, Henry x\u1ee9 Almain, v\u00e0 John de Warenne, B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Surrey \u2013 v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i L\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i Windsor t\u1eeb tay qu\u00e2n phi\u1ebfn lo\u1ea1n. Qua s\u1ef1 trung gian c\u1ee7a Vua Louis IX c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, m\u1ed9t th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp ra gi\u1eefa hai b\u00ean. \u0110\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Mise of Amiens v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho phe ho\u00e0ng gia, v\u00e0 gieo m\u1ea7m cho cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t l\u1edbn h\u01a1n n\u1eefa. </s>"}
{"text": "Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1264 - 1267 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Chi\u1ebfn tranh Nam t\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ee9 hai, gi\u1eefa l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c nam t\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 Simon de Montfort ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 vua. Tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean di\u1ec5n ra \u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Gloucester, m\u00e0 Edward kh\u01a1i ngu\u1ed3n nh\u1eb1m chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y t\u1eeb tay qu\u00e2n th\u00f9. Khi Robert de Ferrers, B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Derby, \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng phi\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n, Edward \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n m\u1ed9t th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn ng\u1eebng chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi b\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc, th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn n\u00e0y sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb \u00f4ng ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1. Sau Edward l\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Northampton t\u1eeb con trai c\u1ee7a Montfort l\u00e0 Simon, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch tr\u1ea3 \u0111\u0169a v\u00e0o l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a Derby. Phe nam t\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 ho\u00e0ng gia l\u1ea1i g\u1eb7p nhau \u1edf Tr\u1eadn Lewes, ng\u00e0y 14 th\u00e1ng 5, 1264. Edward, ch\u1ec9 huy h\u1eefu qu\u00e2n, chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u t\u1ed1t, v\u00e0 s\u1edbm t\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Montfort \u1edf London. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ea1i d\u1ed9t, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea3i m\u00ea \u0111u\u1ed5i theo qu\u00e2n th\u00f9, v\u00e0 khi \u00f4ng tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i th\u00ec l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u00e0ng gia c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i. Theo th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn Mise of Lewes, Edward v\u00e0 Henry x\u1ee9 Almain b\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0m con tin c\u1ee7a Montfort. </s>"}
{"text": "S\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 d\u00e0nh cho Montfort ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u1ea1n ki\u1ec7t, v\u00e0 Edward gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i Worcester v\u00e0 Gloucester m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, Montfort l\u1eadp li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi Llywelyn v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi con trai Simon. Edward l\u1eadp k\u1ebf m\u1edf cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd v\u00e0o L\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i Kenilworth, n\u01a1i Montfort con b\u1ecb phanh th\u00e2y, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e1nh b\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Leiceiter. Hai b\u00ean g\u1eb7p nhau tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 hai trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh Nam t\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u00e0 Tr\u1eadn Evesham, ng\u00e0y 4 th\u00e1ng 8 1265. Montfort kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u hi v\u1ecdng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1eafng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i ho\u00e0ng gia, v\u00e0 sau khi thua tr\u1eadn \u00f4ng b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft v\u00e0 phanh th\u00e2y tr\u00ean chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng. </s>"}
{"text": "Qua nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i b\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Derby t\u1ea1i Gloucester, Edward b\u1ecb mang ti\u1ebfng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady. Trong chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch m\u00f9a h\u00e8, \u00f4ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi. Chi\u1ebfn tranh kh\u00f4ng k\u1ebft th\u00fac ch\u1ec9 v\u1edbi c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Montfort, v\u00e0 Edward ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch. V\u00e0o Gi\u00e1ng sinh, \u00f4ng k\u00fd m\u1ed9t th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi Simon de Montfort con v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng minh c\u1ee7a h\u1eafn t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea3o Axholme thu\u1ed9c Lincolnshire, v\u00e0 th\u00e1ng 3 \u00f4ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u1edf Cinque Ports. M\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m phi\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n c\u1ed1 bthur \u1edfLaau \u0111\u00e0i Kenilworth v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i v\u1edbi Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Kenilworth.[e] V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 4 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 Gloucester s\u1ebd kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng phong tr\u00e0o c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch, v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c, nh\u01b0ng sau m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n l\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Kenilworth, hai b\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn.[f] Edward, tuy nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng tham gia nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n sau chi\u1ebfn tranh; m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh s\u1eafp s\u1eeda di\u1ec5n ra. </s>"}
{"text": "Edward b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed9c th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 trang tr\u1ecdng ng\u00e0y 24 th\u00e1ng 6 1268, v\u1edbi em trai \u00f4ng Edmund v\u00e0 em h\u1ecd Henry x\u1ee9 Almain. M\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh th\u1ee9 9 l\u00e0 c\u1ef1u th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a Edward - nh\u01b0 B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Gloucester, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 de Clare cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng tham gia. B\u1ea5y gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i, tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh. Vua Louis IX c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111o\u00e0n qu\u00e2n th\u1eadp t\u1ef1, \u0111\u00e3 trao cho m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n vay \u00a317,500. S\u1ed1 n\u00e0y, tuy nhi\u00ean, l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7; ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c thu thu\u1ebf l\u00ean gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n, v\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ebf n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb 1237. Th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1270, Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn m\u1ee9c thu\u1ebf 1/20,[g] \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 vua \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd t\u00e1i c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn Magna Carta, v\u00e0 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf cho vay ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i. Ng\u00e0y 20 th\u00e1ng 8 Edward giong bu\u1ed3m t\u1eeb Dover sang Ph\u00e1p. C\u00e1c s\u1eed gia kh\u00f4ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c vi\u1ec5n chinh l\u00e0 bao nhi\u00eau, nh\u01b0ng Edward c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 mang theo kho\u1ea3ng 225 hi\u1ec7p s\u0129 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n 1000 qu\u00e2n. </s>"}
{"text": "Ban \u0111\u1ea7u, \u0111o\u00e0n qu\u00e2n Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u1ea3i v\u00e2y cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3n l\u0169y c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c \u1edf Acre, nh\u01b0ng Louis l\u1ea1i chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng sau Tunis. Nh\u00e0 vua n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 em trai \u00f4ng ta Charles x\u1ee9 Anjou, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp l\u00e0m Vua c\u1ee7a Sicily, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t t\u00f2a th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec ki\u00ean c\u1ed1 \u1edf B\u1eafc Phi. K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch th\u1ea5y b\u1ea1i khi l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u00e1p g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee3t b\u1ec7nh d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y 25 th\u00e1ng 8, b\u1ec7nh d\u1ecbch \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y \u0111i m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a vua Louis. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m Edward \u0111\u1ebfn Tunis, Charles \u0111\u00e3 k\u00fd m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u v\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m th\u00eam vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec n\u1eefa tr\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i Sicily. Cu\u1ed9c th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh b\u1ecb ho\u00e3n l\u1ea1i cho \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n n\u0103m sau, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n b\u00e3o \u1eadp t\u1edbi v\u00e0 t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 ngo\u00e0i kh\u01a1i b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n Sicily khi\u1ebfn cho Charles x\u1ee9 Anjou v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf v\u1ecb Louis l\u00e0 Philippe III t\u1eeb b\u1ecf chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch. Edward quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c, v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y 9 th\u00e1ng 5 1271 \u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00e2n l\u00ean Acre.. </s>"}
{"text": "Sau \u0111\u00f3, t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i V\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t Th\u00e1nh tr\u1edf n\u00ean b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n. Jerusalem th\u1ea5t th\u1ee7 n\u0103m 1244, v\u00e0 Acre b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Kito gi\u00e1o. C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o \u0111ang \u1edf th\u1ebf t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Mamluk x\u1ee9 Baibars, v\u00e0 nay \u0111\u00e3 \u0111e d\u1ecda \u0111\u1ebfn Acre. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Edward l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 b\u1ed5 sung l\u1edbn cho l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed3n tr\u00fa, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Baibars, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o v\u00f9ng g\u1ea7n St Georges-de-Lebeyne v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 6 kh\u00f4ng thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 g\u00ec. M\u1ed9t \u0111o\u00e0n s\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 Ilkhan Abaqa (1234\u20131282) c\u1ee7a Mongols gi\u00fap \u0111em l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o Aleppo \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc, nh\u1eb1m gi\u00fap \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1ea1c h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Baibars. Th\u00e1ng 11, Edward d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0o Qaqun, m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i t\u1edbi Jerusalem, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea3 cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a Mongol v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng Qaqun \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. M\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 r\u01a1i v\u00e0o tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng, v\u00e0 th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1272 Hugh III c\u1ee7a Cyprus, ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean danh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 vua c\u1ee7a Jerusalem, k\u00fd th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn ng\u1eebng b\u1eafn 10 n\u0103m v\u1edbi Baibars. Edward b\u1ecb th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u00e1t th\u1ee7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1p v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 6 bu\u1ed9c \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb b\u1ecf m\u1ecdi chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ecdi l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 gi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ean s\u00e1t th\u1ee7, \u00f4ng b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf c\u00e1nh tay do b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e2m b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t con dao g\u0103m t\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ed9c, v\u00e0 ng\u00e3 b\u1ec7nh tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng trong nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ng sau.[h] </s>"}
{"text": "M\u00e3i cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 24 th\u00e1nh 9 Edward m\u1edbi r\u1eddi Acre. \u0110\u1ebfn Sicily, \u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tin ph\u1ee5 v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u0103ng h\u00e0 v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 16 th\u00e1ng 11, 1272. Edward r\u1ea5t \u0111au bu\u1ed3n b\u1edfi tin n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng thay v\u00ec ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u00f4ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c du ngo\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eafc. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 do s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a h\u1ed3i ph\u1ee5c, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 chuy\u1ec7n tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea5p thi\u1ebft l\u1eafm. T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh ch\u00e1nh tr\u1ecb \u1edf Anh \u0111\u00e3 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh sau nhi\u1ec1u bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 qua, v\u00e0 Edward \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean ng\u00f4i ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf ngay sau c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 th\u00e2n, thay v\u00ec ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ec5 \u0111\u0103ng quang c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng, theo nh\u01b0 t\u1ee5c l\u1ec7.[i] B\u1edfi s\u1ef1 v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a Edward, m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o b\u1edfi Robert Burnell. V\u1ecb t\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh tr\u00ean b\u1ed9 xuy\u00ean qua c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00dd v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p, \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng gh\u00e9 th\u0103m Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Gregory X[j] \u1edf Rome, Vua Philippe III \u1edf Paris, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady \u1edf Gascony. Ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 2 th\u00e1ng 8 1274 \u00f4ng m\u1edbi tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i Anh, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 gia mi\u1ec7n ng\u00e0y 19 th\u00e1ng 8. </s>"}
{"text": "Llywelyn ap Gruffudd th\u1ea5y m\u1eebng v\u00ec t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n b\u1edfi h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Chi\u1ebfn tranh Nam t\u01b0\u1edbc. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1267 v\u1edbi Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Montgomery, \u00f4ng ta nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0 \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 chinh ph\u1ee5c trong Four Cantrefs of Perfeddwlad v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn danh hi\u1ec7u Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed x\u1ee9 Wales. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c L\u00e3nh ch\u00faa Marcher, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 Gilbert de Clare, B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Gloucester, Roger Mortimer v\u00e0 Humphrey de Bohun, B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Hereford. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u1edf n\u00ean nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n khi em trai c\u1ee7a Llywelyn, Dafydd v\u00e0Gruffydd ap Gwenwynwyn x\u1ee9 Powys, sau th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong n\u1ed7i l\u1ef1c ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Llywelyn, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e0o tho\u00e1t sang Anh n\u0103m 1274.. L\u1ea5y l\u00fd do l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 vua n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh ch\u1ee9a ch\u1ea5p k\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Llywelyn t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 phi\u00ean th\u1ea7n v\u1edbi Edward. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Edward, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 khi\u00eau kh\u00edch l\u1edbn h\u01a1n n\u1eefa l\u00e0 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a Llywelyn nh\u1eb1m k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi Eleanor, con g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Simon de Montfort. </s>"}
{"text": "Th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1276, cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea1i \u00fay c\u1ee7a Mortimer, Lancaster (em trai c\u1ee7a Edward, Edmund) v\u00e0 William de Beauchamp, B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Warwick.[k] S\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Llywelyn t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u01b0\u01a1ng. Th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1277 Edward ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch v\u1edbi l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng 15,500, trong \u0111\u00f3 9,000 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba Wales. Chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1edbn, v\u00e0 Llywelyn s\u1edbm nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng. V\u1edbi Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Aberconwy th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1277, \u00f4ng ta ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba Gwynedd, d\u00f9 v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed x\u1ee9 Wales. </s>"}
{"text": "Khi chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u1ea1i b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t n\u0103m 1282, n\u00f3 mang m\u1ed9t t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Wales, cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh n\u00e0y \u0111e d\u1ecda \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t b\u1ecb k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1edfi n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p Anh l\u00ean th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n Wales. V\u1edbi Edward, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n ph\u1ea3n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c vi\u1ec5n chinh mang t\u00ednh tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t nh\u01b0 chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Chi\u1ebfn tranh b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a Dafydd, ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00e0 \u00f4ng ta cho l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb Edward n\u0103m 1277. </s>"}
{"text": "Llywelyn v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi Wales kh\u00e1c s\u1edbm tham gia v\u00e0o, v\u00e0 ban \u0111\u1ea7u qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Wales gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. Th\u00e1ng 6, Gloucester b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i Tr\u1eadn Llandeilo Fawr. Ng\u00e0y 6 th\u00e1ng 11, trong l\u00fac John Peckham, T\u1ed5ng Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Canterbury, \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, t\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u1ec9 huy qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Edward \u1edf Anglesey, Luke de Tany, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd. M\u1ed9t c\u00e2y c\u1ea7u phao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n, nh\u01b0ng ngay sau khi Tany v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, h\u1ecd b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi Wales ph\u1ee5c k\u00edch v\u00e0 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 trong Tr\u1eadn Moel-y-don. Tuy nhi\u00ean nh\u1eefng th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Wales ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng 12, khi khi Llywelyn b\u1ecb d\u1ee5 v\u00e0o \u1ed5 ph\u1ee5c k\u00edch v\u00e0 b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft t\u1ea1i Tr\u1eadn c\u1ea7u Orewin. Cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ea1t Gwynedd k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c b\u1eaft gi\u1eef Dafydd th\u00e0ng 6 n\u0103m 1283, v\u00e0 b\u1ecb d\u1eabn t\u1edbi Shrewsbury v\u00e0 b\u1ecb x\u1eed t\u1eed v\u1edbi c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c l\u00e0 k\u1ebb ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i v\u00e0o m\u00f9a thu n\u0103m sau. </s>"}