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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:An 11-year-old boy is brought to a pediatrician by his parents with the complaint of progressive behavioral problems for the last 2 years. His parents report that he always looks restless at home and is never quiet. His school teachers frequently complain that he cannot remain seated for long during class, often leaving his seat to move around the classroom. A detailed history of his symptoms suggests a diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The parents report that he has taken advantage of behavioral counseling several times without improvement. The pediatrician considers pharmacotherapy and plans to start methylphenidate at a low dose, followed by regular follow-up. Based on the side effect profile of the medication, which of the following components of the patient’s medical history should the pediatrician obtain before starting the drug?? {'A': 'Past history of recurrent wheezing', 'B': 'Past history of Kawasaki disease', 'C': 'Past history of recurrent fractures', 'D': 'Past history of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura', 'E': 'Past history of Guillain-Barré syndrome'}, | B: Past history of Kawasaki disease |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 2-year-old boy with a history of recurrent respiratory infections is brought to the physician for a follow-up examination. His height and weight are both at the 20th percentile. Crackles are heard in both lower lung fields. Cardiac auscultation shows a grade 3/6 holosystolic murmur over the left lower sternal border and a diastolic rumble heard best at the apex. If left untreated, this patient is most likely to develop which of the following?? {'A': 'Thrombocytosis', 'B': 'Secondary hypertension', 'C': 'Aortic dissection', 'D': 'Digital clubbing', 'E': 'Chronic kidney disease\n"'}, | D: Digital clubbing |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A previously healthy 57-year-old man comes to the emergency department because of acute retrosternal chest pain that radiates to his back. The pain started suddenly while he was having dinner. A few moments prior to the onset of the pain, he experienced discomfort when trying to eat or drink anything. On the way to the hospital he took a sublingual nitrate tablet that he had at home, which helped relieve the pain. His pulse is 80/min, respirations are 14/min, and blood pressure is 144/88 mm Hg. Examination shows no other abnormalities. An ECG shows a normal sinus rhythm with no ST-segment abnormalities. An esophagogram is done and shows areas of diffuse, uncoordinated spasms in several segments along the length of the esophagus. This patient's condition is most likely to show which of the following findings?? {'A': 'Esophageal manometry shows simultaneous multi-peak contractions', 'B': 'Endoscopy shows multiple mucosal erosions', 'C': 'Ultrasonography shows a mass at the gastroesophageal junction', 'D': 'Serology shows elevated CK-MB levels', 'E': 'Esophageal manometry shows hypertensive contractions'}, | A: Esophageal manometry shows simultaneous multi-peak contractions |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 24-year-old woman presents with fever, abdominal pain, and bloody bowel movements. She says her symptoms onset 2 days ago and have not improved. She describes the abdominal pain as moderate, cramping in character, and poorly localized. 1 week ago, she says she was on a camping trip with her friends and had barbecued chicken which she thought tasted strange. The patient denies any chills, hemoptysis, hematochezia, or similar symptoms in the past. The vital signs include: pulse 87/min and temperature 37.8°C (100.0°F). Physical examination is significant for moderate tenderness to palpation in the periumbilical region with no rebound or guarding. Stool is guaiac positive. Which of the following is a complication associated with this patient’s most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Typhoid', 'B': 'Appendicitis', 'C': 'Toxic megacolon', 'D': 'Guillain-Barré syndrome', 'E': 'Hemolytic uremic syndrome'}, | D: Guillain-Barré syndrome |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 17-year-old female presents to her pediatrician due to lack of menstruation. She states that she developed breasts 4 years ago but has not experienced menses yet. The patient denies abdominal pain and has no past medical history. Her mother underwent menarche at age 13. The patient is a volleyball player at school, is single, and has never attempted intercourse. At this visit, her temperature is 98.3°F (36.8°C), blood pressure is 110/76 mmHg, pulse is 72/min, and respirations are 14/min. She is 5 feet 7 inches tall and weighs 116 pounds (BMI 18.2 kg/m^2). Exam shows Tanner IV breasts, Tanner I pubic hair, and minimal axillary hair. External genitalia are normal, but the vagina is a 5-centimeter blind pouch. Genetic testing is performed. Which of the following is the best next step in management?? {'A': 'Gonadectomy', 'B': 'Estrogen replacement therapy', 'C': 'Vaginoplasty', 'D': 'Obtain FSH and estrogen levels', 'E': 'ACTH stimulation test'}, | A: Gonadectomy |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 60-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 6-month history of progressively worsening urinary frequency. He feels the urge to urinate every hour or two, which restricts his daily activities and interferes with his sleep. He has no fever, hematuria, or burning pain on micturition. He has hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Current medications include metformin and amlodipine. He does not smoke and drinks 1 to 2 beers daily. His vital signs are within normal limits. Abdominal examination shows no abnormalities. Digital rectal examination shows a nontender, firm, symmetrically enlarged prostate with no nodules. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?? {'A': 'Urinalysis', 'B': 'Prostate ultrasonography', 'C': 'Urine cytology', 'D': 'Serum prostate-specific antigen level', 'E': 'Uroflowmetry'}, | A: Urinalysis |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 5-year-old boy is brought to the pediatric clinic for evaluation of fever, pain, swelling in the left leg, and limping. Review of systems and history is otherwise unremarkable. The vital signs include: pulse 110/min, temperature 38.1°C (100.6°F), and blood pressure 100/70 mm Hg. On examination, there is a tender swelling over the lower part of his left leg. Which 1 of the following X-ray findings is most suggestive of Ewing’s sarcoma?? {'A': 'Mixed lytic and blastic appearance in the X-ray', 'B': 'X-ray showing lytic bone lesion with periosteal reaction', 'C': 'X-ray showing broad-based projections from the surface of the bone', 'D': 'X-ray showing deep muscle plane displacement from the metaphysis', 'E': 'X-ray showing a sharply marginated radiolucent area within the apophysis'}, | B: X-ray showing lytic bone lesion with periosteal reaction |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 25-year-old homeless woman presents to an urgent care clinic complaining of vaginal bleeding. She also has vague lower right abdominal pain which started a few hours ago and is increasing in intensity. The medical history is significant for chronic hepatitis C infection, and she claims to take a pill for it ‘every now and then.’ The temperature is 36.0°C (98.6°F), the blood pressure is 110/70 mmHg, and the pulse is 80/min. The abdominal examination is positive for localized right adnexal tenderness; no rebound tenderness or guarding is noted. A transvaginal ultrasound confirms a 2.0 cm gestational sac in the right fallopian tube. What is the next appropriate step in the management of this patient? Immunodeficiency (RA, SLE, and Crohns)? {'A': 'Surgery', 'B': 'IV fluids, then surgery', 'C': 'Methotrexate', 'D': 'Pelvic CT without contrast', 'E': 'Tubal ligation'}, | A: Surgery |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 29-year-old man presents to the primary care clinic in June for post-discharge follow-up. The patient was recently admitted to the hospital after a motor vehicle collision. At that time he arrived at the emergency department unconscious, hypotensive, and tachycardic. Abdominal CT revealed a hemoperitoneum due to a large splenic laceration; he was taken to the operating room for emergency splenectomy. Since that time he has recovered well without complications. Prior to the accident, he was up-to-date on all of his vaccinations. Which of the following vaccinations should be administered at this time?? {'A': '13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine', 'B': 'Inactivated (intramuscular) influenza vaccine', 'C': 'Live attenuated (intranasal) influenza vaccine', 'D': 'Measles-mumps-rubella vaccine', 'E': 'Tetanus booster vaccine'}, | A: 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 4-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department by his mother after cutting his buttock on a piece of broken glass. There is a 5-cm curvilinear laceration over the patient's right buttock. His vital signs are unremarkable. The decision to repair the laceration is made. Which of the following will offer the longest anesthesia for the laceration repair?? {'A': 'Bupivacaine', 'B': 'Bupivacaine with epinephrine', 'C': 'Lidocaine', 'D': 'Lidocaine mixed with bupivacaine', 'E': 'Lidocaine with epinephrine'}, | B: Bupivacaine with epinephrine |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 58-year-old woman comes to the emergency department because of a 2-day history of worsening upper abdominal pain. She reports nausea and vomiting, and is unable to tolerate oral intake. She appears uncomfortable. Her temperature is 38.1°C (100.6°F), pulse is 92/min, respirations are 18/min, and blood pressure is 132/85 mm Hg. Examination shows yellowish discoloration of her sclera. Her abdomen is tender in the right upper quadrant. There is no abdominal distention or organomegaly. Laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 13 g/dL Leukocyte count 16,000/mm3 Serum Urea nitrogen 25 mg/dL Creatinine 2 mg/dL Alkaline phosphatase 432 U/L Alanine aminotransferase 196 U/L Aspartate transaminase 207 U/L Bilirubin Total 3.8 mg/dL Direct 2.7 mg/dL Lipase 82 U/L (N = 14–280) Ultrasound of the right upper quadrant shows dilated intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts and multiple hyperechoic spheres within the gallbladder. The pancreas is not well visualized. Intravenous fluid resuscitation and antibiotic therapy with ceftriaxone and metronidazole is begun. Twelve hours later, the patient appears acutely ill and is not oriented to time. Her temperature is 39.1°C (102.4°F), pulse is 105/min, respirations are 22/min, and blood pressure is 112/82 mm Hg. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?"? {'A': 'Abdominal CT scan', 'B': 'Laparoscopic cholecystectomy', 'C': 'Percutaneous cholecystostomy', 'D': 'Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy', 'E': 'Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography\n"'}, | E: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography " |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 49-year-old woman presents to the office because of tremors for 2 months. She says that her hands have been shaking a lot, especially when she feels stressed. In addition, she has been sweating more than usual and has lost 8 kg (17.6 lb) in the last 2 months. She has a past medical history of vitiligo. Her vital signs are a heart rate of 98/min, a respiratory rate of 14/min, a temperature of 37.6°C (99.7°F), and a blood pressure of 115/75 mm Hg. Physical examination shows a fine, bilateral hand tremor and a diffuse goiter. Which of the following hormonal imbalances is most likely present?? {'A': 'High TSH, high freeT4, and high free T3', 'B': 'High TSH, low free T4, and low free T3', 'C': 'High TSH, normal free T4, and normal free T3', 'D': 'Low TSH, high free T4, and high free T3', 'E': 'Low TSH, normal free T4, and normal free T3'}, | D: Low TSH, high free T4, and high free T3 |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 14-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department because of acute left-sided chest pain and dyspnea following a motor vehicle accident. His pulse is 122/min and blood pressure is 85/45 mm Hg. Physical examination shows distended neck veins and tracheal displacement to the right side. The left chest is hyperresonant to percussion and there are decreased breath sounds. This patient would most benefit from needle insertion at which of the following anatomical sites?? {'A': '2nd left intercostal space along the midclavicular line', 'B': '5th left intercostal space along the midaxillary line', 'C': '8th left intercostal space along the posterior axillary line', 'D': 'Subxiphoid space in the left sternocostal margin', 'E': '5th left intercostal space along the midclavicular line'}, | A: 2nd left intercostal space along the midclavicular line |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:Five days after undergoing an open colectomy and temporary colostomy for colon cancer, a 73-year-old man develops severe pain and swelling of the left calf. He was diagnosed with colon cancer 3 months ago. He has hypothyroidism and hypertension. His father died of colon cancer at the age of 68. He does not smoke. Prior to admission, his medications included levothyroxine, amlodipine, and carvedilol. Since the surgery, he has also been receiving unfractionated heparin, morphine, and piperacillin-tazobactam. He is 172 cm (5 ft 8 in) tall and weighs 101 kg (223 lb); BMI is 34.1 kg/m2. He appears uncomfortable. His temperature is 38.1°C (100.6°F), pulse is 103/min, and blood pressure is 128/92 mm Hg. Examination shows multiple necrotic lesions over bilateral thighs. The left calf is erythematous, tender, and swollen. Dorsiflexion of the left foot elicits pain behind the knee. The abdomen is soft and nontender. There is a healing midline incision and the colostomy is healthy and functioning. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. Laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 13.6 g/dL Leukocyte count 12,100/mm3 Platelet count 78,000/mm3 Prothrombin time 18 seconds (INR = 1.1) Activated partial thromboplastin time 46 seconds Serum Na+ 138 mEq/L Cl- 103 mEq/L K+ 4.1 mEq/L Urea nitrogen 18 mg/dL Glucose 101 mg/dL Creatinine 1.1 mg/dL Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?"? {'A': 'Switch from unfractionated heparin to warfarin therapy', 'B': 'Switch from unfractionated heparin to argatroban therapy', 'C': 'Administer vitamin K', 'D': 'Transfuse platelet concentrate', 'E': 'Administer fresh frozen plasma\n"'}, | B: Switch from unfractionated heparin to argatroban therapy |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A previously healthy 13-year-old boy is brought to the physician because of a lump beneath his right nipple that he discovered 1 week ago while showering. He has allergic rhinitis treated with cetirizine. He is at the 65th percentile for height and 80th percentile for weight. Examination shows a mildly tender, firm, 2-cm subareolar mass in the right breast; there are no nipple or skin changes. The left breast shows no abnormalities. Sexual development is Tanner stage 3. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for this patient's breast lump?? {'A': 'Leydig cell tumor', 'B': 'Adverse effect of medication', 'C': 'Invasive ductal carcinoma', 'D': 'Normal development', 'E': 'Hyperprolactinemia'}, | D: Normal development |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 23-year-old female presents with a seven-day history of abdominal pain, and now bloody diarrhea that brings her to her primary care physician. Review of systems is notable for a 12-pound unintentional weight loss and intermittent loose stools. She has a family history notable for a father with CAD and a mother with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Upon further workup, she is found to have the following on colonoscopy and biopsy, Figures A and B respectively. Serum perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (P-ANCA) is positive. This patient's disease is likely to also include which of the following features?? {'A': 'Perianal disease', 'B': 'Continuous progression beginning in the rectum', 'C': 'Fistulae and stricture formation', 'D': 'Worse disease severity near the ileocecal valve', 'E': 'Cobblestoning and skip lesions'}, | B: Continuous progression beginning in the rectum |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 42-year-old man comes to the physician for a routine health maintenance examination. He feels well but has had several episodes of “finger pallor” over the past 4 months. During these episodes, the 4th finger of his left hand turns white. The color usually returns within 20 minutes, followed by redness and warmth of the finger. The episodes are not painful. The complaints most commonly occur on his way to work, when it is very cold outside. One time, it happened when he was rushing to the daycare center because he was late for picking up his daughter. The patient has gastroesophageal reflux disease treated with lansoprazole. His vital signs are within normal limits. The blood flow to the hand is intact on compression of the ulnar artery at the wrist, as well as on compression of the radial artery. When the patient is asked to immerse his hands in cold water, a change in the color of the 4th digit of his left hand is seen. A photograph of the affected hand is shown. His hemoglobin concentration is 14.2 g/dL, serum creatinine is 0.9 mg/dL, and ESR is 35 mm/h. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?? {'A': 'Discontinue lansoprazole', 'B': 'Oral aspirin', 'C': 'Digital subtraction angiography', 'D': 'Serologic testing', 'E': 'Topical nitroglycerin'}, | D: Serologic testing |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 7-year-old boy presents to your office with facial eczema. He has a history of recurrent infections, including multiple episodes of pneumonia that lasted several weeks and otitis media. Laboratory measurements of serum immunoglobulins show increased IgE and IgA but decreased IgM. Which of the following additional abnormalities would you expect to observe in this patient?? {'A': 'Thrombocytopenia', 'B': 'Leukopenia', 'C': 'Anemia', 'D': 'Pancreatic insufficiency', 'E': 'NADPH oxidase deficiency'}, | A: Thrombocytopenia |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 26-year-old student arrives to student health for persistent diarrhea. She states that for the past 2 months she has had foul-smelling diarrhea and abdominal cramping. She also reports increased bloating, flatulence, and an unintentional 4 lb weight loss. Prior to 2 months ago, she had never felt these symptoms before. She denies other extra-gastrointestinal symptoms. The patient is an avid hiker and says her symptoms have caused her to miss recent camping trips. The patient has tried to add more fiber to her diet without relief. She feels her symptoms worsen with milk or cheese. Her medical history is insignificant and she takes no medications. She drinks whiskey socially, but denies smoking tobacco or using any illicit drugs. She is sexually active with her boyfriend of 2 years. She went to Mexico 6 months ago and her last multi-day backpacking trek was about 3 months ago in Vermont. Physical examination is unremarkable. A stool sample is negative for fecal occult blood. Which of the following is an associated adverse effect of the most likely treatment given to manage the patient’s symptoms?? {'A': 'Disulfiram-like reaction', 'B': 'Osteoporosis', 'C': 'Photosensitivity', 'D': 'QT prolongation', 'E': 'Tendon rupture'}, | A: Disulfiram-like reaction |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 71-year-old man with hypertension comes to the physician for a follow-up examination. Cardiovascular exam shows the point of maximal impulse to be in the mid-axillary line. A transthoracic echocardiogram shows concentric left ventricular hypertrophy with a normal right ventricle. Which of the following is the most likely underlying mechanism of this patient's ventricular hypertrophy?? {'A': 'Accumulation of glycogen', 'B': 'Accumulation of protein fibrils', 'C': 'Deposition of endomyocardial collagen', 'D': 'Accumulation of sarcomeres in parallel', 'E': 'Infiltration of T lymphocytes'}, | D: Accumulation of sarcomeres in parallel |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 62-year-old man comes to the physician because of increased frequency of urination. He also says that he needs to urinate 4 to 5 times nightly and has difficulty initiating a urinary stream. He has had several episodes of acute cystitis treated with ciprofloxacin during the past year. Digital rectal examination shows a firm, symmetrically enlarged, non-tender prostate. This patient is most likely to develop which of the following complications?? {'A': 'Abscess formation in the prostate', 'B': 'Irreversible decrease in renal function', 'C': 'Impaired intracavernosal blood flow', 'D': 'Inflammation of the renal interstitium', 'E': 'Blastic bone lesions'}, | D: Inflammation of the renal interstitium |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 9-year-old boy is brought to a psychologist by his mother because his teachers frequently complain about his behavioral problems at school. The patient’s mother reports that his concerning behavior started at a young age. She says he is disrespectful to family members and to his teachers at school. He also talks back to everyone. Grounding him and limiting his freedom has not improved his behavior. His grades have never been very good, and he is quite isolated at school. After a further review of the patient’s medical history and a thorough physical exam, the physician confirms the diagnosis of oppositional defiant disorder. Which of the following additional symptoms would most likely present in this patient?? {'A': 'History of deliberately damaging furniture', 'B': 'Blaming others for his own misbehavior', 'C': 'Staying out of home at nights despite restrictions', 'D': 'Fights at school', 'E': 'Frequently leaving his seat during class despite instructions by the teacher'}, | B: Blaming others for his own misbehavior |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 42-year-old woman comes to the physician because of stiffness and pain in multiple joints. She says that the fingers on both of her hands have become increasingly stiff and difficult to move over the past 8 months. She also complains of nails that break easily and look spotty as well as chronic back pain. She had a urinary tract infection a year ago that was treated with antibiotics. She is sexually active with 2 male partners and uses condoms inconsistently. Her vitals are within normal limits. A photograph of her right hand is shown. There are multiple, well-demarcated red plaques with silvery-white scales over the shins and back. Serum studies show a negative rheumatoid factor and ANA. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Secondary syphilis', 'B': 'Ankylosing spondylitis', 'C': 'Rheumatoid arthritis', 'D': 'Systemic lupus erythematosus', 'E': 'Psoriatic arthritis\n"'}, | E: Psoriatic arthritis " |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 70-year-old women presents to her primary care physician with sudden episodes of dizziness that resolve in certain positions. On further questioning she describes a false sense of motion with occasional spinning sensation consistent with vertigo. She denies any recent illnesses or hearing loss aside from presbycusis. Her vital signs are normal. During the physical exam the the patient reports an episode of vertigo after transitioning from sitting to supine and horizontal nystagmus is concurrently noted. What is the mostly likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Vestibular migraine', 'B': "Meniere's disease", 'C': 'Labyrinthitis', 'D': 'Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV)', 'E': 'Vestibular neuritis'}, | D: Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV) |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 6-year-old girl is brought to the physician by her father because of a 3-day history of sore throat, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and high fever. She has been taking acetaminophen for the fever. Physical examination shows cervical lymphadenopathy, pharyngeal erythema, and a bright red tongue. Examination of the skin shows a generalized erythematous rash with a rough surface that spares the area around the mouth. Which of the following is the most likely underlying mechanism of this patient's rash?? {'A': 'Anti-M protein antibody cross-reaction', 'B': 'Subepithelial immune complex deposition', 'C': 'Erythrogenic toxin-induced cytokine release', 'D': 'Bacterial invasion of the deep dermis', 'E': 'Paramyxovirus-induced cell damage'}, | C: Erythrogenic toxin-induced cytokine release |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 37-year-old woman is being evaluated for difficulty with swallowing for the past few months. She explains that she experiences difficulty swallowing solid foods only. Her medical history is relevant for hypothyroidism and migraines. Her current medications include daily levothyroxine and acetaminophen as needed for pain. The vital signs include blood pressure 110/90 mm Hg, pulse rate 55/min, and respiratory rate 12/min. On physical examination, her abdomen is non-tender. Her voice is hoarse, but there is no pharyngeal hyperemia on oral examination. On cardiac auscultation, an opening snap followed by an early to mid-diastolic rumble is heard over the apex. A barium swallow X-ray is performed and is unremarkable. Echocardiography shows an enlarged left atrium and abnormal blood flow through 1 of the atrioventricular valves. What is the most likely valve abnormality seen in this patient?? {'A': 'Mitral valve stenosis', 'B': 'Mitral valve regurgitation', 'C': 'Aortic valve stenosis', 'D': 'Aortic valve regurgitation', 'E': 'Mitral valve prolapse'}, | A: Mitral valve stenosis |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:In a lab experiment, a researcher treats early cells of the erythrocyte lineage with a novel compound called Pb82. Pb82 blocks the first step of heme synthesis. However, the experiment is controlled such that the cells otherwise continue to develop into erythrocytes. At the end of the experiment, the cells have developed into normal erythrocytes except that they are devoid of heme. A second compound, anti-Pb82 is administered which removes the effect of Pb82. Which of the following is likely to be true of the mature red blood cells in this study?? {'A': 'The cells will now produce heme', 'B': 'The cells will not produce heme since they lack mitochondria', 'C': 'The cells will not produce heme because they lack cytosol', 'D': 'The cells will not produce heme because they lack nucleoli', 'E': 'The cells will not produce heme because they lack iron'}, | B: The cells will not produce heme since they lack mitochondria |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 47-year-old man presents with upper GI (upper gastrointestinal) bleeding. The patient is known to have a past medical history of peptic ulcer disease and was previously admitted 4 years ago for the same reason. He uses proton-pump inhibitors for his peptic ulcer. Upon admission, the patient is placed on close monitoring, and after 8 hours, his hematocrit is unchanged. The patient has also been hemodynamically stable after initial fluid resuscitation. An upper endoscopy is performed. Which of the following endoscopy findings most likely indicates that this patient will not experience additional GI bleeding in the next few days?? {'A': 'Visible non-bleeding vessel', 'B': 'Gastric ulcer with arteriovenous malformations', 'C': 'Visible bleeding vessel', 'D': 'Adherent clot on ulcer', 'E': 'Clean-based ulcer'}, | E: Clean-based ulcer |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A study is conducted to find an association between serum cholesterol and ischemic heart disease. Data is collected, and patients are classified into either the "high cholesterol" or "normal cholesterol" group and also into groups whether or not the patient experiences stable angina. Which type of data analysis is most appropriate for this study?? {'A': 'Analysis of variance', 'B': 'Attributable risk', 'C': 'Chi-squared', 'D': 'Pearson correlation', 'E': 'T-test'}, | C: Chi-squared |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 42-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by his wife because of a 1-day history of progressive confusion. He recently lost his job. He has a history of chronic alcoholism and has been drinking 14 beers daily for the past week. Before this time, he drank 6 beers daily. He appears lethargic. His vital signs are within normal limits. Serum studies show a sodium level of 111 mEq/L and a potassium level of 3.7 mEq/L. Urgent treatment for this patient's current condition increases his risk for which of the following adverse events?? {'A': 'Wernicke encephalopathy', 'B': 'Cerebral edema', 'C': 'Cardiac arrythmia', 'D': 'Osmotic myelinolysis', 'E': 'Hyperglycemia'}, | D: Osmotic myelinolysis |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 25-year-old man presents to his primary care physician for trouble with focus and concentration. The patient states that he has lived at home with his parents his entire life but recently was able to get a job at a local factory. Ever since the patient has started working, he has had trouble focusing at his job. He is unable to stay focused on any task. His boss often observes him "daydreaming" with a blank stare off into space. His boss will have to yell at him to startle him back to work. The patient states that he feels fatigued all the time and sometimes will suddenly fall asleep while operating equipment. He has tried going to bed early for the past month but is unable to fall asleep until two hours prior to his alarm. The patient fears that if this continues he will lose his job. Which of the following is the best initial step in management?? {'A': 'Ethosuximide', 'B': 'Polysomnography', 'C': 'Bright light therapy', 'D': 'Modafinil', 'E': 'Zolpidem'}, | C: Bright light therapy |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 7-year-old boy is brought to the physician because of a 4-day history of fever, headache, earache, and sore throat that is worse when swallowing. He has not had a runny nose or cough. He had a similar problem 1 year ago for which he was prescribed amoxicillin, but after developing a skin rash and facial swelling he was switched to a different medication. His immunizations are up-to-date. He is at the 75th percentile for height and the 50th percentile for weight. His temperature is 38.9°C (102°F), pulse is 136/min, and respirations are 28/min. Examination of the oral cavity reveals a coated tongue, red uvula, and enlarged right tonsil covered by a whitish membrane. The deep cervical lymph nodes are enlarged and tender. A throat swab is taken for culture. What is the next most appropriate step in the management of this patient?? {'A': 'Penicillin V', 'B': 'Total tonsillectomy', 'C': 'Fluconazole', 'D': 'Erythromycin', 'E': 'Cefixime'}, | D: Erythromycin |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 24-year-old male medical student presents into the university clinic concerned about his stool. He has admitted to spending a great deal of time looking back down into the toilet bowl after he has had a bowel movement and even more time later thinking about all the ways his stool is abnormal. A stool sample was collected and was reported to be grossly normal. The patient understands the results and even agrees with the physician but is still bothered by his thoughts. Two weeks later, he is still thinking about his stool and makes another appointment with a different physician. Which of the following disorders is most likely to be associated with this patient’s condition?? {'A': 'Tourette syndrome', 'B': 'Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder', 'C': 'Major depression', 'D': 'Paraphilia', 'E': 'Coprophilia'}, | A: Tourette syndrome |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 28-year-old woman G1P0 presents at 38 weeks of gestation for a standard prenatal visit. She endorses occasional mild lower back pain but otherwise remains asymptomatic. Her past medical history is significant for HIV for which she is treated with azidothymidine (AZT). Her vital signs and physical exam are unremarkable. Her current HIV viral titer level is 1,400 copies. If she were to go into labor today, what would be the next and most important step for the prevention of vertical HIV transmission to the newborn?? {'A': 'Increase AZT dose', 'B': 'Add nevirapine to the patient’s AZT', 'C': 'Treat the newborn with AZT following delivery', 'D': 'Avoid breastfeeding', 'E': 'Urge the patient to have a cesarean section delivery'}, | E: Urge the patient to have a cesarean section delivery |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 52-year-old man comes to the physician because of right knee pain and swelling for 2 days. Four days ago, he tripped at home and landed on his knees. He reports an episode of diarrhea 3 weeks ago that resolved after 4 days without treatment. He has a history of hypertension and hypercholesterolemia, and was recently diagnosed with parathyroid disease. He drinks 1–2 ounces of whiskey daily and occasionally more on weekends. His brother has ankylosing spondylitis. Vital signs are within normal limits. Examination of the right leg shows an abrasion below the patella. There is swelling and tenderness of the right knee; range of motion is limited by pain. Arthrocentesis of the right knee joint yields 15 mL of cloudy fluid with a leukocyte count of 26,300/mm3 (91% segmented neutrophils). Microscopic examination of the synovial fluid under polarized light shows rhomboid-shaped, weakly positively birefringent crystals. Which of the following is the strongest predisposing factor for this patient's condition?? {'A': 'Dyslipidemia', 'B': 'Local skin abrasion', 'C': 'Alcohol consumption', 'D': 'Hyperparathyroidism', 'E': 'Recent gastrointestinal infection'}, | D: Hyperparathyroidism |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 24-year-old man comes to the physician for a routine health maintenance examination. He feels well. He has type 1 diabetes mellitus. His only medication is insulin. He immigrated from Nepal 2 weeks ago . He lives in a shelter. He has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for the past 5 years. He has not received any routine childhood vaccinations. The patient appears healthy and well nourished. He is 172 cm (5 ft 8 in) tall and weighs 68 kg (150 lb); BMI is 23 kg/m2. His temperature is 36.8°C (98.2°F), pulse is 72/min, and blood pressure is 123/82 mm Hg. Examination shows a healed scar over his right femur. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. A purified protein derivative (PPD) skin test is performed. Three days later, an induration of 13 mm is noted. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial step in the management of this patient?? {'A': 'Perform interferon-γ release assay', 'B': 'Obtain a chest x-ray', 'C': 'Administer isoniazid for 9 months', 'D': 'Perform PCR of the sputum', 'E': 'Collect sputum sample for culture'}, | B: Obtain a chest x-ray |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 38-year-old man is brought to the emergency department after losing consciousness upon rising from his chair at work. The patient has had progressive cough, shortness of breath, fever, and chills for 6 days but did not seek medical attention for these symptoms. He appears distressed, flushed, and diaphoretic. He is 170 cm (5 ft 7 in) tall and weighs 120 kg (265 lbs); BMI is 41.5 kg/m2. His temperature is 39.4°C (102.9°F), pulse is 129/min, respirations are 22/min, and blood pressure is 91/50 mm Hg when supine. Crackles and bronchial breath sounds are heard over the right posterior hemithorax. A 2/6 midsystolic blowing murmur is heard along the left upper sternal border. Examination shows diffuse diaphoresis, flushed extremities, and dullness to percussion over the right posterior hemithorax. The abdomen is soft and nontender. Multiple nurses and physicians have been unable to attain intravenous access. A large-bore central venous catheter is inserted into the right internal jugular vein by standard sterile procedure. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in the management of this patient?? {'A': 'Administer intravenous levofloxacin', 'B': 'Echocardiogram', 'C': 'Bronchoscopy', 'D': 'CT scan of the chest', 'E': 'Chest X-ray'}, | E: Chest X-ray |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A scientist is studying mechanisms by which cancer drugs work to kill tumor cells. She is working to optimize the function of a drug class in order to reduce toxicity and increase potency for the target. After synthesizing a variety of analogs for the drug class, she tests these new pharmacologic compounds against a panel of potential targets. Assay results show that there is significant binding to a clustered group of proteins. Upon examining these proteins, she finds that the proteins add a phosphate group to an aromatic amino acid sidechain. Which of the following disorders would most likely be treated by this drug class?? {'A': 'Brain tumors', 'B': 'HER2 negative breast cancer', 'C': 'Chronic myeloid leukemia', 'D': 'Testicular cancer', 'E': 'Non-Hodgkin lymphoma'}, | C: Chronic myeloid leukemia |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A pharmaceutical company conducts a randomized clinical trial in an attempt to show that their new anticoagulant drug, Aclotsaban, prevents more thrombotic events following total knee arthroplasty than the current standard of care. However, a significant number of patients are lost to follow-up or fail to complete treatment according to the study arm to which they were assigned. Despite this, the results for the patients who completed the course of Aclotsaban are encouraging. Which of the following techniques is most appropriate to use in order to attempt to prove the superiority of Aclotsaban?? {'A': 'Per-protocol analysis', 'B': 'Intention-to-treat analysis', 'C': 'As-treated analysis', 'D': 'Sub-group analysis', 'E': 'Non-inferiority analysis'}, | B: Intention-to-treat analysis |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 56-year-old woman with a history of alcoholic cirrhosis and recurrent esophageal varices who recently underwent transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) placement is brought to the emergency room by her daughter due to confusion and agitation. Starting this morning, the patient has appeared sleepy, difficult to arouse, and slow to respond to questions. Her temperature is 97.6°F (36.4°C), blood pressure is 122/81 mmHg, pulse is 130/min, respirations are 22/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. She repeatedly falls asleep and is combative during the exam. Laboratory values are notable for a potassium of 3.0 mEq/L. The patient is given normal saline with potassium. Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment for this patient?? {'A': 'Ciprofloxacin', 'B': 'Lactulose', 'C': 'Nadolol', 'D': 'Protein-restricted diet', 'E': 'Rifampin'}, | B: Lactulose |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 28-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 1-week history of weakness in the fingers of his right hand. One week ago, he experienced sudden pain in his right forearm during weight training. He has no history of serious illness. Physical examination shows impaired flexion of the proximal interphalangeal joints, while flexion of the distal interphalangeal joints is intact. Which of the following muscles is most likely injured?? {'A': 'Palmaris longus', 'B': 'Flexor carpi radialis', 'C': 'Flexor carpi ulnaris', 'D': 'Flexor digitorum superficialis', 'E': 'Flexor digitorum profundus'}, | D: Flexor digitorum superficialis |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 45-year-old homeless man is brought to the emergency department by the police. He was found intoxicated and passed out in a library. The patient has a past medical history of IV drug abuse, diabetes, alcohol abuse, and malnutrition. The patient has been hospitalized previously for multiple episodes of pancreatitis and sepsis. Currently, the patient is minimally responsive and only withdraws his extremities in response to painful stimuli. His temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 90/48 mmHg, pulse is 150/min, respirations are 17/min, and oxygen saturation is 95% on room air. Physical exam is notable for tachycardia, a diastolic murmur at the left lower sternal border, and bilateral crackles on pulmonary exam. The patient is started on IV fluids, vancomycin, and piperacillin-tazobactam. Laboratory values are ordered as seen below. Hemoglobin: 9 g/dL Hematocrit: 30% Leukocyte count: 11,500/mm^3 with normal differential Platelet count: 297,000/mm^3 Serum: Na+: 139 mEq/L Cl-: 100 mEq/L K+: 4.0 mEq/L HCO3-: 28 mEq/L BUN: 33 mg/dL Glucose: 60 mg/dL Creatinine: 1.7 mg/dL Ca2+: 9.7 mg/dL PT: 20 seconds aPTT: 60 seconds AST: 1,010 U/L ALT: 950 U/L The patient is admitted to the medical floor. Five days later, the patient's neurological status has improved. His temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 130/90 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, respirations are 11/min, and oxygen saturation is 99% on room air. Laboratory values are repeated as seen below. Hemoglobin: 10 g/dL Hematocrit: 32% Leukocyte count: 9,500/mm^3 with normal differential Platelet count: 199,000/mm^3 Serum: Na+: 140 mEq/L Cl-: 102 mEq/L K+: 4.3 mEq/L HCO3-: 24 mEq/L BUN: 31 mg/dL Glucose: 100 mg/dL Creatinine: 1.6 mg/dL Ca2+: 9.0 mg/dL PT: 40 seconds aPTT: 90 seconds AST: 150 U/L ALT: 90 U/L Which of the following is the best description of this patient’s current status?? {'A': 'Recovery from acute alcoholic liver disease', 'B': 'Recovery from ischemic liver disease', 'C': 'Recovery from acute renal failure', 'D': 'Acute renal failure', 'E': 'Fulminant liver failure'}, | E: Fulminant liver failure |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 68-year-old man comes to the emergency department because of sudden onset abdominal pain for 6 hours. On a 10-point scale, he rates the pain as a 8 to 9. The abdominal pain is worst in the right upper quadrant. He has atrial fibrillation and hyperlipidemia. His temperature is 38.7° C (101.7°F), pulse is 110/min, and blood pressure is 146/86 mm Hg. The patient appears acutely ill. Physical examination shows a distended abdomen and tenderness to palpation in all quadrants with guarding, but no rebound. Murphy's sign is positive. Right upper quadrant ultrasound shows thickening of the gallbladder wall, sludging in the gallbladder, and pericolic fat stranding. He is admitted for acute cholecystitis and grants permission for cholecystectomy. His wife is his healthcare power of attorney (POA), but she is out of town on a business trip. He is accompanied today by his brother. After induction and anesthesia, the surgeon removes the gallbladder but also finds a portion of the small intestine is necrotic due to a large thromboembolism occluding a branch of the superior mesenteric artery. The treatment is additional surgery with small bowel resection and thromboendarterectomy. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?? {'A': "Decrease the patient's sedation until he is able to give consent", 'B': 'Proceed with additional surgery without obtaining consent', 'C': "Ask the patient's brother in the waiting room to consent", 'D': "Contact the patient's healthcare POA to consent", 'E': 'Close the patient and obtain re-consent for a second operation'}, | B: Proceed with additional surgery without obtaining consent |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 35-year-old woman, gravida 2, para 2, comes to the physician with intermenstrual bleeding and heavy menses for the past 4 months. She does not take any medications. Her father died of colon cancer at the age of 42 years. A curettage sample shows dysplastic tall, columnar, cells in the endometrium without intervening stroma. Germline sequencing shows a mutation in the MLH1 gene. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of neoplasia in this patient?? {'A': 'Accumulation of double-stranded DNA breaks', 'B': 'Defective checkpoint control transitions', 'C': 'Inability to excise bulky DNA adducts', 'D': 'Instability of short tandem DNA repeats', 'E': 'Impaired repair of deaminated DNA bases'}, | D: Instability of short tandem DNA repeats |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 45-year-old woman presents with heavy menstrual bleeding between her periods. The patient also complains of experiencing an irregular menstrual cycle, weight loss, bloating, and constipation. She has had 3 uncomplicated pregnancies, all of which ended with normal vaginal deliveries at term. She has never taken oral contraception, and she does not take any medication at the time of presentation. She has no family history of any gynecological malignancy; however, her grandfather and mother had colon cancer that was diagnosed before they turned 50. On physical examination, the patient appears pale. Gynecological examination reveals a bloody cervical discharge and slight uterine enlargement. Endometrial biopsy reveals endometrial adenocarcinoma. Colonoscopy reveals several polyps located in the ascending colon, which are shown to be adenocarcinomas on histological evaluation. Which of the following mechanisms of DNA repair is likely to be disrupted in this patient?? {'A': 'Nucleotide-excision repair', 'B': 'Base-excision repair', 'C': 'Mismatch repair', 'D': 'Homologous recombination', 'E': 'Non-homologous end joining'}, | C: Mismatch repair |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 29-year-old woman comes to the clinic for complaints of fatigue and palpitations for the past 3 days. She reports that even standing up and walking around takes “a lot of energy.” She was forced to call in sick today to her work as a kindergarten teacher. She denies any previous episodes but does endorse symmetric joint pain of her hands, wrists, knees, and ankles that was worse in the morning over the past week that self-resolved. She also reports a runny nose and congestion. Past medical history is unremarkable. Physical examination demonstrates splenomegaly, pallor, and generalized weakness; there is no lymphadenopathy. What is the most likely explanation for this patient’s symptoms?? {'A': 'Anemia of chronic disease', 'B': 'Infection with Ebstein-Barr virus', 'C': 'Mutation of ankyrin', 'D': 'Rheumatoid arthritis', 'E': 'Substitution of glutamic acid with valine at the beta chain'}, | C: Mutation of ankyrin |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A research lab is investigating the rate of replication of a variety of human cells in order to better understand cancer metastasis. The cell shown in the image is of particular interest and is marked with a high concern for malignant potential. Which of the following is most closely associated with an increased potential for malignancy?? {'A': 'Euchromatin', 'B': 'Nucleosomes', 'C': 'Heterochromatin', 'D': 'H1 protein', 'E': 'Methylated DNA'}, | A: Euchromatin |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 6-year-old boy is brought in for evaluation by his adopted mother due to trouble starting 1st grade. His teacher has reported that he has been having trouble focussing on tasks and has been acting out while in class. His family history is unknown as he was adopted 2 years ago. His temperature is 36.2°C (97.2°F), pulse is 80/min, respirations are 20/min, and blood pressure 110/70 mm Hg. Visual inspection of the boy’s face shows a low set nasal bridge, a smooth philtrum, and small lower jaw. Which of the following findings would also likely be found on physical exam?? {'A': 'Holosystolic murmur', 'B': 'Wide notched teeth', 'C': 'Limb hypoplasia', 'D': 'Cataracts', 'E': 'Congenital deafness'}, | A: Holosystolic murmur |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 36-year-old woman with a past medical history of diabetes comes to the emergency department for abdominal pain. She reports that a long time ago her gynecologist told her that she had “some cysts in her ovaries but not to worry about it.” The pain started last night and has progressively gotten worse. Nothing seems to make it better or worse. She denies headache, dizziness, chest pain, dyspnea, diarrhea, or constipation; she endorses nausea, dysuria for the past 3 days, and chills. Her temperature is 100.7°F (38.2°C), blood pressure is 132/94 mmHg, pulse is 104/min, and respirations are 14/min. Physical examination is significant for right lower quadrant and flank pain with voluntary guarding. What is the most likely pathophysiology of this patient’s condition?? {'A': 'Ascending infection of the urinary tract', 'B': 'Cessation of venous drainage from the ovaries', 'C': 'Inflammation of the appendix', 'D': 'Irritation of the peritoneal lining', 'E': 'Vesicoureteral reflex'}, | A: Ascending infection of the urinary tract |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 71-year-old African American man diagnosed with high blood pressure presents to the outpatient clinic. In the clinic, his blood pressure is 161/88 mm Hg with a pulse of 88/min. He has had similar blood pressure measurements in the past, and you initiate captopril. He presents back shortly after initiation with extremely swollen lips, tongue, and face. After captopril is discontinued, what is the most appropriate step for the management of his high blood pressure?? {'A': 'Reinitiate captopril', 'B': 'Switch to ramipril', 'C': 'Initiate an ARB ', 'D': 'Initiate a beta-blocker', 'E': 'Initiate a thiazide diuretic'}, | E: Initiate a thiazide diuretic |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 61-year-old white man presents to the emergency department because of progressive fatigue and shortness of breath on exertion and while lying down. He has had type 2 diabetes mellitus for 25 years and hypertension for 15 years. He is taking metformin and captopril for his diabetes and hypertension. He has smoked 10 cigarettes per day for the past 12 years and drinks alcohol occasionally. His temperature is 36.7°C (98.0°F) and blood pressure is 130/60 mm Hg. On physical examination, his arterial pulse shows a rapid rise and a quick collapse. An early diastolic murmur is audible over the left upper sternal border. Echocardiography shows severe chronic aortic regurgitation with a left ventricular ejection fraction of 55%–60% and mild left ventricular hypertrophy. Which of the following is an indication for aortic valve replacement in this patient?? {'A': 'Old age', 'B': 'Long history of systemic hypertension', 'C': 'Presence of symptoms of left ventricular dysfunction', 'D': 'Long history of diabetes mellitus', 'E': 'Ejection fraction > 55%'}, | C: Presence of symptoms of left ventricular dysfunction |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 50-year-old woman presents with a severe headache and vomiting. She says that symptoms onset after attending a wine tasting at the local brewery. She says that her headache is mostly at the back of her head and that she has been nauseous and vomited twice. Past medical history is significant for depression diagnosed 20 years ago but now well-controlled with medication. She also has significant vitamin D deficiency. Current medications are phenelzine and a vitamin D supplement. The patient denies any smoking history, alcohol or recreational drug use. On physical examination, the patient is diaphoretic. Her pupils are dilated. Which of the following is most likely to be elevated in this patient?? {'A': 'Serum creatinine', 'B': 'Temperature', 'C': 'Creatine phosphokinase', 'D': 'Blood pressure', 'E': 'Aspartate aminotransferase'}, | D: Blood pressure |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 45-year-old man undergoes a parathyroidectomy given recurrent episodes of dehydration and kidney stones caused by hypercalcemia secondary to an elevated PTH level. He is recovering on the surgical floor on day 3. His temperature is 97.6°F (36.4°C), blood pressure is 122/81 mmHg, pulse is 84/min, respirations are 12/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. The patient is complaining of perioral numbness currently. What is the most appropriate management of this patient?? {'A': 'Calcium gluconate', 'B': 'Observation', 'C': 'Potassium', 'D': 'TSH level', 'E': 'Vitamin D'}, | A: Calcium gluconate |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 51-year-old woman comes to the physician because of daytime sleepiness and dry mouth for one month. She says her sleepiness is due to getting up to urinate several times each night. She noticed increased thirst about a month ago and now drinks up to 20 cups of water daily. She does not feel a sudden urge prior to urinating and has not had dysuria. She has a history of multiple urinary tract infections and head trauma following a suicide attempt 3 months ago. She has bipolar I disorder and hypertension. She has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 25 years. Examination shows poor skin turgor. Mucous membranes are dry. Expiratory wheezes are heard over both lung fields. There is no suprapubic tenderness. She describes her mood as “good” and her affect is appropriate. Neurologic examination shows tremor in both hands. Laboratory studies show a serum sodium of 151 mEq/L and an elevated antidiuretic hormone. Urine osmolality is 124 mOsm/kg H2O. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for this patient's symptoms?? {'A': 'Hypothalamic injury', 'B': 'Neuroleptic malignant syndrome', 'C': 'Paraneoplastic syndrome', 'D': 'Primary hyperaldosteronism', 'E': 'Mood stabilizer intake'}, | E: Mood stabilizer intake |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 61-year-old man with hypertension and hyperlipidemia comes to the physician for a 4-month history of recurrent episodes of retrosternal chest pain, shortness of breath, dizziness, and nausea. The episodes usually start after physical activity and subside within minutes of resting. He has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 40 years. He is 176 cm (5 ft 9 in) tall and weighs 95 kg (209 lb); BMI is 30 kg/m2. His blood pressure is 160/100 mm Hg. Coronary angiography shows an atherosclerotic lesion with stenosis of the left anterior descending artery. Compared to normal healthy coronary arteries, increased levels of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) are found in this lesion. Which of the following is the most likely effect of this factor?? {'A': 'Increased expression of vascular cell-adhesion molecules', 'B': 'Calcification of the atherosclerotic plaque core', 'C': 'Intimal migration of smooth muscles cells', 'D': 'Ingestion of cholesterol by mature monocytes', 'E': 'Invasion of T-cells through the disrupted endothelium'}, | C: Intimal migration of smooth muscles cells |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 62-year-old man presents with dry and brittle toenails for the past couple of years. Past medical history is significant for diabetes mellitus type 2, diagnosed 30 years ago, managed with metformin and sitagliptin daily. He is an office clerk and will be retiring next year. On physical examination, his toenails are shown in the image. Which of the following is an adverse effect of the recommended treatment for this patient’s most likely condition?? {'A': 'Chronic renal failure', 'B': 'Hypothyroidism', 'C': 'Chronic depression', 'D': 'Pancytopenia', 'E': 'Hepatitis'}, | E: Hepatitis |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 7-year-old boy is brought to the physician by his mother because of a limp for the last 3 weeks. He has also had right hip pain during this period. The pain is aggravated when he runs. He had a runny nose and fever around a month ago that resolved with over-the-counter medications. He has no history of serious illness. His development is adequate for his age. His immunizations are up-to-date. He appears healthy. He is at the 60th percentile for height and at 65th percentile for weight. Vital signs are within normal limits. Examination shows an antalgic gait. The right groin is tender to palpation. Internal rotation and abduction of the right hip is limited by pain. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormailities. His hemoglobin concentration is 11.6 g/dL, leukocyte count is 8,900/mm3, and platelet count is 130,000/mm3. An x-ray of the pelvis is shown. Which of the following is the most likely underlying mechanism?? {'A': 'Unstable proximal femoral growth plate', 'B': 'Bacterial infection of the joint', 'C': 'Viral infection', 'D': 'Immune-mediated synovial inflammation', 'E': 'Avascular necrosis of the femoral head'}, | E: Avascular necrosis of the femoral head |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 30-year-old woman, gravida 2, para 1, comes for a prenatal visit at 33 weeks' gestation. She delivered her first child spontaneously at 38 weeks' gestation; pregnancy was complicated by oligohydramnios. She has no other history of serious illness. Her blood pressure is 100/70 mm Hg. On pelvic examination, uterine size is found to be smaller than expected for dates. The fetus is in a longitudinal lie, with vertex presentation. The fetal heart rate is 144/min. Ultrasonography shows an estimated fetal weight below the 10th percentile, and decreased amniotic fluid volume. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in this patient?? {'A': 'Reassurance only', 'B': 'Serial nonstress tests', 'C': 'Weekly fetal weight estimation', 'D': 'Amnioinfusion', 'E': 'Emergent cesarean delivery'}, | B: Serial nonstress tests |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 24-year-old newly immigrated mother arrives to the clinic to discuss breastfeeding options for her newborn child. Her medical history is unclear as she has recently arrived from Sub-Saharan Africa. You tell her that unfortunately she will not be able to breastfeed until further testing is performed. Which of the following infections is an absolute contraindication to breastfeeding?? {'A': 'Hepatitis B', 'B': 'Hepatitis C', 'C': 'Latent tuberculosis', 'D': 'Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)', 'E': 'All of the above'}, | D: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 32-year-old man presents with a 1-week history of progressive diplopia followed by numbness and tingling in his hands and feet, some weakness in his extremities, and occasional difficulty swallowing. He was recently diagnosed with Hodgkin's lymphoma and started on a chemotherapeutic regimen that included bleomycin, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone. He denies fever, recent viral illness, or vaccination. On neurological examination, he has bilateral ptosis. His bilateral pupils are 5 mm in diameter and poorly responsive to light and accommodation. He has a bilateral facial weakness and his gag reflex is reduced. Motor examination using the Medical Research Council scale reveals a muscle strength of 4/5 in the proximal muscles of upper extremities bilaterally and 2/5 in distal muscles. In his lower extremities, hip muscles are mildly weak bilaterally, and he has bilateral foot drop. Deep tendon reflexes are absent. Sensory examination reveals a stocking-pattern loss to all sensory modalities in the lower extremities up to the middle of his shins. A brain MRI is normal. Lumbar puncture is unremarkable. His condition can be explained by a common adverse effect of which of the following drugs?? {'A': 'Bleomycin', 'B': 'Cyclophosphamide', 'C': 'Doxorubicin', 'D': 'Prednisone', 'E': 'Vincristine'}, | E: Vincristine |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 72-year-old Caucasian woman presents with three months of progressive central vision loss accompanied by wavy distortions in her vision. She has hypertension controlled with metoprolol but has no other past medical history. Based on this clinical history she is treated with intravitreal injections of a medication. What is the mechanism of action of the treatment most likely used in this case?? {'A': 'Decrease ciliary body production of aqueous humor', 'B': 'Crosslink corneal collagen', 'C': 'Inhibit choroidal neovascularization', 'D': 'Pneumatic retinopexy', 'E': 'Increase outflow of aqueous humor'}, | C: Inhibit choroidal neovascularization |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 19-year-old South Asian male presents to the family physician concerned that he is beginning to go bald. He is especially troubled because his father and grandfather "went completely bald by the age of 25," and he is willing to try anything to prevent his hair loss. The family physician prescribes a medication that prevents the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. Which of the following enzymes is inhibited by this medication?? {'A': 'Desmolase', 'B': 'Aromatase', 'C': '5-alpha-reductase', 'D': 'cGMP phosophodiesterase', 'E': 'Cyclooxygenase 2'}, | C: 5-alpha-reductase |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 24-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician’s office complaining of right foot pain for the last week. She first noticed this pain when she awoke from bed one morning and describes it as deep at the bottom of her heel. The pain improved as she walked around her apartment but worsened as she attended ballet practice. The patient is a professional ballerina and frequently rehearses for up to 10 hours a day, and she is worried that this heel pain will prevent her from appearing in a new ballet next week. She has no past medical history and has a family history of sarcoidosis in her mother and type II diabetes in her father. She drinks two glasses of wine a week and smokes several cigarettes a day but denies illicit drug use. At this visit, the patient’s temperature is 98.6°F (37.0°C), blood pressure is 117/68 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, and respirations are 13/min. Examination of the right foot shows no overlying skin changes or swelling, but when the foot is dorsiflexed, there is marked tenderness to palpation of the bottom of the heel. The remainder of her exam is unremarkable. Which of the following is the best next step in management?? {'A': 'Orthotic shoe inserts', 'B': 'Glucocorticoid injection', 'C': 'Plain radiograph of the foot', 'D': 'Resting of the foot', 'E': 'Ultrasound of the foot'}, | D: Resting of the foot |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 35-year-old man presents with acute onset of chest pain, trouble breathing, and abdominal pain. He says he had recently been training for a triathlon competition when, over the past week, he noticed that he was getting more tired than usual. He figured that it was due to his age since most of the people training with him were in their 20s. However, after completing a particularly difficult workout over this last weekend he noticed left-sided chest pain that did not radiate, and abdominal pain, worse on the right side. The pain persisted after he stopped exercising. This morning he noticed red urine. The patient reports similar past episodes of red urine after intense exercise or excessive alcohol intake for the past 5 years, but says it has never been accompanied by pain. Past medical history is significant for a urinary tract infection last week, treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Physical examination is significant for a systolic flow murmur loudest at the right upper sternal border and right upper quadrant tenderness without guarding or rebound. Laboratory findings are significant for the following: Hemoglobin 8.5 g/dL Platelets 133,000/µL Total bilirubin 6.8 mg/dL LDH 740 U/L Haptoglobin 25 mg/dL An abdominal MRI with contrast is performed which reveals hepatic vein thrombosis. Which of the following laboratory tests would most likely to confirm the diagnosis in this patient?? {'A': 'Peripheral blood smear', 'B': 'Flow cytometry', 'C': 'Hemoglobin electrophoresis', 'D': 'Genetic testing', 'E': 'Sucrose hemolysis test'}, | B: Flow cytometry |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 32-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 3-week history of recurrent thumb pain that worsens with exposure to cold temperatures. Examination shows a 6-mm, blue-red papule under the left thumbnail. The overlying area is extremely tender to palpation. The thumbnail is slightly pitted and cracked. This lesion most likely developed from which of the following types of cells?? {'A': 'Dysplastic melanocytes', 'B': 'Modified smooth muscle cells', 'C': 'Hyperpigmented fibroblasts', 'D': 'Injured nerve cells', 'E': 'Basal epidermal cells'}, | B: Modified smooth muscle cells |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 25-year-old man presents to his primary care physician with a chief complaint of "failing health." He states that he typically can converse with animals via telepathy, but is having trouble right now due to the weather. He has begun taking an assortment of Peruvian herbs to little avail. Otherwise he is not currently taking any medications. The patient lives alone and works in a health food store. He states that his symptoms have persisted for the past eight months. On physical exam, you note a healthy young man who is dressed in an all burlap ensemble. When you are obtaining the patient's medical history there are several times he is attempting to telepathically connect with the animals in the vicinity. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Schizoid personality disorder', 'B': 'Schizotypal personality disorder', 'C': 'Schizophrenia', 'D': 'Schizophreniform disorder', 'E': 'Brief psychotic disorder'}, | B: Schizotypal personality disorder |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:An 18-month-old boy is brought in to the pediatrician by his mother for concerns that her child is becoming more and more yellow over the past two days. She additionally states that the boy has been getting over a stomach flu and has not been able to keep down any food. The boy does not have a history of neonatal jaundice. On exam, the patient appears slightly sluggish and jaundiced with icteric sclera. His temperature is 99.0°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 88/56 mmHg, pulse is 110/min, and respirations are 22/min. His labs demonstrate an unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia of 16 mg/dL. It is determined that the best course of treatment for this patient is phenobarbital to increase liver enzyme synthesis. Which of the following best describes the molecular defect in this patient?? {'A': 'Deletion in the SLCO1B1 gene', 'B': 'Silent mutation in the UGT1A1 gene', 'C': 'Mutation in the promoter region of the UGT1A1 gene', 'D': 'Missense mutation in the UGT1A1 gene', 'E': 'Nonsense mutation in the UGT1A1 gene'}, | D: Missense mutation in the UGT1A1 gene |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 41-year-old G3P3 woman presents with acute on chronic right upper quadrant abdominal pain. She says that her current symptoms acutely onset 8 hours ago after eating a large meal and have not improved. She describes the pain as severe, sharp and cramping in character, and localized to the right upper quadrant. She also describes feeling nauseous. The patient says she has had similar less severe episodes intermittently for the past 2 years, usually precipitated by the intake of fatty foods. She denies any history of fever or jaundice. Vital signs are stable. Physical examination is unremarkable, and laboratory findings show normal liver function tests and normal serum bilirubin and serum amylase levels. Ultrasonography of the abdomen reveals multiple stones in the gallbladder. The patient is managed symptomatically for this episode, and after a few months, undergoes elective cholecystectomy, which reveals multiple stones in her gallbladder as shown in the figure (see image). Which of the following best describes these gallstones?? {'A': 'They are formed due to elevated uric acid in the blood.', 'B': 'They are formed due to the release of beta-glucuronidase from infecting bacteria.', 'C': 'These are usually radiopaque on X-ray imaging.', 'D': 'They are formed due to bile supersaturated with cholesterol.', 'E': 'These are seen in patients with chronic hemolysis.'}, | D: They are formed due to bile supersaturated with cholesterol. |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 40-year-old male is brought into the emergency department as the unrestrained passenger in a motor vehicle collision. On presentation he is obtunded with multiple ecchymoses on his chest and abdomen. There is marked distortion of his left lower extremity. His blood pressure is 90/64 mmHg, pulse is 130/min, and respirations are 24/min. Physical exam is limited by the patient’s mental state. The patient appears to be in pain while breathing and has tenderness to palpation of the abdomen. Neck veins are distended. Auscultation of the lungs reveals absent breath sounds on the left and hyperresonance to percussion. An emergent procedure is done and the patient improves. Had a chest radiograph of the patient been obtained on presentation to the ED, which of the following findings would most likely have been seen?? {'A': 'Consolidation of the left lower lobe', 'B': 'Bilateral fluffy infiltrates at the lung bases', 'C': 'Collection of fluid in the left lung base', 'D': 'Tracheal deviation to the left', 'E': 'Tracheal deviation to the right'}, | E: Tracheal deviation to the right |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 55-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with chest pain, shortness of breath, and weakness. She has no known past medical history and generally refuses to see a physician for health issues. Review of systems is notable for chronic, severe gastroesophageal reflux disease and chronic diarrhea. Her temperature is 98.3°F (36.8°C), blood pressure is 177/105 mmHg, pulse is 88/min, respirations are 14/min, and oxygen saturation is 97% on room air. Laboratory values are ordered as seen below. Hemoglobin: 10 g/dL Hematocrit: 30% Leukocyte count: 4,500/mm^3 with normal differential Platelet count: 192,400/mm^3 Serum: Na+: 139 mEq/L Cl-: 101 mEq/L K+: 6.3 mEq/L BUN: 65 mg/dL Glucose: 99 mg/dL Creatinine: 3.1 mg/dL Notably, the patient requires nursing to help her with most tasks such as putting on her gown and manipulating a cup of water given poor mobility of her hands. She also has recurrent episodes of severe hand pain, which self resolve. The patient is given calcium, insulin, and dextrose and started on dialysis. Which of the following is the most appropriate medical therapy for this patient?? {'A': 'Captopril', 'B': 'Furosemide', 'C': 'Hydrochlorothiazide', 'D': 'Labetalol', 'E': 'Nifedipine'}, | A: Captopril |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 42-year-old woman presents to the emergency department in active labor. She has had no prenatal care and is unsure of the gestational age. Labor progresses rapidly and spontaneous vaginal delivery of a baby boy occurs 3 hours after presentation. On initial exam, the child is 1.9 kg (4.2 lb) with a small head and jaw. A sac-like structure containing intestine, as can be seen in the picture, protrudes from the abdominal wall. What complication is closely associated with this presentation?? {'A': 'Duodenal atresia', 'B': 'Lack of abdominal wall muscles', 'C': 'Dehydration and necrosis of bowel', 'D': 'Cardiac defect', 'E': 'Twisting of the bowel around itself'}, | D: Cardiac defect |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 27-year-old man presents to the emergency department with weakness and a fever for the past week. The patient is homeless and has a past medical history of alcohol and IV drug abuse. His temperature is 102°F (38.9°C), blood pressure is 107/68 mmHg, pulse is 120/min, respirations are 17/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for a tremulous patient with antecubital scars and a murmur over the left lower sternal border. Blood cultures are drawn and the patient is started on vancomycin and ceftriaxone and is admitted to the ICU. The patient's fever and symptoms do not improve despite antibiotic therapy for which the initial identified organism is susceptible. Cultures currently reveal MRSA as one of the infective organisms. Which of the following is the best next step in management?? {'A': 'CT scan of the chest', 'B': 'Nafcillin and piperacillin-tazobactam', 'C': 'Obtain new blood cultures', 'D': 'Transesophageal echocardiography', 'E': 'Vancomycin and gentamicin'}, | D: Transesophageal echocardiography |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 52-year-old man presents to the his primary care physician complaining of an ongoing cough. He reports that the cough started 1 year ago after a “bad cold” and then never resolved. He feels the cough is getting worse, sometimes the cough is dry, but often the cough will bring up a clear to white mucus, especially in the morning. The patient has hypertension and peripheral artery disease. He takes aspirin and lisinopril. He started smoking at age 16, and now smokes 2 packs of cigarettes a day. He has 1-2 beers a couple nights of the week with dinner. He denies illicit drug use. Which of the following cell types within the lung is most likely to undergo metaplasia caused by smoking?? {'A': 'Pseudostratified columnar', 'B': 'Simple cuboidal', 'C': 'Simple squamous', 'D': 'Stratified squamous', 'E': 'Transitional'}, | A: Pseudostratified columnar |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 64-year-old woman presents to the emergency room with complaints of severe, whole-body itching. She states that she first noticed her symptoms while in the bathtub at home. She has never had symptoms like this before. However, over the previous several months she has had episodes of severe joint swelling and pain in her hands as well as redness, burning pain, and swelling of her hands and feet. Her past medical history is significant for type II diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and osteoporosis for which she takes metformin, enalapril, and alendronate, respectively. In addition, she was found to have a deep vein thrombosis of her left leg three months prior to presentation. The patient’s temperature is 98.6°F (37.0°C), pulse is 80/min, blood pressure is 135/85 mmHg, and respirations are 13/min. Physical exam is notable for a woman in discomfort with excoriations over the skin on her forearms. The patient’s laboratory tests are shown below. Serum: Na+: 135 mEq/L Cl-: 100 mEq/L K+: 5.0 mEq/L HCO3-: 22 mEq/L BUN: 19 mg/dL Glucose: 130 mg/dL Creatinine: 1.0 mg/dL Hematocrit: 64% Leukocyte count: 19,000 cells/mm^3 with normal differential Platelet count: 900,000/mm^3 What is the best next step in treatment of this patient's underlying condition?? {'A': 'Diphenhydramine', 'B': 'Hydroxyurea', 'C': 'Cyclophosphamide', 'D': 'Febuxostat', 'E': 'Prednisone'}, | B: Hydroxyurea |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 43-year-old woman, gravida 2, para 2, comes to the physician because of a 6-month history of heavy, irregular menstrual bleeding. Pelvic examination shows blood and clots in the posterior fornix and normal-appearing internal and external genitalia. An endometrial biopsy specimen shows straight uniform tubular glands lined with tall pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells with high mitotic activity embedded in an edematous stroma. Increased activity of which of the following is directly responsible for the histologic appearance of the biopsy specimen?? {'A': 'Luteinizing hormone', 'B': 'Corpus luteum', 'C': '5-alpha-reductase', 'D': 'Theca externa cells', 'E': 'Aromatase'}, | E: Aromatase |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 2-year-old girl presents with high fever, restlessness, and a generalized papulovesicular rash. Past medical history is significant for varicella pneumonia and disseminated cytomegalovirus infection during the 1st year of her life. She was delivered vaginally to a primigravid 22-year-old woman from an uncomplicated pregnancy and was breastfed up to 9 months of age. She is up to date with her vaccines and is meeting all developmental milestones. The vital signs include blood pressure 70/45 mm Hg, heart rate 110/min, respiratory rate 27/min, and temperature 38.0°C (100.4°F). Physical examination demonstrates a generalized papulovesicular rash without a tendency to fuse. The rest of the physical examination is unremarkable for any pathological findings. Disseminated herpes virus infection is suspected. The child is also assessed for primary immunodeficiency. Flow cytometry reveals the absence of CD56 positive cells. Which of the following is true regarding these cells in this patient?? {'A': 'They are the part of adaptive immunity', 'B': 'They have cell surface receptors for detecting MHC 1 on other cells', 'C': 'They need MHC class 1 to be expressed on the cell to eliminate it', 'D': 'They differentiate from the myeloid progenitor', 'E': 'These cells also express the T cell receptor'}, | B: They have cell surface receptors for detecting MHC 1 on other cells |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 12-year-old male child presents to the emergency department with a fever, dry cough, and shortness of breath. The condition began approximately 5 days ago with a rise in body temperature up to 38.7°C (101.7℉), headache, myalgias, and runny nose. Three days after the onset, the patient started to develop a non-productive cough and later, dyspnea. His vital signs are as follows: blood pressure is 100/70 mm Hg, heart rate is 91/min, respiratory rate is 29/min, and temperature is 38.1℃ (100.6℉). On examination, his oxygen saturation is 88%. The patient has a mild pharyngeal erythema and cervical lymphadenopathy. Lung auscultation shows no remarkable findings. Chest radiograph shows patchy reticular opacities best visualized in the perihilar region. A sputum culture is positive for Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Which of the following is consistent with the patient’s condition?? {'A': 'Normal A-a gradient, increased diffusion distance', 'B': 'Decreased A-a gradient, increased diffusion distance', 'C': 'Decreased A-a gradient, decreased diffusion distance', 'D': 'Increased A-a gradient, increased diffusion distance', 'E': 'Increased A-a gradient, decreased diffusion distance'}, | D: Increased A-a gradient, increased diffusion distance |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 49-year-old man comes to the physician for evaluation of several painless, pruritic lesions on his left forearm that he first noticed 4 days ago. They were initially pink marks that progressed into blisters before ulcerating. He has also had a headache for 1 week. His temperature is 38.1°C (100.6°F). A photograph of one of the lesions is shown. There is pronounced edema of the surrounding skin and painless swelling of the left axillary lymph nodes. Which of the following is the greatest risk factor for this patient's condition?? {'A': 'Pool swimming', 'B': 'Cat scratch', 'C': 'Wool handling', 'D': 'Sexual contact', 'E': 'Spider bite'}, | C: Wool handling |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 76-year-old woman comes in for a routine checkup with her doctor. She is concerned that she feels tired most days and has difficulty doing her household chores. She complains that she gets fatigued and breathless with mild exertion. Past medical history is significant for diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease from prolonged elevated blood sugar, and primary biliary cirrhosis. Medications include lisinopril, insulin, and metformin. Family medicine is noncontributory. She drinks one beer every day. Today, she has a heart rate of 98/min, respiratory rate of 17/min, blood pressure of 110/65 mm Hg, and a temperature of 37.0°C (98.6°F). General examination shows that she is pale and haggard looking. She has a heartbeat with a regular rate and rhythm and her lungs are clear to auscultation bilaterally. A complete blood count (CBC) is as follows: Leukocyte count: 12,000/mm3 Red blood cell count: 3.1 million/mm3 Hemoglobin: 11.0 g/dL MCV: 85 um3 MCH: 27 pg/cell Platelet count: 450,000/mm3 Fecal occult blood test is negative. What is the most likely cause of her anemia?? {'A': 'Chronic kidney disease', 'B': 'Acute bleeding', 'C': 'Alcoholism', 'D': 'Liver disease', 'E': 'Colorectal cancer'}, | A: Chronic kidney disease |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 23-year-old Caucasian G2P1 presents for a routine prenatal care visit at 25 weeks gestation. She has no complaints and the pregnancy has been uncomplicated thus far. The previous pregnancy was complicated by pre-eclampsia and she delivered a small-for-gestational-age girl at 36 weeks gestation. The pre-pregnancy weight was 73 kg (161 lb), and she now weighs 78 kg (172 lb). Her height is 155 cm. The blood pressure is 120/80 mm Hg, the heart rate is 91/min, the respiratory rate is 14/min, and the temperature is 36.7℃ (98℉). Her physical examination is normal and the gynecologic examination corresponds to 25 weeks gestation. An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) with a 75-g glucose load was abnormal with a 1-h glucose level of 189 mg/dL. Which of the following is a risk factor for the patient’s condition?? {'A': 'Patient age', 'B': 'Patient ethnicity', 'C': 're-pregnancy BMI', 'D': 'History of pre-eclampsia', 'E': 'History of birth of a small-for-gestational-age baby'}, | C: re-pregnancy BMI |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 78-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 2-month history of right-sided headache and generalized fatigue. She also has pain, weakness, and stiffness of her shoulders and hips. The stiffness is worse in the morning and usually improves after 60–90 minutes of activity. Three months ago, she fell and hit her head on the kitchen countertop. Her temperature is 38.1°C (100.6°F). Examination shows normal muscle strength in bilateral upper and lower extremities; range of motion of the shoulder and hip is mildly limited by pain. Deep tendon reflexes are 2+ bilaterally. Her erythrocyte sedimentation rate is 68 mm/h and serum creatine kinase is 36 mg/dL. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient's headache?? {'A': 'Tension headache', 'B': 'Large-vessel vasculitis', 'C': 'Polyarteritis nodosa', 'D': 'Hyperthyroidism', 'E': 'Cluster headache'}, | B: Large-vessel vasculitis |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:Three days after delivery, a 4000-g (8.8-lb) male newborn has several episodes of right-sided arm and leg twitching and lip smacking. These shaking episodes have occurred about six times over the last hour and have lasted for about 40 seconds. He has also had rapid breathing and poor feeding. He has not had fever or trauma. He was born at 37 weeks' gestation. Pregnancy and delivery were uncomplicated. There is no family history of serious illness. His temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 230/min, and respirations are 70/min. He appears irritable and jittery. There are intermittent spasms present. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. Laboratory studies show a serum calcium concentration of 6 mg/dL and a serum parathyroid hormone concentration of 150 pg/mL. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient's condition?? {'A': 'Maternal familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia', 'B': 'Neonatal ingestion of formula with high phosphate load', 'C': 'Neonatal hypoglycemia', 'D': 'Increased neonatal thyroid hormone secretion', 'E': 'Maternal opioid abuse during pregnancy'}, | A: Maternal familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 25-year-old man presents with a nodule on his right foot. He says that he first noticed the nodule last week. It has not undergone any change in size and color. He denies any history of trauma or fever. Past medical history is significant for HIV, diagnosed 6 years ago. He is currently not on antiretroviral therapy. His last CD4+ T cell count was 0.19 x 109/L. He is afebrile, and his vital signs are within normal limits. On physical examination, there is a 3 cm x 4 cm nodule on the right foot, tan brown in color, non-tender, and covered with a fine scale. A biopsy of the nodule is performed and histopathological analysis reveals the proliferation of blood vessels with overgrown endothelial cells. Histological staining of the biopsy tissue reveals gram-negative bacilli. Which of the following is the best course of treatment for this patient?? {'A': 'Cefazolin', 'B': 'Penicillin', 'C': 'Vancomycin', 'D': 'Erythromycin', 'E': 'Interferon-α'}, | D: Erythromycin |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 17-year-old boy is brought to the physician by his father because of a 7-month history of fatigue, recurrent leg cramps, and increased urinary frequency. His pulse is 94/min and blood pressure is 118/85 mm Hg. Physical examination shows dry mucous membranes. Laboratory studies show: Serum Na+ 130 mEq/L K+ 2.8 mEq/L Cl- 92 mEq/L Mg2+ 1.1 mEq/L Ca2+ 10.6 mg/dL Albumin 5.2 g/dL Urine Ca2+ 70 mg/24 h Cl- 375 mEq/24h (N = 110–250) Arterial blood gas analysis on room air shows a pH of 7.55 and an HCO3- concentration of 45 mEq/L. Impaired function of which of the following structures is the most likely cause of this patient's condition?"? {'A': 'Ascending loop of Henle', 'B': 'Distal convoluted tubule', 'C': 'Descending loop of Henle', 'D': 'Collecting duct', 'E': 'Proximal convoluted tubule'}, | B: Distal convoluted tubule |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 66-year-old male presents to the emergency room with shortness of breath with exertion and at rest for the past 5 days. His shortness of breath is mostly at night, and he is also concerned about bilateral leg swelling. He is a heart failure patient who is being managed with oral medication and has been compliant with his drugs. Physical examination reveals an elderly man in respiratory distress with abdominal distention and bilateral pitting ankle edema. Respiratory rate is 32/min, SpO2 is 93% in room air, and coarse crepitations are heard on both lung bases. Pulse rate is 73/min and barely palpable. His blood pressure is 79/54 mm Hg. On auscultation, a blowing holosystolic murmur is heard at the apex radiating to the left axilla. An echocardiography shows an ejection fraction of 18%. The physician decides to include an inotropic agent in his current medication. What would likely result from this intervention?? {'A': 'A decrease in the systemic vascular resistance', 'B': 'A decrease in the interval between the heart sounds S1 and S2', 'C': 'An increase in the left ventricular end-systolic volume', 'D': 'A decrease in the interval between the heart sounds S2 and S1', 'E': 'A decrease in the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure'}, | B: A decrease in the interval between the heart sounds S1 and S2 |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A geriatric investigator is evaluating the consistency of Alzheimer dementia diagnoses based on clinical symptoms. Patients with known chart diagnoses of Alzheimer dementia were evaluated by multiple physicians during a fixed time interval. Each evaluator was blinded to the others' assessments. The extent to which the diagnosis by one physician was replicated by another clinician examining the same patient is best described by which of the following terms?? {'A': 'Validity', 'B': 'Specificity', 'C': 'Predictive value', 'D': 'Precision', 'E': 'Sensitivity'}, | D: Precision |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 19-year-old woman presents with irregular menstrual cycles for the past 3 years and facial acne. Patient says she had menarche at the age of 11, established a regular cycle at 13, and had regular menses until the age of 16. Patient is sexually active with a single partner, and they use barrier contraception. They currently do not plan to get pregnant. There is no significant past medical history and she takes no current medications. Vitals are temperature 37.0℃ (98.6℉), blood pressure 125/85 mm Hg, pulse 69/min, respiratory rate 14/min, and oxygen saturation 99% on room air. Physical examination is significant for multiple comedones on her face. She also has hair on her upper lip, between her breasts, along with the abdominal midline, and on her forearms. There is hyperpigmentation of the axillary folds and near the nape of the neck. Laboratory tests are significant for the following: Sodium 141 mEq/L Potassium 4.1 mEq/L Chloride 101 mEq/L Bicarbonate 25 mEq/L BUN 12 mg/dL Creatinine 1.0 mg/dL Glucose (fasting) 131 mg/dL Bilirubin, conjugated 0.2 mg/dL Bilirubin, total 1.0 mg/dL AST (SGOT) 11 U/L ALT (SGPT) 12 U/L Alkaline Phosphatase 45 U/L WBC 6,500/mm3 RBC 4.80 x 106/mm3 Hematocrit 40.5% Hemoglobin 14.0 g/dL Platelet Count 215,000/mm3 TSH 4.4 μU/mL FSH 73 mIU/mL LH 210 mIU/mL Testosterone, total 129 ng/dL (ref: 6-86 ng/dL) β-hCG 1 mIU/mL Which of the following is the best course of treatment for this patient?? {'A': 'Finasteride', 'B': 'Oral contraceptives', 'C': 'Clomiphene', 'D': 'Goserelin', 'E': 'Letrozole'}, | B: Oral contraceptives |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 41-year-old man presents to the office with pain in his right big toe. The pain started yesterday and has been progressively getting worse to the point that it is difficult to walk. He describes his right big toe as being swollen and hot to the touch. He has never had symptoms like this before. He drinks 3 beers per night. Medical history is otherwise significant for chronic kidney disease. Physical examination is notable for an overweight gentleman in moderate pain, with an erythematous, swollen and tender right toe. He is afebrile. A joint fluid analysis in this patient is most likely to show what?? {'A': 'Gram negative diplococci', 'B': 'Negatively birefringent crystals', 'C': 'Positively birefringent crystals', 'D': 'Glucose < 40 mg/dL', 'E': 'Normal'}, | B: Negatively birefringent crystals |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 56-year-old man comes to the clinic complaining of intermittent abdominal pain for the past 2 months. He reports that the pain improves with oral intake and is concentrated at the epigastric area. The pain is described as gnawing in quality and improves when he takes his wife’s ranitidine. He denies weight changes, fever, chest pain, or recent travel but endorses “brain fog” and decreased libido. An upper endoscopy reveals ulcerations at the duodenum and jejunum. Physical examination demonstrates bilateral hemianopsia, gynecomastia, and diffuse pain upon palpation at the epigastric area. Laboratory findings are demonstrated below: Serum: Na+: 137 mEq/dL Cl-: 96 mEq/L K+: 3.9 mEq/dL HCO3-: 25 mEq/L Glucose: 110 mg/dL Creatinine: .7 mg/dL Ca2+: 13.5 mg/dL What is the best explanation for this patient’s findings?? {'A': 'Gastrin secreting tumor of the pancreas', 'B': 'Infection with Helicobacter pylori', 'C': 'Mutation of the APC gene', 'D': 'Mutation of the MEN1 gene', 'E': 'Mutation of the RET gene'}, | D: Mutation of the MEN1 gene |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 2980-g (6.6-lb) female newborn is brought to the emergency department by her mother because of worsening lethargy. The newborn was delivered at home 10 hours ago. The mother has had no prenatal care. The newborn's temperature is 39.7°C (103.5°F). Physical examination shows scleral icterus. Her leukocyte count is 36,000/mm3 (85% segmented neutrophils). An organism is isolated from the blood. When grown together on sheep agar, the isolated organism enlarges the area of clear hemolysis formed by Staphylococcus aureus. Which of the following is the most likely causal organism?? {'A': 'Pseudomonas aeruginosa', 'B': 'Listeria monocytogenes', 'C': 'Streptococcus pyogenes', 'D': 'Streptocccus pneumoniae', 'E': 'Streptococcus agalactiae'}, | E: Streptococcus agalactiae |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 75-year-old man is brought to the emergency room after being found unconscious in his home. His medical history is unknown. On physical examination he does not demonstrate any spontaneous movement of his extremities and is unable to respond to voice or painful stimuli. You notice that he is able blink and move his eyes in the vertical plane. Based on these physical exam findings, you expect that magnetic resonance angiogram will most likely reveal an occlusion in which of the following vessels?? {'A': 'Anterior cerebral artery', 'B': 'Anterior spinal artery', 'C': 'Anterior inferior cerebellar artery', 'D': 'Basilar artery', 'E': 'Posterior cerebral artery'}, | D: Basilar artery |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 48-year-old man presents to an urgent care center with epigastric discomfort following meals and an occasional dry cough worse in the morning, both of which have increased in frequency over the past several months. He is otherwise healthy and has no additional complaints. Past medical history is significant for major depressive disorder, anxiety, and hypothyroidism. Physical examination is unremarkable. His vital signs include temperature 36.7°C (98.0°F), blood pressure 126/74 mm Hg, heart rate 74/min, and respiratory rate 14/min. Given the following options, what is the most appropriate next step in patient management?? {'A': 'Electrocardiography (ECG)', 'B': 'Lifestyle modifications', 'C': 'Begin omeprazole therapy', 'D': 'Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) with esophageal biopsy', 'E': 'Fluoroscopic barium swallow'}, | B: Lifestyle modifications |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 26-year-old gravida 3 para 1 is admitted to labor and delivery with uterine contractions. She is at 37 weeks gestation with no primary care provider or prenatal care. She gives birth to a boy after an uncomplicated vaginal delivery with APGAR scores of 7 at 1 minute and 8 at 5 minutes. His weight is 2.2 kg (4.4 lb) and the length is 48 cm (1.6 ft). The infant has weak extremities and poor reflexes. The physical examination reveals microcephaly, palpebral fissures, thin lips, and a smooth philtrum. A systolic murmur is heard on auscultation. Identification of which of the following factors early in the pregnancy could prevent this condition?? {'A': 'Phenytoin usage', 'B': 'Alcohol consumption', 'C': 'Maternal toxoplasmosis', 'D': 'Physical abuse', 'E': 'Maternal hypothyroidism'}, | B: Alcohol consumption |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 4-year-old boy is brought to the physician because of a rash and difficulty swallowing. His family emigrated from Nigeria 2 months ago. Examination shows an erythematous rash with fine yellow scales on his eyebrows and nasolabial folds. Oral examination shows an erythematous throat and swollen tongue. There is peeling and fissures of the skin at the corners of the mouth and cracking of the lips. His hemoglobin concentration is 9.6 g/dL; mean corpuscular volume is 89 μm3. Erythrocyte glutathione reductase assay shows an increased activity coefficient. This patient is most likely deficient in a vitamin that is a precursor to which of the following molecules?? {'A': 'Thiamine pyrophosphate', 'B': 'Flavin adenine dinucleotide', 'C': 'Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide', 'D': 'Methylcobalamin', 'E': 'Pyridoxal phosphate'}, | B: Flavin adenine dinucleotide |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 16-year-old girl presents with primary amenorrhea. On exam, you note that she is short and has a shield chest. You order abdominal imaging, which suggests the presence of streak gonads. Of the choices listed below, which of the following karyotypes is possible in this patient? I: 45, XO II: 45XO/46XX mosaicism III: 46XX with partial deletion? {'A': 'I only', 'B': 'I and II', 'C': 'I and III', 'D': 'I, II, and III', 'E': 'II and III'}, | D: I, II, and III |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 62-year-old man seeks evaluation at an outpatient clinic for a single, red, crusty lesion on the shaft of his penis and a similar lesion on the middle finger of his left hand. He recently immigrated to the US from Africa. The lesions are painless and the physicians in his country treated him for syphilis and eczema, with no improvement. He lives with his 4th wife. He smokes 2 packs of cigarette per day and has been doing so for the last 30 years. He is not aware of any family members with malignancies or hereditary diseases. The physical examination is remarkable for an erythematous plaque, with areas of crusting, oozing, and irregular borders on the dorsal surface of the penile shaft and a similar lesion on his left middle finger (shown in the picture). The regional lymph nodes are not affected. A biopsy is obtained and the pathologic evaluation reveals cells with nuclear hyperchromasia, multinucleation, and increased mitotic figures within the follicle-bearing epithelium. What is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Condyloma acuminata', 'B': 'Bowenoid papulosis', 'C': 'Lichen sclerosus', 'D': "Bowen's disease", 'E': 'Erythroplasia of Queyrat'}, | D: Bowen's disease |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 36-year-old male suffered a gun-shot wound to the abdomen that required an emergent exploratory laparotomy to repair and resect damaged portions of the bowel. Four days later, the patient reports increased generalized abdominal pain. His vital signs are as follows: T 38.5, HR 110, BP 110/60, RR 18, SpO2 96%. Physical exam reveals extreme tenderness to palpation of the abdomen as well as rebound tenderness, worse in the bilateral lower quadrants. The abdomen is mildly distended with guarding and decreased bowel sounds. The surgical and bullet-entrance wounds appear intact without any evidence of leakage/drainage, erythema, or warmth. Initial lab-work shows an elevated white blood cell count of 17.1 x 10^9 cells/L. A CT scan of the abdomen shows a 4 cm abscess in the left lower quadrant. Which of the following organisms is the most likely cause of this patient's current presentation?? {'A': 'Pseudomonas aeruginosa', 'B': 'Salmonella enteritidis', 'C': 'Bacteroides fragilis', 'D': 'Enterococcus species', 'E': 'Streptococcus bovis'}, | C: Bacteroides fragilis |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A parent-teacher conference is called to discuss the behavior of a 9 year-old boy. According to the boy's teacher, he has become progressively more disruptive during class. When asked to help clean up or read out-loud, he replies with "You're not the boss of me." or "You can't make me." He refuses to participate in gym class, but will play the same games during recess. He gets along with and is well-liked by his peers. His mother reports that her son can "sometimes be difficult," but he is helpful around the house and is very good playing with his 7-year-old sister. What is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Conduct disorder', 'B': 'Oppositional defiant disorder', 'C': 'Antisocial personality disorder', 'D': 'Attention deficit disorder', 'E': 'Separation anxiety disorder'}, | B: Oppositional defiant disorder |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 51-year-old African American man presents to his primary care physician’s office for an annual visit. He has no major concerns and says that he has been healthy for the last year. His past medical history is significant for diabetes as well as long standing hypertension that has developed gradually since his 30's; however, he has refused to take any medications. Physical exam shows no abnormal findings. Routine laboratory testing reveals the following: Serum creatinine concentration: 1.5 mg/dL Blood urea nitrogen: 31 mg/dL Based on these results, urine studies are conducted that reveal mild proteinuria of less than 1 g/day and no casts. Which of the following is most likely associated with the cause of this patient's elevated creatinine?? {'A': 'Apple-green birefringent lesions', 'B': 'Cobblestone kidney', 'C': 'Kimmelstiel-Wilson lesions', 'D': 'Renal cortex necrosis', 'E': 'String of beads on angiography'}, | B: Cobblestone kidney |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 38-year-old woman comes to the physician because of an 8-week history of shortness of breath and dull chest pain. She has a history of antiphospholipid syndrome. Physical examination shows jugular venous distention. Right heart catheterization shows a mean pulmonary arterial pressure of 30 mm Hg and a pulmonary capillary wedge pressure of 10 mm Hg. Further evaluation is most likely to show which of the following?? {'A': 'Constriction of the renal afferent arteriole', 'B': 'Dilation of the coronary sinus', 'C': 'Decreased left ventricular contractility', 'D': 'Mitral valve leaflet thickening', 'E': 'Hemosiderin-laden macrophages\n"'}, | B: Dilation of the coronary sinus |
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