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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 64-year-old nulliparous woman comes to the physician because of fatigue and an increase in abdominal girth despite a 5-kg (11.0-lb) weight loss over the past 6 months. Her last Pap smear 2 years ago showed atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance; subsequent HPV testing was negative at that time. Menarche was at the age of 10 years and her last menstrual period was 6 years ago. Abdominal examination shows shifting dullness. There is tenderness to palpation of the left lower quadrant but no guarding or rebound. Bimanual palpation shows a small uterus and a left adnexal mass. Further evaluation of this patient is most likely to show which of the following findings?? {'A': 'Elevated serum beta-hCG level', 'B': 'Proliferation of endometrial glands', 'C': 'Chocolate cyst of the left ovary', 'D': 'Elevated serum CA-125 level', 'E': 'Cervical dysplasia on cervical smear'}, | D: Elevated serum CA-125 level |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 17-year-old boy comes to the emergency department following an injury during football practice. He fell and landed on the lateral aspect of his right shoulder. He is holding his right arm supported by his left arm, with his right arm adducted against his side. He is tender to palpation directly over the middle third of his clavicle. Radiographs reveal a non-displaced fracture of the middle third of the clavicle. Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment at this time?? {'A': 'Open reduction and internal fixation with a compression plate', 'B': 'Open reduction and internal fixation with an intramedullary nail', 'C': 'Open reduction and internal fixation with lag screws', 'D': 'Figure-of-eight splinting', 'E': 'Mobilization'}, | D: Figure-of-eight splinting |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 34-year-old man comes to the physician for a routine health maintenance examination. He was diagnosed with HIV 8 years ago. He is currently receiving triple antiretroviral therapy. He is sexually active and uses condoms consistently. He is planning a trip to Thailand with his partner to celebrate his 35th birthday in 6 weeks. His last tetanus and diphtheria booster was given 4 years ago. He received three vaccinations against hepatitis B 5 years ago. He had chickenpox as a child. Other immunization records are unknown. Vital signs are within normal limits. Cardiopulmonary examination shows no abnormalities. Leukocyte count shows 8,700/mm3, and CD4+ T-lymphocyte count is 480 cells/mm3 (Normal ≥ 500); anti-HBs is 150 mIU/mL. Which of the following recommendations is most appropriate at this time?? {'A': 'Hepatitis B vaccine', 'B': 'Bacillus Calmette Guerin vaccine', 'C': 'Measles, mumps, rubella vaccine', 'D': 'Yellow fever vaccine', 'E': 'No vaccination'}, | C: Measles, mumps, rubella vaccine |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 37-year-old man comes to the emergency department for severe eye pain. The patient reports that he is a construction worker and was drilling metal beams when he suddenly felt a sharp pain in his right eye. Since then, the vision in his right eye has seemed blurry and his eye “has not stopped tearing.” The patient’s medical history is significant for type II diabetes mellitus and hypertension. His medications include metformin, captopril, and lovastatin. He has a mother with glaucoma, and both his brother and father have coronary artery disease. Upon physical examination, there is conjunctival injection present in the right eye with no obvious lacerations to the eyelids or defects in extraocular eye movements. Pupils are equal and reactive to light. No afferent pupillary defect is appreciated. The unaffected eye has 20/20 visual acuity. The patient refuses to participate in the visual acuity exam of the right eye due to pain. Which of the following is the best initial step in management?? {'A': 'Fluorescein stain', 'B': 'Orbital magnetic resonance imaging', 'C': 'Patching', 'D': 'Tonometry', 'E': 'Topical corticosteroids'}, | A: Fluorescein stain |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 49-year-old man comes to the hospital for a 10-day history of cough and worsening shortness of breath. He has sharp right-sided chest pain that worsens on inspiration and coughing. Two weeks ago, the patient was admitted to the hospital after passing out on the street from alcohol intoxication but he left against medical advice. He has coronary artery disease and hypertension, and he does not take any medications. He drinks 4 cans of beer daily and has smoked 2 packs of cigarettes daily for 20 years. His temperature is 38.5°C (101.3° F), pulse is 110/min, respirations are 29/min, and blood pressure is 110/65 mmHg. Examination shows poor dentition. There is dullness to percussion at the base of the right lung. Crackles and markedly decreased breath sounds are heard over the right middle and lower lung fields. An x-ray of the chest shows a right-sided loculated pleural effusion and consolidation of the surrounding lung with visible air bronchogram; there are no rib fractures. Thoracocentesis is performed. Examination of this patient's pleural fluid is most likely to show which of the following findings?? {'A': 'Amylase of 200 U/L', 'B': 'Lymphocytosis of > 90%', 'C': 'Pleural fluid LDH/serum LDH ratio of 0.5', 'D': 'Lactate dehydrogenase of 45 U/L', 'E': 'Glucose of 30 mg/dL'}, | E: Glucose of 30 mg/dL |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 70-year-old Caucasian women presents to the emergency department complaining of abdominal pain. She is oriented to person but is slow to answer questions and cannot name her location. She is afebrile on exam and endorses mild suprapubic tenderness. Her urine culture was positive for leukocyte esterase and nitrites. She was prescribed appropriate treatments. On follow-up, she complains of a new rash. In the past few days she has noticed that her skin becomes very red and more easily sunburns. Per the patient, her symptoms have resolved and her initial infection has cleared. Which of the following antibiotics was most likely prescribed to this patient?? {'A': 'Nitrofurantoin', 'B': 'Cephalexin', 'C': 'Azithromycin', 'D': 'Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole', 'E': 'Ceftriaxone'}, | D: Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A previously healthy 26-year-old man is brought to the emergency department because of extreme agitation and confusion. He is unable to give a clear history. His mother says he returned from a hiking trip 4 weeks ago on which he also explored caves. Over the past few days, he has had generalized fever and malaise with a sore throat. He has refused to drink any liquids for the last day. His immunizations are up-to-date. His temperature is 100.6°F (38.1°C), pulse is 92/min, respirations are 18/min, and blood pressure is 110/75 mm Hg. His pupils are 6 mm wide and reactive to light. He has a moderate amount of drool. Muscle tone is greatly increased in both the upper and lower extremities. The remainder of the examination is not performed because the patient becomes combative and refuses further assessment. Serum and urine toxicology screens are negative. Which of the following is most likely to have prevented this patient's condition?? {'A': 'Corticosteroid therapy', 'B': 'Plasmapheresis', 'C': 'Antifungal therapy', 'D': 'Antiviral therapy', 'E': 'Immunoglobulin and vaccination administration'}, | E: Immunoglobulin and vaccination administration |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 22-year-old woman with a history of bipolar disorder presents to her psychiatrist’s office for a follow-up appointment. She says she is doing better on the new drug she was prescribed. However, she recently noticed that she is drinking a lot of water and urinates more frequently throughout the day. She also says there are moments recently when she feels confused and agitated. Her vitals include: blood pressure 122/89 mm Hg, temperature 36.7°C (98.0°F), pulse 88/min and respirations 18/min. Her physical examination is within normal limits. Which of the following drugs was she most likely prescribed?? {'A': 'Lithium', 'B': 'Amitriptyline', 'C': 'Valproic acid', 'D': 'Carbamazepine', 'E': 'Chlorpromazine'}, | A: Lithium |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 21-year-old man presents to the physician with complaint of fever and non-bloody diarrhea for the past 3 days, after a week of constipation. He and his family recently returned from a summer spent in New Delhi, India visiting relatives. Physical examination reveals abdominal tenderness and a pink macular rash extending from his trunk to his upper arms. His vital signs are as follows: temperature is 99.7°F (37.6°C), blood pressure is 120/72 mmHg, pulse is 85/min, and respirations are 16/min. Which of the following drugs would be most effective in treating this patient’s condition?? {'A': 'Ciprofloxacin', 'B': 'Metronidazole', 'C': 'Oral rehydration solution', 'D': 'Oral vancomycin', 'E': 'Penicillin'}, | A: Ciprofloxacin |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 13-year-old boy is brought to his pediatrician for evaluation of leg pain. Specifically, he has been having pain around his right knee that has gotten progressively worse over the last several months. On presentation, he has swelling and tenderness over his right distal femur. Radiographs are obtained and the results are shown in figure A. His family history is significant in that several family members also had this disorder and others had pathology in the eye near birth. The patient is referred for a genetic consult, and a mutation is found on a certain chromosome. The chromosome that is most likely affected also contains a gene that is associated with which of the following pathologies?? {'A': 'Breast cancer', 'B': 'Colorectal cancer', 'C': 'Neurofibromas', 'D': 'Pancreatic cancers', 'E': 'Soft tissue sarcomas'}, | A: Breast cancer |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 2-month-old Middle Eastern female infant from a consanguinous marriage presents with seizures, anorexia, failure to thrive, developmental delay, and vomiting and fatigue after eating. Blood work demonstrated levels of methylmalonic acid nearly 500 times normal levels. A carbon-14 propionate incorporation assay was performed on the fibroblasts of the patient and compared to a healthy, normal individual. Little to none of the radiolabeled carbons of the propionate appeared in any of the intermediates of the Krebs cycle. Which of the following reactions is not taking place in this individual?? {'A': 'Propionyl-CoA --> Methylmalonyl-CoA', 'B': 'Acetyl-CoA + CO2 --> Malonyl-CoA', 'C': 'Methylmalonyl-CoA --> Succinyl-CoA', 'D': 'Pyruvate --> acetyl-CoA', 'E': 'Acetyl-CoA + Oxaloacetate --> Citrate'}, | C: Methylmalonyl-CoA --> Succinyl-CoA |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 25-year-old woman with a history of polycystic ovarian syndrome, depression, and chronic bilateral ear infections presents to the otolaryngologist's clinic 12 weeks after right ear tympanoplasty. Her audiology report one week prior showed that her hearing improved as expected by 20 decibels. However, she reports that she has occasional shooting pain with eating and when she wears earrings. She states that she has a stressful job as a cashier at the local department store and often sleeps poorly. She denies any neck pain or tenderness when she washes her face. On physical exam, no tenderness is elicited with preauricular or mandibular palpation bilaterally. No jaw clicking is heard. Right postauricular tapping causes tenderness in her right tonsillar area. Her molar teeth appear even and symmetric bilaterally. Her uvula is midline and her gag reflex is intact. What is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Atypical migraine', 'B': 'Bruxism', 'C': 'Cluster headache', 'D': 'Glossopharyngeal neuralgia', 'E': 'Trigeminal neuralgia'}, | D: Glossopharyngeal neuralgia |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 14-month-old boy is brought in by his parents with an 8-month history of diarrhea, abdominal tenderness and concomitant failure to thrive. The pediatric attending physician believes that Crohn’s disease is the best explanation of this patient’s symptoms. Based on the pediatric attending physician’s experience, the pretest probability of this diagnosis is estimated at 40%. According to Fagan nomogram (see image). If the likelihood ratio of a negative test result (LR-) for Crohn’s disease is 0.04, what is the chance that this is the correct diagnosis in this patient with a negative test result?? {'A': '2.5%', 'B': '25%', 'C': '40%', 'D': '75%', 'E': '97.5%'}, | A: 2.5% |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 48-year-old woman with a history of osteoarthritis and hypertension presents to the office complaining of persistent abdominal pain for the last 2 months. She describes the pain as 'burning and achy' that is worse when she eats, which has lead to a weight loss of 4.5 kg (10.0 lb). The patient is currently taking lisinopril and atenolol for her blood pressure and ibuprofen as needed for her osteoarthritis. Her temperature is 37.1°C (98.7°F), heart rate is 75/min, and blood pressure is 120/80 mm Hg. An endoscopy is performed and a gastric ulcer is visualized and biopsied. The biopsy reveals H. pylori infection. Which of the following is the most likely predisposing factor to this patient’s diagnosis?? {'A': 'Chronic NSAID use', 'B': 'Longstanding GERD', 'C': 'Adverse effect of beta-blockers', 'D': 'Age and gender', 'E': 'A congenital diverticulum'}, | A: Chronic NSAID use |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 52-year-old male patient with chronic alcoholism presents to an ambulatory medical clinic, where the hepatologist elects to perform comprehensive hepatitis B screening, in addition to several other screening and preventative measures. Given the following choices, which serologic marker, if positive, would indicate the patient’s immunity to the hepatitis B virus?? {'A': 'HBsAg', 'B': 'HBsAb', 'C': 'HBcAb', 'D': 'HBeAg', 'E': 'HBeAb'}, | B: HBsAb |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 24-year-old man comes to the physician because of chronic fatigue and generalized weakness after exertion. His legs feel stiff after walking long distances and he has leg cramps after climbing stairs. His symptoms are always relieved by rest. Urine dipstick shows 3+ blood and urinalysis is negative for RBCs. Baseline venous lactate and serum ammonia levels are collected, after which a blood pressure cuff is attached to the upper right arm. The patient is asked to continuously pump his right arm with the cuff inflated and additional venous samples are collected at 2-minute intervals. Analysis of the venous blood samples shows that, over time, serum ammonia levels increase and venous lactate levels remain stable. A biopsy of the right gastrocnemius muscle will most likely show which of the following?? {'A': 'Intrafascicular CD8+ lymphocytic infiltration', 'B': 'Endomysial fibrosis with absent dystrophin', 'C': 'Intermyofibrillar proliferation of mitochondria', 'D': 'Subsarcolemmal acid–Schiff-positive deposits', 'E': 'Perivascular CD4+ lymphocytic infiltrate'}, | D: Subsarcolemmal acid–Schiff-positive deposits |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 59-year-old man comes to the physician because of a painful, burning red rash on his face and hands, which developed 30 minutes after going outside to do garden work. He wore a long-sleeved shirt and was exposed to direct sunlight for about 10 minutes. The patient is light-skinned and has a history of occasional sunburns when he does not apply sunscreen. The patient was diagnosed with small cell lung carcinoma 2 months ago and is currently undergoing chemotherapy. He is currently taking demeclocycline for malignancy-associated hyponatremia and amoxicillin for sinusitis. He has also had occasional back pain. He takes zolpidem and drinks 1–2 glasses of brandy before going to sleep every night. He has smoked a pack of cigarettes daily for 20 years. His pulse is 72/min and his blood pressure is 120/75 mm Hg. Physical examination shows prominent erythema on his forehead, cheeks, and neck. Erythema and papular eruptions are seen on the dorsum of both hands. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's symptoms?? {'A': 'Adverse reaction to amoxicillin', 'B': 'Uroporphyrin accumulation', 'C': 'Systemic lupus erythematosus', 'D': 'Use of demeclocycline', 'E': 'Normal sunburn reaction\n"'}, | D: Use of demeclocycline |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 44-year-old man is brought to the emergency department 25 minutes after falling off the roof of a house. He was cleaning the roof when he slipped and fell. He did not lose consciousness and does not have any nausea. On arrival, he is alert and oriented and has a cervical collar on his neck. His pulse is 96/min, respirations are 18/min, and blood pressure is 118/78 mm Hg. Examination shows multiple bruises over the forehead and right cheek. The pupils are equal and reactive to light. There is a 2-cm laceration below the right ear. Bilateral ear canals show no abnormalities. The right wrist is swollen and tender; range of motion is limited by pain. The lungs are clear to auscultation. There is no midline cervical spine tenderness. There is tenderness along the 2nd and 3rd ribs on the right side. The abdomen is soft and nontender. Neurologic examination shows no focal findings. Two peripheral venous catheters are placed. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?? {'A': 'X-ray of the chest', 'B': 'X-ray of the neck', 'C': 'CT scan of the cervical spine', 'D': 'Focused Assessment with Sonography in Trauma', 'E': 'X-ray of the right wrist\n"'}, | C: CT scan of the cervical spine |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 63-year-old man presents to his primary care physician because he has been having headaches and hearing loss. In addition, he says that he has been having difficulty opening his jaw to eat and recurrent middle ear infections. Physical exam reveals enlarged neck lymph nodes and a mass in the nasopharynx. Biopsy of the mass reveals undifferentiated squamous epithelial cells. The organism that is most likely associated with this patient's disease is also associated with which of the following disorders?? {'A': 'Adult T-cell lymphoma', 'B': 'Burkitt lymphoma', 'C': 'Heptaocellular carcinoma', 'D': 'Kaposi sarcoma', 'E': 'Vulvar carcinoma'}, | B: Burkitt lymphoma |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 26-year-old nurse presents 12 hours after she accidentally stuck herself with a blood-contaminated needle. She reported the accident appropriately and now seeks post-exposure prophylaxis. She does not have any complaints at the moment of presentation. Her vital signs include: blood pressure 125/80 mm Hg, heart rate 71/min, respiratory rate 15/min, and temperature 36.5℃ (97.7℉). Physical examination is unremarkable. The nurse has prescribed a post-exposure prophylaxis regimen which includes tenofovir, emtricitabine, and raltegravir. How will tenofovir change the maximum reaction rate (Vm) and Michaelis constant (Km) of the viral reverse transcriptase?? {'A': 'Vm will decrease, Km will stay the same', 'B': 'Vm and Km will both decrease', 'C': 'Vm will decrease, Km will increase', 'D': 'Vm will stay the same, Km will increase', 'E': 'Vm and Km will both increase'}, | D: Vm will stay the same, Km will increase |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 55-year-old man, who underwent a kidney transplant 2 years ago, presents in septic shock. He is compliant with his immunosuppressive therapy. He does not use any drugs and is sexually active with one male partner. His complete blood count returns as follows: Hemoglobin: 13.7 g/dL, white blood cell count: 4000 cells/microliter, platelets 250,000 cells/microliter. Of note, from his differential: neutrophils: 10%, lymphocytes: 45%, and monocytes: 7%. His basic metabolic profile is notable for a creatinine remaining at his baseline of 0.9 mg/dL. The patient is started on broad spectrum antibiotics, but his condition does not improve. Fungal blood cultures are obtained and grow Candida species. Which of the following was the most-likely predisposing factor?? {'A': 'Defective IL-2 receptor', 'B': 'Decreased phagocytic cell count', 'C': 'HIV infection', 'D': 'Failure to take suppressive trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole therapy', 'E': 'Renal failure'}, | B: Decreased phagocytic cell count |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:One day after doctors helped a 28-year-old primigravid woman deliver a 4700 g (10 lb 6 oz) boy, he has bluish discoloration of his lips and fingernails. Oxygen saturation on room air is 81%. Examination shows central cyanosis. A continuous machine-like murmur is heard over the left upper sternal border. A single S2 heart sound is present. Supplemental oxygen does not improve the cyanosis. Echocardiography shows the pulmonary artery arising from the posterior left ventricle and the aorta arising from the right ventricle with active blood flow between the right and left ventricles. Further evaluation of the mother is most likely to show which of the following?? {'A': 'Elevated fasting blood glucose', 'B': 'Positive rapid plasma reagin test', 'C': 'Prenatal alcohol use', 'D': 'Prenatal lithium intake', 'E': 'Prenatal phenytoin intake'}, | A: Elevated fasting blood glucose |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 65-year-old man with chronic obstructive lung disease, depression, and type 2 diabetes mellitus comes to the physician with fever, chills, dyspnea, and a productive cough for 5 days. His temperature is 38.8°C (101.8°F) and respirations are 30/min. An x-ray of the chest shows a right lower lobe infiltrate, and sputum culture grows bacteria that are sensitive to fluoroquinolone antibiotics. Pharmacotherapy with oral moxifloxacin is initiated. Three days later, the patient continues to have symptoms despite being compliant with the antibiotic. Serum moxifloxacin levels are undetectable. The lack of response to antibiotic therapy in this patient is most likely due to the concurrent ingestion of which of the following medications?? {'A': 'Amitryptyline', 'B': 'Multivitamin', 'C': 'Glimepiride', 'D': 'Theophylline', 'E': 'Prednisone'}, | B: Multivitamin |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 75-year-old over-weight gentleman with a long history of uncontrolled hypertension, diabetes, smoking and obesity is presenting to his primary care physician with a chief complaint of increased difficulty climbing stairs and the need to sleep propped up by an increasing number of pillows at night. On physical examination the patient has an extra heart sound just before S1 heard best over the cardiac apex and clear lung fields. The EKG and chest x-ray are attached (Figures A and B respectively). What is the largest contributor to this patient's symptoms?? {'A': 'Long-term smoking', 'B': 'Uncontrolled Hypertension', 'C': 'Obesity', 'D': 'Sleep Apnea', 'E': 'Acute Myocardial Infarction'}, | B: Uncontrolled Hypertension |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:An 18-month-old boy presents to the pediatrician by his mother for a routine check-up. The mother has no concerns, although she asks about the "hole in his heart" that the patient had at birth. The patient has no history of cyanosis or heart failure; however, a holosystolic, harsh murmur was noted at the 3- and 6-month check-ups. On examination, the patient is playful and alert. He has met all developmental milestones. The cardiac examination reveals a regular rate and rhythm with persistence of the holosystolic, harsh murmur. What is the most likely cause of the murmur in this child?? {'A': 'Defect of muscular interventricular septum', 'B': 'Patent foramen ovale', 'C': 'Defect of the membranous interventricular septum', 'D': 'Defective dynein functioning', 'E': 'Failure of endocardial cushion to form'}, | C: Defect of the membranous interventricular septum |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 4-month-old boy is brought to his pediatrician for a well-child visit. His parents have noticed that he has had poor growth compared to his older siblings. The boy was delivered vaginally after a normal pregnancy. His temperature is 98.8°F (37.1°C), blood pressure is 98/68 mmHg, pulse is 88/min, and respirations are 20/min. On exam, his abdomen appears protuberant, and the boy appears to have abnormally enlarged cheeks. A finger stick reveals that the patient’s fasting blood glucose is 50 mg/dL. On further laboratory testing, the patient is found to have elevated blood lactate levels, as well as no response to a glucagon stimulation test. What enzymatic defect is most likely present?? {'A': 'Alpha-1,4-glucosidase', 'B': 'Alpha-1,6-glucosidase', 'C': 'Glucose-6-phosphatase', 'D': 'Glycogen phosphorylase', 'E': 'Glycogen synthase'}, | C: Glucose-6-phosphatase |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 10-month-old boy is brought to the clinic with a history of recurrent episodes of stridor and wheezing. His mother reports that his wheezing is exacerbated by crying, feeding, and flexion of the neck, and is relieved by extension of the neck. Occasionally he vomits after feeding. What is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Gastroesophageal reflux disease', 'B': 'Laryngomalacia', 'C': 'Double aortic arch', 'D': 'Congenital subglottic stenosis', 'E': 'Recurrent viral wheeze'}, | C: Double aortic arch |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 25-year-old nulliparous woman presents to her gynecologist complaining of recurrent menstrual pain. She reports a 4-month history of pelvic pain that occurs during her periods. It is more severe than her typical menstrual cramps and sometimes occurs when she is not on her period. She also complains of pain during intercourse. Her periods occur every 28-30 days. Her past medical history is notable for kyphoscoliosis requiring spinal fusion and severe acne rosacea. She takes trans-tretinoin and has a copper intra-uterine device. Her family history is notable for ovarian cancer in her mother and endometrial cancer in her paternal grandmother. Her temperature is 99°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 120/85 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, and respirations are 16/min. On exam, she appears healthy and is in no acute distress. A bimanual examination demonstrates a normal sized uterus and a tender right adnexal mass. Her intrauterine device is well-positioned. What is the underlying cause of this patient’s condition?? {'A': 'Benign proliferation of uterine myometrium', 'B': 'Chronic inflammation of the uterine endometrium', 'C': 'Endometrial glands and stroma within the peritoneal cavity', 'D': 'Endometrial glands and stroma within the uterine myometrium', 'E': 'Excess androgen production'}, | C: Endometrial glands and stroma within the peritoneal cavity |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:Urinalysis shows: Protein 1+ Leukocyte esterase positive Nitrite positive RBC 2/hpf WBC 90/hpf WBC casts numerous Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?"? {'A': 'Treat on an outpatient basis with nitrofurantoin', 'B': 'Admit the patient and perform an CT scan of the abdomen', 'C': 'Treat on an outpatient basis with ciprofloxacin', 'D': 'Admit the patient and treat with intravenous levofloxacin', 'E': 'Wait for culture results and treat accordingly'}, | C: Treat on an outpatient basis with ciprofloxacin |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:Two days after hospitalization for urgent chemotherapy to treat Burkitt’s lymphoma, a 7-year-old boy develops dyspnea and reduced urine output. He also feels a tingling sensation in his fingers and toes. Blood pressure is 100/65 mm Hg, respirations are 28/min, pulse is 100/min, and temperature is 36.2°C (97.2°F). The lungs are clear to auscultation. He has excreted 20 mL of urine in the last 6 hours. Laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 15 g/dL Leukocyte count 6,000/mm3 with a normal differential serum K+ 6.5 mEq/L Ca+ 7.6 mg/dL Phosphorus 5.4 mg/dL HCO3− 15 mEq/L Uric acid 12 mg/dL Urea nitrogen 44 mg/dL Creatinine 2.4 mg/dL Arterial blood gas analysis on room air: pH 7.30 PCO2 30 mm Hg O2 saturation 95% Which of the following is most likely to have prevented this patient’s condition?? {'A': 'Allopurinol', 'B': 'Ciprofloxacin', 'C': 'Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine', 'D': 'Sodium bicarbonate', 'E': 'No prevention would have been effective'}, | A: Allopurinol |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 26-year-old woman comes to the emergency room because she had difficulty breathing during an exercise session. She also has a cough and end-expiratory wheezing. Besides these symptoms, she has a normal physical appearance. She has experienced similar breathing problems during exercise in the past, but never during rest. She is afebrile. What is the best treatment in this case?? {'A': 'Systemic corticosteroids', 'B': 'Short acting β2-agonists', 'C': 'Aminophylline', 'D': 'No therapy, only avoidance of exercise', 'E': 'Long acting β2-agonists'}, | B: Short acting β2-agonists |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 27-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 1-day history of right-sided facial weakness and sound intolerance. Three days ago, he hit the right side of his head in a motor vehicle collision. He neither lost consciousness nor sought medical attention. Physical examination shows drooping of the mouth and ptosis on the right side. Sensation over the face is not impaired. Impedance audiometry shows an absence of the acoustic reflex in the right ear. Which of the following muscles is most likely paralyzed in this patient?? {'A': 'Tensor tympani', 'B': 'Stylopharyngeus', 'C': 'Cricothyroid', 'D': 'Anterior belly of the digastric', 'E': 'Stylohyoid'}, | E: Stylohyoid |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 3-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department by his mother for the evaluation of abdominal pain for one hour after drinking a bottle of toilet bowl cleaner. The mother reports that he vomited once on the way to the hospital and his vomit was non-bloody. The patient has pain with swallowing. He appears uncomfortable. Pulse oximetry shows an oxygen saturation of 82%. Examination shows heavy salivation. Oral examination shows mild oral erythema and in the area of the epiglottis, but no burns. An x-ray of the chest shows no abnormalities. The patient is admitted to the intensive care unit. He is intubated and oxygenation and intravenous fluid resuscitation are begun. All contaminated clothes are removed. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in the management of this patient?? {'A': 'Obtain upper endoscopy', 'B': 'Perform gastric lavage', 'C': 'Dilute the ingested agent', 'D': 'Obtain barium upper gastrointestinal series', 'E': 'Administer activated charcoal'}, | A: Obtain upper endoscopy |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 31-year-old female presents to her gynecologist with spotting between periods. She reports that her menses began at age 11, and she has never had spotting prior to the three months ago. Her medical history is significant for estrogen-receptor positive intraductal carcinoma of the breast, which was treated with tamoxifen. An endometrial biopsy is performed, which shows endometrial hyperplasia with atypia. She reports that she and her husband are currently trying to have children. What is the next best step?? {'A': 'Total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingoopherectomy', 'B': 'Partial, cervix-sparing hysterectomy', 'C': 'Start combination estrogen and progestin therapy', 'D': 'Start progestin-only therapy', 'E': 'Observation with annual endometrial biopsies'}, | D: Start progestin-only therapy |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 22-year-old man comes to the physician because of generalized fatigue for the past 3 months. During this time, his grades have declined in his college courses because he has had difficulty focusing on assignments and sometimes sleeps in class. He no longer plays the drums for his band and has stopped attending family events. His temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 60/min, and blood pressure is 130/80 mm Hg. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. On mental status examination, he describes his mood as “ok.” He has a flat affect. There is no evidence of suicidal ideation. His speech is slow in rate and monotone in rhythm, and his thought process is organized. He has no delusions or hallucinations. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in treatment?? {'A': 'Escitalopram therapy', 'B': 'Reassurance', 'C': 'Phenelzine therapy', 'D': 'Diazepam therapy', 'E': 'Amitriptyline therapy'}, | A: Escitalopram therapy |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 67-year-old African American woman visits the clinic with a complaint of progressive fatigue. These symptoms started gradually and slowly became worse over the past 4 months. She is short of breath after walking a few blocks and has difficulty climbing stairs. She denies having chest pain, leg swelling, or a cough. Her past medical history is significant for osteoporosis and gastroesophageal reflux disease. She takes omeprazole as needed and daily baby aspirin. She is a retired accountant and is a lifetime nonsmoker but she drinks a small glass of red wine every night before bed. Her diet is varied. Today, her blood pressure is 128/72 mm Hg, heart rate is 105/min, respiratory rate is 22/min, temperature 37.0°C (98.6°F) and oxygen saturation is 94% on room air. On physical examination, she has marked conjunctival pallor. Cardiac auscultation reveals a rapid heartbeat with a regular rhythm and a 2/6 systolic murmur over the right upper sternal border. Lungs are clear to auscultation bilaterally and abdominal examination was within normal limits. Peripheral blood smear shows microcytic, hypochromic red blood cells. The following laboratory values are obtained: Hematocrit 29% Hemoglobin 9.8 mg/dL Mean red blood cell volume 78 fL Platelets 240,000/mm3 Which of the following will most likely be present in this patient?? {'A': 'An increase in her reticulocyte count', 'B': 'A decrease in her reticulocyte count', 'C': 'A decrease in erythropoietin levels ', 'D': 'Increased white blood cell count', 'E': 'Thrombocytopenia'}, | B: A decrease in her reticulocyte count |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 2-day old male newborn delivered vaginally at 36 weeks to a 29-year-old woman, gravida 3, para 2, has generalized convulsions lasting 2 minutes. Previous to the event, he had difficulty feeding and was lethargic. Pregnancy and delivery were uncomplicated. Apgar scores were 7 and 8 at 1 and 5 minutes, respectively. Pregnancy and delivery of the mother's first 2 children were also uncomplicated. Medications of the mother include folic acid and a multivitamin. The mother's immunizations are up-to-date. The infant appears icteric. His vital signs are within normal limits. The infant's weight and length are at the 5th percentile, and his head circumference at the 99th percentile for gestational age. There are several purpura of the skin. Ocular examination shows posterior uveitis. The patient does not pass his auditory screening tests. Cranial ultrasonography shows ventricular dilatation, as well as hyperechoic foci within the cortex, basal ganglia, and periventricular region. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Congenital toxoplasmosis', 'B': 'Congenital rubella infection', 'C': 'Congenital syphilis infection', 'D': 'Congenital parvovirus infection', 'E': 'Congenital varicella infection\n"'}, | A: Congenital toxoplasmosis |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 34-year-old woman makes an appointment with her gynecologist because she has been having foul smelling vaginal discharge. She says that the symptoms started about a week ago, but she can't think of any particular trigger associated with the onset of symptoms. She says that otherwise she has not experienced any pain or discomfort associated with these discharges. She has never been pregnant and currently has multiple sexual partners with whom she uses protection consistently. She has no other medical history though she says that her family has a history of reproductive system malignancy. Physical exam reveals a normal appearing vulva, and a sample of the vaginal discharge reveals gray fluid. Which of the following characteristics is associated with the most likely cause of this patient's disorder?? {'A': 'Cervicovaginal friability', 'B': 'Dimorphic fungus', 'C': 'Overgrowth of abnormal cervical cells', 'D': 'Oxidase-negative, facultative anaerobe', 'E': 'Flagellated, pear-like-shaped trophozoites'}, | D: Oxidase-negative, facultative anaerobe |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A previously healthy 2-year-old girl is brought to the physician by her mother after she noticed multiple painless, nonpruritic papules on her abdomen. The child attends daycare three times per week, and this past week one child was reported to have similar lesions. Her immunizations are up-to-date. Her brother had chickenpox one month ago. She is at the 50th percentile for height and the 60th percentile for weight. Vital signs are within normal limits. Examination shows several skin-colored, nontender, pearly papules with central umbilication on the abdomen and extremities. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Insect bites', 'B': 'Molluscum contagiosum', 'C': 'Cutaneuous lichen planus', 'D': 'Verruca vulgaris', 'E': 'Chickenpox\n"'}, | B: Molluscum contagiosum |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 28-year-old man presents with fever, chills, and malaise which began 5 days ago. He also mentions that the back of his right upper arm feels itchy. He says he works as a forest guide and recently came back from a forest expedition. Upon asking, he reports that the forest where he works is infested with ticks. His temperature is 38.3°C (100.9°F), the pulse is 87/min, the respiratory rate is 15/min, and the blood pressure is 122/90 mm Hg. On physical examination, there is a rash present on the posterior aspect of his upper right arm which is shown in the image. Which of the following medications is the best course of treatment for this patient?? {'A': 'Azithromycin', 'B': 'Clindamycin', 'C': 'Doxycycline', 'D': 'Fluconazole', 'E': 'Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole'}, | C: Doxycycline |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 23-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department by her boyfriend because of a 4-month history of feeling sad. Her boyfriend says that, during this period, she has slept and eaten very little and has been unable to focus at work. She says that she feels “empty inside” and has been hearing voices telling her that she is worthless. She first heard these voices 7 months ago when they started to make fun of her. She does not drink alcohol or use illicit drugs. Physical and neurological examinations show no abnormalities. On mental status examination, her speech is slow and monotonous; she abruptly stops talking in the middle of sentences and does not finish them. She occasionally directs her attention to the ceiling as if she were listening to someone. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Schizophrenia', 'B': 'Schizophreniform disorder', 'C': 'Schizoaffective disorder', 'D': 'Mood disorder with psychotic features', 'E': 'Schizotypal personality disorder'}, | C: Schizoaffective disorder |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:Blood cultures are sent to the laboratory and empiric treatment with intravenous vancomycin is started. Blood cultures grow gram-negative bacilli identified as Cardiobacterium hominis. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?? {'A': 'Switch to intravenous ampicillin', 'B': 'Switch to intravenous ceftriaxone', 'C': 'Switch to intravenous cefazolin', 'D': 'Switch to intravenous gentamicin', 'E': 'Add intravenous rifampin'}, | B: Switch to intravenous ceftriaxone |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 27-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by emergency medical services. The patient was an unrestrained passenger in a head-on collision that occurred 15 minutes ago and is currently unresponsive. His temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 60/33 mmHg, pulse is 180/min, respirations are 17/min, and oxygen saturation is 95% on room air. A FAST exam demonstrates fluid in Morrison’s pouch. Laboratory values are drawn upon presentation to the ED and sent off. The patient is started on IV fluids and an initial trauma survey is started. Twenty minutes later, his blood pressure is 95/65 mmHg, and his pulse is 110/min. The patient is further stabilized and is scheduled for emergency surgery. Which of the following best represents this patient’s most likely initial laboratory values?? {'A': 'Hemoglobin: 19 g/dL, Hematocrit: 55%, MCV: 95 µm^3', 'B': 'Hemoglobin: 15 g/dL, Hematocrit: 45%, MCV: 90 µm^3', 'C': 'Hemoglobin: 11 g/dL, Hematocrit: 33%, MCV: 88 µm^3', 'D': 'Hemoglobin: 10 g/dL, Hematocrit: 30%, MCV: 110 µm^3', 'E': 'Hemoglobin: 7 g/dL, Hematocrit: 21%, MCV: 75 µm^3'}, | B: Hemoglobin: 15 g/dL, Hematocrit: 45%, MCV: 90 µm^3 |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 65-year-old alcoholic male had been taken to the emergency room after he was found unconscious covered in vomitus. After regaining consciousness, he complained of a constant productive cough with foul-smelling sputum for the past few weeks. A chest x-ray(Image A) was taken and the patient was treated accordingly. The patient comes to you today complaining of watery diarrhea. Which best describes the pathogen causing diarrhea?? {'A': 'Gram-positive bacilli, motile, spore-forming, obligate anaerobe', 'B': 'Gram-negative bacilli, lactose non-fermenter, glucose fermenter, oxidase positive', 'C': 'Gram-positive bacilli, non-motile spore-forming, aerobe', 'D': 'Gram-negative bacilli, lactose non-fermenter, oxidase negative, and hydrogen sulfide producer', 'E': 'Gram-negative bacilli, lactose non-fermenter, oxidase negative, and does not produce hydrogen sulfide'}, | A: Gram-positive bacilli, motile, spore-forming, obligate anaerobe |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 45-year-old African American woman presents to her family physician for a routine examination. Past medical history is positive for amyloidosis and non-rhythm-based cardiac abnormalities secondary to the amyloidosis. Which of the following cardiac parameters would be expected in this patient?? {'A': 'Preserved ejection fraction and increased compliance', 'B': 'Preserved ejection fraction and decreased compliance', 'C': 'Decreased ejection fraction and increased compliance', 'D': 'Decreased ejection fraction and decreased compliance', 'E': 'Increased ejection fraction and decreased compliance'}, | B: Preserved ejection fraction and decreased compliance |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 26-year-old healthy woman presents with lightheadedness, palpitations, and sweating, which started suddenly after she was frightened by her neighbor’s dog. The patient’s blood pressure is 135/80 mm Hg, the heart rate is 150/min, the respiratory rate is 15/min, and the temperature is 36.6℃ (97.9℉). Her ECG is shown in the exhibit. What is the preferred agent for pharmacologic management of this condition?? {'A': 'Verapamil', 'B': 'Metoprolol', 'C': 'Amiodarone', 'D': 'Adenosine', 'E': 'Propafenone'}, | D: Adenosine |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 68-year-old female presents to the emergency room with acute onset of dyspnea and hemoptysis. Her past medical history is unremarkable and she has had no prior surgeries. A ventilation-perfusion scan demonstrates a large perfusion defect that is not matched by a ventilation defect in the left lower lobe. Which of the following would you also expect to find in this patient:? {'A': 'Pleuritic chest pain', 'B': 'Bradycardia', 'C': 'Aortic dilation', 'D': 'Claudication', 'E': 'Increased inspiratory capacity'}, | A: Pleuritic chest pain |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:In patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, stimulation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors results in an increase in mucus secretion, smooth muscle contraction and bronchoconstriction. The end result is an increase in airway resistance. Which of the following pharmacologic agents interferes directly with this pathway?? {'A': 'Epinephrine', 'B': 'Theophylline', 'C': 'Ipratropium', 'D': 'Albuterol', 'E': 'Metoprolol'}, | C: Ipratropium |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 27-year old primigravid woman at 37 weeks' gestation comes to the emergency department because of frequent contractions for 4 hours. Her pregnancy has been complicated by hyperemesis gravidarum which subsided in the second trimester. The contractions occur every 10–15 minutes and have been increasing in intensity and duration since onset. Her temperature is 37.1°C (98.8°F), pulse is 110/min, and blood pressure is 140/85 mm Hg. Uterine contractions are felt on palpation. Pelvic examination shows clear fluid in the vagina. The cervix is 50% effaced and 3 cm dilated. After 4 hours the cervix is 80% effaced and 6 cm dilated. Pelvic examination is inconclusive for the position of the fetal head. The fetal heart rate is reassuring. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step?? {'A': 'Perform ultrasonography', 'B': 'Perform external cephalic version', 'C': 'Administer misoprostol', 'D': 'Administer oxytocin', 'E': 'Perform Mauriceau-Smellie-Veit maneuver'}, | A: Perform ultrasonography |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 55-year-old man presents with sudden onset palpitations for the past couple of hours. He denies any chest pain. Past medical history is significant for unknown kidney disease. Current medications are amiloride and daily aspirin. His blood pressure is 123/87 mm Hg and pulse is 45/min. Physical examination is unremarkable. An ECG shows tall peaked T waves with sinus bradycardia. Laboratory findings are significant for serum potassium of 6.1 mEq/L. Which of the following therapies may worsen this patient’s condition? ? {'A': ' 50 mL of 50% glucose solution with 10 units of soluble insulin by intravenous infusion', 'B': '50 ml of Sodium bicarbonate (8.4%) ', 'C': 'Stopping amiloride', 'D': 'Calcium resonium', 'E': 'Administering a β-antagonist'}, | E: Administering a β-antagonist |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 12-year-old boy is brought by his mother to the emergency room because of a swollen, hot, and tender knee that he sustained after falling on his way home. He has never had a swollen joint before; however, he has had frequent nosebleeds throughout his life. His mother is worried because they live with her parents who are currently on blood thinners. Every morning she puts the blood thinner pill in the boy's grandfather's milk and was concerned that she may have switched it this morning. Family history reveals a number of uncles who have had bleeding disorders; however, the mother does not know the exact disorder suffered by these relatives. A hematologic panel reveals the following findings: Bleeding time: Increased Prothrombin time: 12 seconds Partial thromboplastin time (PTT): 55 seconds PTT after factor mixing study: 37 seconds Which of the following most likely explains the abnormal partial thromboplastin time in this patient?? {'A': 'Activation of inhibitory factors', 'B': 'Antibodies to factor VIII', 'C': 'Inhibition of reductase enzyme', 'D': 'Mutation in carrying protein', 'E': 'Mutation in factor VIII'}, | D: Mutation in carrying protein |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 6-year-old girl is brought to the physician because of increasing swelling around her eyes for the past 3 days. Her vital signs are within normal limits. Physical examination shows periorbital edema and abdominal distention with shifting dullness. Laboratory studies show a serum albumin of 2 g/dL and a serum cholesterol concentration of 290 mg/dL. Urinalysis shows 4+ proteinuria and fatty casts. Histological examination of a kidney biopsy specimen is most likely to show which of the following findings?? {'A': 'Granular subepithelial deposits of IgG, IgM, and C3 on immunofluorescence', 'B': 'Mesangial proliferation on light microscopy', 'C': 'Deposits of IgG and C3 at the glomerular basement membrane on immunofluoresence', 'D': 'Subepithelial dense deposits on electron microscopy', 'E': 'Normal glomeruli on light microscopy'}, | E: Normal glomeruli on light microscopy |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 58-year-old right-handed man is brought to the emergency department after he was found unconscious in his living room by his wife. She reports that he has never had a similar episode before. The patient has hypertension and consumes multiple alcoholic drinks per day. On arrival, he is confused and oriented only to person. He cannot recall what happened. He has difficulty speaking and his words are slurred. He reports a diffuse headache and muscle pain and appears fatigued. His temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 85/min, respirations are 14/min, and blood pressure is 135/70 mm Hg. Examination shows a 2-cm bruise on his right shoulder. Strength is 5/5 throughout, except for 1/5 in the left arm. The remainder of the physical examination shows no abnormalities. An ECG shows left ventricular hypertrophy. A CT scan of the head without contrast shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient's symptoms?? {'A': 'Stroke', 'B': 'Transient ischemic attack', 'C': 'Migraine', 'D': 'Syncope', 'E': 'Seizure'}, | E: Seizure |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 42-year-old man comes to the physician for a health maintenance examination. He has had generalized fatigue and muscle aches since his previous visit 6 months ago. He has hypertension and gastroesophageal reflux disease. Current medications include amlodipine and omeprazole. His temperature is 37.1°C (98.1°F), pulse is 88/min and blood pressure is 156/102 mm Hg. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. Serum studies show: Na+ 143 mEq/L K+ 2.3 mEq/L Cl- 100 mEq/L HCO3- 31 mEq/L Urea nitrogen 14 mg/dL Creatinine 1 mg/dL His blood pressure medication is discontinued. One week later his plasma aldosterone concentration is 35 ng/dL (N=3.6 - 24.0 ng/dL) and plasma renin activity is 0.4 ng/mL/h (N=0.3 to 4.2 ng/mL/h). An oral sodium loading test over 3 days fails to reduce aldosterone. A contrast-enhanced CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis shows a 3-cm, homogenous, right-sided adrenal mass with rapid contrast washout. He is counseled about his treatment options and chooses to pursue surgery. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?"? {'A': 'Spironolactone therapy', 'B': 'Right adrenalectomy', 'C': 'Fludrocortisone suppression test', 'D': 'Adrenal vein sampling', 'E': 'Bilateral adrenalectomy'}, | D: Adrenal vein sampling |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:An otherwise healthy, exclusively breastfed 4-day-old neonate is brought to the physician because of yellowing of his skin and eyes. His urine has been clear and stools have been normal. He was born at term by vacuum-assisted delivery and weighed 4000 g (8 lb 8 oz). Pregnancy was complicated by gestational diabetes mellitus. His older sibling had jaundice in the neonatal period. Vital signs are within normal limits. He appears alert and comfortable. Physical examination shows jaundice of the skin and sclerae. The liver is palpated 1 cm below the right costal margin. Laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 17 g/dl Reticulocyte count 0.5 % Total bilirubin 21.2 mg/dl Direct bilirubin 2 mg/dl Indirect bilirubin 19.1 mg/dl Coombs test Negative Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?"? {'A': 'Intravenous immunoglobulin', 'B': 'Increase frequency of breast feeds', 'C': 'Replace breast feeding with formula feeds', 'D': 'MRI of the brain', 'E': 'Phototherapy'}, | E: Phototherapy |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 34-year-old woman is recovering in the post-operative unit following a laparoscopic procedure for chronic endometriosis. She had initially presented with complaints of painful menstrual cramps that kept her bedridden most of the day. She also mentioned to her gynecologist that she had been diagnosed with endometriosis 4 years ago, and she could not find a medication or alternative therapeutic measure that helped. Her medical history was significant for surgery she had 6 years ago to remove tumors she had above her kidneys, after which she was prescribed hydrocortisone. An hour after the laparoscopic procedure, she calls the nurse because she is having difficulty breathing. The nurse records her vital signs include: blood pressure 85/55 mm Hg, respirations 20/min, and pulse 115/min. The patient suddenly loses consciousness. Intravenous fluids are started immediately. She gains consciousness, but her blood pressure is unchanged. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the hypotension?? {'A': 'Infection involving the suture line', 'B': 'Loss of fluids during the procedure', 'C': 'Bleeding profusely through the surgical site', 'D': 'Improper supplementation of steroids', 'E': 'High doses of anesthetic drugs'}, | D: Improper supplementation of steroids |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 23-year-old female presents to the emergency department with right lower abdominal pain that began suddenly one hour ago. She is writhing in discomfort and has vomited twice since arrival. She has no chronic medical conditions, but states she has had chlamydia two or three times in the past. Her abdomen is firm, and she is guarding. Pelvic exam reveals blood pooling in the vagina and right adnexal tenderness. Her last menstrual period was 7 weeks ago. A pregnancy test is positive. Which of the following is an appropriate next step in diagnosis?? {'A': 'Transabdominal ultrasound.', 'B': 'Dilation and curettage', 'C': 'Transvaginal ultrasound', 'D': 'Methotrexate and discharge with strict follow-up instructions.', 'E': 'Exploratory laparotomy'}, | C: Transvaginal ultrasound |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 47-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 1-month history of progressive weakness. She has had increased difficulty climbing stairs and standing from a seated position. She takes no medications. Neurologic examination shows weakness of the proximal muscles. Skin examination shows diffuse erythema of the upper back, posterior neck, and shoulders. A photograph of the patient's eye is shown. Antibodies against which of the following are most likely to be present in this patient?? {'A': 'Centromeres', 'B': 'La protein', 'C': 'Scl-70 protein', 'D': 'Mi-2 protein', 'E': 'Histones'}, | D: Mi-2 protein |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 78-year-old man presents to the emergency department because of confusion that started 2 hours ago. The patient’s daughter says that he has had blurred vision for several days. His right leg became weak 10 days ago, and he couldn’t walk for a few days before recovering. He was diagnosed with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance 2 years ago. His temperature is 36.2°C (97.2°F), pulse is 75/min, respirations are 13/min, and blood pressure is 125/70 mm Hg. He also has gingival bleeding. Cervical lymphadenopathy is palpated on physical exam. Both the liver and spleen are palpated 5 cm below the costal margins. The serum protein electrophoresis with immunofixation is shown. Urine electrophoresis shows no abnormalities. A skeletal survey shows no abnormalities. Which of the following best explains these findings?? {'A': 'Chronic lymphocytic leukemia', 'B': 'Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma', 'C': 'Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance', 'D': 'Multiple myeloma', 'E': 'Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia'}, | E: Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 17-year-old girl is being evaluated for primary amenorrhea. A pelvic ultrasound shows no uterus, fallopian tubes, or ovaries, despite having normal external sexual organs. On physical examination, there is no axillary or pubic hair, and breast development is normal. The laboratory tests show evidence of increased serum testosterone with normal conversion to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and increased luteinizing hormone (LH). What is the karyotype of this patient?? {'A': '46, XX', 'B': '47, XXX', 'C': '47, XXY', 'D': '46, XY', 'E': '45, X0'}, | D: 46, XY |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 41-year-old male with a history of pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia is found to have multiple ring-enhancing lesions on brain CT. Which of the following is most likely responsible for this patient's abnormal scan?? {'A': 'Neoplasm', 'B': 'Bacteria', 'C': 'Virus', 'D': 'Prion', 'E': 'Protozoa'}, | E: Protozoa |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 13-year-old boy presents to the emergency department with severe abdominal pain. His parents state that he has been complaining of abdominal pain that became increasingly severe this evening. They also state he has been eating much more lately yet still has been losing weight. The patient's past medical history is unremarkable and he is not currently on any medications. His temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 90/58 mmHg, pulse is 150/min, respirations are 24/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for diffuse abdominal tenderness and tachycardia. Laboratory values are ordered as seen below. Hemoglobin: 12 g/dL Hematocrit: 36% Leukocyte count: 6,500/mm^3 with normal differential Platelet count: 197,000/mm^3 Serum: Na+: 139 mEq/L Cl-: 100 mEq/L K+: 4.3 mEq/L BUN: 20 mg/dL Glucose: 599 mg/dL Creatinine: 1.1 mg/dL AST: 12 U/L ALT: 10 U/L Which of the following laboratory changes best reflects this patient's physiology as compared to his baseline?? {'A': 'A', 'B': 'B', 'C': 'C', 'D': 'D', 'E': 'E'}, | C: C |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 51-year-old man is bitten by a cottonmouth viper and is successfully treated with sheep hyperimmune Fab antivenom. Three days later, the patient develops an abdominal itchy rash and re-presents to the emergency department for medical care. His medical history is significant for gout, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus type II, and multiple basal cell carcinomas on his face and neck. He currently smokes 1 pack of cigarettes per day, drinks a 6-pack of beer per day, and denies any current illicit drug use. His vital signs include: temperature 40.0°C (104.0°F), blood pressure 126/74 mm Hg, heart rate 111/min, and respiratory rate 23/min. On physical examination, his gait is limited by diffuse arthralgias, lung sounds are clear bilaterally, and he has normal heart sounds. The patient has a pruritic periumbilical serpiginous macular rash that has spread to involve the back, upper trunk, and extremities. Of the following options, which is the next best step in patient management?? {'A': 'Dialysis', 'B': 'Glucocorticoid taper with antihistamines', 'C': 'Antihistamines', 'D': 'NSAIDs', 'E': 'Plasmapheresis'}, | B: Glucocorticoid taper with antihistamines |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 47-year-old man presents to the clinic for an evaluation of intense itching of his right thigh region for the past few days. He states some ‘red bumps’ just began to form. The patient mentions that he was recently at a business conference in Miami. He has a past medical history of hypertension, diabetes type 2, and hyperlipidemia. He takes enalapril, metformin, and atorvastatin. He does not smoke or drink. His vitals are within normal limits today. On physical examination, a linear line with 3 red papules is present along the medial aspect of his right thigh. Additionally, there are small rows of bumps on his left leg and right forearm. Excoriations are also apparent in the same region. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Scabies', 'B': 'Cutaneous larva migrans', 'C': 'Bed bug bite', 'D': 'Spider bite', 'E': 'Flea bite'}, | C: Bed bug bite |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 24-year-old woman presents to her primary care doctor with a lesion on her labia. She first noticed the lesion 2 days ago. It is not painful. She denies vaginal discharge or dysuria. She has no past medical history and takes no medications. She has had 4 sexual partners in the past 8 months and uses the pull-out method as contraception. She drinks 12-16 alcoholic beverages per week and is a law student. Her temperature is 97.8°F (36.6°C), blood pressure is 121/81 mmHg, pulse is 70/min, and respirations are 16/min. On exam, she has an indurated non-tender ulcer on the left labia majora. There is no appreciable inguinal lymphadenopathy. Multiple tests are ordered and pending. This patient's condition is most likely caused by a pathogen with which of the following characteristics on histologic imaging?? {'A': 'Gram-negative coccobacillus with a "school of fish" appearance', 'B': 'Gram-negative diplococci', 'C': 'Motile and helical-shaped bacteria', 'D': 'Rod-shaped organisms in phagocyte cytoplasm', 'E': 'Vaginal epithelial cells covered with bacteria'}, | C: Motile and helical-shaped bacteria |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 70-year-old man presents with fever, headache, and vomiting. He says that symptoms onset acutely 2 days ago and have not improved. He also reports associated weakness and chills. Past medical history is significant for occasional heartburn. His temperature is 39.4°C (103.0°F), the pulse rate is 124/min, the blood pressure is 130/84 mm Hg, and the respiratory rate is 22/min. On physical examination, there is significant nuchal rigidity. No signs of raised intracranial pressure are present. A lumbar puncture is performed and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis shows lymphocyte-dominant pleocytosis with increased CSF protein levels. Bacteriological culture of the CSF reveals the growth of Listeria monocytogenes. Which of the following antibiotics is the best choice for the treatment of this patient?? {'A': 'Ampicillin', 'B': 'Ceftriaxone', 'C': 'Chloramphenicol', 'D': 'Ciprofloxacin', 'E': 'Vancomycin'}, | A: Ampicillin |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 15-year-old girl presents to her primary care physician, accompanied by her mother, for 4 days of abdominal pain. She describes the pain as diffuse, dull, and constant. She also endorses constipation over this time. The patient's mother says the patient has become increasingly self-conscious of her appearance since starting high school this year and has increasingly isolated herself to her room, rarely spending time with or eating meals with the rest of the family. Her temperature is 98.0°F (36.7°C), blood pressure is 100/70 mmHg, pulse is 55/min, and respirations are 19/min. Body mass index (BMI) is at the 4th percentile for age and gender. Physical exam reveals dental caries, mild abdominal distension, and diffuse, fine body hair. Basic labs are most likely to reveal which of the following?? {'A': 'Hypocalcemia', 'B': 'Hypokalemia', 'C': 'Hypercalcemia', 'D': 'Hyperkalemia', 'E': 'Hyperphosphatemia'}, | B: Hypokalemia |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 66-year-old white man comes to the physician because of a 10-day history of fatigue and lower leg swelling. Over the past 6 months, he has had a 3.6-kg (8-lb) weight loss. He has chronic bronchitis and uses an albuterol inhaler as needed. He has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 44 years and drinks one alcoholic beverage daily. His temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 88/min, and blood pressure is 120/75 mm Hg. He appears thin. Examination shows 2+ pretibial edema bilaterally. Cardiopulmonary examination shows no abnormalities. Laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 11.2 g/dL Leukocyte count 8500/mm3 Platelet count 130,000/mm3 Serum Urea nitrogen 23 mg/dL Glucose 77 mg/dL Creatinine 1.6 mg/dL Albumin 1.8 mg/dL Total cholesterol 475 mg/dL Urine Blood negative Glucose negative Protein 4+ WBC 0–1/hpf Fatty casts numerous An x-ray of the chest shows a right upper lobe density. A CT scan of the chest shows a 2.5 x 3.5 x 2-cm right upper lobe mass. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?"? {'A': 'Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis', 'B': 'Granulomatosis with polyangiitis', 'C': 'Membranous nephropathy', 'D': 'Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis', 'E': 'Thin basement membrane disease\n"'}, | C: Membranous nephropathy |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:An 80-year-old male with known metastatic prostate cancer presents to your office with vague complaints of "achy bones." Strangely, he refers to you using the name of another physician. On physical exam, he is afebrile, but mildly tachycardic at 100 beats/min. Mucous membranes are dry. Cardiac exam shows regular rhythm and no murmurs. The patient has diffuse, nonfocal abdominal pain. He cannot articulate the correct date. You check the patient's serum calcium level, which is found to be 15.3 mg/dL. What is the best next step in management?? {'A': 'Pamidronate', 'B': 'Intravenous normal saline', 'C': 'Calcitonin', 'D': 'Furosemide', 'E': 'Hemodialysis'}, | B: Intravenous normal saline |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A new drug is designed to treat asthma by inhibiting bronchoconstriction. Experimental assays show that treated animals had markedly reduced acetylcholine binding to muscarinic receptors relative to untreated controls. The drug is most similar to which of the following:? {'A': 'Theophylline', 'B': 'Cromolyn', 'C': 'Zafirlukast', 'D': 'Prednisone', 'E': 'Ipratropium'}, | E: Ipratropium |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 34-year-old man presents to the outpatient clinic with a complaint of right-sided jaw pain. The onset of pain was approx. 1 month ago and he is experiencing symptoms 2–3 times a day. Each episode of pain lasts for about 30 seconds. He describes the pain as severe (9 out of 10) with an electric and sharp quality. He denies having tear production or conjunctival injection on the affected side during attacks. What is the mechanism of action for the drug that will best treat this patient’s condition?? {'A': 'Prevention of Na+ influx', 'B': 'Decrease the excitatory effects of glutamic acid', 'C': 'Increase the frequency of Cl- channel opening', 'D': 'Increase the time of Cl- channel opening', 'E': 'Decrease in the Ca2+ influx'}, | A: Prevention of Na+ influx |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 17-year-old African-American male presents to his family physician after noticing red-tinged urine the week before, when he was suffering from a cold. The patient states that he had experienced that before. His father is with him and says that this happens to him on occasion as well. What is the most likely diagnosis for this patient?? {'A': 'Acute cystitis', 'B': 'Acute interstitial nephritis', 'C': 'Sickle cell trait', 'D': 'Acute glomerulonephritis', 'E': 'Hemophilia'}, | C: Sickle cell trait |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 4-year-old boy is brought to the physician by his mother for a well-child examination. At the visit, the mother says that she is worried about the child's vision because of an “eye condition that runs in the family.” She says that the child is doing well in all activities at his preschool, except one in which he is required to sort different colored balls into baskets of a corresponding color. A pedigree chart of the family, with the patient identified by a red arrow, is shown. The most likely cause of these changes in the patient's vision involves which of the following modes of inheritance?? {'A': 'Mitochondrial inheritance', 'B': 'Autosomal recessive', 'C': 'Y-linked dominant', 'D': 'X-linked recessive', 'E': 'Autosomal dominant'}, | D: X-linked recessive |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 71-year-old African American man with a history of prostatic adenocarcinoma presents to his oncologist with low back pain. He was diagnosed with non-resectable prostatic adenocarcinoma 4 years ago. He has undergone radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Over the past 3 months, he has developed constant mild non-radiating low back pain that occasionally wakes him up from sleep. He denies any recent falls or trauma. His past medical history is notable for hypertension, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, and gout. He also has a history of thyroid cancer and underwent thyroidectomy 5 years ago. He takes lisinopril, metoprolol, aspirin, metformin, and allopurinol. He has a 40-pack-year smoking history and drinks alcohol socially. His temperature is 99.2°F (37.3°C), blood pressure is 150/85 mmHg, pulse is 84/min, and respirations are 18/min. On exam, he is well-appearing and in no acute distress. He is mildly tender to palpation along the lumbar vertebral spinous processes. A computerized tomography (CT) scan of the lumbar spine demonstrates a blastic and sclerotic lesion in the L5 vertebral body. Which of the following findings would most likely be seen on a serum study of this patient?? {'A': 'Decreased calcium, decreased phosphate, increased alkaline phosphatase, and increased parathyroid hormone', 'B': 'Decreased calcium, increased phosphate, increased alkaline phosphatase, and increased parathyroid hormone', 'C': 'Increased calcium, decreased phosphate, increased alkaline phosphatase, and increased parathyroid hormone', 'D': 'Normal calcium, normal phosphate, increased alkaline phosphatase, and normal parathyroid hormone', 'E': 'Normal calcium, normal phosphate, normal alkaline phosphatase, and normal parathyroid hormone'}, | D: Normal calcium, normal phosphate, increased alkaline phosphatase, and normal parathyroid hormone |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 44-year-old Caucasian male presents with a fever, recent weight loss, and a cough productive of bloody sputum. A chest X-ray and CT scan were performed, revealing cavities near the apex of his lungs. The patient is started on rifampin, isoniazid, ethambutol and pyrazinamide. Formation of the cavities in the patient's lungs is mainly mediated by:? {'A': 'TH1 cells', 'B': 'Toxin secretion by the bacterium', 'C': 'B-cells', 'D': 'NK cells', 'E': 'Apoptosis'}, | A: TH1 cells |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 48-year-old man presents to his primary care physician with a 6-month history of increasing joint pain and stiffness. He says that the pain is primarily located in his knees and occurs in sharp bursts that are accompanied by redness and warmth. His past medical history is significant for diabetes though he is not currently taking any medications. He also suffers from occasional diarrhea with fatty stools. Physical exam reveals mild swelling and redness in his knees bilaterally. Furthermore, he is found to be very tan despite the fact that he says he stays out of the sun. He notes that he has always been significantly more tan than anyone else in his family. This patient is most likely predisposed to which of the following diseases?? {'A': 'Basal cell carcinoma', 'B': 'Hepatocellular carcinoma', 'C': 'Osteosarcoma', 'D': 'Pancreatic adenocarcinoma', 'E': 'Squamous cell skin carcinoma'}, | B: Hepatocellular carcinoma |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 58-year-old chronic smoker known to have chronic bronchitis for the last 20 years presents to his physician for a scheduled follow-up visit. He mentions that over the last month he has been having difficulty breathing, especially after climbing stairs. He also says that he has had similar episodes in the past, which were relieved with the use of inhaled bronchodilators, but recently the breathlessness has ceased to respond to them. He also mentions frequent pain in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen. On physical examination, his temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), the pulse is 96/min, the blood pressure is 124/82 mm Hg, and the respirations are 26/min. Auscultation of the chest reveals wheezing bilaterally and a loud pulmonic component of the second heart sound. Two-dimensional echocardiography shows a dilated right ventricle with increased wall thickness. Right heart catheterization is performed, which indicates a pulmonary artery pressure of 30 mm Hg and a pulmonary capillary wedge pressure of 13 mm Hg. There is a significant drop in pulmonary artery pressure after the administration of inhaled nitric oxide. In addition to continued appropriate management of chronic bronchitis, which of the following medications is most likely to improve symptoms in the patient?? {'A': 'Captopril', 'B': 'Diltiazem', 'C': 'Hydralazine', 'D': 'Isosorbide mononitrate', 'E': 'Losartan'}, | B: Diltiazem |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 70-year-old man presents to the clinic with right-sided chest pain and difficulty breathing for the past 10 days. When it began, the pain was mild, but as time went on, it increased to a level at which the man found it difficult to breathe. Two years ago, he was diagnosed with clear cell carcinoma of the kidney. Vital signs include: pulse rate is 72/min, blood pressure is 122/80 mm Hg, respiratory rate is 16/min, and temperature is 37.0°C (98.6°F). On physical examination, the trachea appears to have deviated to the left, respiratory movements are diminished, there is decreased resonance on percussion, and there is an absence of breath sounds over the right hemithorax. Which of the following is the most likely clinical diagnosis in this patient?? {'A': 'Pneumonia', 'B': 'Atelectasis', 'C': 'Pneumothorax', 'D': 'Pulmonary embolism', 'E': 'Pleural effusion'}, | E: Pleural effusion |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 1-month-old boy is brought in by his mother for episodes of “not breathing.” She reports noticing that the patient will occasionally stop breathing while he’s sleeping, and that these episodes have been occurring more frequently. The patient was born at 32 weeks due to placental insufficiency. He was in the neonatal intensive care unit for 1 day to be placed on a respirator. During prenatal testing, it was revealed that the mother was not immune to rubella, but she otherwise had an uncomplicated pregnancy. She has no medical conditions and took only prenatal vitamins. The patient has a 3-year-old sister who is healthy. His father has a “heart condition.” The patient’s temperature is 98°F (36.7°C), blood pressure is 91/55 mmHg, pulse is 207/min, and respirations are 50/min with an oxygen saturation of 97% on room air. Physical examination is notable for pale conjunctiva. Labs are obtained, as shown below: Leukocyte count: 10,000/mm^3 with normal differential Hemoglobin: 8.2 g/dL Hematocrit: 28% Mean corpuscular volume (MCV): 100 um^3 Platelet count: 300,000/mm^3 Reticulocyte count: 0.8% (normal range: 2-6%) Lactate dehydrogenase: 120 U/L (normal range: 100-250 U/L) A peripheral smear reveals normocytic and normochromic red blood cells. Which of the following is a mechanism for the patient’s most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Congenital infection', 'B': 'Hemoglobinopathy', 'C': 'Impaired erythropoietin production', 'D': 'Minor blood group incompatibility', 'E': 'Red blood cell membrane defect'}, | C: Impaired erythropoietin production |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 63-year-old man presents to his family physician with limited movement in his left shoulder that has progressed gradually over the past 6 years. He previously had pain when moving his shoulder, but the pain subsided a year ago and now he experiences the inability to fully flex, abduct, and rotate his left arm. He had an injury to his left shoulder 10 years ago when he fell onto his arms and ‘stretched ligaments’. He did not seek medical care and managed the pain with NSAIDs and rest. He has diabetes mellitus that is well controlled with Metformin. His blood pressure is 130/80 mm Hg, the heart rate is 81/min, the respiratory rate is 15/min, and the temperature is 36.6°C (97.9°F). Physical examination reveals limitations of both active and passive abduction and external rotation in the left arm. The range of motion in the right glenohumeral joint is normal. The muscles of the left shoulder look less bulky than those of the right shoulder. There is no change in shoulder muscle power bilaterally. The reflexes and sensation on the upper extremities are normal. Which of the following is the next best step for this patient?? {'A': 'No interventions are required at this stage', 'B': 'NSAID prescription for 1–2 weeks', 'C': 'Physical therapy', 'D': 'Corticosteroid injections', 'E': 'Arthroscopic capsular release'}, | C: Physical therapy |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 32-year-old man comes to the emergency department because of sharp chest pain for 3 days. The pain is retrosternal, 8 out of 10 in intensity, increases with respiration, and decreases while sitting upright and leaning forward. He has nausea and myalgia. He has not had fever or a cough. He has asthma and was treated for bronchitis 6 months ago with azithromycin. His mother has hypertension. He uses an over-the-counter inhaler. His temperature is 37.3°C (99.1°F), pulse is 110/min, and blood pressure is 130/84 mm Hg. Breath sounds are normal. Cardiac examination shows a high-pitched grating sound between S1 and S2. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. Serum studies show: Urea nitrogen 16 mg/dl Glucose 103 mg/dL Creatinine 0.7 mg/dL Troponin I 0.230 ng/mL (N < 0.1 ng/mL) An ECG shows diffuse ST elevations in all leads. The patient is at increased risk for which of the following conditions?"? {'A': 'Papillary muscle rupture', 'B': 'Pulmonary infarction', 'C': 'Mediastinitis', 'D': 'Cardiac tamponade', 'E': 'Ventricular aneurysm'}, | D: Cardiac tamponade |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 48-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 2-day history of an itchy rash. He has no history of skin problems. He had an upper respiratory infection 4 days ago that resolved with acetaminophen and over-the-counter cold medication. He has type I diabetes mellitus well-controlled with insulin. He was also diagnosed with hypertension 3 weeks ago and treatment with captopril was initiated. His temperature is 36.8°C (98.2°F), pulse is 68/min, respirations are 18/min, and blood pressure is 120/85 mm Hg. Examination shows rashes at the waistline, trunk, and over the forearms. A photograph of the right forearm is shown. The rashes are nontender and blanch on pressure. There is no lymphadenopathy or hepatosplenomegaly. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for this patient's skin findings?? {'A': 'Epidermal keratinocyte hyperproliferation', 'B': 'Cutaneous Trichophyton rubrum infection', 'C': 'Cutaneous cytotoxic reaction', 'D': 'Impaired bradykinin degradation', 'E': 'Cutaneous mast cell activation'}, | E: Cutaneous mast cell activation |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 56-year-old man comes to the clinic complaining of back pain for the past 1 month. The pain is described as a dull ache that intensifies intermittently to an 8/10 in severity about 1-2 times a day. It intensified about 2 weeks ago following a fall during a ski trip. He reports that he noticed some pain at his buttocks and lower back following the fall but he wasn’t bothered by it. Hot packs and Tylenol seem to alleviate the pain somewhat. He denies lower extremity weakness, loss of sensation, fever, incontinence, or prior cancers; however, he reveals that his cousin was recently diagnosed with prostate cancer. Physical examination demonstrates normal range of motion and diffuse tenderness at the L4/L5 region with no point tenderness or vertebral step-offs. What is the next best step in the management of this patient?? {'A': 'Back bracing', 'B': 'Best rest with return to activity in 1 week', 'C': 'Exercise therapy with NSAIDs/acetaminophen', 'D': 'Morphine as needed', 'E': 'Radiograph of lumbar spine'}, | C: Exercise therapy with NSAIDs/acetaminophen |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 75-year-old man is brought to the emergency department 20 minutes after an episode of being unconscious. He was playing with his 3-year-old granddaughter when he suddenly fell down and was unresponsive for 1-minute. He responded normally after regaining consciousness. He has had episodes of mild chest pain and abdominal discomfort for the past 2 months, especially while working on his car. He has hypertension treated with hydrochlorothiazide. He appears alert. His temperature is 37.1°C (98.8°F), pulse is 89/min and regular, and blood pressure is 110/88 mm Hg. Examination shows a 3/6 late systolic murmur at the right sternal border that radiates to the carotids. There is no swelling or erythema of the lower extremities. Neurologic examination shows no focal findings. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's symptoms?? {'A': 'Rupture of the chordae tendineae', 'B': 'Fibrosis of the sinus node', 'C': 'Asymmetric septal hypertrophy', 'D': 'Calcification of the aortic valve', 'E': 'Embolus in the pulmonary artery'}, | D: Calcification of the aortic valve |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 37-year-old male presents to general medical clinic reporting sleeping difficulties. He states that he has daytime sleepiness, having fallen asleep several times while driving his car recently. He sometimes experiences very vivid dreams just before awakening. You ask the patient's wife if she has witnessed any episodes where her husband lost all muscle tone and fell to the ground, and she confirms that he has not had this symptom. The patient notes that this condition runs in his family, and he desperately asks for treatment. You begin him on a first-line medication for this illness, which works by which mechanism of action?? {'A': 'Agonist at the GABA receptor', 'B': 'Agonist at the mu opioid receptor', 'C': 'Blockade of 5HT reuptake', 'D': 'Enhances release of norepinephrine vesicles', 'E': 'Alpha-2 receptor antagonist'}, | D: Enhances release of norepinephrine vesicles |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 30-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department by ambulance after being found unconscious in her bedroom by her roommate. The roommate says the patient has type 1 diabetes and takes her insulin regularly. Her pulse is 110/min, the respiratory rate is 24/min, the temperature is 36.6°C (97.9°F), and the blood pressure is 95/65 mm Hg. She is breathing heavily and gives irrelevant responses to questions. Her skin and mucous membranes appear dry. Her breath has a fruity smell to it. Tendon reflexes are slightly delayed. The laboratory findings include: Finger-stick glucose 530 mg/dL Arterial blood gas analysis pH 7.1 pO2 94 mm Hg pCO2 32 mm Hg HCO3 17 mEq/L Serum Sodium 136 mEq/L Potassium 3.2 mEq/L Chloride 136 mEq/L Blood urea nitrogen 20 mg/dL Serum creatinine 1.2 mg/dL Urine examination Glucose positive Ketones positive Leucocytes negative Nitrite negative RBC negative Casts negative Which of the following abnormalities accounts for her sweet smelling breath?? {'A': 'Diminished glucose metabolism', 'B': 'Excessive mobilization of fatty acids', 'C': 'Extrahepatic ketone production', 'D': 'Fermentation of excess blood sugars', 'E': 'Inhibition of HMG-CoA synthase'}, | B: Excessive mobilization of fatty acids |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 75-year-old man presents to the physician with progressive difficulty reading over the past year. Currently, he avoids driving as he has trouble reading road signs. He has no history of a serious illness and takes no medications. The fundoscopic examination shows localized retinal elevation and drusen. A description of the patient’s visual on the Amsler grid is shown. Fluorescein angiography shows early hyperfluorescence. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis in this patient?? {'A': 'Central retinal artery occlusion', 'B': 'Choroidal melanoma', 'C': 'Macular degeneration', 'D': 'Open-angle glaucoma', 'E': 'Retinal detachment'}, | C: Macular degeneration |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 44-year-old woman comes to her primary care physician with complaints of irritation and a gritty sensation in her eyes for the past few months. She denies any discharge from her eyes. She has no significant past medical or surgical history. She takes multivitamins occasionally but denies use of any other medication. On further questioning, she expresses her concerns about frequent dental caries for the past 2 years. On examination, her temperature is 37.1°C (98.8°F), blood pressure is 110/80 mm Hg, pulse rate is 74/min, and respiratory rate is 16/min. Which of the following is the most likely cause of her symptoms?? {'A': 'Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)', 'B': "Sjögren's syndrome", 'C': 'Rheumatoid arthritis', 'D': 'Fibromyalgia', 'E': 'Scleroderma'}, | B: Sjögren's syndrome |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:The medical student on the pediatric cardiology team is examining a 9-year-old girl who was referred by her primary care physician for unexplained hypertension. She is accompanied by her mother who reveals that the child is generally well but has been significantly less active than her peers for the past year. On exam, the medical student notes a thin girl in no apparent distress appearing slightly younger than stated age. Vital signs reveal a BP is 160/80, HR 80, RR 16. Physical exam is notable only for a clicking sound is noted around the time of systole but otherwise the cardiac exam is normal. Pedal pulses could not be palpated. Which of the following physical exam findings was most likely missed by both the medical student and primary care physician?? {'A': 'Cleft palate', 'B': 'Prominent occiput', 'C': 'Long philtrum', 'D': 'Webbed neck', 'E': 'Single palmar crease'}, | D: Webbed neck |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 45-year-old woman comes to the emergency department complaining of abdominal pain for the past day. The pain is situated in the right upper quadrant, colicky, 8/10, and radiates to the tip of the right shoulder with no aggravating or relieving factors. The pain is associated with nausea but no vomiting. She tried to take over-the-counter antacids which relieved her pain to a certain extent, but not entirely. She does not smoke cigarettes or drink alcohol. She has no past medical illness. Her father died of pancreatic cancer at the age of 75, and her mother has diabetes controlled with medications. Temperature is 38°C (100.4°F), blood pressure is 125/89 mm Hg, pulse is 104/min, respiratory rate is 20/min, and BMI is 29 kg/m2. On abdominal examination, her abdomen is tender to shallow and deep palpation of the right upper quadrant. Laboratory test Complete blood count Hemoglobin 13 g/dL WBC 15,500/mm3 Platelets 145,000/mm3 Basic metabolic panel Serum Na+ 137 mEq/L Serum K+ 3.6 mEq/L Serum Cl- 95 mEq/L Serum HCO3- 25 mEq/L BUN 10 mg/dL Serum creatinine 0.8 mg/dL Liver function test Total bilirubin 1.3 mg/dL AST 52 U/L ALT 60 U/L Ultrasonography of the abdomen shows normal findings. What is the best next step in management of this patient?? {'A': 'Emergency cholecystectomy', 'B': 'Percutaneous cholecystostomy', 'C': 'Cholescintigraphy', 'D': 'CT scan', 'E': 'Reassurance and close follow up'}, | C: Cholescintigraphy |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 4-year-old girl is brought to the physician because of a 3-week history of generalized fatigue and easy bruising. During the past week, she has also had fever and severe leg pain that wakes her up at night. Her temperature is 38.3°C (100.9°F), pulse is 120/min, and respirations are 30/min. Examination shows cervical and axillary lymphadenopathy. The abdomen is soft and nontender; the liver is palpated 3 cm below the right costal margin, and the spleen is palpated 2 cm below the left costal margin. Laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 10.1 g/dL Leukocyte count 63,000/mm3 Platelet count 27,000/mm3 A bone marrow aspirate predominantly shows immature cells that stain positive for CD10, CD19, and TdT. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?"? {'A': 'Hodgkin lymphoma', 'B': 'Hairy cell leukemia', 'C': 'Aplastic anemia', 'D': 'Acute myeloid leukemia', 'E': 'Acute lymphoblastic leukemia'}, | E: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 25-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 2-day history of a burning sensation when urinating and increased urinary frequency. She is concerned about having contracted a sexually transmitted disease. Physical examination shows suprapubic tenderness. Urinalysis shows a negative nitrite test and positive leukocyte esterases. Urine culture grows organisms that show resistance to novobiocin on susceptibility testing. Which of the following is the most likely causal organism of this patient's symptoms?? {'A': 'Staphylococcus epidermidis', 'B': 'Pseudomonas aeruginosa', 'C': 'Klebsiella pneumoniae', 'D': 'Proteus mirabilis', 'E': 'Staphylococcus saprophyticus'}, | E: Staphylococcus saprophyticus |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 2-day-old male infant is brought to the emergency department by ambulance after his parents noticed that he was convulsing and unresponsive. He was born at home and appeared well initially; however, within 24 hours he became increasingly irritable and lethargic. Furthermore, he stopped feeding and began to experience worsening tachypnea. This continued for about 6 hours, at which point his parents noticed the convulsions and called for an ambulance. Laboratories are obtained with the following results: Orotic acid: 9.2 mmol/mol creatinine (normal: 1.4-5.3 mmol/mol creatinine) Ammonia: 135 µmol/L (normal: < 50 µmol/L) Citrulline: 2 µmol/L (normal: 10-45 µmol/L) Which of the following treatments would most likely be beneficial to this patient?? {'A': 'Aspartame avoidance', 'B': 'Benzoate administration', 'C': 'Fructose avoidance', 'D': 'Galactose avoidance', 'E': 'Uridine administration'}, | B: Benzoate administration |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 33-year-old man presents to his physician with a 3-year history of gradually worsening tics and difficulty walking. He was last seen by the physician 5 years ago for anxiety, and he has been buying anti-anxiety medications from an internet website without a prescription as he cannot afford to pay for doctor’s visits. Now, the patient notes that his anxiety is somewhat controlled, but motor difficulties are making it difficult for him to work and socialize. Family history is unobtainable as his parents died in an accident when he was an infant. He grew up in foster care and was always a bright child. An MRI of the brain is ordered; it shows prominent atrophy of the caudate nucleus. Repeats of which of the following trinucleotides are most likely responsible for this patient’s disorder?? {'A': 'CCG', 'B': 'CGG', 'C': 'GAA', 'D': 'CAG', 'E': 'CTG'}, | D: CAG |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 32-year-old man who recently emigrated from Somalia comes to the physician because of a 4-week history of fever, cough, and chest pain. He has had a 5-kg (11-lb) weight loss over the last 3 months despite no changes in appetite. His temperature is 38.1°C (100.6°F). Physical examination shows enlarged cervical lymph nodes. The lungs are clear to auscultation. The results of an interferon-γ release assay are positive. An x-ray of the chest shows bilateral mediastinal lymphadenopathy. A transbronchial needle aspiration biopsy of a mediastinal lymph node is performed; a photomicrograph of the specimen is shown. The structure indicated by the arrow is most likely comprised of which of the following types of cells?? {'A': 'Macrophages', 'B': 'Neutrophils', 'C': 'Fibroblasts', 'D': 'Natural killer cells', 'E': 'B cells'}, | A: Macrophages |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 1-year-old immigrant girl presents to her pediatrician for a routine well-child check. She has not received any recommended vaccines since birth. She attends daycare and remains healthy despite her daily association with several other children for the past 3 months at a home daycare facility. Which of the following phenomena explains why she has not contracted any vaccine-preventable diseases such as measles, diphtheria, or pertussis?? {'A': 'Herd immunity', 'B': 'Genetic drift', 'C': 'Genetic shift', 'D': 'Tolerance', 'E': 'Immune evasion'}, | A: Herd immunity |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A pharmaceutical company has modified one of its existing antibiotics to have an improved toxicity profile. The new antibiotic blocks protein synthesis by first entering the cell and then binding to active ribosomes. The antibiotic mimics the structure of aminoacyl-tRNA. The drug is covalently bonded to the existing growing peptide chain via peptidyl transferase, thereby impairing the rest of protein synthesis and leading to early polypeptide truncation. Where is the most likely site that this process occurs?? {'A': '30S small subunit', 'B': '40S small subunit', 'C': 'A site', 'D': 'E site', 'E': 'P site'}, | E: P site |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A previously healthy 22-year-old man comes to the physician because of multiple nodules on his hands that first appeared a few months ago. He works as a computer game programmer. His father died of a myocardial infarction at 37 years of age, and his mother has rheumatoid arthritis. A photograph of the lesions is shown. The nodules are firm, mobile, and nontender. Which of the following is the most likely mechanism underlying this patient's skin findings?? {'A': 'Deposition of triglycerides', 'B': 'Fibrinoid necrosis', 'C': 'Crystallization of monosodium urate', 'D': 'Uncontrolled adipocyte growth', 'E': 'Extravasation of lipoproteins'}, | E: Extravasation of lipoproteins |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A previously healthy 25-year-old man is brought to the emergency department 30 minutes after collapsing during soccer practice. His father died of sudden cardiac arrest at the age of 36 years. The patient appears well. His pulse is 73/min and blood pressure is 125/78 mm Hg. Cardiac examination is shown. An ECG shows large R waves in the lateral leads and deep S waves in V1 and V2. Further evaluation is most likely to show which of the following?? {'A': 'Monoclonal light chain deposition in the myocardium', 'B': 'Aortic root dilatation', 'C': 'Eccentric left ventricular dilation', 'D': 'Asymmetric septal hypertrophy', 'E': 'Mitral valve fibrinoid necrosis'}, | D: Asymmetric septal hypertrophy |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 45-year-old man presents with a 3-day history of right-sided flank pain due to a lodged ureteral stone. What changes would be expected to be seen at the level of glomerular filtration?? {'A': 'Increase in glomerular capillary oncotic pressure', 'B': "Increase in Bowman's space capillary oncotic pressure", 'C': "Increase in Bowman's space hydrostatic pressure", 'D': 'Increase in filtration fraction', 'E': 'No change in filtration fraction'}, | C: Increase in Bowman's space hydrostatic pressure |
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