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global-stocktake-documents

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Figure 35 Livestock subsector GHG emissions baseline scenario (2030) (Gg CO2eq)
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Figure 34 Livestock category and population (2007-2017)
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Vanuatu's land area totals about 12,336km2, with more than 36.1 percent (440,000 hectares) covered by tropical forest. Another 4,800 hectares are covered with planted forests; about 3 percent of mid-to-high forests (about 6,000 hectares) and 0.7 percent of low forests (about 1,400 hectares) are in protected areas. Vanuatu's forests are also home to some 108 known species of amphibians, birds, mammals and reptiles and at least 870 species of vascular plants. The coastal region is also rich in sea life, with more than 4,000 species of marine molluscs.
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MITIGATION ACTIONS AND THEIR EFFECTS
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Figure 36 MSW Generation and the composition in Vanuatu (2007-2015)
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Although limited information is available on forest conversion or change in forest cover, discussions with the forest department and FAO data indicate that forest cover area has not changed significantly since 2000, including the GHG inventory for 2007-2015.
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Municipal solid waste (MSW)
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Municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal in urban areas (Port Vila, Luganville and Lenakel) is a key source of GHG emissions in Vanuatu. Rural populations generate little or no waste due to their subsistence lifestyle. MSW sector emissions include primarily methane emissions from the anaerobic decomposition of MSW disposed at the Bouffa landfill site in Port Vila and the Luganville and Lenakel solid waste landfill sites. Further, open dumping of MSW and the lack of waste management practices have led to higher GHG emissions in Vanuatu. MSW disposal is responsible for about 5 percent of the country's total GHG emissions and 78 percent of total GHG emissions from the waste sector. It is one of the major concerns for the country
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In recent years, waste collection efficiency has increased
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Further, sustainable commercial logging practices are th practiced in Vanuatu. The country is also committed to ar maintaining its forest cover and is expected to remain net fr carbon negative in the future. The REDD+ programme is being implemented in Vanuatu to improve sustainable forest management practices.
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mainly from municipal solid waste disposal (excluding
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The waste composition analysis suggests that a significant quantity of the MSW generated in the urban areas is biodegradable. Further rapid urbanization and population increase are expected to contribute to further increases in the overall amount of MSW generated. In the absence of any scientific waste management practices, GHG emissions from the waste sector will thus increase.
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The forestry sector in Vanuatu is a net carbon sink. The prominence of carbon sequestration in the national GHG inventory reflects the mandate of the national forest policy, which considers forests crucial to the well-being of the ni-Vanuatu population to fulfil essential needs, such as obtaining wood, food, fodder and traditional remedies.
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Domestic and commercial wastewater discharge is another source of GHG emissions (CH4 and N2O) in Vanuatu. Because no major industries are active in the country, there are no emissions related to industrial wastewater discharge. Wastewater is generated primarily by sanitation systems and domestic and commercial activity, largely handled by decentralized or open septic systems. Decentralized septic
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3.3.4 Waste sector
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VANUATU FIRST BIENNAL UPDATE REPORT
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The updated version of the NERM includes the following aspects
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3.4 Vanuatu's GHG Mitigation Actions
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d 5. In 2015-2016 the NERM was revised. The updated NERM 2016-2030 was completed and launched in 2016.
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Vanuatu's National Energy Roadmap (NERM) 2013-2020 " was published in 2013 and provided the vision "To energise Vanuatu's growth and development through the provision of secure, affordable, widely accessible, high quality, clean energy services for an Educated, Healthy, and Wealthy nation. The five energy sector priorities were access, petroleum supply, affordability, energy security, and climate change.
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It has identified five strategic areas for policy intervention in the energy sector, which include:
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GHG emissions from the wastewater subsector totalled 7.304 GgCO2e in 2010 and rose to 7.654 GgCO2e in 2015. This subsector is responsible for around 22.16 percent of the waste sector's GHG emissions and less than 1 percent of Vanuatu's total GHG emissions. Lacking an adequate waste water management system, GHG emissions from this subsector are increasing due to population growth and urbanization. Apart from these emissions, wastewater poses serious health and environmental risks. Uncontrolled nutrient discharges, nitrates and phosphates from sewage, septic outflows, siltation and industrial waste, combined with poor natural flushing, are more serious public health concerns than bacterial contamination. In 2017, a sewage treatment facility was installed in Port Vila to deal with waste disposal from septic tanks.
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along with ventilated improved pit toilets and water-seal pit latrines. Sanitation services in informal housing areas are of very poor quality, polluting the ground and water and posing dangers to human health. Sanitation facilities in rural areas are also of poor quality and include primarily pit latrines or bush toilets. Hotels and the Port Vila hospital have wastewater treatment plants that typically operate beyond their capacity. Septic tank systems allow waste to decompose but the process leaves sludge as a by-product. In urban areas, private service providers remove the residual sludge in tankers and dispose of it at designated sites. Urban and provincial centres lack effective systems to manage storm water and runoff.
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3.4.1 Mitigation Actions Under the National Energy Road Map (NERM)
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Figure 37 Waste Sector GHG baseline emissions in Vanuatu (2010- 2030)
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Over the past years, various stakeholders have been
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MITIGATION ACTIONS AND THEIR EFFECTS
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Accessible energy. Affordable energy. Secure and reliable energy. • Sustainable energy and • Green Growth.
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• Progress: Provides an update on how well Vanuatu is meeting the targets (and what progress might look like by 2020 and 2030).
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Targets: Sets 2030 targets for targets that previously only had targets for 2015 and 2020, and adds new targets to help catalyse faster progress in particular areas.
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Implementation Plan: Refines and adds actions needed to achieve the updated targets and objectives.
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Table 34 NERM projects finalized
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working intensively on the preparation and implementat
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VANUATU FIRST BIENNAL UPDATE REPORT
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Vanuatu is making good progress with increasing access to electricity. Electricity access by households in and near concession areas is at 71.7%, thereby close to achieving the 2020 target of 75% and getting close to reaching the 2030
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target of 100%. Electricity access by off-grid households has increased considerably over the last years to more than 50%. Achieving the 2020 target of 60% is likely and the country is on a good track of achieving the 2030 target.
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Planned Mitigation Interventions under the NERM
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reach the NDC (and thereby also the NERM target) of 100% renewable energy in electricity generation by 2030. For electricity sector end-use efficiency, the planned national energy efficiency strategy and action plan would be an important starting point to define the status quo, baseline, and interventions necessary to improve efficiency.
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MITIGATION ACTIONS AND THEIR EFFECTS
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Table 38 Activities Planned under Green Growth
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For renewable electricity in bungalows, there is good progress and the 2020 target has been already achieved. Further efforts are being made for increasing the share and reaching the 2030 target of 65%. The easiest approach would be to encourage tourism operators to further access VREP I and VREP II, as the systems approved for these programs are well-suited for tourism bungalows. There is only a small number of additional electrifications required (around 20 bungalows remaining for achieving the 65% target).
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The development of the NDC has shown that coconut oil is a major component in achieving the NDC target of close to 100% electricity from renewable energies. In contrast to solar PV and wind, there is no need to store electricity as diesel generators fire with coconut oil would operate Il based on demand. NDC Option 2, which projects the use of around 6 million litres of coconut oil in 2030, the share of coconut oil in electricity generation would reach more than it 20%, thus over-achieving the NERM target of 14%.
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Green Growth
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This way of thinking opens new avenues for Vanuatu to take action on its climate ambitions and commitments under the Paris Agreement and align these with its efforts to achieve
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Resource use for consumption in Vanuatu is estimated to be 59 percent circular. This means that the country relies on secondary or renewable materials and energy sources for
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Identifying complementary GHG mitigation opportunities through the circular economy is part of an effort to further enhance Vanuatu's Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) or its mitigation pledge under the Paris Agreement.
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environments, fish and forests. By redefining development
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The systems approach outlined for Vanuatu departs from a focus on a single sector or industry. It even departs from defining the country's ability to influence emissions only within its national borders. Rather, it defines collaborative strategies to develop a circular economy along domestic and international value chains that are aligned with national objectives to safeguard natural assets, avoid waste and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
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S the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which relate to primary resource extraction and waste. This approach redefines development and growth, viewing them through the lens of metabolic efficiency and inspired by nature, al where waste does not exist. al
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Efforts to enhance the NDC's ambition already consider a range of interventions that, together, aim to reduce national GHG emissions by 82,685 tCO2e by 2030, when considering all sectors except livestock. The measures already considered aim to expand renewable energy capacity, vehicle efficiency and electrification, and biodiesel blending.
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3.4.2 Circular Economy Mitigation Opportunities in Vanuatu
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Applying the circular economy concept to drive greenhouse gas mitigation
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The circular economy is an economic concept that aims to decouple economic growth from resource use, making material use regenerative, and minimize the use of finite, non-renewable resources. It does so by optimizing the use of existing assets and materials, thus reducing the use of primary materials and lowering the output of harmful wastes. By focusing on what is already available and altering the design of new products and assets, the circular economy concept can help Vanuatu define a development pathway
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Circular economy opportunities in Vanuatu
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Vanuatu is on the frontlines of climate change. It is highly exposed to its impacts change, even as the country adopts policy measures that will help preserve natural assets and keep GHG emissions per capita low. With an annual per capita material footprint of 6.1 tonnes and a per capita carbon footprint of 2.1 tCO2e, Vanuatu's population already maintains a small carbon and material footprint.5 Furthermore, reports suggest that the country's people rank among the happiest in the world.
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However, the country can address these issues effectively because its population is directly exposed to and wellaware of the adverse impacts of pollution. The government is already prioritizing the conservation of natural assets for future generations over short-term gains. Circular economy analytics can identify the opportunities that contribute to that objective, as it aims to avoid waste and reduce the extraction of primary resources. Vanuatu is already more circular than any other country whose circularity has been estimated. With domestic consumption estimated to be 59 percent circular, it far exceeds the global average of 8.6 percent, Austria's 9.7 percent and the Netherlands' 24.5 percent. The country plans to make its power production fully renewable, has imposed bans on the extraction of minerals near vulnerable coastlines, and seeks international cooperation to reduce GHG emissions from livestock and more closely monitor the development of fish stocks to avoid excessive extraction. All these ambitions will make
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This concise analysis aims to be solution-oriented by identifying circular economy opportunities across sectors that are aligned with the development ambitions of the Government of Vanuatu and the people who live in the country. Taken together, the circular economy opportunities proposed here can help avoid, between today and 2030, around 44 percent of solid waste, decrease primary resource extraction and reduce the trade deficit. They would also reduce domestic GHG emissions by 10 perce or by 44 percent when taking into account only emissions from non-livestock sectors. When taking a consumptionbased approach to allocating emissions, they also reduce foreign emissions in the value chains for products imported into Vanuatu by 18 percent.
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59 percent of the materials used for domestic consumption. The remaining 41 percent of material use is not circular and can be described as following a linear 'take-make-waste trajectory. Those materials are mostly of foreign origin and collide with the country's development ambitions because they create waste disposal problems and contribute to the deterioration of natural assets resulting from the pollution of soils, surface waters and marine environments.
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