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ClimatePolicyRadar
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global-stocktake-documents

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The Act also formalized the establishment of key institutions for climate-related services, specifically, the NAB, Department of Climate Change (DoCC), Department of Meteorology (DOM), and Department of Geological Hazards.
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Vanuatu's National Energy Road Map (NERM) 20162030 and associated NERM Implementation Road Map
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e. ensure that the government and the public are informed of matters related to weather, climate and geological hazards and can make effective use of such information and data and respond to warnings and alerts about such events to protect the environment and the safety and welfare of the community.
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MITIGATION ACTIONS AND THEIR EFFECTS
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Table 29 Vanuatu's NERM 2016-2030 Priorities and Targets for 2020 and 2030
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Figure 21 Vanuatu's NERM 2016-2030: priorities and implementation approaches
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The following table summarizes the updated NERM 2016- 2030's quantitative targets for 2020 and 2030:
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The NERM-IP includes a long list of investments and actions that could help meet the NERM targets. The planned activities were grouped into the following categories:
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s This category basically covers the following types of investments:
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• Rural electrification
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Rural Electrification NAMA
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The NAMA covers two interventions:
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Vanuatu's NDC Implementation Roadmap (2018), available from: https://www.undp.org/content/dam/LECB/events/2019/20190220-ndc- roadmap-vanuatu/undp-ndc-implementation-roadmap-vanuatu-mar-2019.pdf 10
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Vanuatu's first NDC mitigation target is to transition to close to 100 percent renewable energy in the electricity (energy) sector by 2030. Achieving this target would involve replacing nearly all fossil fuel required to generate electricity in the country. Vanuatu is taking significant steps towards implementing the PA. The country has developed an NDC Implementation Road Map, including a first-of-itskind measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) tool. Its purpose is to provide a pathway for implementing and monitoring climate change mitigation actions in Vanuatu that can help to achieve the target defined in Vanuatu's NDC.
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provide a framework for pursuing a country's national level development goals, while contributing to global greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation efforts. Thus, their dual objective is to mitigate global climate change, while allowing domestic development objectives to be reached. On the other hand, the NDCs' prime objective is to reduce global GHG emissions, although it is acknowledged that developing countries will have the opportunity to improve population well-being (at least until their per capita emissions reach world average levels, at which time the pressure to reduce emissions will intensify).
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The rural electrification NAMA design document focuses
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The total cost of the NAMA is estimated at around $5.5 million. This includes support to cover the investment costs of the two interventions as well as extensive capacitydevelopment efforts. According to the NAMA report,
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мар provide a pathway for implementing specific mitigation actions in Vanuatu. Under the BAU electricity demand scenario, demand is projected to increase from 77.9 GWh in 2017 to 100.7 GWh in 2030, for a total increase of 29.4 percent. The NDC-IR has also identified the immediate priority interventions (such as coconut oil as fuel for electricity generation, solar and wind), including regulatory changes and a financial strategy leading to emission reductions and transformational change in the electricity supply sector over time. As part of an NDC initiative, Vanuatu is embarking on implementing an innovative, cutting-edge renewable energy technology using the swarm technology electrification approach.
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• Intervention 1: Micro-grids will be established. Rural communities/tourism and agricultural facilities/health centres/schools are the focus of these micro-grids based on their demand for electricity for lighting. cooling and services from other electrical appliances. The micro-grids will use renewable energy sources (solar, wind and hydro) and will provide electricity for lighting, radio and phone charging for households and for service and production activities in rural productivity
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a mix of geothermal, wind, biofuels and solar PV as the key technologies suitable for Vanuatu. However, the report does not set ambitious goals in terms of projected installed capacity of PV, citing grid stability concerns that would limit PV penetration to a few MW.
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t National Green Energy Fund (NGEF)
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The National Green Energy Fund aims to boost households and public institutions' energy access, hile also providing a pathway for local businesses and industries to invest in clean, climate - resilient energy that meets their economic needs, creating transformative opportunities for rural communities. With the National Green Energy Fund established and functioning, Vanuatu is well positioned to deliver renewable
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In addition, geothermal sources are still at the exploratory stage and with estimated upper temperatures of around 50-60 degrees C, plant efficiency is likely to be relatively low. One of the problems the report identified was how to handle the large night-time load on the Efate grid from solar PV, in particular. Most of this load is likely to come from air conditioning, One option would be to generate cooled water during the day and circulate the water from storage tanks at night. The other more conventional option for load shifting would be to use storage batteries.
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Established in 2018, the National Green Energy Fund is a national financing vehicle designed to assist the Government to achieve its National Energy Roadmap targets through both public and private investment in technology and infrastructure across Vanuatu. The fund will operate as a revolving fund, with anticipated initial start-up capital of $10 million, to be sourced mainly from international sources and yearly contributions from domestically consolidated energy funds, totalling $300,000. It will offer four types of funding:
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emission reductions over the NAMA's 15- year lifetime will reach around 13,500 tons of CO2, which amounts to around 900 tons per annum or 0.9Gg per annum.
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Under the UNDP NDC Support Programme, Vanuatu's DoE conducted a detailed techno-economic feasibility study for a solar micro-grid for the Wintua and Lorlow village communities in South West Bay on Malekula island. Under the NAMA programme, the MoCC has secured funding from the Government of Austria to implement a solar micro-grid for the Wintua and Lorlow village communities. The solar PV micro-grid was commissioned during September 2020.
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The report suggests that to fulfil the NERM's goals would require establishing and enforcing technical standards for grid-connected systems and regulatory capacity for smallscale distributed generation systems. In addition, detailed models of the grid need to be developed as the addition of intermittent sources, such as solar PV, could increase the stability of the (30MW) grid system on Efate, in particular.
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This detailed 2015 report reiterates that, like all Pacific Island Countries (PICs), Vanuatu has excellent solar resources available throughout the country's populated areas that could be used to generate electricity to offset the cost of imported fuels.
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In terms of major mitigation options, this report identifies
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The report notes that several solar photovoltaic (PV) projects with total capacity of more than 2.6 megawatts (MW) are under consideration. Interest from independent power producers (IPPs) in solar PV electricity generation has been increasing, Moreover, the first stage 4 MW geothermal plant is expected to go on stream before 2020 and some hydropower may also be added. The Port Vila grid currently has 3 MW of wind and the 26.5 MW diesel generator sets use between 5 percent and 20 percent coconut oil (the quantity depends on the availability and economics of using the biofuel) instead of diesel. The Luganville grid on Espiritu Santo has a 1.2MW hydro plant and 2.9 MW diesel generators. In addition, a small amount of grid-connected solar PV is available.
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• Debt via intermediaries, including financial institutions and non-financial institutions in Vanuatu;
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• Project equity for project developers and technology providers;
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Risk sharing, in the form of a first loss facility for local banks; and,
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Renewable Energy Electrification Master Plan for Vanuatu
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d Vanuatu National Forest Policy (2013-2023)
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Financing Requirements & Mechanisms and Recommended Institutional Models. Potential sources of finance for electrifying the four islands and a broader national off-grid electrification program are surveyed. It is estimated that at least US$50 million, and probably considerably more, will be required to meet the updated National Energy Roadmap objective of electrification of all remote off-grid households by 2030. A range of institutional models is assessed. For Vanuatu, a renewable energy utility is recommended based on its successful application in Tonga with national government, provincial government and community involvement providing policies and oversight with full time managers working in each province to oversee local technicians on each island.
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The National Green Energy Fund is helping to channel finance toward clean energy technologies and infrastructure on the remote islands. The operations and administration of the Fund is overseen by a Board that is represented by the Government and civil society and promotes gender inclusion to enable greater participation of women and other vulnerable groups in clean energy development in Vanuatu.
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The RE masterplan introduced RE resources in Vanuatu suitable for small-scale rural electrification, Pacific island experiences with rural RE, the legal and institutional context in Vanuatu, and likely appropriate technologies and mechanism for implementing RE. The Site Visits and Survey analysis described the visits to the four islands, the limitations of the surveys undertaken, and results for 15 villages, which provide a broad indication of the priority of services desired, the willingness to pay and the ability to pay. The effect of village geography and size on technical options is discussed.
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Vanuatu acknowledges the need to adapt to climate change and seeks to "integrate climate change adaptation issues into forestry sector planning and activities." However, enforcement of regulations is hindered by the fact that all forests are privately owned, while the constitution calls on from landowners to manage their land in a way that "safeguards the national wealth, resources and environment in the interests of the present generation and of future generations."
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energy access and achieve energy savings across key economic sector including water, agriculture, fisheries and tourism.
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small hydropower. Solar photovoltaic (PV) technologies are recommended as the most appropriate for the four islands studied and rural Vanuatu generally
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The policy identifies integrating climate change mitigation issues into forestry sector planning and activities as a specific objective. In particular, this includes developing a national REDD+ initiative, to be undertaken by the DoF, the
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A renewable energy-based off-grid electrification master plan for remote islands of Vanuatu was developed in 2016. The focus was on four pilot islands (Mataso, Makira, Emae and Aneityum) pre-selected by the Gov which would subsequently provide for broader replication to further remote islands. The master plan has two main components:
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Preliminary Technical Design of Potential Renewable Energy Projects for the Selected Islands considered a range of design criteria (including cyclone survivability. compliance with Vanuatu's policies, laws and regulations; equipment reliability; suitability for expected electricity demand patterns; and sustainability). It recommended a standardized model approach and provides preliminary designs which generally combine a mix (even within a single community) of solar home systems, mini-grids and picosolar for 16 sites (15 villages and a tourism island).
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energy based electrification for the four islands; and, ii. Based on this sample of islands, develop a masterplan for electrifying Vanuatu's outer islands through affordable renewable energy.
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3.2 Vanuatu's Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC)
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Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) Programme
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The main mitigation contribution is to achieve the outcomes and targets under the National Energy Road Map (NERM) and Second National Communication (SNC) extended to 2030. The mitigation contribution for the Vanuatu INDC submission is a sector specific target of transitioning to close to 100% renewable energy in the electricity sector by 2030. This target would replace nearly all fossil fuel requirements for electricity generation in the country and be consistent with the National Energy Road Map (NERM) target of 65% renewable energy by 2020. This contribution would reduce emissions in the energy sector by 72Gg by 2030. Emissions in this sector were around 130 Gg in 2010 but are expected to rise to 240 Gg by 2030 ( 3% per annum).
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The mitigation would thus reduce BAU emissions in the electricity sub-sector by 100% and in the energy sector as a whole by 30%. The target would be conditional, depending on funding commensurate with putting the transition in place being made available from external sources. In addition, Vanuatu will pursue the other mitigation measures in the Vanuatu National Energy Roadmap (2013- 2020), the Scaling Up Renewable Energy in Low Income Countries (SREP) report and Vanuatu's Renewables Readiness Assessment (RRA) report undertaken by IRENA. These measures would include a vigorous program of energy efficiency to reduce emissions in all sectors except agriculture and forestry by 15%. The transition to renewable energy based electricity could be accelerated through review and revision of agricultural (coconut oil sector) national policy. Opportunities for reducing the high emissions levels in agriculture will simultaneously be pursued with cooperative programs with nations having similarly high emissions in this sector. The forestry sector mitigation will be attended to as part of the existing REDD+ program. The Government is also aware that waste management is an other area that need attention.
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For forestry sector mitigation, Vanuatu is engaging both the government and civil society organizations as main stakeholders in the national REDD+ program in Vanuatu. The DOF, with NAB oversight and the Vanuatu Geo-Hazard and Meteorological Department (VGMD) as the focal point, is taking the lead role as the key implementing agency in implementing the national REDD+ program in Vanuatu.
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First Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 2016
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NAB and non-governmental organizations (NGOs).
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Table 30 Mitigation Contribution
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Mitigation Component of Updated NDC
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Vanuatu is a small developing nation with absolute levels of CO2 eq emissions very small at under 0.0016% of world emissions. The country is also one of the most vulnerable to the effects of climate change and has much to lose should the worst predictions from increased temperature levels eventuate. As such the country will do its best to mitigate but would require financial, technical and capacity building support to do so.
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FAIRNESS, EQUITY AND AMBITION
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Small Island Developing States (SIDS) has been recognised by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) as the most vulnerable countries to face the effects of climate change. Vanuatu being a part of SIDS share similar challenges.
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Vanuatu anticipates many impacts from climate change on its society, economy, environment and human health and Vanuatu through the Ministry of Climate Change is actively cooperating with United Nations agencies and international partners to assess these effects and develop appropriate plans through climate change adaptation and mitigation. Vanuatu's adaptation plans and programmes intends to support progress towards the country's national development priorities and the goal of environmental sustainability, by ensuring that a focus on reducing vulnerabilities and risks is incorporated into planning and activities across all sectors of the economy and society.
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Vanuatu is also keen to reduce its reliance on fossil fuels for the energy needs. The National Energy Road Map, which sets out a clear strategy and action plan for the development and use of alternative and sustainable energy sources, has an ambitious goal of reducing the country's high reliance on imported fossil fuel by meeting 65% of its electricity needs from renewable energy sources.
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Vanuatu's past emissions have been miniscule and have only become locally significant in the past decade or two. In general development issues dominate rather than climate change mitigation.
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MITIGATION ACTIONS AND THEIR EFFECTS
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DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF MITIGATION COMPONENT OF NDC
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Table 31 Vanuatu's Updated Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)
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The private sector including utility companies, energy sector vendors, development partners and NGOs were engaged and consulted during the NDC revision process. The consultation was carried out at the national level given the small size and population of Vanuatu and COMID-19 emergency measures sub-national level consultation could not take place. However, the government departments, private sector participants, NGOs and development partners also involve with the projects and programme at sub-national level and adequately represented sub-national level stakeholders.
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The stakeholders of all line ministries and department of Government of Vanuatu engaged in the NDC enhancement/ revision including Department of Energy (DoE), Department of Environmental Protection and Conservation, Department of Forests, Department of Meteorology, Department of Geological Hazards, Department of Fisheries, Department of Livestock, Department of Biosecurity, Department of Strategic Planning and Aid Coordination, Department of Women's Affairs gender policy etc. also participated in the NDC enhancement process.
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A. INFORMATION ON THE PLANNING PROCESSES THAT THE PARTY UNDERTOOK TO PREPARE ITS NDC AND, IF AVAILABLE ON THE PARTY'S IMPLEMENTATION PLANS, INCLUDING, AS APPROPRIATE:
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Gender equality and other vulnerable group inclusion was an integral part of NDC enhancement process, the gender expert with the DoCC Team was engaged in NDC enhancement and reviewed the enhanced NDC options to review the gender-responsive considerations. The enhanced NDC actions/measures complies with key issues and requirements of gender sensitive design as per the national policies and Gender Analysis and Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) quidance
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The enhanced NDC actions/measure will contribute positively on gender, youth and other vulnerable group-specific needs and will provide them opportunities to play actively role in design and implementation.
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D. MITIGATION CO-BENEFITS RESULTING FROM PARTIES ADAPTATION ACTIONS AND/ OR ECONOMIC DIVERSIFICATION PLANS INCLUDING DESCRIPTION OF SPECIFIC PROJECTS, MEASURES AND INITIATIVES OF PARTIES ADAPTATION ACTIONS AND/OR ECONOMIC DIVERSIFICATION PLANS. 4. PLANNING PROCESS
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Please refer section 4 Adaptation Component of NDC
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I.DOMESTIC INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS, PUBLIC PARTICIPATION AND ENGAGEMENT WITH LOCAL COMMUNITIES AND INDIGENOUS PEOPLES, IN A GENDER-RESPONSIVE MANNER;
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The Republic of Vanuatu's NDC has been developed through an inclusive and participatory process, with a series of public and in-person consultations.
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None of the identified enhanced NDC actions impacts negatively on gender equality and women's rights, limits access or influence on women's access to and control over natural resources and the goods and services covered under the enhanced NDC.
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Furthermore, the align with the requirements under NSDP and NERM; both the policy extensively covers the gender responsive, youth-specific needs and roles; specifically, on green employment, awareness and capacity building.
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Series of internal and external consultation carried out during the NDC enhancement process and a national level public consultation conducted to receive the comments and feedback on NDC.
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Further, the enhanced/revised NDC has been endorsed by the Vanuatu's National Advisory Board on Climate Change & Disaster Risk reduction (NAB-the supreme policy making and advisory body for all disaster risk reduction and climate change programs, projects, initiatives and activities in Vanuatu) and Council of Ministers (CoM), Government of Vanuatu.
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The remaining 42% of material use is not circular and can be characterised as following a linear "take-make-waste trajectory. These 42% of materials are mostly of foreign origin and collide with the development ambitions of the country since they create issues with waste disposal and the deterioration of natural assets as a result of the pollution of soils, surface waters and marine environments. The circular economy analysis identified some of the opportunities which contribute to the domestic and transboundary (international) GHG emission reductions. Some of the key circular economy actions (CE strategies) identified by the metabolic assessment have been include in Vanuatu's enhanced NDC.
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Vanuatu is situated in a tropical maritime climate with characteristic uniform temperature, high humidity and variable rainfall. The tropical climate is moderated by southeast trade winds that occur from May to October. There are two main seasons, hot and wet from November to April, and cool and dry from May to October. Being an equatorial country, Vanuatu has relatively uniform temperature throughout the year with daily temperature ranging from 20°C to 30°C. Temperatures in the warmest months (January February) are about 4°C higher than those in the coolest months (July-August).
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A metabolic assessment has been conducted to define a resource efficient and low-carbon future for Vanuatu. The metabolic assessment observed that, the average material uses and per capita GHG emissions in Vanuatu is low in comparison to the global average. The existing consumption-based resource footprint of Vanuatu is 58% relatively circular. Already for 58% of the materials used, the country is relying on secondary or renewable materials and energy sources.
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Furthermore, the Government of Vanuatu has also developed and implemented Integrated Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) Tool for Energy Sector (currently being enhanced to cover additional mitigation sectors according to the updated NDC) and a Monitoring, Reporting Verification Tool for NERM 2016-2030.
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In addition to the planning process discussed in section 4 (a) (). The Government of Vanuatu has taken one of its kind initiative to identify the circular economy options for Vanuatu and constituted the metabolic analysis of its economy and economic sectors.
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Vanuatu's integrated MRV Tool is a first of its kind initiative to integrate most of the domestic and international climate action monitoring, tracking and reporting requirements. Further, it supports government agencies, development partners, d and NGOs towards evidence-based decisions and data insights reporting. Vanuatu's integrated MRV Tool has been customized to track, monitor and report data critical for climate actions and sustainable development goals.
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The largest island is Espiritu Santo, while the island of Efate is home to the capital, Port Vila and the central Vanuatu Government. From largest to smallest, the islands are Espiritu Santo, Malekula, Efate, Erromango, Ambrym, Tanna, Pentecost, Epi Ambae or Aoba, Vanua Lava, Gaua, Maewo, Malo, and Anatom or Aneityum. The two largest islands; Espiritu Santo and Malekula comprise nearly 50% of the total land mass. Larger islands are characterised by rugged volcanic peaks and tropical rainforests. The highest peak, Mount Tabwemasana on Espiritu Santo, is 1877m above mean sea level and the total coastline is about 2,528 km long.
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