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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: The essay discusses the transformation of religious thinking during the Enlightenment, which was a philosophical and intellectual movement that lasted the most of the eighteenth century. The movement was characterized by ideas that focused on the principle of reason as the primary explanation for social, political, cultural, and scientific phenomena, which significantly undermined the position that the religious thinking of that period had.

The essay discusses the transformation of religious thinking during the Enlightenment, which was a philosophical and intellectual movement that lasted the most of the eighteenth century. The movement was characterized by ideas that focused on the principle of reason as the primary explanation for social, political, cultural, and scientific phenomena, which significantly undermined the position that the religious thinking of that period had.

Religious Thinking Transformation in Enlightenment Essay The Enlightenment (also known as the Age of Reason) was a philosophical and intellectual movement that lasted the most of the eighteenth century. The movement was characterized by ideas that focused on the principle of reason as the primary explanation for social, political, cultural, and scientific phenomena, which significantly undermined the position that the religious thinking of that period had. Nevertheless, not every thinker who lived in the era of Enlightenment followed the newly created ideology; some of them did not have any agreements with the fundamental principles of the movement. Other thinkers accepted the values of Enlightenment and chose to reject any other. However, despite the fact that the patterns of the established ideology varied from one country to another, the majority of Enlightenment thinkers shared an opinion that they all were living in a new and exciting environment, in which the traditional and superstitious reasoning would decline under the influence of the “party of humanity” (Cole et al. 404). Before answering the question of whether the Enlightenment was a complete break from religious thinking, it is important to discuss the basic characteristics thinkers of the movement had in common. Almost all of them were confident about the human power reason had over religious thinking. Such confidence was a result of the contribution of the scientific revolution, which placed a major focus on the development of rational thought, study, and observation. For Emmanual Kat, the great German philosopher, the Enlightenment movement, represented the society’s move from the traditional reasoning toward the declaration of intellectual independence, which, in his opinion, was similar to a child’s growth. In his view, humanity’s maturity came with the break from the “self-imposed parental figure,” the Catholic Church (Cole et al. 404). On the other hand, despite the fact that the scholars of the Enlightenment supported the idea of declaring independence from the past, they still valued the contributions made by predecessors such as Newton, Locke, and Bacon, who were often referred to as the “Holy Trinity” (Cole et al. 404). Basing their ideas on the contributions of the seventeenth-century thinkers, the proponents of the Enlightenment placed emphasis on the value of education, which essentially promised social and political progress achieved through the moral improvement of individuals. Moreover, to a large degree, the thinkers of the Enlightenment had a goal of organizing all knowledge that was available to them. The scientific method (empirical observation of particular phenomena for arriving at general laws) offered the thinkers of the Enlightenment an ability to do research in a variety of areas ranging from human affairs to natural events. Therefore, scholars collected evidence to study the laws that either helped nations rise or fall. From religious matters to racial differences, the scientists of the Enlightenment studied everything that could have contributed to increasing the quality of practical and applied knowledge for promoting a free discussion about the nature and the goals of their societies. The era of Enlightenment could also be characterized by heated debates on the role of women in the sphere of science and societal affairs, a topic on which the Catholic Church had a particular view. If to provide an example to the debate, Rousseau’s ideas and the opposition to them stand out the most. According to Rousseau, science and education were not “the proper province of women” (Cole et al. 418). Moreover, he wrote that scientific accomplishments were beyond the capacity of women and that they had no sufficient power and precision to be successful in sciences that require accuracy. To oppose the view that women were unable to pursue scientific discovery, Madame de Stael wrote that diminishing the role of women in science meant to establish an unequal society. Also, Mary Wollstonecraft stated that Rousseau’s ideas were “nonsense” (Cole et al. 419) and that there was no indication that the nature of women was somehow inferior to men. The Enlightenment was the result of the scientific revolution characterized by a new sense of power and the possibility to exercise new forms of questioning natural and other phenomena (Cole et al. 420). The majority of aspects of past thinking fell under the scrutiny of the Enlightenment thinkers. Nevertheless, the abandonment of the previous religious thinking was necessary not only for explaining the social processes and phenomena with the help of reason but also for reforming the existing political powers that organized religion had in order to prevent more religious wars. Thinkers such as Spinoza were determined to remove politics from the religious agenda and make a clear distinction between the Church and the state to avoid any interference in social and political affairs on the part of religious powers. Therefore, it can be concluded that the Enlightenment movement wanted to protect society from the interference of the Church in order to make rational decisions based on reason rather than superstition. The thinkers of the movement can be regarded as true supporters of rational thinking and those who helped European societies become what they are today. Work Cited Cole, Joshua, et al. Western Civilizations: Their History & Their Culture. 3rd ed., W.W. Norton & Company, 2012.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: The role of renewable energy has been increasing over the years because scholars have recognized that other sources have numerous weaknesses. Adopting solar power technologies would be extremely beneficial to Gulf countries, and it will help to address most of the issues related to resource shortages. However, limitations of this approach also should be considered.

The role of renewable energy has been increasing over the years because scholars have recognized that other sources have numerous weaknesses. Adopting solar power technologies would be extremely beneficial to Gulf countries, and it will help to address most of the issues related to resource shortages. However, limitations of this approach also should be considered.

Renewable Energy in Saudi Arabia, Qatar and the UAE Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Technology and Investment 3. Types of Generators 4. Total Energy Consumption 5. Energy Sources 6. Jobs Dependant on Traditional Sources 7. Required Land 8. Conclusion 9. Works Cited Introduction It is imperative to mention that the role of renewable energy has been increasing over the years because scholars have recognized that other sources have numerous weaknesses. Adoption of solar power technologies would be extremely beneficial to Gulf countries, and it will help to address most of the issues related to resource shortages. However, limitations of this approach also should be considered. It is reasonable to analyze the literature and reliable websites on this subject matter to get a better understanding of the current situation. It will be possible to develop a list of recommendations that may be considered by governments in Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), and Qatar. Technology and Investment The strategy related to the adoption of solar energy should be quite similar in all three countries. However, such factors as the climate and shipment costs must be taken into account. For example, Dubai is determined to invest in the largest solar power program, and the estimated cost is close to three billion (Chow par. 1). It is necessary to mention that a photovoltaic farm is already present in Abu Dhabi. Therefore, it would be appropriate to analyze the way it utilizes latest technologies to produce energy. Currently, it uses two types of modules. The approach is quite fascinating because it minimizes the weaknesses of each technique. However, it is possible to state that these modules are quite expensive, and other options must be considered. It would be appropriate to collaborate with Talesun because it produces devices that are extremely cost-effective. A module with a capacity of 235W is worth around 183 dollars. A new factory would also require solar inverters. Electrical accessories are of utmost importance, and the need to have sufficient amounts of cables should not be disregarded. Additionally, a monitoring system will be required to avoid possible complications and criminal activities. It is also necessary to hire trained professionals that will mount the parts and monitor the whole process. Therefore, a photovoltaic plant requires enormous investments and will be nearly impossible to build without the support of other organizations. The adoption of solar power is expected to be much easier in Saudi Arabia and the UAE because many companies on the territory are already experienced in this area. Qatar is also determined to promote this approach, but it does not have access to such enormous resources. Types of Generators Concentrating solar power devices use mirrors to focus the available sun energy and transfer into steam that would help to move a turbine. The concentration of the sunlight allows generating enormous amounts of power. One of the limitations of this type of generators is that large areas are necessary, and several alternatives are currently available. For example, trough systems operate with a use of parabolic reflectors that are tilted, and power towers utilize flat mirrors (Palenzuela, Alarcón-Padilla, and Zaragoza 41). Photovoltaic (PV) generators are capable of converting solar energy into electric charge thanks to semiconducting materials. A lot of attention should be devoted to cables because shadowing may have a significant impact (Sick and Erge 27). Solar towers utilize the structure of buildings to collect the focused sunlight. Various types of mirrors are used to ensure that sun rays reach the target and increase the concentration. It is paramount to note that these generators have enormous potential because they do not take too much space, and the price of modules is frequently lowered. ESolar is a firm that focuses primarily on this type of generators and has been incredibly profitable over the years. (Marcus 70). Such companies as Google are interested in this approach and are willing to invest enormous funds into research. All three Gulf countries have access to these types of generators and have established long-term relationships with foreign enterprises that develop solar energy technologies. Moreover, the use of such strategies is justified because of the unique climate (Oxford Business Group 110). It is reasonable to utilize only the latest technologies in this case because their efficiency is much higher, and it will be easier to access required parts if it is necessary. Total Energy Consumption It is noted that Saudi Arabia needed 231.6 bn kWh in 2012, but the number is always growing because the country is developing at rapid rates and the situation is not expected to change anytime soon. UAE used close to 93.28 bn in the same year. The dissimilarity in numbers can be explained by the difference in the population and size of the territories. On the other hand, Qatar required only 30.53 bn kWh in 2012 (Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) par. 1). Energy Sources Saudi Arabia consumed the most oil in 2008 according to available data, and it was close to 56%. Natural gas made up 44% of required energy ( Saudi Arabia Energy Report par. 4). It is evident that other sources were also used, but percentages were rather insignificant and not listed. The situation has changed over the years because the country has focused on renewable energy due to the crisis and instability of oil prices. However, such figures are intriguing and should be analyzed. Statistics indicate that the UAE consumed 11,49% liquids, 10,44% gas, and 16,78% of the primary electricity it produced in 2008 (International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) par. 25). Such findings are not surprising and suggest that the region has suffered because of the lack of solar power technologies. Qatar’s energy consumption in 2012 consisted of 32,5% oil, 24% natural gas, 30% coal, 7% renewable, 7,1% hydroelectricity, and 4,9 percents were made up of nuclear power ( QNB Group: Natural Gas to Outpace All Other Energy Sources Until 2035 par. 4). Jobs Dependant on Traditional Sources One of the problems that should be highlighted is that many companies are reliant on traditional sources of energy, and it is one of the primary factors that have facilitated the growth of the economy. Oil is one of the fastest growing industries in the UAE, and the situation is quite similar in Saudi Arabia (Markus 152). Therefore, many jobs are dependent on these markets. The weakness is that these countries are consuming a statistically significant portion of the resources they extract, but they are not going to replenish. Solar plants do not require much labor, maintenance, and monitoring. Therefore, unemployment rates are expected to be extremely high in case such firms are forced to go out of business. Governments will have to provide citizens with many job spots to avoid stagnation or depression. It is necessary to mention that Qatar is also dependent on oil and gas. These industries make up close to half of gross domestic product (GDP), and the country would not be able to function without such resources because of dependency on export. Furthermore, the focus on solar power seems rather questionable at the moment because a country does not have other alternatives for development. The damage done to the workforce will be enormous, and it will be hard to recover if Qatar is determined to adopt solar power as the only source of energy. Required Land The need to find unpopulated areas to introduce such plants is a tremendous problem. Moreover, relatively small modules that require less space are rather expensive, and it would be much more appropriate to utilize the ones that are cheaper because of such factors as overall lifespan. For instance, TP660P-235 is a model that requires 2519,4 square inches, and its power rating is 235W. It is suggested that the yearly output will be lower because of various factors, and it is expected to be close to 211,5 kWh every year. Therefore, Saudi Arabia will require 1.812.283.687 square kilometers. UAE will need 716.690.307, and 234.568.557 square m of free space will be necessary for Qatar. Such figures are truly astounding, and it will be nearly impossible to make a transition from standard energy sources to solar power at the moment. Additionally, the approximate lifespan of a solar module is close to 25 years, and their efficiency is reduced every year. Therefore, it would not be an easy task to come up with an effective strategy because numerous internal and external factors must be taken into account. On the other hand, it is entirely possible that a different combination of modules would produce better results. Also, it is necessary to understand that the amount of sunlight is dependent on the region. For instance, the average annual sum is close to 2027 kMh per square meter in the UAE and 1873 in Saudi Arabia (Aydemir 9). Similarly, the figure is close to 2008 in Qatar, but it will be nearly impossible to calculate the overall amount of solar power because of various factors ( Assessment of Solar Power Potential in Qatar 6). Overall, it is reasonable to keep track of latest developments and invest into research because new models are introduced quite often, and it is appropriate to consider all available options when implementing such projects. Conclusion In summary, it is possible to state that numerous limitations that prevent the adoption of solar energy in Gulf countries are currently present. The level of inconsistency is the area that is the most problematic. The fact that many jobs are extremely dependent on standard sources of energy also should not be overlooked, and has an enormous impact on decision-making. Many companies are willing to invest in solar energy because they acknowledge the importance of social responsibility. However, such techniques are still not as efficient as they should be. It is hard to argue with the fact that solar power has enormous potential that is not yet fully realized, but the current level of efficiency needs to be improved dramatically. Nevertheless, the problem may be addressed with the introduction of new technologies in the future. Gulf countries may invest in renewable energy sources to reduce CO2 emission and address expected shortages, but a full transition is not reasonable at the moment. Additionally, the government may promote a use of solar modules by citizens if it provides subsidies or other significant benefits. Cooperation between Gulf countries is of utmost importance, and it should help to address the areas that are the most problematic at the moment (Atalay, Biermann, and Kalfagianni 206). Works Cited Assessment of Solar Power Potential in Qatar 2013. Web. Atalay, Yasemin, Frank Biermann, and Agni Kalfagianni. “Adoption of renewable energy technologies in oil-rich countries: Explaining policy variation in the Gulf Cooperation Council states.” Renewable Energy 85 (2016): 206-214. Print. Aydemir, Murat. Solar Thermal Systems: Design and Applications in the UAE . Web. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). The World Factbook . Web. Chow, Lorraine. Dubai to Build World’s Largest Concentrated Solar Power Plant . Web. International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). United Arab Emirates . Web. Marcus, Alfred A. Innovations in Sustainability , Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2015. Print. Markus, Ustina. Oil and Gas: The Business and Politics of Energy , New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. Print. Oxford Business Group. The Report: Ras Al Khaimah 2013 , London, UK: Oxford Business Group, 2013. Print. Palenzuela, Patricia, Diego-César Alarcón-Padilla and Guillermo Zaragoza. Concentrating Solar Power and Desalination Plants: Engineering and Economics of Coupling Multi-Effect Distillation and Solar Plants , New York, NY: Springer, 2015. Print. QNB Group: Natural Gas to Outpace All Other Energy Sources Until 2035 . 2014. Web. Saudi Arabia Energy Report . 2012. Web. Sick, Friedrich and Thomas Erge. Photovoltaics in Buildings: A Design Handbook for Architects and Engineers , New York, NY: Routledge, 2014. Print.

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: This essay discusses research inquiry methods in criminal justice project research paper. It is important to choose the right method for your project, as it can greatly impact the results you achieve. Descriptive, correlational, (quasi-)experimental, and qualitative research methods are all discussed in this essay, with examples given for each.

This essay discusses research inquiry methods in criminal justice project research paper. It is important to choose the right method for your project, as it can greatly impact the results you achieve. Descriptive, correlational, (quasi-)experimental, and qualitative research methods are all discussed in this essay, with examples given for each.

Research Inquiry Methods in Criminal Justice Project Research Paper Methods of Research Inquiry Descriptive Descriptive research (usually quantitative) focuses on describing certain characteristics of the target population. It does not explain the origins of these characteristics, or any other causational links (Cozby & Bates, 2015). Descriptive studies are often useful for finding out what currently exists, what the situation is, or for categorizing something. Descriptive research can be applied to a research project to comprehend the current situation. For instance, a descriptive approach needs to be taken if one wishes to find out how many policemen there are is a specific county and what their rank division is (i.e., what percentage of recruits, deputy sheriffs, master deputies, corporals, etc., there are). Correlational Similarly to descriptive research, correlational studies (quantitative) investigate certain characteristics of the target population; however, they also examine the correlations between these characteristics. Correlational research does not permit making inference about causal relationships (Cozby & Bates, 2015). Such studies can be applied to a project by helping explore the association between measured phenomena. For example, the correlation between the number of imprisoned individuals and the number of crimes in different states can be investigated. This will allow for finding out, e.g., with which change in the number of crimes a 1-unit change in the number of prisoners is associated. However, this will not permit concluding that, e.g., more prisoners cause more crime, or that more crime always causes an increase in the number of prisoners. (Quasi-)Experimental (Quasi-)experimental studies are quantitative studies in which the causal relationship between several variables is investigated. For this purpose, the independent variable(s) are manipulated, and the resulting change in the dependent variables is measured, while all the other important conditions are held constant. (Quasi-)experimental studies feature control groups. In experimental studies, the assignment of participants to control and experimental groups is random. In quasi-experimental studies, however, the assignment to groups is not random; also, some external conditions might not be well-controlled (Cozby & Bates, 2015). It is noteworthy that (quasi-)experiments are often difficult to implement due to the need to satisfy numerous requirements (isolated environment, appropriate participants, ethical reasons, etc.). (Quasi-)experimental studies can be used in a project to investigate causation between phenomena. For instance, the impact of new methods of crime prevention on crime rates can be checked via an experimental study. The baseline levels of crime should be measured; then, in some randomly selected areas (experimental group), new methods should be implemented, whereas, in the other areas (control group), the old methods should still be used. All the areas should be homogenous for potential confounders. Crime rates should be measured in both types of areas and compared. This will allow for assessing the impact of new crime prevention methods on crime rates. Phenomenological Phenomenological studies (qualitative) investigate people’s perceptions and experiences of particular situations or phenomena. For this purpose, in-depth interviews (often semi-structured) are performed with several participants (e.g., 10-20), and recorded. Then, the gathered data is processed, and conclusions are drawn; one method to do so is coding, which permits finding common themes and issues in the data (Creswell & Poth, 2013). Phenomenological research can be useful in projects where it is needed to comprehend the opinions and experiences of people. For instance, it is possible to conduct phenomenological research with criminals or delinquents of a certain category to understand their driving motives, thus allowing for solving similar crimes in the future, or for preventing such crime by eliminating the causes of criminal intentions. Case Study Case studies are qualitative studies examining a very small sample of participants (e.g., 1-3 participants) in an in-depth manner. This permits conducting a detailed investigation of the phenomenon in question, its relationships to other phenomena, etc. (Creswell & Poth, 2013). Case studies may be used in various projects – for instance, to examine the potential impact of some innovation on a single subject before investigating it on a larger sample (a pilot study). For example, the impact of a behavioral intervention on 1-3 criminals with mental disabilities may be examined via a case study before implementing that intervention or testing it on a larger scale (Pritchard et al., 2016). Applying Research Methods to a Hypothesis The hypothesis will be as follows: Implementing stricter weapon regulations allows for reducing homicide and suicide rates. Correlational Study To conduct a correlational study to check the proposed hypothesis, it is possible to gather data on homicide and suicide rates in different areas with varying degrees of the strictness of weapon regulations. It will be needed to classify weapon regulations using a categorical scale (e.g., strict, moderate, and non-strict). Then, it will be possible to assess the association between different levels of strictness and homicide and suicide rates over a certain period, as well as the association between different levels of strictness and the number of suicides over that period. This will allow for supporting or rejecting the provided hypothesis (although it will be impossible to infer causal relationships). Quasi-Experimental Study To test the proposed hypothesis, it will be required to measure the baseline level of suicide and homicide, e.g., over 2 years in several counties in a state where weapon regulations are non-strict. After that, it will be needed to make weapon regulations stricter, but only in some of these counties. Then, it will be required to measure the new levels of homicide and suicide in each of the two types of counties and compare them (while taking into account the baseline levels of suicide and homicide). This will allow for supporting or rejecting the hypothesis. It should be noted, however, that such a study will be very difficult due to practical reasons. References Cozby, P. C., & Bates, S. C. (2015). Methods in behavioral research (12th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education. Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2013). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. Pritchard, D., Graham, N., Penney, H., Owen, G., Peters, S., & Mace, F. C. (2016). Multi-component behavioural intervention reduces harmful sexual behaviour in a 17-year-old male with autism spectrum disorder: A case study. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 22 (3), 368-378.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: important research concepts,- research design largely affects the effectiveness of the work and the overall credibility of study results,- descriptive statistics and statistical inference are two basic types of statistical methods,- descriptive statistics are usually implemented for the simple generalization of data obtained in the context of a particular research,- inferential statistics allow distributing the sampling data to the overall general population.

important research concepts, - research design largely affects the effectiveness of the work and the overall credibility of study results, - descriptive statistics and statistical inference are two basic types of statistical methods, - descriptive statistics are usually implemented for the simple generalization of data obtained in the context of a particular research, - inferential statistics allow distributing the sampling data to the overall general population.

Research Methodology and Concepts Essay Table of Contents 1. Important Research Concepts 2. Descriptive Statistics and Statistical Inference 3. Reflective Essay 4. References Important Research Concepts Research design largely affects the effectiveness of the work and the overall credibility of study results. When evaluating a research paper, it is important to pay attention to multiple elements of research construction including analysis and data collection tools, validity measures, theoretical backgrounds, etc. However, research questions and research variables are two of the most important concepts as they largely define the nature of the study and its orientation. Research questions always guide the course of study (Creswell, 2009). There are three major types of research questions: relational, casual, and descriptive. By identifying the type of formulated questions, we can understand the purposes and aims of work. For instance, the objective of a study that employs relational research questions is the conception of answers meant to describe whether and how the analyzed phenomena or events are connected (Trochim, 2002). The causal questions help to establish if one or more variables provokes the evaluated outcomes (i.e., affects outcome variables) (Trochim, 2002). And lastly, descriptive or exploratory study questions allow us to obtain a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of phenomena, provide better definitions, or evidence needed to measure variables with greater accuracy and validity (Trochim, 2002). Research questions are interrelated with the identification of research variables – the concepts having varying quality or quantity in a study (Kothari, 2005). There are a lot of types of study variables (continuous, discrete, control, criterion, etc.), but the independent and dependent ones are used most frequently in the experimental works. Dependent variables denote a presumed effect in a study, while the independent ones mark the supposed causes ( Types of variables , n.d.). By analyzing these research concepts, scholars may obtain a more profound understanding of particular research works and implement the findings in practice or further studies in a more efficient way. Descriptive Statistics and Statistical Inference In modern research, two basic types of statistical methods are commonly distinguished: descriptive statistics and statistical inference. Descriptive statistics are usually implemented for the simple generalization of data obtained in the context of a particular research ( Descriptive and inferential statistics , n.d.). But inferential statistics allow distributing the sampling data to the overall general population ( Descriptive and inferential statistics , n.d.). In this way, it is possible to say that these two types of statistics are characterized by the different capacities to generalization. The basic descriptive statistical methods mentioned in the posts are measures of central tendency and measures of variation, but such a tool as percentages is important as well. It can be used to bring the frequency distribution under a studied variable to the base of 100 or 1 (Holcomb, 1998). Comparing to the raw frequency distribution, the data represented in the form of percentage largely facilitates the analysis of results and, in this way, favorable impacts the overall course of research. All these statistical tools allow researchers to summarize the data available in a sample. For instance, measures of central tendency (mode, median, and arithmetic mean) provide information regarding the typical and central value of the distribution. Mode identifies the most common value, median – the average value, and arithmetic mean – the most expected value (Holcomb, 1998). Overall, the central tendency measures are the statistical indicators of typical properties associated with empirical data. They can answer such questions as “what is the average level of student’s intelligence?,” “what is the typical index value of nurses’ responsibilities?,” and alike. The implementation of the central tendency measures is necessary but not sufficient for high-quality research. To improve the quality of work, it is also important to use the measures of variability. Overall, measures of variability denote the degree of heterogeneity of distribution. The authors of the posts describe such measures of variability as standard deviation and dispersion but do not mention such tools as a range. Range (R) can be regarded as the most simple test method in terms of both received information and calculation – it equals the difference between the largest and the smallest distribution values (Lane, n.d.). However, comparing to dispersion and deviant distribution which are the most commonly implemented variability measures, the range is rarely used in research. Descriptive and inferential statistical methods applied in quantitative research help scholars to obtain the numerical data, increase the overall objectivity of conclusions, and achieve a higher level of accuracy (Creswell, 2009). The discussed tools and methods may substantially support researchers in identifying links and relations between the variables. However, the use of statistics does not eliminate the risk of data biasing. Thus, it is essential to conduct research and select study constructs in the agreement with all statistical and scientific rules. To do so, a researcher needs to measure construct and internal validity before conducting the main research (Shuttleworth, n.d.). For example, it is possible to complete a small pre-test to understand whether the designed research program will measure the intended attributes, or establish the temporal precedence of estimated cause and effect through evaluation of previous studies (Shuttleworth, n.d.). In this way, researchers may significantly reduce the risks of error occurs when handling statistical data and achieve a high level of result credibility. Reflective Essay The knowledge obtained through the investigation of research methodology largely assists in writing their own research papers. The session helped me to develop and enhance my skills in research design and selection of appropriate study methods. By performing various activities aimed at the evaluation of research works and concepts, I have significantly improved critical thinking skills and achieved a greater level of understanding of research methodology. Critical thinking is essential for creating an adequate semantic and logical content of a research paper. Moreover, it implies the ability to evaluate and analyze the arguments and claims to ensure they are formed consistently with scientific principles. Therefore, due to the progress I have achieved during the session, I feel more confident that I can make my own high-quality research study. It is possible to say that I have understood all topics introduced during the course because the instructor was very supportive and quick in answering my questions and dispelling all doubts that I had. I think I performed all activities well and tried my best to achieve excellent outcomes. Overall, I think I did a good job in all assignments, but my oral communication skills need some more improvement because I was not completely satisfied with the sound effects in the narrated PowerPoint presentation activity. However, I will achieve better results in this area by practicing more. In my opinion, I have attained the expected course outcomes. All the completed assignments have contributed to my academic growth and knowledge development. I think the skills acquired during the course will be very helpful in the achievement of my professional objectives as well. References Creswell, J. (2009). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches . Thousand oaks, CA: Sage. Descriptive and inferential statistics . (n.d.). Web. Holcomb, Z. C. (1998). Fundamentals of descriptive statistics . Los Angeles, CA: Pyrczak Publishing. Kothari, C.R. (2005), Research methodology – Methods and techniques. New Delhi: Wiley Eastern Limited. Lane, D. M. (n.d.). Measures of variability . Web. Shuttleworth. (n.d.). Internal validity . Web. Trochim, W. (2002). Research methods knowledge base . Web. Types of variables . (n.d.). Web.

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: The essay discusses the importance of validity and reliability in survey methods, as well as the two general techniques used for surveys: questionnaires and interviews.Survey methods are important for researching issues because they provide a way to objectively collect data. Validity is the representation of measurement accuracy in survey methods, while reliability focuses on the consistency and integrity of the measurements. There are strengths and limitations to both survey methods, so the researcher must select the situationally appropriate technique.

The essay discusses the importance of validity and reliability in survey methods, as well as the two general techniques used for surveys: questionnaires and interviews. Survey methods are important for researching issues because they provide a way to objectively collect data. Validity is the representation of measurement accuracy in survey methods, while reliability focuses on the consistency and integrity of the measurements. There are strengths and limitations to both survey methods, so the researcher must select the situationally appropriate technique.

Research Methods and Surveying Techniques Essay Validity is the representation of measurement accuracy in survey methods. In order to design a valid question, the researched issue must be determined. A valid question accurately reflects the topic while encompassing key variables. Essentially, it is important to phrase the questions so that the potential answers provide the researcher with the data set that they intend to measure. Meanwhile, reliability focuses on the consistency and integrity of the measurements. Reliability seeks to eliminate random errors that may arise by responders guessing the answer due to a lack of knowledge or understanding. The same result of repetitive attempts shows reliability. Reliability and validity are inherently independent of each other, but both are needed for a successful survey. The two general surveying techniques are considered questionnaires and interviews. The researcher selects one situationally based on types of populations, sampling, and question content. The questionnaire is a written form of data collection with closed and objective types of questions with the sole purpose of compiling factual evidence. Meanwhile, interviews are an ongoing oral conversation between the researcher and the respondent. Interviews are free-flowing and subjective, giving more flexibility to approach. The collected information can be factual but also presents an analytical perspective. Both survey methods have strengths and limitations. Questionnaires are cheap and efficient but lack human guidance in clarity and analysis. Also, questionnaires are anonymous and have high rates of non-responders. Interviews give the researcher the direct ability to control the discussion while presenting information about identity. Obviously, with interviews, the rate of response is high, but they are also costly and time-consuming due to staff involvement. Also, interviews, due to their open-ended nature, can present invalid or skewed results because the researcher can commit human error or bias.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: A case for a refugee in CWS RSC Africa helps people to be resettled in the USA. The organization creates files that are sent to US Citizenship and Immigration Services, and it also communicates with the agency and provides additional information about an applicant if necessary. The president's Executive Order affects the USRAP in several ways, including reducing the number of refugees that can be accepted from 110,000 to 50,000.

A case for a refugee in CWS RSC Africa helps people to be resettled in the USA. The organization creates files that are sent to US Citizenship and Immigration Services, and it also communicates with the agency and provides additional information about an applicant if necessary. The president's Executive Order affects the USRAP in several ways, including reducing the number of refugees that can be accepted from 110,000 to 50,000.

Resettlement Support Center Africa in the US Essay A case for a refugee in CWS RSC Africa helps people to be resettled in the USA. Individuals complete their applications, and the organization creates files that are sent to US Citizenship and Immigration Services. CWS RSC Africa also communicates with the agency and provides additional information about an applicant if necessary. The president’s Executive Order affects the USRAP in several ways. For instance, in 2017, the number of refugees that can be accepted is reduced from 110,000 to 50,000. According to the Executive Order, refugees from Syria cannot be accepted. Besides, the Secretary of State will pay more attention to the organization’s functioning and will analyze its impact at local, state, and federal levels. Program Integrity guidance is essential for proper functioning of various agencies including PRM. The guidance outlines major areas of concern, which enables entire agencies, as well as each employee, achieve their organizational goals. For example, PRM helps refugees in different parts of the world. However, the organization does not provide aid directly to people but collaborates with other organizations such as the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Program Integrity guidance helps PRM to ensure that the funds allocated are used properly, and the organization’s partners do not violate any ethical or legal norms. Landowners have to develop and implement conservation plans to ensure conservation of species that are listed as endangered. However. In some cases, landowners can obtain permits that allow them to violate some provisions of the plans under some circumstances. Clearly, when the increase in the population of some species poses some threats to the landowner’s life or some property, the government ensures that the landowner’s rights are safeguarded.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : The essay discusses the role of long-standing employees in the company and how their experience and knowledge can help new colleagues avoid making the same mistakes that have caused problems with customers in the past.The essay also talks about how the current labor market and new employee selection and retention practices can help decrease staff turnover and improve employee happiness in the company.

The essay discusses the role of long-standing employees in the company and how their experience and knowledge can help new colleagues avoid making the same mistakes that have caused problems with customers in the past. The essay also talks about how the current labor market and new employee selection and retention practices can help decrease staff turnover and improve employee happiness in the company.

Resourcing and Talent Management in the United Kingdom Case Study Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Current Employment Market: Trends and Changes 3. Recruitment, Selection, and Induction of Candidates 4. Employee Retention 5. Conclusion 6. Reference List Introduction There is no doubt that the success of any company and the degree to which its products and services satisfy target customers are inextricably connected with the way that staff members’ work is organized. In addition, defining the outcomes of the collaboration with any company for its customers, it is important to consider such factors as the level of employee happiness and the number of long-standing employees. As for the role of long-standing employees, their vast experience and knowledge of their companies’ history allow them to teach new colleagues and avoid repeating mistakes that have caused problems with customers in the past. Unfortunately, as is clear from the reports presented by HR specialists working in our company, we are experiencing issues related to the resourcing of staff in managerial and reception roles. According to various opinions, the resourcing problems influencing our position in the market of hotel services occur due to the necessity of specialists filling these positions to work unsociable hours paired with the extensive responsibility peculiar to these roles in our company. Due to the shortage of staff that may deal a heavy blow to our established working practices, many employees have to work extra shifts. Obviously, many employees find it extremely difficult to work in such conditions, and this is why many staff members (especially those having family problems and certain medical conditions) have to leave our company in spite of financial and employee benefits that they receive for the extra work. Importantly, due to unsolved discrimination cases, many female employees are leaving these positions, and we are experiencing the lack of female specialists. The current report focuses on the current labor market and new employee selection and retention practices aimed at decreasing staff turnover and improving employee happiness in the company. Current Employment Market: Trends and Changes Obviously, the ability of our company to find and employ the most suitable candidates is highly influenced by current trends that are related to the national and international employee market. The rhythm of life and the key values of the population may change in the course of time, and it has a direct influence on people’s choice of their future professions. Apart from that, the company’s ability to find enough staff members depends on its own social image and reputation in the country where it is based and abroad. Being based in the United Kingdom, our budget hotel chain pays close attention to providing basic services to clients who do not have large incomes and, therefore, have a very limited choice of places to stay. Despite the average income level of our target customers, we never try to cut corners on the quality of our services, and this is why we appreciate the work of our long-standing employees who know the internal structure of our company very well. As for the current condition of the employee market in the United Kingdom, it needs to be said that the latter is gradually changing in connection with the global economic situation. The United Kingdom is believed to be one of the most popular employment performers, attracting a lot of specialists from other countries due to appropriate working conditions and relatively high wage levels in various sectors. Despite the attractiveness of the country’s labor market, our company has a lack of specialists, which is mainly attributed to the use of ineffective practices aimed at the retention of employees. Continuing on the topic of the employment market, official statistical reports describing the current employment market in the United Kingdom claim that average labor costs and wage costs per hour have increased by more than one percent in the first half of the current year ( Index of UK labor costs per hour, experimental: April to June 2017 2017). More than that, as is clear from the dynamics of labor costs in the United Kingdom, the situation is much more stable for the private sector. The attention is to be paid to changes in labor costs associated with the particular industry – according to the discussed source, average labor costs related to accommodation services provided in the United Kingdom have increased by more than two percent during the present year. As for other tendencies peculiar to the labor market in the United Kingdom, the most recent statistical data approved by the government indicates that the number of people who are employed has increased since the beginning of the year, whereas the number of economically inactive citizens (those who do not want to work or cannot work) has reduced ( UK labor market: September 2017 2017). Another important tendency related to the national employment market lies in the fact that the employment rate has exceeded seventy-five percent of the able-bodied population of the United Kingdom. As the report indicates, the number of unemployed people seeking jobs does not grow anymore. Instead, it is gradually decreasing, and this fact demonstrates that more companies in the country have become able to provide appropriate working conditions and create enough jobs. Speaking about the current employment rates in the country in connection with sex, it is important to note that the share of employed men is nine percent greater than that of employed women of working age. The document also indicates that these tendencies (increasing share of employed women) can stem from the retirement age for women that has been changed. The number of women working part-time is great if compared to the situation with men, which is due to additional household duties that are fulfilled by wives in the majority of cases. Another topic that needs to be covered in order to solve the most urgent problems of our company is presented by trends in the international labor market. Speaking about the latter, it is important to note that the tendencies related to the international market are definitely heterogeneous due to specific situations with the workforce in other countries. Thus, the level of competition continues to grow, and there is a steady flow of English-speaking specialists from countries with lower quality of life coming to the United Kingdom in order to apply their skills. Discussing our hotel chain and staff-related problems that may be detrimental to its business performance, it is important to note that additional measures aimed at attracting foreign specialists can improve the situation. In fact, the United Kingdom belongs to the number of the most popular destinations for people planning journeys and business trips. Therefore, the presence of foreign specialists speaking different languages such as Chinese, Spanish, or Arabic would help to improve the quality of service for foreign customers and increase employee diversity. In general, employee markets in a large number of countries do not provide qualified specialists with an opportunity to get well-paid jobs as travel industries in their countries are not developed enough. People living and working in the United Kingdom have more opportunities to find other jobs in the travel industry, and, due to growing industry rivalry, there are many companies that can lure away those specialists who have worked for our organization, providing a more appropriate schedule of work. Therefore, our company has to focus on current trends peculiar to the international employment market (a substantial number of people from less developed countries who would like to work in the UK and earn more) and the national market (decreased unemployment, a significant gender gap in employment rates) in order to develop new recruitment and retention strategies. Recruitment, Selection, and Induction of Candidates Unfortunately, there is a high staff turnover in both managerial and reception roles in our company that significantly reduces the competitive advantage of our hotel chain. In general, there are two important factors that may cause increased staff turnover and a shortage of employees: weaknesses related to recruitment strategies utilized by human resource managers in our organization and the need to improve approaches to employee retention. The process of talent acquisition connected with managerial positions in our company should become more focused on the use of multiple search directions. Even though our hotel chain is known in the United Kingdom and other countries, it is important to think about the additional channels helping to disseminate information concerning vacancies for managers. Among the channels that our company can use to attract a range of suitable job applicants, there are websites for job seekers, recommended recruitment agencies, and social networks. Importantly, our HR managers can introduce a new practice allowing us to motivate long-standing employees and search for new applicants for managerial positions. Thus, it is possible to use the so-called “member gets member” practice (Trost 2014). In reference to the proposed practice, it encourages employees to disseminate information about available job positions among people they know to attract more qualified specialists. Suppose applicants turn out to be the perfect candidates, employees who have invited them to get bonuses for their contribution. In fact, the practice can be called effective as it makes interpersonal ties of employees contribute to the success of the entire company. At the same time, HR managers should not rely only on this practice as increased attention to MGM may cause competition between employees and reduce collaboration. Recruitment, selection, and induction practices appropriate for managerial positions should be chosen in accordance with the primary value that our hotel chain supports: high-quality services. Therefore, among the requirements that appropriate candidates for managerial positions must meet, there are an increased responsibility, well-developed communication skills, a degree in business administration, and professional experience in the field. More than that, considering that these positions are inextricably connected with changing circumstances and unexpected situations, suitable candidates should be encouraged to demonstrate their creativity during job interviews. When it comes to recruitment practices that will help HR managers from our company to make all the necessary preparations, they have to conduct a job analysis in order to correct and improve job descriptions that are available to applicants. Importantly, considering the great degree of responsibility related to managerial positions in our company, job descriptions should contain a list of spheres/aspects of the working process that new employees will have to control. Considering that our company is not experiencing its best times, our specialists have to prepare job descriptions that would be attractive and discuss all work-related details that may cause problems after successful job interviews. In other words, it would be inappropriate to be reticent about the real position of our company as it would definitely increase staff turnover even more and have a negative impact on our social image. Preparing accurate job descriptions, employers, and specialists who help them are supposed to provide all essential elements such as the list of responsibilities and the list of required skills and competencies for the job. As for the latter, it would be a great mistake to provide inflated requirements and, therefore, be unable to find such specialists. Instead, all the identified requirements should be divided into two groups. The first group would include qualities and competencies that any suitable candidate should have to be able to perform the discussed duties; for instance, the degree in management and at least two years of experience are the key requirements. At the same time, the employer is able to set a range of additional requirements that can raise applicants’ chances to be chosen. These requirements can be different based on the additional tasks that managers will have to fulfill. Some employers prefer to choose managers speaking foreign languages, whereas others lean toward specialists who know a lot about human psychology and, therefore, can manipulate other people and establish effective relationships. In the given case, all managerial positions are to be analyzed in a thorough manner in order to single out additional qualities and skills that will make specialists more effective. Having defined the key requirements and fair wages for managerial positions, our company should pay more attention to advertising (using the channels and practices that have been listed). In reference to both managers and receptionists, it is necessary to utilize a combination of channels that are commonly used (for instance, social networks or websites for job seekers) and measures aimed at motivating employees to provide HR managers with good recommendations (the so-called “member gets member” practice). In order to improve the social image of our company and attract those candidates who really want to obtain sustainable employment and contribute to the common goal, it can be important to design a new system of bonuses for employees. Employee selection practices for the two positions in question will be basically the same, but HR managers will have to utilize different tests when conducting job interviews and making final decisions. Having chosen those applicants who possess all the necessary qualifications, it is necessary to conduct preliminary interviews to understand whether the chosen people can be invited to interviews with their potential employers. During the next stage, applicants may be asked to fulfill certain tasks to demonstrate their skills. For instance, in the case with potential managers, such applicants can be asked to share their opinions on the further development of our hotel chain or solve a few hypothetical management problems. When it comes to receptionists, as it was previously stated, it would be a good idea to attract more specialists speaking other languages apart from English. In fact, this will help to ensure diversity and improve the experience of our foreign guests who have difficulties when speaking English. Such applicants can be supposed to pass English tests and demonstrate the knowledge of other languages. In reference to other tests that can be used to encourage applicants for both positions to demonstrate their skills, it is possible to use creativity tests involving drawing and tests defining applicants’ implicit associations (Hilgard et al. 2014). The latter can be a great tool allowing HR managers to make conclusions concerning applicants’ key values. Final decisions related to the most suitable applicants are to be made based on the results of all tests and interviews. Employee induction is the process that requires the concerted efforts of numerous specialists working with new employees. To ensure the successful integration of new specialists, it is necessary to design a new training program that would be focused on the following aspects: key values of the company, its structure, rules of professional conduct, communication with clients, and key problems that may occur during the work. To deliver the information on these aspects, it is necessary to use the appropriate format. Information can be illustrative if it is presented with the help of presentations, tables, graphs, or outlines. Apart from that, successful integration requires the help of coaches teaching new employees to solve specific problems. Employee Retention Taking into account that there is high staff turnover in our company, the employee retention strategy that we utilize must be improved. In order to improve employee retention, our specialists are supposed to introduce a few important practices whose effectiveness is confirmed in many studies. The elements chosen for the strategy are claimed to be a part of an effective employee retention model used in educational institutions in Pakistan (Bai & Bhutto 2016). Among these elements, there is the use of a new system of employee bonuses, measures aimed at improving the social-psychological climate in the company, introduction of new training practices, and enabling employees to participate in important discussions. To begin with, the development of an appropriate employee retention strategy remains one of the most important tasks for any company as its ineffectiveness may increase staff turnover and cause financial losses. The introduction of new performance bonuses encouraging employees to do their best can become a good decision as it decreases employee turnover (Terera & Ngirande 2014). In addition, the most effective specialists should be allowed to take additional days off work when employee shortage will be estranged. Importantly, staff turnover tends to increase when employees feel that their opinions on problems and their possible solutions are not considered. To improve the situation, it is possible to organize weekly meetings for employees and their managers where the former will be able to voice their opinions on urgent problems related to their essential tasks. The next measure to be implemented within the frame of the proposed employee retention strategy is the use of new training practices. In particular, considering an increased risk of occupational burnout due to unsociable hours, employees will have an opportunity to meet with specialists teaching them to mitigate work-related stress. Staff turnout can also be attributed to the inappropriate social-psychological climate in the company. Therefore, it will be necessary to create special recreation rooms for employees where they will be able to relax and communicate. It often happens that people do not want to leave their companies because of their colleagues and the atmosphere of unity and collaboration. To encourage it, our managers can utilize various teambuilding techniques. Diversity management is another important initiative that must be taken into consideration. Knowing that female managers are leaving our company, we have to prevent cases of gender discrimination. To do that, HR managers can conduct an anonymous survey to find out whether female managers are satisfied with their working conditions. In particular, it is necessary to pay attention to the possible use of gender stereotypes during task distribution and the presence of fair wages for specialists of both sexes. Some specialists can leave our company as they feel that their cultural identities are not respected. Therefore, another measure aimed at reducing employee turnover is the use of diversity education programs for specialists in different units of our company. Considering one of the current problems of our hotel chain, the shortage of receptionists, there is a need for flexible working initiatives for employees. Thus, the number of part-time employees may need to be increased. This measure is especially important when it comes to employees who have small children or other relatives who need care. Conclusion In the end, as is clear from the specific problems peculiar to our hotel chain, our management should pay more attention to measures aimed at improving sourcing and retention strategies. As for the practices related to recruitment, selection, and induction of specialists who are ready to work as managers and receptionists, the proposed strategy involves the improvement of job descriptions and the use of multi-stage recruitment procedures. More than that, among the tools that are proposed to be used to evaluate applicants and make final decisions, there are psychological tests, hypothetical management problems to be solved, and tests measuring the language competence of foreign specialists. When it comes to advertising, it is necessary to involve employees in the process of information dissemination; thus, the “member gets member” practice can be used. In terms of retention, the proposed strategy includes four important elements: employee training, employee value, psycho-social climate, and improved bonus system. Reference List Bai, S & Bhutto, M 2016, ‘HRM practices in improving employee retention in Pakistan, where employee value as a focal point,’ Journal of Economics, Business and Management , vol. 4, no. 12, p. 677-682. Hilgard, J, Bartholow, BD, Dickter, CL & Blanton, H 2014, ‘Characterizing switching and congruency effects in the Implicit Association Test as reactive and proactive cognitive control,’ Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience , vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 381-388. Index of UK labor costs per hour, experimental: April to June 2017 . 2017. Web. Terra, SR & Ngirande, H 2014, ‘The impact of rewards on job satisfaction and employee retention,’ Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences , vol. 5, no. 1, p. 481. Trost, 2014, Talent relationship management: competitive recruiting strategies in times of talent shortage , Springer Science & Business, New York. UK labour market: September 2017 . 2017. Web.

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: A retail sales associate's organizational behavior modification plan is essentially a course of action proposed on the basis of the reinforcement theory. The plan recognizes four behaviors that are needed for successful performance of a retail sales associate and recommends how they can be achieved.The four behaviors that are needed for successful performance of a retail sales associate according to the proposed OBM plan are:1. Politeness2. Prioritizing the needs of a customer3. Building a favora

A retail sales associate's organizational behavior modification plan is essentially a course of action proposed on the basis of the reinforcement theory. The plan recognizes four behaviors that are needed for successful performance of a retail sales associate and recommends how they can be achieved. The four behaviors that are needed for successful performance of a retail sales associate according to the proposed OBM plan are: 1. Politeness 2. Prioritizing the needs of a customer 3. Building a favora

Retail Sales Associate’s Organizational Behavior Essay Job Description for a Retail Sales Associate It is generally expected that a sales associate in our retail store will realize that he or she is the face of the store. It is communication with the retail sales associate exactly that shapes to a large extent our customers’ experiences and impressions from buying from us. We recognize the value of this position, which is why we strongly commit to selecting appropriate retail sales associates and expect them to work with dedication. As a retail sales associate, you will: * Approach our customers to offer your services and help find the products the customers are looking for; * Explain to our customers the features of products and advise on whether the product is the optimal solution for a customer; * Identify our customers’ needs and consult them on products that meet those needs the best; * Provide customers with options, which is why you will be required to be aware of the full selection of products our store offers; * Explain to our customers the differences among products, which is why you will be required to be familiar with the industry and have knowledge of current trends in fashion; * Work in a team with other associates, which is why you will be required to demonstrate teamwork skills; * Ensure that customer satisfaction is high, and customer loyalty is promoted; * Promote the customer-centered model of service by addressing all the needs a customer may display or have; * Maintain presentable appearance of products in assigned areas; * Process payments. * Occasionally perform additional tasks associated with maintaining the presentable appearance of the store’s selection and bringing items from the stockroom. Your primary external responsibility will be communicating with clients. This part of the job requires sociability, knowledgeability, flexibility, and commitment to customer-centered service. Your internal responsibilities will include working with other retail sales associates and managers, maintaining the area of the store assigned to you, and performing several additional tasks, such as processing payments. Organizational Behavior Modification Plan Major psychological theories suggest that behavior is a function of its consequences (Aronfreed, 2013), which means that behaviors can be modified by applying punishments and rewards. An organizational behavior modification (OBM) plan is essentially a course of action proposed on the basis of the reinforcement theory (Miner, 2015). Such a plan lists measures that need to be taken in the context of employee relations and management to modify certain behaviors in those employees. The proposed OBM plan recognizes four behaviors that are needed for successful performance of a retail sales associate and recommends how they can be achieved. Customer-centered behavior This category includes politeness, prioritizing the needs of a customer, and building a favorable image of the store among customers. A way to assess whether this behavior is adopted by sales associates is to analyze the dynamics of repeat customers and customer loyalty. A way to encourage this behavior is to establish rewards for employees who attract repeat customers and increase customer loyalty. It is proposed to introduce a system of bonuses for sales associates for contributing to customer loyalty. When employees clearly see that their politeness, cheerfulness, respect, and attentiveness toward customers increase loyalty and subsequently increase their monetary reward, the employees are expected to further adhere to customer-centered behaviors. Sales-promoting behavior This category includes displaying good knowledge of the store’s selection and striving for satisfying the customers’ needs with what is in stock in the store. A way to assess whether this behavior is adopted by sales associates is to analyze the dynamics of sales. A way to encourage this type of behavior among sales associates is to introduce a system of bonuses for increasing the level of sales. If employees clearly see that their promotion of the store’s products contributes to the growth of sales and subsequently to their monetary rewards, they are expected to be more willing to try to sell more. Collaborative behavior This category includes willingness to collaborate with other sales associates, share experience, and express employee voice to the managements. A way to assess whether this behavior is adopted by sales associates is to collect feedback from them concerning internal collaboration. A way to encourage collaborative behaviors among employees is to include effective collaboration in the list of criteria for promotion. If sales associates want to be promoted and receive more responsibilities related to managing the store (and receive larger salaries), they should demonstrate that they are successful in dealing with their colleagues. Responsible behavior Retail sales associates should realize that there are areas in the store assigned to them for the purpose of maintaining a presentable appearance. If a certain area assigned to an associate does not look presentable (messy, items missing), the sales associate to whom the area was assigned should be punished for not complying with his or her responsibilities. It is proposed to introduce a system of fines or bonus deprivation for those sales associates whose areas are not properly maintained. It is expected that seeing how poor management of assigned areas decreases their monetary reward will make employees pay more attention to maintaining the presentable appearance of areas assigned to them. Performance Standards and Criteria of Key Job Performance Behaviors Four key job performance behaviors were previously identified (see Organizational Behavior Modification Plan), and in order to enforce the adopting of these behaviors, it is necessary to establish criteria for measuring whether the behaviors are exhibited (Zhu, 2014). In order to ensure that sales associates exhibit the customer-centered behavior, it is proposed to measure customer loyalty and, based on this, distribute bonuses among employees. In order to ensure that sales associates exhibit sales-promoting behaviors, it is proposed to measure the level of sales and to connect individual sales to the efforts of a particular sales associate. Based on this measurement, bonuses will be distributed among employees. In order to ensure that sales associates exhibit the collaborative behavior, it is proposed to solicit employee voice and evaluate employee feedback. On the basis of feedback, employees who exercise the collaborative behavior, i.e. collaborate with their colleagues by sharing experience and contributing to the coordination of sales associates’ work, will receive an advantage in the process of promotion. In order to ensure that sales associates exhibit the responsible behavior, it is proposed to regularly monitor the areas for which those associates are responsible and assess whether the presentable appearance in those areas is properly maintained. On the basis of this assessment, sales associates who fail to maintain proper appearance will be fined for incompliance with their job responsibilities. Therefore, the two major ways to measure whether employees exhibit the key job performance behaviors is to analyze the performance of the store and to collect feedback. Also, methods should be proposed to effectively inform employees of the new performance standards. For this purpose, the employee relations and employee communications systems should be adjusted. First, employees should be informed of the new standards during an all-staff meeting. It is important that a human resources manager explains the new policies in an interpersonal communication session. Second, documents describing the new policies in detail should be distributed among employees so that sales associates could consult them and refer to them anytime. Feedback Plan and Positive Employee Behavior Reinforcement It was previously established that soliciting employee voice for the purpose of evaluation (particularly, evaluation of collaborative behavior) is one of the aspects of the new employee policy. However, it should not be overlooked that feedback should be provided from the management to employees, too (Giacalone, & Rosenfeld, 2013). The difference between evaluation and feedback is that the former is summative, i.e. it compares the performance to standards and calculates scores of how well an employee is doing, while the latter is formative, i.e. it provides recommendations on how the performance can be improved. One of the ways to provide employees with feedback is to issue monthly performance reviews in which the performance of every employee would be individually evaluated, and the evaluation would be supplemented with recommendations on what aspects of performance should be revised. Also, it is possible to hold regular meetings in which a human resources manager will outline the areas in which employees have opportunities for growth. During these sessions, less attention will be paid to individual performances, but more attention will be paid to overall compliance with the store’s vision and strategic goals. To reinforce positive behaviors among sales associates, it is recommended to introduce a system of bonuses and fines: the former will be given for increasing sales and improving customer satisfaction, and the latter will be imposed for irresponsible management of assigned areas of the store. Also, the mechanism of prioritizing engaging and collaborative sales associates for promotion is expected to contribute to the positive behavior reinforcement. Legal and Ethical Issues In implementing the proposed policies, several legal and ethical issues can be encountered. First, certain limitations exist in the employer’s ability to fine employees (Twomey, 2012). In order to address this issue, it is proposed to impose fines by subtracting certain amounts of money from employees’ bonuses, not from their salaries. The salary payments are negotiated and agreed upon during the hiring process, and the store is not authorized to reduce the approved salary, but what the store is authorized to do is to pay larger bonuses (for good performance) or smaller bonuses (for poor performance), and the latter mechanism will function as a system of fines. Second, there is the ethical issue of providing individual performance feedback. During employee meetings, general performance and the staff’s compliance with the store’s vision and strategy will be discussed, but particular aspects of a particular sales associate’s performance may be too delicate to discuss during general meetings. The right of an employee to confidentiality should be respected, and it will be more ethical to provide individual performance reviews to each employee separately in the written form. Finally, the performance management system can be affected by ethical issues associated with soliciting employee voice. Sales associates will be encouraged to provide feedback to the management, but there are situations, in which employees may not be willing to provide feedback explicitly, which is why a mechanism should be created for employees to communicate with managers confidentially. For example, if a sales associate is willing to complain about a fellow associate’s performance, he or she can approach a manager personally, and anonymity should be ensured. References Aronfreed, J. (2013). Conduct and conscience: The socialization of internalized control over behavior . New York, NY: Academic Press. Giacalone, R. A., & Rosenfeld, P. (Eds.). (2013). Impression management in the organization . Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Miner, J. B. (2015). Organizational behavior 1: Essential theories of motivation and leadership . New York, NY: Routledge. Twomey, D. (2012). Labor & employment law: Text and cases (15th ed.). Mason, OH: Cengage Learning. Zhu, J. (2014). Quantitative models for performance evaluation and benchmarking: Data envelopment analysis with spreadsheets (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Springer.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: The essay discusses the challenges faced by women when they try to return to work after having taken time off to care for their families. These challenges include finding an employer who is willing to hire them, and dealing with the fact that most employers prefer to hire people with no resume gaps. The essay also discusses the services offered by return-to-work agencies, which can help women to transition back into the workplace.

The essay discusses the challenges faced by women when they try to return to work after having taken time off to care for their families. These challenges include finding an employer who is willing to hire them, and dealing with the fact that most employers prefer to hire people with no resume gaps. The essay also discusses the services offered by return-to-work agencies, which can help women to transition back into the workplace.

Return-to-Work Challenges and Services for Women Research Paper It should be noted that it has always been difficult for women to get back to work after maternity leave. In addition, employers do not willingly hire people who have resume gaps. This rule is not applicable to women after maternity leave solely but also to women who had a long absence because of family or other issues. The purpose of this paper is to review the article written by Bates (2017) that dwells upon this problem faced by many female workers. Summary On the example of Jenna Bloomgarden, the author wanted to display how difficult it can be for women to gain a spot in a company in accordance with their actual skills. The woman has been taking care of her children and family for 13 years, and she decided to return to work despite having such a big resume gap. She tried all the possible ways of contacting employers, but none of these attempts has been successful. However, she has heard about Après agency, which helps women transition successfully from taking care of the family to work (Bates, 2017). Jenna Bloomgarden had an internship in one of the companies and was offered a job there, which responded to her needs, wishes, and skills. Nonetheless, if it were not for this agency, it is highly unlikely that she could find this place by herself. Therefore, the purpose of Après is to connect employers with workers, prepare women after gap years, and ensure their gradual plunging in duties. There are other organizations, which work in a similar way such as reacHIRE, iRelaunch, and so on. Their main target is to provide return-to-work services for women to help them adjust to the current business setting while connecting employers with the workforce. Importantly, such agencies stress the potential that women have despite their resume gaps. According to the author, women need to get assistance in refining their skills, but their core competencies remain the same even after a long break (Bates, 2017). In addition, many companies have started hiring women intensely since they can contribute greatly to the organizational development. Return-to-work agencies review each case individually and connect employers with the applicants that fit the company the best and the essential skills are refined during internship, which allows women to adapt to the setting quickly but gradually. Implications and Conclusions It should be noted that appreciation of the potential contribution that women can make implies the encouragement of diverse workforce. It means that managers need to know the strategies, which will allow women to adapt to the new place and display their core competencies. It requires that company leadership comprehends the need for effective diversity management and employs approaches aimed at creation of environment inclusive of all employees with their various backgrounds. Overall, return-to-work services are useful and effective since they promote greater diversity at workplace and connect women with the eligible employers so that both of them could benefit from this cooperation. Reference Bates, S. (2017). Employers are seeking women returning from career breaks . Web.

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Write an essay about: The scientific revolution of the 17th century involved all three of the mentioned areas. The key to the understanding of why science made a revolution in the 17th century is associated with the fact that it displaced the Earth and humans from being the center of the universe, with the emergence of new scientific views and practices that confirmed the discovery. Scientific studies originated from the curiosity about the nature of the religious belief.

The scientific revolution of the 17th century involved all three of the mentioned areas. The key to the understanding of why science made a revolution in the 17th century is associated with the fact that it displaced the Earth and humans from being the center of the universe, with the emergence of new scientific views and practices that confirmed the discovery. Scientific studies originated from the curiosity about the nature of the religious belief.

Revolutionary Science in the 17th Century Essay Before discussing the science of the 17th century, it is important to give a definition to the term itself. Science is a combination of at least three areas, such as a body of knowledge, a system (or method) of inquiry, and a community of practitioners and institutions that support the work of science (Cole et al. 384). The scientific revolution of the seventeenth century involved all three of the mentioned areas. The key to the understanding of why science made a revolution in the 17th century is associated with the fact that it displaced the Earth and humans from being the center of the universe, with the emergence of new scientific views and practices that confirmed the discovery. Moreover, it is noteworthy that the scientific revolution developed an inquiry method for establishing a clear understanding of the natural world. This innovative approach placed emphasis on the importance of observation, experiment, and hypotheses testing. Science was revolutionary in the 17th century because it became a separate and distinct branch of knowledge. Before that, natural philosophy was a designation for areas such as motion, optics, and the circulation of blood. Societies’ expansion and the development of new institutions contributed to the progress of scientific research. Science required only the most forward-thinking people to be involved in the research, which progressed into religious, cultural, and social transformation (Cole et al. 386). The scientific revolution of the 17th century marked a definite break between the Middle Ages and the modern world; although it started earlier in the previous developments, At least starting from the 12th century, medieval artists and scientists observed and illustrated the natural world with precision. Nevertheless, the connections between experiment, invention, and observation emerged only in the 16th century. The efforts to understand the natural world was associated with the conviction of societies that nature was created by God (Cole et al. 385). Therefore, scientific studies originated from the curiosity about the nature of the religious belief. For instance, Neoplatonists were convinced that nature was created by God so that humanity understands the ways of the divine good. With a conviction that nature reflected the perfection of God, Neoplatonists searched for the perfect structures, with mathematics (especially geometry) being important tools in their search (Cole et al. 385). When discussing the scientific revolution that completely changed the society, it is crucial to mention the contribution of the Copernican theory regarding the position of the Earth in the planetary system as well as Kepler’s laws. Before Copernicus’ discovery, it was generally accepted that the Earth was stationary and was the center of the solar system. Despite the fact that Copernicus was a conservative thinker in many ways, the implications of his discovery had on the religious ideologies. Regarding the opposition of religious ideologies, Kepler believed that everything that existed on the planet had been the result of the creation of mathematical laws, the understanding of which could allow societies to share the wisdom of God and go deeper into the discovery of the secrets of the Universe. Kepler’s contribution to the scientific revolution is noteworthy since he managed to break down the distinction between earth and heavens (the real and the divine) that had been a center of the physics approach proposed by Aristotle. Galileo’s contribution can be considered the most significant when it comes to the discussion of the scientific revolution of the seventeenth century. By starting his career through the discoveries with the telescope and ending with the discovery of evidence that supported the model proposed by Copernicus, which laid a foundation for modern physics, Galileo became the main opponent of the Church, which did not agree with his belief that science and religion could go hand-in-hand (Cole et al. 390). Despite the battles with the religious authorities, Galileo did not put an end to his scientific search. He managed to refine and perfect the theories of motion that were developed at the beginning of his career, such as the theory of inertia, which stated that the motion of an object stayed the same until an outside force change it. When it comes to analyzing Galileo’s standpoint on nature, scripture, and truth, he argued that the humanity had to begin solving physical problems not from the standpoint of scripture’s authority but from sense-experiences. Also, the scientist argued that religious authorities had to speak about phenomena that were different from the absolute truth presented in the Bible t o educate their societies (Cole et al. 391). To conclude, the science was revolutionary in the seventeenth century since it shifted the focus from the theological orientation of the world to discoveries that completely changed the way the society perceived the outside world. Despite the fact that some scientists wanted to establish connections between the religious teachings and their discoveries, the church opposed anything that even slightly undermined the teachings of the holy scriptures. Nevertheless, contributions of such scientists as Galileo or Copernicus shaped the way modern science is functioning today. Work Cited Cole, Joshua, et al. Western Civilizations: Their History & Their Culture. 3rd ed., W.W. Norton & Company, 2012.

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Provide the full text for the following summary: The mission of Richmond SPCA is to promote the principle that every life is precious. In order to safeguard its mission, the organization runs several services, all of which aim at promoting the value of life and enhance the well-being of animals.

The mission of Richmond SPCA is to promote the principle that every life is precious. In order to safeguard its mission, the organization runs several services, all of which aim at promoting the value of life and enhance the well-being of animals.

Richmond Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Research Paper Background Richmond SPCA is a non-profit organization dedicated to rescue, care, adoption, training, and education of animals. It was founded in 1891 and has recently celebrated the 125th anniversary of protection and advocacy of community’s animals. The organization is currently situated in Richmond, Virginia. While it is not affiliated with private animal welfare organizations, Richmond SPCA closely collaborates with municipal organizations in order to ensure that all animals in need receive proper treatment and find a home. During the last several years, the organization displayed a steady growth in all performance indicators. In order to sustain growth, Richmond SPCA provides humane education to children in the community. Current Situation The mission of Richmond SPCA is to promote the principle that every life is precious (Richmond SPCA, n.d.a). In order to safeguard its mission, the organization runs several services, all of which aim at promoting the value of life and enhance the well-being of animals. Veterinary Clinic Despite the steady increase in a number of cases, the veterinary service of the organization displayed an increase in successful instances of treatment: 28% for external parasites, 15% increase in respiratory infections, and 3# increase in internal parasites. Of the top ten conditions treated, only one saw a decrease in treatment (Starr, 2017). According to the survey, the population finds the services inexpensive and cost-effective (Richmond SPCA, n.d.b). Training services The organization ensures constant training for shelter pets. During the last year, animals received more than 2,500 hours of training by shelter staff and an additional 2,800 hours provided by volunteers (Starr, 2017). In addition, almost 90 classes are taught to the pet owners in what amounts to more than 11,000 hours of instructions. Such strategy strengthens the bonds with the animals and decreases the likelihood of later abandonment and submission to shelters (Starr, 2017). Trap Neuter Return A program run by the organization provides the opportunity to vaccinate and neuter community cats free of charge. In the last year, more than 1,000 stray animals were treated in this way (Starr, 2017). The free nature of the program has been shown to enhance voluntary participation and improve the stray animal situation (Levy, Isaza, & Scott, 2014). Adoptions The FY16 saw a dramatic increase in adoptions by the population – 3848 animals found their new home (Starr, 2017). This is roughly 200 more than the previous year’s number and is consistent with a steady trend demonstrated in the last five years. Despite the constant growth, Richmond SPCA reported the remained of more than 370 pets waiting for adoption, which indicates the need for further improvement (Starr, 2017). Future Implications To further engage the population, the organization promotes involvement through several channels. Volunteer Programs The Running Buddies program encourages volunteers to take shelter dogs for a run as a part of the shelter animal training program. According to the report, more than 4,000 miles was run by the dogs in 2016 as a result of this program (Starr, 2017). The activity is expected to promote physical exercise and positively impact the community health. Children’s Programs Richmond SPCA organizes several children camps, including Dogs with Jobs camp, where the participants can witness demonstrations of dogs at service of community organizations such as Ems and Fire Department (Starr, 2017). Birthday parties hosted at the shelter strengthen bonds with animals and promote humane values of the organization. Bus tours and community visits organized by Richmond SPCA provide children with relevant information on the current situation with stray animals, highlight common misconceptions associated with the topic, and outline benefits of pet adoption. The said activities are expected to raise awareness on stray animal issues among the younger generation and have a long-term effect of decreased animal abandonment rate (Tardif-Williams & Bosacki, 2015). At the current rate, we can expect an observable improvement in the nearby years. About Us “The Richmond SPCA, founded in 1891, is a non-profit, no-kill humane organization dedicated to the principle that every life is precious. The Richmond SPCA is a national leader in humane care and education, having developed numerous lifesaving programs and services including those dedicated to adoption, rehabilitation, sterilization and education” (Richmond SPCA, n.d.a, para. 1). References Levy, J. K., Isaza, N. M., & Scott, K. C. (2014). Effect of high-impact targeted trap-neuter-return and adoption of community cats on cat intake to a shelter. The Veterinary Journal, 201 (3), 269-274. Richmond SPCA. (n.d.a). Frequently asked questions . Web. Richmond SPCA. (n.d.b). Veterinary services FAQ . Web. Starr, R. R. (2017). Fiscal year 2016 annual report . Web. Tardif-Williams, C. Y., & Bosacki, S. L. (2015). Evaluating the impact of a humane education summer-camp program on school-aged children’s relationships with companion animals. Anthrozoös, 28 (4), 587-600.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: The risk-based, outcomes-focused model of airport security is different from the traditional model in that it is aimed not at providing regulations and rules with which airports have to comply, but rather at setting the desired levels of security and safety that the airports would have to meet by utilizing the means and methods they view as appropriate.

The risk-based, outcomes-focused model of airport security is different from the traditional model in that it is aimed not at providing regulations and rules with which airports have to comply, but rather at setting the desired levels of security and safety that the airports would have to meet by utilizing the means and methods they view as appropriate.

Risk-Based vs Traditional Aviation Security Models Essay Introduction Aviation is of paramount importance for the proper functioning of the modern world. Every year, aircraft carry millions of people and tremendous amounts of cargo across the earth, substantially reducing the time that their transportation would otherwise require. However, due to certain specifics of the aviation industry, aircraft may be attacked by a range of malefactors for the purpose of terrorism. Because of this, aviation security, which is aimed at protecting aircraft from such malefactors, plays a key role in aviation. Highly effective aviation security personnel and procedures are pivotal if the health and lives of aircraft passengers are to be protected, and the cargo carried by planes is to be kept safe. In this respect, it should be observed that the traditional model of aviation security relies on the principle that rules for ensuring aviation safety are determined by some type of governmental agency, and airports are in turn expected to comply with these rules (Price & Forrest 2016). On the other hand, an alternative model of aviation security has also emerged recently. The proponents of the alternative model maintain that aviation security should be based on such factors as forecasts and risk assessments, and that aviation security should focus on outcomes rather than on the implementation of particular procedures or protocols. Therefore, in this paper, each of the two main approaches to aviation security will be defined, and attention will be paid to both the advantages and disadvantages of each approach. After that, a discussion will follow so as to decide which one of the approaches seems better for maintaining appropriate security levels in the aviation industry. The Risk-Based, Outcomes-Focused Approach to Airport Security Description The risk-based, outcomes-focused model of airport security is different from the traditional model in that it is aimed not at providing regulations and rules with which airports have to comply, but rather at setting the desired levels of security and safety that the airports would have to meet by utilizing the means and methods they view as appropriate (Hammond 2011). It is therefore proposed that governments would withdraw most of the regulations pertaining to airport safety so that airports would be able to enact the security measures that would enable airlines to reach the minimal permitted level of safety by employing methods that are designed by the airports themselves so as to better meet the needs of their clients, also allowing for a greater amount of flexibility and for implementing innovative technology when needed (Hammond 2011). Thus it is necessary to consider the potential risks and benefits of such an approach. However, it should be pointed out that, in contrast to the traditional, prescriptive approach to airport security, the proposed methods have not been tested in practice, and their potential pros and cons are, to a certain degree, based on the assumptions and predictions rather than on the available evidence pertaining to their implementation by airlines. Possible Positive Aspects of the New Approach On the whole, it is hypothesised that the implementation of the risk-based, outcomes-focused approach to aviation security will allow for attaining a considerable advantage in comparison to the traditional, prescriptive aviation security model. For example, according to IATA (2013), the implementation of such an approach in airports will bring about a strengthening of the levels of security thanks to the possibility of concentrating the utilisation of resources on the areas which most require them, i.e., based on the actual risk levels rather than on prescriptive regulations. The level of security is also likely to be enhanced because the airports will be permitted to decide how to use existing technologies on their own, as well as to introduce new, innovative technologies for providing security and safety when they believe that these technologies will lead to a positive change in this field (IATA 2013). In addition, it has been proposed that the implementation of this new approach will also increase the operational efficiency of airports (IATA 2013). In particular, some researchers assert that a considerable amount of the security efforts currently undertaken in airports are redundant (Stewart & Mueller 2014); in other words, the risks to safety would need to be much higher than they are now to justify the efforts currently being made to maintain airport security. This redundancy leads to a decreased throughput of passengers through airports, for instance, due to the need to thoroughly scan them and their possessions, which is a rather time-consuming process (Stewart & Mueller 2014). These experts argue that a risk-based, outcomes-focused approach will in contrast allow for eliminating numerous redundant procedures which are currently carried out in airports and replacing them with more time-efficient ones, which should lead to an increased passenger throughput, a decreased workload for airport security personnel, and an enhanced level of customer satisfaction thanks to lower wait times and simplified procedures in airports (IATA 2013). The new approach can be called deregulatory, for according to it, the government would cancel most of its regulations and place the issues of airport security into the “hands” of the airports themselves. It can be assumed that the implementation of the new approach would allow for reducing security spending in airports (IATA 2013). One apparent assumption is that airlines will be able to choose only the most effective measures for providing security, and to eliminate those measures which are overly complex and require excessive effort from security personnel (Stewart & Mueller 2014), thus reducing spending on airport security and the amount of effort previously required, while also improving the effectiveness of security measures. Finally, a logical hypothesis is that the free market should encourage maintaining the proper levels of security in airports, because the airlines themselves will be interested in providing an adequate level of safety for their clients, or else they will lose a considerable number of their customers and suffer monetary losses as a result. Possible Negative Aspects of the New Approach There are also a number of concerns pertaining to the possible adverse aspects of the implementation of the new risk-based, outcomes-focused approach to aviation security. For instance, it may be unclear how to standardise the requirements for airport safety when setting the desired minimal levels of airport security (IATA 2013). When using the compliance approach, the government provides a set of rules and regulations that are based on many years of international experience related to airport security, and appropriate levels of compliance with these regulations should allow for maintaining at least minimal levels of security in airports. On the other hand, in the proposed innovative model, airports will have to choose the methods for providing security on their own, which could mean that untested procedures and methods will be utilised, leading to an actual lowering of security levels, and potentially endangering the airport personnel and passengers. In addition, it may be methodologically difficult and unclear how to measure the levels of security in an airport, which means that deciding what security procedures to implement will also be difficult; in addition, the human factor (Kirschenbaum 2013) may also play a considerable disruptive role in this situation. Problems pertaining to this approach, therefore, are related not only to defining common standards for safety levels (IATA 2013), but also to following them. Another potential concern is related to the high costs associated with the implementation of the new approach (IATA 2013). On the whole, it will not always be clear which safety procedures to implement, and testing them will require additional financial resources. In addition, the spending on the safety procedures will probably become the burden of the airports, or, in the end, their customers; as a result, the airports may risk losing a considerable amount of money due to losing clients, or facing the need to lower the level of security in an attempt to reduce ticket prices. The Traditional Compliance Model of Aviation Security Description The traditional model of aviation security is based on the hypothesis that the risks related to aviation can be minimised and even mitigated by creating certain safety rules and enforcing compliance with them (Kirschenbaum 2015). As a result, in most current cases, the methods for maintaining safety and security of airports are defined by certain regulations that are created by various governmental institutions and agencies. These agencies or institutions can be either national (e.g., the United States Department of Homeland Security) or international (for instance, the International Civil Aviation Organisation). To give an example of the above-mentioned regulations, it can be noted that in the European Union, there are numerous regulatory acts which define the basic notions pertaining to aviation security as well as impose certain minimal standards that ought to be met by any airport. For instance, such a document as Regulations: Commission implementing regulation (2015), which was adopted by the European Commission in 1998 and revised in 2015, provides a detailed account of measures to be implemented for the purpose of maintaining basic levels of aviation safety. Another example: the implementation of aviation security measures in some countries is determined by a document created by the European Commission (2015), which is also updated on a regular basis. Generally speaking, it should be stressed that such acts and regulations allow for maintaining established standards of safety and security at any airport (Benny 2013), but they may require frequent updates due to the fact that the methods which could potentially be utilised by various malefactors are growing more and more diverse and sophisticated over time. Negative Aspects of the Traditional Model On the whole, the traditional model of airport security, which demands compliance with a number of regulations that are imposed by state or international organisations, has several disadvantages; most of these disadvantages are related to the claims that such regulations are often cumbersome, require a considerable investment of a variety of resources and efforts in order to be upheld, are inconvenient to airport personnel and passengers, cost too much money, and are redundant (Figure 1) (Hammond 2011; IATA 2013; Stewart & Mueller 2014). In addition, it has been asserted that the safety regulations are not updated frequently enough, which leads to airports implementing obsolete measures to prevent security breaches. Figure 1: Complying with all the regulations pertaining to airport security checks may result in long lines, where passengers have to wait for hours (Vasel 2016). As has been noted, one of the possible disadvantages of the traditional model of airport security is that the regulations imposed by governments are very cumbersome, and may be redundant (Stewart & Mueller 2014). Due to the fact that governmental regulations demand a complete scan of the passengers and their baggage as well as the carrying out of other checks, the staff of an airport are required to put a large amount of effort into executing the security protocols, which may potentially result in burnout for the airport personnel; it also tires out the customers and consumes their temporal resources in large amounts (Baeriswyl, Krause & Schwaninger 2016). Given that some have stated that these measures are too thorough (Stewart & Mueller 2014), the claim may be justified that they only lead to the exhaustion of the staff and the dissatisfaction of the clients, which leads to the conclusion that these measures should be partially reduced or completely replaced with a different system of aviation security. Another problem that is associated with the traditional compliance model of airport security pertains to the high cost of implementing all the required security protocols, measures, and so on (Stewart & Mueller 2014). Complete implementation not only necessitates a large number of personnel for carrying out the protocol, but it also requires that costly scanning equipment is purchased and maintained. It might be argued that financial resources spent on buying such equipment could be utilised with greater effect for other purposes, such as enhancing the quality of client service. Apart from that, it has been argued that the traditional security models make a set of assumptions pertaining to the behaviours of both the security personnel and clients, and that these assumptions do not take into account a large proportion of behaviours that are frequently displayed by all parties involved in the scanning and security processes which take place in airports (Kirschenbaum 2015). For instance, rule compliance may be impacted by social factors such as the friendships or family relationships of the airport personnel. Having such a relationship with an airport co-worker may have a great impact on the personnel’s perceptions pertaining to the safety of a certain passenger or group of passengers, the staff’s behaviours when it comes to evacuation decisions, and so on (Kirschenbaum 2015). Another problem is racial bias; it is known that a person of colour is significantly more probable to attract additional attention from security guards, so such people suffer from racial profiling; simultaneously, White individuals draw less attention, from which it follows that it is easier for them to participate in illegal activities (Lum et al. 2015). This means that security protocols and regulations imposed by governmental organisations are often breached due to social factors that are not taken into account by these protocols and regulations (Kirschenbaum 2015), which is a major disadvantage of the currently existing prescriptive security systems. In addition, it should be noted that there is a probability of false alarms when scanning passengers and cargo for safety purposes. Although having a false alarm appears safer than missing a threat, it must be emphasized that in certain situations, especially when social factors such as the ones which were discussed above are present, the security personnel of airports may tend to evaluate most if not all threats as false alarms, which means that de facto use of these safety systems falls far from the prescribed actions as defined by the safety regulations imposed on the airports by governmental organisations (Kirschenbaum 2015). The traditional model furthermore assumes that passengers are passive entities while undergoing the screening process (Kirschenbaum 2013). However, this is not so; although many passengers prove to be compliant and cooperative, some customers may engage in adversarial or uncooperative behaviours; these passengers often tend to require a considerable amount of time and effort from the airport personnel (Kirschenbaum 2013). It is therefore clear that security measures often do not take into account the human factor, which can result in a flawed interpretation of these measures in particular airports. Positive Aspects of the Traditional Model In spite of the fact that there are numerous problems related to the prescriptive model of airport security, it should be noted that there are multiple arguments for why this model should be preserved and utilised. These arguments are mainly related to the possible negative impact of cancelling most of the safety measures imposed by state regulations, potentially leading to unacceptably low airport safety levels; however, certain authors also provide an economic justification for state regulations, even though these regulations may appear to be too costly, excessive, or cumbersome. It must be pointed out that the issue of airport security is of paramount importance because not only the safety of airports property, but also the lives of airline passengers may depend heavily on measures undertake to ensure aviation security (Figure 2) (Sakano, Obeng & Fuller 2016). In cases where safety regulations are not imposed on airports by governmental organisations, the airlines may decide to lower the amount of money spent on security measures, which would allow them to decrease the price of tickets and attract a higher number of customers. However, decreased security efforts would mean that the airports would likely be risking the lives of passengers due to the implementation of relaxed or untested safety measures. It is also noteworthy that the lower ticket prices would potentially make it easier to identify an airport with poorer security and make it the target of an attack. Furthermore, the lowered prices of tickets would potentially be able to attract more customers to the airports with relaxed safety measures, thus also making them more attractive targets for malefactors of various types. Figure 2: The lives of numerous passengers may be at stake if aviation security measures are not sufficient (The future of aviation security 2016). Another advantage of the involvement of the state in matters of airport security is actually the lower cost of tickets and the greater viability of the airports whose security is financed by governmental organisations. At first glance, from the point of view of those who strongly favour free markets, it may appear that privately funded security would be more financially efficient because the companies would attempt to reduce spending and implement innovation, which would permit them to get rid of redundant security practices and retain only those practices which would plausibly contribute to ensuring compliance with governmental demands related to the minimally acceptable levels of security. However, practice shows that the deregulation of security, which is also accompanied by the reduction of state spending on airport security, is economically harmful for all the parties involved. This can be demonstrated by the example of Canada. In Canada, airport security is not financed by the government; instead, the spending associated with safety is included in the price of plane tickets (Prentice 2015). This results in prices which are too costly for many passengers, leading many of them to travel to the neighbouring United States, where airport security is partially financed by the government, and use the services of American airlines (Prentice 2015). Canadian airports have therefore suffered from a greatly reduced number of passengers, and the customers are forced to spend additional time and effort to travel in order to save money. Furthermore, Prentice (2015) estimated that the government of Canada would spend less money than it loses due to the fact that many Canadians use the services of American airlines and do not pay taxes on tickets into the Canadian treasury. In spite of the fact that deregulation and abolition of state control (and, consequently, financing) is viewed as highly desirable and economically effective and efficient by proponents of market-based approaches to aviation security, the example of Canada leads to the conclusion that such deregulation and the absence of state financing of security matters only leads to losses for all parties involved: air travel companies, their passengers, and the government. Discussion On the whole, it can be seen that the proponents of the new, risk-based, outcomes-focused model of aviation security insist that the implementation of this model would allow for attaining a much greater degree of flexibility. The increased flexibility should let airports define for themselves the methods and procedures to be utilised in order to establish and maintain a level of safety in airports similar to what has been prescribed by the government. It is also been argued that the use of this new approach will permit airlines to better manage the costs associated with efforts to improve airport safety as well as to implement innovative technologies and approaches to airport security, while at the same time eliminating cumbersome and redundant procedures prescribed by the government. On the other hand, it may be difficult to standardise the requirements for airport security and safety, to measure the existing levels of safety, and to assess the effectiveness and efficiency of the procedures implemented by particular airports (Benny 2013). This means that if the new approach to airport security is implemented, it may be unclear whether the safety levels in a particular airport are high enough, which may put the lives of the passengers and of the staff of the airport and its aircraft at risk. In addition to that, it must be remembered that the problem of airport security is not a matter which only pertains to the affairs of an airport. Terrorist attacks involving aircraft can take place for a wide range of reasons, including political ones; they might affect the image of a country in the international community or diplomatic relationships between the countries involved in air flights, and so on (Price & Forrest 2016). And, of course, a large number of lives may be at risk. This leads to the conclusion that the problem of airport security is not a private issue of the airline industry, but rather a matter of public safety, which extends beyond the “jurisdiction” of airports (Benny 2013). This, in turn, justifies the claim that the state, at least as an entity that has the monopoly on the use of force, must be involved in matters of airport security. The fact that the state has a monopoly on the utilisation of force (police, military, and otherwise) also means that at least in most cases, the agents of private security companies will not be permitted to take the required actions towards potential or actual violators of the law who threaten the safety of an airport, and private security officers will be forced to wait until state agents (such as the police) arrive at the scene, which in certain cases may place peaceful civilians and airline personnel at additional risk (Leese 2016). It is therefore necessary for the agents of the state to at least maintain a presence in airports and take part in matters pertaining to aviation security so as to avoid additional risk to airport safety, which justifies the involvement of the state in airport security issues. It is also clear that the agents of the state would not be obligated to follow the orders of the management of airport companies, or any private companies responsible for security, which means that these state agents will have to follow their own regulations and protocols. Finally, it should not be forgotten that the situation in which airport security is financed by the government, in practice, turns out to be more profitable and/or convenient for all the parties involved (Prentice 2015). It is also clear that if the government provides funding for security measures, it will also have to monitor and control its use, which may also serve as an additional argument for the traditional compliance approach. Although the new, risk-based, outcomes-focused approach to aviation security may promise a number of potential benefits, it thus appears to be better to utilise the traditional approach in which the government defines the procedures that are to be followed so as to meet the established safety standards, rather than simply providing a requirement to reach a certain level of safety within an airport. It might be possible to adopt some elements of the new approach, for instance, to permit airports to also use their own safety procedures, in addition to the (perhaps slightly relaxed) prescriptions of the government, but state regulations should not be relaxed to a substantial degree, and the government should still be able to prescribe procedures allowing for effectually maintaining safety in the airports. Conclusion On the whole, it has been found that while the new, risk-based, outcomes-focused approach to aviation security might entail a number of potential benefits to airports, it appears that its adverse aspects outweigh these potential benefits too much for this approach to be recommended for implementation in airports. The use of the traditional, compliance-based approach to aviation safety would appear to provide greater security levels than measures implemented by the companies themselves, so the traditional approach should be recommended for utilisation in airports. Maintaining appropriate levels of security in airports is of paramount importance, perhaps even regardless of what critics may say about the “cost-benefit” approach, for any mistakes related to aviation security might cost human lives. Reference List Baeriswyl, S, Krause, A & Schwaninger, A 2016, ‘Emotional exhaustion and job satisfaction in airport security officers: work–family conflict as mediator in the job demands–resources model’, Frontiers in Psychology , vol. 7, no. 663, pp. 1-13. Benny, DJ 2013, General aviation security: aircraft, hangars, fixed-base operations, flight schools, and airports , CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. European Commission 2015, Commission implementing decision of 16.11.2015 laying down detailed measures for the implementation of the common basic standards on aviation security containing information, as referred to in point (a) of Article 18 of Regulation (EC) No 300/2008 , EC no. C(2015) 8005 final, Publications Office of the European Union, Brussels. The future of aviation security: apply for innovation funding. 2016. Web. Hammond, P 2011, Written statement to Parliament: regulation of aviation security . Web. IATA 2013, Balancing risk and regulation – a pragmatic approach to aviation security . Web. Kirschenbaum, A 2013, ‘The cost of airport security: the passenger dilemma’, Journal of Air Transport Management , vol. 30, pp. 39-45. Kirschenbaum, A 2015, ‘The social foundations of airport security’, Journal of Air Transport Management , vol. 48, pp. 34-41. Leese, M 2016, ‘Governing airport security between the market and the public good’, Criminology & Criminal Justice , vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 158-175. Lum, C, Crafton, PZ, Parsons, R, Beech, D, Smarr, T & Connors, M 2015, ‘ Discretion and fairness in airport security screening’, Security Journal , vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 352-373. Prentice, BE 2015, ‘Canadian airport security: the privatization of a public good’, Journal of Air Transport Management , vol. 48, pp. 52-59. Price, JC & Forrest, JS 2016, Practical aviation security: predicting and preventing future threats , 3rd edn, Elsevier, Cambridge, MA. Regulations: Commission implementing regulation (EU) 2015/1998 of 5 November 2015 laying down detailed measures for the implementation of the common basic standards on aviation security 2015. Web. Sakano, R, Obeng, K & Fuller, K 2016, ‘Airport security and screening satisfaction: a case study of U.S.’, Journal of Air Transport Management , vol. 55, pp. 129-138. Stewart, MG & Mueller, J 2014, ‘Cost-benefit analysis of airport security: are airports too safe?’ Journal of Air Transport Management , vol. 35, pp. 19-28. Vasel, K 2016, ‘ Stuck in a long airport security line? Take a picture ‘, CNN Money . Web.

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: The essay discusses risk management strategies and control identification in organizations, stressing the importance of defining, prioritizing, and addressing risks, along with properly classifying the instruments needed for effective risk management and control development.

The essay discusses risk management strategies and control identification in organizations, stressing the importance of defining, prioritizing, and addressing risks, along with properly classifying the instruments needed for effective risk management and control development.

Risk Identification and Control in Organizations Essay Table of Contents 1. Executive Summary 2. Strategies for Addressing the Risks 3. Potential Controls 4. Importance of Risk Management and Control Identification 5. References Executive Summary Previously identified threats were addressed from two perspectives: risk management strategies and control identification. The risks were code injection attacks, DDoS attacks, and buffer overflow vulnerability. From the risk management perspective, it was established that risk avoidance and risk acceptance strategies are inapplicable to dealing with these threats because the use of these strategies would impose limitations on the organization’s operation, thus deteriorating its current performance and hindering further development. Instead, the risk mitigation strategy was recommended, and particular measures to be taken according to it included encrypting messages containing credentials and other types of sensitive information, protecting the server, and creating tools for detecting suspicious activities. From the control identification perspective, it was established that three major categories of controls exist: preventive, detective, and corrective. The division corresponds to their functions. In terms of their implementation, one more category should be identified: administrative controls, i.e. such that require changes in existing policies and procedures. Preventive controls were recommended for the threats of code injection attacks (cryptographic protocols) and DDoS attacks (server protection, reverse proxies); a corrective control was recommended for DDoS attacks (obstacles for incoming data), and a detective control was recommended for buffer overflow vulnerability (data execution prevention). Further, the importance of risk management and control identification for the organization is explained, and it is stressed that defining, prioritizing, and addressing risks, along with properly classifying the instruments needed for effective risk management and control development, are crucial in ensuring the organization’s safety and continuous development. Strategies for Addressing the Risks Three threats were established to be relevant to the organization: code injection, DDoS attacks, and buffer overflow vulnerability. For all three, a strategy should be selected for addressing the risk. Code injection attacks are a risk because they compromise sensitive data stored by the organization. Risk acceptance, as one of the possible risk management strategies, is inapplicable to this case because the safety of data should remain a primary consideration for any organization. Data loss or data theft lead to dramatically negative consequences, as an organization exposed to them may eventually lose money and jeopardize personal confidential information of its members. Risk avoidance is not the optimal option either because adopting this strategy would mean reducing the amount of shared and processed data; such reduction is unreasonable because it imposes limitations on an organization and hinders its development. Therefore, what is recommended for addressing this risk is employing the risk mitigation strategy, i.e. attempting to make it harder for code injection attacks to compromise data. This can be achieved by encrypting messages instead of communicating credentials in the form of plain text. Second, DDoS attacks are a risk because they are aimed at overloading a server, which can lead to its crash or dramatically decreased speed of its functioning. Prohibited requests attack the network of an organization, which is why the work of many employees connected to each other in this network is affected and undermined. In case of such an attack, many tasks can remain unaccomplished, and the loss of time is a major consequence. Again, risk acceptance is not an option because the organization cannot allow the presence of a risk of temporarily decelerating or shutting down its operation due to server overload. To mitigate the risk, it is recommended to protect the server from potential attacks by implementing reverse proxies, as they prevent the infiltration of malicious data. This solution is part of the risk mitigation strategy because what is recommended prevents or makes less probable negative outcomes without restricting the operation of the organization in its present form and volume. Besides, reverse proxies can be used when an attack has already started in order to mitigate the consequences, but it is suggested to implement them beforehand. Third, as it was previously established, buffer overflow vulnerability is a lesser risk than the previous two (primarily because buffer overflow attacks are often inconsistent), but it still requires attention from the perspective of risk management. As with the other two risks identified for the organization, buffer overflow cannot be fully ruled out, and avoiding the risk is problematic because it would affect the organization’s operation, while accepting the risk is not recommended because sensitive data can still be stolen. The recommended solutions, which include the use of data execution prevention tools, fall into the category of risk mitigation strategy instruments. Rice and AlMajali (2014) divide the activities of mitigating the risks of cyber attacks into two groups: “prevention (mitigations that reduce the likelihood of an event) and tolerance (mitigations that reduce the consequence of an event)” (p. 581). For all three threats identified for the organization, both prevention and tolerance measures should be taken, and the risk mitigation strategy is the optimal solution. Potential Controls Before developing controls for addressing the established threats, it can be useful to identify the type of controls needed in different situations. Administrative controls are those involving modifications of existing policies and internal operation procedures. Preventive controls define roles and responsibilities and describe processes according to the purpose of decreasing the probability of negative developments. Detective controls are designed to track developments and spot unwanted ones in the areas where preventive controls failed. Corrective controls “provide recovery mechanisms to mitigate the impact of failed changes” (DiFalco, Keeler, & Warmack, 2016, para. 20). Proper functioning of systems may require combining controls for the purpose of more secure operation. The controls recommended for addressing the risk of code injection attacks include restricting access to the FTP server, not storing passwords on local hardware, applying cryptographic network protocols instead of basic FTP, and encrypting messages containing sensitive information. Partially, the controls are administrative, as they pursue reconsidering policies associated with the employees’ use of systems. Also, the controls are preventive, as they allow reducing the risk of code injection but do not address the issue of dealing with its consequences in case the attack has occurred. Corrective controls that might be relevant to the code injection and data loss/theft risk include minimizing the damage; for this, it should be ensured that the organization stores its important data in a way that does not allow one attack to cause significant losses. For addressing the risk of DDoS attacks, the organization should implement proxy servers, e.g. by resorting to several hosting locations. As it was previously stressed, the main purpose here is protecting the server from being overloaded with prohibited requests, which is why the recommended control falls into the preventive and administrative categories. Also, the general idea of creating obstacles for unwanted data can be taken further, and many other available tools can be applied, some of which not only contribute to the prevention of DDoS attacks but also help support the server during an attack. The obstacles to overwhelming the server, therefore, serve as corrective controls, too. To address the buffer overflow risk, it was recommended to create a function that will return pre-established values while checking the stack. The purpose of the function is to allow seeing alterations in the stack. Therefore, the control is detective, as it allows spotting negative developments at the stage at which effective mitigation measures can be taken. Another control is preventive, and it suggests splitting the stack into two parts; however, although this solution reduces the risk of data theft, it does not rule it out completely. Importance of Risk Management and Control Identification Risk management is important in any operation to prevent negative developments and effectively mitigate their consequences in case of their occurrence. Also, risk management approaches allow identifying the weaknesses of systems and organizations, which is a necessary prerequisite for successful development. Teixeira, Sou, Sandberg, and Johansson (2015) stress that the number of risks identified in an organization can be rather large, which is why “the use of risk management methods [is required] to prioritize the threats to be mitigated” (p. 24). Upon identifying and prioritizing risks, the organization needs to decide what to do with them: tolerate, avoid, or reduce. The first two options may be inapplicable, and the third one requires developing certain controls to address the risks. Control identification is a process in which the organization needs to establish what type of measures need to be taken and what positive outcomes should be expected, i.e. what the control will do—prevent, detect, or correct. Selecting strategies and tools is crucial, which is why risk management should be approached as a complex process, and every element should be properly considered. References DiFalco, R. A., Keeler, K. L., & Warmack, R. L. (2016). Information technology governance and controls methods and apparatuses . Web. Rice, E. B., & AlMajali, A. (2014). Mitigating the risk of cyber attack on smart grid systems. Procedia Computer Science, 28 (1), 575-582. Teixeira, A., Sou, K. C., Sandberg, H., & Johansson, K. H. (2015). Secure control systems: A quantitative risk management approach. IEEE Control Systems, 35 (1), 24-45.

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: The internal control system in banking refers to one that largely identifies the effectiveness of the organization and minimizes the risks associated with the bank's reputation and compliance to the mission. The assessment of internal control systems is necessary to understand how the bank may eliminate the existing challenges on its way to the successful operation.

The internal control system in banking refers to one that largely identifies the effectiveness of the organization and minimizes the risks associated with the bank's reputation and compliance to the mission. The assessment of internal control systems is necessary to understand how the bank may eliminate the existing challenges on its way to the successful operation.

Risk in Banking Internal Control System Research Paper Four Factors that Cause Weak Internal Control System The internal control system in banking refers to one that largely identifies the effectiveness of the organization and minimizes the risks associated with the bank’s reputation and compliance to the mission. The assessment of internal control systems is necessary to understand how the bank may eliminate the existing challenges on its way to the successful operation. The internal system guideline is proposed by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations (COSO) of the Treadway Commission. The chief executive of ZZ bank points out that the organization presents the appealing incentives and salaries to its employees. However, among the factors, contributing to breakdown in controls, there may be the traders’ malpractice, the human factor prioritizing personal values over those of the organization. Another potential factor refers to the integrity and ethical values. In particular, it is necessary to revise the policies regarding the mentioned points and also check awareness of employees about them. The lack of proper communication and integration leads to the disengaged action and misunderstanding. Management’s poor operating style and philosophy is one more factor that serves as the indicator of the perspective failure in internal systems control (Baily & Taylor 2014). In case management cannot provide the open atmosphere to interact with personnel and behaves in a secretive manner, failing to ensure quality, it leads to the internal problems. The fourth factor is the very organizational structure with poor understanding of responsibilities and the lack of proper documentation. Thus, malpractice, the lack of integrity, management style, and the organizational structure are the four factors that may lead to internal control system breakdown. Disaster Recovery Risk in Banking The reputation risk and business continuity risk compose disaster recovery risk, the scope of tasks of which is determined by the incidents that can lead to the suspension of the functioning of the entire organization or its key business processes. Their probability is low, ranging from low to medium, yet the damage can be impressive and sometimes causes bankruptcy. Disaster recovery planning can be utilized by the organization to conduct risk analysis and assess their potential impact, then applying the corresponding measures to improve the situation. However, experts note that the Continuum Planning (BCP) and Disaster Recovery Planning (DRP) techniques do not have time to adapt to the increased demands of the business environment and are working less and less efficiently (Watters 2013). In this regard, many banks are moving to a new methodology for Business Continuity Management (BCM) as more appropriate for achieving the new objectives in operational risk management. Including all the best achievements of the related disciplines as well as the aspects of process organization and planning, BCM introduces much more detailed procedures for effectively monitoring the implementation of the business continuity process. In addition, the new methodology includes the following key elements: a business continuity strategy, an alternative business strategy, a risk communication strategy, continuous monitoring and risk assessment, regular updating of contingency plans, and the incorporation of continuity elements on the entire infrastructure of the organization. BCM is a holistic management process that identifies the potential threats to business continuity and provides a conceptual basis for ensuring the sustainability of the business and its ability to respond effectively to emerging negative events (Engemann & Henderson 2012). It is possible to recommend adopting BCM due to its ability to strengthen the focus on individual employees, processes, systems, and products in accordance with the general tendency to increase the so-called “granularity” of management that refers to increasing the concentration of attention of managers on individual business details. Reference List Baily, MN & Taylor, JB 2014, Across the great divide: new perspectives on the financial crisis , Hoover Institution Press, Stanford. Engemann, KJ & Henderson, DM 2012, Business continuity and risk management: essentials of organizational resilience , FBCI, Brookfield. Watters, J 2013, Disaster recovery, crisis response, and business continuity , Apress, New York.

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Write the original essay that generated the following summary: The text discusses the impact of technology on company performance, specifically how it can be used to gain a competitive advantage. It also talks about the role of rivalry in driving technology forward in modern capitalist economies.

The text discusses the impact of technology on company performance, specifically how it can be used to gain a competitive advantage. It also talks about the role of rivalry in driving technology forward in modern capitalist economies.

Rivalry and Innovation for Company Performance Research Paper Introduction One can hardly imagine the modern world without digital devices. The technological advances in the sphere of science have given rise to some innovative approaches which are used in all areas of human activity. The rapid spread of technologies is also preconditioned by their enhanced efficiency and ability to guarantee improved outcomes. The combination of these factors is fundamental for the modern world, which has become characterized by increased rivalry. The fact is that the sophistication of contemporary society results in a high level of competition as well as in the need for a significant competitive advantage to preserve a leading position. Due to their unique nature, technologies could help to accomplish this task and guarantee positive outcomes. For this reason, the modern revitalization of the economy should be associated with the current technological advancements. The majority of innovations are used to improve the functioning of a company and help it surpass leading competitors. In such a way, rivalry becomes one of the factors that drive technologies in modern capitalist economies. Background Traditionally, innovation has been one of the primary drivers of change, introducing new approaches that significantly increased the efficiency of various processes and ensured enhanced outcomes. However, the modern situation remains unique because of several factors. First, the scale of alterations is significant, especially about the revolution in the sphere of business (Hirst, 2009: 46). Correctly realizing the high potential of technologies and their positive impact on incomes, companies promote their further development to benefit from the additional use of new methods. Second, the majority of modern states economies could be characterized as capitalist ones, which means that rivalry becomes one of the factors that stimulate their growth (Freeman, 2009: 127). Third, the competitive advantage is fundamental regarding the specifics of the modern global market and numerous companies that try to take it. Under these conditions, the extensive use of innovations remains the only chance to compete with other actors. Rivalry About the capitalist model, the rivalry has always been one of the leading factors which have impacted the business world and preconditioned its further evolution. It is evident that to remain popular with the target audience, a company should be able to satisfy customers demands. However, the evolution of society is connected to the alteration of peoples mentalities and the appearance of diverse needs. This is why the demand for a particular product is one of the most changeable factors that should be considered by organizations or businessmen (Freeman, 2009: 131). A company that can satisfy the existing demand and meets new requirements is more likely to win the rivalry and guarantee its further rise than other ones. As for modern society, innovativeness is one of the aspects appraised by customers. They would prefer to buy goods suggested by the brand that boasts its technological advance. For this reason, rivalry becomes closely connected with innovations in the modern business world. Competitive Advantage The given bond could be evidenced by the fact that the majority of corporations consider the use of technologies as the main guaranty of their success. As stated above, digital devices have introduced numerous positive changes in the work process. They increase efficiency, decrease the amount of time needed to perform a specific action, and guarantee better outcomes. All these factors could be considered crucial elements of a competitive advantage which is necessary to preserve the leading position of the company and create a basis for further growth. In such a way, there is a definite correlation between the level of rivalry in the sphere and the scale of innovations used by businesses. The most potent agents become interested in the further implementation of technologies as they become the key to further development. Rivalry stimulates the development of digital devices and suggests new ways for their application in capitalist economies. Increased Efficiency of Processes Increased efficiency of the processes that are central to companies is another factor that should be suggested to prove that rivalry plays a significant role in technological advances. Regarding the essentials of the capitalist economy, the surplus profit is one of the most desirable goals of any company as it guarantees its further rise and improved outcomes (Freeman, 2009: 135). Additionally, it results in a stable level of income. For this reason, CEOs become interested in further cultivation of the innovative character of their companies and the broad use of technology to attain better showings. The increased efficiency of processes also means that the same efforts will contribute to better results with the assumption that financing remains unchanged. It is one of the primary purposes of any company that functions in terms of a capitalist economy. In such a way, the need for improved outcomes which comes from the high level of rivalry drives innovations as the best way to increase efficiency and attain success. Improved Outcomes The increased efficiency of essential processes goes hand in hand with improved outcomes. It refers not only to the number of final products but also their quality which is crucial for the modern business society. The fact is that today customers have strict requirements for goods they intend to buy. The wide variety of suggested commodities and market overstocking provide them with an opportunity to choose a product that will be able to satisfy all their demands (Freeman, 2009: 133). Under these conditions, the quality of the final product becomes a top priority. To remain competitive, companies should satisfy diverse consumer demands. This is why technologies have become the most appropriate solution to this problem. The accuracy of the manufacturing process increases significantly if high-quality equipment is used. Additionally, there are several industries where technology is fundamental for further evolution. In this regard, the improved outcomes and quality of products gained due to technological advances help to acquire a competitive advantage. Decreased Mistake Rate When discussing the sphere of high technologies, the increased importance of accuracy and the negative effect mistakes might have on final results should be mentioned. If a company fails to produce goods that meet the suggested requirements, its image suffers and rivals could take the market. However, the human factor will always remain one of the main sources of mistakes. Workers might experience a lack of attention, decreased motivation, fatigue, etc. Their physical and mental state impacts the efficiency and results of their work. For this reason, attempts to minimize the negative impact of the human factor are one of the main tasks specific to the modern business world (Hirst, 2009: 56). The use of technology could help to solve this problem. The mistake rate decreases significantly if advanced technologies are used to perform tasks that could be too complex for employees. Companies that face rivalry in the sphere of high technologies are interested in the further development of devices to acquire a competitive advantage and continue their progress. Workers Satisfaction Finally, CEOs could be driven to implement technologies to preserve a high level of motivation among workers and engage them in innovative activities that will help to shift priorities from old to new approaches and guarantee improved outcomes. Employees motivation is one of the main factors that help to increase a companys competitiveness and to preserve its competitive status. In such a way, using technologies as a powerful tool to create an innovative environment, companies could also contribute to improved outcomes and a high level of satisfaction among workers. Conclusion Altogether, the rivalry remains one of the greatest moving forces of the modern world. The appearance of new ways to perform basic activities and increase their efficiency results in the revitalization of the capitalist economy and its rise. At the same time, it necessitates increased rivalry as numerous actors engage in business activity due to its promising character and the benefits which could be obtained if a new venture becomes successful. This is why the high level of rivalry is one of the main characteristics of current society and one of the factors that drive innovations. The use of advanced technologies could help to improve outcomes, increase worker and customer satisfaction, and decrease the probability of a mistake. For this reason, companies become interested in the cultivation of innovations to acquire a competitive advantage and preserve their leading status. Bibliography Freeman, Cristopher (2009): Schumpeters Business Cycles and Techno-Economic Paradigms. In Wolfgang Drechsler, Rainer Kattel, and Erik Reinert (eds.). Techno-Economic Paradigms: Essays in Honour of Carlota Perez . London: Anthem Press, pp. 124-144. Hirst, Paul (2009): Globalization and the History of the International Economy. In Paul Hirst, Grahame Thompson, and Simon Bromley (eds.). Globalization in Question . Cambridge: Polity, pp. 24-67.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: The rise of robot technology is a normal phenomenon of human progression and does not have a significantly profound effect on unemployment patterns.

The rise of robot technology is a normal phenomenon of human progression and does not have a significantly profound effect on unemployment patterns.

Robots as a Factor in Unemployment Patterns Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Body paragraphs 3. Conclusion 4. References Introduction The high rate of unemployment in the United States has presented a challenge to both economists and social scholars. One of the prevailing arguments in regards to this problem is that the advent of the robot technology is contributing towards a high rate of unemployment. Nevertheless, these fears are not limited to this period in history, as they have been recorded in the past. For example, in the 1980s most observers had gloom predictions about the use of automated and computerized processes in industrial assembly lines. The process by which powerful computerized robots are being utilized to perform highly sophisticated tasks has seen machines replace human inputs in a variety of labor fields. The prevailing concern is that the machines will eventually replace human beings as the main source of labor. Furthermore, huge leaps in technology have also meant that modern robots are more efficient than human labor. In the current context, some economists have argued that there is a need to infuse social safety nets within the ongoing efforts to perpetuate ‘capital hypermobility’. Another group of social economists is of the opinion that most governments should admit that their industrial and economic policies are in stark contrast with their social security needs. It is important to note that the industrial revolution had brought about similar fears to the cottage industry setups of the nineteenth century. One of the most solid arguments in the debate on robots’ effect on unemployment is that they have an unequal impact on various social groups. This paper presents an argument that robots do not have a significantly profound effect on unemployment patterns and their rise is a normal phenomenon of human progression. Body paragraphs One common misconception about the rise of robot technology is that it renders people unemployed. However, it is not theoretically possible to replace a worker who is economically productive. Some of the individuals who run the risk of being replaced by robot technology are what some economists refer to as “economic rent seekers” (Ford, 2015). It is normal for advances in technology to allow for production of more goods and services. However, all advances in technology are a result of better knowledge levels. Therefore, robots come after the knowledge on machine technology and a general depreciation of human input over time. In essence, human learning is in itself an aspect of technological advancement. The rise of robot technology “implies an increase in standards of living, which may result from either greater output or more leisure while maintaining the same level of input” (Thompson, 2015, p. 52). The goal is to use fewer resources and increase output levels at the same time. In the economic context, an unemployed individual is one who is willing to render labor services at the prevailing market rates but for one reason or another, he/she is denied such an opportunity. The norm is that all individuals tend to offer their labor services when they continue to look for better-paying opportunities. Therefore, these individuals would be technically be unemployed if they chose not to continue working as they scout for better opportunities. The term economic rent seekers can be used to refer to individuals who refuse to work for wages that reflect the prevailing market rates even if they are lower. Consequently, robots can only replace rent seekers and not actual workers. Workers can always find a market for their services when other factors of production remain constant. Furthermore, use of robots to eliminate economic rent is a good method of achieving economic efficiency. It is important to examine how robot technology is set to affect the rates of unemployment both in the short and long term. Overall, robots are set to change the scope of the labor market. The opponents of robot technology are of the view that robots are contributing to high unemployment rates in the short-term and possibly higher rates in the long-term. In the long run, robots are set to be the vehicles for delivering high standards of life. The effect of robots on unemployment depends on how individuals react to changes in labor markets. The possibility of robots leading to higher unemployment rates in the short term depends on other imperfections in labor and production dynamics. If an economy reacts to these factors in a timely manner, there would be no short-term unemployment rates as a result of robot technology as claimed by its opponents. Furthermore, the argument that big industries will simply absorb labor resources while leaving thousands of individuals unemployed is flawed. In competitive markets, resources are not absorbed but they are transferred to other avenues. For example, the prices of commodities are set to come down leading to increased sales and subsequent demand for more human labor. It is also important to note that some of the past concerns about the long term effect of robots on unemployment have not materialized. Most of these predictions date back to the 1960s but none of them have been realized. Furthermore, in the long run economists have come to the conclusion that human needs are unlimited and robot technology cannot change this fact (Brynjolfsson & McAfee, 2014). There is a prevailing argument that robots lead to the depreciation of human capital thereby contributing to higher levels of unemployment. However, this argument ignores the fact that innovation often leads to creative destruction. The proponents of this argument often cite the recent job cuts in some of the most significant industries including the automobile and construction sectors. However, these arguments fail to acknowledge that the past valuations on human capital were flawed. For instance, “automobile makers met their comeuppance in 1981 and 1982, when circumstances required them to take giant steps towards optimality” (Frey & Osborne, 2016, p. 255). The only way for the automobile industry to survive was to do away with most of its inefficiencies at the time. A similar case of wrong valuation of human capital has also occurred in the steel industry. Labor is just one factor of production and it is set to compete with capital as the dominant factor. Therefore, at the moment the high levels of unemployment can be interpreted as a general shift towards capital as the dominant factor of production. Several governments have sought to influence the value of human labor in an en effort to provide social security. However, most of these efforts have only led to more problems. Human capital is a mere factor of production just like capital, and the rise of robots is a manifestation of an efficient production process. Furthermore, most economists have argued that wages can only be maintained at levels where they do not factor in economic rents. Conclusion Overall, the use of robots in industrial and other forms of production has increased significantly over the last few decades. The evolution of robots is also set to gain momentum as computing technology continues to evolve. However, the common rhetoric that robots will replace the human worker is a shallow form of sensationalism that does not take into consideration the deeper arguments. Robots can only render economic rent seekers unemployed as the legitimate workers can always be absorbed by the markets. Both long and short term effects of robot technology are subject to other preexisting economic factors. References Brynjolfsson, E., & McAfee, A. (2014). The second machine age: Work, progress, and prosperity in a time of brilliant technologies . London, UK: WW Norton & Company. Ford, M. (2015). Rise of the robots: Technology and the threat of a jobless future . New York, NY: Basic Books. Frey, C. B., & Osborne, M. A. (2016). The future of employment: How susceptible are jobs to computerisation? Technological Forecasting and Social Change , 114 , 254-280. Thompson, D. (2015). A world without work. The Atlantic , 316 (1), 50-61.

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Write the original essay that generated the following summary: The authors argue that the traditional studies of sex tourism focus too much on male sex tourists, and that the new form of sex tourism, romance tourism, should be considered. They highlight the fact that more women are now engaging in sex and romantic tourism, and that this trend should be studied further.

The authors argue that the traditional studies of sex tourism focus too much on male sex tourists, and that the new form of sex tourism, romance tourism, should be considered. They highlight the fact that more women are now engaging in sex and romantic tourism, and that this trend should be studied further.

“Romance Tourism in Jamaica” by Pruitt and LaFont Essay (Critical Writing) This critique examines the argument that Pruitt and LaFont (1995) develops about sex tourism in Jamaica, where European and American female tourism travels to Jamaica for romantic affairs with Jamaican men. The authors start by elaborating on a gap in the existing knowledge. In particular, the note that the existing studies focus mainly on male sex tourism in which male tourists engage local women in sexual, emotional, and romantic affairs (Gorry, 2003). In this case, the previous studies fail to consider the increasing evidence of women’s involvement in sex and romantic tourism. The authors highlight two major aspects that have contributed to the rising cases of female sex tourism. According to the article, women’s identities in Europe and North America are being transformed “beyond the confines of the traditional gender scripts within their cultures” (Pruitt & LaFont, 1995). The media and public perceptions of women having more powers have increased significantly in Europe and America, which makes women develop the need to exercise the freedom conferred to them by the new identities and economic abilities. On the other hand, the local Jamaican men associate themselves with foreign tourists, breaking the culture and normative authorities of their societies (Pruitt & LaFont, 1995). They obtain the freedom to explore new gender roles while also pursuing economic gains from the new kind of freedom in society (Clift & Carter, 2007). Secondly, the authors attempt to construct the concept of “romance tourism” in order to differentiate it from the traditional concept of sex tourism (Pruitt & LaFont, 1995). In this case, the authors argue that gender roles have been reversed. European and American women travel in pursuit of sexual and emotional satisfaction. In the traditional concept of sex tourism, American and European men travel to look for foreign women, especially in the developing world (Pruitt & LaFont, 1995). To construct this concept, the authors highlight the studies they conducted in Jamaica between 1989 and 1992, attempting to bring forward the new form of sex tourism involving foreign women and local men in the country. According to the authors, their study was based on ethnographic interviews with 18 informants (Pruitt & LaFont, 1995). The study drew information from the researchers’ experience as foreign women in the country. The findings of the study and the experience of the researchers indicated that a common phenomenon in the local tourism facilities includes foreign women, mainly from North America and Europe, traveling with local men (Herold, Garcia & DeMoya, 2009). They state that foreign women tend to “be on arms of the local men”. In the second part of the article, the authors explain the concept of romance tourism. In this case, the issues of transforming identities of women and their economic prowess in the recent past have been highlighted. These are the main factors contributing to their desire to travel in search of romance in foreign countries. An important part of romance tourism is the “touring romance,” a concept that the authors use to elaborate on the main issue of romance tourism (Pruitt & LaFont, 1995). The authors state that foreign women are seen as coming to Jamaica for vacation. On the other hand, foreign women come to Jamaica not only for vocation but also to experience freedom. The authors argue that local men believe that foreign women are tender, emotional, and sexually driven than Jamaican women. In addition, they believe that foreign women are able to satisfy their sexual needs because local women reject males who are seen as “sex objects” of foreigners. The authors also describe the need for money exemplified by males who seek to make intimate relationships with foreign tourists. Men pursue foreign women to make money while also meeting women’s sexual needs (De Albuquerque, 2004). The ideology of the Rastafarian movement has also been highlighted. The authors state the media in Europe and American describe all Jamaican men as members of the movement. Women in Europe and American develop a desire to experience romantic relationships with local men (Clift & Carter, 2007). The authors also state that beyond romance, both parties expect to gain something. Local men expect to establish long-term relationships with foreign women, some even seeking to go abroad (Clift & Carter, 2007). On the other hand, some foreign women expect to come back to the country in the future and experience romance with their local males. The overall strength of this argument is that it is based on an empirical study and a strong experience of the authors. Noteworthy, the authors were foreign tourists in Jamaican before and during the study. Secondly, it attempts to explain a relatively new phenomenon that has not received the attention of previous researchers. The article contributes to the growing body of knowledge about the increasing changes in tourism, the social system, and international affairs affecting the Jamaican society and economy. References Clift, S., & Carter, S. (2007). Tourism and Sex: Culture, Commerce and Coercion . London: Pinter. De Albuquerque, K. (2004). Sex, Beach Boys and Female Tourists in the Caribbean. Sexuality & Culture . New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction. Gorry, A. M. (2003). Leaving Home for Romance: Tourist Women’s Adventures Abroad . Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Santa Barbara. Herold, E., Garcia, R., & DeMoya, T. (2009). Female Tourists and Beach Boys: Romance or Sex Tourism? Annals of Tourism Research 28 (4), 978–997. Pruitt, D., & LaFont, S. (1995). For love and money: Romance tourism in Jamaica. Annals of tourism research 22 (2), 422-440.

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: The US Supreme Court decided that the defense counsel failed to make reasonable efforts to examine all mitigating factors and present them in the court, which could have influenced the jury's decision. The court stressed that although the defendant and the family could be insufficiently cooperative, the defendant's defense counsel was responsible for making reasonable efforts to examine all possible mitigating factors.

The US Supreme Court decided that the defense counsel failed to make reasonable efforts to examine all mitigating factors and present them in the court, which could have influenced the jury's decision. The court stressed that although the defendant and the family could be insufficiently cooperative, the defendant's defense counsel was responsible for making reasonable efforts to examine all possible mitigating factors.

Rompilla v. Beard: Synopsis of Opinions Case Study Table of Contents 1. Facts of the Case 2. Major Issues Decided 3. Appellant & Position 4. Appellee & Position 5. Synopsis of Majority Opinion 6. Justices in Majority 7. Synopsis of Concurrent Opinion (if any) 8. Synopsis of Minority Opinion 9. Reference Case: Rompilla v. Beard (2005) Citation: Rompilla v. Beard, 545 U.S. 374 (2005). Facts of the Case On January 14, 1988, James Scanlon was found dead in a store. Scanlon’s body was stabbed with a knife and after that set on fire. Rompilla admitted that he committed the crime but soon addressed the new court to review the case that did not involve important mitigating factors. Rompilla (the petitioner) was sentenced to the death penalty for committing murder and several other crimes. New lawyers of the defendant stated that not all mitigating evidence was presented in the court, which could have affected the jury’s decision. The Pennsylvania Supreme Court affirmed the court’s decision, while the District Court found that the State Supreme Court was not reasonable as Rompilla’s troubled childhood, alcohol abuse history, and mental illness were not taken into account. The Third Circuit decided that the decision of the State Supreme Court was reasonable as the counsel examined the major mitigating factors, including previous felony history, and reasonably assumed that further investigation was unnecessary and could be a waste of time and other resources. Major Issues Decided The major issues were concerned with the extent to which the council had to review mitigating factors. The principle of reasonableness is central to the case. Appellant & Position Rompilla and his new lawyers stressed that counsel did not pay enough attention to important mitigating factors, including the mental illness of the defendant, his previous felony records, his troubled childhood, and substance abuse history. The appellant stressed that the jury would have found him not guilty if these factors had been presented in the court. Appellee & Position The US Supreme Court decided that the defense counsel failed to pay sufficient attention to important details and examine all the mitigating factors to the fullest. The court stressed that although the defendant and the family could be insufficiently cooperative, the defendant’s defense counsel was responsible for making reasonable efforts to examine all possible mitigating factors. Synopsis of Majority Opinion The majority concluded that the defense counsel did not make reasonable efforts to examine all mitigating factors and present them in the court, which could have influenced the jury’s decision. The majority decided that it was obvious that the defendant’s previous felony history would be the major aggravating factor. Rompilla’s lawyers had to make reasonable efforts and examine all the details of his previous convictions. The majority also concluded that the court failed to find the lawyers’ examination inadequate, which led to certain prejudice. This prejudice led to the jury’s decision and the corresponding sentence. It is also emphasized that the defendant was not cooperative, and this lack of cooperation was the background for a more detailed investigation of meaningful aspects of the case. Justices in Majority Souter, O’Connor, Breyer, Stevens, Ginsburg Synopsis of Concurrent Opinion (if any) Justice O’Connor had a concurring opinion and stressed that there were three factors that made the defense counsel’s decision not to examine in more detail Rompilla’s previous felony history unreasonable. The attorneys knew that prior conviction would become central to the prosecutor’s case. This circumstance was enough to invest more time in the examination of the case. The defense focused on the residual doubt argument as the central mitigating factor, but the previous felony was very similar to the case in question. The attorneys had to pay more attention to both cases to find additional circumstances (for instance, mental illness). The attorneys did not fully ignore the previous case but failed to obtain all the necessary materials on time. * Justices in Concurrence: O’Connor Synopsis of Minority Opinion The minority believed that the defense counsel’s effort was reasonable. One of the central arguments was that the defendant (not the State) is fully responsible for bringing out all mitigating factors. However, the defendant and his family were not cooperative enough, which makes them totally responsible for the jury’s decision. The attorneys addressed three mental health professionals who revealed their opinion concerning the defendant’s mental health. Therefore, there was no need to examine previous cases in such details and focusing on mental illnesses that had been identified. It was stressed that the counsel’s resources were limited, and it was important to use them reasonably, which was made during the case in question. * Justices in Minority: Kennedy, Thomas, Scalia, Rehnquist Reference Rompilla v. Beard, 545 U.S. 374 (2005).

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Provide the full text for the following summary: This essay uses the building of Royal Liverpool & Broadgreen University Hospital as an example while suggesting some ideas on what approaches will help a designer team to balance different stakeholder's requirements.This essay suggests that managing value co-creation through providing service would create a permanent value of 'desirable customer segments' in construction projects.

This essay uses the building of Royal Liverpool & Broadgreen University Hospital as an example while suggesting some ideas on what approaches will help a designer team to balance different stakeholder's requirements. This essay suggests that managing value co-creation through providing service would create a permanent value of 'desirable customer segments' in construction projects.

Royal Liverpool University Hospital’s Design Project Term Paper Introduction The construction project of hospitals involves many stakeholders. This makes it almost impossible for designers to satisfy all stakeholders. In fact, it is easier to capture the expectation of stakeholders who pay for the asset than those who are using them. Many studies have underlined the importance of building co-created value between paying clients and users in a construction project. While in infrastructure like hospitals, the proper approach to capturing and delivering benefits remains unclear. This essay will use the building of Royal Liverpool & Broadgreen University Hospital as an example while aiming at proposing some ideas on what approaches will help a designer team to balance different stakeholder’s requirements. Firstly, the essay will provide some academic definitions of “value” regarding construction management. Secondly, it will apply the case of the Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospital to capture the goals and objectives of this project from different sides. Thirdly, it will explain the approaches to facilitate the capture and delivery of value to this project. Introducing Value There are many definitions of value. In the management area, specifically, Smyth (2016) concluded that the value of money emphazes on efficiency to reduce costs and produce efficient products and services, respectively. In such complex projects as hospitals, he also found that customers are always co-creating the value. Firms used to believe in the significance of products, that products are the cores of one company’s performance. However, in the last few decades, more and more people suggest that services also stand in a critical position. According to Vargo and Lusch (2008), the idea is that business is exchanging more services than their goods. They argued that business should concern more on ‘service-dominant’ logic (S-D logic) than ‘goods-dominant ‘logic (G-D logic). S-D logic focuses on the exchange of service where goods act as an appliance in service provision. This aspect implies that the service is provided directly or indirectly through products. Therefore, the process of value creation is achieved through providers’ knowledge and skills rather than the goods and services. It also dictates that a customer is the co-creator of value (Payne, Storbacka & Frow 2008). However, it is criticized that S-D logic is not clear in concept and lacks precision (Stauss 2005). As a result, researchers suggest that the transition focus from goods to services awaits theory building on service perspective. By managing value co-creation through providing service would create a permanent value of ‘desirable customer segments’ (Payne and Frow 2005). In addition, co-creation of value is not limited to suppliers and customers since all parts of the stakeholders are involved in the network (Gummesson 2008). Creating value also has a role in the construction context. In a building project, many stakeholders are interested in development. Four groups of people hold the greatest interests: the clients as the developer or owner of the project, design professionals, building contractors, and actual users of the project (Sherwood 2016). It should clarify that the community (or real user) is interested in the project’s functional performance value while others are attracted mainly in the economic value. Procurement may have influences on value by elements such as pricing competition, pricing efficiency, and design quality, among others. (Sherwood 2016). Notably, the good functional value costs money that makes it unattractive. In other words, for cost control reasons, creating value from a procurement perspective can be limited, especially in the design process. Conversely, Candi and Saemundsson (2011) investigate how aesthetic design can contribute to performance improvements, probability resistance to imitation and competitive advantages. Artistic design associated with human sense, the reaction of a receptor (customer) from emotional or sociological aspects of the design offered. The way a business selects activities and determines performance is the key to a competitive strategy (Porter, 1996). Therefore, a business will gain more competitive advantages by choosing to create aesthetically. The research concluded that the decision regarding the use of aesthetic design depends on the type of market in which a business competes. If the market is expecting services that fulfill the customer’s needs for features, performance, and reliability, the business should consider using aesthetic design as a mean of gaining competitive advantages. Background Analysis of the Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospital (the Royal) The proposal is about replacing the Royal Liverpool University Hospital with a new one called ‘the Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospital.’ The hospital was 35 years old, and was facing fire safety issues with business continuity risks; moreover, design of the hospital was in 1960s standard, which is obviously underdeveloped. Following a series of redevelopment options’ identification, the Trust decided that it was more profitable to build a new hospital (the Royal). Goals and Objectives of the Project Aims and objectives of the Royal include two aspects. Firstly, buildings need some structural changes. For instance, the fire is required to comply with the latest standards. Ventilation, heating and power system need to develop to cope with the increasing capacity of the hospital. Department locations should be re-designing to make the Royal running more efficiently. Patients require a high-quality, healing environment that meets 21-century clinical care. The Trust is expecting a new world-class hospital to comply with principles of sustainable development. Secondly, the clinical service provision awaits changes. According to the NHS Trust consultation (2008), the Royal will make following events: dividing emergency department from planned care area to avoid competing pressures for resources; putting emergency and specialists care in the Royal Liverpool Hospital, scheduled surgery, and outpatient clinics in Broadgreen Hospital. The Views of Operational and Project Stakeholders There are six groups of people concerned about the performance and value creation in the project. They are: patients and carers accessing PCT services, clinicians, NHS Trust, architect and design groups, and sub-contractors. Patients and carers will be satisfied if the hospital has enough space for patients, good medical environment, and easy access to all departments, large capacity with shortened waiting time, enough parking spaces, and sustainability of development. Similarly, clinicians would concern on effective clinical adjacencies, good functionality, good working environment, private parking spaces, and high-tech operating room for a wider range of surgeries. NHS Trust, as the actual clients who pay for the project, is looking for a hospital with 21-century standard design and structure, proper functionality, larger capacity, high standard medical environment, the sustainability of development; and most importantly, achieve all the above with minimum costs in the relatively short period. Architect and design group are the people who are taking charge of the whole project processes. Their goals are to increase community recognition of the projects, elevate productivity and efficiency, create better infrastructure for users well-being, achieve target costs and profit, fulfill clients requirements with no delay, implement quality control, monitor health and safety, and make an environmentally friendly and sustainable building. Sub-contractors aim to understand design/architect groups’ requirements, quality control fully, and time and costs management, achieve target profit, health and safety regulation, and ‘green’ construction process. Gaps between Users and Project Payers’ View There are conflicting ideas between the users of the hospital to be constructed and the financiers of the project. Since the hospital construction project usually involves many stakeholders, it is almost impossible for designers to satisfy all parties concerned fully. In reality, it is easier to capture the expectation of stakeholders who pay for the asset than those who are using the asset. The expectation of the users is that the Royal complies with the laid out rules and regulation in the construction as well as construct a world-class hospital; that can be able to cope with the increasing capacities at the hospitals. Users expect changes and the hospital to be world-class and its location to be in a suitable place. The process of designing and constructing the hospital is complicated, and a social practice needs to distinguish and organized by the views of the parties involved. The study of hospital project theory reveals the conflicting ideas witnessed and the practice evaluation process. This study provides an insight into the actuality of the hospital design assessment and questions the axioms that have rendered the project construction process be assumed to operate. Dynamic Decision and Information In the building of a life cycle, there is a necessity of practical decision and intelligence. Presently, there is a huge difference in the process by which self-motivated decisions and the information vanishes at a high cost. The combative culture of the construction industry plays an important role in undermining the process of decision-making. Nevertheless, for workshops working at a certain project level while working devoid of conductive procurement context, as you would expect, adopt defensive routines that lessen the risks while at the same time closing down on the opportunities towards maximizing the already in typical existence value. Integration of ICT and embracing of suitable value management approach can hasten the progress of the project. Definitely, practical decision and intelligence could aid the hospital designer team to balance different stakeholder’s requirement. Capturing and Delivering Value Creating Value by Delivering Integrated Solutions To create good value, the movement of sophisticated capital equipment into the provision of integrated solutions must be adhered to. The integrated solutions represent the distinctive combinations of products and services that articulate the problems experienced by the customers. Integrated solutions provide the platform for the development and attainment of new capabilities since they shift from being product-service centred to being customer-centred. Creation of value for suppliers and their clients is achieved by extension of the traditional life-cycle to a whole new level that includes pre-bid and posts implementation of the activities with the help of innovative approaches. Organizational capabilities framework is necessary since it can be customized in such a way that it explains how the suppliers of complex product systems can positively affect the building of skills crucial in the expansion of the project into a new line of business. The dynamics of implementing industrial capitalism is not enough. Therefore, there should be the inclusion of relevant complex product systems activities for the project execution in addition to its strategic function and capabilities. With the help of an organizational learning cycle, firms of complex product systems have the potential to achieve the ‘economies of repetition’ by the implementation of regulatory changes (Tran, Hsuan, & Mahnke 2011). These companies are also able to perform learning and routines process that aid in the provision of a growing number in similar bids and projects efficiently. Also, these firms are able to move from the project proposal to a whole new domain level of business. From Goods to Service: Divergences and Convergences in Logics When considering and motivating the transition of goods to services, two main logics are applied. ‘Goods dominant logic’, which classifies services in their state of intangibility, is the first mindset. This logic implies that there ought to be a modification in the production and distribution of goods to counteract the difference experienced intangible properties and services. Service-dominant logic, which is the other mindset, considers services as the practice of using somebody’s resources for the benefit of another person (Prahalad & Ramaswamy 2004). Self-dominant logic is also considered as a fundamental purpose of economic exchanges and involves the call for the service-driven framework and revision for the marketing processes. This changeover to a service-centred logic is steady with a similar transition experienced in the business-marketing literature. A good example of the assumption is the shift of service-centred logic to understand the exchange about terms of value more willingly than products and networks (Prahalad & Ramaswamy 2004). Construction Management and Economics This chapter describes the engagement between the building industry and the clients’ management of the projects as well as the economic view of the project. In seeking a better engagement between the contractors and the clients, there are chances that the engagement can never be perfect. However, there is a need to make it better occasionally. The distinction between customers and contractors is important. Certainly, every client has his/her character where no theory can be used sufficiently to provide the distinction between the customers and industry. In construction management, understanding a construction client is very vital. The theory of understanding the client emphasizes on some primary awareness strategies applied in driving the model. For instance; * Changes expose the gaps that contradict the views of the clients. * Both the customers and the industry see the building in different ways. * Building entails organizational changes to the clients. However, the consequences of the above theory depend on the process, structure, management, and operation of the industry. Leaders and champions for construction innovation, Construction Management For a project to succeed, it is paramount to involve the client in the development process. In the building of Royal Liverpool & Broadgreen University Hospital, for example, the functions of the customer in the construction will include the provision of finance, defining the organization to deliver the project, defining the objectives of the project, exercising full authority over the project group, and selecting the team to lead the process. Unavailability of good leadership to championing the construction innovation will lead to a gap between the hospital users and the management team. According to the client’s chatter; client leadership is required in the responsibilities of the industry (Thomke 2001). The chatter needs the customers participating in the organizations to be fully committed in the dealings of the industry in order to ensure that the performance is improved. To support the client’s involvement in the industry’s dealings and fulfill their roles in the sector, various guidelines ought to be considered. These include guides for setting up supply chains, integrated project teams, achieving project success, building design control, and guiding to enhance better performance. Generally, it is doubtless that the role of clients in projects and the industry is necessary for the successes of the project. Indeed, customers can work at their level best to promote and drive forward the number of innovations in the construction process. The Business of Systems Integration This section shows how and why the systems integration has developed into a rising model of industrial organization whereby firms are now able to pull together and share ideas in different types of skills, activity and knowledge, software, hardware, and human resources to produce high-quality products. The systems integration of business has proved critics wrong in the past ten years. Systems integration is a fundamental element in the planning, operations, and in reducing the levels of competitions witnessed between the major corporations in different sectors such as telecommunication, computing, aerospace, automotive, and military systems. Unlike in the past when systems integration was considered as a technological, operations task, in the current world, it is considered as a strategic undertaking that encompasses business management at the technical level and strategic and management levels. Implementation of the systems integration in companies is indeed an important aspect of the capabilities of the firms (Sherwood 2016). Procurement of the construction of Royal Liverpool & Broadgreen University Hospital and its integration can have significant benefits in the delivering of value. Many firms have made the transition after being integrated to be involved in the activities of other companies. Since there will be involvement of many stakeholders in the hospital construction project, hence making it more or less impracticable for the designers to satisfy the stakeholders, business integration will prove viable for the project. Early Design Management and Value Perception in Design All building projects are unique in their designs, process, stakeholders and complexity. A construction project, therefore, requires a customized management method. There is no assumption on the similarities in these ways to describe the general model. However, products are influenced by the process in which they are made. The recurring character of a design process and the distinctiveness of a product play a significant role in making it difficult to prove the existence of the relationship. In the construction of Royal Liverpool & Broadgreen University Hospital, it will be the task of the designer to coordinate and integrates design restrictions and come up with a way out in converting the restrictions into positive fundamentals. It is the obligation of the hospital designer to balance the quantitative and qualitative criteria in designing the construction project. The design theory, in a more clear perspective, represents the process in which the artist transforms the requirements and specifications of the clients into actual design objects. Design management and value perception are also the flow of information that flows steadily in a controlled manner to eliminate any inefficiencies, misunderstandings, or waste (Davis 2004). Experience and common sense are very vital at this stage as they are the determining factors in ensuring that the process managed and accomplished in the right manner. Design management of the hospital project will be entrusted with a broad range of functions, from the administration of the project, self-management of the individual to the integrated building design management. The field of design management can be distinguished in several views in consideration with the particular line of the role. The organizational approach involves the administration of the design office and the coordination of the decision making in the construction. Project approach regards the quality of the building design, but it does not offer any support in the making of the model useful (Prencipe, Davies, & Hobday 2003). The process approach involves managing the complex social design to ensure there is good teamwork. Lastly, the product strategy aims at producing the physical object, and it is responsible for translating the values in the understanding of the requirements (Carmeli 2004). In design, the process and object frequently overlap, making it tough to differentiate between the social process starting points and the ending points of the hard objects. The management of design includes controlling, decision making, coordinating, and planning. Undoubtedly, management carries the responsibilities of involving all the stakeholders in the design of the construction process and to manage their expectations are necessary for the fulfillment of the creation of value. Approaches Needed to Deliver Value To sum up the above goals and objectives of the hospital organization embarking on the project, there are operational strategies that need to be applied by the project designers, in bridging the gap between the expectations of the hospital users and the project management. 1. Improving the certainty and visibility of the government construction program. 2. Gathering of enough information including feedback from previous projects in regards to client skills and governance. 3. Setting clear criteria that ensure the constructed hospital delivers value in service to make sure cost plays a significant role in the delivering and project design. 4. Exploring alternatives procurements models that encourage innovation and create an alignment of interest from the parties involved. 5. Streamlining the commissioning by eliminating any wastes, procuring the construction process where appropriate. References Candi, M. and Saemundsson, R 2011, ‘Exploring the Relationship Between Aesthetic Design as an Element of New Service Development and Performance’, Journal of Product Innovation Management , vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 536-557. Carmeli, A 2004, ‘Assessing Core Intangible Resources’, European Management Journal , vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 110-122. Davis, A, Hickey, A & Zweig, A 2004, ‘Requirements Management in a Project Management Context’. Gummesson, E. 2008, ‘Extending the service dominant logic: From customer centricity to balanced centricity’, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 15–17. Nhs Trust, (2008). The Royal Liverpool & Broadgreen University Hospitals Nhs Trust Redeveloping The Royal Liverpool University Hospital. Payne, A, & Frow, P 2005, ‘A strategic framework for customer relationship management’, Journal of Marketing, vol. 69, pp. 167–176. Payne, A, Storbacka, K and Frow, P 2008, ‘Managing the co-creation of value’, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, vol. 36, pp. 83-96. Porter, M 1996, ‘What is strategy?’ Harvard Business Review , vol. 74, no. 6, pp. 61–78. Prahalad C & Ramaswamy, V 2004, ‘Co-creating experiences: the next practice in value creation’, Journal of Interactive Marketing , vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 5-14. Prahalad C & Ramaswamy, V 2004, ‘Co-creating unique value with customers’, Strategy & Leadership , vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 4-9. Prencipe, A, Davies, A, & Hobday, M 2003, The Business of Systems Integration, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Sherwood, C 2016a, ‘Session 2: Value and the Role of the Architect’. BENVGPMA Capturing and Delivering Value. Web. Sherwood, C 2016b, ‘Session 4: How Procurement can affect Value’. BENVGPMA Capturing and Delivering Value. Web. Smyth, H 2016, ‘Session 1: Defining and Scoping Value Creation’. BENVGPMA Capturing and Delivering Value. Web. Stauss, B 2005, ‘A phyrric victory: The implication of an unlimited broadering of the concept of service’, Managing Service Quality , vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 219–229. Thomke, S 2001, ‘Enlightened experimentation, The new imperative for innovation’, Harvard Business Review , vol. 79, no. 2, pp. 66. Tran, Y, Hsuan, J & Mahnke, V 2011, How do innovation intermediaries add value? Insight from new product. Vargo, S & Lusch, R 2008, ‘From Goods to Service(s): Divergences and Convergences in Logics’, Industrial Marketing Management , vol. 37, no. 6, pp. 254-259.

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: The paper discusses and covers the primary objectives and missions of the RWJ Barnabas Health organization and its academic department in particular. The following paper will discuss and cover the input, throughput, output, cycles of events, and negative feedback of RWJ Barnabas Health medical system.The paper discusses and covers the input, throughput, output, cycles of events, and negative feedback of RWJ Barnabas Health medical system.

The paper discusses and covers the primary objectives and missions of the RWJ Barnabas Health organization and its academic department in particular. The following paper will discuss and cover the input, throughput, output, cycles of events, and negative feedback of RWJ Barnabas Health medical system. The paper discusses and covers the input, throughput, output, cycles of events, and negative feedback of RWJ Barnabas Health medical system.

RWJ Barnabas Health System and Academic Department Research Paper These paper aims are to consider and evaluate such components of RWJ Barnabas Health medical system as its inputs, throughputs, output, cycles of events, and negative feedback. The organization description will be accompanied by problem identification, namely, a staff shortage. The following paper will discuss and cover the primary objectives and missions of the RWJ Barnabas Health organization and its academic department in particular. Name of Department or Unit The RWJ Barnabas Health organization has specific academic centers that are intended to find and implement new health care strategies that will be beneficial for their patients in the future. The main goal of this department is to develop and modernize various healing processes and medicaments that will have the most efficient impact on people’s health (“Our Vision,” 2017). Moreover, employees of this department are establishing collaborations with various educational institutions all over the country. Inputs and Throughput Academic centers of RWJ Barnabas Health also consider and develop advanced educational programs for their future colleagues. Reorganizing the inputs, the staff strives to provide compassionate care and excellent services (mission) to patients in the framework of the academic department. Moreover, emergency department services and cardiovascular treatment are provided to patients of this organization separately (“Our Vision,” 2017). Nevertheless, the academic centers face major reorganizations of the workflow at the moment, as all the schedules should be reconsidered to improve the timeliness and efficiency of the local personnel’s work. Output and Cycles of Events The vision accepted at RWJ Barnabas Health may be identified as the output – the improvement of health and quality of life in terms of the community. However, there are staff shortages and subsequent patient dissatisfaction (“Our Vision,” 2017). The activities performed at RWJ Barnabas Health follow its values. Outstanding teamwork, communication, innovation, resilience, and professional collaboration are recognized to be the organization’s values. Negative Feedback and Problem Identification The closed system of the company accepted in the organization makes the self-recovery of the system impossible, which leads to the complexity of its renewal. As a result, the organization’s performance indicators tend to decrease significantly, which can be regarded as negative feedback. Considering the organization description presented in terms of the systems theory, one may note that the existing closed system proved to be ineffective (“Our Vision,” 2017). It sets limitations to the transfer of data between the departments, thus making it a rather difficult process to integrate staff and help them to work in collaboration. Outcome It should be noted that the organization experiences a shortage of staff. Therefore, it is possible to suggest that as an output, employees feel isolated and encounter a lack of sound corporate spirit. In the throughput, they tend to be dissatisfied with their work and provide less efficient health care delivery, which adversely affects the overall performance of the organization (“Our Vision,” 2017). The isolation of departments creates a lack of substitutability that inhibits the employment of new staff members. The organizational outcomes, including resource utilization, quality, and efficiency, reduce due to a staff shortage. This shows that the organization’s values are not followed in a full manner. Goals and Objectives For the RWJ Barnabas Health organization, the desired outcome may be formulated as follows: to eliminate staff shortage by transforming inputs and throughputs in terms of the new open system introduction. As noted by Meyer and O’Brien-Pallas (2010),” an organization needs to counteract entropy, which is an inevitable process of disorder and dissolution caused by loss of inputs or by the inability to transform energies” (p. 2830). Consistent with the mentioned statement, the final result is to transform energy flows between departments, making them open and accessible for all employees. Speaking of goals and objectives to achieve the desired outcome, one should emphasize that the major cause of the problem is the lack of collaborative efforts. In this regard, one of the goals is to promote collaboration throughout the organization (Johnson, Miller, & Horowitz, 2008). The objectives related to the above goal include the establishment of proper communication, the creation of an open and friendly working environment, and the increase of staff awareness regarding the system transition. Another goal to be achieved is associated with incentives to motivate staff for further work in the organization. Policies and Procedures Translating the stated goals and objectives into policies and procedures, it is important to realize the interdependence between the organization as an open system and the outside world. Even though there is a boundary separating the system from its environment, changes in the latter affect one or more attributes of the organization as well as its employees. Therefore, it is necessary to introduce the policy of openness to facilitate collaboration on a global scale. Marquis and Huston (2015) claim that an effective organizational system should be open to new ideas, strategies, and approaches. RWJ Barnabas Health should be transformed in such a way that it would receive input into the overall work of all its members and effectively help employees to achieve their goals, both at present and in the future. Proposed Resolution The fundamental importance of the effective functioning of RWJ Barnabas Health relates to feedback. This helps to adjust and allows taking appropriate actions to correct deviations from the adopted course (Marquis & Huston, 2015; Wilkinson, Treas, Barnet, & Smith, 2016). Feedback in the given organization is to be understood as a process that allows part of the output to be returned to the system in the form of information or skills to modify the treatment of the same patient or to consider new services. Along with the mentioned procedure, the organization’s leadership may apply the practice of regular group discussions, during which the most critical challenges and opportunities are to be revealed as a result of collective efforts. Assessing the value of the joint contribution, Dubois, D’Amour, Pomey, Girard, and Brault (2013) state that it enhances the level of professional satisfaction. Implemented at RWJ Barnabas Health, the policy of regular meetings is likely to create a common sense of integration and belonging to the organization. In other words, employees would feel comfortable and be ready to contribute to the overall effectiveness driven by the idea of their value and importance. The proposed solution to the problem of a staff shortage will renovate the organization’s mission, values, culture, and climate. In particular, its mission and values would change towards openness, transparency, and interrelation. As for the culture as something created by leadership and management, it would also be revolutionized. Consistent with Manley, O’Keefe, Jackson, Pearce, and Smith (2014), it is expected that the organization would promote collaboration and mutual help across the departments, thus making patient care more comprehensive and reducing staff shortage due to favorable workplace culture. Conclusion To conclude, it was revealed that RWJ Barnabas Health encounters a staff shortage that is to be addressed by the implementation of the open system based on collaboration throughout the organization. To ensure the organization’s improved performance, it is essential to implement the resources of continuous monitoring and improvement, so that any opportunity and challenge may be taken into account to adjust the system and make it the most efficient. References Dubois, C. A., D’Amour, D., Pomey, M. P., Girard, F., & Brault, I. (2013). Conceptualizing performance of nursing care as a prerequisite for better measurement: A systematic and interpretive review. BMC Nursing, 12(1), 7-27. Johnson, J. K., Miller, S. H., & Horowitz, S. D. (2008). Systems-based practice: Improving the safety and quality of patient care by recognizing and improving the systems in which we work . Web. Manley, K., O’Keefe, H., Jackson, C., Pearce, J., & Smith, S. (2014). A shared purpose framework to deliver person-centered, safe, and effective care: Organisational transformation using practice development methodology. International Practice Development Journal, 4(1), 1-31. Marquis, B. L., & Huston, C. J. (2015). Leadership roles and management functions in nursing: Theory and application (8th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins. Meyer, R. M., & O’Brien-Pallas, L. L. (2010). Nursing services delivery theory: An open system approach. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 66(12), 2828-2838. Our Vision. (2017). Web. Wilkinson, J. M., Treas, L. S., Barnet, K. L., & Smith, M. H. (2016). Procedure checklists for fundamentals of nursing. New York, NY: FA Davis.

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: RWJBarnabas Health Facility's Communication Issues Research PaperIn order to improve the quality of care, RWJBarnabas should focus on solving its communication issues between doctors and nurses. Poor communication can lead to misunderstandings between nurses and patients, and it can also make it difficult for nurses to do their jobs effectively. RWJBarnabas should promote information and technology innovation to improve communication between doctors and nurses.

RWJBarnabas Health Facility's Communication Issues Research Paper In order to improve the quality of care, RWJBarnabas should focus on solving its communication issues between doctors and nurses. Poor communication can lead to misunderstandings between nurses and patients, and it can also make it difficult for nurses to do their jobs effectively. RWJBarnabas should promote information and technology innovation to improve communication between doctors and nurses.

RWJBarnabas Health Facility’s Communication Issues Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Problem 3. Realistic Change 4. Alignment with the Organization 5. Change Model 6. Steps to Facilitate Change 7. Change Agent 8. Conclusion 9. References Introduction Being a part of RWJBarnabas Health in New Jersey, I get a chance to observe how an effective health system should be organized and integrated. This organization has a clear mission and values to reach people and provide them with competent care. In addition to the necessity to advance the overall population health, RWJBarnabas aims at improving the quality of care, collaborating with different physicians, and considering the well-being of all communities (“RWJBarnabas”, 2016). However, in its intentions to create a perfect image of a strong healthcare organization, RWJBarnabas fails to solve its internal managerial problems, like communication between doctors and nurses. RWJBarnabas managers have to control all activities, hire the best physicians, and use the latest technologies to provide all communities with healthcare services under equal conditions. Still, not much attention is paid to the way of how medical workers communicate with each other. They have to exchange all important facts in time and make sure that neither confusion nor mistakes occur in patient-nurse cooperation. To avoid misunderstandings between nurses and patients and raise the level of professionalism offered to patients by the RWJBarnabas medical staff, it is recommended to improve the organizational mission and make sure that all medical workers understand the worth of interpersonal communication. The purpose of this paper is twofold: to prove that RWJBarnabas has communication problems in the Medical-Surgical Unit and to identify the recommendations that may be given to improve the work of the chosen healthcare provider. Problem Poor and insufficient communication between doctors and nurses may lead to some negative outcomes in hospitals. For example, doctors may not find it necessary to inform nurses about the outcomes of their treatment discussions with patients. As a result, when nurses start talking to patients, they turn out to be unaware of the recent changes in treatment, feel themselves at a loss, and put their professionalism under a serious patient’s question. Such situations may frequently be observed in the Medical-Surgical Unit of RWJBarnabas. Lack of communication is a problem that has to be solved because it has a direct impact on patient-nurse relations, the quality of nursing care, and the general reputation of the healthcare provider. Realistic Change To address the problem of poor doctors-nurses communication, one specific change may be offered. It should touch upon the list of values supported by the employees of RWJBarnabas. Regarding the vision of the organization, technology, and information innovations promote fast and high-quality care being offered to patients. These innovations can improve communication in different ways. The growth of digital technologies has already influenced the fields of nursing education and research (Button, Harrington, & Belan, 2014). Now, it is possible to investigate the impact of technologies on communication between doctors and nurses. The reduction of gaps in health care quality is a part of improvements that may be achieved in a short period (McAlearney et al., 2014). The peculiar feature of the offered change is to make sure that each doctor’s visit to a patient ends up with a brief statement addressed to a nurse. This obligation makes all doctors inform nurses about recent changes in patients’ cases, develops new forms of communication between doctors and nurses, including face-to-face contact or a message, and increases the level of professionalism of the medical staff. Alignment with the Organization This section aims at aligning the change with an organization. RWJBarnabas has already established certain missions. At the same time, its employees are ready to undergo some changes with the help of which they can improve the quality of their work and care, employee retention, and customers’ feedbacks. Change can never be easy, and it should result from a properly developed thought and certain deliberate efforts (Marquis & Huston, 2015). Kurt Lewin is the author of a classic change theory according to which three main steps should be taken: unfreezing, movement, and refreezing (Hayes, 2014). The change in communication between the medical staff of RWJBarnabas requires much time, and this organization has opportunities to develop the change properly. First, it is necessary to prove that the problem exists and needs to be solved. Then, it is expected to explain what kind of work should be done. Finally, new activities and demands have to be implemented. RWJBarnabas should not pay for any new devices and services. Internal organizational changes take place. Change Model Lewin’s change model will be used to plan and implement the change. The rationale for this choice is its simplicity and the consideration of the working environment dynamics. Unfreezing is the stage when a problem (the lack of communication between doctors and nurses) is defined and proved, and a solution (to underline and promote the importance of communication) is offered. Movement is the second phase when new attitudes, beliefs, and processes have to be adjusted to shape a new form of behavior. Refreezing is the final step when new behaviors have to be reinforced, and new levels of performance must be maintained. Steps to Facilitate Change In addition to the steps defined in the chosen model, there are several suggestions for RWJBarnabas employees to facilitate the change. They include a constant communication of change details and importance so that doctors and nurses understand why they need it, the measurement of change progress, so that all participants know when they have to stop and what lessons they should remember, and the provision of credible examples of how the same changes have been already implemented in other organizations. Some people just need several examples to comprehend what they should do. An understanding of personal doubts and fears is a type of support RWJBarnabas leaders can offer to their employees. Change Agent A change agent aims at facilitating change in its organizational and environmental aspects (Scherer, Alban, & Weisbord, 2015). In RWJBarnabas, employees understand the importance of high-quality care and support they should offer to their customers. Patients have their health problems which need to be treated properly. Doctors and nurses are ready to help them. Still, the lack of communication and poor exchange of information may prevent the medical staff from providing appropriate care and support. It is necessary to hire one manager who can observe the cooperation of doctors and nurses, defined and analyze their mistakes, inform the employees about the necessity to communicate, and make sure that each discussion between a doctor and a patient should end with a discussion between a doctor and a nurse. The change manager should possess such qualities as persistence, confidence, critical thinking, persuasion, and intentions to help, but not only to teach and guide. Conclusion In general, the problem of communication that is observed between doctors and nurses of the Medical-Surgical Unit at RWJBarnabas can be solved. It does not require many expenses. One person should be hired as a senior change manager and provided with full powers and access to observe the work of all doctors and nurses of the facility. Employees have to understand that their work is impressive. Still, it can be improved to increase the quality of care, underline the professionalism of the staff, and avoid misunderstandings in communication between doctors, patients, and nurses. References Button, D., Harrington, A., & Belan, I. (2014). E-learning & information communication technology (ICT) in nursing education: A review of the literature. Nurse Education Today, 34 (10), 1311-1323. Hayes, J. (2014). The theory and practice of change management (4 th ed.). New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. Marquis, B.L., & Huston, C.J. (2015). Leadership roles and management functions in nursing: Theory and application (8 th ed). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, William & Wilkins. McAlearney, A., Terris, D., Hardacre, J., Spurgeon, P., Brown, C., Baumgart, A., & Nystrom, M. (2014). Organizational coherence in health care organizations: Conceptual guidance to facilitate quality improvement and organizational change. Quality Management in Health Care, 23 (4), 254-267. RWJBarnabas: Our vision. (2016). Web. Scherer, J.J., Alban, B., & Weisbord, M. (2015). The origins of organization development. In W.J. Rothwell, J.M. Stavros, & R.L. Sullivan (Eds.), Practicing organization development: Leading transformation and change (4 th ed.) (pp. 26-41). Hoboken, NJ: John Willey & Sons.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: The case study examines the strategy of Kenya's leading mobile phone company, Safaricom, and its competitors. It focuses on the industry and competitor analysis, value chain analysis, mission and vision statements, strategy evaluation, and works cited.

The case study examines the strategy of Kenya's leading mobile phone company, Safaricom, and its competitors. It focuses on the industry and competitor analysis, value chain analysis, mission and vision statements, strategy evaluation, and works cited.

Safaricom Company’s Strategy and Competitors Case Study Table of Contents 1. Industry and Competitor Analysis 2. Value Chain Analysis 3. Mission and Vision Statements 4. Strategy Evaluation 5. Works Cited Industry and Competitor Analysis The case study presents several opportunities for Safaricom and its closest competitors. First, the globalizing markets create the possibility of growth through acquisitions. While a large share of the company was acquired by Vodafone in 2000, it is possible to assume that the size and scope of Safaricom’s operations allow it to conduct several small acquisitions to generate revenue (Hitt et al. 1). This assertion can be partially confirmed by the history of Safaricom’s previous successful acquisitions as well as similar strategies pursued by Bharti Airtel upon its entering the continent (Hitt et al. 7). Another opportunity is Kenya’s relatively diversified economy, which facilitates a platform for prolonged economic viability and customer payment capacity. It also secures the steady increase in demand for their services, since the modernization of the economy necessitates the involvement of modern communications, online accessibility, and, in many cases, makes the presence of e-payments a desirable option. Thus, M-PESA, one of Safaricom’s services that offer mobile-based microtransactions, provides additional opportunities for enlarging customer base and increasing customer loyalty and satisfaction. Finally, the availability of emerging markets in other African countries can be considered an opportunity. During its lifespan, Safaricom has demonstrated a good understanding of the specifics of the local social-economic and social environment, which suggests that its eventual penetration to local markets can be successful. However, several threats should be acknowledged as pertinent to the described case. First, despite its relative diversification, the Kenyan economy remains relatively unstable when compared to most developed and some developing countries. For instance, several events that occurred in 2008, including drought, a surge of fuel prices, and the effect of the economic crisis which impacted Kenya’s partners, resulted in a severe economic setback. In addition, Kenya is characterized by restrictive government regulations that are being addressed in accordance with the changing political landscape. While there is a tendency towards improvement in all identified areas, it is reasonable to expect a slow pace of the change and uneven scope of improvements, and, by extension, the threat of underperformance and emergence of unforeseen setbacks in the short term. It is also worth pointing out that the described situation is relatively similar in many African countries that are considered possible targets for expansion, which somewhat undermines the possibility of profitable acquisitions. Finally, the information and communication technologies segment is currently among the most densely populated in terms of global competition, with a significant number of world leaders in the industry taking the direction of expansion into developing markets. In other words, the case of partial acquisition by Vodafone can be expected to reoccur on a larger scale in the foreseeable future. The review of the Safaricom’s competitors allows us to identify three companies that can be considered formidable: Bharti Airtel, Telekom Kenya, and Etisalat Emirate Telecommunications Company. Of the three, Telekom Kenya is the one most familiarized with the economic, social, and cultural background of the region, which remains its strong point. In addition, the partnership it formed with Orange Group strengthens its position in the market and secures access to additional resources. However, it has the least diversified market and, therefore, demonstrates the least capacity for global-scale growth. Etisalat Emirate Telecommunications Company, which is present in both African and Middle East markets, has a much more encompassing market reach, with coverage of up to 98 percent in certain countries (Hitt et al. 9). Some of its subsidiaries, such as Etisalat Nigeria, have proven to be successful enough to occupy a portion of the continent’s biggest market. In addition, the company has an alternative to M-PESA, known as Easy Wallet, which offers financial transaction possibilities to its customers, thus undermining the opportunities of Safaricom. Finally, Bharti Airtel has a comparatively similar set of strengths, including the diversification of operations on the global scale, the experience of dealing with the Asian and African audiences, an established brand name, and a wide variety of products and services. However, it also has one definitive feature that facilitates the decisive advantage over its competitors, namely, the unique “Minutes Factory” business model. The low cost and, by extension, accessibility of its services remain among the most important advantages with regard to the economic situation of the region and allows us to consider Bharti Airtel Safaricom’s main competitor. Value Chain Analysis The information presented in the case allows us to identify marketing, sales, and service as the stages which allow for the most value-added. In addition, support activities have a significant impact on the Safaricom’s performance, with human resource management being the most prominent component. The operation segment of the Safaricom’s value chain includes the installation of the equipment responsible for establishing access to the Web, as well as the possibility to make calls. In the case of Kenya, this segment does not rely on fixed-line access and instead moves directly to the mobile device-oriented services. Considering the growing presence of mobile devices capable of Internet access among the population and the historically limited infrastructure, such an approach is the most promising for the country (Hitt et al.2). Based on this information, we can conclude that the country-specific conditions do not offer sufficient flexibility on this stage for generating additional value without introducing major logistical and financial expenses. Outbound logistics, on the other hand, facilitates one of the company-specific strengths, considering the presence of a dealership network that directly and indirectly employs more than 20,000 people. The network is supported through a variety of initiatives that include training, transportation means and services, commission on data for certain providers, and short-term credits. The sales stage is comprised of several options for Internet access, such as Sambaza Internet and Night Shift, dedicated services for data storage and transfer, several mobile services with different sets of incentives, and a customer loyalty rewards program. Finally, the company offers its customers the opportunity to easily transfer small sums of money via mobile devices using their M-PESA money transfer service. The service is constantly improved through the involvement of partners such as the Commercial Bank of Africa, which allows them to expand the distribution network and eliminate the technical inconsistencies within the system (Hitt et al. 3). Finally, the marketing stage is characterized by the strong orientation towards customer needs and expectations, most prominently through the recent “Niko na Safaricom” program. The program was launched in 2010 and aimed at increasing customer loyalty and minimizing customer turnover through improved communication, education of the consumers, and involvement with the community. The central message of the campaign was the emphasis on the Kenyan origin of the company as one of the reasons behind its success and the communication of the commitment to both the country and the community as the preferred direction of operations. It can be said that Safaricom managed to turn its geographic background into an advantage through the well-placed marketing campaign. Finally, it should be mentioned that human resource management is among the most important support activities. Two aspects need to be acknowledged as crucial to the company’s success. First, the determination to provide equal opportunities for male and female employees has led to the 30% representation of females in the company, which is a significant achievement for the cultural and social environment in the country (Hitt et al. 5). Second, the company’s attention to employee engagement and satisfaction results in steady improvements in both metrics, as indicated by the survey (Hitt et al. 6). This indicator along with the information presented above allows us to assert that the company’s value chain facilitates the commitment of the employees and loyalty of the customers. Bharti Airtel’s value chain is comparable to that of Safaricom, with one notable exception. The sales segment relies more on the affordability of the services, which is achieved through the implementation of the “Minutes Factory” business model. The said strategy ensures the lowest cost of voice communication, thus ensuring the strong attractiveness of the service. In addition, the company is well-represented in 20 countries across Asia and Africa. For a large-scale communication provider, such size means the involvement of economies of scale that, in turn, ensures a high-profit margin without the need to raise prices. It is worth mentioning that the company is strongly oriented at the domestic market similar to Safaricom. However, since it is based in India, its primary focus does not involve African countries, undermining its appeal compared to Kenya-oriented Safaricom. In addition, its representation on the continent is currently below 25%, which suggests a somewhat weaker position in the market. Although it cannot be considered a major weakness, its effect can add to the overall involvement of at least a small segment of the audience. The services offered by Airtel in Kenya include the Kopa Credo, a mobile call crediting system that increases affordability, insurance that covers certain models of iPhones, and a Catholic portal that contains religious information for its customers and is accessible through the provider’s internal network (“Services”). However, there is no indication of an area-specific technological or human resource strategy that can be considered an advantage. Therefore, we can conclude that financial attractiveness remains the strongest link in Airtel’s value chain while Safaricom has several marketing strategies that emphasize customers’ cultural values. Mission and Vision Statements Safaricom does not explicitly state its vision and mission. Nevertheless, it can be derived from the strategy of their brand. In particular, the strategy mentions transforming lives as the core mission of the company (“Our Strategy”). The primary approach to reaching the intended goal is through interaction with the customers, understanding their needs, and delivering relevant solutions that offer value unsurpassed by their rivals. Notably, the description is not limited to the clients and lists other stakeholders such as business partners, employees, policymakers and regulators, the society, and even future generations (“Our Strategy”). The latter suggests that the healthy and profitable community, as well as the state of Kenyan society, on the whole, is included in the company’s vision. It also suggests that corporate integrity and accountability are present in the vision statement. It should also be mentioned that the means of reaching the formulated mission include the democratization of data (e.g. improvement of access to the information on the Internet), delighting the customers (ensuring the superior level of satisfaction and commitment), and the YOLO program that provides focus on younger population in order to facilitate support and thus increase the sustainability of the society in the long term. Airtel’s Kenyan department does not feature a unique mission and vision statements, which allows us to assume that it utilizes the global mission and vision of the company. The former is stated briefly as “hunger to win customers for life” (“Airtel’s Mission, Vision, and Values”). The vision is focused on the enrichment of the lives of Airtel’s customers, although the sole approach mentioned in the vision statement is through providing an exceptional experience and, by extension, winning long-lasting loyalty and commitment. It can be plainly seen that the statements do not mention other stakeholders other than the clients and provide only three approaches for their facilitation: high responsiveness to the customers’ needs and desires (being “alive”), recognition of the diversity of the target audience and adoption to the unique expectations by embracing change (being “inclusive”), and empathizing with the feelings and attitudes of the customers by employing respect, humanity, and honesty (being “respectful”) (“Airtel’s Mission, Vision, and Values”). By looking at the information above it becomes clear that Airtel values its customers and attempts to address their needs and expectations, but the ultimate goal of this approach is customer loyalty rather than broader recognition of social and cultural responsibilities. Strategy Evaluation Safaricom’s current strategy of innovation and technological superiority coupled with cultural and social awareness is aligned well with the mission and vision statements identified above. Most notably, the aspect of understanding both voiced and unvoiced needs of customers can be traced as a motive behind the Niko na Safaricom campaign, which holds customer loyalty stimulation and customer turnover reduction as its main goals. In other words, the company takes proactive stance towards meeting the expectations of their audience. The fact that it was voted as the most valuable brand in Kenya in 2012 serves as a confirmation of the campaign’s success and, by extension, as a benchmark in assessment of vision compliance. Another notable area of that is identified as one of the company’s strengths and can be isolated as a component of its vision is the orientation towards the cultural needs and values of the Kenyan population. The ability to appeal to the broader concept of well-being of the community rather than a focus on customer retention allows for a more favorable response from the Kenyans. The part of the strategy that acknowledges the specifics of younger audiences not only serves as a crucial component of the corporate social responsibility program but also facilitates long-term support for the economic feasibility of the environment and, by extension, contributes to the buying power of the next generation of customers. Besides, such approach addresses the identified threats of the industry associated with the economic and social landscape of the country. More specifically, the orientation toward the needs of the community and enhancement of the information channels can be thought of as adding value to the overall economic capacity of the country. Aside from the direct benefits, they are expected to eventually alleviate the economic instability, decrease the crime rate that plagues Kenya, and stabilizes its financial state. Airtel’s strategy is also evidently aligned with its vision and mission statements. As was said above, the company’s most prominent strength is its pricing scheme maintained through a unique business model. Such approach allows decreasing the cost of the services and products without compromising the profit margin and, thanks to this, maintaining the competitive advantage. Due to this fact, Airtel currently offers the Internet and mobile access which supersedes those of Safaricom in terms of speed, traffic volume, band breadth, and price (Sudi). Considering the current state of economic recovery following the global recession and challenging conditions caused by the natural disasters, it is tempting to consider Airtel’s situation as advantageous. However, being an international company, it does not prioritize the interests of the community, focusing instead on satisfying specific interests of the target audience. It should be pointed out that this weakness cannot be considered a misalignment with the company’s strategy since neither mission nor vision list community needs as being within the priorities. The vision does mention enrichment of the customers’ lives through exceptional experience, which is fulfilled by the variety and quality of the provided services. It is also worth acknowledging that it addresses the diversity of the population and provides cultural incentives, such as the Catholic portal freely accessible through the internal network. Nevertheless, Airtel’s strategy lacks breadth in addressing the needs of the community, which can be viewed as a reason behind its gradually declining market share (Mohammed). Thus, we can conclude that both companies show evidence of exploiting their strengths and following their identified mission and vision statements. However, Safaricom’s strategy delivers greater value to Kenyan population in the long run, while Airtel’s focus on accessibility and diversity is insufficient for maintaining competitive advantage. Works Cited “Airtel’s Mission, Vision and Values.” Airtel , Web. Hitt, Michael, et al. Strategic Management Cases: Competitiveness and Globalization . Cengage Learning, 2012. Mohammed, Omar. “Airtel is Losing its Fight Against Safaricom for Kenya’s Fast-Growing Mobile Market.” Quartz , 2015, Web. “Our Strategy.” Safaricom , Web. “Services.” Airtel Kenya, Web. Sudi, Dan. “Safaricom, Orange or Airtel, Which Offers Best Data Prices?” Tuko , 2016, Web.

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: The purpose of this report is to examine the process taken to terminate the employment of an individual from Safaricom Corporation following the right procedures. The report describes the distinctive features between fair and unfair dismissal of workers within the organization. It also consider the importance of conducting exit interviews for both parties and the main steps to be followed by the company in managing redundancies among the employees.

The purpose of this report is to examine the process taken to terminate the employment of an individual from Safaricom Corporation following the right procedures. The report describes the distinctive features between fair and unfair dismissal of workers within the organization. It also consider the importance of conducting exit interviews for both parties and the main steps to be followed by the company in managing redundancies among the employees.

Safaricom Corporation’s Employment Termination Process Report Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Fair and Unfair Dismissals 3. Importance of Exit Interviews to Both Parties 4. The Key Stages Followed in Managing Redundancies 5. Conclusion 6. Works Cited Introduction The aim of this report is to look into the process taken to terminate the employment of an individual from Safaricom Corporation following the right procedures (Lewis 96). By examining information provided by the corporation on the recent termination of ten employees from different departments, the report describes the distinctive features between fair and unfair dismissal of workers within the organization. The report also considers the importance of conducting exit interviews for both parties and the main steps to be followed by the company in managing redundancies among the employees. Fair and Unfair Dismissals A fair dismissal involves the elimination of a worker from employment according to the laws of the company, which can occur with or without notice. The laws necessitate that a reasonable explanation for the dismissal is given. For a fair dismissal, the disciplinary procedure leading to the termination of employment must conform to the values of fairness and justice (Vettori 209). In any case, the workers should receive a fair dismissal on grounds relating to the person’s qualifications for the job, their conduct, or constitutional view regarding the cause of dismissal. For instance, Safaricom Limited Company has a clear phone use policy that prohibits the employees from using their handsets devices during work hours. Jane, a customer care employee, was dismissed without notice when she was found using her cell phone to chat with her boyfriend instead of serving the customers. On the other hand, unfair dismissal occurs when the worker’s employment is terminated unjustly. Such a dismissal does not comply with the terms and conditions set in the employment’s contract and government regulations (Chelliah and D’netto 483). For example, if there was no clear and concise policy on the use of phones in the corporation, Jane could have taken legal action against Safaricom Limited for unfair dismissal. Importance of Exit Interviews to Both Parties The exit strategy from employment must follow a strategic approach as per the standards accepted in all organizations in order to prevent the abuse of employee’s rights. Exit interviews are assessments conducted by the management with the worker(s) who are sent-off from an organization. They are carried out by selected personnel from the company or a third party so as to encourage honesty and transparency during the exercise (Dingwall 305). Conducting exit interviews is vital for the corporation and the ex-employee. These interviews provide an opportunity to discover the strengths and weaknesses of the company’s management. This discovery assists those in charge of the corporation to know how they can satisfy and retain their workers. On the employees’ side, the interviews help them get honest explanations on why they are leaving the organization. Through this process, justice is expressed as workers are given a chance to express their perspective and leave the company, knowing that their case is heard and determined fairly. The process also allows both parties to end the relationship in a proper manner such that the company collects its properties from the worker, and he receives his pay and benefits (Jurkiewicz and Giacalone 1). The Key Stages Followed in Managing Redundancies Redundancy is regarded as a unique form of dismissal, which occurs when an organization needs to reduce its workforce. However, according to the statutory laws that protect the employees, there must be a process followed to ensure fair dismissal (Kelly, Schaan, and Joncas 11). The procedure takes place in various stages: * Preparation: Assessment is done to determine whether redundancy is the only option. At this juncture, proper documentation is laid down and the time required in conducting it is determined. * Selection: A list of employees deemed to face redundancy is generated using a fair criterion. * Employee Consultation: All employees being made redundant are addressed at an individual level as per the company’s constitution, where an explanation is given as to why they were selected for redundancy. * Notice and appeals: Notices are given to those facing redundancy, and they are allowed to appeal if necessary. * Termination Process: It is the final stage where the workers are granted all necessary statutory redundancy payments depending on the years of service in the organization. Conclusion This report has acknowledged both fair and unfair dismissal of workers from Safaricom, and the related examples have been provided. The significance of exit interviews with the employees and the company’s management is also stated. The report has further elaborated on the five essential stages of redundancy. Communication has been recognized as the best way to implement fair dismissals of workers in organizations. Works Cited Chelliah, John, and Brian D’netto. “Unfair Dismissals in Australia: Does Arbitration Help Employees?” Employee Relations 28.5 (2006): 483-95. Print. Dingwall, Rita. “Exit Interviews: Good Practice and Good for Business.” In Practice 34.5 (2012): 305-08. Print. Jurkiewicz, Carole, and Robert Giacalone. “Exit Interviews.” Wiley Encyclopedia of Management (2015): 1. Print. Kelly, Micheal, Jean-Louis Schaan, and Helene Joncas. “Managing Alliance Relationships: Key Challenges in the Early Stages of Collaboration.” R&D Management R and D Management 32.1 (2002): 11-22. Print. Lewis, David. “Variation, Breach, and Termination of Employment.” Law Revision and Study Guide Employment Law Concentrate (2014): 96-106. Print. Vettori, Stella. “The Role of Human Dignity in the Assessment of Fair Compensation for Unfair Dismissals.” Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad Potch Elekt Regs 15.4 (2013): 209-98. Print.

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: Sam Peckinpah was an American director who is famous for his innovative perspective on the Western film genre. Wherefor many other directors, Western films were the means of depicting heroism and adventure, Peckinpah offered a different view of the traditional Western plot. In his films, he explored serious topics and social conflicts that had a strong autobiographical element to them.

Sam Peckinpah was an American director who is famous for his innovative perspective on the Western film genre. Wherefor many other directors, Western films were the means of depicting heroism and adventure, Peckinpah offered a different view of the traditional Western plot. In his films, he explored serious topics and social conflicts that had a strong autobiographical element to them.

Sam Peckinpah and the Western Genre Research Paper Sam Peckinpah was an American director who is famous for his innovative perspective on the Western film genre. Whereas for many other directors, Western films were the means of depicting heroism and adventure, Peckinpah offered a different view of the traditional Western plot. In his films, he explored serious topics and social conflicts that had a strong autobiographical element to them 1 . This essay will explore the defining characteristics of Peckinpah’s films that affected the development of the Western genre in the future. Life and Career Sam Peckinpah was born in 1925 in California. Although he is most famous for his work as a director, he was also an actor and a screenwriter. Peckinpah’s career in Hollywood began in 1950 when he was appointed a dialogue director to Don Siegel 2 . While working closely with Siegel, Peckinpah was able to improve his understanding of directing styles and techniques, which influenced the quality of his further work (Prince 4 1999). Between 1955 and 1960, Peckinpah worked for television, where he wrote and directed series. Despite being a recognized and successful writer and director, Peckinpah had a lot of conflicts with producers and studios throughout his career 3 . His unique vision of a contemporary society, as well as his determination to convey this vision to the audience, have largely shaped his pictures and their production process. Some of Peckinpah’s most famous films include The Wild Bunch , Straw Dogs , Cross of Iron , and others. Despite the variety of plots and stories explored in Peckinpah’s films, several defining characteristics distinguish them from other films in the Western genre. Defining Characteristics Peckinpah’s contribution to the Western genre can be measured in terms of the defining characteristics of his films, which were later adopted by later works in the genre. Indeed, Peckinpah’s works were notable in their interpretation of the genre, as well as in their portrayal of serious social conflicts. The defining characteristics of Peckinpah’s films are violence, autobiographical elements, the conflict between heroism and heroics, morality, tension, and future outlook. It is also important to note Peckinpah’s use of camera techniques, particularly in depicting violence. Violence Explicit violence was among the key characteristics that Peckinpah has introduced into the genre. The vast majority of his films, including The Wild Bunch and Straw Dogs , were full of violent and bloody images, found disturbing both by the audience and by the critics. Welsh states that Peckinpah attempted to test the limits of on-screen violence. However, the inclusion of violence in his work served a unique purpose, highlighting the events and conflicts existing in the films 4 . Contrary to some other Western directors, Peckinpah refrained from romanticizing Western stories and plot; instead, his films presented a depiction of life in the Wild West in a violent yet realistic way, stressing the moral conflicts that he attempted to explore in great detail. Peckinpah’s portrayal of violence was also unique in its justification, or lack thereof. Whereas in other Western films, characters engage in violent acts out of necessity, Peckinpah’s characters are rather unpredictable in their acts of violence. There is no distinction between heroes and villains in their use of violence; in fact, violence serves to blur the lines between good and bad, thus also enhancing the conflict between heroism and heroics, which is evident in most of Peckinpah’s works. As noted by Prince, the use of camera and montage that characterized Peckinpah’s filming of violent episodes was also revolutionary 5 . Most of the Western films before Peckinpah refrained from depicting graphic violence not only due to moral concerns but also due to the lack of an effective filming technique to portray violence and bloodshed realistically and powerfully. After The Wild Bunch , “Peckinpah’s use of multiple cameras, montage editing, and slow-motion quickly became the normative style for rendering screen violence” 6 . Autobiographical Elements Most of Peckinpah’s main characters are broken and damaged, caught in the fast-changing environment of the new American world, and unable to adjust to it. For instance, in Bring Me the Head of Alfredo Garcia , “the rumpled, broken protagonist and his insidiously smooth, well-heeled employers bring to mind Peckinpah’s plight in Hollywood” 7 . With a history of drug and alcohol abuse and strained relationship with producers, Peckinpah’s protagonists were all somewhat autobiographical. Through exploring their fate in his films, Peckinpah attempted to present a personal interpretation of his struggles. Such an autobiographical element was not common among Western film directors of the time. By including it in his work, Peckinpah showed that fictional characters could be used to represent real-life issues and conflicts that are about the society of the time. Another important aspect of Peckinpah’s autobiographical elements is that they enhance the director’s involvement in the film. Callenbach explains that the autobiographical aspects of Peckinpah’s works serve to underline the importance of the issues and conflicts depicted to him, such as social injustice, lack of future perspectives, and moral ambiguity 8 . The fact that Peckinpah included autobiographical elements in his works and characters signify his involvement in the subjects explored in films. This contradicts the norms of the genre that existed before Peckinpah, as most other directors were more invested in the plot than in its meaning and relevance to the modern world. Heroism vs. Heroics The conflict between heroism and heroics was a persistent theme of Peckinpah’s work. However, one of the most prominent examples of this conflict can be observed in The Wild Bunch . Where other Western directors emphasized the character’s heroic qualities and actions, praising them for resisting injustice and restoring order, Peckinpah presents a more realistic look at the outlaws’ life and principles. Despite the seemingly strong focus on loyalty, ethics, and friendship that is evident in The Wild Bunch , as well as in many other films by Peckinpah 9 , the director portrays these values in a way that implies that they do not apply to the outlaws’ lifestyle. The characters depicted by Peckinpah represent these values in a way that is disturbing for the audience (e.g., the scene where Bishop kills a wounded gang member), yet representative of the society he chooses to portray. The actions of the characters are filled with heroics, yet the fundamental question that Peckinpah asks the audience is whether or not they are heroes. Moving away from romanticizing the Western lifestyle and values, Peckinpah wants to show the audience what such lifestyle meant, including violence, injustice, and immorality. The stark contrast between Peckinpah’s portrayal of the West and the romanticized image presented in works of other directors is, perhaps, among the key reasons for the critical acclaim and the persistent interest in his films. The exploration of heroism in the context of outlaws’ lifestyle that is evident in Peckinpah’s films is prominent in future Western films. In particular, a darker image presented by Peckinpah has influenced the revisionist Western works, which, similarly to Peckinpah, are somewhat critical of the traditional Western genre norms. The lack of idealization of the characters has also affected the audience’s perception of some of the other Western films, which might appear too light-hearted and unrealistic when compared to Peckinpah’s works. Society Social issues, including oppression and cruelty, are also among the key themes explored by Peckinpah in his films 10 . For instance, in The Wild Bunch , the director addresses the conflict between Americans and Mexicans and its influence on the lives of civilians trapped between two forces. However, even more, prominent is the indifference of people to the struggles faced by others. In the opening scene, the shooting kills many civilians, including women and children. Yet, this appears to be normalcy rather than a significant event. By Peckinpah, society is not violent or brutal, but indifferent and ignorant. Arguably, these are the characteristics of the contemporary society that Peckinpah wanted to recreate in his work. One of the most famous scenes depicting indifference and ignorance as the society’s key failures can be observed in the opening titles of The Wild Bunch when Pike and his team pass by a group of children who are watching a scorpion burn. The portrayal of children, who are the symbol of the rising generation, is rather brutal and unprecedented for the film of the time. As noted by Prince, “these are not the typical children, icons of sentimentality and innocence, that were so prominent in earlier generations of the film” 11 The image of children watching the dying scorpion with impatience and excitement on their faces signifies the brutality of the society in which the action takes place. As the scene precedes the shooting at the beginning of the film, it also conveys the director’s view that the fault is not on the outlaws, but on the cruel and ignorant society that raised them so. Conflict and Tension The escalated drama of Peckinpah’s films is also one of the innovations that he brought into the Western genre. Peckinpah introduced a multi-level conflict, where each of the main characters is at war with himself, his enemies, and the society in general. Peckinpah does not internalize the conflicts experienced by the characters; instead, he makes them more prominent and apparent to the audience, thus adding more tension to the story. Although the characters lack development and remain roughly unchanged throughout the film, externalization of the conflict allows the director to explore significant social issues that would normally drive character development. For instance, he recognized the failure of contemporary society but chose to present it rather indifferently, as a permanent feature of American society. By opting not to resolve secondary conflicts, Peckinpah questioned the society’s capacity for change while at the same time urging people to see similar issues in modern society. Peckinpah also erased the differences between the civilians, the law enforcement, and the outlaws in the majority of his works, implying that each group possesses similar character failures and weaknesses. Such a scheme distinguishes Peckinpah’s films from other Western works, where there are distinctive borders between good and evil. Therefore, Peckinpah’s portrayal of conflicts that exist both on the internal and external levels adds tension to his works by improving their accuracy and relevance. Future Outlook Finally, despite the critical portrayal of society and its defects, Peckinpah’s films offer no positive resolution or hope for a change. Most of his films can be characterized by a sense of finality. Throughout the films, it is acknowledged that the characters have neither hope for a better future nor a desire to change their ways. Similarly, the society portrayed by Peckinpah is incapable of changing. Both the primary and the secondary characters remain unchanged throughout the story. However, this does not necessarily indicate the author’s belief that the society cannot be changed; on the contrary, some argue that the stability and fatality depicted by Peckinpah serve to highlight the need for change, thus attracting the audience’s attention to pertaining social issues 12 . Conclusion Overall, Sam Peckinpah was a talented director that has made a significant contribution to the development of the Western film genre by offering a different perspective on traditional Western plots and themes. The innovations brought by Peckinpah were both technical and thematic. For instance, he was the first among Western film directors to depict explicit violence using montage editing and slow motion. Also, he also explored important themes of hope, social failures, and heroism in his work. By refusing to romanticize the Western plots and stories, Peckinpah contributed to the development of the genre, while at the same time attracting the attention of filmmakers and critics to the darker side of the Western films. Bibliography Briley, Ron. “Peckinpah Today: New Essays on the Films of Sam Peckinpah.” Film & History 44, no.1 (2014): 87-89. Callenbach, Ernest. “Peckinpah: The Western Films by Paul Seydor.” Film Quarterly 33, no. 4 (1980): 21. Miller, Mark Crispin. “In Defense of Sam Peckinpah.” Film Quarterly 28, no. 3 (1975): 2-17. Prince, Stephen, ed. Sam Peckinpah’s The Wild Bunch . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Welsh, James M. “Peckinpah Today: New Essays on the Films of Sam Peckinpah – Book Review.” The Journal of American Culture 35, no. 4 (2012): 376-377. Footnotes 1. Miller, Mark Crispin, “In Defense of Sam Peckinpah,” Film Quarterly 28, no. 3 (1975): 2. 2. Prince, Stephen, ed., Sam Peckinpah’s The Wild Bunch (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 4. 3. Ibid. 4. Welsh, James M., “Peckinpah Today: New Essays on the Films of Sam Peckinpah – Book Review,” The Journal of American Culture 35, no. 4 (2012): 376. 5. Prince, The Wild Bunch , 2. 6. Ibid. 7. Miller, “In Defense of Sam Peckinpah”, 2. 8. Callenbach, Ernest, “Peckinpah: The Western Films by Paul Seydor,” Film Quarterly 33, no. 4 (1980): 21. 9. Briley, Ron, “Peckinpah Today: New Essays on the Films of Sam Peckinpah,” Film & History 44, no.1 (2014): 87. 10. Prince, The Wild Bunch , 82. 11. Ibid, 2. 12. Ibid, 17.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: The problem of homophobia has existed in the human population through its whole history. Homophobia could be defined as an attitude of hostility toward male or female homosexuals. During the XX century, the public attitude toward homosexuality was evolving, and this process has found its reflection in the legislation procedure, in particular, in same-sex marriage legalization in various countries. It is important to study the social consequences of this process. Therefore, it is hypothesized that the same-sex marriage legalization affected the

The problem of homophobia has existed in the human population through its whole history. Homophobia could be defined as an attitude of hostility toward male or female homosexuals. During the XX century, the public attitude toward homosexuality was evolving, and this process has found its reflection in the legislation procedure, in particular, in same-sex marriage legalization in various countries. It is important to study the social consequences of this process. Therefore, it is hypothesized that the same-sex marriage legalization affected the

Same-Sex Marriage Legalization and Public Attitude Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Same-sex Marriage Legalization 2. The Impact of Legalization on the Public Attitude 3. Conclusion 4. Works Cited The problem of homophobia has existed in the human population through its whole history. Homophobia could be defined as “an attitude of hostility toward male or female homosexuals” (Fraïssé and Barrientos 65). During the XX century, the public attitude toward homosexuality was evolving, and this process has found its reflection in the legislation procedure, in particular, in same-sex marriage legalization in various countries. It is important to study the social consequences of this process. Therefore, it is hypothesized that the same-sex marriage legalization affected the public attitude and decreased the level of homophobia. Same-sex Marriage Legalization The process of same-sex marriage legalization started at the end of the XX century in the Western world. The process of legal recognition of, at first, homosexual domestic partnership and then same-sex marriages started in countries of the European Union (Hooghe and Meeusen 258). Nowadays, there are twenty-two countries around the globe where same-sex marriage is recognized by law and thirteen countries where a civil union is legal. At the same time, there are seventy-five countries where homosexuality is illegal, including ten countries where it could be punished by the death penalty (Cameron and Berkowitz). The general tendency is the following: same-sex marriage and partnership are legal in Western Europe, North and South America (except for Guyana where gay acts could be punished), Australia, and New Zealand. Homosexual relations are considered to be illegal in the majority of African and Asian countries. Therefore, despite all the positive changes, it could be stated that the problem of homophobia is still urgent. It is also important to discover how homosexual relationship legalization affected the attitude of society toward homosexuality. The Impact of Legalization on the Public Attitude The process of legislation was not the same in different countries. In some of them, it was easy, and without long-term debates, while in others, this process took a long time and faced social and political resistance (Hooghe and Meeusen 258). It was stated that the level of tolerance, in general, corresponds to the level of democratic stability and economic development. It could be supposed that to completely accept homosexuality, a certain level of social development is essential (Hooghe and Meeusen 261). However, it is known less about the reaction of the society on same-sex marriage legalization. A few studies provided information about the effect of legislation on the public attitude and the level of homophobia (Hooghe and Meeusen 258). One of the existing problems in this area is a problem of a homophobia measurement. It was stated that the large-scale survey is a commonly used tool for social processes estimation (Szalma and Takács 13). In particular, the European social survey (ESS) (Hooghe and Meeusen 259), the European Values Study (EVS) (Szalma and Takács 14), and the General Social Survey of U.S. adults (GSS) (Twenge et al. 1716) were used to estimate global changes in public attitude toward homosexuality in European countries and the United States. The ESS is “a high-quality cross-sectional repeated survey conducted five times between 2002 and 2010” (Hooghe and Meeusen 259). It was conducted in thirty European countries and Israel. The survey contained a wide range of questions about public opinion and attitude toward different social processes. According to Hooghe and Meeusen (265), the strong dependence between same-sex marriage legalization and the public attitude exists. In general, homosexual marriage and partnership were legalized in countries where the public attitude was and remains more tolerant. Moreover, in such countries as the Netherland, Belgium, Spain, Norway, and Sweden, public disapproval of homosexuality has a tendency to decrease after the legalization of same-sex marriage (Hooghe and Meeusen 256-267). The ESV is a survey which is provided every nine years in European countries. It is also dedicated to public attitude toward different social processes, including homosexuality legalization. This survey demonstrated a general tendency to increase the tolerance toward homosexual men and women from 1980 to 2008. Results of the Szalma and Takács’ (39) investigation confirm this data. According to the authors, “Having same-sex marriage and/or registered partnership as a legal institution significantly corresponded with decreasing levels of homophobia” (Szalma and Takács 39). Similar data were reported about the effect of same-sex marriage legislation and the level of homophobia in the U.S. The data from the GSS demonstrate the tendency of tolerance toward homosexuality increase and even higher levels of the same-sex sexual behavior acceptance (Twenge et al. 1728). Thus, American society shows the tendency to the increase of the level of homosexual men and women tolerance after same-sex marriage legalization. Therefore, it could be stated that in European countries and the United States, the legalization of homosexual marriage or partnership had a positive effect on the level of tolerance. Conclusion It was claimed that the process of legalization is possible under certain circumstances, in particular, when a society has a high level of economic development and democratic stability. Besides, the legalization act was passed in countries where the level of tolerance toward homosexuality was high. However, in developed countries, the level of homophobia has a tendency to decrease after same-sex marriage legalization. Thus, it could be concluded that the process of legalization is important for homosexuality acceptance in society. Works Cited Cameron, Darla, and Bonnie Berkowitz. “The State of Gay Rights Around the World.” The Washington Post, 2016, Web. Fraïssé, Christèle, and Jaime Barrientos. “The Concept of Homophobia: A Psychosocial Perspective.” Sexologies, vol. 25, no. 4, 2016, pp. 65-69. Web. Hooghe, Marc, and Cecil Meeusen. “Is Same-sex Marriage Legislation Related to Attitudes toward Homosexuality?” Sexuality Research and Social Policy, vol. 10, no. 4, 2013, pp. 258-268. Web. Szalma, Ivett, and Judit Takács. “How to Measure Homophobia in an International Comparison?.” Družboslovne Razprave, vol. 73, 2013, pp. 11-42. Twenge, Jean M., et al. “Changes in American Adults’ Reported Same-sex Sexual Experiences and Attitudes, 1973–2014.” Archives of Sexual Behavior, vol. 45, no.7, 2016, pp. 1713-1730. Web.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: In the essay, the author discusses how communication is vital for successful cooperation between the parties of a supply chain. Communication allows spreading values and increasing intellectual capital within an organization, which leads to the high quality of products.

In the essay, the author discusses how communication is vital for successful cooperation between the parties of a supply chain. Communication allows spreading values and increasing intellectual capital within an organization, which leads to the high quality of products.

Samsung Electronics Recalls as a Business Issue Essay Not so long ago, Samsung Electronics faced a crucial to their business issue, in the framework of which the company had to recall the whole product line twice. Needless to say that such a solution turned out to be extremely expensive and affected clients’ perception of Samsung Electronics adversely. The company lost more than $5 billion, so enormous attention was paid to the problem. Some of Note 7 products exploded and hurt their owners. Moreover, professionals who investigated this issue claimed that other devices of this type could unexpectedly explode as well. Months of thorough work proved that the root causes were “design and manufacturing flaws associated with the lithium-ion batteries used in the phones, which were produced by Samsung’s battery suppliers” (Baig 2017, para. 1). These drawbacks were associated with two suppliers who were believed to be Samsung SDI and ATL. The batteries used in these devices were made from different materials that were not discussed along with other requirements. The suppliers of Battery A failed to ensure enough space for electrodes, while the suppliers of Battery B committed an abnormal welding process and the absence of the isolation tape in some devices. As initially, the problem occurred only with Battery A, Samsung decided to change these phones for those with Battery B, which proves that they did not realize the necessity to check the parts provided by suppliers even after the incident. Thus, the absence of a timely safety check turned into another issue that affected the final quality of Note 7. In this way, even though the company put particular demands on suppliers, it did not ensure that they were met. All in all, it can be stated that if Samsung Electronics improved its communication with suppliers, it could have avoided the occurrence of issues related to a battery explosion. Ineffective communication, in this situation, impacted both the quality of the product and the company’s performance. It prevented Samsung Electronics from receiving extended information regarding the product that was supplied, reduced checking options, and worsened the overall quality of a phone in this way. Gambetti and Giovanardi (2013) state that communication is vital for successful cooperation between the parties of a supply chain. They emphasize the fact that it allows spreading values and increasing intellectual capital within an organization. As a result, the quality of provided services and products is expected to enhance. Proper communication between the members of a supply chain improves competitive performance dimensions. It ensures the high quality of products, their timely provision, and practices alignment. Having homogenous values, a buyer and supplier are likely to have similar views towards a product, which makes it easier to meet demands. In addition to that, effective communication ensures that parties can clearly state the scope of their demands and opportunities. They can share detailed information that includes all those product peculiarities that can potentially affect their characteristics. According to Jiang, Henneberg, and Naudé (2012), relations between a buyer and a supplier are to develop on the basis of mutual trust and dependence. Professionals believe that these two parties tend to work better if they realize that their actions can affect those they cooperate with, as well as the final quality of a product. However, it is significant to remember that interpersonal relations should not affect business ones adversely. Even though they tend to make a company and its supplier understand one another better, it is significant to ensure that their business operations are not based only on trust. Standard tests and assessments should be used to make sure that all the demands are met, and a product is of high quality. In fact, interpersonal communication and trust that is revealed as a part of them are expected to increase the quality of product or service, providing buyers and their suppliers with an opportunity to share values and code of conduct. They enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of information exchanges but do not cancel any checking procedures. Finally, Yam and Chan (2015) believe that knowledge sharing is vital for cooperating organizations because it provides them with a range of additional opportunities. They emphasize that a buyer-supplier collaboration can be improved as well as manufacturability if unique difficulties are considered along with commitment and trust between the partners. Realizing that they all are responsible for a product and issues related to it, they are expected to recheck everything several times. Taking into consideration the information discussed previously, it can be recommended for Samsung Electronics to improve its communication with suppliers in order to obtain an opportunity to deliver higher quality products to clients. The company should share its values and main concerns with the other parties of its supply chain so that they share them and take into consideration when providing services. An assessment guideline should be developed to check the quality of products on a routines basis. More attention should be paid to the characteristics of the received products. If the company faces quality issues once, it should recheck other products as well to ensure that no problems will be observed further. Reference List Baig, E 2017, Samsung reveals cause of exploding Note 7 cellphones . Web. Gambetti, R & Giovanardi, M 2013, ‘Re-visiting the supply chain: a communication perspective’, Corporate Communications , vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 390-416. Jiang, Z, Henneberg, S & Naudé, P 2012, ‘Supplier relationship management in the construction industry: the effects of trust and dependence’, The Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing , vol. 27, no.1, pp. 3-15. Yam, R & Chan, C 2015, ‘Knowledge sharing, commitment and opportunism in new product development’, International Journal of Operations & Production Management , vol. 35, no. 7, pp. 1056-1074.

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Provide the full text for the following summary: The essay discusses the similarities between the figure of Satan in the Quran and the Bible. It also talks about how the two religions view him as a fallen angel who is now an evil creature.

The essay discusses the similarities between the figure of Satan in the Quran and the Bible. It also talks about how the two religions view him as a fallen angel who is now an evil creature.

Satan in the Holy Quran and the Bible Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Examples from the Bible and the Quran 3. Satan Versus God and Allah 4. Conclusion 5. Works Cited Introduction The Holy Quran describes Satan (otherwise known as Iblis or Eblis) as an evil creature (or Jinn) that was expelled from heaven after he refused to obey Adam. His main features are his extreme pride and the belief that he is superior to Adam and those who were created after him. Moreover, Iblis continuously challenges the judgment of God as well as his commands for Iblis to obey his will. The primary activity of Satan in the Quran is to entice others to commit evil and immoral deeds. In Christianity, Satan is a fallen angel who rebelled against God and therefore was also expelled from heaven, which is similar to the idea found in the Quran (Wellman). Thus even though Christianity and Islam are considered “rival” religions that do not have many parallels between them, the figure of Satan is very similar in his characteristics in both scriptures, pointing to the idea that evil manifests itself as a unity regardless of which religion describes it. Examples from the Bible and the Quran Within the tradition of the Bible, Satan is considered a figure who was appointed by God to test the faith of humanity through temptation. To compare the nature of Satan in the Quran and the Bible, the Christian scripture presents him as a fallen angel, while in the Muslim tradition, he is a Jinn and thus was closer to humans in his nature. While angels are perfect creatures who never sinned, Jinns are much more prone to wrongdoing. To establish parallels between Satan in the Bible and the Quran, it is important to analyze verses from the two holy books. The first example comes from the Quran: “Behold! We said to the Angels, ‘Bow down to Adam’: they bowed down except Iblis. He was one of the Jinns, and he broke the Command of his Lord” (McAuliffe 18:50). This excerpt shows the first wrongdoing of Iblis; not agreeing to prostrate himself before Adam led to his being expelled from Heaven, as shown in the following example. “Get out from this, disgraceful and expelled. If any of them follow thee – Hell will I find with you all (McAuliffe 11:18). The first mention of Satan in the Bible is “Satan arose against Israel and incited David to take a census of Israel” ( The Bible , 1 Chronicle 21:1-2). This passage shows that from the beginning, Satan is presented as an antagonist to God and wanted to commit wrongdoing through inciting others to do so, which points to his nature as a demon and tempter. An example that proves that Satan was initially an angel who was considered higher in rank than the Jinns of the Quran, is the following: “One day the angels came to present themselves before the Lord, and Satan also came with them” ( The Bible , Job 1:6-20). Examples from the Bible and the Quran show that Satan in both scriptures is presented as a once-righteous being created by God, but who became evil because of a lack of will to follow the rule of the Lord (Deffinbaugh). Significantly, the characteristic of a tempter who encourages human beings to commit wrongful actions is what also connects Satan in the Bible and Iblis in the Quran. Satan Versus God and Allah When discussing similarities and differences between Satan in the Bible and Iblis in the Quran, it is important to contrast them with the figures of the Christian God and Muslim Allah. In the Quran, Iblis (Satan) is in opposition to humankind rather than to Allah. Moreover, Iblis is considered subordinate to God, who has no rivals as He is “the Lord of the Creation” (McAuliffe 1:2). Another essential characteristic of Allah is that in Islam, God forgives all sins, which means that sin does not restrict mercy within the Islamic religion. On the other hand, the Bible suggests that Satan is the rival of God and not humanity. In some passages of scripture, Satan is described as having the ability to tempt Jesus and therefore challenge his power: “then Jesus was led up by the Spirit into the wilderness to be tempted by the devil” ( The Bible , Matthew 4:1). In this example, Satan is capable of demonstrating that his power is comparable to God’s. While in Islam, God forgives all sins, in Christianity, sin significantly restricts God’s mercy. In these ways, drawing simple parallels between Satan in Christianity and Iblis in Islam shows that some differences cannot be ignored (Ahmad). As seen from the quoted passages, Satan is the key rival to God and can show his authority through spreading blasphemy and tempting Jesus and humanity to choose power over submission to God (Ahmad). Therefore the power of the Christian God is significantly restricted by that of Satan. On the other hand, the Quran suggests that Iblis cannot be equal in power to Allah but is in opposition to humankind. Also, the Muslim God forgives all sins that humans commit when tempted by Satan. Another important difference between Iblis and Satan is that Allah has power over Iblis, but the Christian God cannot control the deeds of Satan (Ahmad). Conclusion Lastly, the discussion about Satan in Christianity and Islam may benefit from an analysis of the purpose of including the antagonist in each religious teaching. Satan is both the Quran and the Bible aims to make humankind succumb to the temptation of committing wrongdoing for personal gain. When tempting victims, Satan uses every strategy to make sin attractive to lure people into choosing the wrong path and thus deviating from the word of God. Interestingly, how Satan talks to his victims depends on their interests; for instance, ignorance is used to tempt the ignorant while scholarly disciplines are used to tempt scholars (“The Story of Satan”). In either case, Satan is considered a source of evil who is cunning and smart when it comes to luring his victims. The purpose of introducing the figure of Satan into both the Islamic and the Christian faith is associated with teaching people that life will be filled with various temptations that they will have to withstand if they want to stay righteous. It is essential to understand that despite being opposed to one another, both Christianity and Islam teach believers to oppose evil and choose to do the right thing. The continuous rivalry between good and evil is a component of almost any religion, and a comparison of Satan in the Quran and the Bible shows that there are important similarities and differences between the two that make each religion unique in its way. Works Cited Ahmad, Ijaz. “A Quick Comparison of Satan in Christianity and Islam.” Callingchristians . 2015, Web. Deffinbaugh, Bob. “Satan’s Part in God’s Perfect Plan.” Bible , 2004, Web. McAuliffe, Jane. The Qur’an . W.W. Norton & Company, 2017. The Bible . The New Oxford Annotated Version, 3rd ed., Oxford UP, 2001. “The Story of Satan (Shaitaan), His Tactics, and Methods to Ward Off His Influences and Whispers.” Igrasense , Web. Wellman, Jack. “Was Lucifer a Fallen Angel? A Bible Study.” Patheos . 2017, Web.

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Write an essay about: The essay discusses the importance of using ethics in research on customer satisfaction in the banking industry. It also highlights the most common ethical issues that were found in 20 articles from New Zealand and other countries.The essay discusses the importance of using ethics in research on customer satisfaction in the banking industry. It also highlights the most common ethical issues that were found in 20 articles from New Zealand and other countries.

The essay discusses the importance of using ethics in research on customer satisfaction in the banking industry. It also highlights the most common ethical issues that were found in 20 articles from New Zealand and other countries. The essay discusses the importance of using ethics in research on customer satisfaction in the banking industry. It also highlights the most common ethical issues that were found in 20 articles from New Zealand and other countries.

Satisfaction Management in Banking Industry Report Abstract Today, the banking industry is gaining its popularity among researchers, and the number of articles covering this topic continues to increase. Thus, to ensure that these articles are relevant and easy to read, the framework of ethical codes was developed. Consequently, the objective of this research was to analyse four issues that were present in 20 articles from New Zealand and other countries. The selected aspects were sampling frame, response rate, time of data collection, and related instruments. As for methodology, ten articles from each group (New Zealand and worldwide) were collected from Google Scholar and analysed with the help of content analysis. The research results were presented with the assistance of visuals such as diagrams and tables. It could be said that the publications from New Zealand seemed to have fewer issues than international ones. Thus, the most common ones were the time of data collection and response rate. Based on these findings, the conclusions were drawn. Consequently, it could be said that this analysis not only provided the sufficient background for the future research and expanded the understanding of the topic but also had a beneficial impact on development and revision of ethical codes in the context of customer satisfaction in the banking industry. Introduction Today, it could be said that banking activities play a pivotal role in everyday activities, as without them it will be impossible to make transactions and purchase different products. Nonetheless, due to the continuously intensifying rivalry, banks are concerned with maintaining their recognition and positive image in the market (Sahu, Dash, & Kumar, 2017). This matter can be discovered as a primary driver for the rising importance of customer satisfaction tools and instruments. To understand the working mechanism of this phenomenon, many studies were conducted, and some of them revealed a strong relationship between customer satisfaction and the quality of the provided services (Ahsan, & Azam, 2014; Sahu et al., 2017). Apart from the need to find a correlation between different variables with the help of various research methodologies, it is essential for these publications to comply with ethics, as they will help deliver valuable information to readers. Consequently, using ethics is highly important since they can contribute to the research in the recent future. In this case, Frechtling and Boo (2012) proposed the guidelines to ensure that the research is ethical. For example, they stated that assuring the accuracy of the information and sufficient writing structure was important (Frechtling & Boo, 2012). Based on the brief analysis of the topic mentioned above, a critical objective of the paper is to discover four key ethical issues that tend to be present in 20 scholarly articles covering consumer satisfaction in the banking segment in New Zealand and other countries. In the first place, the research methodology will be described since the concepts of content analysis will be utilised and define a flow of the search. The subsequent section presents the results by comparing the outcomes, describing ethical issues, and analysing each of them. To gain a better understanding of this process, a general analysis of ethical problems is conducted. In the end, the conclusions are drawn to summarise the main findings of the paper regarding ethical issues in New Zealand and other countries. Methodology In the first place, the preliminary research revealed that there were not many recent articles that covered this topic. The research started on March 29, 2017, and it was entirely completed on April 1, 2017, and represented by collecting 20 articles. Each publication was analysed by applying the principles of content analysis and retrieved from Google Scholar database. Google Scholar was selected as a primary source of information since it offered links to other sources and databases and eased the process. The articles were searched with the help of keywords such as “banking” and “customer satisfaction”, and 57,000 results were discovered. Thus, to find publications covering New Zealand, the country’s name was added as a keyword (16,800 articles). In the first place, the articles from “2013” were selected by applying the principles of filtering. Nonetheless, due to the lack of recent research, older articles were also chosen. As for the finalisation of the selection process, the publications were selected based on their compliance with the topic while at least 10 of them had to cover New Zealand. Overall, 10 publications about New Zealand and 10 articles regarding other countries were chosen. It was important to note that due to the lack of articles in New Zealand, the publications that somehow covered the topic of customer satisfaction in this region were also selected. Content analysis Frechtling and Boo (2012) stated that one of the most relevant methods to analyse the compliance of the article with ethical codes was content analysis. In this case, the primary goal of this approach was to determine whether the publication covered the determined criteria (Fletching & Boo, 2012). Consequently, the following questions are used to assess the articles: 1. Is the sampling frame specified? 2. Is the final response rate stated? Or does the article provide both effective and initial sampling sizes? 3. Did the article show when the information was collected? 4. Are data collection tools specified and described in details? The answers can be Yes/No/Not Applicable, where “Yes” implies that the article complies with the standards indicated by Fletching and Boo (2012). “No” stands for the absence of a particular element in the publication, and “N/A” states that this criterion is not applicable to the article. The analysis of 20 publications was conducted based on the opinions of researchers from March 31 to April 1, 2017, and, they were presented with the help of tables and diagrams. Results In the context of this paper, 20 articles were analysed, and it was determined whether the ethical issues with a sampling frame, response rate, time of data collection, and data collection instruments existed in these publications. Unfortunately, apart from the significance of these matters, every article had at least one ethical problem. For example, one issue was found in 50% of the articles from different countries, where other publications from this group accounted for two issues (50%). Regarding New Zealand, the situation was better, 80% and 20% out of 10 articles were with one matter or more respectively (see Bar Chart 1). In this case, 100% was viewed as the total number of articles in a group (10). Bar Chart 1: Analysis of the articles with a focus on New Zealand or Worldwide regarding customer satisfaction with banking services. Thus, to understand the ethical problems reflected in the articles in details, Table 1 was designed. In this case, it was apparent that the majority of the publications from New Zealand (80%) had only one ethical issue. Meanwhile, the international articles with one and two issues were represented by 50% and 50%. It was important to admit that publications with three ethical issue were not found. Articles with Ethical Problems Article Country Articles with One Issue Abdullah, M., Manaf, N., Ahsan, K., & Azam, F. (2014) New Zealand Abdullah, M., Manaf, N., Yusuf, M., Ahsan, K., & Azam, F. (2014) New Zealand Gan, C., Clemes, M., Wei, J., & Kao, B. (2011) New Zealand Gan, C., Cohen, D., Clemes, M., & Chong, E. (2006) New Zealand Clemes, M., Gan, C., & Du, J. (2012) New Zealand Yavas, U., Babakus, E., & Ashill. (2010) New Zealand Clemes, M., Gan, C., & Zheng, L. (2007) New Zealand Gan, C., Clemes, M., Limsombunchai, V., & Weng, A. (2006) New Zealand Lee, E., & Moghavvemi, C. (2015) Worldwide Zeinalizadeh, N., Shoraje, A., & Shariatmadari, M. (2015) Worldwide Lau, M., Cheung, R., Lam, A., & Chu, Y. (2013) Worldwide Khan, M., & Fasih, M. (2014) Worldwide Shah, F., Khan, K., Imam, A., & Sadiqa, M. (2015) Worldwide Articles with Two Issues Baumann, C., Elliot, G., & Burton, C. (2012) New Zealand Rod, M., Ashill, N., & Carrunters, J. (2009) New Zealand Alnsour, M. (2013). Worldwide Chavan, J., & Ahmad, F. (2013). Worldwide Ling, G., Yeo, S., & Lim, K. (2016). Worldwide Mandal, P., & Bhattacharya, S. (2013). Worldwide Lee, E., & Park, C. (2014) Worldwide Table 1: Analysis of the articles with a focus on New Zealand or Worldwide regarding customer satisfaction with banking services. At the same time, it was essential to understand the presence of a particular issue in the selected articles (see Table 2). For example, it was apparent that all publications had well-developed and described a sampling frame and data collection instruments. Nonetheless, sometimes, it was difficult to evaluate the articles, and the assessment was completed based on the understanding and opinion of the researchers. Ethical Issues Analysed Sampling frame Response Rate Data Collection: Time Collection Instrument New Zealand – 2 10 – Other countries – 5 10 – Total 0 7 20 0 Table 2: Ethical issue discovered in the articles: Summary. Sampling frame In the first place, the description of the sampling frame was evaluated, and it was revealed that all selected articles had this feature. For example, both publications of Abdullah et al. (2014) not only described the target audience but also provided interesting information about the selected location and specifics of New Zealand. Nonetheless, it could be said that researcher bias might be a primary cause of stating that all chosen articles covered this point. Simultaneously, it was difficult to determine the aspects that the sampling frame had to reveal. Thus, Bar Chart 2 and 3 are visual representations of results in New Zealand and worldwide. Bar Chart 2: Analysis of the articles with a focus on New Zealand: Sampling frame issue. Bar Chart 3: Analysis of the articles with a focus on different countries (worldwide): Sampling frame issue. Identification of Response Rate In turn, one could not underestimate the significance of the response rate, as it identifies the number of responses that are valid and contribute to the research question (Fletching & Boo, 2012). Apart from being one of the critical components that ensured the publication’s compliance with the ethical framework, only a limited number of articles clearly indicated a precise number of initially selected responses and their quantity after evaluation. Nonetheless, the publication by Lee & Moghavvemi (2015) was one of the bright examples. In the first place, 900 questionnaire results were selected while after the assessment only 748 of them were used (Lee & Moghavvemi, 2015). It seemed that this parameter was clear, but for some articles, it was difficult to determine even the original sample size. For instance, Mandal & Bhattacharya (2013) utilised focus groups as a qualitative method, and it created difficulties for understanding the overall number of participants. Overall, apart from the difficulties Bar Charts 4 and 5 present the results for all articles. In New Zealand, this rate was rather low (20%) while in publications from other continents, it was 50%. Bar Chart 4: Analysis of the articles with a focus on New Zealand: Response rate issue. Bar Chart 5: Analysis of the articles with a focus on different countries (worldwide): Response rate issue. Determining Specific Timeframe of Data Collection Another essential matter that was depicted in the standards was the need to identify the date when the information was collected (Fletching & Boo, 2012). It could be said that this information is usually present in the abstract of a publication or its methodology section. This matter is vital since it contributes to the validity of the provided information. Surprisingly, all articles did not reflect a precise time and date when the results were collected (see Bar Charts 6 and 7 for more information). It could be assumed that in the context of customer satisfaction in the banking sector, these details were not necessary. Alas, the absence of these aspects questioned the validity and relevance of the collected and interpreted findings. When conducting research in this industry, the researchers have to fill these gaps and include this important element in the abstract or methodology section. Bar Chart 6: Analysis of the articles with a focus on New Zealand: Collection time issue. Bar Chart 7: Analysis of the articles with a focus on different countries (worldwide): Collection time issue. Instrument Information The last part of the evaluation process focused on the assessments of the instruments that were used to collect information and findings of the paper. Its substantial importance was underlined by actively and precisely describing it in all publications. Nonetheless, similar to the sampling frame, it was difficult to evaluate this matter, and the researchers had to rely on their opinions and interpretation of the ethical codes solely (see Bar Chart 8 and 9 for more information). Bar Chart 8: Analysis of the articles with a focus on New Zealand: Instrument information. Bar Chart 9: Analysis of the articles with a focus on different countries (worldwide): Instrument information. Conclusion The primary goal of this report was to evaluate 20 articles regarding customer satisfaction of banking services in New Zealand and other countries, and all of them had at least one ethical issue with 100% issue rate. In this instance, the most common problems in New Zealand were a time of data collection (100%) while in the publications from different parts of the world, they were a time of data collection (100%) and a response rate (50%). Nonetheless, the most common limitations were related to a particular interpretation of different standards by the researchers. For example, the required content of the sampling frame could be interpreted differently and reviewed from dissimilar angles. Another matter was the fact that only four issues were discovered, and conducting profound research in this sphere could be considered as an opportunity. Apart from this implication, the revealed findings can be used by scholars to assess the selected publications for literature review and revise the framework of the existent ethical code. At the same time, speaking of consumer satisfaction in the banking segment, scholars have to use the present ethical codes to conduct researches and write reports. Nonetheless, revising the existent framework can determine the criteria that are not necessary such as a time of data collection and ease the research process. References Abdullah, M., Manaf, N., Ahsan, K., & Azam, F. (2014). Service quality and consumer perception on retail banking facilities and employees’ courtesy in Malaysia and New Zealand. European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research, 1 (2), 70-80. Abdullah, M., Manaf, N., Yusuf, M., Ahsan, K., & Azam, F. (2014). Determinants of customer satisfaction on retail banks in New Zealand: An empirical analysis using structural equation modelling. Global Economy & Finance Journal, 7 (1), 63-82. Alnsour, M. (2013). How to retain a bank customer: A qualitative study of Jordanian banks relational strategies. International Journal of Marketing Studies, 5 (4), 123-131. Baumann, C., Elliot, G., & Burton, C. (2012). Modelling customer satisfaction and loyalty: Survey data versus data mining. Journal of Services Marketing, 26 (3), 148-157. Chavan, J., & Ahmad, F. (2013). Factors affecting on customer satisfaction in retail banking: An empirical study. International Journal on Business & Management Intensions, 2 (1), 55-62. Clemes, M., Gan, C., & Du, J. (2012). The factors impacting on customers’ decisions to adopt Internet banking. Banks and Bank Systems, 7 (3), 33-50. Clemes, M., Gan, C., & Zheng, L. (2007). Customer switching behaviour in the New Zealand banking industry. Banks and Bank Systems, 2 (4), 50-65. Frechtling D. C. & Boo, S. (2012). On the ethics of management research: An exploratory investigation. Journal of Business Ethics , 106 (2), 149-160. Gan, C., Clemes, M., Limsombunchai, V., & Weng, A. (2006). A logit analysis of electronic banking in New Zealand. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 24 (6), 360-383. Gan, C., Clemes, M., Wei, J., & Kao, B. (2011). An empirical analysis of New Zealand bank customers’ satisfaction. Banks and Bank Systems, 6 (3), 63-77. Gan, C., Cohen, D., Clemes, M., & Chong, E. (2006). A survey of customer retention in the New Zealand banking industry. Banks and Bank Systems, 1 (4), 83-99. Khan, M., & Fasih, M. (2014). Impact of service quality on customer satisfaction and customer loyalty: Evidence from banking sector. Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences, 8 (2), 331-354. Lau, M., Cheung, R., Lam, A., & Chu, Y. (2013). Measuring service quality in the banking industry: A Hong Kong based study. Contemporary Management Research, 9 (3), 263-282. Lee, E., & Moghavvemi, C. (2015). The dimension of service quality and its impact on customer satisfaction, trust, and loyalty: A case of Malaysian banks. Asian Journal of Business & Accounting, 8 (2), 91-122. Lee, E., & Park, C. (2014). Does advertising exposure prior to customer satisfaction survey enhance customer satisfaction ratings? Marketing Letters, 26 (4), 513-523. Ling, G., Yeo, S., & Lim, K. (2016). Understanding customer satisfaction of internet banking: A case study in Malacca. Procedia Economics and Finance, 37 (1), 81-86. Mandal, P., & Bhattacharya, S. (2013). Customer satisfaction in Indian retail banking: A grounded theory approach. The Qualitative Report, 18 (28), 1-21. Rod, M., Ashill, N., & Carrunters, J. (2009). An examination of the relationship between service quality dimensions, overall internet banking service quality and customer satisfaction. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 27 (1), 103-126. Sahu, R., Dash, M., & Kumar, A. (2017). Applying predictive analytics within the service sector . Hershey, PA: IGI Global. Shah, F., Khan, K., Imam, A., & Sadiqa, M. (2015). Impact of service quality on customer satisfaction of banking sector employees: A study of Lahore, Punjab. Vidyabharati International Interdisciplinary Research Journal, 4 (1), 54-60. Yavas, U., Babakus, E., & Ashill. (2010). Testing a branch performance model in a New Zealand bank. Journal of Services Marketing, 24 (5), 369-377. Zeinalizadeh, N., Shoraje, A., & Shariatmadari, M. (2015). Modelling and analysis of customer satisfaction using neural network approach. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 33 (6), 717-732.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: The essay discusses the case of Satyam Computer Services Ltd, a company that used to be India's fourth-largest computer services firm. The company turned out to be a huge failure due to crucial mistakes in the governance system.

The essay discusses the case of Satyam Computer Services Ltd, a company that used to be India's fourth-largest computer services firm. The company turned out to be a huge failure due to crucial mistakes in the governance system.

Satyam Scandal and Corporate Governance Failure Case Study Introduction The concept of corporate governance has been practiced in India for nearly twenty years. However, several examples of disastrous corporative conduct indicate that the country’s corporate governance framework is not developed effectively and adequately enough. The most recent scandal concerns the case with Satyam Computer Services Ltd (“Satyam”) – the company that used to be India’s fourth-largest computer services firm. Because of crucial mistakes in the governance system, Satyam turned out to be a huge failure, causing a lot of losses and trouble to its managerial team, stakeholders, and partners. The present analysis of the Satyam case study aims at identifying the most important facts surrounding the case, discussing the key issues concerned with it, suggesting the alternative courses of action and evaluating them, and recommending the most suitable course of action. The Most Important Facts Surrounding the Case The essential facts associated with the case are as follows: 1. On 27 June 1987, Ramalinga Raju founded Satyam Computer Services along with his brother-in-law. At first, there were as little as twenty employees, but the organization determined itself as a large-scale player in the country’s IT sector, concentrating on the services concerned with software outsourcing. 2. In 1991, the company made a successful first public appearance on the Bombay Stock Exchange. In four years, the company launched Satyam Infoway (“Sify”) that suggested back-office outsourcing services to a variety of customers in the US and Europe. In 1999, Sify was operating in thirty countries and became the first company from India to be listed in NASDAQ (National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations). 3. Raju was getting on good terms with Indian business and political leaders. In 2000, during the US President’s visit to Hyderabad, Raju shared the podium with him. He built friendly relationships with many other leaders and important people. 4. In 2007, Satyam was appointed the official IT service provider for the FIFA World Cup in 2010 in South Africa and the FIFA World Cup 2014 in Brazil. In the same year, Raju was awarded the Ernst and Young Entrepreneur of the Year award for expanding his IT company to more than 50,000 employees. Raju was regarded to be one of the most successful Indian businessmen in many countries of the world. 5. In 2008, the company’s revenues exceeded $2 billion, and Satyam won many distinguished awards. In November, Raju co-chaired the World Economic Forum Summit that took place in New Delhi, India. At the summit, Raju announced his firm’s outstanding performance and promised to find a way out for Satyam in the global economic crisis. 6. The company’s downfall started at the end of 2008, after Raju’s shocking confession about inflating the data concerning the company’s performance. On 23 December, Satyam became blacklisted for eight years by the World Bank on the basis of bribing the bank officials and data theft. The beginning of 2009 was marked by the fall of the company, preceded by Raju’s shocking confession about numerous manipulations and fraudsters in Satyam. After the confession letter, the company’s drop in share price was 78%. 7. The actual cash and bank balance of Satyam were $65 million, while the inflated balance was $1.03 billion. The inflated accrued interest was $7.7, whereas, in fact, there was none. The actual liability was undisclosed, while the inflated liability was $252 million. Moreover, the actual number of employees was 10,000 smaller than the number reported by Raju – there were 40,000 employees instead of 50,000 mentioned. Raju used made-up names to redirect $4 million monthly out of the company’s accounts. The Key Issues There were four major issues that led to Satyam’s disgraceful collapse: including the independent directors in the company’s board committee, drawbacks in audit, problems with disclosure and transparency, and the failure in CEO/CFO role. Failure of Independent Directors The failure of Satyam was closely associated with the role played by independent directors. These people were supposed to control the company’s activity. However, they did not express either interest or anxiety with the state of things in Satyam. The independent directors had to inquire why the company had so much cash at its disposal, but they never raised such a question. On the contrary, they continued to keep silent for several years while knowing that such a way of conduct could be harmful to the company’s stakeholders and partners. The way in which Satyam’s independent directors behaved may be called carelessness at best. In fact, this negligence bordered on fraudster, since keeping silence about such a major crime almost equals participating in the crime. Drawbacks in Audit The main role of an audit committee in any company is to make sure that its activity is transparent and clear to all stakeholders. In the case with Satyam, however, the audit committee did not perform its functions. Such actions led to the failure of the company’s control system and did not present a true picture of the financial matters at Satyam. The audit committee did not perform the necessary role in restricting false information about the financial matters in Satyam. The failure of the audit committee to provide the board with realistic facts negatively affected the organization’s performance. Problems with Disclosure and Transparency One of the keys to success in business is providing the transparency and disclosure of the company’s materials so that the real state of things could be seen and evaluated. By providing these principles, the organization demonstrates its capability or incapability of doing the business, and its prospects can be seen by the stakeholders. In the case with Satyam, neither transparency nor disclosure was provided. The data provided by Raju did not reflect the real state of things, which led to investors losing huge sums of money without even guessing it. All the data provided to stakeholders was fabricated, and no one suspected what was actually happening within the organization. Therefore, the norms of disclosure and transparency existing in Satyam greatly undermined the access to realistic data. Failure in CEO/CFO Role Finally, Satyam had problems with the role played by CEO and CFO. The rules of corporate governance presuppose that the company’s CEO/CFO guarantees the accuracy and honesty of the company’s financial statements. Unfortunately, Satyam’s CEO Raju and CFO Vadlamani did not perform their functions properly. Because of their illegal activity that resulted in hiding the true financial data, the company’s investors, stakeholders, and clients did not even guess about the catastrophic situation with the matters in Satyam. The company’s strategy and performance suffered from such wrongdoing of the major people in the organization. The whole strategy was built in a wrong way because no one knew that the numbers were not true, and no one could plan any actions aimed at improving the situation. Alternative Courses of Action Failures of Satyam’s operations at various levels require a thorough reconsideration of the company’s work and finding possible ways of saving the situation. The following three alternative courses of action at Satyam seem plausible, dividing the responsibilities, inviting independent supervisors, and government intervention. By dividing the responsibilities, the company would have avoided the concentration of power and access to information in one or a few people’s hands. Inviting independent supervisors would have eliminated the fraud schemes as independent curators are interested not in personal profit but in finding flaws in the organization’s work. Government intervention would have shown to the company that there is always a higher power than the company’s management. If the government had demonstrated its interest and control, Raju would not have felt so powerful and would not have been able to perform so many illegal operations in Satyam. Evaluation of Each Course of Action Dividing the Responsibilities The first suggested solution is concerned with sharing the duties between the members of a company as opposed to concentrating the majority of the power in the hands of just one person or a few people. If several people know that they have to cooperate and evaluate the organization’s results at regular periods of time, they will feel an increased responsibility and dedication to a highly objective assessment. Moreover, if a person planning any illegal actions knows that his or her actions will be observed and analyzed by others, the plans to perform fraudster might be reconsidered. For instance, if Raju had known that people other than him would be able to notice the discrepancies in financial papers, he would have had no desire or, at least, opportunity to lead to such disastrous outcomes. The costs of such a course of action are not as high as the people can be chosen from the managing team or other subordinates. However, the benefits are rather good – everyone within the organization will know that there is no way of performing any illegal actions as several people will be responsible for different parts of the process, and they will regularly compare and contrast the numbers. Inviting Independent Supervisors This course of action is a little bit more time- and cost-consuming. Still, the benefits of such an approach would outnumber the costs. If Satyam had invited independent supervisors, the intricate scheme of hiding huge sums of money would have been impossible. People from the outside would not have had any personal preferences, and they would have been rather objective in their judgments. Also, it would have been difficult to bribe such supervisors, as the company’s manager could not have known beforehand what people would be assigned to check the financial data. Government Intervention The third suggested solution also requires additional resources, but it could have saved the company from the disaster. As the experience with Satyam shows, not only the organization but also the whole country became a symbol of a fraudster and lost the trust and support of many ex-partners all over the world. Therefore, it is crucial that the government should control such huge companies. If there had been some government interventions, it would have been possible to notice the problems at Satyam at the initial stages and find solutions to save the situation. The Best Course of Action Recommended: Government Intervention Although government intervention is probably the most time- and cost-consuming out of the suggested solutions, it seems the most productive one. The other two alternatives also have some good points, but they do not suggest the same level of control. And as the case of Satyam shows, the lack of control was the major cause of such a disastrous end of the company. The feasibility of government intervention is lower than that of dividing the responsibilities. However, from a technical and operational standpoint, it is quite reachable. Compared to inviting independent supervisors, government intervention suggests more control and requires nearly the same expenses. Therefore, taking into consideration all risks and benefits, this course of action is the most suitable one. Conclusion The sad story of one of the most successful Indian computer software companies gives several lessons to be learned. Due to crucial errors in the corporate governance system at Satyam, the organization’s CEO was able to perform a huge number of illegal operations and remain undiscovered for several years. There were drawbacks in Satyam’s audit, problems with transparency and disclosure, and failures of independent directors and is CEO/CFO roles. Taking into consideration the scale of losses to which such deficiencies led, it seems necessary to reconsider the ways in which large companies organize their governance system. Independent supervision shared responsibilities, and government control are necessary to eliminate the appearance of similar disasters in the future. While such measures may require extra resources, the outcomes will be rather productive for the companies, their employees, and the country whose reputation these companies should support.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : Inflation is a persistent rise in prices that affects a country in both positive and negative ways. It needs to be managed so that an economy can function properly. The future inflation rate is expected to be quite erratic.

Inflation is a persistent rise in prices that affects a country in both positive and negative ways. It needs to be managed so that an economy can function properly. The future inflation rate is expected to be quite erratic.

Saudi Arabia and Inflation: Past, Present, Future Research Paper Future of Inflation Rate Inflation, a persistent rise in prices, affects a country in both positive and negative ways. It needs to be managed so that an economy can function properly. The economy of Saudi Arabia is fully supported by the oil trade and is currently performing above average. The future inflation rate is expected to be quite erratic. For instance, in 2017, the inflation rate is expected to hit a low of 1.98%. In 2018, it is expected to increase to 4.7%. Further, the rate is expected to be stable at 2.04%. Purpose of the Paper The paper seeks to carry out an analysis of the inflation rate in Saudi Arabia. Specifically, the paper will look at the present, past, and future interest rates. Some of the other research questions that the paper will answer are listed below. * What is inflation? * What causes inflation? * How can we measure inflation (what is CPI)? * What is the relationship between inflation and money supply (monetary policy)? * What is the role of the Saudi Central Bank (SAMA) about inflation? * Was the Saudi Central Bank (SAMA) effective at controlling interest rates in the past? What measures have been taken to ensure control? * What is the historical inflation trend in Saudi (2008 onwards)? Research Methodology The paper will make use of both qualitative and quantitative approaches to answer the research questions. The quantitative approach will make use of numbers, charts, and other statistical approaches such as regression. On the other hand, the qualitative approach will focus on interpreting the data and other numerical figures through objective and subjective analysis. Literature Review Inflation is a scenario where the price level of commodities and services in an economy persistently goes up over a specific period. When a country is experiencing inflation, the purchasing power goes down because a unit of currency buys fewer goods and services. This creates a loss in the value of a medium of exchange. Economies across the globe always try to maintain a stable and low rate instead of negative or zero inflation (Baumann & McAllister, 2015). Inflation is measured by calculating the inflation rate. It is the rate of change in the price index over time. The most commonly used one is the consumer price index. The consumer price index is a statistical estimate that is built using the prices of a sample of items. The prices of this sample are gathered from time to time. In Saudi Arabia, the consumer price index is majorly made up of food, beverages, renovation, rent, fuel, water, transport, and telecommunication (Bernholz, 2015). The causes of inflation can be analyzed by looking at the type of inflation. The two types are demand-pull and cost-push inflation. Demand-pull inflation occurs when the economy is near full employment. During this period, a swell in aggregate demand results in a rise in the price level when all other factors are held constant. Some causes of demand-pull inflation are monetary stimulus, high demand for fiscal stimulus, depreciation of the exchange rate, and rapid growth that is experienced in other economies. On the other hand, cost-push inflation occurs when firms shift the rising costs by increasing prices to protect their bottom lines. Some of the causes of this type of inflation are an increase in the price of raw materials, labor costs, monopoly employers, and increased taxes. In Saudi Arabia, the key factors that affect inflation are external factors such as inflation in trading partners, exchange rate, and high oil prices (Bernholz, 2015). The price level depends on the money supply in the economy. Thus, there is a direct connection between the rate of inflation and the rate of growth of the money supply. The relationship between inflation and money supply can be explained by the quantity theory of money (Bernholz, 2015). This theory holds that the money supply is equal to the value of all transactions. * MV = PY + M = dollars required to make transactions + V = velocity of money + P = gross domestic product deflator index + Y = real gross domestic product The theory is based on the assumption that the velocity of money (V) is constant. Thus, changes in M are affected by changes in PY. Another assumption is that M does not affect real output (Y). This assumption is because the real output is affected by variables such as the state of the labor market and production function. This implies that a change in M results in a change in P only. This theory suggests that alterations in the money stock (M) would result in a comparative adjustment in P. This implies that if money grows at a high rate, then it will cause higher inflation levels in the economy. Based on this theory, expansionary monetary policies such as borrowing (external and internal) and printing of money cause inflation. The central bank of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is known as the Saudi Arabian Monetary Authority (SAMA) (Saudi Arabian Monetary Authority, 2017). The authority is tasked with performing many functions. Some of the key roles of this agency are managing the monetary policy to retain the stability of exchange rate and prices, printing the national currency, strengthening of the currency, and ensuring that the currency maintains its value (Alkahtani, 2013). The key drivers of inflation in Saudi Arabia are growth in money supply and government spending. Thus, the monetary policy supports fiscal policy by maintaining price stability. In the past, bank credit had a dismal effect on inflation. Therefore, SAMA did not see the need to regulate bank credit. In recent years, there has been significant growth in bank assets which is a strong indication of financial deepening. This implies that future causes of inflation are likely to be excess credit. Therefore, SAMA came up with prudential and macro-prudential policies to regulate the availability of credit. In 2008, the country experienced an increase in the inflation rate. The rate was 7.1%. The rate further rose to 11.2% in 2009. Between 2010 and 2016, the inflation rate ranged between 2.19% in 2015 and 4.02% in 2016. The interest rate decisions are taken by SAMA in Saudi Arabia. The official interest rate is the Official Repo Rate (ORR). In 2008, the benchmark repo rate interest rate was high at 5.5%. However, the country reached a high of 7% in 2000. In the recent past, the interest rate has been at a constant level of 2% (International Monetary Fund, 2017). This shows SAMA has been effective in controlling the interest rates. Data Collection Inflation Rate Table 1: Monthly inflation rate. Month Inflation Rate 2008-01-01 7.00% 2008-02-01 8.70% 2008-03-01 9.60% 2008-04-01 10.50% 2008-05-01 10.40% 2008-06-01 10.60% 2008-07-01 11.10% 2008-08-01 10.90% 2008-09-01 10.40% 2008-10-01 10.90% 2008-11-01 9.50% 2008-12-01 9.00% 2009-01-01 7.90% 2009-02-01 6.90% 2009-03-01 6.00% 2009-04-01 5.20% 2009-05-01 5.50% 2009-06-01 5.20% 2009-07-01 4.20% 2009-08-01 4.10% 2009-09-01 4.40% 2009-10-01 3.50% 2009-11-01 4.00% 2009-12-01 4.30% 2010-01-01 4.20% 2010-02-01 4.60% 2010-03-01 4.70% 2010-04-01 4.90% 2010-05-01 5.40% 2010-06-01 5.50% 2010-07-01 6.00% 2010-08-01 6.10% 2010-09-01 5.90% 2010-10-01 5.80% 2010-11-01 5.80% 2010-12-01 5.40% 2011-01-01 5.30% 2011-02-01 4.90% 2011-03-01 4.70% 2011-04-01 4.80% 2011-05-01 4.60% 2011-06-01 4.70% 2011-07-01 4.90% 2011-08-01 4.80% 2011-09-01 5.30% 2011-10-01 5.30% 2011-11-01 5.20% 2011-12-01 5.30% 2012-01-01 5.30% 2012-02-01 5.40% 2012-03-01 5.40% 2012-04-01 5.30% 2012-05-01 5.10% 2012-06-01 4.90% 2012-07-01 4.00% 2012-08-01 3.80% 2012-09-01 3.60% 2012-10-01 3.80% 2012-11-01 3.90% 2012-12-01 3.90% 2013-01-01 4.20% 2013-02-01 3.90% 2013-03-01 3.90% 2013-04-01 4.00% 2013-05-01 3.80% 2013-06-01 3.52% 2013-07-01 3.70% 2013-08-01 3.50% 2013-09-01 3.20% 2013-10-01 3.00% 2013-11-01 3.10% 2013-12-01 2.97% 2014-01-01 2.88% 2014-02-01 2.79% 2014-03-01 2.62% 2014-04-01 2.70% 2014-05-01 2.70% 2014-06-01 2.69% 2014-07-01 2.60% 2014-08-01 2.83% 2014-09-01 2.83% 2014-10-01 2.58% 2014-11-01 2.50% 2014-12-01 2.41% 2015-01-01 2.18% 2015-02-01 2.10% 2015-03-01 2.02% 2015-04-01 2.01% 2015-05-01 2.08% 2015-06-01 2.16% 2015-07-01 2.15% 2015-08-01 2.07% 2015-09-01 2.30% 2015-10-01 2.44% 2015-11-01 2.28% 2015-12-01 2.28% 2016-01-01 4.26% 2016-02-01 4.18% 2016-03-01 4.27% 2016-04-01 4.20% 2016-05-01 4.08% 2016-06-01 4.07% 2016-07-01 3.83% 2016-08-01 3.30% 2016-09-01 3.00% 2016-10-01 2.61% 2016-11-01 2.31% 2016-12-01 1.71% 2017-01-01 -0.44% 2017-02-01 -0.07% 2017-03-01 -0.45% Chart 1: Trend of inflation rate. Inflation Forecasts Table 2: Inflation rate forecasts. Year Annual inflation rate 2017 1.98% 2018 4.7% 2019 2.04% 2020 2.04% Chart 2: Graphical display of forecasted annual inflation rate. Interest Rates Table 3: Data on interest rate. Interest rate The interest rate on government securities 3.00 0.330000 3.00 0.260000 2.25 0.270000 2.25 0.330000 2.25 0.390000 2.00 0.450000 2.00 0.470000 2.00 0.430000 2.00 0.410000 2.00 0.360000 2.00 0.350000 1.50 0.338200 0.75 0.351300 0.75 0.354000 0.75 0.355000 0.50 0.362500 0.50 0.419300 0.25 0.431000 0.25 0.260000 0.25 0.270000 0.25 0.330000 0.25 0.390000 0.25 0.450000 0.25 0.470000 0.25 0.430000 0.25 0.410000 0.25 0.360000 0.25 0.350000 0.25 0.338200 0.25 0.351300 0.25 0.354000 0.25 0.355000 0.25 0.362500 0.25 0.419300 0.25 0.431000 0.25 0.433700 0.25 0.390800 0.25 0.396300 0.25 0.391800 0.25 0.390000 0.25 0.385000 0.25 0.330000 0.25 0.290800 0.25 0.272800 0.25 0.262000 0.25 0.286800 0.25 0.307700 0.25 0.282300 0.25 0.329000 0.25 0.339800 0.25 0.354800 0.25 0.365800 0.25 0.375800 0.25 0.381300 0.25 0.368300 0.25 0.376400 0.25 0.384000 0.25 0.413900 0.25 0.443000 0.25 0.496500 0.25 0.498000 0.25 0.492000 0.25 0.455000 0.25 0.490900 0.25 0.488000 0.25 0.499000 0.25 0.503990 0.25 0.465340 0.25 0.489010 0.25 0.497010 0.25 0.472410 0.25 0.527980 0.25 0.574340 0.25 0.528000 0.25 0.528000 0.25 0.528000 0.25 0.528000 0.25 0.528000 0.25 0.526660 0.25 0.526660 0.25 0.526660 0.25 0.502660 0.25 0.473660 0.25 0.418660 0.25 0.412700 0.25 0.405300 0.25 0.400300 0.25 0.398900 0.25 0.397700 0.25 0.391000 0.25 0.395000 0.25 0.431300 0.25 0.470000 0.25 0.520000 0.25 0.560000 0.25 0.813330 0.25 1.033100 0.25 1.126700 0.25 1.167500 0.25 1.249700 0.25 1.438300 0.25 1.435700 0.25 1.029990 0.25 1.054000 0.25 1.066000 0.25 1.046200 0.25 0.940160 0.25 0.868340 0.25 0.849338 0.25 0.805938 Chart 3: Trend of interest rate. Money Supply Table 4: Data for money supply. M1 M2 M3 398194000000.00 689018000000.00 815137000000.00 399126000000.00 692136000000.00 827353000000.00 411706000000.00 705839000000.00 834041000000.00 408384000000.00 699199000000.00 826210000000.00 418872000000.00 702851000000.00 844404000000.00 429150000000.00 711926000000.00 860697000000.00 427709000000.00 732064000000.00 877050000000.00 419178000000.00 737560000000.00 885771000000.00 417909000000.00 744411000000.00 888453000000.00 417647000000.00 745558000000.00 901087000000.00 426605000000.00 772557000000.00 919324000000.00 425494000000.00 793118000000.00 929125000000.00 436250000000.00 787978000000.00 928427000000.00 448362000000.00 799681000000.00 956589000000.00 459795000000.00 816198000000.00 965601000000.00 470015000000.00 818373000000.00 977604000000.00 471762000000.00 816407000000.00 986847000000.00 476054000000.00 824203000000.00 1001903000000.00 488641000000.00 836038000000.00 1011391000000.00 489446000000.00 825061000000.00 994725000000.00 492679000000.00 823313000000.00 999925000000.00 495722000000.00 826140000000.00 1003903000000.00 506234000000.00 848240000000.00 1023234000000.00 521558000000.00 844935000000.00 1028944000000.00 531692000000.00 839519000000.00 1005570000000.00 531781000000.00 849545000000.00 1009850000000.00 542010000000.00 855717000000.00 1010511000000.00 549389000000.00 856979000000.00 1002953000000.00 555609000000.00 863592000000.00 1012323000000.00 576928000000.00 880975000000.00 1035582000000.00 589134000000.00 878816000000.00 1034820000000.00 589122000000.00 876285000000.00 1023425000000.00 591279000000.00 889453000000.00 1050936000000.00 595171000000.00 878756000000.00 1040839000000.00 609087000000.00 899487000000.00 1061277000000.00 625592000000.00 923874000000.00 1080370000000.00 638858000000.00 927948000000.00 1087031000000.00 641042000000.00 933632000000.00 1096716000000.00 685779000000.00 983598000000.00 1149654000000.00 722624000000.00 1009170000000.00 1175390000000.00 722480000000.00 1013890000000.00 1174710000000.00 716633000000.00 1014937000000.00 1171004000000.00 727600000000.00 1014000000000.00 1170070000000.00 736120000000.00 1018570000000.00 1175330000000.00 726460000000.00 1016000000000.00 1175850000000.00 735228000000.00 1017408000000.00 1190954000000.00 745475000000.00 1028908000000.00 1193299000000.00 760985000000.00 1066427000000.00 1223563000000.00 781501000000.00 1077978000000.00 1234616000000.00 790140000000.00 1094716000000.00 1248265000000.00 800183000000.00 1107197000000.00 1270619000000.00 809610000000.00 1101552000000.00 1269921000000.00 809828000000.00 1106675000000.00 1265419000000.00 811618000000.00 1120594000000.00 1286147000000.00 819708000000.00 1113188000000.00 1281531000000.00 833396000000.00 1116893000000.00 1288775000000.00 823114000000.00 1116970000000.00 1310056000000.00 847205000000.00 1172235000000.00 1346285000000.00 837667000000.00 1147458000000.00 1329558000000.00 887115000000.00 1221543000000.00 1393754000000.00 896761820000.00 1220167820000.00 1400172635000.00 905143176000.00 1229755861000.00 1398211935000.00 940948093000.00 1253034790000.00 1427173882000.00 956512157000.00 1268046140000.00 1448943918000.00 960760590000.00 1279273894000.00 1469842834000.00 961968431000.00 1281349171000.00 1466359722000.00 978649497000.00 1289993445000.00 1474025312000.00 975185365000.00 1290523582000.00 1467102946000.00 964875794000.00 1290516121000.00 1485258501000.00 969947544000.00 1296227110000.00 1486336925000.00 993149700000.00 1323840800000.00 1509362000000.00 1000449300000.00 1345484675000.00 1545149127000.00 1039982242000.00 1380577264000.00 1579656895000.00 1036490745000.00 1384959153000.00 1583429910000.00 1061853209000.00 1409864489000.00 1620689393000.00 1086948943000.00 1434554479000.00 1641366921000.00 1090182399000.00 1450754205000.00 1647539268000.00 1090586076000.00 1450785369000.00 1646991237000.00 1084864530000.00 1473364164000.00 1669317776000.00 1101004574000.00 1491287381000.00 1679834915000.00 1098919521000.00 1500506920000.00 1684223727000.00 1096572472000.00 1493904632000.00 1705354045000.00 1108079168000.00 1500548269000.00 1694805729000.00 1142950803000.00 1541694084000.00 1729355579000.00 1142906056000.00 1525126448000.00 1700949639000.00 1210852300000.00 1595330900000.00 1768421900000.00 1217562600000.00 1602256700000.00 1785279100000.00 1243716000000.00 1602257000000.00 1795381000000.00 1258350000000.00 1631460000000.00 1819443000000.00 1257089261000.00 1630105405000.00 1820159457000.00 1247372623000.00 1624372797000.00 1807743111000.00 1232986295000.00 1613621158000.00 1797093179000.00 1232986295000.00 1613621158000.00 1797093179000.00 1232986295000.00 1613621158000.00 1797093179000.00 1232986295000.00 1613621158000.00 1797093179000.00 1145559000000.00 1580060000000.00 1774095000000.00 1152485458000.00 1572000505000.00 1764393044000.00 1149178712092.09 1561291421092.09 1752725051409.52 1154645031563.36 1567083367486.85 1778362389166.07 1152594051000.00 1558684195000.00 1769009751000.00 1159588471705.67 1568842659101.95 1761909960620.63 1145714221037.00 1589235766660.95 1773626337535.28 1139529789291.04 1570162905645.44 1753382132219.63 1120543200264.41 1575750925041.26 1752329149680.89 1115957800000.00 1591061000000.00 1755933400000.00 1128865932506.13 1626889889554.54 1778879078466.05 1146904393812.69 1635687616257.01 1793751874003.17 1144435059177.08 1636030205985.34 1787351585660.29 1149844080218.16 1619670884348.89 1769582062820.19 1140480000000.00 1609250000000.00 1753860000000.00 Chart 4: Trend for money supply. Data Analysis Analysis of Trend A review of table 1 and chart 1 show that there was an increase in the inflation rate between January and November 2008. The rise in the inflation rate necessitated SAMA to put in place several measures that were aimed at reducing the rate. The major cause of inflation during this period was the inflationary pressure in other countries due to the global financial crisis. The country experiences a decline in the rate until January 2009. Between 2009 and December 2015, the country has experienced low levels of inflation. There has also been a general decline in inflation during the same period. However, there was a slight increase in January 2016. Between January and March 2017, Saudi Arabia had negative values of inflation. This implies that the country is experiencing a decline in price levels. Table 2 and chart 2 shows the expected annual inflation rate. A low of 1.98% is expected in 2017 followed by a sharp increase in 2018. A constant rate of 2.04 % is expected in both 2019 and 2020. Table 3 and chart 3 displays the trend of both the repo rate and the deposit rate. Since May 2009, SAMA has maintained the repo rate at a constant rate. The deposit interest rate was also low with a slight increase between September 2015 and May 2016. Table 4 and chart 4 shows that there has been a continuous increase in money supply in the economy as measured by M1, M2, and M3. Based on the quantity theory of money, it is expected that as the money supply increases, then the rate of inflation should also go up. However, this is not the case as can be seen in the trend of the inflation rate. Descriptive Statistics Table 4: Summary of descriptive statistics. Inflation rate Interest rate (Repo rate) Deposed interest rate M1 M2 M3 Mean 0.046 0.480 0.498 829568730633 1173049073101 1343910580650 Standard Deviation 0.023 0.622 0.247 283375396993 320856073893 334262543237 Kurtosis 1.480 6.229 4.256 -1.45 -1.49 -1.50 Skewness 1.170 2.712 2.158 -0.08 0.10 0.06 Range 0.1154 2.75 1.178 860156000000 947012205985 1005022457000 Minimum -0.0044 0.25 0.260 398194000000 689018000000 815137000000 Maximum 0.111 3 1.438 1258350000000 1636030205985 1820159457000 Correlation Table 5: Correlation results. Inflation rate Interest rate (Repo) Interest rate (government securities) M1 M2 M3 inflation rate 1 interest rate (Repo) 0.7878 1 Interest rate (government securities) -0.3249 -0.2098 1 M1 -0.8000 -0.5412 0.5528 1 M2 -0.7945 -0.5163 0.6143 0.9918 1 M3 -0.8006 -0.5296 0.6113 0.9928 0.9990 1 The correlation results show that there is a strong positive relationship between the repo rate and the inflation rate. Also, there is a negative relationship between inflation and other variables. Regression Analysis A multiple regression analysis will be carried out to analyze the association between the three variables. The regression result will take the form presented below. Y = X1I 1 + X2I 2 + X3M1 + X4M2 + X5M3 Where; * Y = inflation rate; * X1 (I 1) = Repo rate; * X2 (I 2 ) = Interest rate on bonds; * X3 (M1) = Money stock /supply; * X4 (M2) = Money stock / supply; * X5 (M3) = money stock / supply. Table 6: Regression results. SUMMARY OUTPUT Regression Statistics Multiple R 0.9272902 R Square 0.8598672 Adjusted R Square 0.8531300 Standard Error 0.0089393 Observations 110 ANOVA Df SS MS F Significance F Regression 5 0.05099 0.010199 127.6306 9.76223E-43 Residual 104 0.00831 7.99E-05 Total 109 0.05930 Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value Intercept 0.110705 0.0130623 8.4751 1.67E-13 I 1 0.01904 0.0017558 10.845 8.69E-19 I 2 0.0269 0.0053892 4.999 2.34E-06 M1 1.03161E-13 3.09267E-14 3.335 0.001181 M2 -8.26203E-14 6.52064E-14 -1.2670 0.207964 M3 -5.68613E-14 6.65078E-14 -0.8549 0.39454 Based, on the results above, the regression equation will take the form Y = 0.1107 + 0.01904 X 1 + 0.0269 X 2 + 1.03161E-13X 3 – 8.26203E-14X 4 – 5.68613E-14X 5 . The intercept is 0.1107. It has no significant statistical interpretation. It simply shows the variables that have not been included in the regression equation. The positive coefficient values for repo interest rate, the deposit interest rate, and M1 imply that their inflation and these three variables move in the same direction. If the variables change by one unit, then inflation will change by the value of the coefficient. On the other hand, M2 and M3 have a negative coefficient. It implies that there is an inverse relationship between these two variables and inflation. If M2 and M3 increase by one unit, then inflation will drop by the value of the coefficient. The coefficient of determination (R-square) is 0.8599. The value shows that 85.99% of the variations in inflation is explained by the five variables. It is an indication of a strong explanatory variable. The value of an adjusted R-Square is also high at 0.8531. Another area that can be analyzed in the regression results is the significance of the explanatory variable. This can be done by looking at the p-value and t-statistic. The t-statistics will be compared with the significance level of 5%. If the p-value is less than the level of significance, then the variables will be statistically significant at the 95% confidence level. From the table, the p-values for repo rates (8.69E-19), interest rate on government securities (2.34E-06), and M1 (0.001181) are less than the significance level. This implies that they are statistically significant at the 95% confidence level. On the other hand, the p-values for M2 (0.20796) and M3 (0.3945) are greater than 0.05. Therefore, the two variables are not statistically significant at the 95% confidence level. The final area that will be analyzed in the regression result is ANOVA. It is used to test the significance of the entire regression line. This can be achieved by evaluating the F-values. From the table, F-statistic is 127.63, while significance F is 9.76223E-43. This value is lower than the significance level of 0.05. This implies that the overall regression line is significant at the 95% confidence level. Thus, the statistical analysis indicates that the regression is significant and can be relied upon. Thus, inflation is a strong determinant of GDP. However, M2 and M3 can be dropped from the regression equation because they not statistically significant. The results indicate that the interest rate and M1 affect inflation in Saudi Arabia. M1 comprises of physical money, checking accounts, negotiable order of withdrawal accounts, and demand deposits. Therefore, if SAMA wants to control inflation in the country, then they should come up with measures that target these variables. Conclusion The paper carried out an analysis of the past, present, and future inflation rates in Saudi Arabia. The objectives of the paper were to understand inflation, measures of inflation, the causes of inflation, the relationship between inflation and money supply, the role of SAMA, and the effectiveness of SAMA in controlling interest rates. The paper made use of both quantitative and qualitative approaches to answer the research objectives. From the analysis, it can be deduced that inflation is a persistent rise in price levels in the economy that are caused by demand-pull and cost-push factors. Besides, it is measured using the consumer price index. Further, the quantity theory of money is used to explain the relationship between money supply and inflation. The theory suggests that there is a direct association between money supply and inflation. The discussion above also indicates that SAMA has successfully controlled the interest rate. The inflation rate was high in 2008. The values dropped between 2008 and 2015. Thereafter, the values rose again. In 2017, the inflation rates in the country were negative. The regression results show that the repo rate, deposit interest rate, and M1 are the statistically significant variables that affect inflation. However, M2 and M3 are not significant determinants. Therefore, M2 and M3 can be dropped from the regression equation and other variables can be added. The positive relationship between inflation rate and M1 confirms the quantity theory of money, which states that there is a positive association between inflation and money supply. Also, the positive relationship between inflation and interest rate indicates that bank credit affects the inflation rate. Therefore, it is important for the regulatory authority to closely monitor bank credit. References Alkahtani, K. J. (2013). The effects of the fiscal policy on economic activity in Saudi Arabia: An empirical analysis . Web. Baumann, D. & McAllister, L. (2015). Inflation and string theory (1 st ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Bernholz, P. (2015). Monetary regimes and inflation: History, economic and political relationships (2 nd ed.). Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. International Monetary Fund. (2017). Data . Web. Saudi Arabian Monetary Authority. (2017). Inflation rate . Web.

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Provide the full text for the following summary: Scholar VR is a small virtual reality (VR) planning company that has its headquarters in Manchester, United Kingdom. The firm offers VR services for gaming, music, films, food, and tourism.Scholar VR comes up with a product it believes will make VR technology affordable to small and medium companies within the United Kingdom. The technology will transform the way these firms operate.

Scholar VR is a small virtual reality (VR) planning company that has its headquarters in Manchester, United Kingdom. The firm offers VR services for gaming, music, films, food, and tourism. Scholar VR comes up with a product it believes will make VR technology affordable to small and medium companies within the United Kingdom. The technology will transform the way these firms operate.

Scholar VR: Virtual Reality Planning Service Studio Report Executive Summary Making a successful entry into a market for a new firm require a detailed understanding of the market. In this paper, a detailed marketing and financial plan have been provided for Scholar VR that will enable it to achieve success when it starts its operations. The plan looks at a comprehensive analysis of the market, opportunities and threats, appropriate marketing strategy, implementation plan, and evaluation processes needed. Introduction Company Background Scholar VR is a small virtual reality (VR) planning company that has its headquarters in Manchester, United Kingdom. The firm offers VR services for gaming, music, films, food, and tourism. VR technology is increasingly becoming relevant in modern society. Technology is playing a central role in transforming our society and companies, irrespective of their size, are under pressure to embrace the emerging technologies to ensure that they remain competitive (O’Doherty & Einsiedel 2013). VR technology has been around for some time, and it has proven to be an effective way through which firms can plan their projects and general operations. However, it is apparent that although this technology is approaching its maturity stage, many companies are still unable to use it, especially the small and medium-sized companies. It is, therefore, critical to find ways of ensuring that this technology is made available eve to small firms which are still unable to invest heavily in it (Mihelj, Novak, & Begus 2013). Scholar VR comes up with a product it believes will make VR technology affordable to small and medium companies. The technology will transform the way these firms operate. The firm’s primary market is the United Kingdom. It will target gaming arcades, theme parks, bars, concerts, music festivals, film art students, low-budget film companies, and advertising agencies in the countries. These firms were selected because the nature of their activities requires the use of VR technology, but their low budget makes it almost impossible to embrace the technology. Making this technology affordable will enable them to use it in improving their operations and competing favourably with larger companies. Company Objectives This new company seeks to change the approach that companies have taken when it comes to the use of VR technology. This form of technology has been around for some time, and as such, it should be affordable to as many businesses as possible (Stanković 2016). It should not be a preserve for large financially-empowered companies. The following are the objectives of Scholar VR: * To make VR technology affordably to low-mid-end companies within the United Kingdom * To promote the use of VR technology services among small and mid-sized companies within the country. * To ensure that the small and mid-sized companies in the United Kingdom understand the leverage they can get by using VR technology. Opportunity Idea Generation When coming up with a business idea, there must be an opportunity that a firm seeks to tap within the market (Kent 2012). Scholar VR has noticed that there is an opportunity within the market which can be tapped with the right products. Idea generation is often the first step when planning to come up with a new company. This idea was generated when the researcher participated in planning a music festival. During the planning of this festival, we faced numerous challenges that could easily be addressed with the help of VR technology (Madden 2012). It took us a long time to come up with the final plan. The event made the researcher interested in finding ways of making this technology affordable for small and medium companies. A mini-market research revealed that theme parks, gaming halls, film art students, bars, and vocal concerts are other entities that really need VR technology services but cannot afford the current high prices. Scholar VR saw an opportunity in the market worth tapping. It was on this background that this company was created, to provide VR services that small and medium companies can afford to improve their operations. Further Research The initial research shows that there is a lucrative market for the products that Scholar VR will be offering in the market. However, it is important to note that the initial research was conducted in only two cities: Manchester and London. However, the management of this company is interested in offering this product in the entire country. It is, therefore, important to conduct further research that is more comprehensive than the initial one that will focus on the entire country (Khan, Raouf & Cheng 2012). The research will look at the appropriate target market that the company should focus on, the nature of products they need most, how to deliver the product to them, and effective promotional campaign platforms that will be used to reach them (Kardaras 2016). The new research should help this firm to come up with a comprehensive business plan that will be implemented once Scholar VR starts its operations. The Big Idea Scholar VR will be selling its products to business entities. The initial plan is to target small and medium-sized companies within the United Kingdom. It is important to note that the current players in this industry have ignored this market segment. As such, the initial operational activities of this new company will face little competition (Westerman, Bonnet, & McAfee 2014). It may take a while for the big industry players to realise that we are present in the market and may pose a serious competitive threat in the market. The big idea is for this firm to gain its footing in this industry by targeting market segments that other competitors have ignored (Dörner, Broll & Grimm 2014). After gaining market experience and revenues that can support its expansions, Scholar VR intends to widen its market scope in future. It will be necessary to expand its operations beyond the borders of the country. After five years of operation, the management believes that Scholar VR will be the leading provider of VR technology services to small and medium companies in the region. Targeting small and medium-sized companies was a strategic decision that was made by the management. The segment is very attractive, not only because other existing companies ignore it, but also the fact that there are numerous companies in the country falling under this category. According to Choi, Dailey-Hebert, and Estes (2016), the United Kingdom has more small and mid-sized companies than large Multinational Corporation. With the right products, this market segment offers this new company opportunity to grow and to become sustainable in its operations. Feedback from Industry It will be critical to get feedback from the VR entertainment industry to help the management of this company plan its operations. Once Scholar VR starts its operations, sustainability will be determined by its ability to offer products that meet the expectations of its customers in the best way possible. It means that it will have to adjust its products and product delivery methods in line with the changing environmental forces (Weiss, Keshner & Levin 2014). To do this, it will need to understand the changing tastes and preferences in the market where it operates (Pimple 2013). It will need to maintain close communication with the clients to know what pleases them better and ways in which this firm can improve to serve them better. Within the marketing department, customer care unit will be responsible for collecting the needed feedback. Customers will be capable of communicating directly with the representatives of the firm working in the customer care unit. Any complaints or compliments will be addressed to this unit (Cellary & Walczak 2012). Other than ensuring that issues raised by the customers are addressed within the shortest time and best way possible, the department will also send these complaints and compliments to the relevant departments to ensure that there is continuous improvement. Market Analysis According to Khaled (2012), when a new firm is planning its market entry, it is important to have a comprehensive understanding of the market itself. Launching products often involve spending a substantial amount of money. Without a proper understanding of the market, a firm can bring to a halt its operations because of cases such as low profitability, unaffordable operational expenses, inability to meet the demands in the best way possible, or any other market factor that was ignored before launching the product. Closing down operations after starting for whatsoever reason not only leads to loss of resources but also damaged reputation as there will be a failure tag even if the firm will be strong enough in the future to reinitiate its operations. Market analysis helps in understanding the market forces and eliminating any mistakes that may be very costly for the firm. Market Overview The market overview is critical in enabling Scholar VR to understand the market concept (Bates-Brkljac 2012). The VR technology market is increasingly becoming relevant for firms, especially when it comes to planning. It enables firms to create a scenario of what is going to take place in the market if a certain decision is made. It creates some kind of a laboratory that helps in predicting how people will act and how their actions will affect the firm. As such, VR technology has become almost a basic tool for planning. However, it is unfortunate that the cost of this technology has remained unaffordable to small and medium-sized companies. Although these companies know that new technology is important in their planning, the issue of cost has forced them to continue using traditional planning tools. This is so because most of the existing companies offering VR technology products have ignored this segment of the market (Yeoman & Yu 2012). There are numerous small and medium-sized companies in the country, which means that there is an opportunity for this firm’s growth. Scholar VR is getting into the market clearly understanding the segment it should target and the forces that it should expect. Market Trends Scholar VR must understand the market trends to offer products that meet the specific needs of the customers. Initially, VR technology was very popular for gaming services. However, there is an emerging trend where this technology goes beyond gaming (Huang, Alem & Livingston 2013). It is now used in various other platforms, top of which is planning. An emerging trend where VR technology is actively used in planning activities is becoming common. Companies have realised that this technology can be used, not only in the entertainment sector but also in the field of management and decision-making. It helps in assessing various options that have to be made and selecting the most appropriate ones based on the projected outcome (Chishti & Barberis 2016). It remains a very important aspect of entertainment and plays a critical in modern-day management. Scholar VR must be capable of offering products that can be used in these contexts to ensure that the needs of its customers are met in the most appropriate way possible. PESTEL In market analysis, one of the most important factors that must be considered is the external environmental forces. PESTEL analysis helps in ensuring that a firm clearly understands these forces and is capable of aligning its internal operations with them (Jeong, Yen & Park 2014). The political environment in the United Kingdom has been stable since the end of the Second World War. A firm needs a stable political environment where it is assured of security and the rule of law. Handing over power from one regime to the next has always been done smoothly, which shows that the country is one of the leading democracies in the world. Scholar VR is assured that unpredictable political instability is very unlikely in this country. According to Riener and Harders (2012), the leadership of the United Kingdom always has any direct interference in the operations of private companies. It is unlikely that the political class may come up with policies and regulations intentionally meant to hurt operations of this new company. Such a supportive political environment is critical in ensuring that the firm achieves the desired success in the market. The economic environment is also important to analyse before Scholar VR starts its operations. The economic environment helps a firm to determine the purchasing power of the market and whether the targeted customers will find the product affordable. The United Kingdom is one of the leading economies in the world with a very high per capita income compared with other nations. It has the fifth-largest economy in the world and the second-largest in the European Union after Germany. The country’s economic growth has been impressive after the 2008 Global Economic Recession ended. A report by Westwood (2013) shows that the purchasing power of most of the small enterprises often relies on the financial capability of their owners. This is so because most financial institutions are often reluctant to lend money to firms with no history and lack of collateral (Simakova 2013). The fact that the per capita income in the country is high means that the owners of these businesses can easily get additional funds from family and friends to expand their operations (Baldwin 2016). For medium-sized companies, the financial market in the United Kingdom has been growing consistently. These firms can easily get funds from the financial market to sustain or expand their operations. The socio-cultural factors may sometimes have a significant impact on the operations of a firm in the market. The purchasing pattern of customers is often defined by the socio-cultural forces (Anumba & Wang 2012). The social environment in the United Kingdom has been influenced largely by emerging technologies. The culture makes it easy for business entities to embrace new methods of operation. They understand that to manage stiff competition in the market. They have to find better ways of operation. They hand to use modern means of planning and VR offers exactly that. With such a mindset in the country, it is easy to predict that the socio-cultural environment in the United Kingdom will act in favour of this new company. The technological environment is also important, specifically because this new company is a technological firm. The United Kingdom is a first world country where technology defines people’s way of life. The country is one of the main global hubs for emerging technologies (Blascovich & Bailenson, 2012). It means that Scholar VR should be ready to be an innovator in this market to survive. Technology has also redefined marketing and finance activities. Social media marketing through platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube has completely changed the approach that firms are taking to promote their products. Technology is also changing accounting activities as firms are under pressure to be precise and timely in managing the accounts. The global leaders are becoming concerned about the need to protect the environment and ecology has, therefore, become one of the most important factors that may influence the operations of a company. The United Kingdom has been working with other countries globally to ensure that emission of greenhouse gases and other activities that lead to environmental degradation are reduced (Lloyd 2014). The country, working closely with other European Union nations, has come up with policies that regulate the number of greenhouse gases a firm can emit per given time. The activities of Scholar VR do not pose any significant threat to the environment. As such, this firm is sure that there will be no interference from the government or environmental agencies in regard to environmental pollution. However, the management must ensure that it protects its immediate environment by managing wastes properly and engaging in environmental conservation activities. The legal environment is the final actor in this model that the management of Scholar VR cannot ignore. As Lanier (2015) notes, a firm cannot operate in a lawless environment. The laws and regulations help in determining how a firm relates with its customers, suppliers, competitors, government, members of the public, and other relevant stakeholders. The United Kingdom also has laws that define the process of registering a new firm and how it should operate after registration. The management of Scholar VR will need to ensure that it follows these laws and regulations once it starts its operations to avoid any legal battles. Perceptual Map Brand positioning is critical in terms of creating a strong appeal to a specific segment of the market. A perceptual map helps in diagrammatically identifying the position that a firm should target in terms of quality and price. As Wagner (2012) notes, when the price is set very high, then a section of the market may not afford the product, and as such, it will only target the rich. When quality is compromised, then customers- irrespective of their purchasing power- will try to avoid the product. There must be a compromise where the price is set at affordable rates without lowering the quality. In figure 1 below, this company will occupy position E. Figure 1: Product positioning map. Source (Marchant 2016). Position E was selected because it shows the firm will strive to offer products of very high quality but at relatively lower prices compared with what other firms offer. As Lanier (2015) says, offering clients high-quality products at a fair price is one of the best ways of winning their loyalty. The affordability of the products offered is one of the fundamental premises upon which this company was developed. Blippers offer high-quality products, but at high prices, hence they fall in position A. In position B is Pebble studios, which offers relatively good quality products at fair prices. Vitalis prices its products below market average, but clients often complain about quality, which means that it falls in position C. Among the companies reviewed, none of them falls in position D, a firm that offers poor quality but charges high prices. Competitor Analysis It is important to identify one competitor that stands out among the rest and analyse how it operates and the nature of the threat that it poses to our new company. Blipper is the competitor of choice. Founded in London in 2011, Blippers currently offers its products in 11 cities in Europe, North America, and Asia-Pacific. This company has grown very fast, and it is currently offering its services to global brands such as Coca Cola Company, PepsiCo, Unilever, Heinz, Time Inc, Proctor & Gamble, CNN, Forbes, Fast Company, CNBC, and Jaguar among other top brands (Hedengren 2012). Its success is attributed to its team of highly dedicated and skilled employees, understanding and flexible management, and top quality products. Scholar VR seeks to follow the path that this firm has followed to its current glory. Porters Five Forces The industry within which this firm will be operating can be analysed using Porters Five Forces. This model identifies five sources of threat that a firm must be ready to deal with in the market. Figure 2 below shows the model. Figure 2: Porters Five Forces. Source (Aukstakalnis 2015). The first factor in this model is the threat posed by stiff rivalry among the existing competitors. Scholar VR will face some level of competition in the market despite the unique market segment it has selected. It is expected that some of the leading players in this industry will gain interest in this market segment that they have been ignoring the moment they realise that a new firm is thriving in it. As such, they make the top competitors expected once this company starts its operations. Blippar and Vitalis are the primary competitors that this company will have to deal with because they offer similar products, although their current focus is the multinational corporations within the country. Inition is another competitor that this firm will have to deal with in its operations. The threat of new entrant is another factor that this company will have to deal with in the market. According to Christensen (2016), the threat of new entrants is often determined by government policies, the level of investment required, and the nature of expertise needed. The government of United Kingdom has often avoided barriers to trade, which means that companies offering the same products can easily operate in this market (Penichet, Peñalver & Gallud 2013). With the emerging technologies, the cost of starting a similar company has significantly gone down, making it easy for other companies to enter this market. The number of IT experts graduating from various institutions of higher learning locally and internationally is also growing. These factors are very favourable to new entrants. It means that the threat posed by new entrants is likely going to increase, and the management of Scholar VR will need to find strategies of managing it. The bargaining power of the customers can pose a threat, especially in cases where they have the power to dictate the price. Scholar VR’s primary market will be other companies that may need to use VR services in their operations. As Crawford (2015) notes, sometimes organisational buyers may have bargaining power, especially when they have a number of choices to make. It is expected that other new firms will emerge, further increasing the alternatives for these buyers. It is expected that their bargaining power will be strong. The bargaining power of the suppliers is another issue that Scholar VR must be ready to deal with when it starts its operations. When a firm has a number of suppliers to choose from when planning to purchase a product, it becomes easy to request for better deals from them. However, when the suppliers control the market, then they become the determinant of price in the market. For Scholar VR, it can get its supplies from a number of suppliers, which means that their power is relatively low. However, it is important to note that the current state, in reference to the power of suppliers, may change in case the number of suppliers goes down. The final factor in this model that the management of Scholar VR needs to understand is the threat posed by substitute products in the market. If the substitutes can meet the needs of the customers just as much as the products of this company would, then they may pose a serious challenge in the market. The main substitute of VR is AR (Augmented Reality). The two products have a number of similarities in terms of immersing the users into the virtual world. However, AR blends virtual reality with real life, making it a very powerful alternative. Scholar VR must appreciate the power of these alternative products and be ready to deal with this threat in the market. SWOT Strength and opportunities After analysing the external environment in which Scholar VR will operate, it is now important to focus on internal analysis of the firm to determine how capable it is to operate in the market. The main strength of this firm is its team of a highly skilled workforce capable of understanding forces in the market and delivering products which are in line with its expectations. The small size of this company also plays a critical role in making it flexible to changes within the environment. The firm can easily adjust its operations whenever it is necessary (Bryan 2014). The market presents opportunities that Scholar VR should take advantage of when it starts its operations. The existing players in this industry have often ignored the small and mid-sized companies by charging very high prices for their products. Targeting this segment will offer this firm an opportunity to grow. The growing size of the country’s economy also means that the purchasing power of this firm’s client is likely going up. Weaknesses and threats The firm’s main weakness is its limited experience in this market. More experienced companies that have stayed in this market for a while may have a better capacity to understand market forces and deal with them in a better way than this new company (Rasmussen 2014). The firm currently has limited sources of finance, which is another weakness that may make it unable to conduct a regular comprehensive study. The market presents a number of threats the firm will have to deal with, top of which is the expected competition. The competitive rivalry in the market may make it difficult for the firm to achieve the level of success it so desires. Brand Concept Scholar VR will need a very strong brand in the market to achieve the desired success in the market. Customers often associate the brand with the quality it offers. As such, this new company will need to come up with a comprehensive plan that will enable it to strengthen its brand within the United Kingdom. Business Summary Scholar VR offers virtual reality services for gaming, music, films, food, and tourism within the United Kingdom. The primary target of this company will be the small and medium-sized companies which need VR services but are unable to afford these products because of the high costs. This company has identified the opportunity that it will take advantage of in this highly competitive business environment. Mission & Vision Defining the mission and mission of this company as it seeks to develop a strong brand in the market is critical. The management must ensure that the mission and vision statements reflect its long term goals in the local or even regional market. As Craig (2013) notes, the vision statement makes it easy for the stakeholders to peep into the future by explaining where the firm seeks to be at after a given period. The following is the vision of Scholar VR. To be the leading supplier of virtual reality services for gaming, music, films, food, and tourism within the United Kingdom. The mission statement should explain the path that the company is going to take to achieve a set vision for the firm. Based on the above vision statement, the operations of this company will be guided by the following mission statement. Continuously offer high-quality products to the customers in line with the changing technologies, tastes, and preferences in the market. The vision and mission statements developed above will enable the firm to overcome challenges in the market and become one of the most trusted VR companies within the country. Brand Identity Brand identity will help this company to create a perception among the customers, which is favourable to its success. Creating brand identity may be complex, but when done properly, it creates a permanent image in the minds of the customers that will constantly remind them of the products offered under the brand. The identity should pass a strong and memorable message. The following are critical when developing a brand identity. Brand name The brand must have a name that is simple and easy to remember. The chosen name is Scholar VR. The name passes strong messages to the customers. The use of the name scholar is a reminder that at this firm, there is continuous research as the firm seeks to deliver the best to its customers. Using VR as part of its name emphasises on the fact that our main products will be virtual reality services. Brand logo A brand logo is also important because it creates an image that customers will always remember every time the brand name is mentioned. Customers will be looking for this image in the market every time they purchase a product from this company. Brand colours Brand colours are also important. When developing the brand image, the firm should take into consideration the need to come up with specific colours that will be appealing to the target customers. The chosen colours should help reemphasise the quality of products that the firm will be offering in the market. Brand slogan A brand slogan is another factor that the firm should come up with and should clearly bring out what the firm seeks to remind its customers. The slogan must be simple and straightforward. It must pass a message about the brand and its products. Based on the vision and mission statements developed above, the following brand slogan will be used. Your trusting, caring partner in the VR world. Brand Essence Brand essence, according to Ma, Jain, and Anderson (2014), is the heart and soul of a brand that is used across all the category of products in the market. It should be stated in two or three strong words that customers will always remember at all times. The following is the proposed brand essence that the management should consider using. We are you The above statement shows that this company is committed to its customers. Its success is intertwined with the happiness of its clients. Brand Guidelines The management will need to embrace a guideline for its brand that will make customers develop unique preference towards it (Bauman 2013). The brand attributes should work closely together in passing a message to the audience that products offered by this company are of very high quality. The colour, slogan, essence, and logo should all create an image of a company keen on meeting the needs of its customers in the best way possible. Strategy Business Summary Scholar VR will need to embrace a business strategy that will make it gain a competitive advantage in this business over its market rivals. The firm must be ready to deal with the expected competition in the market. Coming up with a unique strategy will require this firm to start by understanding the forces in the market and how they can be manipulated to achieve the desired results in the market. Objectives It is necessary to outline the objectives that this firm seeks to achieve by developing an effective marketing strategy. The following are the specific objectives that this company seeks to achieve using the marketing strategies stated in this chapter: * To gather marketing knowledge in regard to the tastes and preferences of customers within this industry * To come up with strategies aligned to the identified tastes and preferences in the market * To ensure that both strategic and operational strategies embraced by the firm are flexible to the changing environmental patterns * To gain a competitive edge over major market rivals within the United Kingdom Unique Selling Proposition The unique selling proposition, also known as a unique selling point or simply as USP, involves making a proposition to the customers about what a brand offers in a way that is superior to other existing brands (Alem & Huang 2012). Scholar VR’s unique selling proposition will be quality and low price. The products that this firm will be offering to its customers will be of very high quality. The firm also promises its customers, through its marketing campaigns, of low prices that can be affordable to small and medium-sized companies. For a long time, VR services have majorly been at the disposal of large financially-empowered companies. However, this new company is going to create a new environment where this technology will also be available to small and medium companies within the United Kingdom. Risk Assessment When developing a marketing strategy, the management must have a detailed analysis of the potential risks that the firm is likely to face when it starts its operations (Lipiński & Świrski 2012). Risk assessment makes it possible for a firm to be ready for the possible forces in the market that may affect it in various ways. The biggest risk factor is competition from rival firms. Stiff competition may narrow the market share of this firm, making it difficult to make meaningful profits in the market. Other risks such as inflation, insecurity, changing technological environment, among others, may also have a significant impact on the operations of this firm. The management must come up with a comprehensive plan that will be used to manage these risks. Target Consumer The target market for Scholar VR is the gaming arcades, theme parks, bars, concerts, music festivals, film art students, low-budget film companies, and advertising agencies in the countries. The firm target small and medium-sized companies in the above categories because the nature of their work makes VR technology critical in ensuring that they are successful. The segment was targeted because it was revealed through market research that the players have ignored it and instead focused on the big multinational companies. Competition is less stiff, and the growing number of these targeted consumers of our products will create an opportunity for rapid growth. This firm will offer these consumers within the targeted segment’s products that meet their expectations in the best way possible. B2B Marketing Overview The targeted customers for this company are business entities discussed in the section above (Dill 2012). The firm will, therefore, employ a business-to-business model of marketing when dealing with these organisational buyers. Organisational buyers tend to differ from individual consumers. They have a relatively huge purchasing power and often buy in bulk. As such, marketing strategies employed must focus on maintaining a close relationship with them. Direct marketing will be one of the best strategies when handling these customers. Sending the firm’s representatives to the management of these targeted firms so that a meaningful discussion and mutually beneficial agreement is achieved will be necessary. The direct contact with the customers will make it possible for the clients to ask for clarification on our product and give their views that will help in promoting continuous improvement. It will also create a unique bond between our company and the clients that it serves within the United Kingdom. Marketing Mix When developing its marketing strategies, primary marketing mix elements of product, price, place, and promotion should not be ignored. These elements must be looked at individually and collectively to align company products with market needs. Product Scholar VR’s product will be a VR planning service studio for small and medium-sized gaming arcades, theme parks, bars, concerts, music festivals, film art students, low-budget film companies, and advertising agencies in the countries. The product will enable these companies to take a completely new approach when it comes to planning (Zoukis 2014). The product will be installed on the premises of the clients when they purchase it from our company. Price Our unique selling point is affordable quality products. As such, the management was keen on offering our clients prices that they can afford based on the needs and nature of their business. The set price is below what most firms offer because the targeted market segment has low purchasing power. The products will range from £ 1050 to £ 2500 based on the needs of individual customers. The set price is affordable to the target market. Place The place element is also critical when defining marketing mix elements. Given that the VR planning service studious will be developed at the premises of the clients, this firm will have a team of experts who will be moving from one place to another installing it at the requested sites. Once a customer pays for an order, a team of experts will be dispatched to their sites for the installation. Promotion The firm will invest in promotional campaigns to popularise the brand and products of this company. Social media marketing will be an appropriate platform through which this firm will popularise its products. In the United Kingdom, Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube are popular social media platforms that will help Scholar VR to popularise its brand and products. The firm will also use mass media, especially television and radio, as platforms to promote its brand. Implementation Internal and Business to Business Communication When implementing the plan, one of the most important factors will be to have an effective communication platform. Internally, there should be a platform where employees can easily communicate amongst themselves and with the senior managers (Portnoy 2012). Externally, the firm should develop a platform that will enable it to communicate with its customers. Using emerging communication technologies may be necessary as further discussed in the section below. Business to business communication may sometimes be easier than communicating with individual consumers. The marketing department can easily make direct phone calls to organisational customers or even visit their premises whenever it is necessary to make clarifications or pass important messages. Media Planning The management should have an effective media planning strategy to enhance communication with external stakeholders. The public relations department will be responsible for non-promotional media relations, especially if an issue arises that may have a significant impact on the public and customers of this firm (Antonelli 2012). The plan should ensure that this company is capable of communicating with external stakeholders in a way that protects its integrity and promotes its brand and products. Marketing Budget Marketing activities identified in the above section will require funding. It is, therefore, necessary for the management to come up with a clear budget that will be used in all the marketing activities. The marketing budget is often determined by marketing needs. As a new firm that is just getting into the market, this company needs to invest a lot of financial resources in promoting brand and products of this company. However, limited resources mean that the marketing budget must be planned very carefully. In its strained budget, the firm has set aside £ 250,000 for advertisements in its first four months of operation. As time goes by, more will be invested in this area in a way that is sustainable. Creativity When implementing the strategy, another important factor that the firm will need to consider is creativity (Bainbridge 2013). As a new, relatively small firm that is just getting into the market, this firm should be creating in its operations. It should embrace an approach of delivering its products that is unique compared with what other rival firms do in the market. It should use its team of talented employees to develop new products or product delivery methods in the market. Innovation should be highly valued as a way of enabling this firm to achieve a competitive edge over rival firms. Communication Time Plan The management should come up with a communication time plan that will be used in the market. The following table shows a guideline that can be used to guide communication activities that the firm will use once it starts its operations. Table 1: Communication time plan. Source (Developed by author). Communication Timeline 1 st Month 2 nd Month 3 rd Month 4 th Month General brand promotion X Promoting products X Direct contact with clients X Feedback and re-communication X As shown in the table above, communication activities are clearly outlined, and the time within which they should be carried out is stated in the plan. Brand and Financial Management In this section, the focus will be to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the financial plans and expectation and the management strategies that will be used to promote Scholar VR brand in the market. Sourcing Finance The primary source of finance for this new company will be the owners. The owners are expected to make financial contributions to the creation and development of this company. The owners may also borrow from friends and family members to help create additional sources of capital in its initial years of operation. However, as the firm gains a reputation in the market, it is expected that Scholar VR will be capable of earning profits which will form an important source of finance. When necessary, the firm will get more funds from financial institutions in the form of loans. In case the company achieves the planned growth, then public offering will be another important source of income when it starts selling shares in the capital market. Key Start-Up Costs As Kipper (2012) notes, when starting a new business, it is not easy to have an exact prediction of all the costs that will be needed for the start-up. Some miscellaneous costs often arise that were completely unplanned for initially. As such, it is always advisable to have a budget that can cover unplanned costs. Table 2 below shows the costs which are needed to start operation. The next section will focus on a comprehensive financial analysis of this new company. User Forecasts: Financial Analysis Assumptions: * All figures are in GBP (Starling Pound) * This pro forma income sheet and balance sheet are prepared in contribution format. * Contribution income and balance sheet statements break costs down the line items in these statements. * Salaries will vary according to sales and that the company may hire or fire depending on business volumes. Table 2: Profit and Loss Analysis. Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Total Sales 938,944 1,561,492 1,622,390 1,685,664 1,751,404 Total Variable costs 563,044 601,653 625,676 650,658 676,638 Contribution Margin 375,900 959,840 996,715 1,035,005 1,074,766 Total Fixed Costs 708,276 704,152 705,062 706,009 706,994 Total Income before Tax (332,376) 255,688 291,652 328,996 367,772 Tax Expense 0 69,035.66 78,746.09 88,828.93 99,298.48 Net Income (332,376) 186,652 212,906 240,167 268,474 Table 3: Balance Sheet Analysis. Period Ending: Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Assets Current assets Cash and cash equivalents 214762.17 (139079.06) (452287.09) (723812.62) (952566.08) Inventories 93,350.40 155,584.00 161,651.78 167,956.20 174,506.49 Total Current Assets 308,112.57 16,504.94 (290635.32) (555856.43) (778059.59) Machinery and equipment 42,611 39,542 36473 33,404 30,335 Less – accumulated depreciation (3069.20) (3069.20) (3069.20) (3069.20) (3069.20) Other payable (80030) Goodwill 72,0354 1,043,498 1,325,729 1,565,988 Total Assets 267,624 773,332 786,266 800,207 815,194 Liabilities and Stockholder’s Equity Current Liabilities Current portion of long-term debt 13,320 13,320 13,320 13,320 13,320 Total Current Liabilities 13,320 13,320 13,320 13,320 13,320 Long term liabilities Long term debt 86,680 73,360 60,040 46,720 33,400 Total Liabilities 100,000 86,680 73, 360 60,040 46,720 Stockholder’s Equity Paid in capital 500,000 500,000 500,000 500,000 500,000 Retained earnings (332,376) 186,652 212,906 240,167 268,474 Total Liabilities and Stockholder’s Equity 267,624 773,332 786,266 800, 207 815, 194 Table 4: Cash Flow Analysis. Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Sources of Cash Total income 938,944 1,561,492 1,622,390 1,685,664 1,751,404 Capital from owner 500,000 Loan from bank 100,000 Uses of Cash Cost of raw materials 188,586.66 196,130.13 203,975.34 212,134.35 220,619.72 Depreciation on equipment 30, 69.20 3,069.20 3,069.20 3,069.20 3,069.20 Salaries 348,636 362,581.44 377,084.70 392168.09 407,854.81 Employee benefits 21,887.2 22,762.68 23673.20 24620.12 25,604.92 Utilities 24,000 24,000 24,000 24,000 24,000 Other Fees and Costs 23,473.60 39,037.30 40,559.76 42,141.59 43,785.11 Inventory holding costs 93,350.40 155,584.00 161,651.78 167,956.20 174,506.49 Advertising and marketing 15,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 Rent 630,000 630,000 630,000 630,000 630,000 Insurance 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 Interest 13,320 13,320 13,320 13,320 13,320 Taxable Income (423,379) 104,007 134,056 165,254 197,644 Taxes 35,362.51 45,579.17 56,186.37 67,199.03 Add Back Depreciation (Non-Cash Expense) 3,069.2 3,069.2 3,069.2 3,069.2 3,069.2 Net Cash Flows 179,690 71,714 91,546 112,137 133,514 Table 5: NPV Analysis. Interest rate 9% Year Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Cash Flow 179,690 71,714 91,546 112,137 133,514 PV factor 100% 92% 84% 77% 71% PV of cash flow 179,690 65,793 77,053 86,590 94,585 Cumulative PV 179,690 245,483 322,536 409,126 503,711 Net Present Value 503,711 With a positive NPV of GBP 503, 711, it means that the business project is economically viable and should be undertaken. Table 6: ROI Analysis. Return on Investment (ROI) indicates the profitability of the business investment. It is computed by dividing the company’s net profit by its total assets for each of the five years. Net profit is derived from the profit and loss account, while total asset figures are derived from the balance sheet. The table below provides a summary of the results. Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Net Income -332,376 186,652 212,906 240,167 268,474 Total Assets 267,624 773,332 786,266 800,207 815,194 ROI 0 24.14% 27.08% 30.01% 32.93% Based on the table above, ROI for the business is 24.41% in year 2 and improves consistently over the next three years to reach 32.93% in year 5. Table 7: ROCE Analysis. Return on capital employed (ROCE) is a measure of profitability that indicates the efficiency of the business in generating profits from the capital invested. In particular, it indicates how many starling pounds in profit each the capital generates. ROCE = Net operating profit/ Capital employed; whereby capital employed equals to Total assets net current liabilities. From the profit and loss account, we get the net profit figures for the five years. Similarly, from the balance sheet, the current liabilities for the five years are deducted from the total assets figures. The table below summarises the results and the ROCE values for the five-year period. Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Net Income -332,376 186,652 212,906 240,167 268,474 Capital Employed 254,304 760,012 772,946 786,887 801,874 ROCE -1.31 0.25 0.28 0.31 0.33 Due to negative net income in the first year of operation, the ROCE for the first year is negative. However, from year 2, the ROCE is positive. For example, in year 2, for each starling pound invested in capital employed, the company generates 0.25 cents of profits. The ROCE constantly improves year after year to reach 0.33 cents in the fifth year of operation. Ansoff Matrix The matrix helps in identifying the strategy that a firm should take in the market to make it unique from its competitors. It provides four main approaches that a firm can possibly, and they include market development, market penetration, diversification, and product development, as shown in figure 3 below. Figure 3: Ansoff matrix. Source (Katina 2013). Scholar VR has its market clearly defined and as such, market penetration will be the best strategy in its initial years of operation. It will focus on getting more clients for its existing products within the United Kingdom’s market. Growth Plan Scholar VR, just like any other new firm, must grow in the market to remain sustainable. The management must come up with a growth plan for the new company. In this plan, the initial focus will be for the firm to penetrate the current market with its products. As its market share expands, the firm will shift its focus to diversification as a way of expanding sources of revenue flow. The next move will be market development where this company will start targeting new regional or even international markets as an expansion strategy. Operations Time Plan The following are the specific operational activities that will be undertaken as the firm prepares to initiate its operations. Table 8: Time plan. Source (Developed by author). Activity/time April 2017 May 2017 June 2017 July 2017 Aug 2017 Market Research X Proposal Dev. X Proposal Approval X Test Marketing X Commercialisation X Evaluation Objective The objective of the evaluation process is to ensure that the strategies and planned activities can help in achieving the desired outcome. Through the evaluation, it will be possible to identify areas of weakness and come up with remedies. Critical Review Every activity has a set timeline within which it should be completed and goals that should be achieved. There will be a critical review of every activity to determine if the intended goal has been achieved within the desired timeline. Each department will be evaluated independently to ensure that the overall goals and objectives of the firm remain achievable (Kurubacak & Altinpulluk 2017). In these reviews, every employee and every department will be made to understand what the firm expects of them and what they can do to improve their performance (Ndubuisi 2012). Every review must outline strengths and weaknesses at every stage of evaluation so that the weaknesses can be addressed. Conclusion Scholar VR is a new company that will be offering a VR planning service studio for small and medium-sized gaming arcades, theme parks, bars, concerts, music festivals, film art students, low-budget film companies, and advertising agencies in the countries. This new company will have its headquarters in the city of Manchester. It will use unique marketing strategies to help it achieve desired success. Reference List Alem, L & Huang, W 2012, Recent trends of mobile collaborative augmented reality systems , Springer, New York. Antonelli, C 2012, The economics of localized technological change and industrial dynamics , Cengage, New York. Anumba, C & Wang, X 2012, Mobile and Pervasive Computing in Construction , John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken. Aukstakalnis, S 2015, Practical augmented reality , Addison-Wesley, New York. Bainbridge, W 2013, EGods: faith versus fantasy in computer gaming , Oxford University Press, Oxford. Baldwin, R 2016, The great convergence: information technology and the new globalization , McMillan, London. Bates-Brkljac, N 2012, Virtual reality , Nova Science Publishers, New York. Bauman, E 2013, Game-based teaching and simulation in nursing and healthcare , Springer Pub. Co, New York. Blascovich, J & Bailenson, J 2012, Infinite reality: avatars, eternal life, new worlds, and the dawn of the virtual revolution , William Morrow, New York. Bryan, C 2014, Handbook of research on economic growth and technological change in Latin America , Cengage, New York. Cellary, W & Walczak, K 2012, Interactive 3D multimedia content: models for creation, management, search and presentation, Springer, London. Chishti, S & Barberis, J 2016, The fine-tech book: the financial technology handbook for investors, entrepreneurs and visionaries , McMillan, London. Choi, D, Dailey-Hebert, A & Estes, J 2016, Emerging tools and applications of virtual reality in education , Wiley, Hoboken. Christensen, C 2016, Competing against luck: the story of innovation and customer choice , McMillan, London. Craig, A 2013, Understanding augmented reality: concepts and applications , Morgan Kaufmann, Amsterdam. Crawford, M 2015, The world beyond your head: on becoming an individual in an age of distraction , Wiley, Hoboken. Dill, J 2012, Expanding the frontiers of visual analytics and visualization , Springer, London. Dörner, R, Broll, W & Grimm, P 2014, Virtual und augmented reality VR: grundlagen und methoden der virtuellen und augmentierten realität , Springer, Berlin. Hedengren, T 2012, Smashing word-press: beyond the blog , John Wiley, Hoboken. Huang, W, Alem, L & Livingston, M 2013, Human factors in augmented reality environments , Springer, New York. Jeong, H, Yen, N & Park, J 2014, Advanced in computer science and its applications: CSA 2013 , Springer, Berlin. Kardaras, N 2016, Glow kids: How screen addiction is hijacking our kids–and how to break the trance , McGraw Hill, London. Katina, M 2013, Uberveillance and the social implications of microchip implants: emerging technologies, Wiley, Hoboken. Kent, J 2012, Augmented reality: the augmented reality handbook – everything you need to know about augmented reality , Kent James, Washington. Khaled, N 2012, Virtual reality and animation for MATLAB and Simulink users: visualization of dynamic models and control simulations , Springer, London. Khan, A, Raouf, A & Cheng, K 2012, Virtual manufacturing , Springer, London. Kipper, G 2012, Augmented reality: an emerging technologies guide to ar , Syngress, Waltham. Kurubacak, G & Altinpulluk, H 2017, Mobile technologies and augmented reality in open education , Oxford University Press, Oxford. Lanier, J 2015, Dawn of the new everything: encounters with reality and virtual reality , Henry Holt, Chicago. Lipiński, P & Świrski, K 2012, Towards modern collaborative knowledge sharing systems , Springer, Heidelberg. Lloyd, I 2014, Information technology law , Wiley, Hoboken. Ma, M, Jain, C & Anderson, P 2014, Virtual, augmented reality and serious games for healthcare 1 , McGraw Hill, New Delhi. Madden, L 2012, Professional augmented reality browsers for smartphones: programming for junaio, layar, and wikitude , Wiley Pub. Inc, Chichester. Marchant, J 2016, Cure: a journey into the science of mind over body , Springer, London. Mihelj, M, Novak, D & Begus, S 2013, Virtual reality technology and applications , Oxford University Press, Oxford. Ndubuisi, E 2012, Disruptive technologies, innovation and global redesign: emerging implications , Springer, New York. O’Doherty, K & Einsiedel, E 2013, Public engagement and emerging technologies , Wiley, Hoboken. Penichet, R, Peñalver, A. & Gallud, J 2013, New trends in interaction, virtual reality and modelling , Springer, London. Pimple, K 2013, Emerging pervasive information and communication technologies (PICT): ethical challenges, opportunities and safeguards , Springer, New York. Portnoy, M 2012, Virtualization essentials , Wiley, Hoboken. Rasmussen, T 2014, Personal media and everyday life: a networked life world , Oxford University Press, Oxford. Riener, R & Harders, M 2012, Virtual reality in medicine , Springer, London. Simakova, E 2013, Marketing technologies: corporate cultures and technological change , Wiley, Hoboken. Stanković, S 2016, Virtual reality and virtual environments in 10 lectures , Oxford University Press, Oxford. Wagner, R 2012, Godwired: religion, ritual, and virtual reality , Routledge, Abingdon. Weiss, P, Keshner, E & Levin, M 2014, Virtual reality for physical and motor rehabilitation , Cengage, New York. Westerman, G, Bonnet, D & McAfee, A 2014, Leading digital: turning technology into business transformation , Wiley, Hoboken. Westwood, J 2013, Medicine meets virtual reality 20: NextMed/MMVR20 , IOS Press, Amsterdam. Yeoman, I & Yu, R 2012, 2050 – tomorrow’s tourism , Channel View Publications, Bristol. Zoukis, C 2014, College for convicts: the case for higher education in American prisons , Oxford University Press, Oxford.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: The essay discusses the concepts of school climate and student culture and how they can be applied to improve the outcomes of education.Both school culture and school climate are considered nowadays factors that should be given attention to improve the outcomes and guarantee that both specialists and pupils will be satisfied with their state.

The essay discusses the concepts of school climate and student culture and how they can be applied to improve the outcomes of education. Both school culture and school climate are considered nowadays factors that should be given attention to improve the outcomes and guarantee that both specialists and pupils will be satisfied with their state.

School Climate and Student Culture Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Climate and Culture 3. Influence on Climate and Culture in a School 4. Conclusion 5. Reference Introduction The last several decades could be characterized by the increased attention given to the sphere of education and establishments that provide students and pupils with knowledge. The fact is that the increased complexity and speed of modern society demands strong background knowledge from a person for him/her to be able to attain success and become appreciated in a certain community. For this reason, the level of interest in the sphere of education increases. At the moment, there are numerous attempts to enhance its functioning by the improved comprehending of the main factors that might impact pupils and educators. School culture and school climate are some of these aspects. Climate and Culture Besides, school culture could be determined as collective beliefs and values that impact the functioning of a school and precondition its development (Whitaker, 2012). In other words, it is a set of traditions and nuances that differentiate this very educational establishment from others and uniquely contribute to its functioning. Formation of school culture is a long-term process that might take decades and even last forever as the appearance of new factors affects some traditional approaches and alters their character. The creation of unique school culture is the prior task of a school principal as it is the ground for the further rise. Nevertheless, the term school climate has another meaning though it sometimes could be confused with the previous one. The climate of a school means the collective mood, morale, or attitudes of a group of people who are united by the same educational establishment (Whitaker, 2012). The formation of the school climate is also a complex process; however, it is subjected to the influence of various factors starting from the mood of a certain individual and ending with the situation in the world. Therefore, it becomes obvious that these two phenomena are similar to each other. They both impact the efficiency of teachers and the whole process. Moreover, they might determine the way individuals function and the way they make some decisions. Additionally, both school culture and school climate are considered nowadays factors that should be given attention to improve the outcomes and guarantee that both specialists and pupils will be satisfied with their state. At the same time, some nuances help to distinguish these two notions. First of all, school culture is a long term phenomenon, and its alterations might take years; however, school climate could change immediately. A conflict between the members of the collective, low wages, problems at home, etc. might have a great negative impact on a certain educator and make him/his act in an unusual way and deteriorate the climate. Furthermore, the culture dictates the manner of behavior and approaches that could be explored to achieve goals in a certain setting when climate just impacts the attitude to these approaches and the way they will be used. It becomes obvious that these notions are similar, but they are not the same. Influence on Climate and Culture in a School A happy teacher is a good teacher. This statement could hardly be doubted. For this reason, it is crucial to guarantee that coming to school, an educator will be able to enjoy the atmosphere and engage in the process willingly. The given task is one of the most important goals of any school principal who wants to improve the outcomes. In this regard, the formation of specific school culture and climate is a very important activity that should be performed to establish a beneficial environment and help all members of the staff to function efficiently. To accomplish this very task, a principal has all needed levers of influence. First of all, it is crucial to mind the fact that the school culture formation is a long-term process that demands the creation of a specific set of values, traditions, and attitudes (Whitaker, 2012). At the same time, the school climate is very changeable and could be altered easily using different approaches. For this reason, a principal should shape culture through climate because of the character of these phenomena and their relations. First of all, it is important to assess the climate and determine its aspects that might impact the culture (Whitaker, 2012). In case the climate does not contribute to the formation of a certain tradition and does not improve educators functioning, it should be altered using positive motivation or other approaches (Whitaker, 2012). For instance, a principal might reward educators in case their pupils show good results. This act will improve the school climate that day. However, if a principal rewards educators every time good results are shown, this sort of behavior might become part of the school culture as it will turn into the unwritten rule and introduce an additional motivation for an educator to work harder and obtain his reward. At the same time, undesirable effects and behaviors that might deteriorate the climate and become part of the culture should be eliminated once they are found. For this reason, a principal should be very sensitive to moods that have a pernicious impact on the functioning of the collective. For instance, Fridays are known as fun because they are the last day of the working week, and educators might feel relaxed and poorly perform their duties because of the expectation of the weekend. A principal should respond to it immediately and not let it become part of the culture. He/she might introduce the practice of additional monitoring on Fridays or some other rewards not to let educators slack their work. Conclusion Altogether, a principal has numerous opportunities to impact the climate and culture by introducing new practices and unwritten rules that might inspire educators to work in a way that could guarantee improved outcomes and great satisfaction from work. This task is extremely important as it guarantees a schools further rise and it’s becoming a unique educational establishment with its traditions and customs. Reference Whitaker, T. (2012). What great teachers do differently: Seventeen things that matter most . Larchmont, NY: Eye on Education.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: is an important tool for building the relations not only between teachers and students but also involving their parents in the whole process.Communication is an important tool for building the relations not only between teachers and students but also involving their parents in the whole process.

is an important tool for building the relations not only between teachers and students but also involving their parents in the whole process. Communication is an important tool for building the relations not only between teachers and students but also involving their parents in the whole process.

School Communication and Interaction With Parents Essay Introduction Education contains various aspects and markers to become the best channel between the knowledge and its receiver. In addition, education uses a lot of instruments, which help to improve the comprehensive part of studies and involve socialization of the pupils. Communication is remaining one of such instruments in building the relations not only between teachers and students but also involving their parents in the whole process. Communication and building school communicative environment First of all, to understand what role communication plays at school, it is necessary to define the term and its purpose in the educational process. Communication in education is the connection between teachers, their students, and the inverse process of connecting parents to the school life of their children. It is evident that the first and most widely-used instrument is actual verbal communication. It seems logical to suppose that there is no way for the successful connection between a teacher and a student if they fail to communicate verbally, making use of words to reach the understanding. Thus, verbal communication works well in the “parents-teacher” pair too. As an example, if a parent wants to know something particular about the child’s studies or the school atmosphere, in most cases he is free to contact the teacher and ask all the necessary questions (Swap, 2013). There is also some differentiation in a teacher’s gender, or, in other words, in the way students perceive the teachers. It does not influence communication significantly, but during younger years of studies, a female teacher is most trusted. It is the process when a pupil tries to project the image of the caring mother to a female teacher, simulation the comfortable, homelike atmosphere, and people around. It does not mean that a man teacher is less competent or frightens the students, but the pupils are more likely to impose more trust on a female teacher in the process of school communication (Stamatis, & Nikolaou, 2016). On-line and nonverbal communication, parents-to-school communication Nevertheless, there is a great deal of technical development, which does not exclude the field of education. Here, the digital era also gives a considerable range of examples, but they lie mostly in the non-verbal aspect of communication. For teachers, digital device usage provides many opportunities for establishing better communication, because they can use internet resources, social nets, and media in the educational process. The Internet is a good instrument for widening the source of information, while the social nets give a chance to stay in touch with the students and be in the trend of online communication. Nonverbal, digital communication is also helpful for parents, as with the existence of on-line schedules, journals, and grade books, they stay informed and involved in the study process of their kids, together with being in touch with teachers. Nonverbal communication at school also supposes some psycho-pedagogical knowledge of the youth peculiarities. Moreover, the traditional understanding of nonverbal communication includes signals, postures, and gestures. Observing all these aspects from the point of view of psychology also helps to establish a lively communication atmosphere and environment (McCurdy, Skinner, & Ervin, 2017). There are certain rules parents want to be established in the school communication, as no one usually wants too much interference with the private life of the child. Thus, returning to the nonverbal, digital way of communication, parents are pleased to know the grades of their children anytime, they want to participate in their child’s social school life, so it is good when parents are subscribed to some newsletters and school websites. It is also noteworthy that school communication for parents also includes the ability to control the progress of a child, so it is necessary for them to have access to some homework database. Timing also plays an important role, as parents should be aware of any curriculum or other changes. That is why it is necessary to get them acquainted with all the changes the moment they occur or, which is better, beforehand (Duck, & McMahan, 2015). A brief analysis of school communication Nonetheless, each aspect of communication can and should be improved. It is not enough just to stay relevant to the schedules and simple communication. Both parents and teachers should be surely interested in what they do and how they communicate with students. A conversation is of no use if the parties are not fully interested in it. So, if a teacher is not interested in a student, the communication will not be efficient. If parents are not interested in the educational process of their kids, communication with the school does not reach its purpose. As a matter of fact, it also seems rather important that the school system, including parents, should not only be interested, but it should be built in a way that presupposes the ability to interest a pupil. As a double-sided process, communication logically involves the mutual interest and understanding from all its parties (Ding, & Schotter, 2016). The example of miscommunication at school The possible example of miscommunication at school can be an average student or pupil with some apparently advanced skills in some subjects. Let us imagine that his teacher is not involved enough in the communication process and does not see his inclination to some particular topic. His parents also do not get the feedback from the teacher on the skills of their child. As a result, in such a situation the kid with some talents in literature can be led to specifying in mathematics, which is not in his scope of interests or capabilities and his grade score is lower than it could be. It is an obvious example of miscommunication, or, to be exact, of the lack of communication. In a healthy communicative environment, employing verbal and nonverbal instruments, the teacher would learn the interests of the student and could also share the information with parents, which finally would lead to highlighting the talents and the interest of a child (Aslanargun, 2015). Conclusion Overall, communication at school and the connection of the institution with parents are paramount. It does not matter, if the verbal or nonverbal instruments are used, the result should be productive. The mutual interest of teachers and students in cognition and studies, combined with the involvement of parents gives the school a chance to be a healthy environment for communication, socialization, and studying for children. It is the first, and the dominating purpose of communication in general and the school experience gain in particular. When there is a chance for a pupil to study in this healthy environment, there is more opportunity for success and a prospective future. References Aslanargun, E. (2015). Teachers’ expectations and school administration: Keys of better communication in schools. Eurasian Journal Of Educational Research , 15 (60), 17-34. Ding, T., & Schotter, A. (2016). Matching and chatting: An experimental study of the impact of network communication on school-matching mechanisms. Games And Economic Behavior , 10(50). Duck, S., & McMahan, D. (2015). Communication in everyday life . SAGE Publications. McCurdy, M., Skinner, C., & Ervin, R. (2017). Functional behavioral assessment of nonverbal behavior. Handbook Of Nonverbal Assessment , 269-285. Stamatis, P., & Nikolaou, E. (2016). Communication and collaboration between school and family for addressing bullying. International Journal Of Criminology And Sociology , 5 , 99-104. Swap, S. (2013). Developing home-school partnerships (2nd ed.). Teachers College Press.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: The essay is a book review of "Everything School Leaders Need to Know about Assessment" by W. James Popham. The review highlights the main ideas expressed by the author, including the reasons for testing, the structure of assessment, and the role of bias in the process.

The essay is a book review of "Everything School Leaders Need to Know about Assessment" by W. James Popham. The review highlights the main ideas expressed by the author, including the reasons for testing, the structure of assessment, and the role of bias in the process.

W. James Popham: Everything School Leaders Need to Know About Assessment Essay (Book Review) The Most Appealing Ideas Expressed by the Author In his book titled Everything School Leaders Need to Know about Assessment , Popham presented a very detailed analysis of the procedures and aspects included in the process of assessment and testing in education. In particular, the author discussed such issues as the reasons for testing, reliability and validity of the assessment, the problem of bias, rubrics, instructional sensitivity, the mechanisms involved in test construction. The matter aspect represents one of the ideas that I found particularly interesting about this book. To be more precise, the author recommended that, working on a test, an educator should construct it based on three major components such as the development of items, their improvement, and the assembly of the test. In that way, the author found a simplified way to present the structure and organization of a test. One of the main pieces of advice given by the author emphasized the importance of a solid theoretical or evidence-based foundation for a test. In particular, the modern educators are required to research the contemporary assessment strategies whose effectiveness has been confirmed through a lengthy practice instead or using the old-fashioned approaches that may be discredited today. In addition, I appreciated the points of view on the formative assessment explained by the author. This is where the previous idea about the foundation for assessment is mentioned once again due to the risk of choosing an unsupported by research but a widely and actively promoted method of formative assessment. Moreover, when it comes to this form of assessment in general, Popham pointed out its high level of importance and impact on learners, as well as the capacity to drive instruction and help a teacher adjust the delivery of new knowledge in accordance with the students’ needs. The Implications of the Ideas in the Book for Me as an Educator The book by Popham is very helpful in its ability to demonstrate and outline the structure of assessment and its different aspects. Knowing how the parts of assessment are formed and what functions they carry enables me to adjust the assessment strategies I use without having to change the entire mechanism, but simply by re-shaping some of its components. Also, I enjoyed the explanation of an educators’ bias and its role in an assessment. Using the same detailed manner of decomposition of various structures, the author elaborated on the formation of bias, its different forms, and the potential impact it may produce on the overall quality of the assessment, as well as on its results and their interpretation by an educator. Moreover, it is critical to mention that in his book, Popham emphasized that in order to stimulate the teachers to participate in the changes and transformations inflicted by the adoption of the principles explained, it is important to demonstrate why they should be interested in adjusting their approach to assessment. In that way, the implication is that operating as a school leader, I should not only consider the interests of my learners when I shape my assessments but view the issues holistically and reflect on the benefits I (or the teachers who may be included in the change besides me) could obtain from embracing the change and pursuing a more sophisticated attitude to assessment practices. The Ideas that I Challenge In one of the chapters, Popham expresses a strong opinion that the contemporary educators tend to have a very low level of assessment literacy. I would like to challenge this idea because it is quite unclear what standard is at the basis of this statement. In other words, I do not think there exists a standardized level of literacy or some kind of a general test that could determine how well an educator is familiar with the practices included in the process of assessment. There may be the lack of theoretical knowledge of this issue that occurs simply because that the body of knowledge concerning assessment has started to evolve fairly recently and as a separate subject or topic; it has been non-existed in the educational facilities that trained the professional currently employed as teachers. At the same time, it is quite possible that most of these teachers have obtained the knowledge of assessment practices through working experience. In that way, the lack of theoretical knowledge about assessment structure and mechanisms may be compensated by the practical skills and abilities of the teachers. In turn, making conclusions about the teachers’ knowledge of assessment based on their inability to explain its structure and components does not seem rational without a thorough evaluation of their practical results of the use of assessment in everyday professional life. At the same time, I would like to add that even though the practical knowledge and experience may compensate for the lack of the theoretical preparedness in some teachers, it does not mean that the theoretical knowledge of assessment is unimportant. I believe that having a clear idea of the structure, mechanisms, and components of this issue is critical to the quality of the assessment practices used by the contemporary educators.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : The scientific revolution of the 17th century paved the way for the application of science in virtually all fields of human endeavor, thereby drawing a line of demarcation between the previous world order and the following centuries of rapid progress.

The scientific revolution of the 17th century paved the way for the application of science in virtually all fields of human endeavor, thereby drawing a line of demarcation between the previous world order and the following centuries of rapid progress.

Science as the 17th-Century Revolutionary Force Essay Introduction The scientific revolution of the 17 th century paved the way for the application of science in virtually all fields of human endeavor, thereby drawing a line of demarcation between the previous world order and the following centuries of rapid progress. The societal progression instigated by scientific breakthroughs of the century was catalyzed by the efforts of scientists such as Galileo, Tycho, and Kepler who brought to cognizance new scientific arenas. The aim of this paper is to discuss the development of science in the 17 th century. It will argue that by virtue of changing the world in several important respects the most important of which is the substantial cultural transformation, science became a revolutionary force in the 17 th century. Discussion Previous Developments Before starting the discussion of the role of the science in the creation of the modern world, it is necessary to state that no scientific discovery of the 17 th century became a watershed moment that was powerful enough to divide two historical eras—the Middle Ages and the age of reason. Rather, it was a collective effort in the scientific inquiry based on earlier observations of the natural world (Cole et al. 384). For example, by observing and charting the skies with the ever-increasing precision, the astrologers of the later Middle Ages set the groundwork for the Copernican revolution: the Ptolemaic universe described by the 16 th -century thinkers was essential for the development of the Copernican universe (Cole et al. 388). Prior to the scientific revolution, the natural world was treated as God’s creation; therefore, driven by religious zeal, many thinkers of the 16 th century wanted to find proofs of God’s perfection in nature, which resulted in the development of mathematics and other branches of science (Cole et al. 384). The Heliocentric Model of the Universe The development of the heliocentric or the Copernican model of the universe was an important event in the broad range of scientific discoveries that helped to change the cultural spirit of the century. The model not only undermined the previous conception of the universe but it also set in motion the work of scientists such as Tycho and Kepler. Their observations became a basis for Galileo’s discoveries that undermined “the authority of scriptural passages” (Cole et al. 391) that was never challenged before with a reasonable degree of success. It can be argued that the unwillingness to defer to accepted dogmas in an attempt to arrive at alternative interpretations of reality was a veritable revolutionary act. New Philosophy The 17 th century marked the emergence of a new philosophy. In Europe, thinkers such as Bacon and Descartes heralded the arrival of a radically different perspective on the pursuit of knowledge. Whereas for the ancient authorities philosophy was inextricably linked with divine revelation, new philosophers were unshakable in their belief in the power of human thinking. Therefore, the reason became an indispensable tool of new thinkers looking for “the gradual separation of scientific investigation from a philosophical argument” (Cole et al. 392). Also, the works of Descartes fueled the belief that by virtue of being governed by predictable laws nature can be interpreted with the help of deductive and inductive methods. This view of the world was an essential prerequisite for the emergence of an experiment as a primary method of scientific inquiry. Practical research became a mainstay of 17 th -century science (Cole et al. 396). New age researchers arrived at empirical laws with the help of experiments, thereby turning the scientific inquiry into a discipline. Cultural Change It can be argued that nowhere was the revolutionary nature of the 17 th -century science was as fully evident as in the cultural change. From the 17 th century on, Western culture rejected its old patterns of thinking in favor of a new, systemic approach to interpreting the world with the help of scientific means (Cole et al. 399). Science came to be thought of as a powerful instrument aiding humanity, which was “thoroughly compatible with belief in God’s providential design” (Cole et al. 399). Nonetheless, powerful thinkers of the new age that used the instrument were able to better understand the reality of the physical world than their predecessors who were not familiar with the traditions of rational inquiry. The emergence of the French Royal Academy of Sciences and England’s Royal Society helped to further the scientific research and capitalize on discoveries of the societies’ members (Cole et al. 401). Furthermore, the 17 th -century scientists worked tirelessly towards the shift of the investigative focus from the traditions of ecclesiastical intellectual inheritance to the rationalist approach. The emergence of women scientists such as Elena Cornaro Piscopia and Laura Bassi helped to further change the cultural spirit of the century (Cole et al. 396). Conclusion The science in the 17 th century was revolutionary in three important respects. First, the century was marked by the emergence of a new conception of the universe—the heliocentric model. Second, science emerged as a new method of inquiry. Third, scientific discoveries of the century led to substantial cultural transformations.

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: The role of a security officer is a vital one.A security officer is responsible for the implementation and maintenance of an organization's security program. Duties may include inspecting people entering or leaving a facility and preparing clearances for those leaving the facility with items that belong to the organization. In addition, a security officer may be tasked with the responsibility of educating people in an institution about the importance of information as a corporate resource and why it is necessary to ensure that it is securely kept.

The role of a security officer is a vital one. A security officer is responsible for the implementation and maintenance of an organization's security program. Duties may include inspecting people entering or leaving a facility and preparing clearances for those leaving the facility with items that belong to the organization. In addition, a security officer may be tasked with the responsibility of educating people in an institution about the importance of information as a corporate resource and why it is necessary to ensure that it is securely kept.

Security Officer’s Incident Response Tactics Report Security attacks have become more organized, sophisticated and very difficult to deal with. As a result, security officers must do a better job in responding to attacks. In order to effectively counter these attacks, a detailed intervention plan is needed. Responsibilities of a Security Officer The role of a security officer is a vital one. Among other tasks, a security officer is responsible for the implementation and maintenance of an organization’s security program. Duties may include inspecting people entering or leaving a facility and preparing clearances for those leaving the facility with items that belong to the organization. In addition, a security officer may be tasked with the responsibility of educating people in an institution about the importance of information as a corporate resource and why it is necessary to ensure that it is securely kept. Other responsibilities of a security officer include creating and implementing security policies, procedures, and practices aimed at ensuring that every person understands what is expected. Having a security policy is one way of avoiding controversies. Legal Authority of Security Officers in Criminal and Civil Cases By and large, security officers are expected to act reasonably when dealing with a suspected offender. Improper conduct by a security officer may land him or her in trouble in the event that the suspect is affected by the actions of the officer. The liability of a security officer may arise in a number of ways. An officer who assaults a suspect during arrest, for example, is answerable for his or her actions. In such situations, the court may be required to determine if excessive force was used by a security officer while attempting to take the suspect into custody. Another ground for the potential liability of a security officer is when the authority of the state is used to deprive an individual of his or her protected rights. This is tantamount to abuse of office, and the officer involved is liable. Types of Training Security Officers May Receive According to Dempsey (2016), one of the vital trainings that a security officer should receive is rapid response to the needs of citizens. Apparently, this involves officers being deployed within the shortest time possible to deal with an incident. It is also helpful for officers to receive training in effective patrol operations. Officers should be made fully aware of the activities involved in patrol operations. Risks Associated with the Role of the Security Officer in Regards to Incident Response In the process of carrying out their duties, security officers may be faced with a number of risks. Ordinarily, most offenders are individuals with a criminal record and are likely to be aggressive when approached by security officers. For this reason, security officers must be careful when dealing with suspects since it is impossible to know the nature of the suspect. As earlier explained, security officers also risk being accused if they do not exercise caution during arrests. In the event that a suspect is assaulted by an officer, the officer involved may be held liable and if found guilty, he or she may end up in court. To avoid any form of misunderstanding, and to ensure the safety and security of security officers, it is advisable to have operations executed in groups rather than individually. Conclusion Based on the arguments presented in this paper, it is obvious that dealing with security is a very delicate matter. Consequently, security officers must be equipped with skills that are essential for effectiveness. In addition, state governments must ensure that security officers are provided with the best working environment for their safety. Reference Dempsey, J. S. (2016). An introduction to policing (8 th ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: Evidence-based practice is a crucial approach to finding the best solutions for patient outcomes. In evidence-based decision making, the core role is given to patients' choices and actions (Ellis, 2016). By using this methodology, medical practitioners are able to find the most efficient ways of treatment their patients.Keywords and a Rationale for Their Chooseevidence-based practice, decision making, patient outcomes, morbidity, mortality, healthcare resources

Evidence-based practice is a crucial approach to finding the best solutions for patient outcomes. In evidence-based decision making, the core role is given to patients' choices and actions (Ellis, 2016). By using this methodology, medical practitioners are able to find the most efficient ways of treatment their patients. Keywords and a Rationale for Their Choose evidence-based practice, decision making, patient outcomes, morbidity, mortality, healthcare resources

Sepsis in Elderly: Evidense-Based Practice Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. A Summary of the Area of Interest 3. Research Questions 4. PICOT Question 5. Keywords and a Rationale for Their Choice 6. Conclusion 7. References Introduction Evidence-based practice is a crucial approach to finding the best solutions for patient outcomes. In evidence-based decision making, the core role is given to patients’ choices and actions (Ellis, 2016). By using this methodology, medical practitioners are able to find the most efficient ways of treatment their patients. Ellis (2016) emphasizes the role of evidence-based practice by mentioning that not only does it promote patients’ health, but also broadens the nurses’ professional outlook and prepares them for the challenges that are inevitable in their work. A Summary of the Area of Interest Sepsis presents a crucial area of investigation as it is one of the most serious health conditions that may lead to fatal outcomes. Identifying the most efficient ways of diagnosis and treatment of sepsis in elderly patients is crucial because the immune system of this age group is rather weak, and the consequences of untimely diagnosis may be dramatic (Mohajer & Darouiche, 2013). Not only does sepsis cause high levels of morbidity and mortality but it also uses a lot of healthcare resources (Cuthbertson et al., 2013). Therefore, sepsis presents a rather significant area of interest. Research Questions Based on the area of interest, the following research questions may be suggested: 1. What are the possible ways of preventing sepsis? 2. What types of infection may lead to sepsis, and which of them is the most dangerous? 3. What are the most common symptoms of sepsis? 4. What are the risk populations for sepsis? 5. How long can a person live after having been diagnosed with sepsis? To analyze the research questions for feasibility, I considered the possibility of finding an answer to each of them without spending too much time and resources. With the help of Google Scholar search engine, I was able to identify a number of scholarly articles and books containing the data that could be used to answer my research questions. For instance, Bate et al. (2013) investigate some of the ways of sepsis prevention. Shebabi et al. (2014) research the kind of infection causing sepsis. The symptoms of sepsis and other blood infections are discussed in the article by Mohajer and Darouiche (2013). Risk populations, prevalence, and mortality of sepsis are analyzed in the article by Jawad, Lukšić, and Rafnsson (2012). Cuthbertson et al. (2013) discuss the peculiarities of patients’ lives after surviving sepsis. The questions’ feasibility would not be so easily proved if I were to conduct research in a real-life situation to give an answer to them. However, research of scholarly articles is an accessible way of finding answers to the questions. PICOT Question The preliminary PICOT question is, what is the effect of sepsis recovery time in elderly population compared to the young adults? * P – Population: elderly patients of a rehab unit diagnosed with sepsis * I – Intervention: screening the patients by utilizing Meditech/SIRs tool (system inflammation response) * C – Comparison: young adult patients of a rehab unit diagnosed with sepsis * O – Outcome: decreased mortality * T – Timeframe: during patients’ stay at hospital The population chosen for research is elderly people as they are one of the most fragile population groups. The suggested intervention is aimed at identifying sepsis in patients as soon as possible so that productive methods of treatment may be employed timely. The outcomes in elderly patients will be compared to those of young adults so that a conclusion could be made about the efficiency of the intervention for various age groups. The ultimate outcome of the project is decreased mortality. When sepsis is not diagnosed on time, there may be a threat to the patient’s life. Thus, by timely identification of the problem, it will become possible to save more patients. The timeframe for the project is hospital stay: there is no possibility to perform this intervention before or after the person is admitted to a hospital. Keywords and a Rationale for Their Choice To conduct a literature search for my PICOT question, the following keywords may be used: sepsis prevention, sepsis causes, sepsis symptoms, sepsis in elderly, sepsis risk populations, surviving sepsis, sepsis intervention, sepsis recovery time, sepsis intensive care, and sepsis treatment. The rationale for choosing these keywords is associated with the possibility of the articles containing them to answer the PICOT question. The sources containing data on sepsis risk populations and sepsis in elderly will help to outline the major risks for elderly patients. Articles analyzing sepsis interventions, survival rates, and recovery time will be useful for predicting the outcomes of my intervention. Scholarly papers on sepsis causes, symptoms, and prevention will help to identify the ways of organizing a patient education plan. Conclusion Evidence-based practice presents a major source of finding the most effective methods of treatment. The ways of preventing and dealing with sepsis need thorough attention, as it is one of the most serious health conditions. The proposed intervention is aimed at analyzing the efficiency of diagnostic methods for elderly patients. Decreased mortality and morbidity levels are the ultimate purpose of the intervention. References Bate, J., Gibson, F., Johnson, E., Selwood, K., Skinner, R., & Chisholm, J. (2013). Neutropenic sepsis: Prevention and management of neutropenic sepsis in cancer patients (NICE guideline CG151). Archives of Disease in Childhood: Education and Practice Edition, 98 (2), 73-75. Cuthbertson, B. H., Elders, A., Hall, S., Taylor, J., MacLennan, G., Mackirdy, F., & Mackenzie, S. J. (2013). Mortality and quality of life in the five years after severe sepsis. Critical Care, 17 (2), 1-8. Ellis, P. (2016). Evidence-based practice in nursing (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. Jawad, I., Lukšić, I., & Rafnsson, S. B. (2012). Assessing available information on the burden of sepsis: Global estimates of incidence, estimates, and mortality. Journal of Global Health, 2 (1), 1-9. Mohajer, M. A., & Darouiche, R. O. (2013). Sepsis syndrome, bloodstream infections, and device-related infections. Medical Clinics of North America, 96 (6), 1203-1223. Shebabi, Y., Sterba, M., Garrett, P. M., Rachakonda, K. S., Stephens, D., Harrigan, P., … the ANZICS Clinical Trials Group. (2014). Procalcitonin algorithm in critically ill adults with undifferentiated infection of suspected sepsis: A randomized control trial. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 190 (10), 1102-1110.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: The essay discusses the issue of sepsis and how it can be treated. It also highlights the importance of early intervention in order to improve the patient's outcome.

The essay discusses the issue of sepsis and how it can be treated. It also highlights the importance of early intervention in order to improve the patient's outcome.

Sepsis, Its Treatment, Intervention, and Mortality Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Antibiotic Treatment 3. Early Intervention 4. Mortality 5. System Inflammation Response 6. References Introduction Sepsis is a health issue that affects people of all ages and leads not only to adverse outcomes and complications but also to death. Fortunately, innovative interventions can improve this situation. For instance, it is possible to use Meditech/SIRs tool (system inflammation response) for patients of a rehab unit. Identifying whether the elderly are likely to obtain the most benefit from this intervention, it is significant to find out the possible ways of preventing sepsis, types of infection that may lead to it, the most common symptoms, risk populations, and duration of life after diagnosing the illness. Antibiotic Treatment According to Shebabi et al. (2014), sepsis can be caused by various infections that are usually treated with antibiotics. Unfortunately, they do not always work effectively and improve the patient’s condition. What is more, in some situations, their intake turns out to provide an adverse influence on people’s health. The authors believe that a low procalcitonin cut-off on antibiotic prescription can have positive effects on the situation and currently, its value is underdetermined. Conducting a quantitative research study with random sampling (which reduces possible biases and is advantageous for the research quality), they managed to find out that even though some improvement is observed, it fails to reach the expected 25% reduction in the duration of antibiotic treatment. Such findings prove that there is a necessity to continue the investigation and find out those tools that can reduce mortality in patients. Existing inconsistencies are faced because healthcare professionals and scientists are not yet aware of those interventions that will undoubtfully provide positive results. Lack of evidence is the main issue currently, but further research can provide an opportunity to identify the best intervention. Early Intervention Mohajer and Darouiche (2013) support the necessity to utilize those diagnostic methods that can provide an opportunity to diagnose sepsis at the initial stages so that the treatment can be started as early as possible. Just as Shebabi et al. (2014) they are focused on the opportunity to reduce the duration of antibiotic treatment. Mohajer and Darouiche (2013) emphasize that time management is imperative, so there is a reason to try using Meditech/SIRs tool for prediction and diagnosis because other assessment methods are not accurate enough to ensure positive health outcomes for all clients. They are mainly interested in hospital-acquired device-related infections, which is critical for healthcare systems topic because they are meant to improve people’s health instead of worsening them. This limitation is not a disadvantage, but an opportunity to discuss the issue of sepsis in a narrowed environment with more detail. Unlike their colleagues, Bate et al. (2013) discuss infections and sepsis in patients with cancer. This population is at high risk of mortality that is why those professionals who focus on their well-being do not usually pay much attention to sepsis, which is a great drawback. However, people’s condition after anticancer treatment is rather vulnerable. As routines prevention of sepsis can hurt their health, it is better to utilize those tools that can make diagnosing more accurate. In this framework, it is advantageous to investigate the influence of the Meditech/SIRs tool. Mortality After investigating the incidence, prevalence, and mortality connected with sepsis, Jawad, Lukšić, and Rafnsson (2012) concluded that it is vital for healthcare professionals to do their best to address this issue and reduce its magnitude. They emphasize that this condition is hard to define that is why medical staff often fails to provide timely interventions. What is more critical, it is connected with numerous other disorders, which makes diagnosing and treatment even more complex. Regardless of the fact that healthcare is a sphere in the framework of which constant research studies are maintained, the issue of sepsis remains a global public health problem. On the basis of a literature review that includes the most authoritative and relevant articles, the authors concluded that new innovative interventions and approaches are required to achieve improvement. Thus, it is beneficial to discuss the value of the Meditech/SIRs tool. The views of these researchers are supported by Cuthbertson et al. (2013). Professionals emphasize that sepsis often leads to adverse health outcomes. In order to find out what happens to people in 5 years after sepsis, they conducted a cohort study. Unfortunately, even though more than 400 participants were gathered for their research, less than half of them responded to the follow-up. Of course, this sample size is not enough to speak about broad generalizations, but it is enough to prove that particular findings are relevant for the selected population and trigger further research. It was revealed that patients face high ongoing mortality regardless of the currently used interventions. Thus, it is vital to improving diagnosing and treatment. System Inflammation Response Finally, Balk (2014) discusses SIRs, trying to identify whether they are still relevant and their treatment tools can be beneficial for patients. SIRs provides an opportunity to focus on responses to infections that is why they can be used when dealing with patients who have sepsis. SIRs tools are believed to be the most functional that is why they are advantageous for the understanding of mechanisms and pathophysiology. Previous research studies prove that they provide an opportunity to identify septic patients early so that timely treatment is provided. Unfortunately, this source is mainly based on a literature review and includes a lot of outdated sources. Thus, it would be advantageous to conduct a new study that will also discuss changes in patients’ conditions after sepsis treatment. References Balk, R. (2014). Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS): Where did it come from and is it still relevant today? Virulence, 5 (1), 20-26. Bate, J., Gibson, F., Johnson, E., Selwood, K., Skinner, R., & Chisholm, J. (2013). Neutropenic sepsis: Prevention and management of neutropenic sepsis in cancer patients (NICE guideline CG151). Archives of Disease in Childhood: Education and Practice Edition, 98 (2), 73-75. Cuthbertson, B. H., Elders, A., Hall, S., Taylor, J., MacLennan, G., Mackirdy, F., & Mackenzie, S. J. (2013). Mortality and quality of life in the five years after severe sepsis. Critical Care, 17 (2), 1-8. Jawad, I., Lukšić, I., & Rafnsson, S. B. (2012). Assessing available information on the burden of sepsis: Global estimates of incidence, estimates, and mortality. Journal of Global Health, 2 (1), 1-9. Mohajer, M. A., & Darouiche, R. O. (2013). Sepsis syndrome, bloodstream infections, and device-related infections. Medical Clinics of North America, 96 (6), 1203-1223. Shebabi, Y., Sterba, M., Garrett, P. M., Rachakonda, K. S., Stephens, D., Harrigan, P., … the ANZICS Clinical Trials Group. (2014). Procalcitonin algorithm in critically ill adults with undifferentiated infection of suspected sepsis: A randomized control trial. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 190 (10), 1102-1110.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: Sequestration is a form of budget cuts that is mandatory in nature. It comes about when the government's cost of running becomes more than the amount provided for expenses in the budget. Sequestration has various effects on the multiplier model. These include the fact that it can lead to a decrease or increase by more than the original change of the real income, and that it can also lead to an unbalanced multiplier equation.

Sequestration is a form of budget cuts that is mandatory in nature. It comes about when the government's cost of running becomes more than the amount provided for expenses in the budget. Sequestration has various effects on the multiplier model. These include the fact that it can lead to a decrease or increase by more than the original change of the real income, and that it can also lead to an unbalanced multiplier equation.

Sequestration and Its Effects on Multiplier Model Essay Sequestration refers to the act of mandatory use of money cuts in the budget in a situation where the government cost of running becomes more than the amount provided for expenses 1 . In this case, government expenditure becomes higher than the gross revenue in the yearly budget. The government is a body that has various expenses across the country. Even though the government receives money from the public and use it in its activity for the general good of the state, it sometimes becomes in need of funds for its expenses. In such situations, the government will need to get financial support from other sources. Therefore, Sequestration is one of the acts taken by the government in the time it is on a financial crisis to remedy the situation. It can also be defined as a general cancelation of the resources reflected in the budget in a given percentage. A multiplier model is a type of model which makes use of the assumption that there is a constant price level for all products. This model is represented on a graphical display and shows the various effects of the multiplier with the AS/AD model. In this case, if an increase in expenditure is experienced, it means that there will be a decrease or increase by more than the original change of the real income because of the multiplier 2 . As stated earlier, sequestration comes about when there is a governmental increase in expenditure which leads to cutting of the budget prices. Therefore, this will mean that aggregate expenditure is more than the aggregate production in the multiplier model. Also, the multiplier equation will not balance. The multiplier model takes an assumption of assuming a constant leveled price in the long and short-run. The short-run equilibrium takes place when the aggregate income or production becomes equal to the found aggregate expenditure. Short-run refers to the small period with which the factors that affect the Multiplier model have not yet fully brought effect on the economy 3 . That is, some factors are variable and other fixed and have a direct effect on the model. The figure below shows a graph of real expenditure against real income. In this case, the equilibrium is at the point where AP intersects with AE. Here, the total expenditure (AE) is equal to the Aggregate income (AP) in the short- run. The forty-five degrees line provides the position within which the equilibrium lies. In the long-run (figure 2), when all the factors come in place, the actual income is equal to the expected income indicating the equilibrium 4 . Figure 1. Figure 2. Figure 3. Figure 3 shows the aggregate demand and aggregate supply model. This is a model that gives an explanation of the changes in the price level and the output in an economy. In a bid to explain this, it makes use of the relationship between aggregate demand and suppl 5 . Therefore, in explaining the effect of sequestration, when an economy tries to regain by increasing tax, it then leads to an increase in the general price of the commodities in the economy as shown above. The graph makes use of the theory of employment, money, and interest. As stated earlier, sequestration comes about when the government expenditure increases than the revenue. Therefore, since the budget has been negatively interfered with due to sequestration, the government will tend to look for ways in which it can generate income to cover their expenses. In consequence, it will then increase taxes on goods and services produced as one of the ways of raising its revenue. If taxes increase on any goods and services, it will then mean that companies or business organizations will need to maintain their profit margin. As a result, they will in turn increase their prices for their products. A continuous and persistent increase in the prices of goods and services will lead to inflation. Inflation is the increase in prices of goods and services in a country in a given period 6 . It should be noted that inflation is one of the worst incidents in any economy. Among other effects, inflation leads to the loss of value of the domestic currency of the countries experiencing it. There are two types of inflation. Cost-push inflation and demand-pull inflation. Demand-pull inflation refers to a situation whereby there is an increase in the prices of goods and services due to the increase in their demand. In this case, if the number of goods or services that consumers need rises, according to the law of demand, the price of this product will increase and vice versa 7 . The increase in price commodities and services then brings about inflation. On the other hand, cost-push inflation refers to an increase in the price of goods or services due to an increase in their cost of production. An increase in the cost of production can be caused by various reasons which include unavailability of raw materials leading to an increase in their prices, an increase in transport costs of raw materials, increases in government taxes among others. The increase in the cost of production will mean that companies need to strategize on ways in which they can reduce the cost of production. Labor being one of the factors of production, many companies mostly focus on reducing the number of manpower in organizations in a bid to reduce the cost of production. In this case, they then retrench employees who now become unemployed. Further, inflation can discourage investments. This is because many entrepreneurs who would want to start businesses will find it expensive for them to venture into a business. After all, they might not be having the required capital. If these people would venture into business, they would need workers who could work in the business hence creating employment. However, if they do not venture, it means that many people will remain unemployed. For those companies already in the field, In the short run, they may not feel the effect of their increase in prices immediately and if they feel, they will need to adjust and take time before they act. However, in the long run, they will have now the whole market information. They will then react by maybe reducing the number of employees 8 . Hence, this act if it continues will lead to many people without jobs. Today, the sequestration and fed’s police are trying to work hand in hand to ensure that there is a reduction in inflation and unemployment. For instance, in the US economy, the government is trying to reduce the spending cut and the effect it has on the economy. While fed’s policy tries to ignore the anticipation of the great depression and the economic recession that happened in the USA, it is making an increase in employment and reduction of inflation as the major mission to be achieved 9 . Bibliography Banerjee, Mrityunjoy. Inflation: causes and cure: with special reference to developing countries . Calcutta: World Press, 1975. Coates, Ben. The impact of the English Civil War on the economy of London, 1642-50 . Aldershot, Hampshire, England: Ashgate, 2004. FY 1986 budget sequestration: agency approaches to implementing reductions under formula grants : fact sheet for the Honorable Lloyd Bentsen, United States Senate . Washington, D.C.: The Office, 1986. Geare, Randolph Iltyd. A list of the publications of the United States National museum (1875-1900): including the annual reports, proceedings, bulletins, special bulletins, and circulars, with index to titles . Washington: G.P.O., 1902. Hubbard, Glenn and Anthony O’Brien. Student Value Edition for Microeconomics plus NEW MyEconLab with Pearson eText Access Code Card (1-semester access) . US: Prentice Hall, 2011. Hudson, John. Inflation, a theoretical survey and synthesis . London: George Allen & Unwin, 1982. Livingstone, Darly.. Class, Ideologies and Educational Futures (RLE Edu L Sociology of Education) . Hoboken: Taylor & Francis, 2011. Footnotes 1. FY 1986 budget sequestration: agency approaches to implementing reductions under formula grants: fact sheet for the Honorable Lloyd Bentsen, United States Senate . (Washington, D.C.: The Office, 1986), 4-6. 2. Darly Livingstone,. Class, Ideologies, and Educational Futures (RLE Edu L Sociology of Education) . (Hoboken: Taylor & Francis, 2011),18-19. 3. Glenn Hubbard and Anthony O’Brien, Student Value Edition for Microeconomics Plus NEW MyEconLab with Pearson eText Access Code Card (1-semester access) . (US: Prentice-Hall, 2011), 6. 4. Ibid, 9. 5. ies Mrityunjoy Banerjee, Inflation: causes and cures: with special reference to developing countries . (Calcutta: World Press, 1975), 6. 6. Ibid., 4-7. 7. John Hudson. Inflation, a theoretical survey, and synthesis . (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1982), 14. 8. Ben Coates, The impact of the English Civil War on the economy of London, 1642-50 . (Aldershot, Hampshire, England: Ashgate, 2004), 24. 9. Randolph Iltyd Geare, A list of the publications of the United States National Museum (1875-1900). (Washington: G.P.O., 1902), 24.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: The essay discusses the psychological processes behind serial murder and how these processes can be seen from a social perspective.The essay discusses the psychological processes behind serial murder and how these processes can be seen from a social perspective.

The essay discusses the psychological processes behind serial murder and how these processes can be seen from a social perspective. The essay discusses the psychological processes behind serial murder and how these processes can be seen from a social perspective.

Serial Killers and Their Social Construction Essay Psychological processes behind serial murder have been receiving a lot of academic attention within recent decades. However, it should not be neglected that, like any crime, serial murder can also be regarded from the social perspective. Social construction of serial killers has become the subject of various studies, and it is recognized today that the social position, social interactions, and perceived social image may play a significant role in the process the result of which is becoming a serial murderer. Six groups of theories have been chosen for addressing the social construction of serial killers: social structure, social class, social process, neutralization, social control, and labeling. Multiple attempts have been made to explain crime from the perspective of social structure. Essentially, this approach implies that some people may be more inclined to commit crimes of particular types due to these people’s social positions. For example, being part of an underprivileged community is a possible explanation for the driving force for a person to rob, mug, and steal. However, according to Hickey (2013), “[s]tructural theories offer cogent explanations for many types of crimes, except for serial murder” (p. 107). Serial killers rarely come from minorities or vulnerable groups. One of the perspectives that can be nonetheless applied to serial killers in the context of social structure is urbanism. Serial murder occurs more frequently in urban areas, and the reasons for this are higher rates of social disorder, drug use, poverty, and psychological challenges among people in these areas. Another way to regard serial murder is from the perspective of social class. In the 1980s, some theorists established that most serial killers came from the same social class (the verge of upper-working and lower middle), were excluded from desired social class, strived ardently for joining it, and largely based their choice of victims on the social class of the latter (Hickey, 2013). The connection between social class and serial murder is modernly considered confirmed; however, the nature of the relationship between the two is not sufficiently explored. On the one hand, the social class position can be seen as a reason for a person to commit serial murder; on the other, the desire for social class change or shift can be seen as a more important reason. One more perspective is a group of social process theories that suggest that behavior is shaped by the processes of socialization, i.e. criminal behavior is caused by certain failures or abnormalities in the process of social interactions of an individual (Hickey, 2013). These failures or abnormalities may be associated with performance among peers (e.g. at school) or problems with law. However, major problems from the social process perspective are connected to one of the most—if not the most—important type of social interactions: family relations. For example, according to (Hamama & Ronen-Shenhav, 2012), in families in which parents are divorced, children are more likely to adopt violent and criminal behaviors. From the point of view of neutralization, it should be noted that “people are not criminals all the time” (Hickey, 2013, p. 112). People who commit crimes drift between conventional behaviors and illegitimate behaviors, and in order for them to rationalize the shift to the latter, they need to neutralize; it is stressed that the processes of neutralization are learned techniques. For example, a well-known serial killer John Wayne Gacy asserted that someone else had placed 27 dead bodies in his home while he had been at work. Therefore, neutralization is one of the approaches that help understand the psychological background of serial murder. A major way of analyzing crime is the hypothesis that people do not involve in illegitimate behaviors because they are afraid of crime; this analysis is summarized by the social control theory. Further development of the theory showed that not involving in criminal behaviors is associated with a wide range of social connections and is not only caused by the fear of punishment. In the context of serial murder, it was found that serial killers often lack these connections (Hickey, 2013). Further studies are needed to explore the social connections of serial killers and their perceived mechanisms of social control. Finally, what may be particularly applicable to serial murder is the array of labeling theories. Generally, according to these theories, people tend to behave according to their perception of how they are expected to behave, i.e. according to who they are labeled to be by people around them. A particular insight into this understanding in the context of serial murder was suggested by a popular TV show The X-Files ; in one of the episodes, a serial killer asks a character why he (the killer) kills people, and the character responds that it is simply because he is a serial killer (Hauser, 2013). This suggests that being once labeled or self-labeled as a murderer may drive people further toward new homicides. It has been shown that the social perspective on serial murder provides a vast array of insights into how one becomes a social killer. It can be stated that further exploration of serial killer’s social position, interactions, connections, and role can generate a better understanding of serial murder as a type of criminal behavior. References Hamama, L., & Ronen-Shenhav, A. (2012). Self-control, social support, and aggression among adolescents in divorced and two-parent families. Children and Youth Services Review, 34 (5), 1042-1049. Hauser, B. R. (2013). The X-files: I want to believe in forensic adaptation. Adaptation, 6 (1), 78-92. Hickey, E. W. (2013). Serial murderers and their victims (6th ed.). Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: The study "Servant Leadership and Commitment to Change, the Mediating Role of Justice and Optimism" is dedicated to the problem of a form of leadership and its influence on the commitment of followers. It was stated that under the circumstances of the changing external and internal environment, it is important for an organization to find a way to keep their employees committed. It was postulated that communication and leadership style plays a crucial role in this process.

The study "Servant Leadership and Commitment to Change, the Mediating Role of Justice and Optimism" is dedicated to the problem of a form of leadership and its influence on the commitment of followers. It was stated that under the circumstances of the changing external and internal environment, it is important for an organization to find a way to keep their employees committed. It was postulated that communication and leadership style plays a crucial role in this process.

Servant Leadership and Commitment to Change Essay The Discussed Problem The study “Servant Leadership and Commitment to Change, the Mediating Role of Justice and Optimism” is dedicated to the problem of a form of leadership and its influence on the commitment of followers. It was stated that under the circumstances of the changing external and internal environment, it is important for an organization to find a way to keep their employees committed (Kool and van Dierendonck 422). It was postulated that communication and leadership style plays a crucial role in this process. The problem is that no optimal form of leadership was developed. Authors supposed that a combination of servant people-focused leadership and transactional task-focused leadership might be the most appropriate option. Authors also focused their attention on the importance of justice and the optimistic mood of followers for the success of the organization (Kool and van Dierendonck 423). Therefore, this study was dedicated to the problem of an optimal communication style between leaders and followers. The Research Hypotheses Considering the discussed problem, Kool and van Dierendonck formulated the following research hypotheses. * H1. “Servant leadership will be positively related to informational and interpersonal justice” (Kool and van Dierendonck 425). * H2. “Contingent reward leadership will be positively related to interpersonal and informational justice” (Kool and van Dierendonck 425). * H3. “Organizational justice is positively related to optimism” (Kool and van Dierendonck 426). * H4. “Optimism is positively related to commitment to change” (Kool and van Dierendonck 426). The first two hypotheses were related to the leadership style, while the second two were related to the problem of justice and followers’ optimism. The statements were formulated based on the literature review. These hypotheses allow considering different aspects of the communication between leaders and followers in the organization and investigating the discussed problem from the different points of view. The Need for the Study The discussed problem was considered as urgent in the changing environment. It is important to consider different factors that influence the followers’ commitment because employees’ attitude toward work has a direct impact on the organization’s efficiency. It was also stated that existed studies “did not come up with a single best form of leadership that can be applied to maximize commitment of followers during organizational change” (Kool and van Dierendonck 422-423). Moreover, nowadays, organizations have to deal with permanently internal and external changes, which result in an increase in the employees’ stress level. No complex investigations dedicated to this problem were conducted before this study. Despite the fact that different leadership styles investigations are presented in the literature, no studies dedicated to the combination of two leadership types were performed. Therefore, there was a pressing need to conduct such research. The Methodology With the purpose of checking the research hypotheses, a survey with 135 participants was conducted. All participants were employees of the same reintegration company. Responders knew that the survey was anonymous, and no negative consequences of their answers would appear. Totally, 211 people were purposed to participate in the study, and 135 of them completed the entire questionnaire. 58% of responders were men, and 42% were women. The average age of participants was 45 years (Kool and van Dierendonck 426). The questionnaire contained the following items for measuring: * servant leadership; * contingent reward; * interpersonal and informational organizational justice; * optimism; * commitment to change (Kool and van Dierendonck 426). For the data analysis, all four hypotheses were combined into one model and were checked with a structural equation with latent and manifest variables modeling. Items from the questionnaire were manifest variables. Latent values of servant leadership, optimism, and commitment to change were determined by dividing all the values of the scales into three parcels. The organizational justice level was determined in two sub-dimensions (Kool and van Dierendonck 426). The Literature Review The studied problem, research hypotheses, and methods of investigation were determined based on the literature review. As the basis for the studied problem, Kool and van Dierendonck provided information about the importance of leadership style, organizational justice, and level of optimism for the followers’ commitment. The literature review is divided into two parts: the first one is dedicated to leadership and justice, and the second one – to organizational justice, optimism, and commitment to changes. Servant leadership was first described by Robert Greenleaf (19-26). This type of leadership is focused on the followers’ needs and their growth within the organization (Graham 47). The authors provided six main features of servant leadership: “empowering and developing employees; humility; authenticity; interpersonal acceptance; providing direction; and stewardship” (Kool and van Dierendonck 423). Also, the authors characterized transactional leadership. According to Bass, such leaders provide rewards for excellent work and goals accomplishments (20). The authors provided the character of organizational justice as the fairness of outcome distributions and decision-making procedures (Colquitt et al. 428). It was stated that justice improved followers’ motivation. In particular, the study was focused on informational justice and interpersonal justice, which can respectively predict the commitment and the followers’ distress (Tepper 179-180). Kool and van Dierendonck considered the importance of optimism for employees’ adaptation to changes and commitment (425). Optimism is an effective instrument for coping with job stress (Reuter and Schwarzer, 501). Summarizing, a detailed literature review is presented in the study. In the review, all the related issues were considered. Possible explanations and importance of each of the four factors (servant leadership, transactional leadership, organizational justice, and optimism) were examined. The Study’s Assumptions, Limitations, and Potential for Future Research Kool and van Dierendonck described existed limitations of the study. First, no causal inferences between independent and dependent variables can be made because the study was a cross-sectional survey. Second, the sample was relatively small and represented only a specific setting. Third, the study was performed only on the individual level. These limitations lead to possible assumptions. For example, it was assumed but not proved that “commitment to change causes optimism” (Kool and van Dierendonck 429). It could be stated that assumptions provided questions for further investigation. Considering the limitations, the authors stated that future research should be more general and should include participants from other settings. Larger sampling is also essential for further studies. Besides, it is possible to apply the multidimensional concept for the servant leadership estimation, which would allow understanding the importance of the particular leadership elements. Further investigation might also be conducted on the group level (Kool and van Dierendonck 429). Conclusion of the Research Kool and van Dierendonck did not provide a separate conclusion part. Results of the hypotheses checking were provided in a discussion part. According to the data analysis, the first hypothesis about the positive impact of servant leadership on followers’ commitment was confirmed (Kool and van Dierendonck 428). Second, interactional justice was shown to be related to the followers’ change commitment (Kool and van Dierendonck 429). Third, the authors confirmed the importance of optimism for employees’ well-being (Kool and van Dierendonck 429). Finally, Kool and van Dierendonck established the positive influence of transactional leadership style and contingent reward on the commitment to change (429). In the last paragraph of the study, it was concluded that this study was dedicated to enhancing the understanding of the positive leadership role for followers’ commitment (Kool and van Dierendonck 430). The obtained results confirmed the authors’ statements about the importance of the two leadership styles (servant and transactional) combination of commitment enhancing. This company’s policy might be efficient to help followers to deal with the permanently changing environment. Critique of the Article The article “Servant Leadership and Commitment to Change, the Mediating Role of Justice and Optimism” was published in the Journal of Organizational Change Management. This journal publishes studies on HR and learning and organization studies. The authors are researchers from Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. The proposed study was a survey with theoretical model development and further data analysis. The value of the study is that it proposed the deep insight analysis of the leadership impact on the employees’ attitude toward work, commitment, and ability to deal with the changing environment. The authors built their concept on the literature analysis. They developed and checked the research hypotheses experimentally. The research design was appropriate for this type of study, as though a survey is a typical approach in social investigations (Bulmer 24). The methodology design had some limitations, in particular, small sampling and individual level of study. Besides, the sampling was non-probability because it represented only a specific set of the organization. However, Kool and van Dierendonck provided the description of these drawbacks at the end of the paper (429-430). They underlined that these limitations might be improved in further investigations. Kool and van Dierendonck explained their method of calculation and provided the interpretation of obtained results. The authors analyzed the standard deviations and intercorrelations of the variables included in the current study. Using the statistical approaches, they modulated the structural equation and tested it before the data analysis. The model demonstrated adequate results during the test. Therefore, the authors used it for research hypotheses testing. Kool and van Dierendonck used modern methods for data analysis and result interpretation. The authors provided references for each applied method. In general, it could be said that data analysis and results interpretation were performed in an appropriate way. The article was written clearly. Kool and van Dierendonck used the appropriate in the area of investigation lexica. The article is understandable for readers. Authors provided a wide list of sources, the majority of which were reliable and novel research articles. In general, the paper has an appropriate structure, including the introduction with the literature review, methodology, results, discussion, and references. However, some drawbacks could be cited regarding the structure of the paper. First, in the discussion part, Kool and van Dierendonck did not provide statements about research hypotheses acceptance or rejection. A reader could understand that all hypotheses were accepted while reading the article. However, the authors could state it clearly. Second, Kool and van Dierendonck did not include the conclusion part in both the body of the paper and the abstract. The conclusion was a small paragraph at the end of the paper, but it did not contain the obtained results summarizing. Kool and van Dierendonck provided novel data regarding two leadership styles combination and its effect on the followers’ attitude toward work, commitment, and ability to deal with changes. The authors underlined that the investigation was not completed, and further studies are required (429). Besides, they provided ideas for future experiments’ design and possible improvements in the research process (429-430). Therefore, despite the limitations, the study could be considered as a sign of the leading investigation area. Works Cited Bass, Bernard M. “From Transactional to Transformational Leadership: Learning to Share the Vision.” Organizational Dynamics , vol. 18, no. 4, 1990, pp. 19-31. Web. Bulmer, Martin. The Uses of Social Research (Routledge Revivals): Social Investigation in Public Policy-Making . Routledge, 2015. Colquitt, Jason A., et al. “Justice at the Millennium: A Meta-Analytic Review of 25 Years of Organizational Justice Research.” Journal of Applied Psychology , vol. 86, no. 3, 2001, pp. 425-445. Web. Graham, Jill W. “Leadership, Moral Development, and Citizenship Behavior.” Business Ethics Quarterly , vol. 5, no. 1, 1995, pp. 43-54. Web. Greenleaf, Robert K. “Essentials of Servant-leadership.” Focus on Leadership: Servant-leadership for the Twenty-first Century, edited by Larry C. Spears and Michele Lawrence , John Wiley & Sons, 2002, pp. 19-26. Kool, Marjolein, and Dirk van Dierendonck. “Servant Leadership and Commitment to Change, the Mediating Role of Justice and Optimism.” Journal of Organizational Change Management, vol. 25, no.3, 2012, pp. 422-433. Web. Reuter, Tabea, and Ralf Schwarzer. “Manage Stress at Work through Preventive and Proactive Coping” Handbook of Principles of Organizational Behavior, Blackwell Publishing, 2009, pp. 499-515. Tepper, Bennett J. “Consequences of Abusive Supervision.” Academy of Management Journal , vol. 43, no. 2, 2000, pp. 178-90. Web.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: The paper contains a review of a project blueprint example followed by the analysis of its usefulness for the operation management field. The author argues that while service blueprinting is a relatively new tool, it can be a useful addition to the operations management toolbox as it offers several advantages, including the clear presentation of the overall process and the ability to allocate resources efficiently.

The paper contains a review of a project blueprint example followed by the analysis of its usefulness for the operation management field. The author argues that while service blueprinting is a relatively new tool, it can be a useful addition to the operations management toolbox as it offers several advantages, including the clear presentation of the overall process and the ability to allocate resources efficiently.

Service Blueprinting in Operations Management Essay Evaluate whether Service Blueprinting is a Useful Tool for Operations Management Operation management is a fairly well-established field with a diverse range of tools at the disposal of the managers. However, the ongoing shift from the product-based towards a service-based approach in customer interaction revealed the gaps in the suitability of these tools for service-based models. Several attempts have been made to address the issue, including the adjustments in the existing instruments and the introduction of the new ones. The following paper contains a review of a project blueprint example followed by the analysis of its usefulness for the operation management field. Service Blueprint Example Rationale The draft above illustrates a service that allows customers to search for the cars that travel to a certain destination to share the cost of the ride and thus minimize the expenses associated with the trip. The online nature of the service means that throughout service use, the customer has few to no visible interactions with the company’s employees. Also, unlike similar services such as Uber, carpooling does not offer profit opportunities for customers with cars, so the involvement of various systems and regulations is minimal. Finally, the service is largely automated, relying on the algorithms and customer behavior pattern analysis, thus further decreasing the involvement of the employees. Nevertheless, the service blueprint offers several advantages for the operations managers. First, the success of the service at the initial stage depends on several factors that do not necessarily correspond to the activities performed by the company staff. For instance, the buildup of the customer base depends not only on the efforts of the marketing team but also on the perception of the audience formed by associated entities, such as the social media groups oriented at related activities (e.g. Couchsurfing) and tourism services that promote carpooling as one of the transportation options. Unless acknowledged early in the planning process, this issue may seriously impact the expected rate of customer base buildup. Next, several bottlenecks exist in the service establishment and implementation, such as the introduction of third-party data analysis services. While these options are not necessarily required, it is possible that they can play a definitive role in gaining a competitive advantage since without them the performance of the service will be determined mostly by the end-user proficiency with using service features. Without external guidance, such a situation contains significant risks and is unacceptable to be left unaddressed. Therefore, its priority needs to be determined at the planning stage and allocated adequate resources, which can be done much easier with the help of the blueprint at hand. Another useful feature that is offered by the blueprint is the clear presentation of the overall implementation sequence. It should be considered that coordination of the process is among the responsibilities of the operation managers, and the blueprint can assist the process by minimizing confusion and providing clear guidance on the sequence of the necessary steps and, more importantly, the distribution of responsibilities among the personnel. Finally, despite the scarcity of interaction between the employees and the customers, the intersection points can be crucial for meeting customer expectations. Moreover, the backstage activities often serve as essential components of superior customer experience, which is responsible for customer retention. The blueprint is useful for the identification of these points and, more importantly, provides the means of detecting shortcomings of the system in the process of the service’s functioning. In other words, it serves as a tool for timely identification and evaluation of the weak points and provides the managers with the opportunities for readjusting the service performance without compromising its functionality. These capabilities also apply to the detection of the activities that have the greatest effect on customer experience. In other words, they allow capitalizing on the most valuable elements of the service and readjusting resource allocation to maximize the efficiency of the most important points in the process delivery. Evaluation The description above provides an overview of how a specific blueprint can be of use for the involved operation managers. It can be argued that to a certain extent the outlined benefits apply to most of the areas where the blueprints can be used. For instance, the advantages of sequence illustration and strength and weaknesses identification are almost universal and are expected to be valuable in most settings that involve services. Nevertheless, to definitively establish its value in the field, a detailed evaluation of its usefulness is required. Such evaluation must recognize all important aspects of the practice and assess their value individually. Alignment with Service Qualities One of the important differences between services and products is that the former takes up a certain period and may develop in a non-linear way. Simply put, services are processes that may involve multiple stakeholders and are thus considerably complex. Therefore, the visual tools that are traditionally used by operation managers to depict a product cycle can be applied to the description of processes only to a certain degree and with several limitations. Most notably, these tools rarely acknowledge the direction of the action and/or its double-sided nature. To a certain degree, this issue can be addressed by using a simple flowchart that utilizes directional arrows as one of the figures. However, the fundamental principles of the flowchart construction do not reflect the nature of the service process and may create confusion. The most common example of such incompatibility is the situation where the service is described as moving through the supply chain, which would make sense for a tangible product but is more confusing when applied to the intangible domain (Sampson 2012). The service blueprint effectively eliminates this constraint by retaining the necessary components (e.g. the directional pictograms) and at the same time featuring several important adjustments (e.g. placing services in the center of the scheme), resulting in a tool that is more applicable to the intangible and dynamic nature of the processes. Therefore, the blueprinting process is valuable for developing an accurate concept. Another important issue that can be derived from the information above is the definition of the stakeholders’ roles. The value creation process is not limited to the conscious effort of the employees directed at the customer – instead, it should be viewed as a complex set of interactions that occur at multiple levels. Besides, it is not necessarily reserved for the interaction between the service provider and the customers. From the carpooling example above, it becomes evident that for certain companies the interaction between customers serves as a primary source of services while the role of the organization is mostly limited to maintenance of the technical side of the relationships and the occasional management of the debatable situations (e.g. ensuring the justification of the refund requests or investigating the feedback disputes). These roles also need to be acknowledged to obtain a complete image of the intended service. It should be noted that while service blueprints are suitable for such a task, their functionality in this regard is fairly limited. Specifically, the blueprint allows the specification of different stakeholders and establishing the connection between them but does not offer the means of either explaining or documenting the nature of the relationship, thus relying on the proficiency of the manager who uses it (Sampson 2012). Thus, while the project blueprinting is generally consistent with the task, at least one of its aspects has space for improvement. Finally, customer activity descriptions require the acknowledgment of several layers of interaction between the stakeholders. The most evident example of such layers is the distinction between the processes that are directly encountered by the customers and those that can only be evaluated based on their results. Due to the lack of direct contact, the latter can be either mistakenly viewed as unimportant or overlooked entirely. At the same time, a broad range of organizational activities relies on the latter category of interaction. The provided example of the carpooling service, in line with the majority of online services that rely on automated calculations and algorithms, illustrates a situation where the steps that cannot be seen by the customers are dominant. The service blueprint provides two advantages for such a setting. First, it recognizes the existence of such areas and offers specific methods of differentiating between them visually. This contributes to the accuracy of the service dynamics depiction and allows including the processes that could otherwise be omitted. Second, the resulting image serves not only as a way to recognize and roughly estimate the weight of the invisible contact area but also as a tool for progress monitoring at the latter stages. Area-Specific Issues In addition to the broad range of applications in the business sector, service blueprinting can be equally effective in the public administration segment. For the most part, the advantages described above translate to the non-profit organizations with a high degree of fidelity. Nevertheless, certain differences should be acknowledged. First, the service users mostly possess the same set of characteristics as the customers in the business setting. Therefore, their centrality can be compared to the priority of a customer-centered approach common in the contemporary business world. However, the presence of co-production as viewed from the service-dominant approach presumes the collaboration of the users and the organization as a necessary component of service delivery. While this connection bears a certain similarity to the interaction between the customers and the service providers (as well as among the customers), it should be understood that in the case of non-profit organizations such a relationship is an unavoidable element due to nature of the offered services. Therefore, the implementation of the project blueprinting as means of accurate assessment of the possible becomes a necessity instead of a desirable option. Another important distinction is the growing complexity of the public service organization resulting from the steadily increasing number of involved stakeholders. While it does not necessarily create a new quality, it does create additional difficulties in planning and decision-making. In such cases, project blueprints are used primarily for clarification and minimization of uncertainties, although it can be argued that in the public administration setting it should be considered of higher importance. Conclusion To sum up, the project blueprint recognizes several important qualities of the service as a distinctive phenomenon, including its procedural nature, the diversity of stakeholder roles, and layers of customer interaction. For the operations management, this means the possibility of a more relevant modeling process that is superior both in terms of accuracy and accessibility for the rest of the stakeholders. While it is not fully representative of all the intricacies of the process it describes, its simplicity makes it a highly valuable tool for operation managers. It should also be pointed out that project blueprint creation is relatively simple and allows converting the complex interconnections of relationships into an approachable and accessible for, which is especially useful for the managers working in the public administration field. Therefore, it should be considered valuable as a tool for operations management. Reference List Sampson, S E 2012, ‘Visualizing service operations’, Journal of Service Research , vol. 15, no 2, pp. 182‐198.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: The SERVQ is a questionnaire that was developed in 1988 by a body of academics, specifically Parasurman, Zeithaml, and Berry. The questionnaire is based on the expectancy-disconfirmation paradigm and separates the notion of service quality into five different constructs: tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy. The SERVQ is widely used in the airline industry, where the quality of service plays a pivotal role in a company's success.

The SERVQ is a questionnaire that was developed in 1988 by a body of academics, specifically Parasurman, Zeithaml, and Berry. The questionnaire is based on the expectancy-disconfirmation paradigm and separates the notion of service quality into five different constructs: tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy. The SERVQ is widely used in the airline industry, where the quality of service plays a pivotal role in a company's success.

SERVQUAL Questionnaire in the Airline Industry Essay (Book Review) In today’s competitive market, service quality is one of the most important criteria for determining a business’s success or failure. A company may provide a very good product, but without the quality of service, that product will never become popular. Thus, improving the quality of service is of paramount importance to any manager and any company. At the same time, the quality of service is difficult to measure. While there have been a number of efforts to study service quality, finding a general agreement on the way to measure the concept has been a challenge. The first cohesive instrument that enabled managers and researchers to do so was the SERVQUAL questionnaire that was developed in 1988 by a body of academics, namely Parasurman, Zeithaml, and Berry. The questionnaire is based on the expectancy-disconfirmation paradigm and separates the notion of service quality into five different constructs: * Tangibles – equipment, uniforms, company facilities, appearance, and other tangible factors; * Reliability – how timely, accurately, and reliably a company performs its services; * Responsiveness – the ability to work with customers and respond to their wishes and desires in a timely manner; * Assurance – the ability to inspire confidence and trust in a customer; * Empathy – the level of individualization and attention to every customer. SERVQUAL is widely used in the airline industry, where the quality of service plays a pivotal role in a company’s success. Most airline companies are relatively equal in terms of the speed and technological level at which they operate and provide services at similar prices. Between two similar companies, the customer will choose the one with the better quality of service. In this literature review, we will investigate the use of SERVQUAL in the airline industry. Literature Review What is Service Quality? As we investigate SERVQUAL in the scope of this research, some basic definitions are necessary. The first term requiring discussion is quality. Defining quality has always been troublesome as it is not something tangible. An early definition offered by Crosby (1979) in his book Quality is Free, suggests that quality means “doing it right the first time.” However, this definition is rather ambiguous – what can objectively be considered “doing it right”? This definition is further expanded on by Seth, Deshmukh, and Vrat (2005), who states that “quality means meeting the requirements of the customer” (p. 920). However, the research avoids a one-sided approach, mentioning that quality also means the elimination of objective non-quality traits present in a product or service. This is important as the customer is not always capable of judging the quality of provided services. Parasuraman, Zeithaml, and Berry (1988) also maintain that quality of service should primarily be perceived through a customer-centric model. According to the SERVQUAL definition, quality stems from a comparison between the customers’ perception of what kind of services a company or business has to offer and what it actually offers. At the same time, Parasuraman et al. (1988) state that service quality from the organization’s perspective can be graded based on said organization’s requirements and rules of conduct. Determinants in Service Quality Several researchers and models name different numbers of determinants of service quality; however, most of them usually mention the same key determinants in defining quality. Parasuraman et al. (1991) list ten determinants: responsiveness, reliability, competence, courtesy, access, communication, credibility, security, tangibles, and customer understanding. These determinants were later comprised into six subgroups, which are professionalism and skills, attitudes and behavior, accessibility and flexibility, reliability and trustworthiness, recovery and reputation and credibility (Parasuraman et al., 1991). Bitner (1992), in his work titled “The Impact of Physical Surroundings on Customers and Employees,” adds the concept of servicescape to the list of SERVQUAL determinants. This particular subject states that the company environment surrounding both the customers and the employees has an effect on how customers perceive the quality of services done on their behalf, as well as how qualified said service is, from an organizational perspective. To summarise, Bitner claims that attractive, tidy service facilities improve the perception of quality. In their discussion of customer service quality, “The Nature and Determinants of Customer Expectations of Service,” Parasuraman et al. (1993) define three levels of service. The first is when said services exceed the customers’ expectations, thus satisfying them. This is the level of service all companies must strive for. The second level of service is when the customer perceives provided services to be “adequate.” The third level is classified as a gap – when service is seriously beneath customer expectations. Quality Dimensions The precursor of the SERVQUAL five-dimensions model was, arguably, the Haywood-Farmer Service Quality model (Haywood-Farmer, 1988), which contained three service quality attributes. These attributes include: * Physical facilities, properties, and procedures; * People behavior and conviviality; * Professional judgment. Finn and Lamb (1991), in their review of SERVQUAL scales, expand on the Haywood-Farmer model instead of coming up with five dimensions of service quality. These are: * Tangibles comprising equipment, uniforms, company facilities, appearance, and other tangible factors; * Reliability, which allows measuring how timely, accurately and reliably a company performs its services; * Responsiveness, the ability to work with customers and respond to their wishes and desires in a timely manner; * Assurance, which is the ability to inspire confidence and trust in a customer; * Empathy, the level of individualization, and attention to every customer. A system derived from SERVQUAL is called SERVPERF and was developed by Cronin and Taylor (1992). It shares many similarities with SERVQUAL as far as dimensions are concerned, but it is more focused on measuring quality based on performance rather than customer perception of service. Dimensions used in that model are expectations, performance, importance, future purchasing behavior, overall quality, and satisfaction. Out of these five dimensions, the first three are shared with SERVQUAL. Service Quality in the Airline Industry In the airline industry, customer satisfaction and quality control are of paramount importance. In order to detect changes and weak spots in service strategy, airline companies use either SERVQUAL or SERVPERF models. Sabri and Oguz (2011), in their comparative studies of implementation of both SERVQUAL and SERVPERF models in Istanbul Ataturk Airport and Sabiha Gokcen International Airport, found that the weighted SERVPERF model lent more accurate results due to having pore variables throughout all five dimensions. The researchers note that the tipping point between the two was the empathy and reliability dimensions, while in the rest, the two systems showed comparable results. In “Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction of a UAE-Based Airline: An Empirical Investigation” (Hussain, Nasser, and Hussain, 2015), the authors use SERVQUAL as a primary tool for measuring customer satisfaction and service quality. In order to do so, they analyzed the results of 253 questionnaires, which indicated that out of all determinants, service quality, perceived value and brand image were the most significant factors in promoting customer satisfaction. The situation is different in Nigeria. According to a quantitative study conducted by Chikwendu, Ezem, and Ejenwa (2012), which used SERVQUAL as their primary instrument for measuring service quality, the primary determinants that lent positive results for local airline companies were empathy, responsiveness and technical aspects of their services, except for reliability. At the same time, tangibles scored an all-time low, with a score of -5.71, which is a very poor level of customer service and requires much improvement. The review of Malaysian Airlines conducted by Norazah Mohd Suki (2014) shows a situation that is both similar and different from previous research studies mentioned in this literature review. This study was conducted using the SERVQUAL model as the main measurement instrument. According to this research, the empathy factor plays the deciding role in customer preference choices of particular airline services. Tangibles and terminal tangibles, according to SERVQUAL, were of least importance to passengers using Malaysian airline companies. SERVQUAL and its five dimensions of customer service quality were extensively used in a study on service quality and passenger satisfaction on Indian Airlines, performed in 2012 by Archana and Sumbha. According to their findings, the two most important dimensions for Indian customers were empathy and tangibles, namely comforts and cuisine. The importance of tangibles decreased from premium to economy class flights, while empathy remained equally important for passengers of all economic backgrounds. Korean studies dedicated to the subject under consideration in their own country, performed by Yu Kyoung Kim, Yong Beom Kim, and Yong Il Lee (2011), use both SERVQUAL and SERVPERF scales in order to assess the levels of service quality of local full-service companies and low-cost flights. According to the studies, perceived customer service quality plays the deciding role in passenger satisfaction. Unlike customers in other countries, Koreans value reliability and tangibles over empathy at all levels of flights. Researchers who study customer service quality among U.S. airline qualities tend to rely on SERVQUAL and SERVPERF models, as well. Most researchers use custom grading systems based on either of the two and adjusted according to their needs. A DEA analysis performed by Kanghwa Choi, Don Hee Lee, and David L. Olson (2015) showed an interesting trait in low-cost commercial flights. Perceived quality of customer services for these companies usually was much higher than anticipated as many customers had lowered expectations, to begin with, in particular, towards tangibles and levels of reliability. SERVQUAL’s five dimensions are useful not only when studying service quality of different companies but also can be used to determine passenger loyalty. Research performed by Raphaël K. Akamavia, Elsayed Mohamed, Katharina Pellmannc, and Yue Xua showed that during service failures, employee benevolence and efficacy could mitigate much of the negative feedback. Thus, the study shows that while tangibles, reliability, and responsiveness play a large part in winning loyalty, empathy is paramount in keeping that loyalty during service failures. When assessing customer satisfaction using the SERVQUAL scale, a certain level of disparity needs to be offered to the respondents in order to properly assess their opinions regarding airline services. The so-called “fuzzification” process involves three intervals, which later transfer to five SERVQUAL dimensions. These intervals, according to research performed by Pakdil and Aydin (2008), are Optimistic, Neutral, and Optimistic. Criticism of the SERVQUAL Model Although the SERVQUAL model seems to see plenty of use in many research studies dedicated to airline customer service quality, as was amply illustrated by the abundance of presented material about airline companies from different regions around the world, the model is not without its flaws. It was criticized from its early conception and has constantly been improved upon, eventually evolving into SERVPERF and other variations. The main point of criticism for the SERVQUAL model comes from Cronin and Tailor (1994). In their comparative analysis of the SERVQUAL versus the SERVPERF model, they state that the very conceptualization of the model is flawed since it is based on a satisfaction paradigm rather than an attitude model. At the same time, the researchers state that there is a massive difference between service quality perceptions, quality satisfaction judgments, and expectancy-disconfirmation judgments. According to Babakus and Boller (1992), who performed an empirical analysis of the SERVQUAL model, the expectation section of the system is not particularly useful as most of the weight is carried by the perception scores, which have the most impact on the overall results of the analysis. This matter is further investigated by Teas (1993) in his study, titled “Expectations, Performance Evaluation, and Consumers’ Perceptions of Quality.” In it, he points out the erroneous tendency in grading scores on different processes and questions if equal scores on these processes have different weight and meaning from one to another. Another point for which SERVQUAL is criticized is its lack of adaptability. This matter is reflected on by Buttle (1996) in his article published in the European Journal of Marketing. In it, he states that due to the ever-changing demands and opinions regarding customer service, any results received through the use of SEQUAL questionnaires have little longevity as scores received several years ago may no longer apply to the current situation. Coutlhard’s (2004) critique of the SERVQUAL model is more recent and emphasizes the fact that SERVQUAL has a dimensionality problem when it comes to certain intricacies and aspects of particular industries. He states that the five dimensions mentioned in the SERVQUAL analysis are not generic and should be refined by factor analysis before being applied in a particular industry. Brown, Churchill, and Peter (1993) state that SERVQUAL is used so widely in all areas of customer service because of its relatively high reliability. At the same time, the researchers note that its overall reliability is below that of a non-difference measure used in service quality analysis. At the same time, SERVQUAL fails to provide a differential validity to each of its components. Despite the criticism, however, a review of 20 years of SERVQUAL research performed by Riadh Ladhari (2009) finds that the instrument remains one of the primary tools in service-quality research. This indicates that the practicalities of the system trumped the majority of theoretical concerns posed by its critics and that the results of these analyses proved to be useful and practical enough to disregard certain weaknesses and downsides associated with this method of research. In his summary, Ladhari uses over 30 applications of SERVQUAL in various industries to demonstrate the point. Reference List Akamavia, RK, Mohamed, E, Pellmannc, K, & Xua Y 2015, ‘Key determinants of passenger loyalty in the low-cost airline business,’ Tourism Management vol. 46, pp. 528–545. Archana, R & Subha, MV 2012, ‘A study on service quality and passenger satisfaction on Indian airlines,’ International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 50 – 63. Aydin, O & Pakdil, F 2008 ‘Fuzzy SERVQUAL analysis in airline services,’ Organizacija, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 108-115. Babakus, E & Boller, GW 1992, ‘An empirical assessment of the SERVQUAL scale,’ Journal of Business Research, vol. 24, pp. 253-268. Bitner, MJ 1992, ‘Servicescapes: The impact of physical surroundings on customers and employees’, The Journal of Marketing, vol. 56 no. 2, pp. 57-71. Brown, TJ, Churchill, GA & Peter, JP 1993, ‘Research note: Improving the measurement of service quality,’ Journal of Retailing, vol. 69, no.1, pp. 127-139. Buttle, F 1996, ‘SERVQUAL: review, critique, research agenda,’ European Journal of Marketing, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 8-32. Chikwendu DU, Ejem E & Ezenwa A, 2012, ‘Evaluation of service quality of Nigerian airline using the SERVQUAL model,’ Journal of Hospitality Management and Tourism vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 117-125. Choi, K, Lee, DH & Olson DL 2015, ‘Service quality and productivity in the U.S. Airline industry: a service quality-adjusted DEA model’, Service business, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 137–160. Coulthard, LJM 2004, ‘Measuring Service Quality; A review and critique of research using SERVQUAL,’ International Journal of Market Research, vol. 64, no. 4, pp. 479-497. Cronin, JJ & Taylor, SA 1992, ‘Measuring service quality: a reexamination and extension,’ Journal of Marketing, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 55-68. Cronin, JJ & Taylor, SA 1994, ‘SERVPERF versus SERVQUAL: reconciling performance-based and perceptions-minus-expectations measurement of service quality. Journal of Marketing, vol. 58, pp. 125-131. Crosby, PB 1979, Quality is free, New York: McGraw-Hill. Finn, DW. & Lamb Jr, C.W. 1991, ‘An evaluation of the SERVQUAL scales in a retailing setting,’ Advances in consumer research, vol. 18 no. 1, pp. 483-490. Haywood-Farmer, J 1988, ‘A conceptual model of service quality,’ International Journal of Operations & Production Management, vol. 8 no. 6, pp. 19-29. Hussain, R, Nasser, A & Hussain YK 2015, ‘Service quality and customer satisfaction of a UAE-based airline: An empirical investigation,’ Journal of Air Transport Management, vol. 42, pp. 167–175. Kim, YK, Kim, YB & Lee, YI 2011, ‘Perceived service quality for South Korean domestic airlines,’ Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, vol. 22, no. 10, pp. 15-21. Ladhari, R 2009, ‘A review of 20 years of SERVQUAL research’, International Journal of Quality and Service Sciences, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 172-198. North MS, 2014, ‘Passenger satisfaction with airline service quality in Malaysia: A structural equation modeling approach’, Research in Transportation Business & Management, vol.10, pp. 26–32. Parasuraman, A, Zeithaml, VA & Berry LL 1988, ‘SERVQUAL: A multiple-item scale for measuring consumer perceptions of service quality,’ Journal of Retailing, vol. 64, no. 1, pp. 12-40. Parasuraman, A, Berry, LL & Zeithaml, VA 1991, ‘Refinement and reassessment of the SERVQUAL scale,’ Journal of Retailing, vol. 67, no. 4, pp. 420-450. Sabri, T & Ardila, O.Y. 2011, ‘Measuring service quality and a comparative analysis in the passenger carriage of the airline industry,’ Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences vol. 24, no. 2011, pp. 1232–1242. Seth, N, Deshmukh, SG & Vrat, P 2005, ‘Service quality models: a review,’ International Journal of Quality and Reliability Management, vol. 22, no. 9, pp. 913-949. Teas, KT 1993, ‘Expectations, performance evaluation, and consumers’ Perceptions of Quality, vol. 57, no. 4, pp. 18-34. Zeithaml, VA, Berry, LL & Parasuraman, A 1993, ‘The nature and determinants of customer expectations of service,’ Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science vol. 2, no.1, pp. 1-12.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : The main goal of this very document is to offer an efficient management framework that will be able to guarantee that all risks and uncertainties are managed at the high level, and the infrastructure of Sharjah City in the UAE will benefit from the improved approach.The main goal of this very document is to offer an efficient management framework that will be able to guarantee that all risks and uncertainties are managed at the high level, and the infrastructure of Sharjah City in the UAE will benefit from the improved approach.

The main goal of this very document is to offer an efficient management framework that will be able to guarantee that all risks and uncertainties are managed at the high level, and the infrastructure of Sharjah City in the UAE will benefit from the improved approach. The main goal of this very document is to offer an efficient management framework that will be able to guarantee that all risks and uncertainties are managed at the high level, and the infrastructure of Sharjah City in the UAE will benefit from the improved approach.

Sharjah City’s Efficient Management Framework Research Paper Executive Summary The main goal of this very document is to offer an efficient management framework that will be able to guarantee that all risks and uncertainties are managed at the high level, and the infrastructure of Sharjah City in the UAE will benefit from the improved approach. Considering the fact that risk management is a complex and long-term project, the introduction of a risk management plan to guarantee the improved results of the whole venture might be considered the first step to its improved functioning and outstanding final outcomes. However, a well-thought-out and comprehensive approach is needed. The document will contribute to the achievement of this very goal by assessing the most important features of Sharjah City and its infrastructure to determine its strengths and weaknesses and be able to suggest a change strategy aimed at the mitigation of the negative impact of some aspect. Additionally, the paper will outline the effect risk mitigation strategies might have on the functioning of this entity and how the exploration of these very strategies will be deployed to minimize the chances of the appearance of a certain risk factor. Altogether, the given document could be considered an attempt to create a framework for the enhancement of Sharjah Citys infrastructure functioning. Introduction The blistering rise of the Gulf region results in the appearance of giant cities characterized by the complex infrastructure. The fact is that the tendency towards the increased number of visitors and residents introduces the necessity of the outstanding performance of every object of infrastructure to guarantee that the basic needs of the majority of people will be satisfied (“Sharjah picks four key pillars of growth in 2017,” 2017). In this regard, risk management strategies become an integral part of the functioning of any great object with the developed infrastructure as the purpose of this sort of analysis is to guarantee that all possible risks are identified and managed to eliminate any threat that might appear in case one or another aspect remains unnoticed. For this reason, the main objectives of the given paper are to identify, assess, and analyze all possible risks related to Sharjah Infrastructure. The complexity of the task and sophistication of relations between different objects of infrastructure precondition the usage of various risk assessment tools and increased level of attention given to an array of factors. Reason The choice of the topic and object for the investigation is not accidental. The fact is that at the moment the Gulf region is one of the most fast-growing areas in the world characterized by the high pace of the development of financial, tourist, industrial, and other sectors (“Sharjah’s population crosses 1.4m,” 2015). The increased level of attention given to the region also means that a set of factors should be considered when trying to attract the attention of sponsors and investors. At the same time, the high pace of the evolution of the region attracts numerous people who might also become significant contributors to the empowerment of the area. In this regard, the developed infrastructure characterized by the enhanced cooperation between every object is key to the successful exploration of the land and its further development. A risk management plan will obviously help to accomplish this task and guarantee its better comprehending. Description At the moment, Sharjah is one of the greatest cities in the UAE where about 1billion people live (“Sharjah’s population crosses 1.4m,” 2015). It is the capital of the emirate of Sharjah and plays a crucial role in the functioning of the whole state. The city is a center for culture, industry, tourism, and other important sectors. The significance of Sharjah could also be proved by the fact that it provides 7,4% of the GDP to the budget of the UAE (Saadi, 2017). The city is inhabited mostly by Muslims who precondition the behavioral patterns accepted in Sharjah. The sale of alcohol is prohibited, and this fact attracts thousands of tourists from Islamic states who want to explore its unique culture (Saadi, 2017). Additionally, very often it is taken as a cultural capital of the UAE. The combination of all these facts preconditions the high level of interest to the city and thousands of people visit it every day. In this regard, the efficient functioning of the objects of its infrastructure is the key to further evolution. Services Understanding the unique importance of the well-thought-out approach, the government tries to create an outstanding infrastructure characterized by the usage of innovations and unusual methods which might help people to feel better and satisfy their basic needs. At the moment, Sharjah has a well-developed transport infrastructure. Thus, like any giant city, this one also suffers from traffic congestion especially during rush hours on the roads leading to the most popular directions like to the Emirate of Dubai. However, there is a Sharjah Public Transport Corporation which is responsible for the policies introduced to solve this very problem and guarantee that the situation will be improved. It is obviously a long term project which will take several years. People in Sharjah are also able to use International Airports services which is the third-largest in the Middle East (“Sharjah Public Works green-lights $175m of infrastructure projects,” 2017). Low-cost carriers and full-service ones are available to citizens. There are also numerous taxi cars, buses, and other kinds of transport guaranteeing improved transport infrastructure. As for the other objects, there are numerous educational establishments that give knowledge students (“List of 25 best schools in Sharjah,” 2017). Furthermore, Sharjah is characterized by numerous medical centers that use innovative technologies and try to engage foreign specialists in sharing experiences and becoming more efficient (“The report: Sharjah 2017,” 2017). Yet, the utilization of garbage, housing, and other important objects of infrastructure could also be described as rather efficient. However, it is also obvious, that there is still much to be improved. Analysis Conducting the comprehensive analysis of the most important objects of infrastructure, their functioning, and main showings, we could state that the attempts to introduce the gradual improvement of this very object on the regular basis are present at the moment. The government of the emirate recognizes the fact that there are still several problems in the given sphere. Traffic congestion and occasional problems with access to the most important infrastructure objects like hospitals, schools, or medical units deteriorate the quality of life in the city. For this reason, the analysis of the most crucial aspects of infrastructure is needed for the creation of an efficient risk management plan which to guarantee the further evolution of the city. At the moment, there is a set of problems which should be solved. Revenues Thus, continuing the analysis of Sharjah infrastructure and the impact it has on the main showings peculiar to the whole emirate, we could state that infrastructure spending accounts for 30% of the emirates budget for 2017 (Annuar, 2017). In 2017, it amounts to $5,9 billion which is the greatest sum in history (“Sharjah approves $6 billion infrastructure budget for 2017,” 2017). The increase in infrastructure spending could be measured by 7%. The given facts show that infrastructure remains the main priority for the government (Bhatia, 2017). Moreover, the given tendency is peculiar to the whole state, as in the UAE 4% of the whole budget is devoted to the infrastructure (see Picture 2 in the Appendix). At the same time, considering the importance of the economic development of the state and the positive impact developed infrastructure has on the paces of its rise, the funds invested in this very sector could also help the whole state to evolve (“Sharjah FDI to exceed AED 1 billion by end of 2017,” 2017). Additionally, the sphere of infrastructure also brings significant revenues to the budget and GDP of the UAE as thousands of people use the above-mentioned services every day (see Picture 1 in Appendix). That is why it is crucial to guarantee its further rise. Performance Indicators The current efficiency of the above-mentioned sector could be described as comparatively high. According to the latest statistics, the majority of residents living in Sharjah are satisfied with the services provided to them (“Infrastructure gets 30pc of Sharjah budget,” n.d). However, there are also several problems peculiar to the given sphere. Rush hours could be considered a great issue as they result in traffic collapse and make some tasks more complex (“Phase II of Heart of Sharjah project on schedule,” 2017). Additionally, citizens of the UAE might suffer from the lack of services available to them. For this reason, there are still many areas that could benefit from the application of the main points of the strategic risk management plan. The investigation of the major aspects of the infrastructure functioning might provide the basis for significant improvement and discussion. For this reason, we could state that the current performance indicators are crucial for the creation of an efficient risk management plan and significant improvement of its efficiency. Risk Assessment Therefore, considering the unique importance of the efficient functioning of different objects of infrastructure and their improved cooperation, the investigation of the main problems that might appear in the course of their functioning is crucial for the further evolution of the city. That is why risk assessment and the creation of the appropriate mitigation strategy become important tasks that should be accomplished to guarantee the further evolution of Sharjahs infrastructure and its increased ability to shelter people and provide them with the most necessary services and conditions. Additionally, risk assessment also becomes an integral part of the management strategy aimed at the improvement of the financial performance and acquisition of additional revenues. If to consider Sharjah infrastructure as an important business project which should bring benefits, reorganization of relations that exist between the most important objects should be taken as the basis for the rapid rise of the torrent of visitors who will contribute to the development of the whole city. That is why risk assessment becomes crucial. Identification As stated above, the government perfectly recognizes the unique importance of infrastructure and the role it plays in the evolution of a city. For this reason, the tendency towards the constant increase in the amount of money devoted to its development could be admitted. These funds are spent to align the continuous process of improvement and implementation of innovations. However, there are still several risks that might appear. First, being a complex project, Sharjah infrastructure presupposes the existence of a great number of high-level risks (“Sharjah gears up for faster door-to-door services,” 2017). That is why one of the most difficult tasks is to assure that the most important threat is found. As for the given project, traffic jams and their consequences might be considered the most nagging problem that should obviously be solved to guarantee improved outcomes. Additionally, the given risk factor also contributes to the appearance of new ones. In case traffic problems appear, people might be not able to reach hospitals in case of emergency. It is another significant problem and weakness of Sharjahs infrastructure. Analysis Having identified the main risk, it is crucial to analyze it to determine the way it might impact the results of the project. In case the risk is disregarded, project outcomes will obviously be reduced, and the quality of the suggested services will suffer (Eid & Asutay, 2017). For this reason, the determination of the chance for the appearance of this kind of threat is evident. Considering the latest statistics, we state that everyday congestion appears in rush hours when people move to work, study, and other places related to their kind of activity (Annuar, 2017). For this reason, the likelihood of the risk is very high. The seriousness might vary. In case congestion results only in the waste of time, it could be considered low. However, if a person has to reach a hospital immediately, traffic congestion might result in the significant deterioration of the state of his/her health and even death. That is why it should be taken as a serious problem that should be solved. Risk Mitigation Resting on the nature of the issue, the following risk mitigation strategies could be suggested. To reduce the chance that a traffic jam will appear, it is crucial to develop the public transit system. The fact is that the improved quality of life of people results in the appearance of numerous vehicles that complicate the movement. Additionally, human factor creates the basis for numerous clashes and traffic accidents. For this reason, the introduction of a public transit system might help to solve the problem. However, it should be efficient enough to handle a great torrent of passengers. For this reason, the bus-only lane should be created. Moreover, a specific kind of vehicle should be used. They have to be fast, safe, and commodious. The headway should be no more than 3 minutes. The most crucial and important directions should be covered. Only under these conditions, a certain improvement of the current situation could be observed. Risk Monitoring To assure that the above-mentioned measures meet the requirements that exist in the given environment and determine their efficiency, risk monitoring strategies are needed. In case these preventive measures turn out to be successful enough, further exploration and usage could be recommended. However, if data does not prove the improvement of the situation, a new approach should be suggested. Besides, to monitor the efficiency of the bus-only lane the statistics related to the traffic jams should be processed. The decrease of their number might evidence the promising character of the suggested measure. Additionally, peoples feedback related to the new approach could be collected using the survey placed on the website. The usage of these monitoring techniques might help to trace the evolution of the problem and improve the risk management process. Roles and Responsibilities Therefore, to guarantee the improved outcomes of the risk assessment and management processes, a deep understanding of the main responsibilities and roles is crucial. Besides, the creation of a Risk Management plan is a complex task which suggests several challenges. Considering the character of the issue under the investigation, we could state that the representatives of the municipal government should be provided with the main task to control the process and assure that the main tasks will be accomplished to attain success. Additionally, they obviously have access to funds and an improved understanding of the mechanisms that should be used to support the development and implementation of this very risk management plan. Team There should be a Project manager who bears the whole responsibility for the creation and evolution of the plan. He/she will become the main person who monitors every stage of the process and assures that the most important demands for the quality, costs, terms, etc. are met. He/she should also distribute responsibilities resting on the strengths and weaknesses of a team. Therefore, there should also be The Steering Committee that approves the most complex decisions and consults in case any problem appears. The efficient collaboration of all members of the team is key to the final success of the process and improved outcomes. Plan The creation of a final plan is a complex process that demands the improved comprehending of the issue and deep analysis of all aspects. The plan should incorporate such elements as costs, terms, risk likelihood, risk character, its impact, and possible mitigation processes. For this reason, the data collected in the process of examination of problems with infrastructure creates the basis for the creation of an efficient and innovative plan of actions that will obviously help to improve the situation and help people to reach certain places faster. The main points of the plan will also cover the perspective for further action which is needed to continue the improvement of the situation. Discussion Nevertheless, one should realize the fact the suggested course of action is not the only possible way to alter the situation and attain a significant enhancement of the situation. Besides, there could be other perspectives on the problem and solutions to it. One could vote for the limitation of the number of vehicles permitted to move during rush hours. Additionally, there is also the approach that presupposes the creation of the underground that would be able to unclog the streets and help people to move across the city. However, the given method could be considered the cheapest one and efficient as there are several examples demonstrating that the usage of the same scheme in other states contributed to the improvement of the situation (Weber, Staub-Bisang, & Wilhelm-Alfen, 2016) Conclusion At the moment, traffic problems might be considered one of the greatest risks that might slow down the pace of the evolution of this very project and guarantee that the tendency towards its rise will be preserved. The introduction of the bus-only lanes might help to improve the current state of the issue and guarantee the probability of the appearance of this risk will decrease. Appendix Picture. 1. UAE GDP (Hassan, 2015). Picture 2. UAE Budget Expenditure (Hassan, 2015). References Annuar, N. (2017). Sharjah announces 2017 budget, increases infrastructure spending . Web. Bhatia, N. (2017). Infrastructure worth 30% of Sharjah’s 2017 budget . Web. Eid, W., & Asutay, M. (2017). Mapping the risks and risk management practices in Islamic banking . London: Wiley. Hassan, W. (2015). UAE economic outlook . Web. Infrastructure gets 30pc of Sharjah budget. (n.d.). Web. List of 25 best schools in Sharjah (2017). Web. Phase II of Heart of Sharjah project on schedule . (2017). Web. Saadi, D. (2017). Sharjah 2017 budget boosts spending on infrastructure. The National . Web. Sharjah approves $6 billion infrastructure budget for 2017 . (2017). Web. Sharjah FDI to exceed AED 1 billion by end of 2017 . (2017). Web. Sharjah gears up for faster door-to-door services . (2017). Web. Sharjah picks four key pillars of growth in 2017. (2017). Web. Sharjah’s population crosses 1.4m, with more than 175,000 Emiratis and 1.2 million expatriates . (2015). Web. Sharjah Public Works green-lights $175m of infrastructure projects . (2017). Web. The report: Sharjah 2017 . (2017). Web. Weber, B., Staub-Bisang, M., & Wilhelm-Alfen, H. (2016). Infrastructure as an asset class: investment strategy, sustainability, project finance and PPP . London: Wiley.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : This text discusses the scope management plan for the construction of a stadium at Sharjah Higher Colleges of Technology.The text discusses the scope management plan for the construction of a stadium at Sharjah Higher Colleges of Technology. The plan includes a work breakdown structure, activity lists with dependencies, network plans, time plans, resource plans, cost management assignments, human resource management, and risk management.

This text discusses the scope management plan for the construction of a stadium at Sharjah Higher Colleges of Technology. The text discusses the scope management plan for the construction of a stadium at Sharjah Higher Colleges of Technology. The plan includes a work breakdown structure, activity lists with dependencies, network plans, time plans, resource plans, cost management assignments, human resource management, and risk management.

Sharjah Higher Colleges of Technology Stadium Project Case Study Executive Summary This is a design project for Sharjah Higher Colleges of Technology, UAE. The construction of the stadium is ordered by the government, and the estimated time of completion is August 2018. The following project covers the scope management plan, work breakdown structure, project constraints, time management issues, resource and cost requirements, human resource management, and risk management. Scope Management Plan Sharjah Higher Colleges of Technology have long since required a stadium to practice sports and conduct sports competitions of various kinds between faculties and other colleges. Sport promotes healthy living, teamwork, physical prowess, and contributes to the prosperity and well-being of the nation. Simultaneously, sporting competitions have high entertainment value, especially in the UAE, where many sports are spectated and practiced. Simultaneously, Sharjah Higher Colleges of Technology does not have a stadium of their own to practice sports. Our group is tasked with providing a project outline for the construction of the stadium and a plan for its completion. The deadline for the project is at the end of August 2018. As any stadium requires to be dedicated to a specific sport, this one will be dedicated to soccer. Soccer is considered to be the most popular sport in the UAE and Sharjah specifically. The sport became popularized in the country after 1971 and the establishment of the United Arab Emirates Football Association (“Sports”). Ever since the sport’s popularity grew, and now it is played on both professional, semi-professional, and amateur levels. Thus, dedicating the stadium to soccer is the best choice. Quantifiable objectives for this project include providing a Work Breakdown Structure, outlining project constraints, activity lists with dependencies, network plans, time plans, resource plans, cost management assignments, human resource management, and responsibility assignments, as well as a risk management plan. The report will be delivered in digital and paper versions and would include MS project charts and a Powerpoint presentation. The deliverables for this project include finding the correct location for the stadium to be built on, the preparation of the field (which consists of the installation of all game-related equipment and markings around the specific areas), the construction of the spectator places (which includes their design, construction, and safety inspection). The project is expected to end with a grand opening of the stadium. Work Breakdown Structure Project management branch. № WBS Name WBS Description Cost (USD) 1 Planning The planning phase of the project, during which the team is assembled, objectives are identified, and responsibilities are assigned to key personnel. In addition, all the required documentation is identified and prepared. This report is part of the planning phase. 10.000 2 Cost management Cost management stands for identification of costs and expenses, procurement operations, financial operations, banking operations, fundraising, and all related tasks. 60.000 3 Scope management A set of processes to ensure that the project’s scope is defined and mapped accurately. It allows the managers to control the flow of the work and ensure the deliverables for the project are followed. 10.000 4 Office administration Expenditures required for the administration, operation, and maintenance of office facilities for the duration of the project. These include renting the spaces, phone, and electrical bills, providing fully-stacked workplaces, office equipment, etc. 150.000 5 Project communications The project communications plan stands for a complicated approach to providing the stakeholders with information about the project. 20.000 6 Human Resources The human resource department is tasked with finding and working with the personnel required for the completion of the project. They must ensure that the hired personnel is qualified for the task. 200.000 7 Stadium facilities planning This part of the project includes designing the stadium and planning out the work process for the duration of the construction. It is a complex task with many variables, including construction design, resource plan, working schedules, construction vehicle rotations, etc. 200.000 8 Risk management Risk management involves identifying various risks that may endanger, delay, or even ruin the project, as well as devising and installing countermeasures to prevent such incidents from occurring. 150.000 9 Procurement management Procurement management involves finding the necessary products, materials, tools, and services needed for the completion of the project, and ensuring their timely delivery to the construction site. 200.000 10 Quality management Quality management involves control over the quality of work at all stages of planning and construction processes. 200.000 Total: 1,190,000 USD. Stadium construction branch. № WBS Name WBS Description Cost (USD) 1 Clearing the site The first stage of any construction process involves clearing the construction site of any trees, debris, or temporary structures placed in there. This stage also involves removing the upper layer of the ground in order to reveal the subsurface, which is located at about 40 cm depth beyond the ground level. 200.000 2 Subsurface drainage Subsurface drainage involves the creation of drainage outlets around the perimeter of the construction site, including main drains and laterals. This is done to ensure that the construction site would not be flooded during rain. 250.000 3 Filling the playing field Underneath the playing field are a multi-layered sandwich of crushed stone, compressed sand, geotextile, and heating system pipelines. 450.000 4 Playing turf installation This portion of construction involves planting the grass seeds, installing water supply systems in order to facilitate the grass growth, and installing all sport-related facilities. 150.000 5 Excavation Before the construction of the spectator galleries, they must be supplied with a proper footing in order to withstand the pressure that will be applied unto them. The foundations are placed underneath the structure and require excavation to be placed. 200.000 6 Concrete footing installation Providing a strong foundation for the spectator galleries is paramount to ensure the safety of the visitors. Typically, stadiums have monolithic foundations that offer the most stability and resistance against vertical pressure. 450.000 7 The seat gallery supports the installation. Galleries are to be placed on supports that would hold them in place and relay all the pressure towards the foundation. Typically, these supports are made out of concrete or steel beams. 450.000 8 Erecting pre-cast galleries Installing pre-cast galleries unto the gallery supports is the next stage of construction. These galleries are made out of slabs of concrete produced on a factory and hauled to the construction site via trucks. 450.000 9 Seat casts poured Seat places can be made on the construction site by pouring concrete into precast forms. 250.000 10 Steel support structure for the roof Having a roof is paramount to a stadium, as the roof protects the audience from the sun, rain, and snow. These supports are commonly made out of steel beams. 450.000 11 Erection of the roof Installation of the roof unto the steel support structure. 250.000 12 Dressing room construction Small facilities for the competitors to change and prepare for the competition. Typically include showers. 300.000 13 Seats painting and installation Installation and painting of the seats on the seat casts. 50.000 14 Lights and electrical outfitting Installation of lights to illuminate the field, the spectator stands, as well as lights inside dressing rooms, restrooms, etc. 150.000 15 Scoreboard, commentator’s booth, etc. Exactly what it says on the tin. 50.000 Total: 4,050,000 USD. Project Constraints The premise of the case study states only one constraint for the project, which is time – the stadium is expected to be fully operational by the end of August 2018. However, it is safe to assume that the project will have a finite budget is another constraint. Lastly, the presence and price for organized construction labor, the availability of materials and construction equipment, as well as the availability of land and the location of the stadium, would impose additional constraints that would need to be planned around. In this scenario, however, time constraints impose resource constraints. Had time not been limited, it would have been possible to accomplish the task and construct the stadium employing a minimum amount of workers over a more extended period of time (“Constraints”). In order to overcome the time constraints, it will be required to employ more construction workers and hasten the working process. That way, the stadium would be completed by the deadline. Another constraint imposed on the project lies in materials and financial resources (“Constraints”). As we assume the number of resources spent on this project by the government is finite, it is paramount to optimize the number of construction workers at hand, their working schedules, as well as the supply and resource schedules. That would allow saving both time and money, as with adequate planning and intense working schedules that lack or have minimized downtimes, it is possible to complete the project with fewer expenditures on resources, transportation, warehousing, and labor. External constraints on the project could potentially include the lack of a qualified workforce and materials to accomplish this project (“Constraints”). However, the possibility of these constraints to become relevant is unlikely, as Sharjah is the third largest and third most populous city in the UAE, with a large market of construction services. Time Management № Activity Name Activity description Duration 1 Clearing the site The first stage of any construction process involves clearing the construction site of any trees, debris, or temporary structures placed in there. This stage also involves removing the upper layer of the ground in order to reveal the subsurface. 8 2 Subsurface drainage Subsurface drainage involves the creation of drainage outlets around the perimeter of the construction site, including main drains and laterals. This is done to ensure that the construction site would not be flooded during rain. 8 3 Filling the playing field Underneath the playing field are a multi-layered sandwich of crushed stone, compressed sand, geotextile, and heating system pipelines. 14 4 Playing turf installation This portion of construction involves planting the grass seeds, installing water supply systems in order to facilitate the grass growth, and installing all sport-related facilities. 12 5 Excavation Before the construction of the spectator galleries, they must be supplied with a proper footing in order to withstand the pressure that will be applied unto them. The foundations are placed underneath the structure and require excavation to be placed. 4 6 Concrete footing installation Providing a strong foundation for the spectator galleries is paramount to ensure the safety of the visitors. Typically, stadiums have monolithic foundations that offer the most stability and resistance against vertical pressure. 4 7 The seat gallery supports the installation. Galleries are to be placed on supports that would hold them in place and relay all the pressure towards the foundation. Typically, these supports are made out of concrete or steel beams. 12 8 Erecting pre-cast galleries Installing pre-cast galleries unto the gallery supports is the next stage of construction. These galleries are made out of slabs of concrete produced on a factory and hauled to the construction site via trucks. 13 9 Seat casts poured Seat places can be made on the construction site by pouring concrete into precast forms. 4 10 Steel support structure for the roof Having a roof is paramount to a stadium, as the roof protects the audience from the sun, rain, and snow. These supports are commonly made out of steel beams. 4 11 Erection of the roof Installation of the roof unto the steel support structure. 8 12 Dressing room construction Small facilities for the competitors to change and prepare for the competition. Typically include showers. 4 13 Seats painting and installation Installation and painting of the seats on the seat casts. 3 14 Lights and electrical outfitting Installation of lights to illuminate the field, the spectator stands, as well as lights inside dressing rooms, restrooms, etc. 5 15 Scoreboard, commentator’s booth, etc. Exactly what it says on the tin. 4 Project network. Gantt Chart. Resource Requirements The resources required for stadium construction vary in their nature and could be classified into different subgroups. These groups are (“Resources”): * Construction materials – these include concrete, cement, sand, brick, steel armature, waterproofing materials, steel beams, electrical equipment, paint, and other materials required for the construction of the stadium and the spectator stands. * Construction mechanisms – these include all kinds of construction machinery used for lifting, digging, and transportation of construction materials. The examples of construction mechanisms required for this project include excavators, cranes, hauling trucks, graders, concrete mixers, and ground compactors. * Handheld tools and equipment – these include brushes, shovels, hammers, masonry trowels, wheelbarrows, vibrators, chisels, saws, line levels, drills, ladders, measuring boxes, putty knives, and other equipment used by workers during construction. * Stadium field-related materials and equipment – as the stadium’s surface will be covered with grass; these materials include grass seeds, soul fertilizers, sprinklers, gardening tools, etc. Other materials and equipment are related to the sport and have plastic seats, marking materials, soccer gates, nets, flags, banners, and other related items. Cost Management № Process Name Resource demands (USD) 1 Clearing the site 200.000 2 Subsurface drainage 250.000 3 Filling the playing field 450.000 4 Playing turf installation 150.000 5 Excavation 200.000 6 Concrete footing installation 450.000 7 Seat gallery supports installation 450.000 8 Erecting pre-cast galleries 450.000 9 Seat casts poured 250.000 10 Steel support structure for the roof 450.000 11 Erection of the roof 250.000 12 Dressing room construction 300.000 13 Seats painting and installation 50.000 14 Lights and electrical outfitting 150.000 15 Scoreboard, commentator’s booth, etc. 50.000 Resource leveling scheduling chart. According to the WBS, the total expenditures for the construction part of the project is estimated at 4,050,000 USD. The following chart was created using the Gantt chart and resource requirements for each process to evaluate financial demands for each week. As it is possible to see in the diagram, the highest demand for financial resources happens between 17-20 weeks, peaking at 728600 USD per week. Human Resource Management Company Organizational Breakdown Structure. This is a standard organizational chart for a construction project. The key stakeholders here are the project manager, purchasing manager, engineer manager (chief engineer), HR director, financial director, and Marketing director. The type of organizational structure used for this project is the functional structure, where every portion of the organization is grouped according to its purpose. It is an efficient structure that requires very little in terms of maintenance and is standard for many construction companies (Lohrey). Types of communication channels (“Communication”): * Formal written * Informal written * Formal verbal * Informal verbal. Number of communication channels = [N x (N-1)] / 2 = [27 x 26]/2 = 351. Risk Management Risk management is a very important part of the construction process, as there are many potential factors that may hamper or outright ruin the project, depending on the severity of the risk. Identifying these risks, developing risk management plans, and identifying the risk owners is paramount to safeguarding the results of the project and minimizing potential damage, should any of these risks ever occur. Construction risks could be split into six categories (Menard): * Technical risks. These risks include the possibility of damaging the material, equipment, chances of trauma among the workers, improper design and planning, improper site investigation, and changes to project scope and requirements. Counteracting these risks is usually done through a thorough inspection of the construction process before, during, and after the completion of the project. As all construction processes are conducted by subcontractors, the responsibility for any accidents and associated risks lie on them. In order to account for any potential delays, the project’s estimated completion time must be set 2-3 months before the deadline. * Logistical risks. These risks account for any delays or damage to the materials and equipment during transportation. To account for this, the construction site must always have a surplus of materials and equipment in order to continue work despite the delays. Otherwise, the project risks facing unexpected downtimes. In this scenario, the suppliers are the risk owners. * Environmental risks and Force Majeure. These types of risks account for bad weather patterns, rainstorms, drought, cold, as well as major accidents of environmental or technogenic nature, such as floods, fires, and earthquakes. Flame extinguishers and proper safety protocols and measures should protect the construction site from any related incidents. Should an accident occur, the responsibility lies on the safety organization detail. * Management-related risks. These risks usually stem from ineffective management and labor organization, which leads to delays, unexpected downtimes, accidents, and general prolongation of the construction process. This happens if the managers and coordinators of the project are not sufficiently skilled in conducting the operations they were assigned. Counteracting these risks would involve high-quality planning of the processes and efficient work of the HR department, as they are responsible for hiring new employees. * Financial risks. These risks include changes in inflation, local taxation, prices for materials, tools, equipment, and other related factors. They can significantly inflate the overall price of the project. However, since the stadium construction project is funded and covered by the government, it is likely for them to cover for any external financial risks. * Socio-political risks. Social and political activity on a local level may significantly hamper the completion of the project. If the stadium is to be constructed in a densely populated area of the city, it may cause protests against the construction due to noise and construction debris. It would require written approval from the occupants of adjacent houses and apartment blocks to begin the construction. For this project, prioritized risks would include technical risks as in risks of damage to the construction, the equipment, and trauma-associated risks, logistical risks, and environmental risks. Works Cited “ Constraints in Construction Projects. ” Designing buildings . 2017. Web. “Communication Channels Made Simple.” PMC Champion . 2013. Web. Lohrey, Jackey. “ Organizational Structure of a Construction Company. ” Chron. Web. Menard, Shannon. “ The Types of Risk in Construction Project. ” eSub . 2017. Web. “Resources in Construction Projects.” Steel Deck. Web. “Sports in the United Arab Emirates.” Ten Guide. Web.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : The paper discusses the internal organizational structure of Siemens Company and analyzes its use of coordination mechanisms in the work of the organization. It also studies the way of how these mechanisms are used in the working practice of large companies.

The paper discusses the internal organizational structure of Siemens Company and analyzes its use of coordination mechanisms in the work of the organization. It also studies the way of how these mechanisms are used in the working practice of large companies.

Siemens Company’s Internal Organizational Structure Essay Introduction The establishment of an organization presents one of the most difficult tasks as there are numerous problems connected with the choice of employees and organizational structure. A successful organization should present a well-developed system that can operate effectively even if there are problems associated with the work of one of its parts. Thus, there is no doubt that the knowledge of coordination mechanisms and structural dimensions of famous organizations is extremely important for anyone interested in business and management. The given paper focuses on such an organization as Siemens and analyzes its internal bureaucratic structure. The organization was chosen because it has a great number of employees and its well-developed structure provides an opportunity to apply a range of theoretical concepts related to management and organizational structures. In particular, there are a few important questions discussed in the paper. First, it describes the activities performed by the chosen organization and its key tasks. Also, the topics discussed within the frame of the assignment include the structure of the organization and signs indicating that it is a bureaucracy. Finally, it analyzes the use of coordination mechanisms in the work of the organization to study the way of how they are used in the working practice of large companies. Bureaucratic Organization Purpose The organization studied within the frame of the given assignment is Siemens which is known as one of the largest and the most successful companies in Germany. The organization has a long history as it was established in the middle of the nineteenth century by two German engineers. Since the very beginning of its operation, the organization was related to the production of various products and services; for instance, in the nineteenth century, the creation of telegraph lines and the production of telegraph cable were its primary tasks. Nowadays, there is a wide range of tasks fulfilled by the employees working for the discussed organization. For example, the organization provides services in six different fields. The tasks related to the first sector (energy engineering) include the production of gas and steam turbines of different types, turbine-driven compressors, power facilities, electrical generating sets, and other equipment ( Annual report 2016 2016). Apart from that, IT specialists from the organization provide energy companies with assistance as they design and improve solutions for their businesses. Also, the organization offers numerous products and services helping to enhance process control in production companies. Thus, Siemens designs and produces the equipment for the automation of production such as PLC systems and provides human-machine interface solutions. Moreover, specialists working in this sector are responsible for the production of sensors used in modern automation systems all over the world and the motor vehicle parts for electro cars. Siemens also works in the field of healthcare, producing diagnostic equipment of different types such as X-ray machines, tomographic scanners, and mammography devices. Interestingly, its work has an influence on infrastructures and transport systems of numerous cities as Siemens also produces electrical distribution equipment and designs building automation systems. One of the departments also provides financial services to its clients, ensures occupational safety, and deals with problems related to environmental protection. Therefore, the organization aims to conduct research in the most important spheres of human activity and implement it into practice, designing effective solutions for clients all over the world. Structure The discussed organization has a very complicated structure as is clear from the materials presented on their official website ( Siemens management n.d.). To understand whether Siemens can be regarded as a good example of a bureaucratic structure, it is necessary to refer to the characteristics that such structures possess. Speaking about bureaucratic organizations, we usually mean the systems that are created by specific rules. First, various parts of bureaucratic organizations are supposed to fulfill extremely different tasks as the specialization of labor acts as one of the leading principles of bureaucracy (Van der Voet 2014). Also, such systems are characterized by the presence of the stiff hierarchy that defines the relationships between employees on different levels. It is obvious from this principle that these relationships are highly formalized and there is a range of rules that all employees must follow to help the organization to remain effective and successful. Also, bureaucratic structures cannot be flexible due to the clear distribution of roles among managers on different levels. The concepts or formalization, centralization, and complexity are manifested in the structure of Siemens as it follows from the description of the organization provided on their official website. To begin with, there is no doubt that the management system of Siemens is centralized as there is a clear hierarchy of specialists who have the right to make important decisions involving significant changes. Thus, the CEO of the organization whose name is Joe Kaeser has the strongest decision-making power at Siemens, enabling him to manage global processes taking place in the organization. The next level of the hierarchy is presented by the management board that includes seven members apart from the CEO. According to the vertical of the executive power, these seven specialists are required to consider the CEO’s suggestions as their power allows them to make decisions only in a limited number of areas. Each specialist belonging to the number of members of the management board fulfills his or her tasks; for instance, Roland Busch holds the post of the CTO. The distribution of duties is strictly interconnected with different geographic areas where Siemens operates; thus, some members are responsible for working processes in Africa, the United States, Europe, etc. It is clear from the description of duties of the members of the management board that the tasks of managers are diversified to strengthen the hierarchical structure in the organization and make sure that there are specialists responsible for each aspect of the working process. Formalization is another tendency peculiar to bureaucratic systems. About Siemens, this tendency is manifested in the work of the organization because there is a range of rules and values that should be respected by managers and employees in all units. Just like other large organizations, Siemens presents these basic rules in its code of conduct that includes topics related to the most important aspects of the business. These formalized rules help to ensure that all employees and managers who are on different levels of the hierarchy work by the same principles. In other circumstances, it would be extremely difficult for executive management to collaborate with clients and manage problems and work-related conflicts as the lack of unity of sentiment are always detrimental to hierarchical structures. Continuing on the topic of bureaucracies, it is necessary to say that such structures should demonstrate the complexity that stems from the division of labor helping to form a hierarchy. In the case of the discussed organization, complexity is manifested in a large number of business units and subdivisions. The structure of the organization was changed almost ten years ago, and one of the changes was to reduce the number of business units. Nowadays, there are ten business units in the organization. In its turn, each of them presents another hierarchy. Each unit is headed by its CEO, and executive managers of units work under the president of the organization. At the same time, two units are managed separately. A few major units are presented in the organizational structure of the discussed company. They are energy management, the generation of power, process industries, technologies related to power and gas, construction technologies, wind power, and hardware and software products. The most important subdivisions of the company are depicted in the diagram below. As can be seen from the organizational division used in this case, Siemens utilizes a functional structure. The latter presents one of the most common types of organizational structures that are often used by international businesses. The reason why the company managers have decided to choose a functional structure lies in the fact that the company organizes its activity and singles out subdivisions based on the type of services provided instead of focusing on specific regions where services are available or other aspects of the business. As for the advantages of this type of structure, it needs to be said that a functional structure allows managers to preserve the unity of organizations and effectively manage resources. At the same time, the use of such a structure helps to ensure that all employees have vast experience associated with certain tasks. Due to this specialization, the work of employees in companies with a functional structure is more productive. At the same time, this type of structure involves decreased collaboration between units. Another disadvantage is that such companies are easy to be managed when they are not large, but it becomes more and more difficult for managers to coordinate the efforts of units as companies start to grow. Coordination Mechanisms The effective work of large organizations requires the use of special mechanisms aimed at facilitating working processes. In general, modern researchers single out six coordination mechanisms that can be used by organizations to fulfill their primary tasks (Sandberg 2014). It usually happens that companies utilize all six ways to coordinate the efforts of employees. At the same time, the use of mechanisms heavily depends on the size of an organization. As for Siemens, this organization uses the mechanism that is defined as the standardization of norms; to apply it, the executive management has developed a set of key values and beliefs that all employees have to support. For instance, employees’ actions should not pose a threat to the environment or the safety of other people. Mutual adjustment is manifested on different levels of the hierarchy; thus, specialists participating in production processes communicate to work more effectively as a team. Also, as is clear from the existence of the stiff hierarchy, direct supervision is widely used in Siemens. Specialists in different subdivisions always have to comply with the requirements of their managers when producing new equipment or introducing new types of client services. Also, the properties of products and services produced in different subdivisions are standardized. Even though the particular clients can raise their requirements for the final product that they get, the equipment and replacement parts produced for different systems are always standardized, and the deviations from agreed standards result in the production of spoiled units. Similarly, skills and competencies for employees filling different posts are standardized to ensure the financial success of the organization. Conclusion In the end, there is no doubt that Siemens presents one of the examples of large bureaucratic organizations. Three important concepts allow us to distinguish a bureaucratic system (formalization, centralization, and complexity), and all of them are manifested in the work of the discussed organization. First, the authority is centralized as there is a clear system of managers. Each of the latter is responsible for the specific range of tasks, but all members of the management board work under the CEO who has the strongest decision-making authority. The CEOs of the particular units also have the right to make decisions related to their responsibilities, but all changes involving important consequences have to be approved by the president of the organization. The authority vertical in the company has numerous levels, and it demonstrates the complexity of the system each of the ten business units presents a separate hierarchy where duties and responsibilities are distributed. Together with the high degree of formalization, these factors make Siemens a bureaucracy. Reference List Annual report 2016. 2016. Web. Sandberg, E 2014, ‘Coordination mechanisms in the store opening process’, International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management , vol. 42, no. 6, pp.482-499. Siemens management . n.d. Web. Van der Voet, J 2014, ‘The effectiveness and specificity of change management in a public organization: transformational leadership and a bureaucratic organizational structure’, European Management Journal , vol. 32, no. 3, pp.373-382.

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: The essay compares the financial systems of Singapore and Brazil. It found that Singapore's financial system is more developed than Brazil's.

The essay compares the financial systems of Singapore and Brazil. It found that Singapore's financial system is more developed than Brazil's.

Singapore’s and Brazil’s Financial Systems Comparison Term Paper Table of Contents 1. Organizational Structure 2. Financial Sector Regulatory Structure 3. Banking Area 4. Financial System Policy 5. Exchange Rate Policy 6. Advantages of the Financial System of Singapore 7. References Organizational Structure The financial systems of Singapore and Brazil present several differences related to various aspects of the economic background of the country, region, banking area, regulatory structure, etc. First of all, it is essential to pinpoint that Singapore is one of the world’s leading financial centers, taking the fourth place after London, New York, and Tokyo in terms of foreign exchange transactions, while the financial sector of Brazil refers to the local and developing ones (Chuen & Gregoriou, 2014). In particular, Singapore is the most important financial center of Asia and the market of the so-called “Asian dollars”. Created as a partner of the Eurodollar market, it was transformed into a regional center of operations with convertible currencies, a credit center, securities issuance, and management of financial funds. By the end of the 1990s, as argued by Chuen and Gregoriou (2014), despite the exchange rate policy and financial crisis in Pacific Asia, the volume of transactions was almost three times higher than that of the national banking sector. In monetary terms, Singapore presents the most important source of international credit and the most reliable savings bank in the South-East Asia. In its turn, Brazil’s financial system can be characterized as moderate and relatively stable. Throughout the 1950s and 1970s, the accelerated industrialization was largely secured through scarce funding, and the issues of financial stability were considered secondary (“Brazil”, 2017). The undertaken anti-inflationary measures, as a rule, ended without apparent results, and short-term periods of slowing down the growth of prices were replaced by a new turn. Speaking of the organizational structure of the given financial systems, it seems appropriate to identify their constituents. Singapore’s working capital reflected in income and expenditures shows a stable budget position with a surplus as well as a reasonable budget policy (Ell, 2017). Consequently, there is no need for the country’s economy to raise borrowed funds to finance current expenses that, in its turn, indicates its financial independence. In 2007, a 60 percent increase in the gross operating surplus occurred due to an increase in tax revenues, in particular, a twofold increase in the volume of revenues in the form of taxes on goods and services, stamp duties, etc. Brazil’s financial development is not so noticeable. The real GDP in Brazil in 2015 amounted to $ 2.32 trillion, which is 93 billion dollars less than in 2014 (“Brazil: Financial system stability assessment”, 2017). The rate of decline compared to 2014 was 3.85 percent. In spite of the recent decline, between 2006 and 2015, real GDP in Brazil increased by $ 474 billion with the average value of $ 2.15 trillion (“Brazil”, 2017). The following Graph 1 presents key economic indicators of Brazil dated April 1, 2017. Graph 1. Brazil’s industrial production and trade balance (Fuentes, 2017). Stability in the Brazilian economy stems from the commodity sector, which provides a positive current account balance, as well as due to Brazil’s prudent macroeconomic policy, which strengthens foreign exchange reserves at historically high levels, thus reducing the government debt and significantly affecting real interest rates in Brazilian banks. The floating exchange rate, inflation orientation, and tight fiscal policy are the three core components of the Brazilian financial program. The increase in productivity coupled with a high level of raw material prices contributed to the growth of Brazilian exports. The country reduced its arrears in 2006 by transferring its debt burden from the external debt to the domestic debt. The government of Brazil aims to achieve high growth rates while reducing the debt burden, which can create an inflationary situation. Financial Sector Regulatory Structure The structure of assessing the effectiveness of finance management in the case of Singapore can be observed via the official websites and studies. The reliability of the budget is reasonable and is implemented according to the government annual plan. The financial completeness and transparency achieved with the help of the comprehensive control exercised over the budget and budgetary risks since information on taxes and budget made open to the public. According to the recent report, “the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) oversees the entire financial system, and has the analytical and operational capabilities to do so effectively” (“Singapore: Financial system stability assessment”, 2013, para. 10). The formation of budget is conditioned by the state policy – when drawing up the budget, the priorities of the state policy are properly taken into account. The predictability and control over budget execution are well designed and quite predictable, relying on mechanisms for monitoring and managing the use of public funds. The detailed important FMIs are indicated below on Figure 1. Figure 1. Singapore’s important FMIs (“Singapore financial centre overview”, 2016). Accounting, registration, reporting, and other data are compiled, maintained, and disseminated in the amount necessary for decision-making, control, management, and awareness. The mechanisms for checking public finances and responding appropriately based on the results of continuous inspections by the management function successfully. Thus, Singapore’s financial regulatory can be regarded as a rather elaborate as they focus on a range of essential aspects and take them into account while planning, developing, and monitoring the prospects of the financial system. The financial system and the activities of the banking and financial sectors compose the key element in economic planning and policy of Brazil. Accordingly, banking in Brazil is characterized by a high level of the government regulation (Torres Filho, Macahyba, & Zeidan, 2014). The degree of this adjustment often comes as a surprise for foreigners. For example, in addition to the fact that Brazilian banks use the usual way of managing banking operations such as credit limits, credit extension controls, supervision by central banking authorities, etc., they also act in accordance with government directives. In particular, they stipulate the issues of maximum interest rates for certain types of loans that are required to comply with the requirements for the provision of minimum interest on loans to small and medium-sized companies and the maximum percentages of the legal persons belonging to a foreign owner. The detailed structure of the financial regulation in Brazil can be observed on Figure 2. Figure 2. Brazilian financial sector regulatory structure. The Central Bank of Brazil (BACEN) owns the principal responsibility for the regulation and supervision of financial institutions in Brazil. The Brazilian Securities and Exchange Commission (CVM) and the Federal Revenue Service System (SRF) also exert regulatory and supervisory influence on banks. These three regulatory organizations subordinate to the same political leadership and collaborate to achieve the common interests. Thus, one may conclude that Brazilian financial system is a rather centralized and government regulated body that is utilized to lead the country on its multifaceted development. Banking Area Singapore and Brazil have different banking structures. Among the leading banks of Singapore, there are ABN AMRO, Citibank, DBS, HSBC, OECB, Standard Charter, and Sob (see Figure 3 for details). The central bank of the country is the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS), which determines the monetary policy, regulates the activities of banking and financial institutions, and issues currency (Chuen & Gregoriou, 2014). Despite the absence of the currently supported government deposit insurance program, MAS is planning to establish such a system in the near future. The activities of commercial banks in Singapore are licensed and subject to the Banking Law. Figure 3. Singapore: financial sector structure (“Singapore financial centre overview”, 2016). The commercial banks of Singapore can utilize all perspective types of banking activities. Along with providing commercial banking services, including deposits, checks, and lending, they also may be involved in any other type of banking business that is regulated or authorized by the MAS (Tabak, Takami, Rocha, Cajueiro, & Souza, 2014). For instance, advisory services in finance, insurance broking, and capital allocation services may be conducted according to the Section 30 of the Banking Act that establishes all possible types of banking activities. Currently, 113 commercial banks operate in Singapore, while five of them are registered at the local level and belong to three domestic banking groups (Chuen & Gregoriou, 2014). The commercial banks operate as banks providing a full range of services as wholesale banks or offshore banks. A significant share of the participation of federal and state banks provides government-subsidized loans at a low interest rate for agriculture and industry. When private banks are included in the country’s banking system, the government’s involvement in their activities significantly increases. It should be taken into account that the banking sector of Singapore is characterized by the active development and growth supported by the stable government policy. The Federal Constitution of 1988 governs the functioning of the Brazilian banking system. A distinctive feature of the banking system of the mentioned country is a high bank spread that implies the difference between the interest that the bank pays for borrowed resources and the interest that debtors pay to the bank for loans taken. Thus, the banking system of Brazil is characterized by rather high interest rates, the reasons for which are associated with a range of issues. First of all, one may note the oligopoly of the banking sector as the seven largest banks own approximately 80 percent of assets. A high percentage of non-payment of debts and ineffectiveness of judicial mechanisms for claims for recovery of debts lead to the fact that customers who are able to pay have to pay for debtors. In addition, there are a high interest for financial transactions and a high norm of required reserves. The banking system of Brazil consists of several banking institutions, each of which performs its specific role. Claessens and Forbes (2013) claim that the state and regional development banks were set up at the federal or regional level to issue low-interest loans in strategically important sectors of the economy at the federal level and in strategically important regions of the country. For example, the National Bank for Economic and Social Development (BNDES) and such regional banks as Bank of the Northeast of Brazil (BNB), Amazon Bank (BASA), etc. relate to the above category. Paula (2011) states that the commercial banks are institutions authorized by the Central Bank to receive bank deposits and thus create payment facilities. The largest banks in Brazil are Banco do Brasil (Bank of Brazil), Itaú (Itau), Bradesco (Bradescu), and Santander (Santander) (“Brazil: Financial system stability assessment”, 2017). It is worth emphasizing that the Bank of Brazil is the largest bank in Latin America, and 68 percent of its shares belong to the Brazilian state (Paula, 2011). While the investment banks specialize in providing loans for long periods, the savings banks accept individual savings and finance housing within the housing credit system. According to Claessens and Forbes (2013), the largest bank in this area is the Caixa Econômica Federal (Federal Economic Office) that relates to the government bank through which social programs are financed, including “Minha casa, minha vida” (“My Home, My Life”) housing program. The traditional source of Brazilian loan for the purchase of consumer goods is the use of unsecured checks at the time of purchase. This practice is very common today, and it is an unofficial type of retail loan. At the same time, banks provide the largest number of loans to previously forgotten sectors, such as small and medium-sized companies, individual consumers, and real estate financing. The expansion of the loan could be even more active, if not for the high interest rates that are part of the official monetary policy. The share of foreign participation in banking has recently increased (“Brazil: Financial system stability assessment”, 2017). The increase in the activity of foreign banks in Brazilian financial market and new additions to the general conditions for foreign investment are associated with two important factors. First, after decades of almost complete isolation from foreign direct investment, Brazil changed its policy. Secondly, it is a forecast that in the near future, high demand should decrease when the demand for a loan is likely to increase substantially, as Brazil has a relatively low debt-to-GDP ratio. Financial System Policy Initially, the government of Singapore pursued a protectionist policy with respect to its own banks, fearing that the local banking system could not withstand fierce competition from financial institutions with a long history. However, as operations in the financial market took a global character along with sales and investment growing exponentially, the country moved to the liberal foreign policy and attracted foreign banks to open their branches in the country. In effect of the above change, according to the globalization index of countries, Singapore ranked the fifth place in the world in 2015. Speaking of Brazil’s financial system with regards to its financial system policy, one may claim that the main problem of Brazilian economy was the high rate of its exchange rate against the US dollar and euro. The measures taken by the Brazilian government, namely, the purchase of dollars by the Central Bank of Brazil in the spot market and the increase in the tax on foreign investment in the stock market allowed to lower the rate of the Brazilian real in 2012, but this was not enough (Torres et al., 2014). The high real exchange rate had a negative effect on Brazilian exports, in particular, on the export of agricultural products, which in quantitative terms continued to decline. As a result, the index of entrepreneurs’ confidence decreased, and real investment in the Brazilian financial system fell. The Central Bank of Brazil decided to lower the bank discount rate to a record 7.25 percent for the country (Torres et al., 2014). This allowed the country to retain a high level of lending to legal entities and individuals as well as a relatively low unemployment. This shows that Brazil focuses mainly on the domestic banks. Exchange Rate Policy In its foreign exchange policy, Singapore is significantly different from other countries that experienced the so-called “economic miracle”, initially focusing on a market, open economy, free capital inflows, and integration into international financial markets. The paramount goal was a stable and strong national currency, and the financial regulator MAS promoted its strengthening. The choice between export support and price stability, as a rule, has always been decided in favor of maintaining stability. With this in mind, exchange rate weakening was allowed in reasonable limits only during periods of financial crises and recessions. Since 1981, MAS has pursued a policy of a managed floating exchange rate of Singapore dollar, seeking to establish price stability. Nowadays exchange rate can fluctuate within the established limits that are not disclosed by the MAS publicly and regularly reviewed in accordance with macroeconomic factors. During periods of stability and economic growth, MAS pursues a policy of moderate strengthening of the specified direction, which helps to contain inflation, reduce the demand for currency, thus preventing overheating of the economy (“Singapore: Financial system stability assessment”, 2013). In crisis periods, MAS reduces the rate of appreciation or allows the national exchange rate weakening to support exports and accelerate economic recovery. Among the other factors contributing to stability, there is the division of the domestic market of the national currency and the offshore sector through the introduction of the Asian Currency Unit (ACU) – a separate division of the financial institution for operations in foreign currency created to prevent excessive demand of foreign investors for the Singapore dollar and limit external shocks. The experience of Brazil reflects the consistent implementation of anti-inflation programs with regard to exchange rate policy. The government was forced to make a bid for inflationary financing methods because of a lack of resources. The inflation rate in 1970 was expressed in double digits, but in 1989, inflation was out of control, and its level reached 1763 percent (Torres et al., 2014). The external debts increased more than twice, and the annual payment absorbed 33 percent of the country’s export earnings. In order to overcome inflation, a new monetary unit was introduced, and its fixed rate to the US dollar was established (Claessens & Forbes, 2013). This financial situation required a reduction in social spending and the fixation of various prices. It should be admitted that this allowed curbing the rate of inflation for a short period of time (Zeidan & Rodrigues, 2013). In addition to the above factors as well as the reduction of bank interest rates, the population was forced sharply increase its consumer demand, which gave impetus to the momentum of production growth. The currency reform abolished the official fixed rate and the policy of the mini-devaluation. In the final analysis, a competitive economy was created that allowed the new Brazil to enter the world as a viable subject of international relations and was called the “Brazilian miracle”. Advantages of the Financial System of Singapore Singapore’s financial system seems to be more effective rather than those of Brazil. The first benefit of the given financial system is that Singapore presents the financial companies that concentrate on financing in small amounts, including loans for the purchase of cars and other durable goods as well as give loans for the purchase of housing (“Singapore”, 2017). The mentioned organizations are licensed and operate in accordance with the Law on Financial Companies. However, they do not have the right to open deposit accounts, which can be used to withdraw funds on demand for checks, bills of exchange, or a payment request. They are also not allowed to provide unsecured loans in excess of $ 5,000 to any person or to effect transactions in any foreign currency, gold, or other precious metals, or to acquire stakes denominated in foreign currencies, shares or debt securities (“Data catalog”, 2017). However, financial companies that hold more than ten million Singapore dollars in capital can apply for permission to operate in foreign currencies, precious metals, and share denomination in foreign currencies. Such a permit is issued on condition that at any given time the aggregate amount of the loan granted in foreign currency does not exceed ten percent of the capital of the financial company. Another distinctive feature of the modern financial system of Singapore is the rule of law, strict judicial policy, competent and honest government, the lack of corruption, and openness of information (“Global shadow banking monitoring report”, 2015). As noted in the recent official report, “MAS is known and respected as an effective regulator/supervisor of the financial services sector” (“Singapore – Banking systems”, 2016, para. 4). Throughout its history, the government has zealously fought corruption, applying the most severe penalties against the guilty, ranging from life imprisonment to death. Therefore, today in the ratings of the rule of law and the perception of corruption, the so-called “Asian Tiger” occupies a leading position, namely, the ninth and the seventh positions in 2015 and 2016, respectively (“Data catalog”, 2017). It is strict control over compliance with the “rules of the game” that has become a solid foundation of Singapore’s financial system. Such an approach allowed the country’s economy to remain firmly on its feet during the crisis of 2008 and to prove that their financial system has already been formed and it is in no way inferior to the systems of the countries of the first world (“Singapore: Financial system stability assessment”, 2013). In addition, Singapore conducts sound internal and external economic policies, according to which Singapore moved Switzerland from the first place in the management of international assets of private clients in 2015. The absence of the external debt, stable currency, liberal taxation, and export-import policy make Singapore one of the most investment-attractive countries of the 21st century. At the same time, “like the rest of the Brazilian economy, the financial system is exposed to the effects of volatile international markets, especially for commodities and capital” (“IMF survey: Brazil’s banks need to serve economy, navigate global risks”, 2012, para. 6). The absence of double taxation, a tax on capital income and its growth, income received abroad, tax holidays for priority development sectors, and other tax incentives for entrepreneurs allow Singapore to occupy a leading position among countries with favorable conditions for doing international business (“Singapore: Financial system stability assessment”, 2013). In 2017, according to the index of economic freedom and positive conditions of doing business, the country occupies the second place in both ratings, with the results of 88.6 and 85.05 respectively accompanied by Hong Kong and New Zealand, fighting for leadership (“Finance and insurance”, 2017). As for the current balance sheet, the government of Singapore does not attract borrowed funds from external sources and has no external debt. Ell (2017) states that the interest costs account for 1-2 percent of the current balance sheet, and interest payments tend to decline: <0.1 percent of GDP, despite higher loan sizes. The repayment of domestic loans and a new debt at a lower interest rate primarily cause the mentioned situation. The overview of net loans and borrowings associated with net non-financial assets reveals that Singapore has a positive budget, net creditors, and surplus, leading to the decreasing trend in gross investment or an increase in capital receipts along with the long-term capital investments that have a high profitability contributing to the budget surplus. In effect, one may note a budget surplus estimated of 7-12 percent of GDP (“Singapore”, 2017). Such budget revenues are more than enough to cover costs and economic development. Also, the policy of limiting the international use of Singapore dollars by financial institutions, non-residents was gradually liberalized, and a significant amount of international reserves of MAS was noted from 55 to 92 percent of GDP between 1980 and 2013 (“Data catalog”, 2017). Singapore carried out a rather competent policy towards residents: for the most part, it stimulated the opening of branches of large banks, and only in the subsequent turn, medium and small ones. In addition, the country did not give up its positions with respect to state supervision, allowing only financial institutions to operate with an impeccable reputation (“Finance and insurance”, 2017). A ban was imposed on issuing licenses for work in case of a bad credit history or suspicious financial transactions as it happened with the Bank of Credit and International Commerce. More to the point, the success of the banking system is ensured by the liberalization of the monetary, financial, and legal framework for foreign banks and other financial institutions wishing to work in Singapore. “Domestic banking groups are training bankers to cater to the needs of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and, in some cases, to support them in their efforts to internationalize their business” (Singapore: Banking sector risk, 2015). It is also easy to carry out any banking operations due to the possibility of their implementation in the electronic form. In the view of the mentioned facts, Euromoney named Singapore Development Bank the best digital bank of the year in 2016 (“Singapore”, 2017). Singapore is one of the few countries that did not sign the EU Savings Taxation Directive, which allows states to receive information about all financial transactions of their citizens as it proposes the importance of strict compliance with the banking confidentiality laws. This fact highlights the offshore zone of Singapore among the rest that is why, as noted by Hofmann (2017), plenty of businesspersons today prefer it to other similar zones, including Swiss offshore zone. Drawing from the evidence presented in this paper, one may conclude that the financial system is a set of interrelated and interacting parts, links, and elements that directly participate in financial activities and contribute to their implementation. It consists of financial institutions, including organizations and institutions that carry out and regulate financial activities, the Ministry of Finance, the central bank, stock and currency exchanges, and financial instruments that create the necessary conditions for the flow of financial processes. The financial systems of developing countries such as Brazil are characterized by great diversity due to their large number and due to the significant differentiation of their economic and financial development levels. In its turn, the financial system of Singapore is created according to the following scheme: first, an effective monetary system is created, the state of which does not hinder the development of production and cannot cause crises, then an efficient and powerful credit system emerged on its basis, and then the effective and powerful financial market appeared. After that, if there is a sufficiently strong currency, the national system of redistribution of financial resources within the national borders turns into a factor of importance for the regional and international finance. Under especially favorable conditions, Singapore’s financial system presents the basis for the global operation. To date, the banking system of Singapore is recognized as one of the best worldwide, but it all began with a modest attraction of foreign capital in foreign currency (“Singapore: Financial system stability assessment”, 2013). After that, the city-state has already started trading in securities, options, futures, and foreign currency. The foreign exchange market in the country is divided into internal and external accounts for residents and non-residents. These accounts differ in the fact that external accounts remain outside the state control. References Brazil . (2017). Web. Brazil: Financial system stability assessment . (2017). Web. Chuen, D. L. K., & Gregoriou, G. N. (2014). Handbook of Asian finance: Financial markets and sovereign wealth funds . Oxford, UK: Academic Press. Claessens, S., & Forbes, K. (2013). International financial contagion . New York, NY: Springer Science & Business Media. Data catalog . (2017). Web. Ell, K. (2017). Singapore: Detailed economic analysis, indicators and forecasts . Web. Finance and insurance . (2017). Web. Fuentes, J. P. (2017). Brazil: Detailed economic analysis, indicators and forecasts. Web. Global shadow banking monitoring report . (2015). Web. Hofmann, C. (2017). Shadow banking in Singapore. Singapore Journal of Legal Studies, 8 (2), 18-52. IMF survey: Brazil’s banks need to serve economy, navigate global risks . (2012). Web. Paula, L. F. D. (2011). Banking efficiency, governance and financial regulation in Brazil. Revista de Economia Política , 31 (5), 867-873. Singapore . (2017). Web. Singapore: Banking sector risk. (2015). The Economist . Web. Singapore – Banking systems . (2016). Web. Singapore financial centre overview . (2016). Web. Singapore: Financial system stability assessment . (2013). Web. Tabak, B. M., Takami, M., Rocha, J. M., Cajueiro, D. O., & Souza, S. R. (2014). Directed clustering coefficient as a measure of systemic risk in complex banking networks. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications , 394 (2), 211-216. Torres Filho, E. T., Macahyba, L., & Zeidan, R. (2014). Restructuring Brazil’s national financial system . IRIBA . Web. Zeidan, R., & Rodrigues, B. (2013). The failure of risk management for nonfinancial companies in the context of the financial crisis: Lessons from Aracruz Celulose and hedging with derivatives. Applied Financial Economics , 23 (3), 241-250.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: The purpose of this paper is to describe the legislation that is associated with breaching the contract between companies that are located in different countries.If Single Malt, Ltd. chooses to initiate litigation because of the possible repudiation and experienced damages that are caused by Liquor Sales Co., the company will bring the suit in Ireland as the country where the seller is located. Ireland belongs to the European Economic Community (EEC). Therefore, following the principles of the private international law, this case will be discussed according to the European Union's 2008 Regulation the Law Applicable to Contractual Obligations known as “Rome I”. According to Article 4(1)(a) of the Rome I Regulation, when the parties cannot agree on the choice of the law to apply to their case, a contract for the sale of goods shall be governed by the law of the country where the seller has his habitual residence. From this perspective, the suit will be considered and interpreted according to the principles of the Irish commercial or trade law.

The purpose of this paper is to describe the legislation that is associated with breaching the contract between companies that are located in different countries. If Single Malt, Ltd. chooses to initiate litigation because of the possible repudiation and experienced damages that are caused by Liquor Sales Co., the company will bring the suit in Ireland as the country where the seller is located. Ireland belongs to the European Economic Community (EEC). Therefore, following the principles of the private international law, this case will be discussed according to the European Union's 2008 Regulation the Law Applicable to Contractual Obligations known as “Rome I”. According to Article 4(1)(a) of the Rome I Regulation, when the parties cannot agree on the choice of the law to apply to their case, a contract for the sale of goods shall be governed by the law of the country where the seller has his habitual residence. From this perspective, the suit will be considered and interpreted according to the principles of the Irish commercial or trade law.

Single Malt Ltd and Liquor Sales Co: Breaching the Contract Case Study Single Malt, Ltd. has signed a contract with Liquor Sales Co. to provide this company with Irish whiskey. However, Single Malt, Ltd. has not delivered the discussed product. The purpose of this paper is to describe the legislation that is associated with breaching the contract between companies that are located in different countries. If Single Malt, Ltd. chooses to initiate litigation because of the possible repudiation and experienced damages that are caused by Liquor Sales Co., the company will bring the suit in Ireland as the country where the seller is located. Ireland belongs to the European Economic Community (EEC). Therefore, following the principles of the private international law, this case will be discussed according to the European Union’s 2008 Regulation the Law Applicable to Contractual Obligations known as “Rome I”. According to Article 4(1)(a) of the Rome I Regulation, when the parties cannot agree on the choice of the law to apply to their case, “a contract for the sale of goods shall be governed by the law of the country where the seller has his habitual residence.” 1 Therefore, since Single Malt, Ltd. is located in Ireland, a court needs to apply a national law that regulates international sales in the country to analyze the case and provide the solution. 2 From this perspective, the suit will be considered and interpreted according to the principles of the Irish commercial or trade law. In the situation when Liquor Sales Co. is focused on bringing its suit concerning the observed contract breach, the case will be discussed in a court in Southern California. Even though the United States can be viewed as a Contracting State of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG), it is important to note that Ireland is not a Contracting State. Therefore, the CISG cannot generally be applied to the regulation of international sales and contracts between the United States and Ireland. However, it is important to note that, according to Article 1(1)(b) of the CISG, the Convention is applied “when the rules of private international law lead to the application of the law of a Contracting State.” 3 Still, while following Article 95 of the CISG, the United States can declare that, in its regulation of the case, the party will not “be bound by subparagraph (1)(b) of Article 1 of this Convention.” 4 As a result, the application of the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) that is adopted in the United States can be discussed as a reasonable choice for the party that brings the suit in a local court. To analyze the case related to this particular transaction, it is appropriate to refer to Article §1-301(b) of the UCC according to which international transactions similar to the contract between Single Malt, Ltd. and Liquor Sales Co. can be considered and resolved while following the norms presented in the UCC. The parties which participate in the transaction under consideration are Single Malt, Ltd., a seller located in Ireland that is not a Contracting State according to the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG), and Liquor Sales Co., a buyer located in California, the United States, that is a Contracting State according to the CISG. These parties have agreed on the selection of the CISG for governing their contract. The provision for the inclusion in the contract should be formulated the following way: “The contract under consideration shall be governed by the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) as the specific law that was selected and agreed on by the parties to govern their contract.” The reason to focus on the provision is that, according to the CISG norms, when one party is a Contracting State, both parties can agree to choose the CISG as the law to govern their specific contract. The application of the CISG can be viewed as reasonable and adhering to the principles of the international sales law because, according to Article 3 of the European Union’s 2008 Regulation the Law Applicable to Contractual Obligations, both parties can choose a specific law to be followed in courts while analyzing the dispute. 5 It is important to note that this statement is directly related to the case of Ireland that follows the Rome I Regulation while discussing international transactions. If Single Malt, Ltd. demonstrates its choice of the CISG clearly, this provision will be upheld by Irish courts. The expressed decision of Liquor Sales Co., which is located in California, to refer to the CISG is also supported by Article §1-301(b) of the UCC. While considering these facts, the contract under discussion should be governed and analyzed according to the CISG because the parties have a right to agree on the law to refer to. Therefore, this provision should be followed and addressed by courts in Ireland and the United States, where the transaction and contract details will be resolved. If the contract between Single Malt, Ltd. and Liquor Sales Co. includes the clause about the necessity of litigating disputes in California, the United States, the parties will not be able to insist on applying the CISG to govern their contract. 6 The reason is that, in court disputes related to international sales, California refers to the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC). The application of this Code can be discussed as possible or appropriate as a result of interpreting Article 1(1)(b) and Article 95 of the CISG. Neither the CISG for the US company nor the Rome I Regulation for the Irish company can be applied in this case, and the focus is on referring to the Uniform Commercial Code when the dispute is litigated in California. Although Article 1(1)(b) declares the necessity of applying the CISG norms to the case when the application of the law of one of the Contracting States results in following the Convention, the United States can be viewed as insisting on non-adherence to Article 1(1)(b) statements while following Article 95 of the Convention. From this point, in the majority of cases, the United States chooses to “exclude the applicability of the Convention under sub-paragraph (1)(b) by the declaration (reservation) permitted by Article 95.” 7 From this perspective, it is important to pay attention to the fact that the discussed clause which is included in the contract prevents the parties from relying on the application of the CISG. On the contrary, it should be noted that the application of the Uniform Commercial Code is expected for the case of the United States. Footnotes 1. John Spanogle & Peter Winship, International Sales Law: A Problem-Oriented Coursebook 60 (2nd ed. 2012). 2. John Spanogle & Peter Winship, 2000-2001 Documents Supplement to International Sales Law: A Problem-Oriented Coursebook 56 (2008). 3. United Nations Commission on International Trade Law, United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods 1 (2010). 4. Id . at 29. 5. Spanogle & Winship, supra, at 60. 6. Id . at 78. 7. Id . at 79.

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: The essay discusses the Sioux culture in the film "Dances with Wolves" and how it was portrayed.The Sioux culture in the film "Dances with Wolves" was portrayed in a very realistic manner. The attention to detail in the portrayal of the Native American culture in this film is what makes it so fruitful for cultural analysis.

The essay discusses the Sioux culture in the film "Dances with Wolves" and how it was portrayed. The Sioux culture in the film "Dances with Wolves" was portrayed in a very realistic manner. The attention to detail in the portrayal of the Native American culture in this film is what makes it so fruitful for cultural analysis.

Sioux Culture in the “Dances with Wolves” Film Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Non-verbal Cues 3. Comparing Non-verbal Cues 4. Faux Pas 5. Conclusion 6. References Introduction The film “Dances with Wolves” is focused on the description of one of the Native American cultures as encountered and studied by a white American soldier. The plot includes multiple scenes of interaction between the representatives of the two cultures showing a variety of communication barriers the parties faced. The detailed and realistic portrayal of the Native people in this film provides a fruitful ground for cultural analysis. Non-verbal Cues In “Dances with Wolves”, one of the most obvious non-verbal cues that occurred in the communication between the American soldier, Lieutenant Dunbar, and the representatives of the Sioux tribe was the greeting. Attempting to say “hello” to his guests, Dunbar waved his hand at them and exclaimed “Hi!” The Native men did not understand this gesture and looked back trying to see if Dunbar was referring to something behind their backs. Later in the film, it can be seen that the Sioux learned Dunbar’s gestures as one of the Native people raises his hand in the air saying “goodbye” to the soldier. At the same time, regardless of the communicational and behavioral differences between the white soldier and the Native people, it is easy to notice that there are many similarities. For example, both cultures raise their voices to warn or threaten someone, as well as both cultures, use smiles as a sign of appreciation and approval. However, the latter are scarce and barely noticeable on the faces of the Sioux while Dunbar uses smiles generously trying to show his friendly attitude. Comparing Non-verbal Cues Interestingly, the aforementioned misunderstanding of the greeting gesture that occurred in the first official meeting between Lieutenant Dunbar and the Sioux people does not seem to be confirmed by research and literature. In particular, Boon (1982) stated that a raised arm is generally used as a greeting gesture across multiple cultures and specifically was employed by the Sioux. In that way, the scene showing the misinterpretation of the “hello” gesture by Kicking Bird and Wind in His Hair was culturally and historically incorrect. Another non-verbal communication attempt that was barely successful is the one that features Dunbar’s attempt to impersonate a buffalo in order to inquire about the Sioux about the animals. The Native people do not seem to understand the theatric performance offered by the Lieutenant as he uses his fingers to portray horns and his flask to create a hump on the back. Eventually, Wind in His Hair concludes that the white man must be insane. Discussing this encounter, Cronin (2008) noted that symbolism, just like gestures, and language, differs significantly from one culture to another. As confirmed by Kelly (2005), the Sioux culture is known for using hand gestures actively while speaking as an addition to verbal communication. However, those gestures may be very different from the ones used by European cultures. Faux Pas An obvious example of a faux pas in “Dances with Wolves” is the scene where Dunbar arrives at the Sioux village at night to let the people know that he had seen buffalos. In the scene, he approached the village and interrupted a nighttime ritual of the Sioux by screaming the word “buffalo.” Clearly, the interruption, as well as the sudden appearance of the foreigner, was not taken well as the Native people attacked Dunbar. Another example of faux pas is the scene of an argument between Dunbar and one of the Sioux men who found and took the Lieutenant’s hat. The scene demonstrates that a normal behavior typical for the Native people’s society is seen as tactless and rude by the white man as according to the Sioux man’s belief he was a rightful owner of the hat while Dunbar perceived his act as thievery. Conclusion “Dances with Wolves” is a beautifully made masterpiece that reflects the uniqueness of the Sioux people. The focused work of its makers helps the viewers learn about the culture in detail and understand it better. Some of the scenes may not be perfectly accurate, but the overall validity of the film is quite strong. References Boon, J. A. (1982). Other tribes, other scribes: Symbolic anthropology in the comparative study of cultures, histories, religions and texts. Cambridge, England: CUP Archive. Cronin, M. (2008). Translation goes to the movies . London, England: Routledge. Kelly, F. (2005). My captivity among the Sioux . Carlisle, MA: Applewood Books.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : The text discusses a company called SmartBridge and its partnership with the Marriott Hotel. The company is developing a new technology called Application that will be associated with a system under the name of Smart TV. All Marriott five-star Hotels will obtain a new technology that will let their customers use different room-services without having a telephone conversation with the hotel's staff.

The text discusses a company called SmartBridge and its partnership with the Marriott Hotel. The company is developing a new technology called Application that will be associated with a system under the name of Smart TV. All Marriott five-star Hotels will obtain a new technology that will let their customers use different room-services without having a telephone conversation with the hotel's staff.

SmartBridge Company’s Smart TV System Report Company Organization SmartBridge is a company that employs only highly-educated, professional, and ambitious workers in the sphere of software development and new technologies. Although this business’s activity was established and registered not so long ago, its work is highly appreciated by its partners from the Marriott Hotel who also leave their positive references and recommendations about it. SmartBridge is known for its high-quality works and unique smart systems that it builds in such electronic devices as television sets, smartphones, computers, laptops, and a wide range of other gadgets (Bocken, Short, Rana, & Evans, 2014). The company’s mission is to satisfy all its clients and to provide them with the most professional services, regardless of their awareness of certain technologies and experience in previous collaboration with SmartBridge (Schaper, Volery, Weber, & Gibson, 2014). The company has established a partnership with the Marriott Hotel, which has ordered a specific system (Smart TV) for every suite that will give its guests an ability to reserve various room services via their revolutionary product under the name of Application. Each employee is aware of the company’s goals and its plans for the nearest future. Besides, every organizational objective remains measurable to have an understanding of its abilities and deadlines. The company’s team is always ready to face particular difficulties and challenges in its working process. This motivates employees to be more efficient, productive, and professional in their collaboration with the Marriott Hotel (Bryman & Bell, 2015). SmartBridge was working with this chain before and was selling other products for this business’s electronic systems and devices. This partnership will give new development possibilities to the Marriott Hotel business and the SmartBridge Company as well. Business Concept Overview Production/Service to be Offered As it was already mentioned above, there are several services that SmartBridge might provide to its customers. However, the company’s activity lies in developing various applications and smart technologies for smartphones, computers, and other electronic devices in the Sydney Marriott Hotel. Moreover, SmartBridge sells its original products to people who might need the help of such services. The company also establishes partnerships with other businesses in order to popularize its services and products among potential consumers. As to the partnership with the chain of Marriott Hotels that was discussed before, the SmartBridge Company is developing a unique product called Application. This program will be installed and associated with a system under the name of Smart TV. All Marriott five-star Hotels will obtain a new technology that will let their customers use different room-services without having a telephone conversation with the hotel’s staff. Name of Concept The name of the discussed business concept is application marketing because our primary goal is promotion and realization of our products, which also implies the company’s income source (Casadesus-Masanell & Zhu, 2013). However, the concept was developed at the beginning of the SmartBridge’s activity on the international market of information technologies and applications development. This concept is widespread among competitive companies due to its effective system and simple employment (Dasilva & Trkman, 2014). However, the concept of collaboration between Marriott Hotels and the Smart Bridge Company might be considered as the business partnership campaign because these two corporations will allow each other to benefit and gain more creditworthiness among private customers due to the aforementioned mutual project. Features of Product/Service The service that was discussed above (application for Smart TV) has multiple features, which let the visitor of a hotel contact the serving personnel via this program. This is very convenient due to the service’s remote functions and its association with other devices. However, the product is intended to offer various smart services to the guests of the Marriott Hotel. Indeed, some “Personal Dimension” will be present in the list of options. Moreover, our clients will be given an ability to choose from different services that will contain the names of particular employees. For instance, if any customer will have a desire to order a drink from the hotel’s bar, he or she will see that Steve, (a hotel’s barman) will be glad to make any cocktail that you can also choose from an electronic menu. Or if one wants his or her suite to be cleaned, this person will see that Sindy (a hotel’s servant-maid) is ready to clean the customer’s bathroom and mop the floors clean. Function of Product/Service The latest service by SmartBridge is intended to provide an application for every smart television set in the Marriott Hotel. Such application will be used as an in-room service for the hotel’s clients. This function will allow them to order a meal without contacting the hotel’s reception via telephone. Besides, they might order different services that this hotel included in its optional list. The application will be installed in all suites, restaurant kitchen, reception, and other offices that might need to be aware of particular requests from the hotel’s guests. This function is already implemented in other hotels and restaurants, which is very helpful and useful because it reduces a time waste and makes the work of the hotel’s personnel more efficient, organized, and client-centered. Moreover, the aforementioned program was tested in realistic conditions before its development process. This test indicated some issues that were not addressed by our competitors. Therefore, the SmartBridge’s software is considered to be the most sophisticated offer on the market from the technical viewpoint. However, the service was also developed, regarding people’s primary needs and references about similar products. Revenue Model How will the Product/Service Profit the Business? There are several methods of how the aforementioned service can benefit consumers and the organization that will implement such communication innovation. As it was already mentioned above, this program will increase the number of orders because they will become much easier to submit. Moreover, such application will be beneficial for the hotel’s personnel due to a precise organization of requests because the electronic accounting system will inform the workers about any order’s progress. However, the first instance, which will let the SmartBridge Company benefit from the partnership with the chain of Marriott Hotels stems from annual payments that the latter partner will be obliged to provide for technical servicing of the product discussed before. Nevertheless, the company will receive full payments from the Marriott Hotel in Sydney, which has already agreed to purchase the system of Smart TV. In order to support the development procedure, SmartBridge decided to use its finances that were gained from previous successful deals with other partners. Therefore, all the expenses, equity, and additional payments of required operations will be covered by the Marriott Hotel business. Moreover, the Smart TV system will be used as another example of a high-quality work by professional employees from SmartBridge. This factor will attract potential clients or businesses that might need to develop similar services or products. Nevertheless, the clients of Marriott Hotels will see how the company’s system works and might submit their private orders, which will provide SmartBridge with beneficial projects. Does the Market for your Product/Service have Potential for Growth? The SmartBridge’s service of Smart TV refers to the market of information technologies. However, many professionals in this sphere claim that this segment is expected to grow during the next twenty-five years (Schwalbe, 2016). All the services developed by SmartBridge and its competitors are in great demand nowadays because various businesses require implementing new technologies in their marketing strategies to increase the number of satisfied customers who usually influence a significant rise in the corporations’ profits (Sekaran & Bourgie, 2016). Therefore, the market of information technologies is overwhelmed with professional and ambitious specialists who develop new products and services in order to remain better than their competitors. As to the product developed by SmartBridge for the chain of Marriott Hotels, there is a great potential for growth because the first instance of the partnership between two of the aforementioned businesses will demonstrate the efficiency and productivity of the Smart TV service (Santos, Méxas, & Meiriño, 2017). However, after the successful implementation of this application to the most luxurious suites of the Marriott Hotel in Sydney, Australia, other departments of this business might also be interested in multiple benefits of such collaboration. Therefore, the SmartBridge Company may consider working with other hotels and restaurants in the nearest future, which will increase its reputation and trustworthiness among potential customers. Furthermore, the SmartBridge Company will recover all its expenditures of developing the Smart TV service for the chain of Marriott Hotels, which might give a possibility of establishing a separate department that will be responsible for partnering with such businesses as hotels, pharmacies, cafes, and so on (Woodside, 2015). This policy will be advantageous for the company because it might influence the employment of new workers whose duties will include completing minor orders for private customers. Can you Produce your Product/Service at a Low Enough Cost to Allow a Margin/Profit – Break Even Analysis The partnership between the Marriott Hotel in Sydney and the SmartBridge Company was established and confirmed with the use of specific documentation that obligates both sides of this collaboration to follow all the given rules. However, one of the rules says that the Marriott Hotel business is required to pay a set amount of money, which will provide its partner with benefit and profit for the developed service and human resources that were used during their mutual project. Moreover, all the prices were discussed at the beginning of this collaboration in order to reduce all possible misunderstandings to the minimum and rely on each side, which is crucial for big financial operations. As to selling the Smart TV service to other private customers, it might not gain much profit because people do not usually need this feature in their houses or apartments. It would be advantageous for SmartBridge to establish a partnership with another business that might be interested in implementing such service in order to satisfy its clients (Wilkinson, Dundon, Donaghey, & Townsend, 2014). However, the price of the Smart TV service are high enough to cover all expenditures that are necessary during the development process and will provide payments to all the company’s employees who were involved in the project. The following break even analysis will provide approximate information about the aforementioned product’s value and how will its price provide the SmartBridge Company with enough profit to pay for all its necessary expenses (Eggert, Hogreve, Ulaga, & Muenkhoff, 2013). There are three factors that influence any company’s profits, which are: * Per-unit revenue. * Average cost of one unit. * Annual or monthly costs. Per-unit revenue Per-unit cost Annual or monthly costs Smart TV service $ 20,000 $ 15,000 $ 2,000 In this instance, the margin will be five thousand dollars, whereas the overall monthly profit will be $7,000 per one unit. As one item is worth $15,000, the selling price of $20,000 will cover the development expenses and will gain additional profit for the SmartBridge Company. The revenue is possible to be generated on the basis of first purchase fee and subscription fee. If your Concept does not Generate Revenue, how does the Organization Achieve a Return on Investment? The issue of returning investment finances that were used for developing the Smart TV service was considered by the SmartBridge Company in the very beginning of this project. The team’s mutual solution was to rearrange or create new applications with the use of this investment in order to sell it and gain more profit, which is necessary for the company’s existence on the world’s market of information technologies. “Revenue deferrals, when combined with significant indirect costs and/or immediate expensing of investment expenditures, exacerbate the mismatch in the timing of revenue and expense recognition. As a result of the increased mismatch, small changes in the deferred revenue liability can have a disproportionately large impact on future profitability and can make current margins poor predictors of future margins” (Prakash & Sinha, 2013). As it was mentioned above, the SmartBridge’s investment loss is excluded because its service has to be purchased due to its partnership contract with the Marriott Hotel business. References Bocken, N., Short, S., Rana, P., & Evans, S. (2014). A literature and practice review to develop sustainable business model archetypes. Journal of Cleaner Production, 65 (1), 42-56. Web. Bryman, A., & Bell, E. (2015). Business research methods . Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Casadesus-Masanell, R., & Zhu, F. (2013). Business model innovation and competitive imitation: The case of sponsor-based business models. Strategic Management Journal, 34 (4), 464-482. Web. Dasilva, C. M., & Trkman, P. (2014). Business model: What it is and what it is not. Long Range Planning, 47 (6), 379-389. Web. Eggert, A., Hogreve, J., Ulaga, W., & Muenkhoff, E. (2013). Revenue and profit implications of industrial service strategies. Journal of Service Research, 17 (1), 23-39. Web. Prakash, R., & Sinha, N. (2013). Deferred revenues and the matching of revenues and expenses. Contemporary Accounting Research, 30 (2), 517-548. Web. Santos, R. A., Méxas, M. P., & Meiriño, M. J. (2017). Sustainability and hotel business: Criteria for holistic, integrated and participative development. Journal of Cleaner Production, 142 (1), 217-224. Web. Schaper, M. T., Volery, T., Weber, P., & Gibson, B. (2014). Entrepreneurship and small business . Milton, ON: John Wiley & Sons Australia. Schwalbe, K. (2016). Information technology project management . Boston, MA: Cengage Learning. Sekaran, U., & Bourgie, R. (2016). Research methods for business: A skill-building approach . Chichester, UK: Wiley. Wilkinson, A., Dundon, T., Donaghey, J., & Townsend, K. (2014). Partnership, collaboration and mutual gains: Evaluating context, interests and legitimacy. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25 (6), 737-747. Web. Woodside, A. G. (2015). Constructing business-to-business marketing models that overcome the limitations in variable-based and case-based research paradigms. Journal of Business-to-Business Marketing, 22 (1-2), 95-110. Web.

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Provide the full text for the following summary: The essay discusses the class division in society, the gap between the rich and the poor, loyalty, brotherhood, and friendship, the tyranny and autocracy of politicians, the ignorance of the upper class to the problems faced by the poor, occultism and darker powers, and the rapid development of technology enabling it to replace people as workers and decision-makers.

The essay discusses the class division in society, the gap between the rich and the poor, loyalty, brotherhood, and friendship, the tyranny and autocracy of politicians, the ignorance of the upper class to the problems faced by the poor, occultism and darker powers, and the rapid development of technology enabling it to replace people as workers and decision-makers.

Social Classes in “Metropolis” Film by Fritz Lang Essay Metropolis is a German movie that was made in the middle of the 1920s. This film is silent and has subtitles for the viewers to understand the plotline better. Metropolis is a dystopia that takes place in the future. The year chosen by the movie director, Fritz Lang, for the events in the film is 2026, 101 years from the time when the film was made. The makers of this movie incorporated multiple themes in its story. Some of the most important issues raised in Metropolis are the class division in the society, the gap between the rich and the poor, loyalty, brotherhood, and friendship, the tyranny and autocracy of politicians, the ignorance of the upper class to the problems faced by the poor. Also, some other themes explored in the film were occultism and darker powers, and the rapid development of technology enabling it to replace people as workers and decision-makers. As mentioned by Michael Minden 1 , for a long time, Metropolis used to be analyzed within the context of its time and country where it was produced. In that way, knowing that it was made during the time of the Weimar Republic and National Socialism in Germany, critics attempted to locate these themes in the movie. However, Minden proposed a different approach and explored the film in the context of US history and perspective. Namely, the author discussed the meaning of technology in the story as well as its ambivalent value for humanity. The robot able to replace people as workers made by Rotwang still represents an object of fascination and a distant fantasy for humanity. At the same time, today, just like in the film, there exist doubts about this level of technological advancement its potential impacts on human society. In particular, discussing this subject, Telotte 2 pointed out that the production of artificial intelligence able to perform like a human being could be compared to people’s attempts to become equal to God and also eliminate God in the process. The latter theme of the ungodly nature of the machines is supported by the occult symbolism in the movie that can be seen in the scene with the machine explosion that gave Freder hallucination of the machine being a powerful demon consuming people and in the part when the robot first appeared sitting in a chair with an upside-down pentagram drawn above. In these scenes, science is compared to and, at the same time, juxtaposed with occultism as if showing that these two phenomena seem to be based on very different worldviews but still have a common nature. 3 Additionally, Pješivac 4 compared the storyline of Metropolis with the biblical legend about the Tower of Babel where people were punished by God for their desire to approach the divine and become equals with it. The creation of the robot results in destruction and chaos because its creators engaged with powers beyond their comprehension. In terms of human interactions, the filmmakers raised the themes of friendship and loyalty. The relation between Freder and Josaphat is an example of loyal friendship, while that between Fredersen and Rotwang is flawed and based on rivalry and the need for revenge. 5 Interestingly, these complex feelings seem to bother the people living on the surface, while the working class is shown as reduced to basic needs only. The gap between the two classes is drastic. They are the exact opposites of each other with the upper class living in wealth and wearing beautiful garments without the need for physical labor and the workers suffering in poverty, dressed in identical black robes, and deprived of all the pleasures. Kreibich 6 noted that this might be the inevitable future for all the urban areas with the growing rates of social inequality and the expanding gap between the rich and the poor. Metropolis is the film depicting a version of a dystopic society of the future with the exaggerated class division placing the upper class at the surface and giving them a hedonistic lifestyle and shoving the working-class deep underground doomed to perform all kinds of exhausting physical labor and remain impoverished. The makers of this film raised several important issues such as those of class division, the hazards of technological advancement, and the complexity of social equality. In addition to these meaningful themes, the makers also mentioned occult symbolism to people’s attempts to play God, the importance of friendship, loyalty, equality, and fair treatment for all members of society. Bibliography Kreibich, Volker. “ Metropolis: Our Common Future in the Urban Age? An Introduction. ” Our Common Future . 2017. Web. Magid, Annette M. “Better than the Book: Fritz Lang’s Interpretation of Thea von Harbou’s Metropolis.” Spaced of Utopia 2, (2006): 129-149. Minden, Michael. “Fritz Lang’s Metropolis and the United States.” German Life and Letters , 3, no. 53 (2000): 340-350. Pješivac, Željka. “Spaces of Territorialization in Fritz Lang’s Film Metropolis (1927).” Journal of Art and Media Studies , 7, (2015): 85-95. Tängerstad, Erik. The Medieval in the Modern: The Cathedral and the Skyscraper in Fritz Lang’s Metropolis . Visby: Gotland University Press, 2012. Telotte, J. P. Replications: A Robotic History of the Science Fiction Film . Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1995. Footnotes 1. “Fritz Lang’s Metropolis and the United States,” German Life and Letters , 3, no. 53 (2000): 341, 342, 343, 344, 345. 2. J. P. Telotte, Replications: A Robotic History of the Science Fiction Film , (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1995), 58. 3. Annette M. Magid, “Better than the Book: Fritz Lang’s Interpretation of Thea von Harbou’s Metropolis,” Spaced of Utopia 2, (2006): 134. 4. Željka Pješivac, “Spaces of Territorialization in Fritz Lang’s film Metropolis (1927),” Journal of Art and Media Studies , 7, (2015): 92, 93. 5. Erik Tängerstad, The Medieval in the Modern: The Cathedral and the Skyscraper in Fritz Lang’s Metropolis , (Visby: Gotland University Press, 2012), 148. 6. Volker Kreibich, “Metropolis: Our Common Future in the Urban Age? An Introduction,” Our Common Future . Web.

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: The article discusses a model for addiction recovery based on patients' self-determination. The model focuses on the transition of socially negotiated identities.

The article discusses a model for addiction recovery based on patients' self-determination. The model focuses on the transition of socially negotiated identities.

Social Cognitive Theory Against Addiction Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Method 3. Review of the Literature Table 4. Practical Implementation of the Social Cognitive Theory 5. Conclusion 6. References Introduction The concept of social cognitive theory (SCT) is known to start as the social learning theory (SLT), which was introduced by Canadian psychologist Albert Bandura in the 1960s. In 1986 it developed into SCT stating that learning occurred in a social context where reciprocal and dynamic interaction of a person, environment, and behavior took place. The theory includes six major concepts: reciprocal determinism, behavioral capability, observational learning, reinforcements, expectations, and self-efficacy. When two or more concepts become related or joined together they transform into a proposition. Such propositions are called relational statements; they are usually helpful in understanding various theory assumptions. These assumptions are normally divided into the following: observing others, viewing learning as a behavior, goal setting, self-regulated learning, reinforcement, and punishment. Method The literature was selected using the Google Scholar database. All the sources are closely related to the problem of alcohol addiction and, therefore, are included in the research. The years of publishing were set from 2013 to 2017. As to the choice of the keywords, those were selected by the topic requirements. The search results were received using the ‘social cognitive theory alcohol’ word combination. Journal articles were given priority in the matters of reference list formation. Review of the Literature Table Author Journal Year Published Journal Abstract Target Population Health Problem Intervention Setting Selection Status Best, D., Beckwith, M., Haslam, C., Alexander Haslam, S., Jetten, J., Mawson, E., & Lubman, D. I. Addiction Research & Theory 2016 This article focuses attention on the addiction recovery model based on patients’ self-determination. According to the authors’ opinion, recovery is simply a transition of socially negotiated identities. The researcher also suggests that behavior change of sufferers needs to be socially negotiated and subject to social influence. Patients of all ages suffering from alcohol abuse Alcohol addiction Descriptive Clinic The article will not be selected due to the absence of an experimental model Champion, K. E., Newton, N. C., Barrett, E. L., & Teesson, M. Drug and Alcohol Review 2013 This research identifies and describes the existing alcohol and drug prevention programs. The findings indicate that internet-based cognitive intervention programs show a clear tendency to reduce alcohol and drug use among adolescents. The method appears to be very promising in matters of addiction elimination. Teachers, scholars, and parents Use of alcohol among youth Experimental School Selected Des Rosiers, S. E., Schwartz, S. J., Zamboanga, B. L., Ham, L. S., & Huang, S. Journal of Clinical Psychology 2013 The study uses a social cognitive conceptual framework to identify alcohol-related risk behaviors. The results show that acculturation orientations are closely correlated with alcohol-related risk outcomes. The researchers stress that negative expectancy valuations appear to be positively associated with the phenomenon of binge drinking. Scholars, medical workers, rehabilitation center personnel Use of alcohol among students Correlational Youth community Will not be selected due to insufficient findings Galanter, M. The American Journal on Addictions 2014 The research focuses on changes in patients’ addiction-related behaviors and attitudes. The changes were investigated using the mechanisms of social and cognitive neuroscience. The author pays maximum attention to the models of self-schema development and the principles of value formation. Scholars studying alcohol abuse and medical units involved in the process of addiction elimination Alcohol addiction Educational Clinic Will not be selected due to the absence of an experimental model Gámez-Guadix, M., Calvete, E., Orue, I., & Las Hayas, C. Addictive Behaviors 2015 This study is focused on the two pervasive problems of adolescence: problematic alcohol use and problematic Internet use. The findings show that deficient self-regulation preconditions increase in preferences for online interactions and alcohol abuse. The authors point out that adolescents are vulnerable targets for risk-related behavior and, therefore, require an outer control. High-school teachers, parents, medical experts Use of alcohol among youth Educational School Will not be selected due to simultaneous focus on the two problems instead of one Heydari, A., Dashtgard, A., & Moghadam, Z. E Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research 2014 The researchers experimented with two groups of clients (with 30 people in the test group and 30 people in the control group). The intervention model for the test group was made based on Bandura’s social cognitive theory. The results demonstrated that the test group was more successful in quitting addictions due to the effectiveness of a chosen program. Medical units, rehabilitation center workers Alcohol and drug addiction Experimental Clinic Selected Wiers, R. W., Gladwin, T. E., Hofmann, W., Salemink, E., & Ridderinkhof, K. R. Clinical Psychological Science 2013 The study sets forward the two goals: to change maladaptive cognitive motivational biases and to increase control over addiction reoccurrences. The authors discuss several critical issues and give suggestions regarding their resolving. Clinicians, medical units, scholars studying the problem Addiction related psychopathology Descriptive Home- and work-based Will not be selected due to the absence of the experimental model Practical Implementation of the Social Cognitive Theory In their article, Heydari, Dashtgard, and Moghadam, (2014) pay attention to the fact that addiction quitting has turned into a global issue, with the addiction reoccurrence rates reaching out 80%. The study aimed to investigate the effect of the social cognitive theory implementation on people willing to quit drug or alcohol addiction with the main focus on the recovery model (Best et al., 2016). All the examinees were tested at Imam Reza Hospital. All in all, 60 clients participated in the experiment. A sufficient number of participants can be viewed as a strong side of the study. The lack of data collection tools, however, might be regarded as the main weakness of the research (data were measured using questionnaire only). An interventional procedure lasted for one month; data were analyzed by Statistical Package for the Social Sciences using a specialized test. The clients were randomly assigned to two groups (30 individuals in each). After the demographic data were gathered, all examinees completed the self-efficacy questionnaire. The test group was subject to the intervention based on the constructs of Bandura’s cognitive social theory, while the control group only received conventional treatment. After a while, the members of the test group admitted: “a change in their addiction-related attitudes and behaviors” (Galanter, 2014, p. 300). The behavior change intervention was carried out during eight 60-90 minutes’ sessions according to the model steps. The first step involved an education need assessment and presenting the treatment content. The second step presupposed dividing clients into smaller groups from six to eight and engaging them in a group discussion, during which the knowledge about risk behaviors was shared. On the third stage, examinees were taught some of the problem-solving, decision-making, and self-projection skills that were meant to improve their motivational background (Wiers, Gladwin, Hofmann, Salemink, & Ridderinkhof, 2013). Finally, the fourth stage unveiled the key principles of family support. Family members were invited and thoroughly instructed as to how to arrange effective rehabilitation at home. The research conducted by Champion, Newton, Barrett, and Teesson (2013) also focuses on the problem of addiction stating that “the use of alcohol and drugs amongst young people is a serious concern and the need for effective prevention is clear” (p. 115). The strong point of the research is that the authors use PsycInfo, Cochrane Library, PubMed, and other databases to develop a social cognitive model that is best suited for fighting the issue. 10 programs were chosen for task fulfillment and involved such activities as internet-based and CD-ROM behavior interventions. All of them were targeted at Australian teenagers between 14 and 19 years of age. Study quality was assessed using a validated tool for quality assessment of randomized controlled trials (Des Rosiers, Schwartz, Zamboanga, Ham, & Huang, 2013). Regarding the findings, of the 10 programs “six achieved reductions in alcohol, cannabis, or tobacco use” (Champion et al., 2013). Two interventions showed a decrease in intention to use alcohol and the remaining two helped to significantly increase knowledge about drugs and alcohol. Deficient self-regulation played a central role in students’ intentions to quit their addictions (Gámez-Guadix, Calvete, Orue, & Las Hayas, 2015). Despite the fact the researchers used a small number of intervention programs, the model proved to be effective in fighting addiction problems. Conclusion Based on the findings of the two scholarly articles, one can conclude that the impact of SCT on one’s behavior is always tangible since the outcomes demonstrate a positive tendency to change the established situation. It is known that both models intervened at a psychological level to develop a negative attitude towards addiction. Regarding the limitations of using SCT, human factors such as the unwillingness to change habits and the absence of motivation to improve a situation might play a huge disservice in the matters of model implementation. Nevertheless, medical establishments and rehabilitation centers should continue using social cognitive theory concepts for the problem of addiction to be eliminated. It is also recommended that these establishments cooperate directly with the scholars developing behavior change models. Cooperation of this kind would allow for fresh ideas to be implemented immediately. References Best, D., Beckwith, M., Haslam, C., Alexander Haslam, S., Jetten, J., Mawson, E., & Lubman, D. I. (2016). Overcoming alcohol and other drug addiction as a process of social identity transition: The Social Identity Model of Recovery (SIMOR). Addiction Research & Theory , 24 (2), 111-123. Champion, K. E., Newton, N. C., Barrett, E. L., & Teesson, M. (2013). A systematic review of school‐based alcohol and other drug prevention programs facilitated by computers or the Internet. Drug and Alcohol Review , 32 (2), 115-123. Des Rosiers, S. E., Schwartz, S. J., Zamboanga, B. L., Ham, L. S., & Huang, S. (2013). A cultural and social cognitive model of differences in acculturation orientations, alcohol expectancies, and alcohol‐related risk behaviors among Hispanic college students. Journal of Clinical Psychology , 69 (4), 319-340. Galanter, M. (2014). Alcoholics anonymous and twelve‐step recovery: A model based on social and cognitive neuroscience. The American Journal on Addictions , 23 (3), 300-307. Gámez-Guadix, M., Calvete, E., Orue, I., & Las Hayas, C. (2015). Problematic Internet use and problematic alcohol use from the cognitive-behavioral model: A longitudinal study among adolescents. Addictive Behaviors , 40 , 109-114. Heydari, A., Dashtgard, A., & Moghadam, Z. E. (2014). The effect of Bandura’s social cognitive theory implementation on addiction quitting of clients referred to addiction quitting clinics. Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research , 19 (1), 19-23. Wiers, R. W., Gladwin, T. E., Hofmann, W., Salemink, E., & Ridderinkhof, K. R. (2013). Cognitive bias modification and cognitive control training in addiction and related psychopathology: Mechanisms, clinical perspectives, and ways forward. Clinical Psychological Science , 1 (2), 192-212.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: The article discusses social justice group work with young mothers who experience homelessness. The article focuses on showing how the worker used group or family practice theory to help client system.

The article discusses social justice group work with young mothers who experience homelessness. The article focuses on showing how the worker used group or family practice theory to help client system.

Social Justice Group Work for Homeless Young Mothers Essay Introduction This paper is about a group/family article focusing on summarizing as well as critiquing of a social work article describing practice with a small group or family. The article of choice in this case is using social justice group work with young mothers who experience homelessness authored by Coker, Meyer, Smith and Price in 2010. The choice of the article was based on the fact that it is practice-oriented and focuses on showing how the worker used group or family practice theory to help client system. The authors of the article, using social justice group work with young mothers who experience homelessness, address the problem of lack of shelter among children and women. Ideally, the critique focuses on identifying various features addressed in the article alongside and appraisal of the article with respect to two or three lessons from the article. Characteristics of the group or family discussed In the article, the authors focus on discussing the facilitation of social justice principles in group work. The group discussed in the article was started for the purpose of assisting residents address the problem of homelessness especially in aspects of parenting and during pregnancy periods (Coker, Meyer, Smith, & Price, 2010). The article discusses two groups each comprising of six members. However, health reasons cost one of the members of the first group. The group members were Blacks, Indians and Whites and aged between 17 and 24 years. All the members shared similar experiences about episodic homelessness and all but one, had not been counselled or supported. The client system problems or challenges and strengths The article addresses the problem of homelessness in among children and women. According to Paquette and Bassuk (2009), the highest percentage of homeless individuals are women who care for children. According to the National Coalition for the Homeless (2008), some the major social problems associated with the increase in homelessness include sexual abuse, foster care placement, high poverty rate, mental health, substance abuse, and family problems. In spite of this, addressing the challenges noted above through a group can be quite effective due to the fact that group work is best for positive outcomes since it promotes human potential. The worker’s theoretical orientation The workers understand the significance of examining each one’s responsibility when it comes to finding effective solution for the problem of homelessness. Such an approach gives them the chance to establish suitable measures to advocate for social change. The worker’s suggestions for group assessment According to the article, a number of approaches can be used for group assessment. For example, the group can be asked to identify any challenges that they are facing with respect to a given social issue in the society. However, it is important to understand the challenges affecting the target group as well as visit them to develop trust. In addition, monitoring the growth and development of the group is important. The worker’s description of group intervention Description of group intervention as presented in the article is based on various important social justice principles coined by Crethar, Torres Rivera, and Nash (2008) which include equity in resources distribution and allocation, freedom to access power, services, and information, freedom to participate in decision making, and harmony. Incorporation of evidence-based principles The use of evidence-based principles in any social aspect helps to ensure that the particular aspect is addressed appropriately (Corey, Corey, & Corey, 2014). In the case of this article, the principles of social justice were applicable. As such, the women were allowed to make an exploration of their feelings, establish a few goals that they needed to achieve, encouraged to seek help and support whenever needed, as well as were empowered personally. Such approach can be said to align with the social justice principles of participation, harmony, and equity. Diversity issues addressed by the worker The group had a number of challenges attributable to diversity. First, there was the challenge of participation brought about by the fact that some residents had the feeling that the participation was mandatory. The worker addressed this problem by explaining that the members were free to exit the group at will and that they would not suffer any negative consequences (Coker et al., 2010). Additionally, the staff was also asked to offer their support as far as voluntary group members’ participation was concerned. Secondly, there was the challenge of the group’s open structure. This was brought about by the fact that the initial number of members was fixed but there were some fears that the membership would change. To address this issue, and honor the principle of social justice and inclusivity, the membership was left to be open. Two Saint Leo core values illustrated in the group process The group process embraced a number of Saint Leo core values. For example, the group identified that during the process of the group members’ interaction, there was the development of some subgroups which led to cases of likes and dislikes. The group encouraged the members to be confidential and the need to respect one another. The group emphasized the use of respect which is a Saint Leo core value. Secondly, another Saint Leo core value is community where the emphasis is on the development of societies founded on the idea of interdependence, unity, as well as a spirit of belongingness. In the case of the group, such value was witnessed in the core for each individual to have personal goals and work towards actualizing them, working as a team and be socially responsible by showing respect to one another. Own appraisal of the article A thorough review of the article shows that the problem of homeless has adverse effects on women and children. Here are some of the lessons from the article: Lack of awareness on the significance of counselling According to the article, even though women and children are affected by the problem of homelessness, the percentage of those who seek the necessary support and counselling is insignificant (Paquette & Bassuk, 2009). For example, as evident in the article, only one out of twelve group members had gone for counselling. The implication is that there is a need for thorough awareness about the need for counseling and social support following threat of homelessness. Social class difference can affect the success of group work The group faced some challenges as far as its facilitation is concerned especially in the development of own skill. There were high expectations that the Black authors would interact well with the group given that the majority of them were blacks but instead, the group had challenges connecting with some members due to differences in social class lines. References Coker, A. D., Meyer, D., Smith, R., & Price, A. (2010). Using social justice group work with young mothers who experience homelessness. The Journal for Specialists in Group Work , 35 (3), 220-229. Corey, M.S., Corey, G., & Corey, C. (2014). Groups: Process and practice (9 th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson Brooks/Cole. Crethar, H. C., Torres Rivera, E., & Nash, S. (2008). In search of common threads linking multicultural, feminist, and social justice counseling paradigms. Journal of Counseling & Development, 86 , 269–278. National Coalition for the Homeless. (2008). Why are people homeless? Web. Paquette, K., & Bassuk, E. (2009). Parenting and homelessness: Overview and introduction to the special section. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 79 , 292– 298.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: The paper reflects on social policies in the area of education and speculates on drafting the bill. It also highlights three dimensions of power.

The paper reflects on social policies in the area of education and speculates on drafting the bill. It also highlights three dimensions of power.

Social Policies and Power Dimensions in Education Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Social Education Policies 2. Drafting a Bill 3. Three Dimensions of Power 4. Conclusion 5. References This paper is aimed to answer three questions. First, it will reflect on social policies in the area of education. Second, it will speculate on drafting the bill. Finally, it will highlight three dimensions of power. Social Education Policies This part of the paper is devoted to three major social policies in education. The first policy to reflect upon is the globalization of education. It is a process of broadening the external and internal borders of education. It allows reconsidering the concept, and the word “education” comes to stand for all the processes which contribute to the development of the personality. Besides, globalization of the economy influences educational processes. Free economic movement entrains changes in educational programs. Moreover, ecological factors and humanitarianization have started playing significant roles, whereas education has taken first place in the strategic development of the society. The shift to the informational society involves a shift to continuous education. Taking into account the mentioned above, it is possible to admit that the policy is effective, and no notable changes have been required yet (Waks, 2007). The second policy is the informatization of education. This is a process of integrating information and communication technologies. It entrains a change in the appearance of education, as well as the development of new educational technologies and mediated pedagogical communications. The informatization allows adapting the system to the continuously changing informative society. Nowadays, the process of education informatization tends to determine its essence and nature. This is a process with a special purpose, and it presupposes multi-step development within the area of information technologies. Such an approach guarantees that the informatization of education is implemented as a program with special goals that are set for it. In the case of its spontaneous development, it is necessary to make some adjustments so as to ensure the possibility of controlling the principle. The policy is effective since it complies with the requirements and interests of the present-day society, as well as helps to contribute to the improvement and facilitation of the educational system (Anyon, 2005). The third educational policy under consideration is humanitarianization. It is aimed to provide solutions to two key problems. The first issue is the education of each individual. The other one is the matter of the education possibility to supply qualified specialists. The aims of education stay the same. However, the technologies have changed. In modern education, disciplines are expected to be studied within the framework of a continuous multitask program with individual and social requirements taken into account. All the stages of the educational mechanism are expected to operate as a single mechanism. Therefore, it is necessary to build up educational models. The necessity of education humanitarianization is recognized on the social level and tends to play a key role in its modernization. Education fulfills crucial functions. The humanitarianization of education, which is aimed to reinforce the social mechanism of education and its social norms, has been focused on entraining changes in the essential content and principles of its functioning. Presently, one of the leading world tendencies in the development of education has been a shift to continuous open education, which is expected to form the basis of informational society and is built on the principles of open information space (Marrion, 2017). Drafting a Bill This part of the paper is aimed to give an insight into drafting bills. Drafting a bill starts with a decision that the one is necessary. The state is expected to have a corresponding plan. Bills might be initiated by the president, government, and other authorities defined by law. The instruction to draft a bill can be given to any committee by the government. The initial draft is worked out in accordance with the department principle. It allows involving more competent specialists in the work. Normally, some departments and legal authorities participate in drafting bills. At the first stage, the initial text is created. However, if it comes to bills that have a general role, it is necessary to apply a different principle, which requires the participation of the government. It concerns the bills which are connected with referendums and elections, as well as public organizations and political parties. When starting to draft a bill, it is necessary to rely on a scientific concept which complies with the existing norms of rights. All the key normative positions are expected to be justified. Once the draft is prepared, it is submitted to the consideration. More competent specialists, including ministers, are involved in its discussion. The work on the details of the bill does not take place only in the central structures of power. It can take place in different regions of the country. What is more, drafts can be discussed in the media. At the final stage of drafting a bill, it is considered and speculated on in the course of the meetings of the authorities. The major attention is paid to the general legal assessment of the future bill. It should comply with the norms of existing laws. After this, the bill is submitted to the final consideration (Sallison, 2016). Three Dimensions of Power This part of the paper is aimed at considering the dimensions of power, their role in the society, as well as reflecting upon which dimension is expected to be used in education and business. Power is acknowledged to be the means and opportunity to administrate other people, influence their behavior, and impose opinions on them. It is accepted to be based on authority and compulsion. It is possible to single out three dimensions of power: directive, functional, and communicative (Fowler, 2013; Johnson, 2015). As for the directive dimension, power is understood as the authority which guarantees the fulfillment of instructions and orders. When it comes to the functional direction, power is seen as a possibility and skills of social management accomplishment. Finally, the communicative dimension is implemented through communication, which is comprehensible for all the parties involved in it. As for the role that power comes to play in society, it is necessary to underline the following functions. First, power establishes the general obligatory rules of behavior for all the members of society. Second, it is expected to guarantee the compliance of their individual actions. Third, it is expected to reveal and fulfill the common interests of all the members of society. In the end, it has a purpose of social conflict regulation as well as the establishment of the public order (Fowler, 2013; Johnson, 2015). When it comes to the question of which dimension should be applied in education, it is necessary to point out that education implies a double-sided process that is based on equality in communication. Therefore, the communicative dimension is supposed to be applied. As for business, the situation is similar in modern western societies: the communicative dimension should be used since it is based on discussions and searching for mutual agreements. Conclusion This paper answered three questions. First, it reflected on social policies in the area of education. Second, it speculated on drafting a bill. Finally, it highlighted the three dimensions of power. References Anyon, J. (2005). What “counts” as an educational policy? Notes toward a new paradigm. Harvard Educational Review, 75 (1), 65-88. Fowler, F. C. (2013). Policy studies for educational leaders: An introduction . Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. Johnson, A. (2015). The role of power . London, UK: Orbit Books. Marrion, S. (2017). Humanitarianization in education . New York, NY: Viking Press. Sallison, A. (2016). Education policies . New York, NY: Viking Press. Waks, L. J. (2007). The concept of fundamental educational change. Educational Theory, 57 (3), 277-295.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: The text discusses research methodology for studying homelessness, including the use of randomized controlled trials and semi-structured interviews. The text also highlights the importance of ensuring representation of diverse ethnicities and races in research on homelessness.

The text discusses research methodology for studying homelessness, including the use of randomized controlled trials and semi-structured interviews. The text also highlights the importance of ensuring representation of diverse ethnicities and races in research on homelessness.

Social Work and Homelessness Research Methodology Research Paper Methodology Research Design A randomized controlled trial (RCT) will be conducted to answer the following research question: what is the effectiveness of the Housing First program to street homelessness based on the experiences of both human service professionals and beneficiaries? Such a study design will allow representing a variety of ethnicities and races of Canada (Aubry et al., 2015). The selection of RCT is also caused by the need to ensure the inclusion opportunity for every respondent. A randomized controlled trial usually regarded as the most scientifically rigorous hypothesis testing method available in sociology. Sampling Procedures The sample will be composed of those people who received any assistance in terms of the Housing First program, be it access to rental housing or a standard lease agreement. At the same time, social workers and human service professionals will also be involved in the study to share their views and perceptions regarding the effectiveness of the program. In particular, the three cities of Vancouver, Winnipeg, and Toronto will be covered by sampling procedures. The latter will focus on introduction letters sent to those who was enrolled in the mentioned program for homeless within the last year, pinpointing the purpose of the perspective research, the roles of participants, and other significant details. People interested in the participation will use either email or phone to express their intents to be interviewed. The sample size will contain 50 persons from each of the identified cities. Among the inclusion, or eligibility, criteria, there will be complete homelessness or some cases of the latter, legal adult status, and benefit or the lack of that from the Housing First program (Aubry et al., 2015). It is expected to include both male and female representatives of different ages, races, and ethnicities. As for the examination of social workers and human service professionals, 20 respondents from each of the mentioned cities will be involved in the proposed study. Data Collection Methods The data collection methods will be referred to as a set of qualitative strategies. In particular, the following two groups will be distinguished in terms of RCT: intervention group and treatment-as-usual group. The representatives of the first one will be characterized by the reception of the Housing First program provisions, while the second group members will be those who received traditional help, such as shelters, food for homeless, etc. (Hwang, Stergiopoulos, O’Campo, & Gozdzik, 2012). The method of interviewing will be used to collect data from participants via semi-structured interviews. It is possible to conduct either face-to-face or online interviews via Skype to collect the necessary data. The list of 38 questions will be offered to participants as well as the opportunity to subsequently express their opinions regarding the program in a free from. It is expected to spend approximately one hour to test each of the participants in a convenient manner. The second data collection method will be the examination of documents and data on the provided assistance and its results from the local social work agencies and professionals. It should also be noted that the principle of priority of the rights, safety, and health of participants will be put in the forefront. The respondents can be included in the research only on the basis of their voluntary participation and informed consent. More to the point, a detailed explanation and presentation of the study materials will allow participants to understand the purpose and scope of the study. In the context of the research ethics, confidentiality terms will be guaranteed, in particular, no personal data will be revealed to the wider audiences. The study specifics will focus on solely informative and analytic points in order to answer the research question. In the course of data collection and interaction with the participants in general, respect, attentiveness, and responsiveness will be ensured to provide them with a convenient setting and increase the effectiveness of the study. Methods of Analysis The obtained data will be analyzed with the help of descriptive statistics. The choice of parameters of descriptive statistics for presentation in the study will be based on the principle of providing a set of descriptive characteristics of the main issue, measures of dispersion, and the distribution patterns of each observed group. In case of a normal, or related to the normal, order of variable, distribution will be established, then confidence intervals of the parameters of the sample distribution will be made, which are estimates of the corresponding parameters of the population. For non-parametric variables, these estimates will not be given. At this point, the required parameter is the sample size as according to Fisher’s principle, deviations from the normal form, if they are not too noticeable, can be detected only for large samples (Macnaughton, Goering, & Nelson, 2012). The purpose of descriptive analysis in this case is to describe the entire set of conditions in the two groups of participants, both common and rare, indicating their effectiveness. The description will be given to make the extent of the program’s contribution clear and conclusive. The indicators of these or other statistics will be determined by the distribution order and the type of scale, in which the observed feature will be measured (Clifasefi, Malone, & Collins, 2013). Thus, when analyzing the collected data, it is expected to provide a histogram of primary data, a complete description of measures of position, central tendency, measure of dispersion, variability, and other related aspects. The assessment of the parameters of the sample will also be presented. Reflection Throughout the course, I learned a lot regarding how to conduct sociological experiments, focusing on research questions. First of all, I learned that an experiment is a specific method based on the controlled interaction of a researcher with the object under the study in pre-determined conditions. In the experiment, it is possible to obtain information in an artificially created environment, which distinguishes this method from the ordinary observation. The course lectures and assignments showed me that the subject of the experiment refers to the relations and connections between the elements of the object under the research and the system of factors that determine its social activity and behavior. The variables in the experiment are controlled and uncontrolled factors that have either direct or indirect effect on the given issue. A system of variables defines the experimental situation. Also, there can be independent and dependent variables, where the first can be modified by a researcher and introduced into the activity of the experimental group, and the latter change under the influence of an independent variable. The variables represent the categories of analysis in the experiment, displaying them in the form of empirical indicators. Previously, I lived under the line of poverty, encountering such challenges as poor housing, eating, and the lack of opportunities for adequate health care services. In this connection, I understand the needs of homeless people and consider that their state is to be properly examined in order to improve on the results of scholarly studies. I learned that the procedure of carrying out the experiment consists of several steps. Initially, a researcher identifies a research object and divides participants into two preferably homogeneous groups. After that, he or she introduces a range of factors into one of them, and the second one is left unchanged. After that, a comparison of the two groups is organized. The object with which it is conducted often appears only as a means for creating an experimental situation. Therefore, in the future, it may not be associated with the use of the results and conclusions. The general logic of the experiment is to trace the direction, magnitude, and stability of the changes in the characteristics of the problem that is of interest to a researcher. Linking the outcomes of the course to my future professional plans, I can note that I would like to develop my knowledge and skills regarding social work and focusing on appropriate health care provision, housing, etc. In particular, I would like to correct the existing errors and improve social work experience by conducting the most relevant studies and disseminating their results to the wider populations, so that both an average reader and experts would benefit from them. One of the areas I can develop and enhance relates to the exploration of socially important issues in the family living under poverty line: relationships between parents and children, adolescents’ challenges at home and school, and so on. I believe that it is rather important to study the mentioned problems and suggest specific strategies for their elimination. References Aubry, T., Tsemberis, S., Adair, C. E., Veldhuizen, S., Streiner, D., Latimer, E.,… Hume, C. (2015). One-year outcomes of a randomized controlled trial of housing first with ACT in five Canadian cities. Psychiatric Services , 66 (5), 463-469. Clifasefi, S. L., Malone, D. K., & Collins, S. E. (2013). Exposure to project-based Housing First is associated with reduced jail time and bookings. International Journal of Drug Policy , 24 (4), 291-296. Hwang, S. W., Stergiopoulos, V., O’Campo, P., & Gozdzik, A. (2012). Ending homelessness among people with mental illness: The at Home/Chez Soi randomized trial of a Housing First intervention in Toronto. BMC Public Health , 12 (1), 787-803. Macnaughton, E. L., Goering, P. N., & Nelson, G. B. (2012). Exploring the value of mixed methods within the At Home/Chez Soi Housing First project: A strategy to evaluate the implementation of a complex population health intervention for people with mental illness who have been homeless. Canadian Journal of Public Health , 103 (2), 57-62.

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Write an essay about: Societal security is a new concept that differs from the traditional approaches to security. It focuses on how to preserve the society against infiltration, invasion and military actions from foreigners. In addition, societal security is best analyzed from an international and individual perspective.

Societal security is a new concept that differs from the traditional approaches to security. It focuses on how to preserve the society against infiltration, invasion and military actions from foreigners. In addition, societal security is best analyzed from an international and individual perspective.

Societal Security and National Identity Essay Introduction Societal security differs from the traditional approaches on various levels. Unlike the traditional approach to security, a new concept argues that security can be based on economy, environmental protection and politics. Societal security focuses on how to preserve the society against infiltration, invasion and military actions from foreigners (Panić 2009). In addition, societal security is best analyzed from an international and individual perspective. Therefore, international systems, subsystems, units and subunits are critical to the analysis of societal security (Panić 2009). Compared to the traditional approach, societal security does not focus on territorial sovereignty. Instead, societal security focuses on collective identity ranging from politics, economy, institutions, and the environment to individuals. Therefore, preservation of elements that compose national identity is the hallmark of societal security. Reconceptualising security Security as the survival of the society rather than of the state In recent times, security is viewed as a survival of the society and not the state. From this perspective, the concepts of security from a national perspective focus on protecting the sovereignty of the state (Brauch 2008). Major threats for national security means include countries, terrorism and guerrilla groups. From state security, a focus on national and societal groups becomes imperative. The main aim of societal security is to preserve national unity and identity (Brauch 2008). In this context, threats against national identity are derived from immigrants and foreign cultures. Human security refers to survival for individual or mankind. However, human survival refers to the quality of life that may be threatened by nature, terrorism and globalization (Brauch 2008). Environmental security refers to the sustainability of the ecosystem that is normally threatened by mankind through pollution and socioeconomic activities. In other instances, human survival can be determined by gender security. In this context, indigenous people, gender relations, racial minorities, mature adult and children are subject to insecurity (Brauch 2008). The idea of providing gender security is to promote equality, equity, identity and social representations that are threatened by totalitarian institutions, intolerance, elites, violence and religion. Societal security as a threat to collective identity National, ethnic and religious identities As the need for societal security grows with time, countries become sources of self-threat, especially on national, ethnic and religious matters. For example, as countries prevent invasions from other nations, the consequences result in the creation of inter-regional conflicts. Therefore, acts of war and similar provocations by the government may endanger the citizens and the country from external attacks. Moreover, the need to have a collective identity may cause inter-ethnic conflicts due to lack of intolerance. The same intolerance may threaten freedom of worship and human rights, especially on religious matters. Unrest in Tibet The outbreak of unrest in Tibet in 2008 was a classic example of how societal security threatens peace in the region (Topgyal 2011). China’s threats against Tibet’s affected the region’s economic, political, environmental and individual arrangements. In fact, China’s invasion in Tibet and the subsequent colonization was an example of how the country is intolerant to other societies’ way of life. On the other hand, the uprising in Tibet justified the right to self-protection against societal insecurities (Topgyal 2011). From this perspective, using civil rights movements, guerrilla warfare and nonviolence mechanisms to protect territorial integrity was necessary. Moreover, the unrest in Tibet was driven by the need for improved quality of life from the oppressive Chinese government (Topgyal 2011). Moreover, the Tibetans requested equal treatment and social representation of the society in the region’s economic and socio-political aspects. References Brauch, H G 2008, ‘Introduction: Globalization and Environmental Challenges: Reconceptualizing Security in the 21 st Century’, Globalization and Environmental Challenges: Reconceptualizing Security in the 21 st Century , pp. 27-43. Panić, B 2009, ‘Societal security–security and identity,’ Western Balkans Security Observer-English Edition , no.13, pp. 28-39. Topgyal, T 2011, ‘Insecurity dilemma and the Tibetan uprising in 2008,’ Journal of Contemporary China , vol. 20, no. 69, pp. 183-203.

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Write an essay about: The research study under review is 'Soft Leadership: A New Direction to Leadership' by Professor M. S. Rao. The problem identified in the study is the identification of a leadership style that can be incorporated in a changing world. The study tries to look at possible leadership style options that can evolve with time. It is arguable that the world, and the economy, are changing at a fast rate. Generations are also changing, and trends never last. Therefore, the research seeks to propose the best leadership style for such constant changes.

The research study under review is 'Soft Leadership: A New Direction to Leadership' by Professor M. S. Rao. The problem identified in the study is the identification of a leadership style that can be incorporated in a changing world. The study tries to look at possible leadership style options that can evolve with time. It is arguable that the world, and the economy, are changing at a fast rate. Generations are also changing, and trends never last. Therefore, the research seeks to propose the best leadership style for such constant changes.

Soft Leadership as a New Direction in Changing World Essay (Article) Problem The research study under review is ‘Soft Leadership: A New Direction to Leadership’ by Professor M. S. Rao. The problem identified in the study is the identification of a leadership style that can be incorporated in a changing world. Whereas the author has not stated the problem, due to the nature of the study, the reader can quickly decipher it from the information provided. It is important to note, the scholar purposes that leadership is critical in development, particularly in businesses and organizations (Griffin and Moorhead 19). While there have been various leadership styles proposed in the last several decades, the research study tries to look at possible leadership style options that can evolve with time. It is arguable that the world, and the economy, are changing at a fast rate. Generations are also changing, and trends never last. Therefore, the research seeks to propose the best leadership style for such constant changes. Hypothesis The researcher also does not transparently state the hypothesis. However, just like with the problem statement, the reader can deduce the theory from the information given. It can be suggested that the study hypothesizes that soft leadership is the best type of leadership for an interconnected, global, and technocratic world (Rao, “Soft Leadership” 143). Therefore, the problem and hypothesis go hand in hand. The report generated regarding the said hypothesis seeks to show how soft leadership creates an interconnected, global, and technocratic platform for businesses. Additionally, the study tries to prove the theory viable by looking at other research studies and literature reviews that have already been published on the same. It is critical to note that the author also uses criticism of the concept to expound on ideas presented. Need for Study The study is very relevant. One of the factors that make the study relevant, as mentioned, is that economies, and the world in general, are changing. Due to changes experienced, it has become crucial for managers in different companies to change their leadership styles. Because change is rarely easy, it has become expensive for businesses to keep training their leaders on viable leadership styles. Therefore, there is a need for the adoption of a leadership style that can cut across the different platforms and changes experienced. Secondly, the study is relevant as it allows for the understanding of leadership. Whereas various studies have been done on leadership, this particular research study brings in the concept of enduring leadership. In the same breath, the scholar introduces a new design and does not, like other studies, try to support or criticize the already established leadership styles. The author examines the aspects of soft leadership and compares them with elements of other leadership styles to make his arguments stronger. Methodology The author incorporates a descriptive methodology. The scholar uses a question and answers session that had been recorded during a previous webinar to explain the concepts proposed. Rao (“Soft Leadership” 147) records the question and answer session as they happened, ensuring that the research study has primary data. It is crucial to note, however, that the author also uses an exploratory methodology in the study. Caza and Rosch (1586) explain that exploratory research is the best research methodology for research studies that have not been considered before. Therefore, the research methodology was viable as the concept was being introduced. Rao (“Soft Leadership” 143) explains that the term ‘soft leadership’ is coined and being used for the first time. As the ‘owner’ of the phrase, Rao, arguably, offers the best data for the study. Summary of Review of Literature The literature review is very extensive. It should be noted that the researcher first introduces the concept, and gives the definition of the various elements that are associated with the concept. As mentioned, the author created the idea under study. Therefore, it is arguable that much of the data is from a personal point. However, to make the study scientific, the researcher incorporates literature on the core foundations of leadership. The scholar presents the interpretation of 11C’s model by David Ulrich (Rao, “Soft Leadership” 145), which forms the bulk of the literature review. The 11Cs model suggests 11 elements that are core in leadership. The 11 elements are “charisma, conscience, conviction, courage, communication, compassion, commitment, consistency, consideration, and contribution” (Rao, “Soft Leadership” 144). Rao ( 21 Success Sutras for CEOs 24) argues that the 11Cs leadership model states that each of the said components encourages a people-centered approach. According to Rao (“Soft Leadership” 144), each of the components mentioned can be tied to a person who has been deemed influential in leadership. For example, the scholar identifies Nelson Mandela for commitment, and Booker T. Washington is best remembered for contribution (Rao, “Soft Leadership” 144). Additionally, Mahatma Gandhi is recognized as an exemplary leader due to his character, Alexander the Great is remembered for his courage, and Mother Teresa is praised for her compassion (Rao, “Soft Leadership” 144). Similarly, Martin Luther King is quoted for his conscience, John Wesley is highly praised for his consistency, and Mikhail Gorbachev is memorable for his charisma (Rao, “Soft Leadership” 144). Further, Winston Churchill has been identified as an excellent leader due to his communication skills, Aung San Sui Kyi is best remembered for his convictions, while the Dalai Lama is praised for his consideration (Rao, “Soft Leadership” 144). Assumptions, Limitations, and Potential for Future Research A fundamental assumption of the research study is that the current leadership styles cannot evolve. The author assumes that the world needs a new style as the current ones are rigid. However, the author does not present any evidence to prove that modern leadership styles are rigid. In the same breath, there are several limitations to the study. The first.limitation is that it does not offer much research or data on the concept. However, it is important to mention that because the research is new, the author had very little to go by in regards to research. Interestingly, there is great potential for future studies. Researchers can apply the concept in a work environment and test whether it does work or not. Conclusion of Findings The researcher concludes that leadership is an essential aspect of the business. However, when one analyzes the current leadership styles, he/she will realize that they fall short due to the rapid changes experienced in the global platform. Therefore, the scholar supports the concept of the adoption of soft leadership. Additionally, the author concludes that the world requires a leadership style that cannot be affected by changes in the economic world. According to the scholar, all leadership styles currently used have to evolve from time to time to suit the different changes experienced. However, soft leadership cuts across platforms and supports all changes that might be brought on by trends and fluctuations in the economy. Critique of the Article Several things that make the research study relevant can be deduced from the report. One such factor is that the author has provided an in-depth explanation of soft leadership. It is important to mention that the detailed analysis and explanation are required because the author coined the term under review. Since the term has not been analyzed before, it is up to the researcher to convince the reader of its importance. Another advantage of the report is that the author takes time to compare soft leadership with other types of leadership. By doing so, the author ensures that the reader understands the limitations of the modern leadership styles that are then resolved by soft leadership. It is also important to state that the author ties various practical examples to the concept. Arguably, the author makes the concept easy to understand, and also easy to apply in reality in an attempt to convince the reader of the concept’s applicability. The author also provides references for many of the concepts posed. The references ensure that the arguments proposed are strong. The fact that the author presents primary data collected through the question and answer session of the webinar is also an advantage. It is important to point out that the question and answers session provides the reader with first-hand information on what other people think of soft leadership. Also, the section answers questions that the reader might also have concerning the new concept discussed. Looking at the structure of the report, one can argue that it is sufficient. Although many elements of a report are missing, one can give the author the benefit of the doubt due to the nature of the research. One factor that should have, however, been included in the report is the visual presentation of the data. The report has a ‘boring’ appearance, which makes it appear dull. It is important to note that researchers use graphics to entice the reader, and at the same time, present the data realized easily. The lack of any visual representation means that the reader has to read through the content. It is also important to note that the research does not have much data to present. Thus, the researcher did not have enough data to display in a visual format. Additionally, since the data is not bulky, the reader can read it easily. One weakness of the report is the lack of a study to prove the applicability of soft leadership. The researcher uses theoretical arguments to determine applicability. However, considering that the research study is scientific, one would expect that some form of study is included to prove the applicability mentioned. It can be argued that the primary data presented mainly focuses on defining the new concept. In an ideal situation, the researcher should have conducted a research study in a competitive workplace. The author would have applied the said leadership style in the identified workplace and tested how relevant it was, how it was embraced by the employees affected, and what successes and failures it recorded during implementation. All these would have made the research study stronger and more relevant. Summary of the Case The case study presented analyzes a new concept, dubbed soft leadership, which is coined by the author of the research. The report starts with a disclaimer to the reader that ‘soft leadership’ is a coined term. The researcher is successful in defining the said concept using descriptive and exploratory research methodology. It is also important to mention that the author uses data collected during a webinar on the same topic, to elaborate on soft leadership and also answer some of the questions the audience/reader might harbor. It is crucial to mention that according to the scholar, soft leadership is best suited for an ever-changing world. The world and the economy are always changing due to various elements. One of the core elements that leads to change is technology. Therefore, to the author, and leadership style that promotes technological advancement over people, is headed for failure. The author argues that people are the best asset of an organization. Thereby, leadership styles should revolve around getting the best out of human resources. Soft leadership, as suggested by the researcher, incorporates the 11Cs model. The 11Cs model states that there are 11 traits of an excellent leader. The characteristics presented are charisma, conscience, conviction, courage, communication, compassion, commitment, consistency, consideration, and contribution (Rao, “Soft Leadership” 144). It can be argued that so far, there are no leaders that have all 11Cs mentioned. However, great leaders such as Nelson Mandela. Mahatma Gandhi and Alexander the Great had one of the traits mentioned, and their shortcomings would have been resolved through the adoption of the other characteristics. Overall, the research study seeks to introduce the concept of soft leadership to the world, and give other researchers background for the drafting of different hypotheses that can be used for future research. Works Cited Caza, Arran, and David M. Rosch. “An Exploratory Examination of Students’ Pre-Existing Beliefs about Leadership.” Studies in Higher Education , vol. 39, no. 9, 2014, pp. 1586-1598. Griffin, Ricky W. and Gregory Moorhead. Organizational Behavior: Managing People and Organizations. 10 th ed., New York, NY: Cengage Brain, 2008. Rao, M. S. “Soft Leadership: A New Direction to Leadership.” Industrial and Commercial Training , vol. 45, no. 3, 2013, pp. 143 – 149. —. 21 Success Sutras for CEOs: How Global CEOs Overcome Leadership Challenges . Melbourne, FL: Motivational Press, 2016.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: The essay discusses the impact of soil on the growth of plants and the effect of an energy drink on plant growth.It was concluded that too much of an energy drink has a harmful effect on plant growth.

The essay discusses the impact of soil on the growth of plants and the effect of an energy drink on plant growth. It was concluded that too much of an energy drink has a harmful effect on plant growth.

Soil Impact on the Growth of Plants Report Table of Contents 1. Abstract 2. Introduction 3. Experimental Procedure 4. Results 5. Discussion 6. Conclusions 7. Works Cited Abstract The aim of this experiment was to determine the impact of various types of soil as well as the effect of an energy drink on plant growth. Brassica rapa seeds were grown in Maine potting mix, sand, and a mixture of the two. The impact of the energy drink was determined by comparing plant growth under normal water conditions and a double portion of Redbull drink. The highest growth rates were observed in Maine potting mix and plain water. It was concluded that too much of an energy drink has a harmful effect on plant growth. Introduction The healthy growth of plants is determined by the availability of three main requirements: water, nutrients, and light. Additional factors include warmth and air. Water plays a vital role in the germination of plants by activating the hydrolytic enzymes that initiate physiological processes in plants. During growth, water facilitates the transport of nutrients and minerals. Additionally, the intake of water by plants through osmosis provides turgor pressure, which firms up plants thus providing anchorage (Kramer 2012). Light provides the energy that converts water and carbon dioxide into glucose. Important plant nutrients include minerals such as nitrogen, calcium, potassium, phosphorus, and magnesium. These minerals act as co-factors in biological reactions as well as building blocks of macromolecules such as amino acids and nucleic acids (Levetin and McMahon 2011). For these reasons, fertilizer is applied to plants as a common agricultural practice. The type of soil affects plant requirements mainly by influencing water retention, temperature, and the availability of air. Energy drinks such as Redbull contain sugars and vitamins, which are hypothesized to be beneficial to plants. This experiment aims at determining the impact of different types of soil on the growth and development of plants as well as the effect of irrigating plants Redbull. It was hypothesized that plants would display the best rate of growth when grown in a mixture of sand and Maine soil. It was also hypothesized that irrigating the plant using twice as much Redbull as water would lead to a better growth rate than plain water. Experimental Procedure In part A of the experiment, two seeds of Wisconsin Fast Plants ( Brassica rapa ) were planted in a potting mix containing the Coast of Maine soil, sand, and a mixture of Maine soil and sand. These treatments were labeled as A1, A2, and A3 respectively. The media were moistened as needed after which approximately 4-millimeter depressions were made using two fingers. All seeds were planted at the same depth. The seeds were watered and labeled appropriately. The pots were then thinned to 1 seedling each after three to five days of germination. Wooden stakes and rings were used to hold the plants in place. The rate of growth was determined by measuring the height, the number of leaves, length, and width of the leaves as well as the number of flowers. These growth parameters were taken at three intervals. Between days 13 and 20, the developed flowers were cross-pollinated using a small brush to transfer pollen from the flowers of one plant to another. Extra flower buds and shoots were pruned off until the fruit pods were mature. The plants and pods were allowed to dry for a week after which the seeds were harvested from the pods. In part B of the experiment, two pots containing the Coast of Maine potting mix were prepared. A similar procedure was used to plant the seeds. Plain water was used to water the plants in the first pot, which acted as the control. The plant in the second pot was irrigated using twice as much Redbull as the amount of water used in the control. The growth of the plants was measured as in part A. Results It was observed that the rate of plant growth was higher in the Maine potting mix than sand alone and a mixture of the two types of soil (Figure 1). Conversely, watering the plant with Redbull did not lead to a significant increase in growth rate compared to water alone (Figure 2). An increase in the parameters was noted as the days progressed. A summary of the individual values is indicated in Table 1. The averages of the five parameters are indicated in Figure 1 below. Table 1: A table of individual values and means of the five growth parameters observed in Brassica rapa grown under varying conditions. Treatment Height (cm) No. of leaves Leaf length (cm) Leaf width (cm) No of flowers A1 12.0 5.0 3.4 2.4 0.0 A1 18.0 7.0 3.7 2.5 3.0 A1 25.0 11.0 4.0 2.5 10.0 Average 18.3 7.7 3.7 2.5 4.3 A2 5.5 5.0 2.9 1.6 0.0 A2 8.0 8.0 3.2 1.8 2.0 A2 15.0 10.0 3.5 2.2 9.0 Average 9.5 7.7 3.2 1.9 3.7 A3 4.0 7.0 2.4 1.6 0.0 A3 7.0 8.0 2.5 1.8 3.0 A3 12.0 8.0 2.5 2.0 5.0 Average 7.7 7.7 2.5 1.8 2.7 B1 14.0 7.0 3.0 2.0 0.0 B1 22.0 8.0 3.4 2.4 7.0 B1 30.0 9.0 4.0 2.8 12.0 Average 22.0 8.0 3.5 2.4 6.3 B2 9.5 6.0 3.5 2.2 0.0 B2 21.0 7.0 3.8 2.4 5.0 B2 18.0 8.0 4.0 2.7 9.0 Average 16.2 7.0 3.8 2.4 4.7 Figure 1: A graph of plant growth parameters in different soil types. Figure 2: Growth rates for water and Redbull. Discussion The study findings did not support the supposition that a mixture of the two soils would lead to optimum growth. Sand does not contain humus and has poor moisture retention capability hence the observed low growth rate (Noyd et al. 2013). The Maine potting mix is a blend of loamy soil, which contains humus that retains soil moisture and adds soil nutrients thus making it the ideal growth medium. The findings of this study did not corroborate the hypothesis that using Redbull to water the plant would lead to twice as much growth compared to water. These observations were attributed to the chemical composition of Redbull. Redbull contains chemical ingredients such as caffeine, the amino acid taurine, B vitamins, sugars, and fresh Alpine water. Though energy drinks are beneficial to humans, the presence of caffeine has deleterious effects on plant growth as witnessed by the reduced rate of growth in the plants watered with Redbull. Caffeine causes stunted growth and impairs the overall health of plants (Ferguson 2015). The harmful effects of caffeine are attributed to its capacity to absorb calcium in the soil, which is one of the important plant macronutrients. Consequently, the vascular tissue thins out leading to the poor development of vascular tissue, impaired membrane function, detoxification, and protein synthesis. Caffeine also affects the breakdown of starch to liberate energy. However, certain studies have shown that low concentrations of caffeine are beneficial to plants and lead to improved plant growth (Martin et al. 2013). The glucose concentrations in Redbull could also have contributed to the reduced growth. High concentrations of glucose impair the uptake and availability of water by plants. It also affects the cell wall structure and delays the maturing of flowering plants (El-Hassanin et al. 2016). Conclusions The findings of the study show that Maine potting mix was the best medium for plant growth compared to sand and a mixture of sand and Maine soil. It was also concluded that using plain water on plants was better than a double amount of Redbull. Works Cited El-Hassanin, A. S., Samak, M. R., Moustafa, N. S., Khalifa, A. M., and Inas, M. I. 2016. Effect of foliar application with humic acid substances under nitrogen fertilization levels on quality and yields of sugar beet plant. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 5: 668-680. Ferguson, S. 2015. Effects of caffeine and vitamin E on Wisconsin Fast Plant. Best Integrated Writing, 2:1-7. Kramer, P. J. 2012. Water Relations of Plants. Academic Press, New York, USA. Levetin, E., and McMahon, K. 2011. Plants and Society. McGraw-Hill Education, Colombus, OH. Martin, C., Zhang, Y., Tonelli, C., and Petroni, K. 2013. Plants, diet, and health. Annual Review of Plant Biology 64: 19-46. Noyd, R. K., Krueger, J. A., and Hill, K. M. 2013. Biology: Organisms and Adaptations. Cengage Learning, Belmont, CA.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: The essay discusses the marketing analysis case study of Sony Company, which experienced a decrease in popularity during the last decade.The essay discusses the marketing analysis case study of Sony Company, which experienced a decrease in popularity during the last decade. The essay looks at the factors that contributed to this decrease in popularity and offers recommendations for the company's managers.

The essay discusses the marketing analysis case study of Sony Company, which experienced a decrease in popularity during the last decade. The essay discusses the marketing analysis case study of Sony Company, which experienced a decrease in popularity during the last decade. The essay looks at the factors that contributed to this decrease in popularity and offers recommendations for the company's managers.

Sony Company’s Marketing Analysis Case Study Case Study The stories of the companies and the people who managed to find their own formulas for rapid success belong to the number of the most popular topics for discussion among people connected to media. Anyway, opposite situations when companies lose money and power in a short period of time should also be discussed. Their negative experience is as important because it may help to make necessary conclusions. Furthermore, analyzing this experience will allow developing recommendations for the companies that attempt at reclaiming their authority. Sony belongs to the number of companies facing a series of issues that have had quite a negative influence on its business and the popularity of its products among the consumers. According to the case that we were supposed to study, Sony’s popularity has significantly decreased during the last decade. There are a few factors that contributed to the present situation and affected Sony’s performance in that period. At first, there was a high level of competition in the market, and a lot of newer brands appeared. It was extremely important for the brands to prioritize the activities that would help them to attract and keep the attention of their prospective buyers. Other companies were developing devices that could become popular among young people presenting the most important group of customers for such brands. At the same time, Sony was wasting money on the development of products that had already been launched in the market by other brands. Macroeconomic factors that have influenced this situation also include growing economic competition between Japan and other Asian countries such as China, South Korea, and Taiwan. Furthermore, there was a series of accidents that seriously disrupted the company’s activities and caused a substantial financial loss. For instance, the hacking attack in 2011 and fire in London that destroyed the company’s warehouse added to the situation that was constantly deteriorating. If I had to make recommendations for the managers of the discussed company, I would attract their attention to the importance of the customer-centric strategy discussed by many researchers such as Ritter and Henrik, who summarized its main points. The importance and positive outcomes of the use of such an approach are stated by many researchers, including Senn, Thoma, and Yip. Within the frame of this approach, it is important to pay more attention to developing the content that would present an interest for prospective buyers and encourage them to try new products. As has been stated, many specialists working for the brand tend to underestimate the importance of the content produced by the company. It is clear from Sony’s official website that the information located there is helpful from a technical point of view; at the same time, it is not enough to attract younger customers who may bring substantial profit to the company. To continue, I would recommend the managers of Sony company to revise their policy concerning the launch of new products. As it is clear from many printed publications devoted to business, the role of innovations should not be underestimated. For instance, Mahmoud et al. claim that innovations help to maintain the company’s position in the market and gain interest in the customers. What is more, I suppose that it would be important for the company to take into consideration new ideas and hire more employees who would be able to bring positive changes to the relationships between the company and the entire community. Works Cited Mahmoud, Mahmoud Abdulai, et al. “Market Orientation, Learning Orientation, and Business Performance: The Mediating Role of Innovation.” International Journal of Bank Marketing, vol. 34, no. 5, 2016, pp. 623-648. Ritter, Thomas, and Henrik Andersen. “A Relationship Strategy Perspective on Relationship Portfolios: Linking Customer Profitability, Commitment, and Growth Potential to Relationship Strategy.” Industrial Marketing Management, vol. 43, no. 6, 2014, pp. 1005-1011. Senn, Christoph, Axel Thoma, and George S. Yip. “Customer-Centric Leadership: How to Manage Strategic Customers as Assets in B2B Markets.” California Management Review, vol. 55, no. 3, 2013, pp. 27-53.

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Write the original essay that generated the following summary: South Illinois University's Smoking Ban Benefits Report (Assessment)South Illinois University's Smoking Ban Benefits Report (Assessment) Smoking ban introduction by South Illinois University is going to have a positive impact on the health and well-being of its students and teachers. The ban will also improve the environment and reduce air pollution. However, it is worth to expect some objections from active smokers. One of the possible ways to announce the ban on students and teachers

South Illinois University's Smoking Ban Benefits Report (Assessment) South Illinois University's Smoking Ban Benefits Report (Assessment) Smoking ban introduction by South Illinois University is going to have a positive impact on the health and well-being of its students and teachers. The ban will also improve the environment and reduce air pollution. However, it is worth to expect some objections from active smokers. One of the possible ways to announce the ban on students and teachers

South Illinois University’s Smoking Ban Benefits Report (Assessment) Unsolicited Letter of Recommendation The issue of banning or allowing smoking in public places and institutions has been a matter of lasting discussions and arguments. A primary goal of this intervention is compliance with demands to improve the health and well-being of the society. Educational institutions are among the stakeholders interested in banning tobacco use and smoking on their campuses. South Illinois University has been a pioneer in introducing smoke-free policies. Its campus was one of the first to be announced tobacco-free with only some locations for smokers. At present, SIU is going to ban smoking on every object of its property. Although few people can doubt the necessity and appropriateness of this intervention, the smoking ban provokes big debates involving both smokers who consider their rights violated and non-smokers who desire to breathe smoke-free air. The purpose of this letter is to assess the possible benefits of the plan and provide an analysis of the costs and consequences of the smoking ban introduction. The benefits of smoking ban implementation are evident. First of all, it addresses the concern of public health. Since not many people are conscious enough to give up smoking, the official ban can stimulate their decision to get rid of this bad habit. Also, it would satisfy the demands of non-smoking people who are the victims of passive smoking at present. It is known that secondhand smoke can have more negative health consequences than smoking itself. Secondly, the ban on smoking is going to reduce the amount of litter dropped by students, teachers, and campus staff. It will contribute to the improvement of campus territory and cut the expenses on cleaning and garbage disposal. Thirdly, the smoking ban would help to free more time for rest and education. The time that is wasted on finding a cigarette, a place to smoke, and smoking itself can be spent on some more useful activities. Finally, a global benefit for the environment should not be left without attention. Thus, the smoking ban is going to improve the environment and reduce air pollution. It is closely related to the health aspect. Nevertheless, it is worth to expect objections from active smokers. They appeal to the violation of their right to behave the way they consider appropriate. Students or teachers who smoke can demand the organization of a place to smoke outside campus to uphold their human rights. Such a situation can cause some extra expenses. However, the expected benefits of the smoking ban are more significant. Some interventions can be introduced to reduce the risk of negative reactions and stimulate students’ compliance with the ban of smoking on the campus. One of the possible ways to announce the ban on students and teachers and observe their reaction is by informing them through various means. For example, meetings with administration and healthcare representatives can close the information gap concerning the hazardous impact of smoking and the benefits of giving up. Another intervention that is likely to reduce negative reactions to the smoking ban is a competition for smoking students. Thus, those students who do not smoke on the campus longer than the others can get a prize or other kind of encouragement. On the whole, with appropriate measures preceding the ban introduction, it is not likely to provoke any negative reactions. The ban on smoking is an expected intervention that has evident benefits. Students, as responsible citizens, should be aware of its importance and necessity and support the initiative. Memorandum To all respected students of SIU From SIU administration Dear Students, Please consider the following information. At present, the health of a nation and the well-being of future generations is a primary concern of our government and should be the responsibility of every citizen. You, as the best representatives of the society, have to be aware of the necessity of personal contribution to health preservation and providing the sustainability of the environment. It is evident that the problem of smoking is a burden of contemporary society. It has a negative influence on your health, the health of the surrounding people, and the environment. Thus, it is crucial to consider and abide by the following interventions. First of all, SIU made a decision to ban smoking at all university properties. After the ban is introduced, no one will be allowed to use tobacco or smoke even in distant territories. It is the demand of time and a vital necessity for the community which has obvious advantages for the students. Those students who do not smoke support the initiative and realize its positive sides. They will be able to satisfy their right to clean air without smoke and will appreciate the possibility of not being secondhand smokers anymore. We expect them to help with explaining the advantages of the smoking ban to those who prefer smoking and have this addiction. The following part is for the representatives of the smoking community. Please review the suggestions and respect the decision of the university. Pay attention that one of the benefits is the opportunity to save some money. Cigarettes take a substantial part of the budget and breaking the bad habit is going to provide some spare money for something more interesting and useful than smoking. Another advantage students can experience is more spare time. They will not need to go to buy cigarettes, go to the distant territories where smoking is allowed, and waste time breathing in polluted air. University administration is going to provide students with more locations for leisure and rest on campus. There will be open spaces with comfortable seats and free books and magazines to spend free time between or after the classes. Giving up smoking on campus will give more spare time for communication and education as well. Finally, the greatest advantage of stopping smoking that is not usually considered by students is health. Young people do not realize the negative impact of bad habits on their health. They are still strong and fresh and do not see any harm in a cigarette. However, they should look a few years ahead and see their future. Most of them are likely to have a family and would want to have children. Those who do should think carefully about the possible risks of their current smoking provokes. Thus, contradictions to the smoking ban can be reconsidered. Summarizing, it is worth to mention that the future is in the hands of today’s youth. Their health and prosperity depend on the decisions made today. The young people should be careful in resolutions on lifestyles and preferences because they are significant for their development. Thus, students should evaluate all pros and cons of the healthy life or opposition to the smoking ban and make the choice they would not regret in the future.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: A statistical measurement of Spencer's inventory is conducted for finding the variables for controlling the quality of output of the production. Quality control in production means managing the variance of output products from the production. The quality control officer or the project manager actively collects production samples to measure the production quality; the project manager collects a sample of production to conclude about the whole production units.

A statistical measurement of Spencer's inventory is conducted for finding the variables for controlling the quality of output of the production. Quality control in production means managing the variance of output products from the production. The quality control officer or the project manager actively collects production samples to measure the production quality; the project manager collects a sample of production to conclude about the whole production units.

Spencer’s Inventory Statistical Measurement Report A statistical measurement of Spencer’s inventory is conducted for finding the variables for controlling the quality of output of the production. Quality control in production means managing the variance of output products from the production.The quality control officer or the project manager actively collects production samples to measure the production quality; the project manager collects a sample of production to conclude about the whole production units. The project manager has to use a systematic plan for collecting perfect samples that ideally represent the population parameter. For measuring the variance of Spencer’s production, a set of random sampling methods is adopted. For having a more representative sample of the population, the random sampling method is the most suitable one. The product type that is to be measured should follow a standard measurement, and all the produced items should have a measurement around the standard version, and literally, it should the ideal production scenario of Spencer. As the products are being produced in the same process so the quality should have a standard dispersion, if there are any variations in the production, then the random selection of different products would be the best measurement for having an idea of the product quality of different times. For this specific analysis, the minimum sample size would be 388 to support the 95% confidence interval. The samples were randomly chosen from the population measurement by applying Rand () formula in an Excel sheet, which has generated a great a random number for each observation. Then the data were sorted as per the randomly generated number and finally, a total of 388 samples were precisely selected from the total population, which represents the characteristics of the population data and the sample is assuming a 5% sampling error. The process that uses sample measurement’s result and concludes about the population parameter is recognized as the generalization process. The generalization process requires calculation of the sample parameter i.e. mean, median, sample variance, and standard deviation; and then the process requires calculating and formulating the confidence interval which provides us with an idea of the range in which population means can fall within. Using the sampling process is relatively easier, but it is not so easy to conclude about the population parameter correctly. The accuracy of a generalization process depends on several things, sample size and sample selection process are the most important issues among them. The bigger the sample size, the more accurate the generalized result would be; and the better the sample represents the population, the closer the sample result would be to the population parameter. The next thing for generalizing the sample statistics is the calculation of confidence interval which is a range of value derived from the sample statistics and contains the possibility of having the unknown population parameter within its range. Putting emphasise on the importance of the usage of confidence interval (Cumming, 2014, p.25) showed different possible uses of the confidence interval and error calculation in the modern research idea named meta-analysis. The confidence level of the confidence interval signifies the probability of having the true population parameter value within the intervals. For Spencer’s inventory a 95% confidence interval signifying that there is a probability of 95% that the population parameter will be within the interval range and only 5% possibility of having a result outside the normal distribution curve. Hoekstra, Morey, Rouder, &Wagenmakers (2014) concluded that a great number of researchers often misinterpret the confidence interval, so it is essential to carefully interpret the confidence interval of Spencer’s inventory. The confidence interval of Spencer’s inventory should follow a t distribution as it is assumed that we do not have the population data, so the population variation is unknown, and we have a sample size of 388. From the calculation of the collected data of Spenser’s inventory we find the following: Mean, So, the confidence interval of Spencer’s inventory (CI), . So, the confidence interval is, (155.52, 288.41). That means there is a 95% possibility that the mean of Spencer’s inventory will be within the range starting from 155.52 to 288.41. From the calculation of the confidence interval, it can be seen that mean of the selected random sample of Spencer’s inventory should be within the given confidence interval. But as statisticians, we need to make sure that the confidence interval is containing the population mean. For testing the viability of calculated confidence interval, a further experiment on the statistic is necessary. The confidence interval derived from the selected random samples under some assumption 1. The sample is selected randomly or each observation having equal probability of being selected in the sample. 2. The level of confidence is 95%, population mean unknown, population variations unknown 3. Sample size is large enough to represent the population characteristics properly 4. Population mean follows a standard normal distribution To conclude about the population mean, a further test is required to check the integrity of the data received from confidence interval calculation. In order to prove the data integrity, I would like to hypothesize that the population Mean is equal to as the measurement is considered to be the standard while measuring the dispersion; so, the expectation of having an equal measurement would match the expectation. Null Hypothesis, H0: X=μ [Sample mean and population mean are equal] Alternative Hypothesis, H1: X≠μ [Sample mean and population mean are not equal] Level of Significance α =.05 or 5% level of significance is allowed for the test. The sample will follow a “t” statistics as the population parameter is unknown, and the t statistic is, The test result suggests that Calculated t is less than the table value of “t”. Test Decision: Do not reject the null hypothesis In other words, it can be concluded that there is a 95% confidence that the population mean is between 155.52 and 288.41, and there is little or no significant difference between the sample mean and the population mean. The hypothesis testing especially linear mixed effect models have been serving as the best model for testing the statistical parameter, except from the F minus model (Barr, Levy, Scheepers, & Tily, 2013). Based on the calculation of the sample data it can be said that there is a 95% possibility that population mean will remain within the calculated range of confidence interval, and sample mean and the population mean are the same; which means there is little or no difference between the sample mean and the population mean. References Barr, D. J., Levy, R., Scheepers, C., &Tily, H. J. (2013). Random effects structure for confirmatory hypothesis testing: Keep it maximal . Journal of memory and language , 68 (3), 255-278. Web. Cumming, G. (2014). The new statistics: Why and how . Psychological science , 25 (1), 7- 29. Web. Hoekstra, R., Morey, R. D., Rouder, J. N., &Wagenmakers, E. J. (2014). Robust misinterpretation of confidence intervals . Psychonomic bulletin & review , 21 (5), 1157-1164. Web.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: The essay discusses the internal organizational environment of Spirit Airlines, Inc. and its three committees that oversee the company's governance, compensation and benefits, and credit activities. The essay also mentions that each of the committees has at least three members, as required by the rules of the NASDAQ Stock Market.

The essay discusses the internal organizational environment of Spirit Airlines, Inc. and its three committees that oversee the company's governance, compensation and benefits, and credit activities. The essay also mentions that each of the committees has at least three members, as required by the rules of the NASDAQ Stock Market.

Spirit Airlines Inc.’s Internal and External Factors Term Paper SWOT Analysis Strengths Our core strengths include affordable prices that contribute to the cost advantage of Spirit Airlines, availability of loyalty programs for retaining customers, and more seats on airplanes in comparison with other affordable airlines. Our company is well-known in the region as well as in Latin America and the Caribbean (“Spirit Airlines SWOT analysis, USP and competitors,” 2017). Weaknesses Our weaknesses include the lack of catering and entertainment services on flights, limited destinations, and no allowance for baggage (extra fees). Opportunities A positive outlook for the United States’ economy presents major opportunities for our company, facilitating technological advancements to improve in-flight entertainment and attract more customers. Threats Among the possible threats for our company, an increase in fuel price can harm low-cost flight operations. Also, outdated technologies and average service quality can lead to the loss of customers (“Spirit Airlines SWOT analysis, USP and competitors,” 2017). These threats are of particular importance for our company to address. Analysis of the Internal Organizational Environment Corporate Governance Audit Committee Our Audit Committee includes three members (Chair – David Elkins) who are responsible for the review of Spirit Airlines’ audit and internal accounting processes; also, the Committee gets assistance from independent auditors (“Corporate governance guidelines of Spirit Airlines, Inc.,” n.d.). All members of our Audit Committee align with the “requirements of financial literacy and the applicable rules and regulations of the SEC and the NASDAQ Stock Market. The Board has determined that all members of the Audit Committee are financial experts defined under the applicable rules” (Spirit Airlines, Inc., 2017, p. 10). Compensation and Benefits Committee Our Committee consists of three members accountable for approving and reviewing specific objectives associated with matters of reimbursements for stakeholders (“Corporate governance guidelines of Spirit Airlines, Inc.,” n.d.). Current members of our Compensation and Benefits Committee are Mr. Elkins (Chair), Mr. Gardner, and Ms. Soto (Spirit Airlines, Inc., 2017). Also, we have engaged Mr. Watson to act in an independent advisory to the Committee. Corporate Governance Committee Our Committee also requires the participation of at least three members involved in the decision-making regarding nominations of employees for positions of Committee members and directors. Such decisions involve candidates’ and directors’ evaluations. Current members of the Committee include Mr. Donaway (Chair), Mr. Elkins, and Mr. Jones. Each of them meets the definition of “independent director” to align with the requirements of NASDAQ Stock Market qualifications (Spirit Airlines, Inc., 2017, p. 11). Credit Committee Our Committee includes three members who assess our company’s standing credits and whether the debts are repayable based on our financial capacity. Other responsibilities include the management and analysis of current credit policies and identifying possible risks associated with our operations. Enterprise Risk Committee Our Committee includes three members responsible for establishing risk management policies and strategies that control our company’s operation (refer to Appendix A). The Committee’s current members include Mr. Johnson (Chair), Mr. Fornaro, Ms. Soto, and Ms. Zier (Spirit Airlines, Inc., 2017). The Committee reviews our activities, develops safety programs and procedures, and manages airline operations’ sustainability as to safety insurance. Financial Position and Capacity Our net income for 2017 is $110,078,000 compared to $135,004,000 in 2016 (refer to Appendix B here and onward). Net cash provided by operating activities is $323,730,000 for 2017 and $360,821,000 for 2016. Net cash used in ivesting activities is $355,853,000 for 2017 and $368,451,000 for 2016. Total current assets are $1,230,504,000 for 2017 and $975,845,000 for 2016. Total assets by June 20, 2017 were $3,674,345,000 and by December 31, 2016 were $3,151,927,000. Our company’s total shareholders equity by June 20, 2017 was $1,508,233,000 and was $1,394,607,000 by December 31, 2016 (refer to Appendix C). As to our company’s financial ratio calculations, current ratios were 2.2 and 1.83 in 2015 and 2016, respectively. Long-term debt was 23.58 in 2015 and 28.47 in 2016, with a total asset turnover of 57.86 in 2015 and 24.56 in 2016 (refer to Appendix D). Return on assets was 12.54 in 2015 and 8.4 in 2016, which points to the significant decline in this area. Such a difference in ROA ratio can be attributed to overcapacity and low costs. While we have been extensively extending our airplanes’ capacity to fit as many passengers as possible, now we have to deal with the drop in return on assets. If to compare the financial results of the first quarter of 2017 with the last quarter of 2016, there is an increase in total assets: $3,438,614,000 on March 31, 2017, and $3,151,927,000 on December 31, 2016 (“Spirit Airlines reports first quarter 2017 results,” 2017). Operating special items to take into consideration include special charges and loss on disposal assets. On March 31, 2017, the loss on disposal of assets was $1,105,000, while on March 31, 2016, it was $204,000. As to special charges, they were $4,776,000 on March 31, 2016, and $16,202,000 on March 31, 2016 (“Spirit Airlines reports first quarter 2017 results,” 2017). Lastly, our company agrees that economic fuel expenses are the best measurement of the effect that fuel prices have on our business. Fuel expenses on aircraft fuel were $139,782,000 on March 31, 2017, and were $85,982,000 on March 31, 2017 (“Spirit Airlines reports first quarter 2017 results,” 2017). Overall, there has been a reported increase in our company’s spending and earnings in 2017, which points to the expansion of operations, which needs to extend further to reach genuinely significant results. Organization Structure Organization culture Robert Funaro as the Executive Officer (Chief/President) and the head of our company (refer to Appendix E) who guides the performance of the Chief Executive Officer Ted Christie, the Chief Operating Officer John Bendoraitis, the Chief Information Officer Rocky Wiggins, the Chief Commercial Officer, and Sr. Vice President Matt Klein, and Sr. Vice President and General Counsel & Secretary Thomas Canfield. Human resources Michael Perry is the Director of the Human Resources department here at Spirit Airlines. Mr. Perry leads our team of human resources specialists who manage 4.85 thousand employees, including full-time and part-time workers. Our company focuses on attracting talented and skillful pilots, flight attendants, operators, customer relationships specialists, managers, and many more professionals who want to work on low-cost travel. We maximize our efforts to hire diverse personnel to offer job opportunities to everyone who can add value to our operations, regardless of employees’ gender or ethnic background. Operations/Production If to take into account the nature of airline operations, we do not specifically offer products. Here at Spirit Airlines, we ensure the convenience of traveling quickly and light. We care about increasing the capacity of our aircraft to expand our customer base by maximizing the number of available seats without causing the rise in fixed costs. For example, the A319 owned by our company has 145 available seats compared to 128 seats in the same aircraft owned by our competitors (Matthews, 2015). We also focus on operating only three models of airplanes that have similar mechanisms to achieve effective management of our pilots. We believe that our customers should only pay for the services they need and should not subsidize services that other customers use. Marketing (Marketing Mix) Price Our fares are among the lowest on the market, which subsequently increases the flow of customers and attracts those individuals that usually travel by train or bus. We can state that our pricing is highly transparent, unlike our competitors. Our company also offers customers an option to compare our prices to those of other airlines, which supports our message about transparency. Place We currently offer our customers more than fifty destinations across the United States (including the Caribbean) and South America. As we are planning to grow, the coverage of our operations will extend to new destinations. Promotion In our marketing campaigns, we promote fuss-free air travel that does not require customers to pay for an abundance of unnecessary services. We predominantly target price-conscious consumers that care about the amount of money they spend on their travel. Moreover, we have managed to attract an entire sector of new clients who would not have chosen air travel had we not offered the lowest prices possible. Research and Development Our company focuses on research and development efforts on extending the capacity of our aircraft and reduce operating costs. We train our personnel to be skillful in airplanes’ operations while ensuring the safety and comfort of our passengers. The cost-effective utilization of our aircraft is the priority of the R&D department. We measure our operational efficiencies and expect high utilization capacities that lead to a decrease in fixed costs per unit. Management Information Systems We place particular importance on our management information systems as tools for achieving success and increasing our profitability. We organize our financial information so our management will be able to access regular reports. Therefore, we are working towards technological improvements to support our current initiatives and operations. For example, in 2013, we integrated an innovative SAP Resource Planning application to replace “our general ledger, accounts payable, accounts receivable, cash management and fixed asset systems” (Spirit Airlines, Inc., 2015, p. 96). Such a change in our management information systems was implemented to improve our overall effectiveness regarding the improvement of data accuracy, cost efficiency, and consistency. In 2015, our company integrated a new repair, maintenance, and operations system (TRAX) to improve the processes of tracking and maintenance of our financial transactions (Spirit Airlines, Inc., 2015). We are planning a continuous investment of resources to enhance our information systems’ effectiveness and ensure data security. Internal Factor Evaluation Matrix The main strengths that allow us to compete in low-cost air travel are loyal employees, low costs per available mile and seat, human resources, information systems, and the organizational structure and development. Our net income, the average price per fuel gallon, passenger land factor, corporate culture, and services are also contributors to our strength. As to our weaknesses, we admit that our lack of geographic coverage, high employee turnover, legal expenses, suppliers becoming competitors, poor commercial performance, and the revenue per available seat are the most prominent. Besides, no cargo operations, market strategy, and the lack of morning flights also limit our performance (refer to Appendix F). Analysis of External Environment Political and Legal The industry in which we operate is highly susceptible to restrictions and regulations associated with international and domestic tax policies, trade, and competition problems (Cederholm, 2014). We also recognize that such problems as terrorism and disease outbreaks can limit our operations. Because of this, our management monitors the air travel industry’s political and legal environment to be able to adapt to any sudden changes that come from the external political and legal environment. Regulatory and Governmental The airspace sector, especially companies that operate airlines, suffer significant losses due to the regulatory changes governments make. Critical issues of concern for our business include potential security problems and aircraft safety procedures. On the other hand, such governmental initiatives as airline deregulation had a significant impact on reducing prices on airplane tickets and the subsequent increase in traffic. Economic Our business within the airline industry can suffer severe losses due to changing economic conditions that we cannot control. Such conditions include economic volatility (both in the U.S. and the international arena), consumer preferences and perceptions’ changes (for high or low fare carriers), unemployment rates, and stock market prices. From time to time, our operations and financial liquidity suffer from either one or more economic conditions. Among unfavorable characteristics of the economy, we acknowledge the adverse impact of high unemployment rates, housing-related constraints, issues on the credit market, and decreased demand for air travel. We recognize that a stable position of the current economy directly influences our growth as a business. Such economic indicators as GDP, disposable income, and consumer confidence characterize our operations’ external environment. In the second quarter of 2017, the US GDP increased by 2.6% (CNBC, 2017). The personal disposable income of US consumers increased to $14417.4 billion in the third quarter of 2017 (Trading Economics, 2017). The last measurement of consumer confidence is 101.10 compared to the previous measurement of 95.1 (Trading Economics, 2017). We also take into consideration the oil price fluctuations. Currently, the price of crude oil is $51.34 per barrel (DailyFX, 2017). Social, Cultural, Demographic, and Natural Environment We have concluded that the demand for affordable air travel has increased in recent years due to consumers’ desire to discover new destinations. Our company expects that the subsequent increases in affordable air travel will depend on the millennial generation’s growth, which includes individuals aged between sixteen and thirty-four. Consumers who were born between 1946 and 1964 have started decreasing their expenditure on air travel due to the shifting social preferences. As to the natural environment that influences our operations, there is an issue of sustainability when it comes to air travel. At the moment, aircraft have a negative influence on the air; we consider it our duty to preserve the environment and invest in technologies that reduce adverse impacts. Technological For surviving the intense competition in the industry of low-cost air travel, we adopt the latest technologies. For example, our company is starting to invest in lower fuel consumption and increased seat capacity, thus improving our operations’ efficiency. Moreover, we are constantly looking to replace our old fleet with newer aircraft that have more operational potential. Industry/Competitive The Intensity of Existing Rivalry (External) Our real rivals currently have better quality services and lower prices, with which we have to compete. We have to determine the level of competition between the rivals because its intensity depends on its competitive forces (refer to Appendix G). Bargaining Power of Suppliers (Internal) Our suppliers play a significant role in increasing our profitability. However, because of their work with other companies, they experience considerable pressure to deliver higher bargaining power. Bargaining Power of Customers (Internal) Our customers encourage us to be more aware of their demands and bring affordable services to increase our profitability. By being loyal to our customers, we can narrow the number of choices and encourage them to select our airline when they need a low-cost travel option. The Threat of Substitutes (External) The industry of inexpensive air travel has an abundance of carriers from which customers can choose, making our company vulnerable to losing customers who can opt for our rivals’ services. Subsequently, this leads to lower profitability for our company. The Threat of new Competitors (External) With the continuously rising popularity of low-cost air travel, we recognize that the degree of competition within the industry will increase, thus reducing profits for our company and old rivals. Competitive Profile Matrix International Currently, our company predominantly operates within the United States’ borders, and there are only several international destinations that we cover (including Mexico, El Salvador, Costa Rica, and Honduras). We are planning to expand our operations to other international locations, including Canada and South America, to offer our customers more opportunities for low-cost air travel. External Factor Evaluation Matrix When it comes to evaluating our external factors that influence our business condition, we consider several characteristics, such as economic, social, legal, and political forces that shape the external environment. The highest weighted scores for external characteristics that present opportunities for our business include interest rate reduction, increases in the number of airports, and insurance against financial loss (refer to Appendix I). Partnership, technological development, and bond rate increase fall under the category of opportunities of the medium-weighted score. Lastly, the lowest weighted scores are for such opportunities as governmental support, consumer trust, and a rigid economy. Threats that can inhibit our company’s operations include fluctuating fuel costs, war, international threats, privatization, and labor issues. The most threatening external factors include industry competition, inflation rates, new entrants, decreases in interest bonds, and increases in interest rates. Consumer Characteristics and Behavior The low-cost airline sector had grown dramatically since the 1990s when Ryanair airlines started operating as a low-cost carrier (Thomas, 2014). Consumers’ demand for affordable travel by air increased, encouraging airlines such as ours to reduce their prices and extend seat capacity. While customers were previously put off by low-cost travel that allows practically no baggage, currently, customers of our airline are willing to compromise quality for affordability. Therefore, our company relies on the interests of consumers towards cheaper traveling options and thus rarely bothers with the goal of achieving customer satisfaction. According to Arbor (2017), customer satisfaction has never been a goal for airlines, with which our company has agreed. However, our company has been ranked the least in customer satisfaction surveys for low-cost airlines, which currently presents a significant problem for us. Not only low satisfaction rates of our customers limit our profits but also present more opportunities for competitors. Strategic Direction (Past and Present) Past We are proud to state that we have managed to achieve a low-cost leadership strategy that allows us to efficiently utilize our aircraft, operate a cohesive fleet, and subsequently reduce operational and maintenance costs as well as convenient scheduling of flights. Present Our present strategic direction relates to achieving a continuous reduction of operational cost per seat mile and provide our customers with a broader range of destinations across the United States and internationally. As our company has undergone some changes in management, our present direction will change slightly. For example, we will continue the capacity extension at a slower pace. We will also discover and capture unserved markets instead of targeting the most significant destinations (Schmidt, 2016). Lastly, we will focus on the reliability of our operations and improve customer satisfaction. Problem/Issue Diagnosis With the competitiveness in the industry of low-cost air travel increasing each day, we are proud to announce a modest increase per share in the second quarter of 2017 (Levine-Weinberg, 2017). Nevertheless, our company acknowledges that the increase could be higher; we have experienced a rise in cancellations of low-cost flights at the beginning of May due to the disputes between our management and pilots employed at our airlines. Therefore, the first strategic issue relates to improving relationships between employees and the higher management. Another issue for consideration is that our company has ranked last in customer satisfaction surveys for three years in a row (Fox News, 2017). Because we attempted to maximize the seat capacities of our airplanes, we have compromised on quality and baggage options while offering the lowest prices possible. Therefore, we consider it a challenge to invest money and time to improve our services’ quality without increasing the prices on our plane tickets. List of Alternative Solutions To address the issue of poor relationships between our management and the team, our company can provide various opportunities for pilots and the administration to interact more. We can achieve this through seminars, workshops, and training programs targeted at improving individual and collective communicative skills. Since our pilots’ salaries seem to be the key issue regarding their dissatisfaction, our duty lies in collaborating with the pilots’ union to negotiate future wage increases (Isidore, 2017). If to develop alternative solutions based on our company’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats, several categories of solutions come into play. As to Strategic Options (SO), we are first planning to extend the family of our loyal employees by adding more destinations on our route map, thus offering our customers more options for low-cost travel. Second, we will use our information systems to gain consumers’ trust and monitor the quality of our services. Through exercising or critical principles of organizational structure and development, we will seek partnerships with other carriers and facilitate governmental support to improve our operations. To minimize the previously identified threats (refer to Appendix J), our company should use our strengths (ST). International treats and war are threats that we can minimize through the optimization of our organizational culture to plan our operations and evaluate current political instabilities that could prevent us from running smoothly. We can mitigate the threat from competitors and new entrants (refer to Appendix K: -365% of profits due to the threat of new entrants) to the market by improving our passenger land factors and offer the lowest costs per available mile and seat, which will make customers choose our airline over others. When it comes to strategies that can minimize our weaknesses through using opportunities to our advantage (WO), our company will consider gaining consumers’ trust to thus extend the list of destinations due to the rising demands of customers. Technological development in the industry can allow our company to introduce cargo operations and improve the quality of content and services available on our flights. Lastly, strategies that reduce weaknesses and eliminate threats (WT), our company can improve our labor processes for decreasing staff turnover, especially with regards to the higher management and such essential workers as pilots who have protested their wages. We will improve our market strategies by catering to the specific segment of consumers that can choose our competitors over our services. Based on our company’s BCG matrix (refer to Appendix K), our services fall under the “cash cow” category. This means that our airlines offer services in a market of low growth and high shares, thus presenting extensive opportunities. Our Space Matrix (refer to Appendix M), our competitive and financial positions are conservative, which means that we lack competition efforts and stability to optimize our operations and the situation on the market. Alternative Solutions’ Evaluation Based on Appendix N, “Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix,” the alternative solutions that our company may implement consist of opportunities, threats, strengths, and weaknesses. We have assessed total attractiveness scores (TAS) for marketing development and financial planning efforts. We can report the highest TAS scores for rising bond rates, technological development, and increasing the number of airports under the category of marketing development. Under the financial planning TAS scores, the highest are expanding the number of airports, ensuring against financial loss, raising bond rates, and facilitating the partnership. Solution and Implementation of the Decision Even though our company currently has the lowest statistics on the operating costs per passenger compared to any other American low-cost airline carrier, we are still dealing with the severe pressure and competition from our competitors. After carefully considering the alternative solutions to the fundamental problems our company faces, we decided to tool into the customer intimacy strategy to reinforce the loyalty of prospective customers to our company. We recognize that our management will need to conduct a revision and an overhaul of our customer service practices to improve relationships with our customers who have shown low satisfaction with our services. The customer intimacy strategy will allow us to assess potential customers’ demands as to the improvement of in-flight services and the expansion of destinations. It has shown that increasing the number of served airports is the highest in attraction rates. Another recommended solution for enhancing our company’s operations is the development of a grand strategy for determining the course of action regarding reaching the long-term objectives. To be specific, our management should consider implementing a strategic alliance strategy to expand the selection of products and services for our customers. We think that such a strategy is the most appropriate in our case since it is more cost-effective than spending large amounts of money on advertising campaigns. Partnerships present great opportunities for us here at Spirit Airlines because they will provide unique perspectives on customer experiences without having a negative influence on our costs. Current Profile Here at Spirit Airlines, our net income for the first quarter of 2017 was $35.6 million if to exclude special items. We ended the first quarter of this year with “unrestricted cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments of $918.4 million” (“Spirit Airlines reports first quarter 2017 results,” 2017, p. 1). Our total operating revenue for the first quarter of this year was $591.7 million, which is an increase of 10% if to compare this result with the total operating revenue for the first quarter of 2016. Currently, we do not capture destinations in all states; however, we are planning to expand our operations and extend the number of airports. We will continue to follow our missions statement to offer “the lowest total price to the places we fly, on average much lower than other airlines […] We help people save money and travel more often, create new jobs and stimulate business growth in the communities were serve” (“About Spirit,” n.d., para. 1). Nevertheless, we have a long way to go regarding optimizing our operations and offering our customers the highest quality of services. References About Spirit . (n.d.). Web. Arbor, A. (2017). ACSI: Low-cost carriers lead legacy airlines for passenger satisfaction . Web. Cederholm, T. (2014). Must-know: External factors that influence the airline industry. Web. CNBC. (2017). US second quarter GDP meets expectations . Web. Corporate governance guidelines of Spirit Airlines, Inc . (n.d.). Web. DailyFX. (2017). Crude oil. Web. Fox News. (2017). Spirit Airlines ranks last in customer satisfaction survey for third year. Web. Isidore, C. (2017). Spirit’s customers are mad. Its pilots are furious . Web. Levine-Weinberg, A. (2017). Spirit Airlines incorporated earnings: Pilot problems undermine profit growth . Web. Matthews, S. (2015). Spirit Airlines: An introduction to a low-cost pioneer . Web. Schmidt, A. (2016). Spirit Airlines: New CEO, new strategy . Web. Spirit Airlines reports first quarter 2017 results. (2017). Web. Spirit Airlines SWOT analysis, USP and competitors . (2017). Web. Spirit Airlines, Inc. (2015). Annual report pursuant to section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Web. Spirit Airlines, Inc. (2017). Proxy statement pursuant to section 14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 . Web. Thomas, N. (2014). From budget to business: How the low cost airlines are winning us over . Web. Trading Economics. (2017). United States disposable personal income . Web. Appendix A: Corporate Governance Committee Representatives * Table obtained from company Corporate Governance segment on website citation: (Spirit Airline Corporate Governance) * Appendix B: Income Statement and Statement of Cash Flow Appendix C: Balance Sheet Statement Appendix D: Financial Ratio Calculations Appendix E: Organizational Chart Appendix F: Internal Factor Evaluation Matrix (IFE) Internal Factor Evaluation Matrix (IFE) Strengths Weight Rating Weighted Score Net income spirit Airline 0.04 3 0.12 Information system 0.05 4 0.20 Organization Structure and Development 0.07 4 0.28 Average price per fuel gallon 0.02 3 0.06 passenger land factor 0.06 3 0.18 Organization Culture 0.09 3 0.27 Human Resource 0.06 4 0.24 Cost per available seat and mile 0.03 4 0.12 company services as of 2016 Spirit Airline’s services to 64 airports 0.08 3 0.24 Loyal employees 0.05 4 0.20 Weaknesses Weight Rating Weighted Score Poor Performance Via Commercial 0.02 1 0.02 Content Suppliers Becoming Competitors 0.04 1 0.04 No Cargo Operations 0.06 2 0.12 Spirit Airline’s revenue per available seat is 0.45% less than the industry average 0.04 1 0.04 Spirit Airlines has a high price 0.02 2 0.04 Legal Expenses 0.02 1 0.02 High Staff Turnover and Top management 0.07 1 0.07 Market Strategy 0.05 2 0.10 The lowest number of morning flights 0.08 2 0.16 Spirit Airline is not available in 15 states in the US 0.05 1 0.05 TOTALS 1.00 2.57 Appendix G: Porter’s Five Forces Model Appendix H: Competitive Profile Matrix Competitive Profile Matrix (CPM) Spirit airline Southwest Airline JetBlue Airline Critical Success Factors Weight Rating Score Rating Score Rating Score Advertising 0.11 2 0.22 1 0.11 3 0.33 Market Penetration 0.09 3 0.27 3 0.27 3 0.27 Customer Service 0.08 2 0.16 3 0.24 4 0.32 Store Locations 0.09 3 0.27 4 0.36 3 0.27 R&D 0.03 4 0.12 2 0.06 3 0.09 Employee Dedication 0.07 3 0.21 3 0.21 3 0.21 Financial Profit 0.20 3 0.60 3 0.60 4 0.80 Customer Loyalty 0.05 3 0.15 2 0.10 3 0.15 Market Share 0.09 2 0.18 2 0.18 2 0.18 Product Quality 0.06 3 0.18 2 0.12 2 0.12 Top Management 0.04 4 0.16 3 0.12 3 0.12 Price Competitiveness 0.09 3 0.27 2 0.18 3 0.27 Totals 1.00 2.79 2.55 3.13 Appendix I: External Factor Evaluation Matrix (EFE) External Factor Evaluation Matrix (EFE) Opportunities Weight Rating Weighted Score 1. Governmental Support 0.04 4 0.16 2. Consumer Trust 0.02 3 0.06 3. Rigid Economy 0.03 3 0.09 4. Raise in Bond rates 0.05 4 0.20 5. Reduce in Interest Rates 0.06 4 0.24 6. Flight planning (Destination) 0.05 4 0.20 7. Insurance against financial loss 0.09 3 0.27 8. Technological Development 0.07 3 0.21 9. Partnership 0.05 4 0.20 10. Increasing Number of Airport 0.08 3 0.24 Threats Weight Rating Weighted Score 1. Fuel Cost 0.02 2 0.04 2. Competition 0.04 1 0.04 3. War 0.07 2 0.14 4. Inflation 0.06 1 0.06 5. International Threats 0.02 2 0.04 6. New Entrants 0.03 1 0.03 7. Privatization 0.04 2 0.08 8. Increase in Interest rates 0.05 1 0.05 9. Labor 0.08 2 0.16 10. The decrease in Interest bond 0.05 1 0.05 TOTALS 1.00 2.56 Appendix J: TOWS Matrix TOWS Matrix Strengths Weaknesses Net income Spirit Airline Poor performance via commercial Information system Content suppliers becoming competitors Organization structure and development No cargo operations Average price per fuel gallon Spirit Airlines revenue per available seat is 0.45% less than the industry average Passenger land factor Spirit Airlines has a high price Organization culture Legal expenses Human resource High staff turnover and top management Cost per available seat and mile Market strategy Company services as of 2016 Spirit Airline’s services to 64 airports The lowest number of morning flights Loyal employees Spirit Airline is not available 15 states in the US Opportunities SO Strategies WO Strategies Governmental support Consumer trust Rigid economy Raise bond rates Reduce in interest rates Extend our loyal employees’ family by adding more destinations on our route map and thus offering our customers more options for low-cost travel. Use our information systems to gain consumers’ trust and monitor the quality of the services we offer. Gaining consumers’ trust to thus extend the list of destinations due to the rising demands of customers. Technological development in the industry can allow our company to introduce cargo operations and improve the quality of content and services available on our flights. Flight planning (Destination) Insurance against financial loss Technological development Partnership The increasing number of Airport Threats ST Strategies WT Strategies Fuel cost Competition War Inflation International threats International treats and war are threats that we can minimize through the optimization of our organizational culture to plan our operations and evaluate current political instabilities that could prevent us from running smoothly. Mitigate the threat from competitors and new entrants to the market by improving our passenger land factors and offer the lowest costs per available mile and seat, which will make customers choose our airline over others. Improve labor processes for decreasing staff turnover, especially with regards to the higher management and such essential workers as pilots who have protested their wages. Improve our market strategies by catering to the specific segment of consumers that can choose our competitors over our services. New entrants Privatization The increase in interest rates Labor The decrease in interest bond Appendix K: BCG Matrix Business Segment Revenues Percent of Revenues Market Share Market Share of the largest competitor Relative Market Share Percent of Profits Market Growth Profits (In Millions) (In Billions) Expanding air travels (Opportunities growth) 27,864 33% 45% 15% 3.00 158% 20% $ 5,984 Customer declining (Opportunities scarce) 19,657 26% 27% 28% 1.78 120% 17% $ 2,934 Low threat of new entrants 6,763 10% 18% 9% 0.80 -365% -25% $ (19,349) High threat of new entrants 36,114 32% 30% 15% 1.90 87% 16% $ 7,567 Total 90,398.00 100% 100% $ 6,456 Appendix L: IE Matrix Appendix M: Space Matrix Appendix N: Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM) Marketing Development Financial Planning analysis Opportunities Weight AS TAS AS TAS 1. Governmental Support 0.04 2 0.08 3 0.12 2. Consumer Trust 0.02 3 0.06 4 0.08 3. Rigid Economy 0.03 3 0.09 1 0.03 4. Raise Bond rates 0.05 4 0.20 3 0.15 5. Reduce in Interest Rates 0.06 2 0.12 2 0.12 6. Flight planning (Destination) 0.05 3 0.15 2 0.10 7. Insurance against financial loss 0.09 2 0.18 4 0.36 8. Technological Development 0.07 3 0.21 2 0.14 9. Partnership 0.05 2 0.10 3 0.15 10. Increasing Number of Airport 0.08 4 0.32 2 0.16 Threats Weight AS TAS AS TAS 1. Fuel Cost 0.02 2 0.04 3 0.06 2. Competition 0.04 1 0.04 2 0.08 3. War 0.07 3 0.21 3 0.21 4. Inflation 0.06 2 0.12 2 0.12 5. International Threats 0.02 3 0.06 3 0.06 6. New Entrants 0.03 4 0.12 4 0.12 7. Privatization 0.04 2 0.08 2 0.08 8. Increase in Interest rates 0.05 3 0.15 1 0.05 9. Labor 0.08 3 0.24 3 0.24 10. Decrease in Interest bond 0.05 1 0.05 4 0.20 Marketing Development Financial Planning analysis Strengths Weight AS TAS AS TAS 1. Net income spirit Airline 0.04 3 0.12 4 0.16 2. Information system 0.05 2 0.10 4 0.20 3. Organization Structure and Development 0.07 2 0.14 3 0.21 4. Average price per fuel gallon 0.02 4 0.08 4 0.08 5. passenger land factor 0.06 3 0.18 3 0.18 6. Organization Culture 0.09 3 0.27 4 0.36 7. Human Resource 0.06 4 0.24 3 0.18 8. Cost per available seat and mile 0.03 2 0.06 3 0.09 9. Company services as of 2016 Spirit Airline’s services to 64 airports 0.08 3 0.24 2 0.16 10. Loyal employees 0.05 1 0.05 3 0.15 Weaknesses Weight AS TAS AS TAS 1. Poor Performance Via Commercial 0.02 3 0.06 1 0.02 2. Content Suppliers Becoming Competitors 0.04 3 0.12 3 0.12 3. No Cargo Operations 0.06 3 0.18 2 0.12 4. Spirit Airline’s revenue per available seat is 0.45% less than the industry average 0.04 3 0.12 3 0.12 5. Spirit Airlines has a high price 0.02 1 0.02 2 0.04 6. Legal Expenses 0.02 2 0.04 3 0.06 7. High Staff Turnover and Top management 0.07 1 0.07 2 0.14 8. Market Strategy 0.05 2 0.10 2 0.10 9. The lowest number of morning flights 0.08 3 0.24 1 0.08 10. Spirit Airline is not available in 15 states in the US 0.05 1 0.05 3 0.15 TOTALS 5.10 5.35

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: The chosen study delves into the effect spirituality might have on the rehabilitation process. For this reason, its main aim is the investigation of practitioners views on the role spirituality plays in the counseling of adults with congenital and acquired disabilities.The chosen study delves into the effect spirituality might have on the rehabilitation process. For this reason, its main aim is the investigation of practitioners views on the role spirituality plays in the counseling of adults with congenital and acquired disabilities.

The chosen study delves into the effect spirituality might have on the rehabilitation process. For this reason, its main aim is the investigation of practitioners views on the role spirituality plays in the counseling of adults with congenital and acquired disabilities. The chosen study delves into the effect spirituality might have on the rehabilitation process. For this reason, its main aim is the investigation of practitioners views on the role spirituality plays in the counseling of adults with congenital and acquired disabilities.

Spirituality in Rehabilitation of Disabled Adults Essay (Article) Table of Contents 1. Purpose 2. Importance 3. Method 4. Participants 5. Findings 6. Discussion 7. Evaluation of Results 8. Future Research 9. Reference Purpose The chosen study delves into the effect spirituality might have on the rehabilitation process. For this reason, its main aim is the investigation of practitioners views on the role spirituality plays in the counseling of adults with congenital and acquired disabilities (Pandya, 2017). The author assumes that the given aspect could be crucial for the final results and might help to meet the social goal by improving the state of a person. Importance The choice of the given article is preconditioned by the outstanding topicality of the issue which the author touches upon in the paper. People with congenital and acquired disabilities remain vulnerable and suffer from the significant deterioration of the quality of their lives. For this reason, the investigation of the impact spirituality might have on the rehabilitation process becomes the top priority for researchers as it might help to improve the situation significantly. Method The given study is organized in the form of a survey that is distributed among practitioners who work with disabled people. The author admits the fact that the given data collection method is extremely important for the final result as it helps to use relevant information related to spirituality and its impact on rehabilitation counseling (Pandya, 2017). For this reason, the results of the survey could be used to prove the authors idea and demonstrate the necessity of further investigation of the sphere. Participants The survey was distributed among 1,269 practitioners in the field of disability (Pandya, 2017). The choice of participants was preconditioned by several factors. First, their experience and competencies were taken into account as they are crucial for the relevance of data. Second, respondents from 15 countries were involved to guarantee a comprehensive investigation of the issue. Finally, their significant number preconditioned the improved credibility of results and created the ground for the further investigation of the topic. Findings In the course of the investigation, the author concludes that spirituality should be considered a crucial factor that impacts the rehabilitation process. Results also demonstrate that the majority of practitioners have a positive attitude to spirituality. These facts evidence the great significance of spiritually sensitive approaches and justify their use in practice to assist people with disabilities in their recovery. Discussion The article could be considered an important step in the investigation of the rehabilitation counseling and the impact different factors have on it. The author takes spirituality as one of the tools which could be used to assist patients in their recovery. He explores an unusual perspective on the issue and states that in case the given aspect is considered, people living with disabilities demonstrate better results and are more probable to meet the social goal (Pandya, 2017). However, the study could be improved. For instance, it is possible to introduce two control groups to compare the impact spirituality has on patients and their relations with practitioners. The usage of this pattern will help to collect additional data needed for further research. Evaluation of Results Altogether, the results of the study become important for further investigation of the sphere of rehabilitation counseling as they introduce a new perspective on the traditional issue. Moreover, the credibility of data preconditions the relevance of the research and its increased practical utility. Future Research However, there is still much to be learned about the sphere of counseling as the role of other factors and their impact on practitioner-patient relations remain unclear, and the study does not answer how these could be incorporated into real practice. Reference Pandya, S. (2017). Spirituality in rehabilitation counseling of adults with physical disabilities: Views of practitioners across countries. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin . Web.

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: The text discusses how Sportmax Shop's shopping and brand analysis research paper applied the latest fashion trends to its target market. It also explains how the paper's findings could be used to improve the shop's marketing strategy.The paper's findings suggest that Sportmax Shop should focus on simple, classic silhouettes with special details, such as ruffles, buttons, or pleats. The brand also uses different textures in its collection, such as crepe or jacquard.

The text discusses how Sportmax Shop's shopping and brand analysis research paper applied the latest fashion trends to its target market. It also explains how the paper's findings could be used to improve the shop's marketing strategy. The paper's findings suggest that Sportmax Shop should focus on simple, classic silhouettes with special details, such as ruffles, buttons, or pleats. The brand also uses different textures in its collection, such as crepe or jacquard.

Sportmax Shop’s Shopping and Brand Analysis Research Paper Shopping Report Trend Message Sportmax focuses on simple, classic silhouettes. However, most of the styles have special details, such as ruffles, buttons, or pleats. The simplicity of form in some styles is complemented by a variety of colors and prints, which allows for a greater variety of designs in store. The brand also uses different textures in its collection, such as crepe or jacquard. The majority of the styles are made from a mix of natural materials and synthetics, and are thus functional and comfortable to wear; there are many styles available in mixed cotton, viscose, and silk. In terms of prints, Sportmax offers classic patterned prints, such as floral and stripe, as well as large and eye-catching creative prints, which reflect the latest fashion trends of 2017. For instance, some dresses are offered in New Mexico-themed prints, such as cactus or cow print. There are many items in bright colors, such as fuchsia, red, and blue. The brand operates in the sportswear and daily wear bridge market, which means that its clothes have to be functional and suitable for casual wear. This somewhat limits the number of runway trends that could be translated into the target market. For instance, big, vintage-inspired fur coats that were among the major trends on the Fall 2017 runways (Carreon) would not suit the brand’s overall message. Nevertheless, there are still some trends that could be translated into the target market. For instance, the Western front trend involves cowboy-inspired designs and prints (Carreon). Cowhide prints and leather could be used in the sportswear and daily wear bridge market. Denim is another trend that persisted on the Fall 2017 runways, according to Pieri. Denim is a comfortable and functional material that is perfectly suited for casual designs due to its high durability and low maintenance, which means that head to toe denim looks are likely to be offered in the target market and Sportmax future collections. Finally, folk prints and styles were among the key trends of F/W 2017/2018 fashion shows, appearing on the runways of Alexander McQueen, Gucci, and Maison Margiela (Trochu). Whereas the all-over mixed and patched print designs may not be appropriate for daily wear, natural materials and colorful folk prints should appear in Sportmax collections. As for the future trends, there are many predictions that could be translated into the target market. First of all, WGSN offers a useful overview of the forecasted trends for Spring/Summer 2018 collections. According to the forecast, one of the most influential trends of the next season is Kinship, which focuses on cultural sharing and unified communities (WGSN Insider). We have already seen oriental and folk prints on the runways, as well as in the F/W 2017/2018 sportswear brand collections. The Kinship trend will likely expand the exploration of other cultures from the mere use of prints to trying out new forms and textures. In fact, the Kinship trend offered by WGSN is tightly connected to the Sportswear 2018/2019 fabric trends, as defined by ISPO. The ISPO trend forecast explains that the future seasons will mark a union of human-made and natural materials (ISPO). Synthetic materials are functional and require little maintenance, which makes them perfect for everyday wear. Natural materials, on the other hand, have valuable qualities, such as thermoregulation and breathability. According to the ISPO, the sportswear brands will be keen to explore the various ways of combining the two options in order for the clothes to possess all the best features that synthetic and natural materials offer. Fashion Network adds to the examination of prospective trends by discussing the texture trends for Fall 2018 season. According to the forecast, velvet textures will be among the key trends of the future season (Fashion Network). Velvet is suitable for sportswear as it is very durable and can be made from many different fibers, including cotton, synthetics, or silk. Target Customer The target customer of Sportmax is well-defined. The casual styles offered by the brand are most suited to females living in urban areas, as they value comfort and flexibility. The areas where the brand is most popular include the southern and northern coasts of the United States. The target customer of the brand is 22-35 years old, has a medium to high level of income and is well-educated. She wants to be at the center of attention and is not afraid of dressing in vivid colors and wearing bold designs with lots of details, as long as they are appropriate for the occasion. The brand is likely to be popular among women who work in the office and live an active social life outside of work, as most styles can be worn both to work and to various social events. The target customers look for comfort, low level of maintenance, and eye-catching design in their styles, and they get fashion inspiration from nature. They are likely to be practicing sports that promote wellness, such as yoga or cardio, and be part of lifestyle trends that encourage healthy eating habits. The target customer is most likely unmarried and with no kids, as she is rather focused on her career and social life. Art, blogging, sports, and fashion are among her key interests. Price Structure Outside of the sale periods, the prices for Sportmax garments can be placed into medium to high price range. The lowest top price is around $300. Depending on the complexity of style and the materials used, tops can cost up to $600. Dress prices range from $350 for the simplest short dresses to $800 for maxi dresses. The prices are directly linked to the cost of materials; cotton or viscose dresses are usually a lot cheaper than silk or woolen styles. The prices for jackets and coats range from $1200 to $2000; the most expensive outerwear pieces are likely to feature leather, fur, or expensive types of wool, such as alpaca or angora. The price range for bottoms is similar to that for dresses and tops. The lowest price for bottoms available is $300, whereas the highest price is $750. Two key competitors of the brand that operate in the same market and offer styles in a similar price range are Alexander Wang and Jacquemus. Merchandising Strategy The ratio of tops to bottoms in the store is 3:1. There is a lot of variation in terms of the designs available in store. The showcased items include outerwear, such as jackets and coats, as well as dresses. Accessories, bags, and shoes are also present in the store, although their variability is rather limited. The majority of styles are offered in a single color way or print, although most accessories and bags have two or three color options, which allows customers to create great style combinations. The brand does not make apparel for any sports; the primary focus is on casual wear and on flexible styles that can be worn throughout the day. Brand Report Competitor Brands The three main competitor brands to Sportmax are Alexander Wang, Jacquemus, and Weekend Max Mara, which is also owned by Max Mara. Alexander Wang is a famous fashion brand that offers both casual and evening styles with bold, eye-catching designs featuring lots of decoration, such as lace, ruffles, or cuts. Jacquemus is a signature French brand that offers a small variety of sophisticated styles in plain classic colors, such as black, white and navy. Weekend Max Mara offers classic styles with little to no decorations, which are brightened by various colors and prints. The price structures used by the three brands are somewhat similar. In Alexander Wang, off-sale prices for tops range from $195 to $995. Dress prices range from $295 to $1,295, whereas bottoms can be bought for $495-$1,295. Outerwear prices are between $895 and $2,900. Out of the three competitor brands specified, Alexander Wang has the greatest price range. The prices in this brand depend solely on the materials used and the complexity of the design. Jacquemus offers tops in the price range of €390-€460, which is around $450-$540. Bottoms range from $500 to $750, whereas dresses are available starting from $585 and up to $660. Prices for outerwear range between $850 and $1500. The prices in Jacquemus depend directly on the complexity of style, as the materials used are limited. Finally, in Weekend Max Mara, prices are from $175 to $395 for tops and from $195 to 425 for bottoms, whereas dresses cost between $295 and $660. Outerwear prices range from $350 to $1,075. Similarly to Sportmax, the prices in Weekend Max Mara depend mostly on the materials used. Although the brands target the same group of customers, their branding strategies are quite different. For instance, the brand concept of Alexander Wang is that of a bold and contemporary brand for people who are not afraid to experiment with their style and want to follow the latest fashion trends. Jacquemus, however, does not aim to become the leading brand in the target customer’s wardrobe; instead, it offers pieces that are inspired by the classics of French haute couture and are undeniably feminine. Weekend Max Mara is focused on providing its customers with comfortable classic styles that can be matched with a variety of accessories depending on the occasion. Their styles are most suited to working females who want to look professional and stylish at the same time. The New Brand The new brand name is 4 CHIC. The brand will be operating in the female sportswear market, offering clothing, such as tops, bottoms, skirts, dresses, and outerwear, as well as accessories, such as bags, belts, and scarves. The brand’s mission is to make women feel confident and beautiful in everyday clothes without sacrificing their comfort. The brand will aim to show the best of women, to encourage them to be real and be themselves. This can be achieved by making clothing that suites a variety of body shapes and sizes, as well as by using a mixture of natural and human-made fabrics. The target customer of the brand is a working female aged 22-25. She invests a lot of time in her career, which is why it is important to her that the clothes can be worn both at work and outside of the office – for instance, to restaurants or bars. She is keen to follow the latest fashion trends, but she does not want to spend all of her spare time browsing runway show reports, which is why she is looking for a brand that ensures that all of its designs reflect the latest fashion trends. She has a good sense of style and likes to match different items to create unique looks. The two major sources of inspiration for the target customer are pop culture and fashion magazines. 4 CHIC will compete with brands such as Sportmax, Weekend Max Mara, and Alexander Wang. Offering a wide variety of style and color options will be the primary source of competitive advantage for the brand, as this will help to ensure that any customer who comes to the store can find something to buy. All of the items will be made from functional and comfortable materials, whereas appropriate quality management strategies will guarantee that the items are durable and that the customers’ experience in the store is pleasant. One of the key elements of design will be classic silhouettes that suit every body shape. The brand will refrain from making tight-fitting or ultra-short pieces to ensure that every customer feels comfortable in our clothing. Another important element of design will be variable color and print options. Offering different color ways in every item will encourage customers to create different looks and choose items that suit their complexion. Works Cited Carreon, Justine. “ A Complete Guide to Fall 2017’s Top Runway Trends. ” Elle . 2017. Web. Fashion Network. “ Italtex: The Whole Sportswear Fabric Trends for AW 18/19. ” The Fashion Network Italy . 2017. Web. ISPO. “ISPO TEXTRENDS: This Is What the Sportswear of 2018/2019 Will Look Like.” ISPO Textrends , n.d. Web. Pieri, Kerry. “ The Top 14 Trends from the Fall 2017 Runways. ” Harper’s Bazaar . 2017. Web. Trochu, Eugénie. “26 trends for Fall/Winter 2017-2018.” Translated by Josh Arnold. Vogue Paris . 2017. Web. WGSN Insider. “WGSN Presents The Most Influential Trends for S/S 18.” WGSN. 2016. Web.

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Write the original essay that generated the following summary: The essay discusses the movie 2012 in detail, its plot, meaning, relevance and quality. It also looks at the movie's use of the Mesoamerican long count calendar and how this coincides with the film's title. The essay concludes that the movie is a real thriller, entertaining and will have you glued to the screen to its end to know the fate of the actors.

The essay discusses the movie 2012 in detail, its plot, meaning, relevance and quality. It also looks at the movie's use of the Mesoamerican long count calendar and how this coincides with the film's title. The essay concludes that the movie is a real thriller, entertaining and will have you glued to the screen to its end to know the fate of the actors.

“2012” by Roland Emmerich Report (Assessment) Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Descriptive Criticism 3. Interpretive Criticism 4. Evaluative Criticism 5. Conclusion 6. Works Cited Introduction The movie 2012 is a sci-fi science fiction disaster film released on 11 th November 2009. Its filming began in August 2008 in Vancouver and its DVD and Blu-ray are due for release on March 2010. It was to be released on July 2009 but the date had to be changed to November 2009 because the movie director anticipated that the global financial crisis would have subsided by then, prompting an increasing number of individuals to watch the movie. On 13 th November 2009 the movie was released in Sweden, UK, Canada, Mexico, India, United Arab Emirates, and the U.S, among other countries. In these countries, most cinemas set their screening time to 2012 hours (24 hour clock) to coincide with the film’s title. The movie characters are evading a series of disastrous incidences as they struggle to reach the Himalayas. Here, the government had prepared ships for purposes of saving the lives of its citizens following the crustal displacement they had experienced. This particular part of the film coincides with the Mesoamerican long count calendar which portrays a ‘doomsday’ in December 21 st 2012. The film has gained a lot of popularity both negative and positive. Negative for its lack of realism and positive in that it is a real thriller, entertaining and will have you glued to the screen to its end to know the fate of the actors. This paper seeks to discuss the movie in detail, its plot, meaning, relevance and quality. Descriptive Criticism The film is directed by Roland Emmerich who together with Harald Kloser wrote the script. Columbia pictures are the movie’s distributors. It consist twenty four active actors prominent among them being John Cusack, Chiwetel Ejiofor, Amanda Peet, Oliver Platt, Thandie Newton and Woody Harrelson. Its music has twenty four sound tracks with songs like ‘fades like a photograph’ by Filter and ‘it aint the end of the world’ by George Segal and Blu Mankuma. The movie starts in India where Dr. Satnam a geologist realizes the earth’s temperature is rapidly increasing as a result of microwave radiation. He tells his American colleague Adrian Helmsley who consequently inform the white house of the possibility of catastrophobic natural disasters. This result in a series of meetings with diplomats and a plan to save humanity is conceived, with secret construction of ships in the Himalayas. The ships are to be preserved for heads of governments though tickets are sold out to the private sector as well to raise funds for the project. Jackson Curtis, a writer and part time limousine driver for a Russian billionaire learns about Mayans predicting that the world would come to an end in 2012 from Charlie a conspiracy theorist while Jackson is camping with his children. Charlie also has a map for the secret project. Jackson’s suspicion makes him rent a plane to flee his family as cracks have just started in Los Angeles. They retrieve Charlie’s map after he dies in the eruption and joins another group with Jackson’s boss and his sons in Las Vegas where they head for China. At the same time, Air Force One is also headed for China with Adrian, the president’s daughter, and other dignitaries. The president chooses to remain behind and die with his people. More people die due to the ensuing earthquakes while Jackson’s plane crash just after entering China. Chinese army refuses to take Jackson and his family because they do not have tickets to the arks but a Buddhist monk rescues them. They finally board the ark whose engines are rendered inactive because one of the drivers is lodged between gears and the gates cannot close. Jackson and his son save the driver and the ark does not collide with Mt. Everest as expected. After the tsunami subsides, the ark resumes its sailing. It is headed towards Cape of Good Hope. Here, Jackson, a divorcee, enjoys a reunion with his family. On the other hand, Adrian is lucky to befriend Laura, the president’s daughter with whom they start a relationship. Interpretive Criticism 2012 is a reminder of our duty to taking care of the earth. The tsunamis are as a result human activities, which causes abnormal solar flares which come with radioactivity and consequent heating of the earth’s core. The film also depicts human values like selflessness, admirable is the president’s and Adrian’s cause of staying with his people and admitting everyone in the ark despite disapproval respectively. Jackson and his son save the driver too. Loyalty is depicted by Jackson and the Russian billionaire to their families. Selfishness is punished with death for the billionaire who does not make it to the ark. Evaluative Criticism The movie’s graphics are at their best, the storyline balanced to give room for relaxation after traumatic events have occurred. However, some portions lack authenticity and are too ideal, like ability to fly after one lesson in pilot school! Sounds ridiculous, and it is also disappointing to think the world is ending, not many people want to imagine so (Dargis 81). Conclusion I would watch this movie again. Anyone with a liking for science fiction would refer to this as a classic disaster film. It is an awakening of things we have no control over. Works Cited Dargis, Manohla. “When the world hangs in the balance, a reliable calendar is needed”. The New York Times. 2009. Web.

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: The text discusses the case of 321 Water, in terms of innovation, production challenges, and future strategic initiatives. 321 Water is a bottle with a built-in filter that development was rationalized with a simple fact: it takes at least 3 liters of water to make just one liter of bottled water. The product has been in development for 6 years and is now seeking investments for mass production.

The text discusses the case of 321 Water, in terms of innovation, production challenges, and future strategic initiatives. 321 Water is a bottle with a built-in filter that development was rationalized with a simple fact: it takes at least 3 liters of water to make just one liter of bottled water. The product has been in development for 6 years and is now seeking investments for mass production.

321 Water as a Bottle With a Built-in Filter Term Paper If talking about an original and a perspective product, which combines functionality and environmental concern, then most likely the discussion is about 321 Water. 321 Water can be described as a bottle with a built-in filter, which development was rationalized with a simple fact: it takes at least 3 liters of water to make just one liter of bottled water (Haddock). For the creator of the product, Gretha Oost, the idea of saving the world’s most precious resource – water, came six years ago, and since then this idea moved from merely a dedication to the stage of a complete product awaiting investments for mass production. In that regard, this paper analyzes the case of 321 Water, in terms of innovation, production challenges, and future strategic initiatives. Describing the product, in terms of innovation category, it can be stated that it represents more of a continuous innovation, rather than disruptive. The continuous innovation depends on established patterns of behavior and perceptions, rather than changing the existing patterns of behavior (Trott 55). 321 Water is an improvement to the existent idea of bottled water and the filtration system, where the core of the development lied in combining both. Accordingly, it can be assumed that the regular consumer of 321 Water is the regular consumer of bottled water. It can be argued that as that the product can be considered as a disruptive innovation because of its slogan of changing our rehydration habits (Tarrant 92), it nevertheless, largely remains bottled water. The most suitable protection for the intellectual property involved in 321 Water can be seen through a combination of two methods, which are trademarks and patents. In the first case, the protection will be extended toward the elements of the product so as to prevent confusion with other products. In that regard, the identifiers of the product can be seen in the name of the brand, i.e. 321 Water, the domain name through which the brand will be sole, i.e. www.321-water.com, and other elements such as the distinctive logo of the company. The second method is not as much related to internet as it is related to the distinctive process created by the company, i.e. the combination of the filtering system and the bottle. Filing for a patent will prevent other companies to copy this method, although under different brand, and selling it. Through the usage of patents, the company will be granted a temporary monopoly on the created product (Trott). The success of the product and at the same time its simplicity can be seen as an easy target for counterfeit products, either through the usage of similar brand or similar technology, where the usage of patents and trademarks will prevent the innovation from being exploited by others. The production challenges for the company clearly indicate the impossibility for the company to manage the production using their own capital and resources. In that regard, considering the company’s intention for the product to be distributed worldwide, it can be stated that a joint venture will be a suitable strategic alliance in this case. A joint venture can be defined as “a separate legal entity with the partners to the alliance normally being equity shareholders” (Trott 223). As a partner for such alliance, a suitable option can be seen through choosing a famous bottle water brand, such as Nestle S.A. The cooperation will allow the usage of the existent production capabilities of nestle, their suppliers, distributors, etc, in combination with the brand and the technology of 321 Water. As the general purpose of joint venture is to “enable the organization to stand alone” its purpose can be seen suitable in the case of 321 Water. Analyzing the aforementioned, it can be stated that the company’s degree of innovativeness can be described as leader/offensive. It can be assumed that the innovative technology will be soon copied, or replaced with better solutions. In that regard, the latter is more likely to happen considering that many bottle water firms might start their own development initiative, in case the idea of 321 Water had great success in the market. Accordingly, the strategy of the company will be centered on getting advantages through temporary monopoly on the technology (Trott 201). As soon as the advantage ends the company should move on toward another development. In that regard, the next product that could be suggested can be related to cheap autonomous filtering stations, which can be established individually. Other ideas can be related to the material from which the bottles produced. Although the latter is better conformed to the proposed alliance with Nestle, it can be stated the filtering stations as an idea also has a lot of potential. It can be concluded that with the universal concern toward conservation and environment protection, innovations in such filed can be seen especially valuable. In that regard, 321 Water winning the People’s Choice Award is an obvious confirmation of such statement. The main aspect is making creative ideas turn into real product, which was analyzed in the present paper. The conformance between the innovation, the chosen business strategy, and overall business direction is vital step toward success. Works Cited Haddock, David. “Water Bottle’s Plunger-Style Filter Purifies Instantly”. 2009. Springwise . Web. Tarrant, Deborah. “Message for the Bottle.” Qantas 2010: 91-92. Print. Trott, Paul. Innovation Management and New Product Development . 4th ed. Harlow, England ; New York: Financial Times/Prentice Hall, 2008. Print.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: The text discusses a deal between Maaden and Daelim that will cost $41 million. The deal is for a petrochemical project in Jubail and will be completed in the third quarter of 2012.

The text discusses a deal between Maaden and Daelim that will cost $41 million. The deal is for a petrochemical project in Jubail and will be completed in the third quarter of 2012.

$41m Deal Signed Between Maaden and Daelim: Analysis Report “Saudi Arabian Mining Co (Maaden) said preliminary work on a petrochemical project in Jubail with South Korea’s Daelim Industrial Co will cost about $41 million. In end-December, both firms signed a deal to launch the Jubail project, a petrochemical joint venture with Sahara Petrochemicals Co” (“Maaden, Daelim project to cost $41m”). Since its formation in March 1997, Maaden had concentrated on its five gold mines in Saudi Arabia. The deal with Daelim is another step of Maaden to facilitate its aluminum project. In recent years Maaden has been increasing its phosphate and aluminum projects.” The joint venture, expected to have a capacity of 250,000 tonnes per year (tpy) of caustic soda and 300,000 tpy of ethylene dichloride, is due to be completed in the third quarter of 2012” (“Maaden, Daelim project to cost $41m”). Caustic soda (sodium hydroxide) is used in the conversion process of alumina.” The Ras Az Zawr site comprises a plot of land 90km north of Jubail on the coast of the Arabian gulf. A segment of the site is proposed to be used for the construction of the alumina refinery, aluminium smelter, rolling mill and related infrastructure for the Aluminium Complex” (Maaden). Maaden had also signed a deal with Sabic in 2007.The two initiatives by Maaden will help develop its presence in the global markets. Also, these developments will assist the development of fertilizer industry in Saudi Arabia. It is an important step to integrate various industries in Saudi Arabia and link their developments together. “When the complex goes on-stream its world market share of phosphate fertilizer will be 20-25%” (Sabic). “In addition, since its formation, Ma’aden (through the Ministry of Petroleum & Mineral Resources) has collaborated with the Government and local legislators to develop a regulatory framework for the governance of the mining industry in Saudi Arabia”. (Maaden) Works cited “Maaden”. maaden.com. Ma’aden, n.p, n.d. Web. 2010. “Maaden, Daelim project to cost $41m ”. tradearabia.com. Trade Arabia, n.p, 2010. Web.

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: The essay discusses the problems with traditional strategic planning and suggests a new model for the process.Theodore Dysart's 8 Habits of Successful Board Leaders is a guide for board members who want to be more effective in their roles. The habits, which Dysart based on his experience as a board member and advisor to many organizations, include:1. understanding the concept of decision-making2. article discussion3. change the calendar4. compress the process

The essay discusses the problems with traditional strategic planning and suggests a new model for the process. Theodore Dysart's 8 Habits of Successful Board Leaders is a guide for board members who want to be more effective in their roles. The habits, which Dysart based on his experience as a board member and advisor to many organizations, include: 1. understanding the concept of decision-making 2. article discussion 3. change the calendar 4. compress the process

“8 Habits of Successful Board Leaders” by Theodore Dysart: Big Five Model Essay Table of Contents 1. Concept definition 2. Article Discussion 3. Change the calendar 4. Compress the process 5. Get more people involved 6. Critical Evaluation Concept definition The concept of decision-making is mainly addressing the hierarchical structure that governs the flow of the decision-making process in organizations. In that regard, one of the models of comparing the decision-making structures is that of top-down decision making and empowered decision making. In the first case, the decision making process is vested in the hands of the top management as opposed to lower-level employees, while the empowered decision, or the bottom-up approach, is the exact opposite, where the power of making decisions are given to the employees themselves, structured from the bottom up. Comparing these approaches, it can be stated that “top-down decision making often resulted in competing demands, conflicting goals, uncertainty about purpose, stress or temptations” (Michel 35). Empowered decision making, on the other hand, implies collaboration in the decision-making process, in which employees inform management so they can update and refine the strategy” (Michel 35). Article Discussion Keith McFarland discusses the benefit of empowering employees in the workplace. She argues that it will “unleash a whole new level of critical and creative thinking.” (McFarland). According to her, the company, which deems itself as modern, must allow employees to take independent decisions, bring initiatives, and make suggestions about the functioning of the enterprise. She maintains that a good CEO always gets “off the center stage” (McFarland). The workers cannot be reduced to the status of mere followers of someone elses orders. This usually stifles their motivation, creativity and undermines their loyalty to the company. It is quite possible to conclude that Keith McFarland objects to traditional top-down decision-making that virtually excludes average workers and even front-line managers. Overall, the evidence, provided by the author is rather convincing. Still, she deliberately avoids speaking about the advantages of top-down management, which also has its benefits. Often when I give a speech, I’ll ask how many people in the audience work in an organization that has a strategic plan — and most raise their hands. Then I ask, “How many of you feel that your company’s strategic planning process is useful?” Only a few hands go up — usually just those belonging to the presidents and CEOs in the room. Why is this? An audience member once approached me during a break with a colorful opinion: “Strategic planning,” he said, “is organizational masturbation. It makes the guy in charge feel good, but it doesn’t do much for anyone else.” Is it possible that the traditional strategic planning process, once such a great idea, has outlived its usefulness? STRATEGY 2.0. Formal strategic planning became popular first with big companies in the 1960s, after a decade characterized by stable interest rates, predictable (and primarily domestic) competition, long product life cycles, and, relative to today, slow rates of change in most industries. Traditional strategic planning was probably appropriate in that environment. It was usually a lengthy affair, concentrated at the top of an organization, and carried out by specially trained, highly analytical people. But today, traditional strategic planning may sometimes cost companies more than it contributes. More importantly, they often get in the way of real work – especially in small to midsize businesses, where quick adaptation is the key to survival. That kind of strategic planning may be dead, but the strategy has never been more important. What’s needed now is a new version of strategy – a strategy 2.0 – one that better reflects the realities of today’s volatile and hypercompetitive markets, dizzying product life cycles, and increased globalization. Here are some of my favorite ideas for reshaping the strategy-making process: Change the calendar A common complaint is that businesses spend months doing a strategic plan, and within 60 days of completing it, some unexpected change in the environment makes the plan obsolete. So it collects dust in its neat three-ring binder until strategic planning time rolls around next year, and people realize that they haven’t driven their business by strategy. Smart executives are figuring out that a 1960s pace for planning doesn’t work today and are shifting to a 90-day strategy process. They realize that strategy-making is the vital, ongoing process through which a company learns how it can win and they manage their strategic assumptions and initiatives as aggressively as they manage their numbers. Compress the process How can an outfit possibly do strategic planning every quarter? Certainly not by simply speeding up the traditional processes. The people at Microsoft (MSFT ) came up with an innovative solution. For years, they have used a sort of “strategy slam” process to make sure strategies get mapped and adapted quickly. They identify a group of 20 or 30 people most capable of contributing to the strategy of a new initiative and lock them in a room for 48 hours with a skilled facilitator. The only ground rule: A comprehensive strategy and detailed action plan that the entire team will endorse must be delivered in the 48th hour. The important thing is to get the idea out of analysis and into action and then be open to change as you learn what works in the marketplace. These Microsoft groups learned that they could deliver in 48 hours a plan that was 90% as good as one they would have taken two months to produce. And considering how fast things change in today’s markets, 90% is probably good enough. Get more people involved As strategy moves from a static, top-down, and analytical process to a dynamic and creative one, it becomes crucial to get a wider circle of people involved. When a CEO and his/her team go off for a day to build a strategy, there’s a tendency to just recycle the current assumptions of the business. But introduce promising people from the middle of the enterprise – salespeople, product-development folks, financial analysts – and the discussions get interesting. And usually, out-of-the-box thinking increases. In addition, when it comes time to implement the strategy and to identify new opportunities daily, these folks in the trenches will have both the knowledge and commitment to do so – since they helped create the plan in the first place. Get the CEO off center stage. I once worked with a California technology concern where emotions were running so high in the management ranks that I hired a facilitator to help plan and chair our strategy retreat. I thought having an independent third party involved might help people to face the painful facts and acknowledge the need for radical change. The process delivered that, as well as another unexpected benefit: I noticed people were willing to take more of a “full-swing” at the issues. No matter how much leaders want their teams to question the assumptions of the status quo, the mere fact that the chief exec is leading the meeting subtly links him or her to the prevailing state of affairs — and makes people in the room, perhaps unconsciously, “choke up on the bat.” When you take the CEO out of the center of the process and make it clear that the facilitator is there to make sure assumptions get questioned, you unleash a whole new level of critical and creative thinking. For the rest of my career as a CEO, I never ran another strategy retreat myself. Critical Evaluation Keith McFarland eloquently demonstrates that empowering employees is extremely beneficial for the company in terms of productivity, team building, motivation, and creativity. Yet, his arguments appear to be slightly one-sided because he does not explain why companies may be forced to choose top-down management. As a rule, they resort to such measures during a crisis, when quick decision-making is necessary and there is no room for debate. The differences in the definition can be seen in the negative painting of the definition of the top-down approach. In that regard, the top approach is deemed unsuitable, in the specific context outlined in the article, i.e. the strategic planning. On the other hand, the definition of the empowered approach can take various interpretations, wherein the article took the form of a dynamic circle, in which more people should be involved. In that regard, the direction of the process is not outlined, rather general recommendations are made.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: The article discusses the shortcomings of traditional top-down decision-making and suggests that empowered decision-making is a better scheme for strategic planning.The article discusses the shortcomings of traditional top-down decision-making and suggests that empowered decision-making is a better scheme for strategic planning.

The article discusses the shortcomings of traditional top-down decision-making and suggests that empowered decision-making is a better scheme for strategic planning. The article discusses the shortcomings of traditional top-down decision-making and suggests that empowered decision-making is a better scheme for strategic planning.

“A Better Scheme for Strategic Planning” by Keith McFarland: Top Down vs. Empowered Decisions Essay Table of Contents 1. Concept definition 2. Article Discussion 3. Change the calendar 4. Compress the process 5. Get more people involved 6. Critical Evaluation Concept definition The concept of decision-making is mainly addressing the hierarchical structure that governs the flow of the decision-making process in organizations. In that regard, one of the models of comparing the decision-making structures is that of top-down decision making and empowered decision making. In the first case, the decision making process is vested in the hands of the top management as opposed to lower-level employees, while the empowered decision, or the bottom-up approach, is the exact opposite, where the power of making decisions are given to the employees themselves, structured from the bottom up. Comparing these approaches, it can be stated that “top-down decision making often resulted in competing demands, conflicting goals, uncertainty about purpose, stress or temptations” (Michel 35). Empowered decision making, on the other hand, implies collaboration in the decision-making process, in which employees inform management so they can update and refine the strategy” (Michel 35). Article Discussion Keith McFarland discusses the benefit of empowering employees in the workplace. She argues that it will “unleash a whole new level of critical and creative thinking.” (McFarland). According to her, the company, which deems itself as modern, must allow employees to take independent decisions, bring initiatives, and make suggestions about the functioning of the enterprise. She maintains that a good CEO always gets “off the center stage” (McFarland). The workers cannot be reduced to the status of mere followers of someone elses orders. This usually stifles their motivation, creativity and undermines their loyalty to the company. It is quite possible to conclude that Keith McFarland objects to traditional top-down decision-making that virtually excludes average workers and even front-line managers. Overall, the evidence, provided by the author is rather convincing. Still, she deliberately avoids speaking about the advantages of top-down management, which also has its benefits. Often when I give a speech, I’ll ask how many people in the audience work in an organization that has a strategic plan — and most raise their hands. Then I ask, “How many of you feel that your company’s strategic planning process is useful?” Only a few hands go up — usually just those belonging to the presidents and CEOs in the room. Why is this? An audience member once approached me during a break with a colorful opinion: “Strategic planning,” he said, “is organizational masturbation. It makes the guy in charge feel good, but it doesn’t do much for anyone else.” Is it possible that the traditional strategic planning process, once such a great idea, has outlived its usefulness? STRATEGY 2.0. Formal strategic planning became popular first with big companies in the 1960s, after a decade characterized by stable interest rates, predictable (and primarily domestic) competition, long product life cycles, and, relative to today, slow rates of change in most industries. Traditional strategic planning was probably appropriate in that environment. It was usually a lengthy affair, concentrated at the top of an organization, and carried out by specially trained, highly analytical people. But today, traditional strategic planning may sometimes cost companies more than it contributes. More importantly, they often get in the way of real work – especially in small to midsize businesses, where quick adaptation is the key to survival. That kind of strategic planning may be dead, but the strategy has never been more important. What’s needed now is a new version of strategy – a strategy 2.0 – one that better reflects the realities of today’s volatile and hypercompetitive markets, dizzying product life cycles, and increased globalization. Here are some of my favorite ideas for reshaping the strategy-making process: Change the calendar A common complaint is that businesses spend months doing a strategic plan, and within 60 days of completing it, some unexpected change in the environment makes the plan obsolete. So it collects dust in its neat three-ring binder until strategic planning time rolls around next year, and people realize that they haven’t driven their business by strategy. Smart executives are figuring out that a 1960s pace for planning doesn’t work today and are shifting to a 90-day strategy process. They realize that strategy-making is the vital, ongoing process through which a company learns how it can win – and they manage their strategic assumptions and initiatives as aggressively as they manage their numbers. Compress the process How can an outfit possibly do strategic planning every quarter? Certainly not by simply speeding up the traditional processes. The people at Microsoft (MSFT ) came up with an innovative solution. For years, they have used a sort of “strategy slam” process to make sure strategies get mapped and adapted quickly. They identify a group of 20 or 30 people most capable of contributing to the strategy of a new initiative and lock them in a room for 48 hours with a skilled facilitator. The only ground rule: A comprehensive strategy and detailed action plan that the entire team will endorse must be delivered in the 48th hour. The important thing is to get the idea out of analysis and into action – and then be open to change as you learn what works in the marketplace. These Microsoft groups learned that they could deliver in 48 hours a plan that was 90% as good as one they would have taken two months to produce. And considering how fast things change in today’s markets, 90% is probably good enough. Get more people involved As strategy moves from a static, top-down, and analytical process to a dynamic and creative one, it becomes crucial to get a wider circle of people involved. When a CEO and his/her team go off for a day to build a strategy, there’s a tendency to just recycle the current assumptions of the business. But introduce promising people from the middle of the enterprise salespeople, product-development folks, financial analysts and the discussions get interesting. And usually, out-of-the-box thinking increases. In addition, when it comes time to implement the strategy and to identify new opportunities daily, these folks in the trenches will have both the knowledge and commitment to do so since they helped create the plan in the first place. Get the CEO off center stage. I once worked with a California technology concern where emotions were running so high in the management ranks that I hired a facilitator to help plan and chair our strategy retreat. I thought having an independent third party involved might help people to face the painful facts and acknowledge the need for radical change. The process delivered that, as well as another unexpected benefit: I noticed people were willing to take more of a “full-swing” at the issues. No matter how much leaders want their teams to question the assumptions of the status quo, the mere fact that the chief exec is leading the meeting subtly links him or her to the prevailing state of affairs and makes people in the room, perhaps unconsciously, “choke up on the bat.” When you take the CEO out of the center of the process and make it clear that the facilitator is there to make sure assumptions get questioned, you unleash a whole new level of critical and creative thinking. For the rest of my career as a CEO, I never ran another strategy retreat myself. Critical Evaluation Keith McFarland eloquently demonstrates that empowering employees is extremely beneficial for the company in terms of productivity, team building, motivation, and creativity. Yet, his arguments appear to be slightly one-sided because he does not explain why companies may be forced to choose top-down management. As a rule, they resort to such measures during a crisis, when quick decision-making is necessary and there is no room for debate. The differences in the definition can be seen in the negative painting of the definition of the top-down approach. In that regard, the top approach is deemed unsuitable, in the specific context outlined in the article, i.e. the strategic planning. On the other hand, the definition of the empowered approach can take various interpretations, wherein the article it took the form of a dynamic circle, in which more people should be involved. In that regard, the direction of the process is not outlined, rather general recommendations are made.

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: The article discusses the treatment of guest workers in the United States, who were promised green cards and then deported after protesting for better working conditions.

The article discusses the treatment of guest workers in the United States, who were promised green cards and then deported after protesting for better working conditions.

“A Bitter Guest Worker” by Julia Preston Essay (Article Review) The author of the article “a bitter guest worker’, is effective because he has portrayed the instances of mistreatment of the workers that included; the fact that they were commissioned by the company on pretenses; and were being mistreated by the same employer as was reported by Julia Preston in the times periodical. The company Signal International had commissioned the workers under a foreign worker provisional program; in which they had promised the workers together with their families’ green cards; and that the workers had to pay up to $20,000 for their transit to the place of work. The writer also shows that the workers after realizing that they would not get green cards that would allow them to work in other institutions; they started to threaten to leave the labor camps where they were practically detained. The company also planned to deport the workers who threatened to lead the protests which failed due to the protest at the shipyard gates. As a result, later the workers sued the company which also in return sued the American and Indian recruiters for misinforming the workers further leading to the ICE investigations. However, the author gives the documentary a decent ending where the workers are seeking government’s defense against trafficking of individuals that results from problems related to the Emigration officers. The author style used in this article is appropriate because the writer seems to sympathize with the workers who were misled, oppressed and had their rights violated. On the other hand the writer has a negative attitude towards the company as he views it as oppressive to the workers; which in return blames its faults on the Indian government and American recruiters. The writer takes the moral perspective in judging the issue and therefore does not consider the possibility of an alternate analysis of the case. This is because from the article it is evident that the company is going against the human rights of the workers by restricting their freedom and access to justice. The writer also does not give the possibility of alternate views because; the ineffective immigration administration also forms a part of the problem which needs to be addressed to avoid the happening the situation in the future. The author of this article appeals to the inventive sympathies of the audience, through the analysis he gives to the treatment subjected to the workers by the company. In his documentary he achieves this by documenting that; the workers were commissioned on false pledges; were being subjected to oppression; were also intimidated not to leave the labor camps and were generally being subjected to deportation after attempting to fight for their rights. The writer in this documentary greatly appeals to the values and beliefs of individuals and society in general. Some of the value and belief violations include; the use of false pledges to get the workers to work for the company; the suppression of the freedom of choice and movement of the workers by being restricted in the labor camps; deportation for fighting for their rights; and the lack of immediate involvement by the government in protecting the workers against injustice and being defrauded. An example of this point is where the writer points out that the workers “were told that they would be fired and deported if they left their isolated labor camps”. The writer in his documentary depicts clarity by showing an excellent sense of perception and understanding; towards the case and does not present ambiguous ideas. This is seen from the documentary because the ideas he is putting across are greatly supported by the evidence from the case. An example in this area is the case of the workers who did not have green cards and therefore was not capable of getting employment in other organization; that was used by the company to its advantage. The logical reasons shown in the documentary to support the writer’s view include; the conception of the workers that they would never be given green cards because they were being oppressed at the labor camp as they had no choice of working in any other companies or organizations. However, the evidence that the writer is presenting in the work to support the unfavorable working conditions; is limited due to the lack of first-hand scrutiny of the case. Pathos is an important tool in literature because it brings out the writer’s appeal to the value judgment and imaginative sympathies of the audience; in helping capture the attention, interest and curiosity towards the literature. It is also important in showing the perspective taken by the writer towards the idea under discussion. The concept of logos that consists of the levels of clarity and logical support to the literal work is important in helping the audience to understand the work better as well as follow the ideas presented in the literature.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: Michael Cook's "A Brief History of the Human Race" is a balanced and comprehensive narrative of global human history over the past 10,000 years.In "A Brief History of the Human Race," Michael Cook provides a balanced and comprehensive narrative of global human history over the past 10,000 years. The book covers the main themes of world history in a nutshell and adds value to the title by outlining the up-to-date human history.

Michael Cook's "A Brief History of the Human Race" is a balanced and comprehensive narrative of global human history over the past 10,000 years. In "A Brief History of the Human Race," Michael Cook provides a balanced and comprehensive narrative of global human history over the past 10,000 years. The book covers the main themes of world history in a nutshell and adds value to the title by outlining the up-to-date human history.

“A Brief History of the Human Race” by Michael Cook Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Main Body 3. Conclusion 4. Reference Introduction Michael Cook’s “A Brief History of the Human Race” portrays the general outline of global human history over the past 10,000 years. Michael Cook, Princeton University professor, is a specialist in Islamic history. Cook is more a confrontational questioner of human history rather than a speaker of it. In this book, Cook has done an admirable job covering the main themes of world history in a nutshell. Though there is some scope for negative criticism, the book is amazingly balanced and comprehensively narrative and adds value to the title by outlining the up-to-date human history. The book is a real achievement which is readable and informative. Main Body In this book, Cook discusses world human history and human life in a broadly materialistic way using four parts. Part one speaks about prehistory (the Paleolithic, the Neolithic, and the emergence of civilization) using three chapters. Part two speaks about the smaller continents (Australia, the Americas, Africa) using three chapters. Part three speaks about Eurasian landmass using five chapters, and it focuses the Eastern civilizations and sections on India, China, the Mediterranean world and Western Europe. Part four describes the recent centuries using three chapters. Part four focuses on Islamic civilization in its first chapter and on European expansion in its second chapter. The final chapter of the part four focuses on the major role of Britain in the industrial revolution, and also focuses on the cultural and religious forces that are opposed at the onset of the 21st century. I must agree that the book does not provide complete picture of the human history as per the title of the book. Many incidents are missing. For example, Cook fails to mention about prehistoric megaliths of northwestern Europe, Indus Valley civilization, etc. Even the author does not provide an organized outline of the human history. Though Cook states, “The account of human history given in this book is broadly materialist” (Renfrew, 2004), he gives only little consideration to technological developments over the past years. Moreover, the illustrations given in the book are of poor quality with unclear photos. Even though the book does not give attention to the complete details of world history, it covers the broad themes with interesting information and good arguments. The book is a well-structured and thought-provoking literary exploration of human life from Paleolithic age to recent centuries with interesting questions. The author explains about the “prehistoric origins of human history across the world through the increasing unification of the world, initially by Muslims and then by European Christians in the modern period” (A Brief History of the Human Race), revealing the incidents that have lead to broad historical change. Cook first provides “an overview of a particular region’s history, and then analyzes in depth some of its cultural developments” (A Brief History of the Human Race). Cook has done a praiseworthy exploration covering the main themes of world history. Though readers looking for human history may be disappointed for not able to get the complete picture of the human history, the author’s excellent trail to integrate geography to the histories of major events makes the book really useful for the readers. Moreover, Cook’s writing style and language are clear and enjoyable. Conclusion Overall, this book is a balanced and well-structured narrative that takes you to a tour of cultures and eras over the past 10,000 years. Though the author discusses a few important historical events, the book is about broad themes. The author has to be appreciated for this informative and entertaining book which is a real achievement. This is a great book for people with some prior knowledge about world history. Reference A Brief History of the Human Race . (n.d.). 2009. Web. Renfrew, C. (2004). Fast forward through all humanity . Web.

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Write an essay about: The censer is a freestanding device with a handle ending in side head. Its bearing consists of three paw-like feet; it also has a plain cylindrical platform. The top of the censer is shaped in the form of dome with slots serving for vine evaporation. The style of openwork can be identified with the censer from catalogue 111 submitted by the Dumbarton Oaks collection so that both artifacts are referred to the 6 th century.

The censer is a freestanding device with a handle ending in side head. Its bearing consists of three paw-like feet; it also has a plain cylindrical platform. The top of the censer is shaped in the form of dome with slots serving for vine evaporation. The style of openwork can be identified with the censer from catalogue 111 submitted by the Dumbarton Oaks collection so that both artifacts are referred to the 6 th century.

A Censer : Identification of the Object Essay Censer is a freestanding device with a handle ending in side head. Its bearing consists of three paw-like feet; it also has a plain cylindrical platform. The top of the censer is shaped in the form of dome with slots serving for vine evaporation. The style of openwork can be identified with the censer from catalogue 111 submitted by the Dumbarton Oaks collection so that both artifacts are referred to the 6 th century. Bronze censer served for burning incense and they were used in orthodox churches as in the course of Divine Liturgy. This object helped to create the divine atmosphere for communication with God and pure praying. Hence, bronze censer was the part of numerous rituals practiced by the churches and constituted an inherent condition for performing those worships. In the 5 th and 6 th century’s Byzantine, those objects were considered as sacred ones and therefore there were carefully designed and made of precious materials. At the present moment, censer is exhibiting at University of Toronto Art Centre donated by Dr. Lillian. According to the book “Malcove collection” the censer was purchased by Dr. Lillian Malcove from Blumka Gallery, New York in January 1967. Dr. Lillian is art collector who entrust her captivating collection of more than 500 objects to the University of Toronto in 1981. The bronze censer closely resembles the Chinese censors that had different sizes and application. Still, the similarity is viewed in a three paw-shaped feet construction and refined open work on the top of the head. Censers for divine rituals can also be found in many outstanding museums all the censers of 6 th century had the same dome-shape cover for the fire. In particular, the openwork, perhaps, dates from 4 th or 5 th AD in Byzantine and was made for specific rituals. Bibliography Mibrun, Robert. Early Christian art and architecture. US: University of California Press, 1988. Sutton, Denys. “Dumbarton Oaks”. Apollo Magazine Ltd. 1984, 119, no. 266. Terrance, Callan. “Year for Priests” The Athenaeum of Ohio. 2009.

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Write the original essay that generated the following summary: Jan Morris would like young women to assume the status of a young man so as to understand the 'closed and idiosyncratic society' which he or she felt was, at the time. He wants them to adopt the role of the overt insider, deliberately adopting a particular occupational role to gain research access to a seemingly closed research setting. In research, it is common to disguise in order to get accurate results where humans are concerned. This is due to the fact that people are sensitive

Jan Morris would like young women to assume the status of a young man so as to understand the 'closed and idiosyncratic society' which he or she felt was, at the time. He wants them to adopt the role of the overt insider, deliberately adopting a particular occupational role to gain research access to a seemingly closed research setting. In research, it is common to disguise in order to get accurate results where humans are concerned. This is due to the fact that people are sensitive

A Disguise: Definition and Forms Essay To disguise means to change or modify the appearance of (object) so as to conceal or mislead by a deceptive garb, or to conceal the truth or actual character of (object) by a counterfeit form. As a noun, it would refer to that which is intended for concealment of identity, character or quality; the costume or makeup of an entertainer; the actual act of disguising; and the state of being disguised. It is synonymous to cloak, mask, camouflage, masquerade, and also dissimulate. This essay intends to provide a better understanding of what justifies a disguise; taking disguise to mean concealing one’s true nature, some of the possible advantages and disadvantages involved and whether a disguise reveals more than it hides. Jan Morris would like young women to assume the status of a young man so as to understand the ‘closed and idiosyncratic society’ which he or she felt was, at the time. He wants them to adopt the role of the overt insider, deliberately adopting a particular occupational role to gain research access to a seemingly closed research setting. In research, it is common to disguise in order to get accurate results where humans are concerned. This is due to the fact that people are sensitive to how they appear in the eyes of their peers, and this self-consciousness can distort research content. In such a case, researchers (mainly those in the psychological and social fields) use deception to distract participants and ensure relevance of research material. However, it is mandatory that participants are debriefed on the true nature of the study as it is concluded, as well as provision of a summary of the results. This has raised many concerns related to research ethics albeit it is allowed by the ethical guidelines of the American Psychologists Association. Disguise has been used as a distraction mostly for security purposes in the public eye. A person’s attention is concealed from the truth by offering a more tempting alternative to the object at hand. In such a case, disguise is necessary and legitimate. Mimicry is necessary in the biological world. Animals disguise their appearance visually or by auditory means in order to deceive their predators for survival purposes. In the entertainment industry, disguise is boundless and almost mandatory. Success in drama and the movie industry is equally proportional to the degree of disguise and aptness in its use. In line with the media, journalists apply disguise to deny attacks they have initiated to discredit people by justifying it with the claim that they are upholding society’s values or doing the job and uphold the image of people who appear in the news. In discredited attacks, the attacker presents his attack as a way of supporting society values by exposing a violator who deserves to be exposed, essentially enhancing his own image as he assaults another’s. The disguise of motive is hidden by a deeper deception, one that masks the fact that an attacker is actually making it. This often leaves the victim with no self-defense provided by an effective image. They are justified because if the victim is a politician or a model for instance the public has to know-if a matter of public concern or a crime has been committed. For this, most contrast image and reality, others will portray wrongdoing and highlight embarrassing moments and facts, put in the spot or hit punching holes, masquerade as job interviewers with the sole motive of noting the reaction of the victim. Merit wise, disguise in the end brings accurate results. In the media it presents transparency from the public figures, success in the drama and movie industry. It enhances security where valuable materials and sensitive information and people are concerned. With research, accurate results are attained however contentious the matter is, as exemplified in Christensen’s work which reveals that research participants do not perceive that they are harmed and do not seem to mind being misled. Disguise has its lows. As much as it enhances security, it is key to crime. Robberies at whatever time are masked; literally and practically as no one is willing to fall in the arms of the law. Cyber crimes are the hardest to trace and execute because of high levels of abstraction involved. Some still deem disguise in research as unethical and object its use. Lastly, a disguise often reveals more than it hides. It will reveal more but in a different window so as to camouflage the true identity of the object in question, which is the role of a disguise anyway; the motive of the disguise is what is essential in the long run.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: The poem "A Dream Deferred" by Langston Hughes is about the negative consequences of procrastination. The poem "Democracy" by Langston Hughes is a call for democracy and freedom of the African American people in America.

The poem "A Dream Deferred" by Langston Hughes is about the negative consequences of procrastination. The poem "Democracy" by Langston Hughes is a call for democracy and freedom of the African American people in America.

A Dream Deferred and Democracy by Langston Hughes Essay Table of Contents 1. Life of Langston Hughes 2. The poem I: A Dream Deferred by Langston Hughes 3. Poem II: Democracy by Langston Hughes 4. Works Cited Life of Langston Hughes Langston Hughes is an African American poet, was born in Joplin, Missouri, united states of America on 1st February 1902. He was sixty-five years old when he died in New York City, on 22nd May 1967. Langston Hughes wrote many poems during his life among them are A Dream Deferred and Democracy (Roessel et al. 10). The poem I: A Dream Deferred by Langston Hughes The poem “A dream deferred” depicts how destructive our long-cherished desires may turn if we keep on procrastinating. The poet uses rhetorical questions in order to answer the question of what happens if a dream is deferred. Using these questions, we are able to understand the stand of the poet. According to the poet, Dreams represent those goals we cherish in our lives, they play an important role in the life of a dreamer and their postponement can lead to negative effects (Hughes 8). From the poem, each question depicts the effects associated with dreams if they are postponed for a longer period. The first question looks at our dreams as the raisins that are nutritious and tender if they are dried well in the sun. But if they over dry, they will become hard to chew and lose all the nutrition, This warns us of the consequences that may befall us if we sit there and wait for conditions to be favorable to us in order to attain our dreams. We should learn to forge our way forward no matter what, or else our dreams will be like raisins that were over-dried on the sun (Hughes and Rampersad 57). What if we may never lose hope in our dreams? They will fester like a wound and become infected never to heal. Dreams that fester may be infected with diseases like dissatisfaction and restlessness and rather an indulgence in criminal activities (Roessel et al. 39). like meat that is rotten producing awful odor if not consumed within a specific time that is the situation we will be if left unused for a longer period of time, they may result into unusable thoughts that are crusted over with anger, hatred, and despair (Hughes 19). The second stanza is a suggestion that our dream goal may sag as if carrying a heavy load thus slowing our moving pace and make us clumsy if they are not realized in time and thus become a burden in one’s mind with statements like I wish…, if only… among others. This might lead to depression and may cause mental illness. The last stanza uses metaphor to show the result of a deferred dream. Bombs are the ones known to explode resulting in great havoc in society. Deferred dreams may make a person lose hope and explode by committing suicide or homicide or even both (Roessel et al. 87). Poem II: Democracy by Langston Hughes The poem is a call for democracy and freedom of the African American people in America. This poem was written in the early 1900s a time when there was no democracy in America and African Americans had no rights (Hughes and Rampersad 173). Democracy is the freedom and right of every individual to be part of the Government system. This poem speaks the poet’s mind on equality and freedom, especially in the first stanza. To him, his rights and freedom should move alongside those of the whites without jeopardizing his dignity in any way. He is also an American and should have a right to exist and own property in America as the whites. This is depicted in lines 7 to 9. He detests those people who believe thing will take their course and looks forward to the future to solve their problems. He didn’t want to submit and believed the fight for freedom should a present thing and it is the duty of each individual to participate. He considered freedom as a birthright that everyone should enjoy regardless of their race as depicted in the last three lines (Hughes 31) Works Cited Hughes, Langston., and Rampersad, Arnold. The Collected Poems of Langston Hughes. California: Vintage, 1990. Hughes, Langston. Selected Poems of Langston Hughes. California : Vintage, 1995. Roessel, David., Rampersad, Arnold., and Andrews, Benny. Poetry for Young People: Langston Hughes. New York: Sterling, 2006.

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: A family expecting a new baby is a time of great excitement and change. For the young child who is about to become a big sister, there are many implications. Attachment is crucial to the emotional development of the child, and a sensitive mother helps him feel secure. When a crucial change takes place such as the birth of a sibling, a child reacts by seeking the attention he used to enjoy constantly. Since children are not pleased with the change in their mother's treatment of them,

A family expecting a new baby is a time of great excitement and change. For the young child who is about to become a big sister, there are many implications. Attachment is crucial to the emotional development of the child, and a sensitive mother helps him feel secure. When a crucial change takes place such as the birth of a sibling, a child reacts by seeking the attention he used to enjoy constantly. Since children are not pleased with the change in their mother's treatment of them,

A Family Anticipating: Young Children Essay Interpretation of observations about theory My focus child is a young girl expecting the birth of her first sibling. Such change in her life has several implications in her place in the family and her role as the only child and future older sister. Much can be reflected from the attachments established between a child and the significant people in her life. Several factors may affect such attachment. In the case of my focus child, the fact that she will soon cease to be an only child and the hormonal changes that affect her pregnant mother’s emotional states may threaten whatever secure attachment she may be enjoying at present. Infants are given the opportunities to form attachments, be they secure or insecure ones, become attached to the person very familiar to them. Most of the time, it is their mothers (Small, 1998). Children remain attached to their mothers or significant caregiver even if their attachment becomes insecure due to abuse or battering. A sensitive mother helps her child feel secure and a less attentive mother engenders insecurity. In the first few years of life, a child with a secure attachment can learn how to balance separation and reunion. He is unafraid when he is separated from her, trusting that she will be back for him. On the other hand, a child with an insecure attachment to his mother manifests panic, anger, and a desperate search for her, thinking that she will never come back. When the mother returns, a host of responses may be observed of the child. Some children would be delighted and warmly embrace the parent; others would appear to be indifferent, withdrawn, hostile, uncertain, or confused. The kind of response the child had led the psychological observers to develop the attachment categories of secure, avoidant, ambivalent, and disorganized (Small, 1998). Some factors that may disrupt the synchronicity of a mother and child may be mismatches between the temperaments. Clashing temperaments may create tension in the bond between mother and child. “Temperament is a biological predisposition towards behaving in certain characteristic ways. The mixture of the disposition of mother and child then is where biology and experience interconnect” (Small, 1998). In my focus child’s case, her mother’s pregnancy symptoms may be a cause of emotional upheaval affecting the child. Another source of tension or ambivalence in the mother-child bond is a mother’s inconsistency in giving due attention to her child. When a crucial change takes place such as the birth of a sibling a child reacts by seeking the attention he used to enjoy constantly. Since children are not pleased with the change in their mother’s treatment of them, they resort to attention-seeking behaviors that are not pleasant most of the time, hence, ensuing stress and tension in the mother-child relationship (Small, 1998). Hence, it is sufficient to say that attachment is crucial to the emotional development of the child. Other theorists have attempted to explain how children cope with different situations. Erik Erikson developed his theory of Psychosocial Development which attempts to explain personality growth by describing how people respond to various conflicts that they may face in specific periods in their lives (Giorgins, & Glazer, 2008). The focus child in this study is in the early childhood stage. Psychosocial Development theory, falls under two stages. According to Erikson, during the ages of 2 and 3, children struggle for autonomy. The conflict is between autonomy and doubt (Giorgins & Glazer, 2008). Toddlers show their need for independence from their parent or caregiver by trying to do things on their own, but on the other hand, harbor some fear if they can do it. Children aged 3-6 fall under the Initiative vs. Guilt stage. In this stage, preschoolers are so into doing things on their own and showing everyone how much they have grown in many ways. Thus, they initiate help. However, at this stage, children may be awkward, and their good intentions may backfire as in destroying some things in the process. When this happens, they are overcome with guilt. It is important to understand where the child from all angles to plan the best intervention for her. Action plan Family support Being an only child in the family since she was born and now faced with the reality of having a sibling may feel like a threat to my focus child’s secured position in the family. The child in this situation may undergo a lot of stress. Neurobiological research addresses how stress can have a great impact on brain development (Sims, 2008). The child needs to be able to overcome any stress and anxiety she may be experiencing about the birth of the new baby & when the child is born then this will have a positive impact on her future development and help her to deal positively with stressful situations in later life. So far, the focus child’s family is doing well in helping her understand upcoming changes in her life as a future big sister. She is made aware of how the baby inside her mother’s womb is growing, as she is included in doctor’s visits. As the time gets nearer and nearer for her sibling to be born, it would greatly help if she is brought along in stores while shopping for baby things. Her opinion may be asked as to her choices in color or design in the baby’s things, as well as the nursery being prepared if any. It is important that she feels she is part of the preparation process and that she is consulted with some ideas. Best of all, she needs to be constantly reassured that she is very much loved no matter what and her place as the first and oldest child in the family will only be hers and no one else’s. That makes her very special and unique and it would greatly help her self-esteem to know it. Group care program In the daycare, books on family should abound. Her carers should read books to her every day, especially with themes on the expectance of a new baby. Many books focus on the thoughts and feelings that children undergo when a new baby is added to their family – excitement, jealousy at losing their parents’ attention to the baby, frustration that the baby cannot do anything much with them, and the like. The books also show how children resolve these issues. Such coping mechanisms must be implanted in my focus child as early as before the baby arrives so she is well-prepared. Forming stronger emotional bonds with my focus child must also be the goal of her carers. Howes et al (cited in Hutchins & Sims 1999, p.130) state that ‘infants who have secure attachments to their caregivers are advantaged in terms of developmental outcomes, play and interactions’. Erikson (cited in Hutchins & Sims 1999, p. 125) also talks about why attachment is so important in the early years stating that ‘learning to have confidence in the adults around them is an essential stage in development. My focus child has developed multiple attachments. Some studies indicate that children who have multiple attachments have faster growth rates, Hardy refers to multiple attachments as alloparents (Sims 2009). Bronfenbrenner & Nevile (1994 cited in Hutchins & Sims 1999: xx) state that ‘strong attachments that are characterized by reciprocal activity enhance the young child’s responsiveness to his or her environment and influence the child’s motivation to explore, manipulate, elaborate and imagine’. She needs supportive people to lean on when she would feel that she is “dethroned”. Her self-esteem needs to be assured that she remains special no matter who comes to their family and that she will retain her position, and even be promoted to an older sister, now responsible for a helpless baby. Nixon and Gould (1996, p.110) state “the development of self-concept impacts on other aspects of the toddler’s social and emotional self, such as play. Children begin to play out experiences they’ve had or witnessed, to deepen their understanding of these situations”. The daycare center should be able to take advantage of children’s play situations to be able to observe how my focus child is coping with the upcoming changes in her life. Providing puppets to let her express her inner emotions by pretending one puppet is the baby and the other is her may let her vent out her feelings to the coming baby. This may also be done by using the other puppet as one of her parents. Other play ideas would be providing her with play baby things so that she can “practice” being a big sister by feeding dolls, giving them baths, or walking them in baby carriages. In these pretend play activities, she would develop good self-esteem that she is going to be an efficient big sister someday. Discussion A family anticipating a huge change can bring about stress to everybody. In particular, young children who have a limited understanding of what is happening around them may manifest various behaviors and maybe a change in disposition in finding an outlet for the stress. In most cases, one’s emotional strength and the attachments established to significant persons in one’s life are relied on to cope with the stress. My focus child’s parents have been including her in their preparation for such change by bringing her to doctor’s appointments with them and involving her by educating her of the progression of the pregnancy. Likewise, her parents have sought the cooperation of her daycare center in preparing her for the huge life change coming ahead for her. “There is a growing body of evidence that parents need the support of a third party if they are to establish and sustain nurturing relationships with their children” (Bronfenbrenner & Neville, 1994 quoted in Hutchins & Sims 1999: 29). To maintain a secure and nurturing relationship with their child this family is utilizing the support of the carers at the child care center. With regards to Bronfenbrenner’s (1979) ecological systems theory, the case shows that within this child’s Microsystem adults are being responsive to this child’s needs. About the Mesosystem in this situation this child’s parents and carers are demonstrating effective communication, sharing the news of the pregnancy. They are working together to include and prepare this child for the birth of her first sibling. Since the child attends care three times a week, this service has and is utilizing the valuable opportunity to support this child’s development and needs. As within the Exosystem, this child may be impacted by the workload and hours of her parent’s work. Hence the support of attending care three days a week would assist in supporting this child’s needs and in preparation for this change. In being able to bring along the focus child to her mother’s doctor appointments, the health system and society show that they allow and involve children to be part of the pregnancy and birth process with their families. Therefore, the Macrosystem is supporting this child’s needs and family goals. My focus child is very fortunate to have all the support she needs in this phase of her life when she needs to deal with change. Both home and daycare centers efficiently work together to prepare her for the coming of her first sibling. Communication between the two social circles is essential, as stated in (Huntchins & Sims 1999:28-29), developing partnerships with parents is crucial in the well-being of the child, providing families with the support of a third party. This is demonstrated in the support that the carers are providing the child, by allowing her opportunities to foster the child’s strengths and needs in her social and emotional development. Indeed, this focus child is on her way to a bright future as a loving big sister from a supportive and caring family! Reference Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979) The Ecology of Human Development. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Giorgins, C. & Glazer, J. (2008). Literature for Young Children: Supporting Emergent Literacy Ages 0-8 (6th edition). Boston: Pearson, Educational, Inc. Hutchins, T. & Sims, M. (1999) Program Planning for Infants and Toddlers, Prentice Hall, Australia. Nixon, D. & Gould, K. (1999) Emerging Child Development in the First Three Years, Social Science Press, Katoomba NSW Sims, M. (2008) Applying Neurobiological evidence in caring for infants and toddlers, DVD. Sims, M. (2009) Caring for young children: What children need. Policy Brief 15. Centre for Community Health. Sims, M. (2009) EDEC340 Young Children Developing and Learning Topic Notes, University of New England Small, M. (1998) Our Babies, Ourselves : How Biology and Culture Shape the Way we Parent, New York : Anchor Books

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: In the story, Tony is waiting for his day, but it never comes. He tries to show the servants the pieces of meat which should be ready for him, but they don't hear him. He then gets a painful kick from his boss and is chained. He feels like his loyalty is questioned.

In the story, Tony is waiting for his day, but it never comes. He tries to show the servants the pieces of meat which should be ready for him, but they don't hear him. He then gets a painful kick from his boss and is chained. He feels like his loyalty is questioned.

A Mimicked Short Story’s Analysis Essay Tony is waiting for his day Tony was really confused. When a dog gets a full plate of meats, eggs, and fish in the presence of his beloved one, it is natural to be confused. All members of the family were standing around him to watch whether he was comfortable with the food or not. He could see the smile of love in the face of his beloved Roslyn. He became very happy when he saw his greatest enemy Lucy, the Indian cat. She was standing in a corner watching the royal treat he was getting from the family. He was making sure that it was his day. But the kick of the small boy in the house-made him awake from the dream. He became really disappointed when he understood his day was yet to come. Tony could understand that some guests were coming home as the family was celebrating the birthday of the youngest kid. Early morning some people came from the market carrying bags of meats. He then ran to the kitchen, where the meat was being prepared for cooking. He was trying to show the servants the pieces of meat which should be ready for him. But no one heard his words; indeed, they were shouting at him as he entered the kitchen. Seeing it, Lucy was laughing, standing closer to the leg of one of the servants as she always did. Unfortunately, it was not his day. He whispered himself. When the guests were received at home, he noticed a stranger among them. He started to bark at him using all his energy and stood across the stranger’s way biting his trousers. He didn’t understand that it was an official friend of his boss. That time he got a painful kick from his boss, and he was chained. He felt like his loyalty was questioned. Unfortunately, it was not his day. He was sure that Roslyn, who was in the next home, would come to the party. He could definitely get some time to spend with her. She came with her boss, but a German shepherded was also with them. She looked very happy being with that new fellow. Even though Tony tried to attract her by making some noise, she even didn’t care about him. Unfortunately, it was not his day. Tony expected good heavy food in the afternoon, but that was the day he realized how much food human beings could take at a time. He got only some pieces of bone. Lucy was belching, looking at him. She wanted to show she was full. Unfortunately, it was not his day. After the party, when all guests left home, the family was getting ready to go out. Tony prepared to accompany them but was not allowed to get into the car. All family members took food from outside. So, he didn’t get any food in the night too. Before going to sleep, he made sure that it was definitely not his day. Analysis of ‘Tony is waiting for his day’ The story ‘Tony is waiting for his day’ is written based on another story, ‘Alexander and the terrible horrible no good very bad day’ by Judith Viorst. The style of writing used in ‘Tony is waiting for his day’ is taken from ‘Alexander and the terrible horrible no good very bad day.’ But the contents and characters are entirely different from the original work. Tony, a domestic dog, is having a very unfortunate day. On that particular day, nothing is coming in favor of him. The story deals with the hope and disappointment Tony is having on that day. The story with the dream of Tony and narrates the incidents till he goes to sleep. In this essay, my intention is to analyze the writing style of ‘Tony is waiting for his day.’ Certain tools have been used to explain the way the writing style of ‘Tony is waiting for his day’ has mimicked that of the original one. The main tools are repetition and conjunctions, conjunction patterns, punctuation, arrangement, lexical choice, beat, tropes, and scheme, etc. We cannot find very long sentences in the works which are written for children. ‘And,’ ‘while,’ ‘but,’ etc., are the most used conjunctions in the story. Usage of conjunction has been reduced in the story to reduce the length because my main intention is to convey certain ideas, not to show how to use certain words and phrases properly. In line no. 18, ‘and’ is used to explain the actions of Tony while he notices a strange face among the guests. He just stood in the way of that man and byte his trousers. This is one of the main responsibilities of all domestic dogs to identify strangers. But he gets punished by his boss even though he tries to show his loyalty. There are two actions in this context. The first one is the kick of his boss, and it is depicted as a ‘painful’ one any loyal dog can ever get. After that, the dog is chained by the same boss. These two actions, which are connected with the conjunction, are very important in the story to show the depth of the pain that the dog had suffered. ‘But’ is the most used conjunction in the passage. The story narrates an unfortunate day in the life of Tony. As nothing comes in favor of the desires of Tony, usage of ‘but’ is inevitable in the passage. This conjunction is used in line no.6 for the first time in the passage. The story starts with a dream of Tony, which is about his ideal day. All his ambition in life was in that dream until he was wakened up. This dream explains the most pleasing things Tony can ever get. Here, ‘But’ is used between the dream and reality. This conjunction is also used in line no.16 to narrate the incident that happened in the kitchen. He was just trying to show his choice, but what he got was pure negligence, even from the servants. In that way, ‘But’ is used in almost all incidents in the story to show the break in the dreams Tony. There are many words and sentences in the story that are repeated frequently. I used these kinds of features to make the story more attractive and ensure the continuity in the incidents and emotions of Tony. Tony was always expecting that day to come. The sentence, unfortunately, it was not his day, is a sentence that is used most frequently. This sentence is derived from the saying ‘every dog has day’ as the entire story is connected to that saying. Tony is such a domestic dog who expects some love from the family and the female dog next door. The story narrates the incident of a particular day, but we can understand the kind of consideration Tony gets from his surroundings. He is not satisfied with the food every day he gets from home. He also doesn’t get much consideration from the female dog. Indeed the Behavior of Lucy is also making him disappointed. That is the reason why he saw such a wonderful dream. But everyone in this world is driven forward in life by certain dreams. All suffering individual is waiting for their days to come. Sometimes the things happen against us only because that’s not our time. All these thoughts are there in the sentence ‘unfortunately it was not his day.’ This sentence was used first time in line no.16 after the disappointing incident in the kitchen. After that, it is repeated after all the unfortunate incidents on that day. Some acts Lucy is repeated frequently as her intention is to make fun of Tony (lines no. 15 and 30). She is a witness to the unfortunate things that happen to Tony. But she wants to show he is having a happy time with the family. Different kinds of punctuations are used in the story ‘Tony is waiting for his day.’ Usage of commas is the important one in the story. Commas are used to separate different things. In the story, commas are used in the first line itself to tell about different food items served to Tony. Lots of commas are used in the original story ‘Alexander and the terrible horrible no good very bad day’ also. There are three commas in the title of the story itself. In the story, the incidents are narrated in a certain order. I have started the story with a dream of Tony, and it narrates the main unfortunate incidents in that day. The first incident happened in the kitchen when people came from the market. The second incident happened while he tried to prevent the stranger he found among the guests. The third unfortunate incident happens at lunch. Tony expected better lunch as there was a party in the home. But unfortunately, he got only some pieces of bones. In the evening, the family goes out without him, and he misses his lunch too. After all the main incidents, I have used the sentence ‘unfortunately it was not his day.’ This would be the thought that consoles him whenever unfortunate things happened to him. The lexical choice is made very carefully in the story to keep the humor which should be very important for such a story. Accurate words are used to show dog also has feelings and emotions like human beings. In line no.24, the word fellow is an example of that. The word ‘fellow’ is used to show the dislike towards the male who came with his beloved female dog. There are certain words and sentences and incidents in ‘Tony is waiting for his day’ which are deliberately used for imitating the style of original work. In line no.5 and line no.15, incidents relating to Lucy are explained in that way. Conclusion The writing style of ‘Tony is waiting for his day’ shows how work can adopt the style of another piece of work very creatively. I have tried my level my best to mimic the writing style of ‘Alexander and the terrible horrible no good very bad day,’ which was written by Judith Viorst. There are many differences between these two works as one is about a boy, and the other one is about a domestic dog. But the themes of both stories are similar. The arrangements of the sentences and certain words are made very close to that of the work of Judith Viorst. But the main intention of the story is to describe an unfortunate day in Tony’s life to reflect his entire life.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: In business, the question of moral philosophy is one of the complex ones as it reflects the unique values and rules of an individual.Moral philosophy in business is a complex issue that reflects the unique values and rules of an individual. There are many theories and approaches used by managers and leaders in business, including egoism, deontology, utilitarianism, teleology, relativism, virtue ethics, and justice.

In business, the question of moral philosophy is one of the complex ones as it reflects the unique values and rules of an individual. Moral philosophy in business is a complex issue that reflects the unique values and rules of an individual. There are many theories and approaches used by managers and leaders in business, including egoism, deontology, utilitarianism, teleology, relativism, virtue ethics, and justice.

A Moral Philosophy in Business Essay In business, the question of moral philosophy is one of the complex ones as it reflects the unique values and rules of an individual. Ethical content may be determined by individual needs rather than by organizational issues: a manager who has difficulty giving candid feedback may be assigned a project to develop and give detailed behavioral feedback to a problem subordinate; a manager having trouble managing upward might be assigned to develop a presentation for a senior executive. Such programs are usually conducted online, over time, and under the guidance of a coach, perhaps with a group of peers. Returning for a second training session, participants share their results with the training group. The strengths of the moral approach include that the problems are relevant to the individual and that one-on-one coaching and feedback are provided. Its limitations spring from the same source: individuals may not choose the most important areas to work on, there may be little accountability for results, and even if individuals change, the unchanged context to which they return may not support that change over time. The use of job experience for development has a long history. Such phrases as “earning one’s stripes” and “doing time” have long been used to describe organizational career progress. In their heyday, when long-term employment and steady progression were the norms, systematic rotation programs and career paths mapped the experiential path to the top. Today’s organizations, emerging from the downsizing era and finding themselves short of needed leadership talent, have neither the time nor the stability to wait for such processes to produce results. In a trend unlikely to fade, organizations are attempting to accelerate development, with both good and ill effects. Although acceleration efforts have caused companies to look more closely at the assignments they provide to their high-potential managers and to become more efficient and effective in their use, the emphasis on speed has led to shortcuts that may cause talented people to derail, or even worse, may encourage moving poorly prepared people into senior roles (Ferrell et al 2009). The main theories and approaches used by managers and leaders in business are egoism, deontology, utilitarianism, teleology, relativism, virtue ethics, and justice (Ferrell et al 2009, p.149). The changing nature of the competitive environment, new organizational forms, globalization, and more sophisticated theories of leadership have all contributed to the emergence of new ideas about who should be developed. For example, new organizational forms are driving who gets development: programs involving as participants joint venture partners, customers, suppliers, unions, and even competitors are becoming more common as organizations become more virtual and see leadership as something that must cross fuzzy boundaries. Similarly, flatter, leaner organizations and the rise of team-based structures have broadened the leadership pool to include teams with no formal leaders, and managers. The majority of individual take into account the consequences of their decisions and overall good of ethical principles applied. Individuals often assume that all members of the high-potential group should have the same or similar experiences, and so they design lockstep programs or rotational assignments for the pool rather than for individuals. Even though the sequence of programs or events is often timed to coincide with presumably ethical development transitions with content designed for the challenges faced at each level, the assumption is still that people in the same cohort have the same developmental needs. Organizations are learning, however, that development can be frustratingly individual and even gearing. Ethics policies to generic transition points may not be tailoring enough. Some are taking individualization one step further by combining individual assessment with individual coaching to provide different development plans for each executive. The main virtues that support business decisions are trust, self-control, empathy, fairness, truthfulness, gratitude, moral leadership and civility (Ferrell et al 2009, p. 159). Cost, of course, has been a major consideration in individual approaches, but the cost in salaries and bonuses of executives who fail plus the business losses incurred as a result of inadequate performance have grown so exorbitant that even the expense of an individual coach can seem modest. Leadership development happens one leader at a time and like leadership itself is always in a context. The context of the ethics extends from the potential leader’s immediate manager and organization unit all the way to the global business arena. Development is a fragile part of that context, which may be development-friendly and supportive or development-hostile and destructive. Given the substantial nature of the forces and the fragile quality of leadership development, we leave to the futurists a description of alternative scenarios. Although the popularity of the term leadership itself will likely fade, the demands associated with leading complex organizations will not. The trend in leadership development will be toward more individualized approaches, tailored both to the growth needs of individual executives as determined by feedback and coaching methodologies and to the business needs of the organization. Still, the action in leadership development will move inside corporations, supported by an array of service providers. Organizations will become more effective in using experience as a teacher and as their leaders become more committed to and better at coaching their executives will learn their way into better performance. Improvements in technology will support more effective use of on-the-job learning, just as it has revolutionized business practices. The business imperative for leaders who can handle the complexity and change ahead is so compelling that efforts to develop leadership skills will continue unabated. References Ferrell, O.C., Fraedrich, John, and Ferrell, Linda. (2009). Business Ethics, Ethical Decision Making & Cases , Seventh Edition. Boston, MA: Prentice Hall.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: A new idea led to the invention of the instantaneous tealeaves. In this case, a company packs the tealeaves in large containers. This is easier than packaging the tealeaves in teabags and then packing the teabags in cartons. Any individual will only need to add the instantaneous tealeaves little by little until the required amount is reached. This is more convenient than using the teabags.

A new idea led to the invention of the instantaneous tealeaves. In this case, a company packs the tealeaves in large containers. This is easier than packaging the tealeaves in teabags and then packing the teabags in cartons. Any individual will only need to add the instantaneous tealeaves little by little until the required amount is reached. This is more convenient than using the teabags.

A New Idea as a Creative Solution to the Problems Essay Introduction A new idea is the most precious thing that an individual can come up with. An idea is considered new if no other individual in the world has ever come with such an idea and it is very original. This eventually means that it is the first time that the idea has been heard. A new idea is honored because it helps in creating new commodities that enhance human life. Protecting the idea is also necessary so that the owner can enjoy using his or her excellent idea. This paper will seek to analyze the meaning of a new idea using an example. Main Body When individuals experience problems, they tend to come up with ideas that can help solve the problems that they are going through. This way, an individual can come up with an idea that never existed and use it as a solution to the problem in hand. For example, companies that manufacture tealeaves experience problems in packing tealeaves for use by a single person. The process is too long and wastes much time. In addition, different individuals consume varying amounts of tealeaves meaning that packing a standard amount of tealeaves would not be efficient for all the individuals who will be using it. Determining the exact amount of time that the package should be left in the boiling water is also not very possible. The packages are effective for use in hotels but might not be convenient for all the individuals. A new idea led to the invention of the instantaneous tealeaves. In this case, a company packs the tealeaves in large containers. This is easier than packaging the tealeaves in teabags and then packing the teabags in cartons. Any individual will only need to add the instantaneous tealeaves little by little until the required amount is reached. This is more convenient than using the teabags. Protecting the idea is very important because it encourages innovation. A new idea is protected by most governments where an individual or company that comes up with an idea receives patent rights. This means that it is only the individual or the company that can produce and supply the product of the idea for a specific period of time. During this period of time, production is enclosed in the hands of the individual or the company and it is only the individual or the company that can sell the product. The owner of the idea is likely to make high profits because he or she is the only individual with the commodity in the market thus has full control of the price of the commodity. When other individuals and companies see this, they work towards coming up with new ideas so as to make similar profits. This will result to innovation of many other new products. Conclusion A new idea is one that is very original and has not existed anywhere in the world in the past. New ideas help in creation of new commodities that enhance human life. New ideas come as a result of problems experienced in life. The complexities involved in packaging and using teabags by single individuals led to the invention of the instantaneous tealeaves. When an individual or a company comes up with a new idea that helps in creation of a commodity, they are protected so that they are the only ones who can supply the commodity in the market. This helps them make large profits because they control the price of the commodity in the market. Protection also leads to innovations because individuals and companies know that their new ideas will be protected.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: A poem is not a puzzle and a play is not a problem to be solved.A poem is not a puzzle and a play is not a problem to be solved. These are two genres of literature that are often misunderstood. A poem is not a puzzle, it is a form of expression just like any other. A play is not a problem to be solved, it is a form of entertainment just like any other.

A poem is not a puzzle and a play is not a problem to be solved. A poem is not a puzzle and a play is not a problem to be solved. These are two genres of literature that are often misunderstood. A poem is not a puzzle, it is a form of expression just like any other. A play is not a problem to be solved, it is a form of entertainment just like any other.

A Poem Is Not a Puzzle and a Play Is Not a Problem to Be Solved Essay (Critical Writing) Of the three main genres of literature, namely, poetry, prose and drama, prose is the most common genre the world over. Novels and short stories are far more popular than Plays and poetry anthologies because they are considered very simple and straight forward. The indifference of the people to poetry and plays is mainly because of the attitudes that most people have adopted towards these genres. To most people, a poem is a puzzle that needs unraveling while a play presents a problem to be solved. The fact of the matter is that a poem is not a puzzle neither is a play a problem that requires any solution. Starting with poetry, this is one genre of literature that is highly avoided by many people the world over because of the feeling that the genre is very complicated. To most people, poetry is like mathematics and it requires superior brains to unravel the puzzle presented in poetry. This is not true, the fact that there is a lot of hidden meaning and covert language does not make poetry a puzzle, neither does it require a superior brain to understand (Polonsky 13). Most of the instability in the world may be as a result of the high levels of poetry malnourishment because poetry is an essential part of life, yet people are constantly running away from it becausethey think it is a puzzle. May be the best way to understand the nature of poetry is by looking at its analogy to football. What makes players like Christiano Ronaldo, Lionel Messi, Wayne Rooney and Theo Walcott stand out? It is because of their dazzling strides in the field that bamboozles opponents in a graceful and aesthetic manner which brings satisfaction to the audience. This is why any club would like to possess a player of the caliber of the aforementioned players because of the aesthetics and the dazzle they add to the game. Their game is poetic, gracefully satisfying and imaginative. This is what poetry is; unpredictable arrangements of words in an aesthetic manner that gracefully evokes imagination, leading to higher levels of satisfaction than reading any other form of literature. If the use of aesthetic language in an unpredictable fashion is what people call a puzzle, then the notion that poetry is a puzzle to be solved is misplaced. Clubs that play poetic football full of dazzles, aesthetics and flamboyance attract a lot of following than clubs that play the ordinary flat football and this is what should be transferred to literature for people to be able to appreciate that poetry is only different not because it is a mystery, but because it is only that people have not struggled to understand what is beyond the ordinary. Poetry is not like the ordinary speech, or ordinary piece of writing. It contains words, arranged rhythmically, sometimes with rhyme and other sound patterns using aesthetic elements of style. This makes it more imaginative than other common literary genres. The key word here is imaginative. For one to appreciate poetry, there must be a lot of imagination. Those who fail to imagine will find poetry as a puzzle but the moment the process of imagination starts, the beauty of poetry creeps. This beauty makes reading a piece of poem as satisfying as watching two world class teams playing play what is called poetic football. The poem “The stone Hammer” by Robert Koetsch, is one of the most beautiful poems. It tells a story using symbols and metaphor and the moment the reader starts the process of imagination, the poem will speak to the reader and it only after it speaks to the reader that the satisfaction of reading the poem will be attained. Claiming that poetry is a puzzle is like insinuating that anything that is of a higher class is a puzzle. A movie does not become a puzzle just because it is of a higher class than the rest; it becomes more interesting and appealing to the mind and the same case should apply to poetry. This is because poetry is characterized by the use of a higher caliber language though comprehensible, and structured in verse form to express subjects in a way that is imaginative. The change of style and the form of language therefore does not mean that the genre has become a puzzle. Music is one of the most popular forms of expressions and many people love music. They love it because it appeals to their imagination in a graceful and satisfying manner and the higher the class of music, the greater the level of satisfaction it guarantees. The questions that arises here is, what is the difference between poetry and music? The difference is very minimal. Just like music, a poem is rhythmical in a way that impacts to the mind by lifting the moods and the spirits. Just like poetry, music has rhymes, rhyme schemes, sound patterns like alliteration assonance, consonance, onomatopoeia, idiophones that make the composition more aesthetic(McCauley 14). The only main difference is that music has tune and poetry does not. This means that if people are able to derive enjoyment and satisfaction from music, they should also be able to derive the same or almost the same levels of satisfaction from poetry. To enjoy music, that music must engage the imagination of the listener and the same thing should apply to poetry. People find poetry complex because they fail to engage their imaginations as they read them meaning that the unique features of a poem will appear as puzzles to them. There is a lot of poetry in music and if no one has ever claimed that music is a puzzle that needs to be unraveled, then, there should be no such insinuations about poetry. For one to be able to enjoy poetry and gain a sense of satisfaction there must be a lot of attention being paid to details. Reading a poem like “Wishes” by Patty L Harjo, an unimaginative person may not be able to get the message in that poem and they will go with a negative attitude that the poem is mathematical. However, if the person is able to engage the imaginations to the poem, they will be able to pay attention to details, ask themselves questions and as they answer that question, the poem will start talking to them. In this way the reader will be able to understand the impact of repetitive phrases like cloudless Ivory sky and blue rainbow. The reader will be able to get the deeper meanings of the wide range of metaphorical expressions used by the poet. The poem ceases to be a puzzle when it talks to the reader, engaging their imagination in a way that they enjoy the dazzles and the beauty presented by the highly developed language of poetry and the poetic features of style (McCauley 14). Just like poetry, plays have been victims of inattention by many literature lovers because of the attitude that plays are problematic. However, this attitude is misplaced because plays are not problems, the change of structure from prose to drama should not pose a problem. The difference between a play and a prose is that in prose, the story of the characters is told out but in drama, the real characters emerge, and present the story through their own actions. The notion that a play is a problem can wither away if people are able to understand the conventions that are used in drama. Lack of understanding of these conventions will present problems as people attempt to understand a play. To be able to appreciate a play, one must be able to understand the setting of the play. The setting is either temporal or spatial. Temporal setting refers to the time in which the play was set while spatial setting refers to the place in which it was set. This is because the setting provides the reader wit background knowledge that will enable the reader to interpret the play. Failure to grasp the background details that are presented by the setting may hamper the understanding of the play meaning that the reader will develop an attitude that all plays are problematic. In the book, Shakespeare and his predecessors, F.S Boas claims that Shakespeare’s plays re considered problematic while in actual fact, they are not. The problem most people find in the plays of William Shakespeare is not the use of archaic language. The problem arises from the context of the plays ( Branch 287). This problem can be easily solved by the understanding of both the spatial and the temporal context of the play. For example, one would mot easily enjoy reading the Merchant of Venice without the background knowledge of the rivalry that existed between the Jews and the venetians during the 15 th century, neither will one appreciate The Enemy of the People by Henrique Ibsen without the understanding of the corrupt society that existed in Norway at the end of the 19 th century (Boas 56). This is why Boas claims that plays will cease being problematic once the context in which they are set is clear. One of the most interesting plays ever written is Act without Words by Samuel Becket, and there are many people that have denied the chance to savor the rich and satisfying episodes of love and betrayal just because they harbor an attitude that plays are problematic. The other dramatic convention that is very important in the comprehension of plays is plot. Many people fail to appreciate plays because they lose track of the arrangement of events in the play. John Ciofalo, in his book “The Ascent of genius in court and Academy” claims that the most taxing plot is the non linear plot in plays. The non linear plot is where the events in the play start at the middle or even at the end. The play starts with the resolution part or even the climax and then goes on to explain what had led to the outcomes that have already been presented. It is only when the reader is able to identify the linkages that are there in the plot that plays will become ease to interpret and enjoy (Ciofalo 78). Generally, plays are not problematic and they are richer in content and in levels of satisfaction than the prose. The beauty of plays is that the story is presented in the first person, where the reader interacts with the character directly. This brings the reader closer to the happenings in the play making it more affective than reading a story written in third person in the prose. The reader is able to relate with the characters easily because there is no subjective agent between the characters and the reader. People fail to gain the richness that is presented in plays because of harboring attitudes that plays are problematic and they involve finding solutions to problems posed. According to Ibsen, every play will pose a problem but that does not mean that the play has become a problem. When a play presents a problem, it is not the work of the reader to solve the problem, the problem will get solved as the play progresses and the work of the reader is to enjoy as the problem get resolved (Ciofalo 78). This misunderstanding needs to be cleared. Another misconception that has led to the attitude that plays are problems to be solved is the existence of the term problem plays. This term was coined by F.S. Boas; however, it was not meant to imply that plays are problematic, the term is just used to classify plays that had issues of moral dilemma in them and they required the protagonist to make tough choices. These plays include the Shakespeare’s Hamlet, all is well and measure for measure, and a variety of plays by Norwegian playwright, Henrique Ibsen, likes the enemy of the people. To say that a poem is a puzzle and a play is a problem to be solved is an attempt to run away from the finest forms of literature due to the failure to go beyond the basics and appreciate the unique features of literature that are inherent in the two genres. The use of unconventional language and elements of style are not enough to complicate a genre of literature. The problem is that people are not eager to move out of the comfort zones created by prose making them to view any other genre that deviates from prose as a puzzle or a problem. This denies them the opportunity to enjoy the richness and diversity that is found in poems and plays. It is only when people move out of the ordinary that they will be able to derive utmost satisfaction from literature because it is these unconventional genres that have a richer heritage. Works Cited Boas, Fredrick. Shakespeare and his Predecessors. London: John Murray,2000. Branch, Glenn. “Theory in Theory and Practice” Outreach 1:287–289 . Ciofalo, John. The Ascent of Genius in the Court and Academy . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. McCauley, James. Versification: A Short Introduction. Michigan State University Press 1983. Polonsky, Marc. The Poetry Reader’s Toolkit. NY: Sage,2002.

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Provide the full text for the following summary: A Short History of Reconstruction by E. Foner and A Nation Under Our Feet by S. Hahn EssayIn A Short History of Reconstruction, E. Foner provides a shorter and simpler version of his earlier work, Reconstruction, detailing the events that led to the period of political and social upheaval in the United States after the Civil War. A Nation Under Our Feet by S. Hahn, on the other hand, presents the history of African American political consciousness say some fifty years after slavery, something that has eluded many historians for some time.

A Short History of Reconstruction by E. Foner and A Nation Under Our Feet by S. Hahn Essay In A Short History of Reconstruction, E. Foner provides a shorter and simpler version of his earlier work, Reconstruction, detailing the events that led to the period of political and social upheaval in the United States after the Civil War. A Nation Under Our Feet by S. Hahn, on the other hand, presents the history of African American political consciousness say some fifty years after slavery, something that has eluded many historians for some time.

A Short History of Reconstruction’ by E. Foner and ‘A Nation Under Our Feet’ by S. Hahn Essay Reading Foner’s book, A short history of Reconstruction, one may be deceived to think that the Reconstruction took less than the decade or so it took yet he unfolds its facts with such mastery and preciseness only a historian of his caliber can deliver. It presents a shorter and simpler version of his earlier work, Reconstruction, albeit the former does not leave one with unanswered questions. We earlier had a significant view of the Reconstruction as a period of Prosouthern and anti-black, but Foner has erased that distorted interpretation of our past as we will see. Hahn’s A Nation Under Our Feet presents the history of African American political consciousness say some fifty years after slavery, something that has eluded many historians for some time. The author delves into political activities during the slavery period which formed a basis for later mobilization. In the book are leaders, and the building of political communities which were defended, and rebuilt to achieve their ultimate goal which was self-governance; political freedom. He links earlier the first generation of emigrants to others who remained in the north using Black Nationalism forms like Garveyism. This book is a mix of a troubling yet inspiring experience of black American democracy. Among other themes, these two books are advocates of three things. First, changes that took place in the black American society, introducing their struggles and the transformation necessary for the present state of being for the black community. Secondly, the books highlight a great deal of racism towards the black and class for the white community, which brought tribulation for the black community. Third, they point to the expanded presence of federal authority as well as the growing commitment to supporting equal rights for all regardless of race, the latter which saw more blacks in the north and south welcome the power to vote with open arms. Taking a recap of Foner’s work, he starts by pointing in the preface how dark the Reconstruction period was to historians until the 1960s when revisionists changed this notion. The Reconstruction is a time after the civil war when America and the south were trying to redefine themselves now that slavery had ended. Abraham Lincoln freed slaves to help in the war, deemed an advantage to the north. He had not thought of the repercussions of the freedom though he died before he could solve it. His successor, Andrew let the Southerners back into the country and gave the slaves to them to do with them as they wished. In essence, Andrew hated the southerners and blacks alike and putting them together as a means to an end; enslaving them altogether. The Radical Republicans provided for the slaves to work as free wage-workers but did not give them land which left the blacks’ fate in the hands of the South, an action that pushed civil rights for blacks to the late 1960s. 1960 revisionists viewed Radical Republicans as reformers genuinely committed to fighting for the rights of blacks in an idealistic fashion. Foner however concedes that recent research of the Reconstruction shows that these Radical Republicans were actually conservative and equally held racist views. They (Republicans) did not resist much when whites started to govern the South, if anything they prompted it. The preface alone presents us to the racism that was in the era. Foner goes ahead to describe the African-American experience during the civil war and Reconstruction. They were totally involved in the war with thousands of them being recruited into the Union Army. This actually marked the beginning of African American leaders as most of the future city leaders had once served in the Union Army as Foner acknowledges. He notes that “for men of talent and ambition, the army flung open a door to advancement and respectability”. However, as Reconstruction progressed, African Americans were subjected to violence and racism despite their involvement in the civil war and sharing duties where matters of the nation were concerned. Hahn’s work is an answer to his rhetorical questions; he thus says in the prologue “This book started as an effort to address these questions”, the questions being “Given the coercions and dangers of slavery and incipient freedom, how can we account for the development of these solidarities, for their dynamics and boundaries, for their responsibilities and compulsions? And what would such an accounting mean for our understanding of African Americans, the South, and the nation? He answers these by dividing his work chronologically and thematically into three parts. The first is concerned with how the slaves and freed people conducted themselves, especially the politics involved in the Civil War and how the war formed a platform for social and political revolution. This part seeks to understand social relations, labor practices, religious affiliations and other forms of a community association that enabled political intelligence among the slaves and effectively organized them wherever they were distributed. These perhaps are the driving force to the Union invading the Confederate South and the presence of the slave rebellion. The second part is an analysis of the Radical Reconstruction; the point where Fonner starts his work. It focuses on the struggle for empowerment of the black community, politically, while also looking at grassroots mobilization. In this part are various challenges African Americans encountered in their efforts to obtain public power, chief among them being racial barriers making it difficult for African Americans to obtain political power. Part three argues out various means employed by former confederate states to try terminating African American politics during the reconstruction. Generally, Hahn emphasizes the power kinship and societal affiliations had on the political success of African Americans, perhaps a virtue majority of them carried from their mother countries believed to be West Africa. To exemplify change, Foner and Hahn take account of the transition of slaves into free laborers and eventually equal citizens at the end of the war. In their discussion of the Reconstruction, the two-note that African Americans went back to farms not as slaves but as share-croppers, a position better than the one but with its own slavery-economic slavery. Foner particularly acknowledges this when he says “it was an economic transformation that would culminate, long after the end of Reconstruction, in the consolidation of a rural proletariat composed of a new owning class of planters and merchants, itself subordinate to Northern financiers and industrialists”. Hahn depicts emotional and personality changes in the way African Americans governed themselves. After slavery and in the war he brings the essence of social meetings and circulation of political material that enabled empowerment for their communities-education wise while blending solidarity unique to the African Americans. These gave them the courage to carry out a rebellion that is still the largest heard of in history. They could speak for themselves and actually joined the Union, though not voluntarily for all, to fight confederacy because there was the belief that it will lead to subsequent crushing of slavery which it partly did. He says that by 1865 “their expectations and political activity found expression both informal demands for civil and political rights and in the explosion of rumors about federally sponsored land redistribution”; something that depicts political maturity for a people who were too silent to speak of the ills done unto them. Racism and class are other common aspects of these books. Both books highlight the formation of groups to act against African Americans key among them being the Ku Klux Klan. This was a great barrier to social growth and especially voting. On voting, restrictions barred most blacks from voting implying fewer blacks went into legislation. As if that was not enough, free people’s lives were segregated, schools, areas of recreation, terminals, even state boundaries especially with anti-black groups that terrorized them. Hahn tells of the plea by plantation farmers to be granted personal security by ending violence and disorder, as they “secure homesteads”. It was the outcome of violent attacks- murdering and midnight raids of the Ku Klux Klan, and all they wanted was a place without the fear of “men who opposed our moral and political advancement”. The wealthy southerners did not make things any easier for the African Americans when they took over governance, as their treatment of them was even worse than that of the north, they had a class of their own which was not to be brought to the level of the blacks-apparently, analysis of Reconstruction by earlier historians present it as a blow to the Southerners by the north. As much as Andrew wanted to hurt their pride, African Americans were the worst hit, more because of their color. Clearly expounded by Foner are the presence of growing Federal authority and the belief that all citizens had equal rights to their race notwithstanding. Foner illustrates how voting by blacks encouraged corruption as their presence at the poll often broke already established rules. Support for the reconstruction was thus undermined and the blacks were deemed unfit to vote. Different in Hahn’s book, an aspect not exhibited by Foner is the emphasis the former has on kinship and societal bonds. He feels that these were the enabling features of their politics. It is actually an answer to all his questions, the initial drive in writing his book anyway. He shows that even when everything else changed in the African American community, people were transferred and murdered for instance; kinship remained the binding factor in their political loyalties, slave workgroups, camps, in the civil war itself, the voting and so on. In conclusion, the two books are quite informative being a reminder of the twists of the lives of African Americans, their tribulations in the reconstruction and the unfolding of their freedom, with which later came their civil rights. Hahn’s work is broader as it covers their societal backgrounds and it brings the essence of freedom. Foner’s work however simple but factual covers the effects and stages reconstruction took on African Americans. Bibliography Foner, Eric. A short history of Reconstruction . New York: Harper & Row, 1990. Hahn, Steven. A nation under our feet: Black political struggles in the rural South from slavery to great migration. Boston: President and Fellows of Harvard College, 2003.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: The text discusses the ethical principles social workers should adhere to in order to best serve their clients. These include service, social justice, dignity and worth of the person, importance of human relationships, integrity, and competence.

The text discusses the ethical principles social workers should adhere to in order to best serve their clients. These include service, social justice, dignity and worth of the person, importance of human relationships, integrity, and competence.

A Social Science Study of “The Namesake” Report (Assessment) Table of Contents 1. Ethical Principles 2. Diversity and Difference 3. Human Rights and Social-Economic Justice 4. Research and Practice 5. References The Namesake is a 2006 movie based on author Jhumpa Lahiri’s novel of the same name. It documents the social changes and upheavals experienced by an Indian-American migrant family to the States and the varied conflicts they experience in their adopted country due to unique values, norms, and behavioral patterns that they brought from India. The story also depicts the failed assimilation of their grown-up son and daughter into American culture and the underpinning psychological stresses they face (Lahiri, 2004, p.178). The movie offers a bold insight into the isolation-like situations faced by culturally and ethnically diverse migrants and portrays successful ways in which they can be embraced by host cultures through social interaction techniques (Greene, Cohen, Gonzalez & Lee, 2009, p.49). The theme of the movie adds strength to the theory that optimal human development of individuals hinges on a core foundation of families and communities (Greene et al, p.56). Any lack of respect for one’s own culture would hamper the overall personality development of such individuals and lead to identity crises and more (Greene et al, p.70). The following target areas have been identified to answer relevant questions that arise from watching the movie. Ethical Principles The main ethical principles in any social worker’s study are assessed according to the core values of service, social justice, dignity and worth of the person, importance of human relationships, integrity, and competence (NASW code, 2010). In this context, the client system has been identified as the chief protagonists Ashoke and Ashima Ganguly; their son, Gogol, and daughter Sonia. Even though there weren’t any ethical conflicts depicted in the family, a few possibilities could have emerged due to the unique cultural backgrounds (Indian) of the clients. Ashima (the wife) is shown very loyal and obedient to her husband Ashoke, as is typical among certain South Asian families where women agree to a somewhat subordinate role to their husbands. Back home in India, she agrees to an arranged marriage with a stranger and throughout the film, refuses to address Ashoke by his first name, instead of denoting him by a more respectful address, peculiar to Indian culture. Had Ashoke turned out to be the exact opposite of the loving and caring husband shown in the movie, a clear problem would emerge because Ashima, the very traditional Indian wife, was duty-bound to side along with her husband no matter how she got treated in return. This would be in fundamental conflict with Western (American) cultural norms where spouse abuse does not go unnoticed and is not tolerated under any circumstances. Other possible problems in this close-knit family would also emerge had Ashoke been an atypically, strict Indian father. It is shown in the movie that this was not the case. This is because Ashoke, in typical Western fashion, gives his children plenty of growth space and does not interfere much with their upbringing. For instance, when Gogol decided to do away with his name for something more appealing to Americans (Nikhil), Ashoke didn’t raise any objections. This is quite the opposite of what happens in many ethnic families where parents tend to exercise their control over grown-up children (Green et al, p.91). To deal with the above set of problems, a social worker must use the practice behavior of working towards promoting the client’s socially responsible self-determination while enhancing their capacity and opportunity to change and address their own needs (NASW code, 2010). For this, they have to be competent enough to understand the sensitive nature of oppression and social injustices faced by their clients, before offering to solve the problem (NASW code, 2010). Diversity and Difference The movie depicts a kaleidoscope of diversity differences, and how they may pose to be a stumbling block in promoting the welfare of the client; one notable client is Gogol. Growing into the hybrid Indian-American culture surrounding him, his American friends and associates have a lot of problems grasping the finer nuances of Indian culture and ethos which he cannot divorce from his identity, no matter how much he tries to assimilate into American culture. In the initial scenes, he’s shown paying a visit to India with his family where he discovers a newfound love for his motherland. This love seems to grow with him throughout the pace of the movie. In this context, a major problem is depicted. Gogol’s first girlfriend Maxine, a White Anglo-Saxon woman despite her liberal credentials, is shown failing to understand or respect his Indian values. For instance, when she visits Gogol at the time of his father’s funeral, she belittles the significance of a parent dying in traditional Hindu culture and berates Gogol for “ignoring her” for so many days. To Gogol’s Indian origin identity, this was a fundamental assault. He soon realizes that Maxine, being a Westerner, lacks the sensitivity and empathy required to deal with an Indian family. This becomes the reason for their break-up. For a social worker, problems related to diversity differences, as shown above, can be solved by recognizing the central importance of human relationships (NASW code, 2010). They should have enough competence to engage people as partners in the helping process and strengthen relationships among people by understanding their unique cultural values and using that knowledge to enhance their well-being (NASW code, 2010). Human Rights and Social-Economic Justice Human rights and social-economic justice cannot be one of the key elements in the Namesake since it deals with the subject of problems faced by newly arrived, well-educated immigrants in the States, that too in liberal New York City. NYC is shown as having far greater tolerance and acceptance for ethnic minorities, and their way of life. However in an imaginary scenario, since, the events depicted in the movie are traced from around 1968, the question that arises is had the client’s family to a semi-urban Mid-West town or somewhere in the conservative Southern Bible belt of the late 1960s, would they face a similar reception? Would they be able to remain more comfortable in their skin? What about the real possibility of prejudice and discrimination in all walks of life? In such an instance, the social worker must use their competence to understand the challenges of poverty, unemployment, discrimination, and other forms of social injustice faced by their clients and strive to ensure such clients get meaningful access to information, services, and resources to create equality of opportunity with adequate sensitivity of oppression (NASW, 2010). Research and Practice For research and practice purposes, it may be assumed that the clients (Ganguly family) could have sought direct assistance from aid workers about any of the above problems. In such a case, social workers would do good by increasing their competence in the following areas: 1. Promoting and evaluating policies contributing to their growth of knowledge about problems faced by social-ethnic minorities (NASW, 2010). 2. Ensuring the anonymity of participants and never disclosing their identity (NASW, 2010). 3. Social workers should educate themselves, their students, and their colleagues about responsible research practices (NASW, 2010). References Lahiri, J., 2004, The Namesake, Houghton Miffin Harcourt, 187. Greene, R.R., Cohen, H.L., Gonzalez, J., and Lee, Y., 2009, Narratives of Social and Economic Justice, NASW Press, 49, 56, 70, 91 NASW Code, 2010, The Code of Ethics, Web.

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: Organizations, more than ever, need to develop ways and means under which to survive in the competitive business environment that exists in this day and age. With the advancement of globalization, the running of organizations has become even more complex. This highlights the need for revising and reviewing the practicability of existing organizational theories.Organizational theory is the study of organizational designs and organizational structures, a relationship of organizations with their external environment and the behavior of managers and technocrats within organizations.

Organizations, more than ever, need to develop ways and means under which to survive in the competitive business environment that exists in this day and age. With the advancement of globalization, the running of organizations has become even more complex. This highlights the need for revising and reviewing the practicability of existing organizational theories. Organizational theory is the study of organizational designs and organizational structures, a relationship of organizations with their external environment and the behavior of managers and technocrats within organizations.

“A Very Short Fairly Interesting and Reasonably Cheap Book About Studying Organisations” by C. Grey Essay Introduction Organizations, more than ever, need to develop ways and means under which to survive in the competitive business environment that exists in this day and age. With the advancement of globalization, the running of organizations has become even more complex. This highlights the need for revising and reviewing the practicability of existing organizational theories. According to Price, the study of organizations draws on four major disciplines namely: economics, psychology, sociology, and system theory. According to businessdictionary.com, organizational theory can be defined as the study of organizational designs and organizational structures, a relationship of organizations with their external environment and the behavior of managers and technocrats within organizations. The business dictionary also specifies that organizational theory suggests ways in which an organization can use to cope with rapid change (businessdictionary.com). Why do organizations continue to commit the same mistakes again and again? Although organizations are viewed as complex and their management challenging, Christopher Grey puts forth various factors that lead to organizations committing similar mistakes repeatedly. In agreement with Grey, Alan’s presentation of Thompson and McHugh’s approach of ‘management plus psychology’ does not work because there is no room for it in the real world. He points out that the biggest drawback to this approach is its tendency to sketch out generalizations to which all organizations are then expected to fit (Price, hrmguide.co.uk). First, Christopher Grey argues out the differences between theory and practice. He states that the fact that a theory can be laid down in regard to organizational structures and control, does not mean that the theory will become successful upon implementation. As per his view, the theory is different from practical application. This, to him, leads to managers and human resource departments committing the same mistakes again and again. However, he points out that practice can never exist without laid down theories (pg 47). Grey also states categorically that many studies and research work into organizational theory at the present are merely repetitions of earlier studies. This means that at present, theories only recycle the mistakes of the past since their structures and implementation processes borrow from the past. Grey also notes the fact that there exists a disjuncture between the formal and informal organizations whereby the formal organization of rules, procedures and what is meant to happen is not the same as the organization itself. He argues further on this point that the organization itself includes what actually happens and this could mean a less efficient bureaucracy (Pg 52). Grey also says that due to the fact that in an organization the behaviors of individuals depend on their personal choices regardless of the rules, a perfect machine-like organization is practically impossible and can be considered as a myth. This is due to the fact that the behavior of individuals is highly unpredictable and despite the amount of research done upon it, an absolute value in regard to human behavior can never be attained. This rises to a repeat of mistakes despite the formulation of organizational theories (pg 58). Christopher Grey notes the existence of a disjuncture due to the added complexity brought about by the fact that people will behave differently precisely because of the predictions that are made about them. He further tries to explain this by noting that if a prediction is made about the behavior of a natural object, it may or may not come true depending on how well-founded the predictions are though the outcome will not be affected by the predictions made. This may lead to a set of erroneous management performances by an organization making a repeat of mistakes with time (pg 88). However, according to his further views which Daft concurs with, assumptions about people can have strange effects on their behavior and lead to commitment of errors in their performance or making them purportedly repeat errors in their workplaces. Thus his reasoning on this matter can be as well summarized and concluded that performance is not absolute in its nature (Grey pg 89, Daft pg 65). Grey also tries to shed light on the effects of organizational theory by highlighting an example of the effects of Taylorism. Taylorism was a management theory propelled by Frederick Taylor and it based its arguments on compensation as per the amount of work done in a given amount of time. Taylorism brought about a breed of powerful managers and resulted in serious conflict amongst the workers and in organizational settings (pg 24). According to Grey, this theory was directly responsible for strikes by workers and workers resigning on a massive scale from their jobs (pg 28). Taylorism also brought with it the problems of unemployment and hostility at the workplace. It also led to high staff turnover, absenteeism, sabotage by workers and low commitment leading to low quality in work output. These mistakes would have been avoided had this theory not been implemented (pg 32). Grey faults the management principles of Taylor and Ford by claiming that they embody formal rationality and continue to define partially and substantially management to the present day. He argues that the basic idea of the rationality of means as the sole focus of managerial concern and the ideology of formal rationality in the managerial process has endured with time (pg 38). In regard to human relationship theories, Grey argues that people are not machines and thus cannot be treated as such as some organizational theories advocate for. He states that the organizations that treat their manpower as machines are bound to repeat many past errors, unlike organizations that apply the humanitarian approach to their workforce (pg 46). What does this say about organizational theory? As much as the world today recommends and utilizes organizational theories, Grey’s arguments tend to imply that these sets of theories are not perfect, can not be wholly trusted and have their individual limits. From Grey’s perspective, organizational theories can thus not be wholly relied upon during the management processes (pg 112). Indeed, Richard (pg 57) tends to support this view when he states that organizational theory is a set of complex scientific processes that may not achieve the desired results if not properly designed and implemented. Secondly, Grey’s argument points to the fact that organizational theory independently is not an absolute solution to management problems and maybe a recipe for organizations to generate more organizational problems as in the case of Taylorism. Therefore, before an organization implements any theories, it is imperative that proper groundwork and research be done to ascertain the success or failure that will arise from the implementation. This also points to the fact that an organizational theory is difficult to implement and sometimes may be implemented in the wrong way leading to managerial disasters (McAlurly, Duberly & Phil pg 77). Grey also tries to argue his point that it is difficult to develop an agreeable and reasonable organizational theory. A theory might not be accepted by either the management or the workforce and this will lead its implementation into a ditch making chances of its success to be highly limited (Grey pg 138). Also, for an organizational theory to be termed as a success during the implementation phase, workers should be involved in its inception and their desires should be included in such theories to enable them to develop a positive attitude towards the theory when it is taken into practice (Jones & Munro pg 124). Conclusion From the above arguments, it can be concluded that as much as organizations try to invest in the development of theories, many factors will determine the success or failure of an organizational theory and whether it will be the source of continued mistakes within the organization. Wrong theories being implemented leads to wrong actions which in turn lead to a downturn in the general performance of an organization. It is therefore imperative that for errors to be prevented and mistakes avoided, theories should be scrutinized wholly to ensure that they conform and complement the strategies of an organization (Hatch, pg 212). The theories applied to how organizations should be run have been demonstrated as not remaining static over time, rather undergoing a slow but constant metamorphosis that reflects the constant change in the work environment that parallel societal, cultural and industrial changes. Grey is right in pointing out that no single theory can adequately cover for a particular organization because each organization has its own unique dynamics; thus, instead of those in charge working at getting their organization to fit into a particular theory, they should do the reverse and see how a theory can best fit into the running of an already existing institution. Finally, the whole essay can be summarized through the words of Thompson and McHugh who state that “it is not meant to treat organizations as scout troops and trans-national companies within the same analytical framework because this in the past, has resulted in a massive – but vague and over-theoretical – body of literature with little practical value.” Alan (1997-2003). Works Cited Price Alan. ‘organization theory’. hrmguide.co.uk. n.d. Web. 2010. Businessdictionary.com. ‘Definitions’ n.d. web. 2010. Daft Richard L. Organizational Theory and Design . MA: Cengage Learning Center, 2008 Grey Christopher. A Very Short Fairly Interesting and Reasonably Cheap Book about Studying organizations. London: Sage Publications Ltd, 2005 Hatch Reuben. ‘What is organizational Theory?’ n.d. web.2010. Jones Campbell and Munro Rolland. Contemporary organization Theory. U.K: Blackwell Publishing, 2005 McAuley John, Duberley Joanne and Johnson Phil. Organization Theory: Challenges and Perspectives . Prentice Hall :NJ 2007 Woodward, Joan. Industrial-organizational Theory and Practice. London: Oxford University Press. 1965

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Write the full essay for the following summary: The essay discusses how A&F made a strategic decision to improve the all-round customer experience, which included improving communication within the system. The use of strategic approach can support the process of communications that take place within the system.

The essay discusses how A&F made a strategic decision to improve the all-round customer experience, which included improving communication within the system. The use of strategic approach can support the process of communications that take place within the system.

Abercrombie & Fitch Strategic Management Report Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Environmental threats 3. Opportunities of A&F 4. Organizational strengths 5. Weaknesses 6. Future direction 7. References Introduction The global economic crisis negatively affected the current situation in the fashion industry. The primary objective that has been met was a chance to change the customer’s habits of the people. As a result of this tendency, all the consumers showed the tendency to reduce their purchasing power. Today, this tendency is true even for the wealthiest group of world population. As a result of the deep changes, many consumers are quickly adapting to the demands of the new world. Many world brands are keeping a relatively low profile of their work. Environmental threats The decline in Trendy Apparel industry is reasoned by the customer’s unwillingness to buy goods from the leading brands. The crisis is reasoned by the fact that cheaper items have conquered a larger chunk of the mass market. As a result of these changes, the young people with a low-income background show the tendency to spend less money on designer labels than they did during the previous times. Rising unemployment, credit squeeze and plummeting home budgets negatively affected the fashion industry. It means that the companies are not very quick to announcing their economic figures. As a result of the world crisis, many consumers decided to toughen their budget. As a result of the crisis, the customers decided to limit their spending on such goods as apparels and fashion accessories. The impending changes pushed many companies to search for new ways of solving their credit problems (Armstrong and Kotler 54). Opportunities of A&F During the recent times, A&F made a strategic decision to improve the all-round customer experience. The improvement of customer expertise helped the company to find a solution to the problems of quick access to delivery and collection of information. The customers were also given a chance to arrange ad hoc deliveries and collections with the drivers. The specific thing about the new methods of service delivery is that it enables the customers to arrange matters while the products remain to be in the process of delivery. Taking this measure enables the customers to handle customer requests at short notice. The main objective for which the system has been designed is meeting the needs of ‘hub and spoke’ business model. The main feature of the system is that the drivers have the ability to log delivery information on consignments. Information logging is usually accomplished with the help pf Symbol’s handheld computer (Dobson and Starkey 22). Organizational strengths The use of strategic approach can support the process of communications that take place within the system. As for the process of parcel barcodes, this process enables people to capture the recipient’s signature digitally confirms proof of delivery. Technological innovations and creativity in production can be regarded as business philosophy of A&F. Unique technology management employed by Pepper’s is aimed to coordinate production process with all levels of the organizational structure including their interaction and performance. The balance of authority has undoubtedly shifted to traditional management who now has more selection over how it conducts relations with their workers and process. Innovation in production technologies and computerized system of supply chain is the main opportunity for A&F. It needs innovative assembly lines in order to increase volumes of sales, and storage capacity. Internet is another toll which can help A&F to reach its potential buyers without additional spending on promotion and advertising (Drejer 87). Weaknesses Many big names in the Trendy Apparel industry face the need to solve their financial problems. As a result of these changes many participants of the fashion market are facing huge problems. Many of the companies are marked by the negative attitude to fashion industry. This measure is taken in order to help companies to handle their finances (Drejer 132). The case of A&F shows that whether the firm provides, visualizing how value will be provided, how this will afford the firm a competitive advantage relative to its rivals, and constantly seeking to enhance the value concept, are critical to its continued success Future direction Just to summarize the main points that have been covered in this paper, I would like to say that the economic downturn has made competition for businesses really deep and hot. As a result of these changes some of the better apparel lines have proved to be discounted. A specific feature of the process is the soaring of prices. The decrease in sales pushed many companies to cut down their expenditures. Cutting down the price was widely criticized by the owners of luxury business since this measure threatens to reduce a luxury brand’s reputation. The problem may bring catastrophic results in the long run. Rethinking the company’s strategy seems to be the only way out of the problem. Taking this measure can help the companies to improve their performance at the market. According to the recent research results, sales performances of the group are mixed across regions. Effective structure and technological solutions applied in value chain process allow companies to compete on the global scale and deliver superior quality of products and services. In product businesses conceptualization is indispensable to achieving high levels of value. References Armstrong, Gary., Kotler, Philip. Principles of Marketing . Prentice Hall; 11th edition, 2005. Dobson, Paul., Starkey, Ken. The Strategic Management: Issues and Cases . Blackwell Publishing, 2004. Drejer, Anders. Strategic Management and Core Competencies: Theory and Application . Quorum Books, 2002.

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: In March of 1776, the American colonies were ready to declare their independence from the British crown on the basis of what they asserted were universal and intrinsic rights. At the same moment, 51% of the free population existed without much legal identity. The colonies, for the most part, mirrored British common law, under which single adult women had a few rights (owning property, entering contracts, bringing lawsuits), and married women had almost none. Furthermore, living conditions were physically uncomfortable for women

In March of 1776, the American colonies were ready to declare their independence from the British crown on the basis of what they asserted were universal and intrinsic rights. At the same moment, 51% of the free population existed without much legal identity. The colonies, for the most part, mirrored British common law, under which single adult women had a few rights (owning property, entering contracts, bringing lawsuits), and married women had almost none. Furthermore, living conditions were physically uncomfortable for women

Abigail Adams’ Views on Republican Motherhood Essay In March of 1776, the American colonies were ready to declare their independence from the British crown on the basis of what they asserted were universal and intrinsic rights. At the same moment, 51% of the free population existed without much legal identity. The colonies, for the most part, mirrored British common law, under which single adult women had a few rights (owning property, entering contracts, bringing lawsuits), and married women had almost none. Furthermore, living conditions were physically uncomfortable for women. As if all this were not enough, the years before and during the conflict with England were economically and logistically difficult, and much was asked of women colonists. In light of all this, was Abigail Adams revolutionary in her request, to her husband, that he “remember the ladies” (Adams)? Well, yes. Her request was in complete opposition to the prevailing laws noted above. At a time when women were giving more than even the usual service to their families, and when some would soon literally risk their lives (Deborah Sampson) (Bois), she was asking that women’s existence be made more livable in the future. The specific context in which she is pleading is marriage, a status of life that was bulwarked from change by both religion and the law. She was also calling a spade a spade. At a time when the word “tyranny” was in regular use by the revolutionaries to describe the British king, she was applying that odious term to the habitual tendencies of men to abuse their power over women. She even threatened that if women were not party to the laws that governed them, they would have no obligation or inclination to abide by them. This was, of course, exactly the complaint that the colonists urged against the Crown, and that was certainly revolutionary! The evidence that she was igniting a firecracker is that her husband responded with a degree of derision that seems a bit frantic. After listing all the other groups which the colonists’ actions have been accused of stirring up and making restless, he writes “But your letter was the first intimation that another tribe, more numerous and powerful than all the rest, were grown discontented. He goes on to hope that Washington’s army would fight against such “petticoat despotism”. Although he calls her “saucy”, his nervous response, and his description of women as a “tribe more numerous and powerful” shows how scary and revolutionary the thought of women’s rights seemed at that time. He ends his letter by noting again the relationship between unrest occurring among the servant class, and women’s efforts to obtain their rights. It sounds as though he had been listening; not happily, but listening nonetheless, to his wife’s reminder of the claims of women, in her March letter (Private letter from Abigail Adams to her husband, John Adams, March 31, 1776) A few months later, John Adams muses about the equivalence of women, children, and men of no property, in terms of their judgement, and, it seems, although he does not explicitly state this, their vulnerability to undue influence from men of property (Letter from John Adams to John Sullivan, May 26 1776). Ranged against her argument were ingrained beliefs that women were so consumed with child bearing and rearing that, like minor age children, they could not think clearly enough to vote or make other decisions on their own. And there was no animosity in this point of view. In his subsequent contemplation of this issue, John Adams compares women to children, but clearly does not have a scornful attitude towards women; instead, more of a complacent condescension (Letter from John Adams to John Sullivan, May 26 1776). She was asking for (and even threatening) an overthrow of the natural order of things. However, Abigail was on track to be a prime Republican mother in another several years. Republican motherhood was a post-Revolutionary term (Kupfer). In the early Federal period, women were exhorted to make sure that all their children were fully conversant with civic concepts and expectations, to rear up a generation of civic heroes (male), fitted to lead the fledgling republic, and to correct the failings of their husbands. This involved making sure that all the children were literate, numerate, and that they had a grasp of history. In a bitter irony, in the aftermath of the war, women were deprived of even the handful of advances that had been made thus far. By the turn of century, even those states which had experimented with women’s suffrage had given rescinded it. This notion of bearing the leaders of the future seems to modern ears like a sop, a distraction to keep women from agitating seriously for substantive change. However, as a result, women such as Abigail Adams were given encouragement by to thoroughly educate their daughters (and sons), and instill in them a sense of the importance of the individual in maintaining the freedoms for which their fathers had literally given their lives. The excuse was that an enlightened citizenry would safeguard the new republic. Abigail Adams was a type specimen of this sort of mother of the Republic, whether consciously or not. She supported the cause, she educated her brood, and she had no hesitation in letting her husband know if she thought he was being a prat, and then correcting him. Abigail Adams may have felt deep disappointment that greater advances were not made in tangible rights for women in her lifetime. However, she had certainly developed an independence of thought and autonomy during the weary years when she was managing the household and the home-front amidst the chaos of war. In any case, she applied the lessons she had learned in the Revolutionary period to the education of her own children, making lemonade out of lemons. Her care and oversight of her children is evident throughout her correspondence. The emphasis of this idea of Republican Motherhood on literacy and an informed populace served the country well, and may be at least in part why we have reasonably good education in the USA. Mrs. Adams was not afraid to speak her mind to her husband, and her admonition to him clearly set him thinking about the issue of women’s role and rights. It may not have borne fruit until 144 years later, but there was progress eventually. Yes, she was a revolutionary. She was also pragmatic. She went along with the notion of Republican Motherhood in her own family, and admirably discharged the responsibility of providing well-prepared citizens for the next generation. It may have been a bone tossed to women to keep them quiet, but at least it had good results. We may owe to the impetus of that dubious movement the development of our co-ed schools and colleges. Works Cited Adams, Abigail. Private letter to John Adams, 1776. Ed. Elizabeth J. Kates. 2010. Bois, Danuta. Margaret Corbin. 1997. Web. Deborah Sampson. 2010. Web. Kupfer, Sharon. Literacy, Republican Motherhood, and the Women’s Movement in the Rare Book Room. 2010. Web. Letter from John Adams to John Sullivan, 1776. Web. Mercy Otis Warren. 2010. Web. Pre-Civil War Reform. Ed. S. Mintz. 2007. Web. Private letter from Abigail Adams to her husband, John Adams, 1776. Web. The Involvement of “The Ladies”. 2010.Web. Women’s History in America. 2010. Web.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: The definition of ethnicity and social class according to Anyon Jean.Ethnicity refers to a particular group that has common characteristics and such characteristics include language, origin, religion, culture as well as ancestry. This is an issue of historical as well as biological fact and can not be altered by the culture in which an individual is brought up or grows up in. Social class refers to the group of individuals that belong to the same economic, social or even educational status.

The definition of ethnicity and social class according to Anyon Jean. Ethnicity refers to a particular group that has common characteristics and such characteristics include language, origin, religion, culture as well as ancestry. This is an issue of historical as well as biological fact and can not be altered by the culture in which an individual is brought up or grows up in. Social class refers to the group of individuals that belong to the same economic, social or even educational status.

Aboriginal Peoples Studies: School and Work Essay Definition of ethnicity and social class Ethnicity refers to a particular group that has common characteristics and such characteristics include language, origin, religion, culture as well as ancestry. This is an issue of historical as well as biological fact and can not be altered by the culture in which an individual is brought up or grows up in. Talking about culture, this refers to what individuals develop to make them be able to have the adaptation of their world. Such developments may involve areas such as language, tools that boost prosperity, customs as well as traditions that give a definition to values and give organizations to social interactions, the religious beliefs among others. Culture plays a major role in determining the beliefs and practices that turn out to be associated with a particular ethnic group and offers its unique identity. Identity can either be personal identity, ethnic identity or social identity. On the other hand, the social class refers to the group of individuals that belong to the same economic, social or even educational status. Anyon Jean classifies these groups as the working class, middle class, and upper class. The working class mostly consists of those people who are involved in unskilled work. The middle class is a wider category in which we have the lower middle class and the upper middle class. This class consists of individuals ranging from those who have well paying jobs to those engaged in white collar jobs. The upper class consists of the top executives in multinational corporations among other elites. Anyon uses the idea of the social class to carry out an investigation in schools. The schools investigated are of different levels and the differences in levels are determined on the basis of the social class in which the parents belong (Anyon 1). Summary of the Report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples According to this report, the Aboriginal peoples are among the poorest people in Canada. About half of the total number of children either living on reserve or off-reserve live in abject poverty. Basing on the census of 1991, over 60 percent of families especially in Regina, Saskatoon, and Winnipeg carry on with their lives under poverty line. The main problem that brings about these people not to be able to get away from poverty is the lack of formal education. Most of the Aboriginal children are faced with unemployment. Many of them regard going to school to be futile as there is a belief among them that the job prospects for them are very minimal. What the Aboriginal children have gone through while in the residential school structure has made a contribution to dissatisfaction with formal education chances. These children were taught in an education system that was well suited for the white than the Aboriginal children. Give regard to the different styles of teaching as well as learning of the Aboriginal peoples. Most of the parents of these children who went through negative experience while in the formal school system and this turns out to be the reason as to why they are not very much willing to pressurize their children to go and pursue higher education. The children in the First Nations from those families that are isolated who my want to go to high school in most cases have to go away from reserve leaving their families behind. Consequently, after doing this, it is very much harder for some of the children to go back home in order to produce a bridge between the gaps of the worlds. In conclusion, the obstacles to education do not just make it harder for the Aboriginal peoples to get away from the “welfare cycle” but as well hamper economic development among the Aboriginal communities. Most of these people do not possess the expertise to come up with strategic plans that can be effectual for economic development of their communities (Anon. Highlights from the report of the royal commission on Aboriginal peoples 22). Position of family and school in supporting children’s development There was the opening of what would turn out to be a network of residential schools in the year 1849. This was for the Aboriginal children and this was done in Alderville, Ontario. At this point, the government together with the church had concluded that from their view the problem of Aboriginal independence could be offered a solution by taking the Aboriginal children away from families and going to instill the ways of the prevailing society in the course of about eight years of residential education away from home. These residential schools did a lot of harm. The children, who were very young, as young as six years of age, were taken away from their families for a period of ten months per year or for even a longer period of time in a year. These children were banned from speaking the only languages they were aware of. More so, the children were taught to refuse the homes they belonged to as well as their heritage and worse enough, they were even taught to reject themselves. Among the children, many of them were subjected to physical withdrawal and even some of them went through abuse. The removal of children from their families was among the major disruptions. The children who are taken away from their families are detached from their roots and get along with their life without having any idea of what it means to be a First Nation member. Yet they are separated from their new families as well as their new communities by noticeable difference and in most cases caused to experience shame about their origins while their original communities and extended families to which they belong are snatched a portion of the generation that has to follow. Anyon’s article * Anyon’s definition of the social class centralizes on the idea of the level of income that is dependent on the kind of job one does. She classifies the schools on the basis of the nature of the work and the level of income the parents of the stands have. She classifies schools in five major categories. The first category is classified as the working class schools and most of the parents here have bleu-collar jobs. In this category, a third or less of the parents are involved in skilled jobs and remaining portion are involved in either semi-skilled or unskilled jobs. The second category of the middle class in which there is a small group of those engaged in blue-collar jobs who are skilled and the well-paid workers like the printers, construction workers among others. This category consists of people having middle class white-collar-jobs. The third category consists of people who are in the upper middle-class who are predominantly professional. Such people include corporate lawyers, executives in advertising interior designers, among other professionals. The last category consists of people who are in the upper class. This class consists of people who are of the capitalist class who include the top executives in major multinational corporations. * Anyon suggests that schools are organized to produce students with different characteristics suitable for jobs at different social class levels. Some educators have argued that only do schools bring about certain outcomes in students, but variations among students in terms of social class bring about certain institutional arrangements in schools. According to Anyon’s suggestion the fifth-graders of varied economic backgrounds are by now being trained to take on particular rungs in the social; set-up. Among the schools, there are those that are of the students whose parents of the high social classes and these students are being prepared to become future professionals in such fields as medicine, law, and the business field. According to her investigations, she found that the level at which the students are prepared to occupy particular positions is dependent on the social status of the parents for the students in the schools. The level of preparation of the students increases as one move towards the higher level of the social class. This implies that schools in the communities that are rich are in better positions to prepare students than those that are found in relatively poor communities. The schools in wealthy communities prepare students for the jobs that are more desirable. However, the differences in schools do not lie so much in the resources in terms of methods of teaching or the education philosophies but in the level of the commitment of the teachers to produce the students to fit in different positions of jobs at different levels of status. As one moves up the social ladder there is a tendency for the schools having the possibility to design systems that can enable to accommodate the students of a particular social ladder. For instance, those schools having students coming from very rich families are aware that the parents have the expectations to have their children to acquire an education of high quality in order for them to come and fit in the status they are used to. * The findings of Anyon in her investigation might have been affected by the style of individual teachers. For instance, different teachers have varied styles of teaching. A teacher might be able to maintain his or her teaching style regardless whichever the school in terms of social status of the parents. More so, among the schools that have the students whose parents are of high class, the teachers might have changed their style of teaching only just because they are under investigation and this might not be the normal true picture in the usual activities during which no investigation is going on. Anyon found that there is a likelihood of the existence of the process of teaching students that is tailored differently for separate social classes in what she refers to as a hidden curriculum. However, all of these schools, regardless of the social classes, all the schools train the students in order to fit in society. All the schools do not actually have their all their students succeeding but what is noticeable is that all the students after going through the school end up being better people academically than at the time they were joining the school. Works Cited Anon. “Highlights from the report of the royal commission on Aboriginal peoples.” Indian and Northern Affairs Canada . 2010. Web. Anyon, Jean. “Social class and hidden curriculum of work.” Journal of education Vol. 162, no.1 , fall 1980. Web.

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Write an essay about: The paper looks at the role of the Aboriginal Peoples Television Network in the aboriginal communities. APTN is a cable and broadcasting television network in Canada that focuses on aboriginal communities. Canadian aboriginal people are the indigenous people of Canada. This paper will look at the role of the Aboriginal Peoples Television Network in the aboriginal communities.

The paper looks at the role of the Aboriginal Peoples Television Network in the aboriginal communities. APTN is a cable and broadcasting television network in Canada that focuses on aboriginal communities. Canadian aboriginal people are the indigenous people of Canada. This paper will look at the role of the Aboriginal Peoples Television Network in the aboriginal communities.

Aboriginal Peoples Television Network in Canada Essay What is/has been the role of APTN in aboriginal communities? 1. APTN which stands for Aboriginal Peoples Television Network is a cable and broadcasting television network in Canada that focuses on aboriginal communities. Canadian aboriginal people are the indigenous people of Canada. This paper will look at the role of the Aboriginal Peoples Television Network in the aboriginal communities. 1. 2. APTN describes itself as the first aboriginal television channel formed by the aboriginal people, for aboriginal people, and about the aboriginal people. However, they also add that they would like to share this experience with other Canadians and the rest of the audiences worldwide. It is true that there is no other 100% aboriginal T.V station in the world. The company’s headquarters are based in Winnipeg Canada. The company is privately owned and just like another broadcasting company derives its revenue through such means as advertising revenues models, affiliation models, and strategic partnerships. APTN was launched on 1 st September 1999. The company was originally formed as TVNC (Television Northern Canada) in the late 1980s; TVNC was formed after the recognition of the need for mass media for the northern aboriginal people. The company was partly funded by the government in its formation through a grant. Currently, the station can be received all over Canada. 1. 3. Who are the aboriginal people of Canada? The term aboriginal people refers to people are have lived in a place (country and region) since the earliest known time. The term aboriginal is a synonym for the word indigenous. The Aboriginal people in Canada are made up of the Métis, the Inuit, and the so-called First Nations. The Métis are people of mixed (Indian and white) ancestral origin, the Inuit indigenous Indian people who mostly live in the arctic while the First Nations are indigenous people who are neither Métis nor Inuit. These three groups are officially recognized by section 35 of the 1982 Canadian constitution as the aboriginal people of Canada (Health Council of Canada, chap 3). According to the 1991 census, 3.7 % of the total population of Canada reported some Aboriginal origins, in 1986 only 2.8% had aboriginal origins (statcan.gc.ca par 1). So what role has APTN played in the aboriginal communities? One major role that APTN has played is the support of the aboriginal culture. With the constant depredation of cultures across the world, cultural features especially languages are slowly becoming extinct. With this realization bodies such as the United Nations have been advocating measures to ensure that will facilitate cultural survivability. In Canada, these efforts are ahead because, for one, the TVNC (now the APTN) has been in existence for over 18 years now. The station airs a large proportion of indigenous programs in the native languages. 28% of broadcast content is in a variety of Aboriginal languages including Inuktitut, Cree, Inuinaqtuun, Ojibway, Inuvialuktun, Mohawk, Dene, Gwich’in, Miqma’aq, Slavey, Dogrib, Chipewyan, Tlingit and Mechif (aptn par 10). This facilitates the preservation of indigenous culture in Canada. Other measures have recently been instituted to acknowledge and encourage the use of indigenous languages such as teaching them in schools. APTN has also been a source of entertainment to the aboriginal people (it has done this for other Canadian people as well). The television station has been broadcasting a high proportion of entertainment programming, In fact, the large proportion of APTN programs schedule (in terms of hours) is made up of entertainment programming. The TV channel offers children’s programming such as Tipi Tales, Bizoi and the Wolf, this month and the coming months, the TV station will be offering a movie every day at 9 pm daily, some of the movies featured in the month of march include; The Gift, Shadow Hunter, The Sixth Sign and Bearwalker (aptn.ca). Furthermore, ATPN also provides entertainment that is tailored for aboriginal people. Entertainment through such means as sports, music and video materials is important because of several reasons; it provides relaxation and creates pleasure for the participant(s). APTN has been and continues to act as a platform for the presentation of aboriginal issues. Just like any other community, the aboriginal people have issues and problems that relate to them. Some are general while others are particular to them. Although these issues are difficult to assess accurately, it is relatively clear that the aboriginal people are faced with some problems to a larger extent than the average Canadian. For example, research shows that the average health status of aboriginal people is below that of the other Canadian people. In 2004, a report indicated that on average the life expectancy of aboriginals was lower than that of other Canadians all over the country. Their infant mortality was higher especially for Inuit people in Nuvak, and the Inuit also had an increased rate of low birth weight for their infants (Health Council of Canada par 17). Statics also indicate that aboriginals have lower education levels, earn less, have higher arrest and imprisonment rates, and have higher unemployment levels. ATPN provides an avenue through which these issues can be brought to the limelight. Through their in-depth and persistent coverage of these issues in their news, programs, and discussions on the web, they can get the attention of authorities and the general Canadian public. Other media organizations also cover such issues; however, since they are not specialized in aboriginal people the quantity of their reports is lower than that of ATPN. The television station has also been and continues to be a source of news and education to the aboriginal communities. For example, there are educational programs offered such as the Geographic, a documentary program that focuses on Canadian wildlife. ATPN is a source of national news and news that focuses on the aboriginal communities. APTN acts as a link between the Aboriginal people, the other Canadian people as well as the global community. People outside the aboriginal community usually have a generalized view of the aboriginal people; they will apply a cover that represents the culture and lifestyle of an aboriginal person. However, there are wide variations between the various aboriginal people as well as within one type of aboriginal group. These variations arise in areas of culture, problem areas, political inclinations, and lifestyle. APTN has been providing an insight into the different aboriginal groups through their programming. The station has also been providing a platform for aboriginal people. Firstly, since its formation, the company has been a source of employment for many aboriginal producers, reporters, editors, and news anchors. More than three-quarters of the current 300 member staff are aboriginal and last year (2009), APTN was named as a Manitoba Top Employer (aptn par 1). By providing a medium through which the aboriginal content such as music, TV programs and art can be relayed to the masses the APTN achieves several purposes; it gives these people exposure to the external world and thus creating a market for them and It also helps create aboriginal personalities who can latter move into worldwide arenas such as Hollywood. The station also presents content from other aboriginal communities from various parts of the world such as New Zealand, Australia, The United States and South America. The company also sponsors aboriginal related activities and occasions. For example this year it is teaming up with The Regina Leader-Post and the Saskatoon StarPhoenix together with other partners to sponsor the National Aboriginal Achievement Awards. Conclusion The aboriginal people in Canada consist of the Métis, the Intuits and the First Nations. APTN (Aboriginal People Television Network) is a national television station that focuses on aboriginal issues. The company was initially formed as TVNC (Television Northern Canada) in 1992 before being renamed APTN in 1999. In its history and even now, APTN has played a number of roles for the Canadian aboriginal communities. It has provided a bigger avenue through which aboriginal issues can be expressed. It has been a source of news and education particularly for aboriginal people. Thirdly, it has been providing entertainment services to aboriginal people. The station has also been linking the aboriginal (Canadian aborigines and other aborigines) people with the other non-aboriginal people in Canada and over the world. Finally the station provides a platform for aboriginal talent and skills to be exposed to the market. Works Cited aptn. “aptn movies”. n.d. 28.03. 2010. Web. aptn. “Milestones; key events in APTN’s history from 2009 back to 1978.” n.d. Web. Global Television, APTN and Regina Leader-Post and Saskatoon StarPhoenix major media partners for the 2010 National Aboriginal Achievement Awards’ ” n.d. Web. Health Council of Canada. “The health status of Canada’s first nations, Métis and Inuit people” 2005. Web. Statcan. 2001 Census Consultation Guide: Aboriginal Peoples Recent Trends. Web.

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Write an essay about: In this essay, the author discusses the importance of educating girls and how it affects gender equality.Providing all girls with high-quality education expands their worldview, prepares them for adult life, and opens up the possibility of equal employment. If women have the same employment opportunities as men, they can not only have successful jobs but also participate in politics, amend laws, and bring diversity to the way the world is building.

In this essay, the author discusses the importance of educating girls and how it affects gender equality. Providing all girls with high-quality education expands their worldview, prepares them for adult life, and opens up the possibility of equal employment. If women have the same employment opportunities as men, they can not only have successful jobs but also participate in politics, amend laws, and bring diversity to the way the world is building.

SDGs – Equality Education and Gender Equality Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Equality Education and Gender Equality: Overview 3. Gender Stereotypes 4. The Importance of Educating Girls 5. Conclusion 6. References 7. Appendix A Introduction In 2015 United Nations General Assembly Summit adopted seventeen Sustainable Development Goals, which aim at achieving peace and prosperity for humankind and the whole planet. Two of those seventeen goals are quality education and gender equality. Quality education is aimed at providing equitable quality education and learning opportunities for everyone. Meanwhile, gender equality aims at ending discrimination and violence towards all girls and women and providing them with equal opportunities for life as there are for men. There is no way to say that some of the seventeen goals are more important than others; however, the ones concentrated on improving education have the power to accelerate the achievement of the others. The matters of high-quality education that can be accessed by any person regardless of their origin are the ones that should attract more attention. One of these matters is to provide equal opportunities for education for both genders since it directly affects their lives and gender equality in the future growth of society. Equality Education and Gender Equality: Overview Providing every person with equitable quality education means giving all people the opportunity to get knowledge regardless of their origin, social status, or economic conditions. Getting equal high-quality education allows people to achieve academic success, grow mentally, improve their analytical abilities and critical thinking, and open their minds. A good education can lead people to become professionals in multiple spheres that can change the world for the better. In modern society, it may be hard to accept that gender inequality is still present these days. However, being one of the SDGs shows that achieving gender equality is a common problem. While gender equality means equal rights for both genders in most cases, it refers to women because “women suffer from gender inequalities almost in most cultures” (Papa, 2020, p. 1689). Every girl and woman should be able to manage her life without being bounded, shamefaced, or afraid. Achieving gender equality and providing equitable quality education should join hands since these are coordinately important parts of common growth. Providing all girls with high-quality education expands their worldview, prepares them for adult life, and opens up the possibility of equal employment. If women have the same employment opportunities as men, they can not only have successful jobs but also participate in politics, amend laws, and bring diversity to the way the world is building. Gender Stereotypes Gender stereotypes often refer to men as strong and powerful beings, whereas women are considered weak stay-at-home cleaners and cooks. The contrast in how boys and girls are treated starts in childhood because the parents automatically differentiate between storytelling, activities, and toys. Boys are usually more allowed to play outside and are rewarded for being active, while girls are generally expected to stay inside and play games that resemble housekeeping. Under the influence of stereotypes, girls suffer from a lack of education which, eventually, “curtails women’s voice and agency in the household, at work, and in institutions” (Wodon et al., 2018, p. 2). Since women have been expected to put their entire time into improving men’s day-to-day lives, they often cannot advance themselves. The Importance of Educating Girls If stereotypes influence people, they are more likely to close their eyes to the importance of educating girls. Nine in ten girls in the world graduate from primary schools, and only three in four of them complete lower secondary education (Wodon et al., 2018). Lack of education may result in situations such as being victims of physical or mental abuse or early childbearing for girls. Statistics show that each additional year of secondary education lowers the risk of marrying as a child and unwanted pregnancy by six percentage (Wodon et al., 2018). More often than not, if a person did not get proper education, they will have a limited horizon and will not think ahead and analyze. The quality of education for girls can affect their employment and their ability to support themselves financially. Research shows that if women had at least six years of education, their average payment could grow by about 9 percent (Wodon et al., 2018). With nine years of school, the growth would be about 21 percent, and with twelve years, their earnings could increase by 44 percent (Wodon et al., 2018). With a good education, women have a larger range of jobs to choose from and the opportunity to be independent. Thus, they will not have to depend on their families and will be able to choose a life partner without concentrating on financial benefits. Another aspect of educating girls is establishing social contact, which is an essential part of nation-building. For adults, it would be easier to have healthy relationships with other people if they had friends in school, especially during tertiary education (Wodon et al., 2018). When girls are forced to leave school, their social circle decreases, thus, decreasing their range of vision and making it harder to trust people when they become adults. With no friends or people to rely on, girls and women are more likely to become victims of abuse since there is no one to help them (Wodon et al., 2018). If people do not have the opportunity to go to school, they cannot learn how to interact with others and eventually may become outcasts. Conclusion Both girls and boys have to be able to get proper education so they could become open-minded women and men of varied attainments. To bring the world to prosperity and make society healthy both physically and mentally, there cannot be a place for inequality and discrimination towards anyone. High-quality education must be accessible since it will raise the number of professionals in different spheres to help achieve Sustainable Development Goals. References Papa, R. (Ed.). (2020). Handbook on promoting social justice in education . Springer. Wodon, Q., Montenegro, C. E., Nguyen, H., & Onagoruwa, A. (2018). Missed opportunities: The high cost of not educating girls. World Bank . Web. Appendix A Some important points/ideas that might be useful in Presentation. 1. Quality education is aimed at providing equitable quality education and learning opportunities for everyone: providing learning opportunities for everyone 2. Gender equality aims at ending discrimination and violence towards all girls and women and providing them with equal opportunities for life as there are for men: ending discrimination and violence towards women 3. Provide equal opportunities for education for both genders since it directly affects their lives and gender equality in the future growth of society: equal education opportunities affect gender equality in the future growth of society 4. If women have the same employment opportunities as men, they can not only have successful jobs but also participate in politics, amend laws, and bring diversity to the way the world is building: women can participate in politics and bring diversity to the way the world is building 5. The contrast in how boys and girls are treated starts in childhood because the parents automatically differentiate between storytelling, activities, and toys: boys and girls are treated differently since early childhood 6. Since women have been expected to put their entire time into improving men’s day-to-day lives, they often cannot advance themselves: women were not given the opportunity to advance themselves 7. Lack of education may result in situations such as being victims of physical or mental abuse or early childbearing for girls: lack of education results in abuse towards women 8. With a good education, women have a larger range of jobs to choose from and the opportunity to be independent. Thus, they will not have to depend on their families and will be able to choose a life partner without concentrating on financial benefits: with a good education women have an opportunity to become financially independent 9. When girls are forced to leave school, their social circle decreases, thus, decreasing their range of vision and making it harder to trust people when they become adults: not finishing school decreases the quality of social contacts in the future 10. High-quality education must be accessible since it will raise the number of professionals in different spheres to help achieve the Sustainable Development Goals: equal education for both genders helps to achieve the SDGs

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: The essay critically examines Jackson Pollock's Sea Change from the perspectives of the medium characteristics, historical context, interpretive approaches, and biographical impact.

The essay critically examines Jackson Pollock's Sea Change from the perspectives of the medium characteristics, historical context, interpretive approaches, and biographical impact.

“Sea Change” by Jackson Pollock at the Seattle Art Museum Essay (Critical Writing) Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Artwork Identification 3. Analysis of Visual Elements and Design Principles 4. Contextual Analysis of the Artwork 5. Interpretation of the Painting 6. Evaluation and Conclusion 7. References Introduction Numerous museums across the USA present a massive volume of artistic works illustrating the development of art both domestically and globally. In particular, the Seattle Art Museum is a well-known reputable institution that owns and displays multiple prominent works of earlier historical periods and modernity. The building of the museum, its exterior, and interior strike a visitor with grand structures, unconventional designs, and space. Being submerged into the atmosphere of light and spacious halls of the museum, one is instantly exposed to an aesthetic experience. One of the most prominent works presented in the Seattle Art Museum is Jackson Pollock Sea Change paint. The story that connects the painting to the museum is fascinating. It presents an important decision of key stakeholders that enabled the only Pollock’s painting in Washington State to be stored in the Seattle Art Museum (Seattle Art Museum, 2014). In 1958, this piece was donated to the Seattle Art Museum by an art dealer and patron, Peggy Guggenheim, the person who launched Pollock’s career in the 1940s (“Sea Change,” 2021). The painting impresses the viewer with its multiple physical and conceptual levels that align with Pollock’s style and trigger spectators’ reflection. The present paper aims at critically analyse Sea Change by Jackson Pollock from the perspectives of the medium characteristics, historical context, interpretive approaches, and biographical impact. Artwork Identification The analyzed artwork title Sea Change was created by an American abstract expressionist Jackson Pollock in 1947. The medium of this artwork is a painting created using oil paint, with gravel, on canvas. The dimensions of the painting are 57 7/8 x 44 1/8 in. (147 x 112.1 cm) (“Sea Change,” 2021). The painting does not present a comprehensive visual matter such as an object, a landscape, or a figure. Instead, the artist uses abstract expressionist te4chniques to layer multiple colors of paint on the canvas. The analysts and interpreters of Pollock’s work at the Seattle Art Museum emphasize that the painting was created in two stages. Firstly, Pollock applied colorful paints of the canvas using conventional brush technique with canvas in a vertical position. It is seen that light-blue and salmon-red colors are dominating in the background (Seattle Art Museum, 2014). After that, the artist applied his style-indicating technique of dripping paint in motion with canvas placed on the floor. The colors of the thickly applied lines and curves on the surfaces of the first payer of the painting are black and dark brown. In addition, the black and dark-blue colors are contrasted with aluminum paint that is also applied on top of the painting made with a brush and oil. A distinctive feature of the painting, which is observed in many other works of the artist, is the meticulous placement of gravel pieces into the thick dark paint (“Sea Change,” 2021). It creates texture and enhances the intentions of the artist to illustrate the unity of art with the realistic world of nature. Being a big picture, although relatively small in comparison with other prominent pieces of the artist, the painting provides viewers with an opportunity to perceive the image as a whole as well as in detail. When viewed attentively, the picture unveils the two layers of paint. The front myriad of web-like stripes and lines made in thick dark paint and gravel seems to be a veil that covers a bright and tempting picture underneath it. Analysis of Visual Elements and Design Principles Although the artist does not illustrate a matter in his painting as implied by abstractionism and expressionism, several pivotal elements of art allow the painter to reach his audience. The most important and central visual element in Sea Change is color. Indeed, the intricate interplay of bright blues, pinks, greens, oranges, and yellow on the background of the painting is obscured and contrasted with the silver, dark-brown, and black colors of the surface paint (Clyfford Still Museum, 2016). The values are created at the intersection of several colors. The elements of shape and form do not apply to this painting because it seems to reach beyond these limiting notions. Instead, the artist pursues infinity and metamorphic representation of his ideas by means of abstractionism (Opreanu, 2017). The other two key elements in the painting are space and texture. Both are implemented with unconventional techniques; they create a multilevel depth to the surface of the canvas. Two layers of paint and the adding of gravel and other objects into the paint allow for the top layer to protrude, while the bottom one is to be presented as if at a distance. In such a manner, the artist creates a sense of depth and space using two levels of paint applied in different techniques. In addition, the spatial and depth characteristics are emphasized by the texture enhanced by gravel. Finally, lines are used freely with curves and turns, which are inherent in the dripping technique dominating the painting. Straight lines and shape-like images are implied from the fragmented pieces of the background picture that might be partially seen between the surface lines. As for the principles of design that Jackson Pollock used when creating Sea Change , there are several that play a decisive role in the overall image. The most dominant one is the contrast that is achieved by combining light-silver aluminum paint with dark-brown and black. Also, the background interplay of colors is impacted by the contrast, which creates more depth and brightness of the artwork (Clyfford Still Museum, 2016). In terms of balance, there seems to be an asymmetric representation of the image with no intentional focal point. However, since the whole surface of the painting is covered with dripped paint, the overall artwork provides a sense of balance. Gradually applied layers of dark colors and the addition of gravel create an atypical sense of rhythm and movement. In particular, the movement as a design principle is implied in the strokes and paint application techniques used by Jackson Pollock. When the eye follows the intricate traces of dripped paint, it stumbles over background images that contain geometrical figures, eyes, and other vaguely noticeable details (Clyfford Still Museum, 2016). The artist seems to intentionally avoid using the principle of pattern and emphasis to encourage viewers to be free in interpreting the expressiveness of the author. Contextual Analysis of the Artwork When analyzed within the context of the overall domain of Jackson Pollock’s works, Sea Change might be characterized as a transitioning piece. Indeed, as stated on the webpage of the Seattle Art Museum, in 1947, Pollock was at the beginning of his “dripping period,” where his work is characterized by an intersection of conventional application techniques and revolutionary style-defining ones (“Sea Change,” 2021, para. 1). Nonetheless, despite the impact of the transitioning period that provided a background for such complexity in the painting, the artwork logically fits into the array of paintings created according to the abstract expressionism style. While there is no vivid connection between the painting and the social, historical, or political context, there is a particular correlation with the artist’s personality. As the author of Sea Change stated in one of his interviews, he intended to apply his dripping technique with horizontal canvas placement in combination with foreign matter used to be in the painting. In such a manner, Jackson Pollock was able to “express … feelings rather than illustrate them” (“Sea Change,” 2021, para. 5). In addition, as the title of the painting implies, the change is emphasized. Probably, the change in the style of the artist was overshadowed by the sea change that he wanted to portray in his painting. As stated by Opreanu (2017), the title of the painting was inspired by the poem written by Shakespear, where the forces of the ocean are illustrated. When placed in this context, the painting obtains a more structured interpretive perspective where the black stripes represent the surface of the water while the underlying painting is the obscured bottom of the ocean. Similarly, the gravel, glass, and other foreign matter placed on the top of the painting might represent the particles in the water as brought to the surface by a storm symbolizing change. Interpretation of the Painting I was fascinated by the painting when I first saw it. The depth and the contrast of colors create an illusion of presence, which the artist was so fond of. The obscured image in the background might symbolize the clarity of feelings and mind, while the layers of debris and a web of black lines represent the darkness of uncertainty. Since abstract expressionism is particularly involved with emotions and metaphysics, the painting appeals to the viewer’s internal experiences of self-knowledge. On the other hand, the metamorphosis implied by the word change in the title might refer to the mixture of two worlds at the intersection of transitioning from one stage to another. Again, the uncertainty and vagueness of the image reflect the reality of life where there are no direct answers, and everything is subject to interpretation. Overall, in my opinion, the painting has an educational or developmental goal in addition to the aesthetic one. In particular, despite giving a visual pleasure of observing the interplay of color, texture, and lines, Pollock encourages the viewers to engage in the process of perception and search for detail. In such a manner, one is taught to reflect and emphasize one’s insights while experiencing art. Evaluation and Conclusion Given the analysis of the multiple attributes of the piece of art, one might conclude that the painting is a complex and aesthetically pleasing work of art. While no matter is precisely depicted in full form or shape, the uniqueness of Jackson Pollock’s dripping technique in combination with a conventional oil paint application creates an illusion of uncertainty of transition or change. The artist’s intention to express his feelings was communicated to the viewers through the complexity of techniques and the interplay of color, texture, depth, and contrast. This is one of the most valuable examples of the American abstract expressionist works that possess a depth of imagery and meaning by providing viewers with aesthetic quality. References Clyfford Still Museum. (2016). Conservation of Jackson Pollock’s Sea Change at the Seattle Art Museum [Video]. YouTube. Opreanu, L. (2017). Full fathom five a whole world lies: Shakespeare, Pollock and beyond. Analele Universităţii Ovidius din Constanţa. Seria Filologie, 28 (1), 36-47. Sea Cange . (2021). The Seattle Art Museum. Web. Seattle Art Museum. (2014). Conserving Jackson Pollock’s “Sea Change” [Video]. YouTube.

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: RL is a relatively new branch of logistics sector. Therefore, it is, first and foremost, essential to define it and distinguish from traditional logistics. One of the rationales for reviewing the existing definitions is that they provide a clue to understanding the key functions of modern RL and their transformation throughout the time.RL initially was perceived as a way to enhance the principles of the green and environmentally healthy market, while the potential economic advantages were evidently underestimated. Gradually, companies would

RL is a relatively new branch of logistics sector. Therefore, it is, first and foremost, essential to define it and distinguish from traditional logistics. One of the rationales for reviewing the existing definitions is that they provide a clue to understanding the key functions of modern RL and their transformation throughout the time. RL initially was perceived as a way to enhance the principles of the green and environmentally healthy market, while the potential economic advantages were evidently underestimated. Gradually, companies would

Secondary Markets and Final Disposal of Returned Products and Materials Thesis RL is a relatively new branch of logistics sector. Therefore, it is, first and foremost, essential to define it and distinguish from traditional logistics. One of the rationales for reviewing the existing definitions is that they provide a clue to understanding the key functions of modern RL and their transformation throughout the time. Thus, according to Christiansen (2014), the first attempts to introduce the notions associated with reverse logistics date back to the 1970s when such terms as “reverse channels” and “reverse flows” would first appear in the relevant research (p. 157). Later on, in the 1980s, Murphy (1986) introduced a new concept – “reverse distribution” – that was mainly associated with transporting and warehousing operations. At that point, RL would be outlined more precisely – due to Carter and Ellram (1998), it acquired a new definition, according to which RL was interpreted as “a process whereby companies can become more environmentally efficient through recycling, reusing, and reducing the amount of materials used” (p. 85). Therefore, it might be concluded that RL was initially perceived as a way to enhance the principles of the green and environmentally healthy market, while the potential economic advantages were evidently underestimated. Gradually, companies would realize the financial prospects of RL activities, so that a more modern interpretation of RL proposed by Thierry, Salomon, Van Nunen and Van Wassenhove (1995) would align RL with minimizing the cost of product and material flows as well as raising their efficacy. This interpretation would add a new implication to the RL’s core function – this branch targeted not only to make logistics more sustainable but to reduce the disbursements and make the entire process cost-effective. Their definition is very similar to the modern interpretation of the term. Thus, nowadays, RL is regarded as a complementing element of traditional logistics that is mainly aimed at adding value to its objectives through such operations as remanufacture, recycle, and disposal (Christiansen, 2014). As a consequence, it might be concluded that RL is a set of effective tools that help to improve the quality of supply chain management (SHM) and optimize the flows of products and materials. The review of RL definitions also helps to point out the directions of the product and material flows. Hence, for instance, according to Rogers and Tibben-Lembke (2001), RL essentially implies managing the key elements of supply chain such as raw materials and finished goods “from the point of consumption to the point of origin for the purpose of recapturing or creating value or for proper disposal” (p. 132).. Yet, the definition is too general – it fails to define the particular start and finish points. Likewise, Ritchie, Burnes, Whittle and Hey (2000) are not thoroughly specific in their definition, noting that reverse logistics includes not only the process of goods delivery to target customers, but also the process of returning them to suppliers through the relevant feedback loop. Meanwhile, their definition provides some additional insights on the RL actors: the authors introduce the third element of the RL chain – feedback loops. Even though the researchers provide no clarifications regarding the point of origin or the point of consumption in the context of the modern reality, it might be assumed these points imply not only the essential consumer but secondary markets and other outlets as well. As a result, these definitions help to generate the understanding of the key destinations of the product flow and the scope of the main participants. In the modern market context, it is proposed to distinguish between different concepts of RL and the operations they imply. Thus, Blumberg (2004) suggests that there is no universal definition that can be assigned to RL. Instead, the scope of main destinations and participants depends on the type of the task performed by RL. As a result, it is essential to single out different types of RL operations such as recycling or remanufacturing, and to define the RL branch considering their specificity. RL and Associated Concepts As it might be seen from the definition review, RL is commonly associated with two other activities of a similar character: green logistics and waste management. The former association is determined by the waste reduction function, while the latter is explained by the fact that RL targets to reduce SCM operational costs. In the meantime, the notions are not completely identical so that they cannot be interchanged. Therefore, it is proposed to discuss the specificity of RL contrast to green logistics and waste management in order to avoid potential confusion. Due to the fact that RL deals with reducing waste, it is often confused with green logistics. Even though the association is well explicable, it is incorrect. Thus, as well as RL, green logistics is mainly aimed at reducing the harmful effect and making the operations more environmentally healthy. Meanwhile, these aims are accomplished within the forward logistics scope. The latter remark is particularly critical as it emphasizes the key difference between RL and green logistics that resides in the direction of the operation flow. Even though green logistics has similar implications, it is, first and foremost, associated with forward logistics. Otherwise stated, it remains within the scope of manufacturer-customer relations, while RL relates to a reversed connection. Therefore, RL is an environmentally friendly branch of logistics; however, it should not be mixed with the green logistics that relates to a forward operation flow (Christiansen, 2014). Another typical confusion is the attempt to refer to RL as to the waste management. One of the key functions of RL operations is that they help to reduce waste. Meanwhile, this is not the only specification that RL implies. The major difference between RL and the waste management is very well explained by Dekker, Fleischmann, Inderfurth, and Van Wassenhove (2013) that show that the waste management, opposite to RL, mostly manages the waste of products that have no value. RL, in its turn, is focused on processing valuable waste and, moreover, increasing its value for further reuse. Additionally, the scope of inputs in RL is much larger than that in the waste management. The former might include both new and used products and materials, whereas the latter comprises only used materials of no value. Likewise, the outputs of these operations are different. The final target of the waste management is mainly associated with reducing the adverse effect on the environment, while RL also aims to increase the economic gains. In other words, RL comprises the elements of the waste management, although it differs from the traditional waste management in terms of input and output. RL as an Integral Part of Supply Chain Management (SCM) Advantages That RL Implies for an Organization Another aspect that should be essentially elucidated is the importance of RL for SCM. As it has been previously discussed, the two main functions that RL performs reside in reducing waste and raising economic gains. As a result, there are two main drivers that explain the fact that SCM strives to adopt RL: environmental (or associated with environmental legislation) and economic. Specialists likewise point out the third driver – social factor (Christiansen, 2014). All the three factors will be further discussed in details. From the economic perspective, RL processes imply numerous advantages. Hence, for instance, the production of a completely new item is much costlier than cleaning or repacking the used product. Additionally, the RL processes are less time-consuming which means that a larger number of ready-for-use items might be potentially re-manufactured. As a result, organizations can gain a considerable competitive advantage over other market players as they can produce more products at reduced costs with the help of RL. Generally speaking, direct economic benefits that a company is likely to receive from implementing effective RL policies include reduced costs, input materials, and value added recovery (Christiansen, 2014). However, the enumerated benefits are not the only possible bonus. Thus, Dekker et al. (2013) point out that even if the company does not receive immediate gains from implementing RL strategies; it is likely to benefit from the indirect gains such as impeding legislation, green image, improved relations with key stakeholders, and strengthened market protection. Second, all the companies are required to comply with numerous environmental laws and regulation. The failure to do so might lead to crucial consequences including a complete exclusion of the company from the relevant market. Dekker et al. (2013) refer to the example of the European environmental jurisdiction that implies a large scope of “recycling quotas, packaging regulation, and manufacturing take-back responsibility” and obliges manufacturers to search for alternative ways to comply with these legislations (p. 11). RL, in its turn, assists in enhancing the company’s green image by serving to reduce the waste and the adverse effects of all the logistics activities. As a result, organizations naturally consider RL as the part of their SCM strategies. Finally, the image of any organization depends largely on the scope of responsibilities that it bears within the relevant community. Corporate citizenship might turn out to be an effective marketing tool in case it is wisely applied. The company that manages to build up a trustworthy image is more likely to push up its sales than an organization with a doubtful reputation. The trustworthy image is composed of numerous factors, and waste reduction is one of them. Therefore, an active integration of RL elements in the SCM helps to show the company’s awareness of its social obligations and duties and create a positive image among potential customers (Dekker et al., 2013). As a result, it might be concluded that RL processes are critical for a successful performance from all the perspectives: economic, environmental, and social. These perspectives are the key factors that make modern manufacturers include RL operations in their SCH strategies. Potential Barriers to RL Implementation In spite of the fact that the outcomes of RL operations are mainly positive, there are still several barriers to its implementation that organizations should essentially consider. First and foremost, while the final result will reside in reduced costs, the preparation stage might imply considerable expenses – the company will need to ensure the relevant infrastructure and equipment. Hence, the implementation of RL should be preceded by a careful budget planning. The need to make additional allocations is one of the factors that prevent many companies from adopting sustainable RL policies (Christiansen, 2014). Second, RL processes imply the participation of several parties: distributors, consumers, and second market players. The unproductive cooperation between the key participants is likely to whittle away the RL benefits. Consequently, the implementation of RL should be likewise preceded by building consistent collaboration patterns for the key stakeholders. Each RL actor should be perfectly aware of the relevant scope of duties and responsibilities (Christiansen, 2014). Lastly, the viability of RL processes depends largely on the local regulations and the costs they impose on disposal operations. Thus, Christiansen (2014) notes that low disposal costs are apt to result in company’s “shying away from adopting RL due to the lack of economic drivers” (p. 164). It is an independent barrier that cannot be eliminated. As a result, it might be concluded that there are three major barriers to implementing RL: financial, cooperative, and local. The first two barriers can be eliminated by effective risk prevention management. Thus, manufacturers need to carry out consistent budget planning and strive to build reliable and long-lasting collaboration with their RL partners. The third barrier cannot be eliminated as manufacturers are unable to affect the legislative sector. Thus, it should be tolerated as the disadvantages it implies are overweighed by the benefits the organization potentially receives through implementing RL practices. General Framework for RL Operations In order to acquire a full idea of the RL structure, it is essential to understand its general framework and the associated aspect. Thus, it is important to perform the analysis of the major reasons underpinning the need for returns, the way return processes are carried out, and the type of products that are commonly returned. Additionally, it is necessary to examine the principal participants of the RL operations. The review of these aspects will help to understand the place of RL processes in the SCM network. Return Reasons On the whole, there are two main reasons for a product to be returned. First, a product might be returned because it does not function properly. Second, it might be returned because the function it performs is no longer required by the consumer. From a different perspective, return reasons might be classified according to the relevant point of return. Thus, Dekker et al. (2013) suggest distinguishing three types of product returns: manufacturing, distribution, and customer. Manufacturing returns can be characterized as those occurring in the production phase because some of the product parts need recovery. Most commonly such returns take place when a product fails to meet the quality control requirements. Sometimes, they might occur because of the raw material surplus or production leftovers (Dekker et al., 2013). These returns occur at the very beginning of the PLC. Distribution returns, as it might be understood from the name, occur in the distribution phase. They might include product recalls that are initiated by the producer or supplier because the product fails to meet the relevant safety or health regulations. Distribution returns also include the B2B returns initiated by the customer because the product is damaged or its shelf life is shorter than it was initially proclaimed. Another type of distribution returns is stock adjustments that are commonly associated with seasonal products. Finally, there are also functional returns that refer to those products the function of which implies their eternal traveling within the PLC. These returns commonly relate to containers, distribution carriers, crates, etc. (Dekker et al., 2013). The last group of returns is customer returns. According to Dekker et al. (2013), these returns occur on the ground of warranty, service, end-of-use or end-of-life issues. Thus, guarantees enable customers to return the products shortly after their delivery or require the relevant recovery services. End-of-use returns are normally associated with returnable containers, whereas end-of-life returns occur when the product reaches its final economic phase. In most cases, returned products can be fixed and dispatched for further reuse. The figure represented below illustrates the summarized review of potential return reasons. Figure 1: “Return Reasons.” The Way Return Processes Are Carried Out RL process comprises a complex set of activities flowing one after another. First, the product is collected, i.e. the customer brings it to the recovery point. At the recovery point, the product is carefully inspected in order to assess its functional characteristics and quality parameters. After that, the recovery team decides upon the procedures required to be performed. Hence, some products might be immediately sent to the market, while others are assigned for reprocessing. The latter alternative implies various operations such as repair, remanufacturing, refurbishment, etc. A detailed analysis of these operations will be provided later while discussing the place of RL in the PLC structure. On the whole, recovery processes can be divided into two groups: direct and processed recovery. The former group implies immediate resale and redistribution, while the latter comprises the operations enumerated above (Dekker et al., 2013). The figure represented below illustrates the recovery processes structure and the associated operations. Figure 2: “Types of Recovery Processes.” The required recovery operation depends on the type of the product. Thus, practice shows that large products such as buildings and installations are commonly sent for refurbishment. Smaller products that can be broken down into parts and raw materials undergo the recycling process. Energy products, in their turn, are assigned for incineration (Dekker et al., 2013). Types of Returned Products and Their Characteristics Products that participate in RL processes possess the specific characteristics that need to be analyzed in order to acquire a better understanding of the RL functioning. Hence, Dekker et al. (2013) suggest distinguishing three key areas of product characteristics: product composition, its deterioration, and use pattern. Product composition determines the prospects of RL processes that can be carried out. Thus, it implies the number of details composing the product structure or the constituting raw materials. The scope of components, as well as the manner they are put together, affects the recovery process from different standpoints, including the economic perspective. Deterioration characteristics are likewise critical as they determine the length of the life cycle of the product’s functioning and its economic value. While evaluating the deterioration parameters of a product, it is also essential to consider the homogeneity of deterioration. In other words, it is necessary to evaluate whether product parts are likely to age equally, or some of them will show longer life cycle than others. In the former case, the product is apt to be remanufactured, whereas the latter case implies the prospects of its reuse (Dekker et al., 2013). Lastly, a product use pattern comprises the characteristic associated with product use duration, location, and use intensity. All these external factors are likely to have a significant impact on the length of the product functioning. Thus, for instance, those products that are going to be used every day are more likely to need a soon recovery than those that are going to be exploited every once in a while. Dekker et al. (2013) suggest that according to the characteristics that products possess within these three dimensions, they might be subdivided into six major categories: consumer products, industrial products, packaging and distribution products, spare parts, oils and chemicals, and civil objects. They likewise add that there are also materials that cannot be referred to any of the enumerated groups, i.e. glass, scraps, pulp, etc. Putting it more specifically, consumer products comprise such goods as furniture and clothes, while industrial products include professional equipment. Civil objects, in their turn, are composed of such products as buildings, roads, and bridges, to name but a few. The figure presented below provides a summarized illustration of RL product types. Figure 3: “Types of RL Products.” Key Actors of RL Process Dyckhoff, Lackes, and Reese (2004) suggest distinguishing three major transformation phases that a product covers within a closed loop system: production, consumption, and reduction that are related to such procedures as distribution, collection, and induction. Each transformation phase is essentially associated with one of the actor groups: consumers, disposers, or providers. Thus, product distribution is performed at the point of sale that brings together providers and consumers. Product collection is carried out at the point of return that connects consumers and disposers. Product induction, in its turn, takes place at the point of re-entry or exit depending on particular PLC. Such operation as production, consumption, and reduction should be viewed as transitional milestones of the general transformation process. The figure below illustrates the described interconnections. Figure 4: “RL Actors and Associated Processes.” As it might be seen in the figure above, producer agent is associated with the production phase. In this phase, the product is manufactured using various raw materials and preliminary products from other systems such as economic. Provider agents might be represented by essential producers, retailers, logistic organizations, or wholesalers. Consumer agent, in its turn, is associated with the consumption phase. In this phase, product value is naturally lowered – some of its parts might require refurbishment, recycling, or manufacturing for it to be appropriate for further utilization. Consumer agents might be represented by public or private customers. The last agent, disposers, is associated with the reduction phase. In this phase, the product is exposed to all the RL procedures previously discussed (Dyckhoff et al., 2004). Dekker et al. (2013) propose another agent classification. Thus, they suggest distinguishing the key actors in accordance with the functions they perform within the RL paradigm. According to their classification, it is essential to point out three major groups: actors that are associated with forward supply chain, those that participate in the specialized reverse chain, and opportunistic players. The former group comprises such parties as suppliers, retailers, wholesalers, and manufacturers. The group of actors associated with specialized reverse chain is composed of jobbers and recycling specialists. The latter group includes charity organizations. According to another classification that is likewise proposed by Dekker et al. (2013), actors can be divided on the ground of the levels of responsibility: managerial and executive. In this case, the managerial level will be represented by the organizer parties, i.e. governmental institutions, Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs), wholesalers, and retailers. The executive level, in its turn, will be divided into three sub-levels: collecting, processing, and re-distributing. Collecting functions are assigned to Layered Service Providers (LSPs), third parties, jobbers, and municipality. Processing obligations are carried out by OEMs and jobbers, while the re-distributing function is performed retailers, wholesalers, and OEMs. The figure represented below illustrates the RL functional levels and associated parties. Figure 5: “RL Functional Levels and Associated Actors.” As it might be seen in the figure above, the specificity of RL functional structure resides in the fact that one and the same actor can appear at different functional levels and carry out both managerial and executive operations. RL in the Context of Product Life Cycle (PLC) In order to acquire a better understanding of RL processes, it is essential to define their place in the general life cycle of a product. As a rule, PLC comprises three major stages: the beginning of life (BOL), the middle of life (MOL), and the end of life (EOL). Each stage is characterized by the relevant operations that the product is exposed to. Thus, the BOL phase implies product development, production, and its distribution. The MOL phase includes such procedures as utilization, service, and repair. Finally, it is the EOL phase that is closely interconnected with RL operations. The figure below illustrates the PLC phases and the associated procedures. Figure 6: “RL Role in PLC.” As it might be seen from the figure above, the role of RL assists in closing the loop between the two phases of PLC: EOL and BOL. The potential course of events might flow within two scenarios. First, the product can return to the BOL stage, or it can be finally sent to disposal. Likewise, it should be mentioned that it would be inaccurate to define the EOL stage as RL without providing the necessary clarifications. Thus, RL comprises a large scope of activities such as disposal, recycling, remanufacturing, refurbishing and reuse (Hesselbach & Herrmann, 2011). The illustration of the EOL phase is represented below. Figure 7: “RL Activities at the EOL Stage.” Each activity included in the RL scope has its specificity and performs a special role in adding value to the PLC. All the options except for the product disposal assist in performing the closed-loop SC within which PLC represents an infinite flow of a product. Some of the processes allow the product to maintain its original functionally as it returns to the BOL stage. Thus, for instance, product reuse means that a product or its parts are redistributed without undergoing significant changes. Refurbishing implies the same procedure except for the fact that some of the product parts or the entire product is overhauled. Opposite to the remanufacturing, the two activities do not imply the replacement of the product parts. The former process is aimed at making a new product that would meet the quality requirements and the functional scope of the old one by replacing some of its components. The last procedure that needs to be discussed is recycling. It does not target to preserve the entire product that can be sent to the BOL stage. Instead, it aims to break it down into separate parts or raw materials that can be further used for manufacturing a new product. It is essential to note that the recipients might differ from product to product. Thus, for instance, the raw materials extracted at the recycling stage might be dispatched to the manufacturer. Likewise, the refurbished product might be sent back to its initial owner or resold through the relevant retailers (Hesselbach & Herrmann, 2011). Infinite PLC Examples In order to summarize the analysis of RL in SCM and illustrate its functioning, it is proposed to examine some examples of infinite PLCs. Hence, let us observe the RL process flow on the example of two products: a piece of consumer goods and a packaging item. Thus, the figure represented below depicts the infinite PLCs of an armchair. Figure 8: “Infinite PLC of an Armchair.” As it might be seen in the figure above RL processes is a stepping stone between the consumption stage and product final disposal or its BOL stage. The figure offers different scenarios of product returns and illustrates the relevant outcomes. Hence, for instance, a consumer might return an armchair because it needs some repair services. In this case, second market actors will either refurbish or repair the armchair and return it back for further reuse (see the green arrows in Fig. 8). Another scenario implies that consumers have changed their minds and return the product using the guarantee option. In this case, the RL specialists will have to evaluate the product’s condition and decide whether any operations need to be performed. Thus, the armchair might be refurbished or repaired and returned to distributors for further reuse. It might likewise be remanufactured so that some of its parts are replaced. In case the product condition is appropriate, it will be sent directly to the distributor. Under any conditions, the armchair will continue its lifecycle (see the red arrows in Fig. 8). The third scenario implies that the consumers return the armchair on the ground of the end-of-use or end-of-life reasons. In this case, RL specialists might perform all the operations described in the previous paragraph except for the direct dispatch to the distributor. Additionally, the armchair might be in an unfixable condition so that it will be recycled and sent to the final disposal (see the blue arrows in Fig. 8). It might be perceived that the illustration does not show the flow of actions in case of the return associated with B2B reasons. In the meantime, under this scenario, the product will make the same way as in the case of the return associated with either warranty issues or service request (see the green and red arrows in Fig. 8).the provided illustration of eternal PLC can be relevant to almost any type of consumer goods. A different operational flow might be found in container LC that is illustrated in the figure below. Figure 9: “Infinite PLC of a Container.” As it might be seen in the figure above, the operational flow is less complicated with packaging containers than in the case of consumer goods. Thus, the most typical scenario implies that the product is returned because it is either no longer used or its condition does not allow for further exploitation. Even though the illustration shows different alternatives of RL processes including remanufacturing and repair, Blumberg (2004) notes that in most cases these products are recycled or dispatched directly to the distributor for further reuse. Less frequently, they can be refurbished if there are some minor problems with their functional characteristics. It is also necessary to point out that many companies now shift to the use of natural materials for container production so that little waste is sent to the disposal phase as most of the product content is recycled, and the raw material is sent for remanufacturing (Voortman, 2004). Both illustrations show how RL procedures help to optimize the operation flow of the products. Thus, most of the products are dispatched for further reuse, while only a few scenarios imply the final disposal. Latest Trends in RL RL is an emerging branch of logistics. Thus, new alternatives and solutions are constantly designed in order to optimize its functioning. Researchers note that the appearance of new trends in RL is mainly determined by the rapid pace of technology development and the strengthening power of environmental legislation. Thus, Antonyová, Antony, and Soewito (2016) suggest distinguishing three key areas of RL improvement that need to be discussed: e-waste logistics, natural materials, and customer involvement. The interest in e-waste and the effective methods of its reduction is explained by the growing number of computer technologies that enter the market. Thus, researchers are mainly focused on evaluating the scope of e-waste participating in RL chains and searching for alternative solutions for its recycling. The specificity of e-waste resides in its high value. Hence, many companies try to avoid its final disposal at any cost preferring such procedures as refurbishment and repair. Meanwhile, electronic inputs have a different structure than common waste, and special qualifications are required to perform a high-quality repair service. Antonyová et al. (2016) refer to the example of Chinese RL management that proposes processing electronic materials with the help of specially organized companies and groups. Otherwise stated, the current trend resides in finding solutions associated with the separation of the e-waste from other offcuts due to the specific character of the former. Thus, new actors of RL operations appear in the relevant market which shows that RL structure becomes more diverse and complex. Another trend that should be pointed out is the shift to the use of natural materials. This tendency is particularly observable in the civil building sector. According to Antonyová et al. (2016), waste management in this sector is rather challenging as it is essential to cope with numerous problems such as inappropriate material storage and order errors. Wrong evaluation of the waste recycling expenses leads to considerable financial losses. The implementation of natural materials, in this case, appears to be an effective solution to minimizing the waste-related expenses and optimizing recycling processes. The last trend that Antonyová et al. (2016) emphasize is the increasing importance of customer involvement. This phenomenon is determined by the need to enhance the role of consumers in the collection stage. In other words, RL operations might be potentially realized through supermarkets that can constitute the new element of SC offering recycling options to consumers. This solution is currently at the development stage, and consistent research and analysis are required before it can be implemented. Among other current tendencies in the RL sector, Antonyová et al. (2016) also point out the importance of research activity as a critical element of planning RL strategies. Thus, the authors note that more organizations are concerned about carrying out preliminary studies to ensure accurate evaluation of the scope of RL input and output. Additionally, they point out the growing awareness of the need for implementing new technologies in the RL operations to make them more productive and cost-effective. The researchers also put an emphasis on the strengthening role of the green image that makes producers exhibit additional responsibility for the entire PLC. A less optimistic assessment of the RL sector is provided by Burnson (2014) who believes that despite the awareness of RL importance, organizations still do not have consistent RL strategies that would allow for a sustainable operation flow. The author assumes that the key problem resides in the fact that companies tend to adopt forward logistic techniques for performing RL operations neglecting, in such a manner, the specificity of reverse chains. Therefore, Burnson (2014) points out that the main current trend in RL is designing consistent return management strategies. Burnson (2014) suggests that such strategies will let producers “cut the cut operational cost while increasing sales and securing customer loyalty” (para. 8). The author also points out the increasing importance of RL data management. Thus, organizations need to implement new data collection and analysis tools in order to enhance their product return operations and allow for quick product transporting to secondary markets. Another peculiar tendency that Burnson (2014) points out is the growing awareness of return value. The author explains that companies begin realizing that return can turn out to be another sale; thus, they start encouraging returns by providing consumers with free return shipments and other advantageous options. Burnson (2014) believes that modern RL targets not only to process returns and cut the waste expenses but to build up long-term consumer loyalty and increase sales. Conclusion The review of the RL structure and the associated concepts has helped to understand the way RL assists in moving items from the point of consumption to the point of origin in an effective and profitable manner. Therefore, it might be summarized that RL is mainly aimed at assisting companies in raising the customer satisfaction and value recovery. Additionally, it helps to ensure strategic alliances and compatibility with the relevant environmental legislations. The research review has also revealed that the improvement of RL operations allows discovering and implementing new technologies that help to optimize the performance of SCM in general. Reference List Antonyová, A., Antony, P., & Soewito, B. (2016). Logistics management: new trends in the reverse logistics. Journal of Physics: Conference Series , 710 (1), 218-228. Blumberg, D.F. (2004). Introduction to management of reverse logistics and closed loop supply chain processes . Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. Burnson, P. (2014). Improving reverse logistics with a returns management strategy. Logistics Management . Web. Carter, C. R., & Ellram, L. M. (1998). Reverse logistics: A review of the literature and framework for future investigation. Journal of Business Logistics , 19 (1), 85-102. Christiansen, B. (2014). Handbook of research on effective marketing in contemporary globalism . Hershey, Pennsylvania: IGI Global. Dekker, R., Fleischmann, M., Inderfurth, K., & Van Wassenhove, L. N. (2013). Reverse logistics: quantitative models for closed-loop supply chains . Berlin, Germany: Springer Science & Business Media. Dyckhoff, H., Lackes, R., & Reese, J. (2004). Supply chain management and reverse logistics . Berlin, Germany: Springer Science & Business Media. Hesselbach, J., & Herrmann, C. (2011). Glocalized Solutions for Sustainability in Manufacturing . Berlin, Germany: Springer Science & Business Media. Murphy, P. (1986). A preliminary study of transportation and warehousing aspects of reverse distribution. Transportation Journal , 25 (4), 12-21. Ritchie, L., Burnes, B., Whittle, P., & Hey, R. (2000). The benefits of reverse logistics: the case of the Manchester Royal Infirmary Pharmacy. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal , 5 (5), 226-234. Rogers, D. S., & Tibben-Lembke, R. (2001). An examination of reverse logistics practices. Journal of Business Logistics , 22 (2), 129-148. Thierry, M., Salomon, M., Van Nunen, J., & Van Wassenhove, L. (1995). Strategic issues in product recovery management. California Management Review , 37 (2), 114-135. Voortman, C. (2004). Global logistics management . Cape Town, South Africa: Juta and Company.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: Internet of Things (IoT) is revolutionizing numerous domains, including healthcare, transportation, smart homes, banking, and finance. IoT devices are designed to generate, process, and transmit data on a massive scale, making them an attractive target for cyber-attacks. Encryption, authentication, and access control measures can minimize attacks, resolve confidentiality issues, and promote trust between devices.

Internet of Things (IoT) is revolutionizing numerous domains, including healthcare, transportation, smart homes, banking, and finance. IoT devices are designed to generate, process, and transmit data on a massive scale, making them an attractive target for cyber-attacks. Encryption, authentication, and access control measures can minimize attacks, resolve confidentiality issues, and promote trust between devices.

Security Measures for Internet of Things Devices Research Paper Internet of Things (IoT) is revolutionizing numerous domains, including healthcare, transportation, smart homes, banking, and finance. IoT devices are designed to generate, process, and transmit data on a massive scale, making them an attractive target for cyber-attacks. Because the systems have been widely adopted, privacy and data breaches have become a significant concern for most businesses. Cyber-attacks or data breaches may interrupt network services, the normal flow of business activities and might even harm or disrupt people’s lives. Professionals must address these threats and develop security measures to ensure business continuity, foster trust, and protect business or people’s assets. Typically, IoT systems have three architecture layers, with each layer presenting its security challenges. The systems’ security can be strengthened by enforcing security principles at each layer (Mahmoud et al., 2015). Encryption, authentication, and access control measures can minimize attacks, resolve confidentiality issues, and promote trust between devices. A mutual authentication scheme combines feature extraction and hash functions to authenticate communication when the IoT platform sends data to a terminal node, ensuring that communication is done between trusted servers. Authentication can also be done at sensor nodes through the cipher method, generating random coordinates that create encryption keys. It is difficult for hackers to access or read encrypted data. Since IoT operates through communication from one device to another, trust between owners is essential. Access control promotes trust by enabling mutual identification between devices – trusted devices can recognize one another through special keys and timestamps. Each trusted device is assigned a key by the system, while the device’s owner can allocate it a token (a password). The token is combined with the RFID on the IoT device, allowing the system to identify other systems with similar keys. If the IoT device is operated in a different department, the system can change permissions if the owner assigns it, reducing owner overhead. A federated architecture can also enhance security by overcoming the security risk posed by the heterogeneity of IoT devices and protocols. There are different IoT systems, each with its policies, design, and algorithm, making it difficult to control security. Federated architecture has a centralized unit that overcomes this heterogeneity, enhancing security. Another similar technique is the Secure Mediation GateWay (SMGW) that operates by discovering critical infrastructure information, overcoming the information’s heterogeneity, and securing communication between the IoT systems (Adamsky et al., 2018). SMGW can discover distributed information from any node, whether electrical, telecommunication, water distribution node, etc. Once the SMGW discovers the information, they are transmitted to a dedicated prediction tool that calculates the risk prediction for each system. Quantum computing is an emerging security risk issue, but at the same time, it presents an opportunity for preventing security breaches. According to Routray et al. (2017), there is no solution as effective as quantum cryptography that can resolve future security risks. Quantum computers have an immense processing power that can break IoT algorithms easily. Thus, Routray et al. (2017) proposed quantum cryptography as the only viable solution to the risk posed by quantum computers. Tawalbeh et al. (2020) point out other essential security measures such as constant research on emerging threats, increasing the frequency of software updates, risk assessment through device monitoring tools, and increasing users’ awareness of security risks. The expansion of the IoT market increases cybersecurity and privacy concerns. Possible solutions to data security and privacy issues include authentication, federated architecture, access control, SMGW model, and cryptography. Authentication promotes security in various IoT architecture layers. Furthermore, access control enables trust between devices, while federated architecture and the SMGW model resolve security risks posed by the system’s heterogeneity. Cryptography is a promising solution to the future threat posed by quantum computers. References Adamsky, F., Aubigny, M., Battisti, F., Carli, M., Cimorelli, F., Cruz, T., Di Giorgio, A., Foglietta, C., Galli, A., Giuseppi, A., Liberati, F., Neri, A., Panzieri, S., Pascucci, F., Proenca, J., Pucci, P., Rosa, L., & Soua, R. (2018). Integrated protection of industrial control systems from cyber-attacks: The ATENA approach. International Journal of Critical Infrastructure Protection , 21 , 72–82. Web. Mahmoud, R., Yousuf, T., Aloul, F., & Zualkernan, I. (2015). Internet of things (IoT) security: Current status, challenges and prospective measures. 2015 10th International Conference for Internet Technology and Secured Transactions (ICITST) (pp. 1 – 15). IEEE. Web. Tawalbeh, L., Muheidat, F., Tawalbeh, M., & Quwaider, M. (2020). IoT privacy and security: Challenges and solutions. Applied Sciences , 10 (12), 4102. Web. Routray, S. K., Jha, M. K., Sharma, L., Nyamangoudar, R., Javali, A., & Sarkar, S. (2017). Quantum cryptography for IoT: A perspective. 2017 International Conference on IoT and Application (ICIOT) (pp. 1- 22). IEEE. Web.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: The text discusses the importance of self-care in maintaining good health. It covers the physical, psychological, spiritual, and professional aspects of self-care and provides tips for each.

The text discusses the importance of self-care in maintaining good health. It covers the physical, psychological, spiritual, and professional aspects of self-care and provides tips for each.

Self-Care as a Crucial Aspect of a Personal Health Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Physical Self-Care 3. Psychological Self-Care 4. Spiritual Self-Care 5. Social Self-Care 6. Professional Self-Care 7. Conclusion 8. Reference Introduction Many people tend to ignore self-care throughout the whole life path, which may negatively affect their life at some stage. Nowadays, this issue becomes even more actual due to the high possibility of burning out. However, the most important factor of self-caring success is a proper and permanent account of the health-improvement performance (Grise-Owens, 2016). While analyzing the individual’s health, it is crucial to use multi-side self-caring because the overall well-being depends on many aspects, such as physical, psychological, spiritual, and professional health. Physical Self-Care First and foremost, physical health is one of the most important visual characteristics of a person. Some of the advice contains eating healthy and drinking as much water as possible daily (Grise-Owens, 2016). After that, according to the plan, I should set a daily routine of physical exercise due to its usefulness for body development. Moreover, enough sleep is one of the most crucial parts of physical life, as well as turning off the phone before sleeping. To keep tracking the efficiency of my physical health progress, I can set a certain diet and daily exercise plan, make records in the journal of productivity, and set some alarm reminders for the most common tasks. Psychological Self-Care Second, the psychological aspect plays a pivotal role in a person’s performance and spiritual health during the day. To start with, I should begin by keeping a journal of self-awareness, where I can write the whole physical portrait at a certain point and track the notes regularly (Grise-Owens, 2016). However, I consider asking for and receiving help as a more active behavior in improving psychological health. Finally, I should think about my positive qualities and write them to improve my self-estimation. To keep track of it, I should start monitoring my behavior, communicating with others, and downloading an app for breathing exercises to improve mental health. Spiritual Self-Care Third, spiritual health is one of the most important aspects of our life, which affects our mood daily. It begins with meditation and playing with children to relieve the anxiety and become more serene. However, a person should also sing and dance in the meantime, even alone, which is helpful for shy people. In addition, self-cherish is also a crucial facet of overall spiritual health (Grise-Owens, 2016). It is enough for me to start breathing, visiting family members, and setting alarm reminders for the most important tasks to start monitoring. Social Self-Care On the one hand, social life may also affect all aspects of the individual’s health. Personally, it is important to spend more time with family and visit its members daily if they do not live nearby (Grise-Owens, 2016). On the other hand, self-caring, tracking the visits to family members, the number of friendly gatherings, and communicating with others will help me improve accountability in this aspect of self-care. Professional Self-Care Finally, professional life sometimes takes the biggest part of our day, so people should care about it constantly. To begin with, I should settle on a list of weekly assignments. After that, I can start visiting a life advisor at least once a month during the semester. Nonetheless, the most significant part of improving professional life involves 2 hours of daily allocation for accomplishing all the assignments (Grise-Owens, 2016). The best way to monitor it is to make a concrete event calendar, find a professional life advisor, and download an alarm app that reminds the start of two hours of assignment preparation. Conclusion In conclusion, it is important to provide a complete health estimation to improve self-caring, consisting of five aspects of a person’s well-being — physical, psychological, spiritual, and professional. Physical health mainly depends on a healthy diet and daily exercise. Psychological well-being hangs on starting a journal of self-awareness and thinking about positive personal qualities. Furthermore, meditation and playing with children are determined by the spiritual aspect, while social life care consists of regularly spending time with family and friends. Finally, professional-life care starts from settling the plan of assignments, visiting a life advisor, and leaving the time for home assignments. Reference Grise-Owens, E., Miller, J., & Eaves, M. (2016). The A-to-Z self-care handbook for social workers and other helping professionals . The New Social Worker Press.

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: The self-empowerment health promotion model is a person's ability to take maximum control over their health status within the environment. The model is based on the idea that people are generally unwilling to acknowledge the fact that they willingly contribute to the deterioration of their health.

The self-empowerment health promotion model is a person's ability to take maximum control over their health status within the environment. The model is based on the idea that people are generally unwilling to acknowledge the fact that they willingly contribute to the deterioration of their health.

Self-Empowerment Health Promotion Model Essay As professionals who play one of the most significant roles in health promotion, nurses are to make sure that they choose the current frameworks to address each patient individually. Thus, to achieve maximum efficiency, the health promotion paradigm consists of various models aimed either at the environment or the individual’s perception of health. The latter is represented in the self-empowerment health promotion model, which stands for a person’s ability to take maximum control over their health status within the environment (“Models of health promotion,” n.d.). Indeed, when addressing health issues, people often tend to blame external factors instead of reflecting on their behavioral patterns. In terms of the self-empowerment model, the patient is taught to enhance the sense of personal identity and responsibility by being encouraged to pay attention to the decision-making process (“Models of health promotion,” n.d.). As a result, patients should feel more aware of the actions’ consequences and eventually avoid the ones harming their health condition. When speaking of the barriers that prevent patients from embracing the model, it should be noted that people are generally unwilling to acknowledge the fact that they willingly contribute to the deterioration of their health. Hence, it is extremely challenging for some individuals to reach the desired level of self-analysis and reflection. Moreover, it takes much attention to focus on every decision made by a patient to determine its potential outcome for one’s health. As a result, people tend to make physicians responsible for the process. This fact serves as a justification of the opinion that a patient’s unreadiness to cooperate in terms of the model will never secure a positive dynamic for the treatment process. If a person refuses to take responsibility for one’s actions, there may be no learning outcomes at all. Reference Models of health promotion. (n.d.). Web.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: In general, self-happiness leads to success at both love and work. According to Fok and Check (2018), self-happiness plays a considerable role in relationships with romantic partners. Being happy from within fosters an appreciative spirit, which is a good trait in a relationship. Self-happiness is as essential as maintaining the other partner's happiness. Many partners have separated due to issues regarding self-love, which underscores the importance of self-happiness in relationships

In general, self-happiness leads to success at both love and work. According to Fok and Check (2018), self-happiness plays a considerable role in relationships with romantic partners. Being happy from within fosters an appreciative spirit, which is a good trait in a relationship. Self-happiness is as essential as maintaining the other partner's happiness. Many partners have separated due to issues regarding self-love, which underscores the importance of self-happiness in relationships

Self-Happiness and Its Impact on Romantic Relationships Essay Self-happiness refers to having a high regard for one’s own well-being and contentment. It is taking care of one’s own needs and not sacrificing them to please others. It always results in thinking highly of oneself, which attracts the same from partners. In general, self-happiness leads to success at both love and work. According to Fok and Check (2018), self-happiness plays a considerable role in relationships with romantic partners. Being happy from within fosters an appreciative spirit, which is a good trait in a relationship. Self-happiness is as essential as maintaining the other partner’s happiness. Many partners have separated due to issues regarding self-love, which underscores the importance of self-happiness in relationships. People imitate how a person treats themselves, and this is usually witnessed in romantic relationships. Self-happiness is a product of self-love, which makes an individual set high standards for themselves. They treat themselves with respect and love and demand the same from others. This sends a signal to their partners and makes them comprehend what the person expects from them. For instance, if a person’s love language is receiving gifts, they should buy these gifts for themselves as an act of self-love (Chapman & Campbell, 2016). Consequently, their partner will demonstrate their love by buying presents for them. Self-happiness and self-fulfillment is a way of communicating to one’s partner on how better they can be loved. This strengthens the relationship between the two and cements it with respect and love. Loving oneself and maintaining that happiness helps one to reflect more on how to love their partner. This is usually because, partners who have mustered the art of self-love find it easy to show love to others in the same manner. It is hard for an individual to love someone who is not contented with themselves. A person who does not have self-happiness tends to be critical of themselves and can deflect love shown to them by others. When a person learns to love and be happy with themselves despite innate flaws and mistakes, it makes it easier for partners to love them and look past their flaws. This results in a solid bond between the two partners, which is a success in any relationship. No one can make one happy except for themselves because only a person can truly understand what contributes to their happiness. In romantic relationships, this is an important concept because many people expect to derive all their happiness from their partners. This places excessive pressure on one’s party and could result in an unhealthy relationship (Norona et al. 2017). Depending on someone else for happiness results in an unhealthy relationship. In as much as the love languages are ways that other people express their love, a person should also strive to perform these languages for themselves (Chapman & Campbell, 2016). For instance, words of affirmation and appreciation can emanate from oneself. This boosts self-happiness and contributes to the general success of a romantic relationship. In making one happy, a partner is likely to learn how to make the other happy. Filling oneself with love and happiness will result in an overflow of love happiness towards other people In summary, a successful relationship necessitates self-love and self-happiness. The five love languages teaches people how to express love. It is also a lesson on how people experience love. Therefore, practicing these love languages on oneself can help increase self-happiness, which leads to meaningful romantic connections. Love thrives where the partners draw happiness not just from each other but also from within. Self-happiness is vital in maintaining relationships and the overall connection between partners for relationship success. References Chapman, G. & Campbell, R. (2016). The 5 love languages/5 love languages for men/5 love languages of teenagers/5 love languages of children . Moody Publishers. Fok, H. K. & Cheng, S. T. (2018). Intimate relationships and happiness in Asia: A critical review. In M. Demir & N. Sümer (Eds.), Close relationships and happiness across cultures , (pp. 55-67). Norona, J. C., Roberson, P. N. & Welsh, D. P. (2017). “I learned things that make me happy, things that bring me down” lessons from romantic relationships in adolescence and emerging adulthood . Journal of Adolescent Research , 32 (2), 155-182.

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: In this text, the author discusses the role of semantics in interfaith ministry and peace-working. She highlights the importance of semantics in bridging up the gaps between different religions, and how it can be used to restore peace and harmony.

In this text, the author discusses the role of semantics in interfaith ministry and peace-working. She highlights the importance of semantics in bridging up the gaps between different religions, and how it can be used to restore peace and harmony.

Semantics in Interfaith Ministry and Peace-Working Thesis Introduction Having faith in the power of semantics in context with all religions is not an easy task for many reasons, particularly for me. The most fundamental reason is the difference in ‘ideology’. It is the ideology that depends on the compatibility between the evaluations it conveys and the system of values on which it is formulated. Ideology I believe is a dual purpose tool for not only it serves as the obstruction between two-way beliefs; it hinders in between and plays a significant role in creating barriers between religions and semantics. On the other end, it is the ideology that patches up the relations between two different notions, thereby bridging up the gaps between two religions. Ideology when positive permits us to reinstate semantics, with all its shades of grey, at the centre of this relation. Therefore I would say that religion is, but a by-product of ideology and semantics. In order to put this hypothesis to work and thereby assess its validity, I will attempt to estimate what are the ways to examine different ideologies in context with the major world religions so that semantics would be evaluated. My attempt in this dissertation would be to adopt all those methods and techniques that are significant with producing more commonalities in different religions that do the differences. I would evaluate all the major reasons that start up with the conflict of ‘semantics’ and ends up in splitting up all the religions. Even I have observed in many cases that there are religions in religions. Why this happens? What can one do to alleviate all the differences? To do so, one must possess a theory of value judgements, and, more generally, a theory of evaluation in semantics. After all, my objective as a candidate in interfaith ministry is to restore peace and harmony through a comprehensive understanding of religion, cognition and semantics based on social and cognitive foundations. The Problem Statement Since the creation, mankind has always been in various ways so that he can define and identify the God or the creator. Searching God has led man in two directions, religious and spiritual. Understanding religion is for those individuals who believe in rationality while spirituality is mostly preferred by those who uphold truth deep within them, so they don’t really feel the need to seek peace as peace resides in their heart and souls. Before discussing the problem statement, I would like to elucidate ‘semantics’. Semantics according to Garfield & Kiteley (1991) is a discipline which when used informally deals with certain relations between expressions of a language and the objects that are ‘referred to’ by those expressions. Garfield & Kitely (1991) have highlighted the concept of semantics by using the words “designation”, “satisfaction”, and “definition” (Garfield & Kiteley, 1991). I would perceive the notion as an Interface minister to that extent where I would be designated to convey some religious quote to a group of people. Of course it is me who would interpret the quote. Elucidating my philosophy or belief to the people would provide me with some level of satisfaction which would be measured against the notion whatever I have defined my belief to the people. With semantics arises the problem of defining truth. Formulations that are generated in order to explain the meanings of the words turns out that the simplest and the most natural way of obtaining outright truth is one which involves the use of other semantic notions, e.g., the notion of satisfaction. The problem is that we are divided into two groups: those who are rational and those who are not. Of course it is difficult for rationalism to accept spirituality without being religious while those who accept irrationality are the true spiritual persons, as they don’t feel the need to find any reason for finding themselves or their God. For rational believers, the problem remains with understanding ‘God’ as the concept of God is so varyingly conceived according to different cultures and religions of the world that it dearths an unambiguous definition. This is the reason for why ‘God’ is considered as supernatural in every religion and is named by various terms like God, Jehovah, Allah, Ishwar, Bhagwan, Brahma etc. Religions are divided into four types: * Semitic religions or Prophetic religions (Judaism, Christianity, Islam) * Non-Semitic religions, * Aryan religions (Vedic, Non-Vedic like Hinduism, Brahmanism, Buddhism, Jainism etc) * Non-Aryan religions (Confucianism, Taoism, Chinese) With so many different religions, come different perspectives about God. Semitic religions are governed by the Holy books which take us towards the righteous path, guide us as to what is right and what is wrong. Spiritual persons according to my observation are those scholars who don’t feel the need of some external source to guide them. They prefer spirituality over religion or religious values and that is the main reason for why they are internally stronger than a normal religious man. A religious individual put boundaries across him in order to differentiate between right and wrong while a spiritual believer has not boundaries, or we can say that such individual has high morals which are not limited by boundaries. Therefore it is no hard and fast rule that a spiritual person is a true believer or follower of any particular religion. He could have faith in more than one religion or all religions. Literature Review As an epic concept, the term ‘supernatural’ has as many definitions as there are many religions but there is no confined or recognized agreed-upon definition to unlock the mystery of God. What history tells us is that though semantics have played an important role right from the antiquity to the present day in evolving man’s ideology and philosophy but one cannot deny that it is the semantics that when viewed in religious perspective, created problems for the world. Semantics whenever utilized by interface ministers or religious personalities created a chaotic condition with a certain amount of suspicion. Even religion founders like prophets and noble priests are not considered aloof from this. Researchers and authors work justify that although the meaning of semantic concepts as they are used in everyday language seems to be rather clear and understandable, still all attempts to characterize this meaning in a general and exact way miscarried. Using the work of Garfield & Kitely, I noticed that they have considered it worse that the manner in which various arguments in which these concepts were involved, and which seemed otherwise quite correct and based upon apparently obvious premises, led frequently according to them towards paradoxes and antinomies (Garfield & Kiteley, 1991). Here is where the problem arises. Every philosopher and interfaith minister has perceived and translated semantics in his own manner. In this way he has always been able to create a chaos, intentionally or unintentionally by playing with the words and interpreting with their meanings. Why so happens that an interfaith minister easily moulds the semantics in the way he wants? I think illiteracy is one of the reasons behind. Multiple kinds of semantics have been proposed since scientists from various disciplines first tried to formalize the notion of ‘meaning’. These semantics compete with each other on the basis of different convictions about what needs to be accounted for in Natural Language. Ultimately, these differences amount to different presuppositions about the nature of ‘meaning’ itself. The inspiration of semantic research remains useful guidelines for semantic modelling. Truth-conditional semantics provide more formal instruments than any other type of semantics. In his study of the linguistification of the sacred, Habermas has questioned the respective contribution of pragmatic and assertoric components to the efficiency of discourse. It appears that, from a sociological perspective, these classes of components cannot be studied separately: According to Habermas (1984), “As we have seen, in grammatical speech, propositional components are joined with illocutionary and expressive components in such a way that semantic contents can fluctuate among them. Whatever can be said at all, can also be expressed in assertoric form. With this basic feature of language in mind, we can make clear what it means for religious worldviews to connect up with communicative actions. Background knowledge enters into the situation definition of goal-oriented actors who regulate their cooperation in a consensual manner; the result of such interpretative accomplishments are stored in worldviews. As semantic contents of sacred and profane origin fluctuate freely in the medium of language, there is a fusion of meanings; moral practical and expressive contents are combined with cognitive instrumental contents in the form of cultural knowledge” (Habermas, 1984: 88). If I interpret this passage aright, Habermas regards as fundamental the capacity of language to express illocutionary and expressive components in assertoric form. Indeed, sacred speech seems to be characterized by the strength of its illocutionary and expressive components, that is, by the components that build up the semantic contents in relation to the ritualistic situation and to the speaker. Malrieu (1999) while explaining the ‘linguistification of the sacred’ defines the survival of the normative contents if only change occurs from a ritual situation to a cooperative situation. In the second type of situation, normative contents can no longer be conveyed by illocutionary and expressive components alone. Therefore, the capacity of transferring the illocutionary to the assertoric enables the reintroduction of normative elements as background knowledge within non-normative situations (Malrieu, 1999) According to her “A part of this background knowledge is embodied within the semantics of the language, and is activated by semantic triggers” (Malrieu, 1999: 107). Finally, the illocutionary components of profane grammatical speech, which are in theory reduced, as far as their binding force is concerned, to consensus, can inherit, via the ‘fluctuations’ above mentioned, a part of the normative power of sacred speech. This literature would have been incomplete without the study of religion; therefore I studied, analyzed and visualized the word religion in various aspects. When I read Seager’s work I went satisfy for I got the answer. The power, the baneful power of superstition lies in the very fact that man is religious and that his religious nature, inherent in him, has been too often played upon by evil or ignorant men for base or selfish purposes. But this does not counterpart the truth that religion itself is an essential integral part of his own inherent nature. Religion is not a something or a somewhat which has been conferred upon him by any cult, by any hierarchy, by any set of religious teachers. Religion cannot be considered as the exceptional gift of exceptional geniuses. It is not what men have sometimes thought poetry or art or music to be, a thing that belongs to a favoured few great men. Religion is the universal characteristic of humanity understandable by semantics. Religion is not a somewhat that has been conferred upon him by any supernatural act of irresistible grace either upon an elect few or an elect many. Still less is it a somewhat that has been conferred upon a few, so that the many, strive never so hard to conform their lives to the light of nature, unless aided by some supernatural or extraordinary acts of grace, can never attain to it. This is what Seager (1993) explains as “Religion belongs to man and is inherent in man” (Seager, 1993: 53). I have utilized Seager’s proposition who believe that in every man there is an inherent capacity so to perceive the infinite, and to every man on this round globe of our God has so manifested himself in nature and in inward experience, as that, taking that manifestation on the one hand and a power of perception on the other, the moral character and the conduct of man, if he follows the light that he receives, will be steadily improved and enlarged and enriched in his upward progress to the infinite and the eternal. Seager (1993) further proposes his unique notion that “Man is conscious of himself and he is conscious of the world within himself. He is conscious of a perception that brings him in touch with the outer world. He is conscious of reason by which he sees the relation of things. He is conscious of emotions, feelings of hope, of fear, of love. He is conscious of will, of resolve, of purpose. Sometimes painfully conscious of resolves that have been broken. Sometimes gladly conscious of resolves that have been kept and in all of this life he is conscious of these things: That he is a perceiving, thinking, feeling, willing creature” (Seager, 1993: 54). While reading the work of J. Michael Strange I realized the extent to which a religion is and should be practiced. Starting from spirituality, Strange has considered each and every religion; from the ancient ‘Hinduism’ to the latest Islam, Strange has focussed not a particular debate but on the notion to which a religion should be understood and practiced. As according to Strange (2002) it is ‘spirituality’ behind every belief, faith or religion that matters. Strange emphasizes upon the notion that spirituality is common in every religion and “it is the spiritual effect of blending paradox that not only expends our vision or perception of seeing the worldly religions but also helps in understanding the universal truth” (Strange, 2002: 2). Strange has also discussed that what the truth of being God or a supreme power matters to us. I therefore agree with his example that God is a supernatural that cannot be seen but can only be felt through heart and soul. This can be illustrated by considering a blind man who cannot see but can only visualize and believe. The concept given by Strange is interpreted in the words of Tacey David (2004) as “Spirituality Revolution”, a movement in society which is today’s basic need, in order to avoid conflicts and wars (Tacey, 2004). Tacey suggests such revolution to be a new interest in the reality of spirit and its healing effects on life, health, community and well-being. However I suggest that spirituality or being spiritual is not the only solution to avoid conflicts build on common grounds, but there has to be some paradox that bridges the gap between ‘religion’ and ‘commonality’, ‘spirituality’ and ‘common belief’ as Tacey names the paradox as “it is our secular society that has been running on empty, and has to restore itself at a deep, primal source, a source which is beyond humanity and yet paradoxically at the very core of our experience” (Tacey, 2004: 1). The ultimate Reality The ultimate reality leads us to think in 3 directions; who we are, where we have come from and where would we go. In order to find out the answers different philosophers, scientists and interfaith organizations have worked for centuries but remained unable to find the ultimate truth except for the need to consider a single fact that there is some kind of super power ruling our earth. Researchers have come to realize now that religion is dependant upon how we shape it, how we take it and how we convey of what we think about the religion and the religious values. According to Tacey (2004) “In stable societies, religion is like a magic circle that surrounds and nurtures our lives, binding us into indissoluble community and protecting us from potentially harmful incursions of the living spirit” (Tacey, 2004: 32). As far as religion is concerned we are unable to choose it our way when we born; we are stuck to accept what is offered to our parents and are unable to choose our religious tradition. That simply means that while we are born into the religion of our parents and grandparents, therefore we have no choice and we are ritually inducted as an infant to accept the way things are even at unconsciousness. Though we are unable to change things for us in infancy and childhood, but upon reaching a particular age level we are free to at least think freely about how things are going on around us. We are then free to wonder about life in every aspect and here comes the religious factor. We are faced with two kinds of propositions which I have proposed: Upon reaching some maturity, we choose for ourselves whatever we feel right. Either we stick to the religious values adopted by our parents and forefathers as they come to us, or we start searching upon the ultimate truth. Spirituality is the second case, not the first one because what we accept without research does not matter to us until we are concerned for it. In religious words I belief that those who search for God, or in other words the ultimate reality are the ones who are cared by God, and finally they are the ones who are able to find the answers to their complex questions, provided they follow the spiritual path; a path that cannot be defined but can only felt if we seek the truth which can only be found by looking within ourselves. Methods The methods I adopted for data collection consisted of interviews with interfaith ministers, priests, fathers, nuns, bishops and scholars. However I interviewed the scholars from the religious sects of Christianity, Hinduism and Islam. There were altogether 10 religious scholars. Here are some details: Christianity – Joseph Paul: Age: 49: Interfaith minister since 1990. Me : Sir, want to know your perception about Christianity. Paul : Well, I think Jesus resides in all of us, all we have to do is to discover ourselves. Me : Sir, do you believe that ‘spirituality’ is a common ground for uniting all religions? Paul : Of course, you see today there are many religions, people came to me from nearly all sects of life and discuss spirituality rather than religion. Gone are those days when religion was kept hidden from the rest of the world, today there is a need to teach common grounds of religion rather than teaching religion alone because those common grounds serve as a platform for all religions of the world. Let it be a Muslim, Hindu or Jew, every society must base upon a single deity and must know the difference between good and evil. Let me give you an example, adultery is considered universally forbidden, let it be any religion of the world, person who has committed adultery must be punished according to his or her religion rules. So, you can’t say that there lies a difference between religions. All religions teach goodness and negate crime. Me: Thank you sir for your time. – Joseph Paul, 12 Dec 2007. Cathedral Church, San Diego . Christianity – Ken Austin: Age: 60: Interfaith minister since 1998. Me : Sir, do you think that all the people throughout the world must embrace Christianity? Austin: Of course, because Christianity is the only true religion. Me: what about the rest of religions? Don’t you think they are true? Austin: Whatever is practiced beyond Christianity must be stopped. Me: Thank you sir. Ken Austin, 13 Dec 2007. Other interviewers were Muslims and Hindus, mostly believed in the notion that every religion must be followed with sincerity and must be welcomed by adopting an open minded attitude. Out of 10 scholars, 6 uphold the idea that religious freedom is the gateway to universal brotherhood and this is the only way to maintain universal peace and brotherhood throughout the world in the name of religions. The rest believed that organized religion occupies a significant, if increasingly marginal, place in the landscape of contemporary spirituality. According to Wright, “irrespective of religious belief, it is difficult to formalize a religion that clearly continues to offer certain crucial psychological and social functions including the provision of individual meaning and life-purpose” (Wright, 1999: 52). 4 scholars believed that while assessing the spiritual significance of organised religion it is important to develop a realistic or rational dogma. They believed in the doctrine of being rationalist and not being spiritual. However a true rationalist if views religion in the light of facts and theories, he would ultimately land up believing that every religion has a colour of rainbow without which a rainbow is unable to develop and appear. Though a rainbow can be seen but it cannot be touched. The same is the case with religion. Every religion has its unique significance and God resides in all of them. Findings or Results The universal implication which we uphold today for uniting sociology of religion along with its commonalities and escorting the semantics towards a common platform is the only solution in order to alleviate outright warring. Many wondrous experiences make us to think and support belief in spiritual powers or forces that resides in every religion or philosophy provided taken with ‘purity’. Such philosophies that make us think and lead to a single direction by considering the myriad of religious ideologies needs all the universal elements that recur within these episodes contribute to uniformities within folk belief. However, the capacity for experiencing wondrous events is not evenly distributed as it works for those who accept religious fundamentals broadly. The following results were developed from the interviewers’ analysis: 1. True religion is embedded in those more frequently who show respect to every religion and semantics, rather than those who do not believe in all theologies. 2. This indicates that such people who possess true heart and possess an open minded attitude to welcome every religion are more spiritual. However in order to consider commonalities in all the religions we must see the religions in the light of those factors that represent commonalities. The God of the Hebrew Scriptures, the New Testament, and the Qur’an exercises his divine mercy and judgment in history. In recent years, however, the comparative study of religion, which in its early days served all too frequently as a means of establishing the superiority of Western monotheism, has begun to approach the study of Western traditions. In terms both of matter and of method, this turn of events has led many scholars to moderate their preoccupation with the temporal dimension of the Religions of the Book. Instead of enquiring about the spatial dimension of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, there is a need to modernize the central object of critical inquiry. Judaism Judaism – a religion which always asserted monotheism believes in the oneness of God Jewish religion revolves around Torah and a number of commandments, which reveal God’s monotheism (Menuhin, 1994). The Jewish Halakhic (religious-legal) literature, commencing with the Mishnah, and continuing with the Talmud, the decisions of Maimonides, the Codes of Jewish Law, and the Responsa literature cover many topics with a spatial bearing. This derives from the fact that halakhic literature addresses all spheres of life, since the Jewish religion which is governed by Halakha demands from its believers not only faith but concrete actions, including many actions with a spatial expression. Scott & Housley (1991) describes the commandments on the basis of geographic significance in the following words: “those connected with Sabbath observance such as the prohibition on journeying or riding on the Sabbath or walking over a thousand meters outside a settled region” (Scott & Housley, 1991: 3). The book of Deuteronomy contains an exhortation from Moses: “Shema Israelu Adonai Ila Hayno Adna Ikhad” (Hebrew quotation) “Hear, O Israel: The Lord our God is one Lord”(The Bible, Deuteronomy 6:4) “I am God, and there is none else; I am God, and there is none like me.”(The Bible, Isaiah 46:9) Judaism is based upon the ‘Divine sovereignty’ of the most ancient monotheism and believes that God’s universal love leads all of mankind to know that the Lord is One. Though it is interesting that, either in Judaism or in Christianity or in Islam, the sacred texts don’t reveal much about what evil actually is. What the Bible, Quran or Torah emphasizes in upon performing good deeds and actions, thereby believing in monotheism. Has Monotheism remained an issue? Religions like Christianity, Judaism and Islam believes in monotheistic Gods i.e., there is only One source of creator, but what about Hinduism? Let us evaluate some of the sacred texts of Hinduism: Gita The Holy sacred text book of Hindus which is considered to be ‘word of God’ presents a spiritual or ‘Vedic’ religion before us. Considered to be the most spiritual religion, what original Gita tell us is “Those people whose intelligence is robbed by the material desires surrender them to demigods, thereby following the particular rules and regulations of worship that satisfy their own natures” (Bhagavad-Gita, 7:20). That clearly indicates the two categories of people, those who worship the true God and those who worship other than the true God. Other Hindu sacred texts reveal “ Ekam evadvitiyam ”. Translation: “He is One only without a second.” (Chandogya Upanishad 6:2:1) Further, according to Upanishads: “ Na casya kascij janita na cadhipah .” Translation: “Of Him there are neither parents nor lord.” (Svetasvatara Upanishad 6:9) “He who knows Me as the unborn, as the beginning-less, as the Supreme Lord of all the worlds…” (Bhagavad-Gita 10:3) Brahma Sutra of Hinduism clearly states: “ Ekam Brahm, dvitiya naste neh na naste kinchan ”. Translation: “There is only one God, not the second; not at all, not at all, not in the least bit”. (Badarayan, 192:555) History tells us that a Hindu class “Brahmans’ are responsible for changing their original sacred text and from there the concept of polytheism evolved. Now, the question that arises is that what monotheism or polytheism has to do with spirituality issues or how does it affects the universal platform? There is no doubt that we have uncovered the facts from sacred semantics that Hinduism basically is a monotheistic religion. So is the Judaism, Christianity and Islam. Now, in order to bring all the religions on to a single universal platform we have to believe in commonalities rather than the differences and the original unchanged ‘Gita’ tells us that Hinduism like other religions is based upon One God. There come similarities: Christianity Christians believe Jesus to be the Messiah. A monotheistic and evangelistic religion based on the life and teachings of Christ. An Abrahamic religion which is often considered to be split from Judaism Christians believe God made a new covenant with them and that they then became the sole interpreters of God’s will. But Christians retain important elements of Judaism such as the Mosaic Decalogue (Ten Commandments); a day of rest each week, baptism, the sanctity of marriage and the order of burial are Christian beliefs and practices derived from Judaic legacy. The book of Isaiah Following are some of the verses that depict monotheism in Christianity: “I, even I, am the Lord; and beside me there is no saviour.”(The Bible, Isaiah 43:11) “I am Lord, and there is none else, there is no God besides me.”(The Bible, Isaiah 45:5) “I am God, and there is none else; I am God, and there is none like me.”(The Bible, Isaiah 46:9) In the Old Testament it is clearly stated: “Thou shalt have no other gods before me.” “Thou shalt not bow down thyself to them, nor serve them: for I the Lord thy God am a jealous God.”(The Bible, Exodus 20:3-5) The book of Deuteronomy states: “Thou shalt not bow down thyself unto them, nor serve them; for I the Lord thy God am a jealous God.”(The Bible, Deuteronomy 5:7-9) Islam Muslims are the followers of Islam who believe in one God what they name as “Allah”. Prophet Muhammad is the last prophet and Quran is the holy book they believe in. Islam presents concise definitions of God like other religions given in the four verses of Surah Ikhlas which is Chapter 112 of the Qur’an: “Say: He is Allah, The One and only”. “Allah, the Eternal, Absolute”. “He begets not, nor is He begotten”. “And there is none like unto Him.”(Al-Qur’an 112:1-4) Spirituality In the Light of Religions Spirituality in the light of universal religious terminology can be defined as a term which is inherently elusive and mysterious. Upon encountering charismatic individuals we have often noticed those who seem to have a unique depth to their being, a spiritual ‘something’ which we are able to recognise, but find almost impossible to pin down. Spirituality among the Hebrew and the Greek is named as ‘spirit’, ruah and pneuma respectively. It is mentioned in the John’s Gospel, that it is the Spirit of God that is just like the wind that blows where it pleases; that means God is everywhere and cannot be bound by any restrictions. According to Wright (2001) “The more we involve ourselves in order to discover the realms of philosophy, theology and psychology the greater we are indulged into the complex nature of spirituality” (Wright, 2001: 47). However I do not believe in the notion. Spirituality is something which has no vague boundaries, as it accepts all theologies and philosophies open heartedly. The reason behind is that a spiritual person is always concerned by his own heart purity that seeks the same light which the rest of humanity follows. This is evident from every religion that has reached us. From Christianity to Islam and from Sikhism to Hinduism every religion believes in the truth of mankind, every religion is concerned with the good and evil of heart and soul. Bruce (1996) argues that since nineteenth century, the culture of ‘serial dogmatism’ propagated which is held responsible for the warring scenarios inside religions (Bruce, 1996). By the term ‘dogmatism’, it is meant that a battle was going on for the religious hearts and minds of the nation and was played out by those who never wanted peace and harmony within the confines of the various religious denominations. Religious allegiances shifted towards debates, discussions, negations and unacceptable attitudes leaving no free room for other religions to follow. Sects were started, people slowly started realizing that religious or holy books are nothing in front of their created traditions, therefore commitments were followed from one Christian tradition to another, with Anglicans, Roman Catholics, Baptists, Methodists, Presbyterians and a host of other independent Protestant churches and sects battling amongst themselves for the spiritual allegiance of the population. When conflicts over religious matters initiated, that was the beginning of quarrels within religious sects. The problem is that we are so much used to see our ‘God’ in a box that our mind is unable to accept the other side of it. That happens when according to Bruce the twin forces of individualism and rationalism conflicts, the resultant appears in the form of a shift from ‘serial dogmatism’ to ‘promiscuous liberalism’. Whenever conflicts arise, spirituality is gone because a spiritual person never indulges in any kind of conflicts or quarrels. He takes life as it comes to him and thanks God for whatever he has been gifted. A spiritual person accepts each and every deity; every religion is respectable for him. According to Bruce’s opinion, “spirituality does not depends upon to shift or religious allegiance to convert itself towards the philosophies or believes of atheism, agnosticism, non-Christian religious traditions, a variety of new religious movements, and private forms of piety and spirituality” (Bruce, 1996: 233). Non spiritual are those individuals who though stick to their religion consider every other philosophy, deity or religion false and at the same time they try to cross those religious boundaries that they have themselves set for them. That means the boundaries that they have set for themselves later become problem for them, because they want the world to see through their eyes, accept their opinions and negate all those perceptions that they negate. Discussion It is important to note that being rational or irrational in religious ontology is not the only way to access God or God’s will. Bhaskar (2000) has elucidated the concept by highlighting the consistency of realism in the following words: “Realism with entailing experiential diversity allows that God, or the absolute, or the transcendent (or transcendent beings or phenomena generally) can, like nature (or ordinary material things), be accessed or experienced in a multiplicity of different ways” (Bhaskar, 2000: 34). I am very much impressed by Bhaskar (2000) notion; the way he explains that a spiritual being is well aware of the two facts and can be put in either of the two conditions: Either his soul is subject to God’s grace, or not subject to God’s grace. There is no condition that resides in between the two and if a person simply is unaware of his status and thinks that he lies somewhere in between these two scenarios that means he is not spiritual at all. The different ways to access God are no other than the different religions practiced according to the Holy books, as they all have access to God but in different directions. That means all are genuine, all teachers. It is not difficult to specify that even in the boundaries of sacred places like churches, temples or mosques, rabbis, priests and scholars have failed to improve and modernize people’s perception about spirituality and religion. There are many reasons to it. In the first place the sacred places which are considered to be the house of God are used to sent ministers and religious scholars who themselves uphold too rigid opinion about religion. Therefore they are reluctant to produce the desirable response and outcome that is expected from them. They are unable to grasp the notion that religion is modernized and God is not the property of any single religion. Therefore they remain divided over the question of the general accessibility of the believer’s reasons. They differ and contradict in various believes over how far faith is a necessary condition for the appreciation of the rationality of any belief. This is not simply a dispute over the possibility of natural theology of rational arguments, as rationality to some extent does not hinder spirituality. Spirituality does not require being religious or I would say that religion has not to do anything with being spiritual or not being spiritual. Spirituality requires inner strength, moral and ethics to accept any other belief or religion. That means in order to bring peace and harmony to this world we have to think spiritually regardless of race and religion. Human brotherhood is what required of our new ministers, less declamation and more common sense and love for truth, must be the qualifications of the new ministry that shall yet save the race from the evils of false teachings. The problems created by established ecclesiastical authority, has no doubt hardly left any room for us to preach the modernized religious ecstasy which has always exerted within and on the fringe of universal brotherhood. We can appreciate how modern Spiritualism has moulded the belief and thoughts of so many of us, those who believed in religious conflicts and those who don’t. Therefore spirituality must be promoted in order to avoid war and restore national calamity. In other words spirituality must be used as a weapon against terrorism, which means it should work in training people consciously and unconsciously to set their God free from their boxes. There should be more spiritual healing centres other than churches and mosques to replace and to some extent supplants those minds who spread war and terror in the name of religion. They should be taught the morals that religion is not for sale to be used in the name of terror or to spread hatred and war. Religion is the name of love, peace and mutual understanding which has been misused for centuries in the name of God. If God had favoured only one religion there would have no second religion on earth, but so many religions, so many races and so many traditions have let us know that God is all about love and maintaining peace and harmony on earth. Differences, castes, racism is the other name of evil or Satan. Those who preach rigidly only promote their thoughts as they accompany evil. Today there is a need to purify our souls so that we would be able to make the home and social life of those people around us a better and peaceful place to live, so that they follow us and realize the need of purifying power of religion. It is the heart of every social evil that creates the environment of disorder and war among us, because the social evil is well aware of the fact that God is kept inside the boxes within us, we feel no need of letting Him out the box. Because if we let our God free, peace would be our destiny which evil don’t want us to be in. It is this evil that Seager (1993) has defined as innocent and it is us who by lacking all inherent moral potencies of home and family that are the well-springs of all the good in human society (Seager, 1993) welcomes and appreciates him. That means we encourage evil to disrupt our morals. The dilemma is that religion is bounded by those preachers and teachers that tell us that preaching from the pulpit and teaching in the schoolhouse are but half done so long as the homes are uninstructed in that practical religion that can make pure and sacred every relationship it touches of man, woman, and child. Religion should not leave these people alone to learn from birds and beasts those blessed meanings of marriage, motherhood, and family. Religion should not utter itself only once or twice a week through a minister from a pulpit, but should open every cabin door and get immediate contact with those who have not yet learned to translate into terms of conduct the promptings of religion. Summary and Conclusion Spirituality cannot be kept in a box. For those who do not believe in spirituality or for those who are rational and do not take religion as it comes to them, commonalities in all the religious sectors explain and provide adequate answers to believe. If sin is not permitted in Semitic religion like Judaism, Christianity or Islam, it is also not encouraged in non-Semitic religion. Therefore those ‘religious’ individuals or groups who are used to consider their point of view and rejects the other are neither religious nor spiritual, because being religious and spiritual in true sense are two ends of God’s will that when combines forms a triangle. Those who understand the triangular view are spiritual and those who don’t remain unable to fill even the religious aspect. Religious or fundamentalist sects that believe in one religious quest are those who wish to see universal brotherhood disrupted by the ‘religion’ issue. There is a need to understand what we were expected to present our God, and what we are up to? All we have given our religions is the defame in the name of ‘pleasing God’. If God had to be pleased this way, he would have not felt this way about us, he would have not distributed into different casts, races and religions. The main purpose of dividing us into so many differences is to maintain a colourful world, like a colourful rainbow. Every religion and theology has its own unique significance. Truth lies in the notion that to maintain and restore the truthful blessings so that our God remains please with us which means that our inner selves remain satisfy. In other words that is to restore our spiritual existence. After all it is a matter of pleasing oneself – pleasing God! References Badarayan (Vyasa) Brahma Sutra , 192:555. Translated by Swami Gambhirananda: Advaita Ashram, Kolkatta. Bhagavad-Gita multimedia book : translated in English. International Sanskrit Research Academy. Bhaskar Roy, (2004) From East to West: Odyssey of a Soul : Routledge: London. Bruce Steve, (1996) Religion in the Modern World: From Cathedrals to Cults : Oxford University Press: Oxford. Chandogya Upanishad 6:2:1. The Principal Upanishad by S. Radhakrishnan page 447 and 448. Sacred Books of the East, volume 1 ‘The Upanishads part I’ page 93. Garfield Jay, L. & Kiteley Murray, (1991) Meaning and Truth: Essential Readings in Modern Semantics : Paragon Press: New York. Good News Bible (1979) (with the Apocryphal / Dueterocanonical books): Today’s English Version. Habermas J. (1984) Theory of Communicative Action . Boston: Beacon Press. Holy Quran Ver. 2.1, CD- Rom. English/ French/ Malaya/ German/ Persian/ Spanish/ Turkish. Malrieu Pierre Jean, (1999) Evaluative Semantics: Cognition, Language, and Ideology : Routledge: London. Menuhin Joel Ryce, (1994) Jung and the Monotheisms: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam : Routledge: New York. Scott Jamie & Housley Paul Simpson, (1991) Sacred Places and Profane Spaces: Essays in the Geographics of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam : Greenwood Press: New York. Seager Richard Hughes, (1993) The Dawn of Religious Pluralism: Voices from the World’s Parliament of Religions : Open Court: La Salle, IL. Strange Michael, J. (2002) Common Spirit Common Ground: A loving comparison of World religions. Canada. Svetasvatara Upanishad 6:9. The Principal Upanishad by S. Radhakrishnan page 745. Sacred Books of the East, volume 15, ‘The Upanishads part II’ page 263. Tacey David, (2004) The Spirituality Revolution: The Emergence of Contemporary Spirituality : Brunner-Routledge: New York. The Bible, (1971) Revised Standard Version . The Bible, (1611) Authorised King James version. Upanishads, The Sacred book of the East Translation by: Max Muller: Vol 1 and 15. Wright Andrew, (2001) Spirituality and Education : RoutledgeFalmer: New York.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: Human multitasking can be described as a characteristic that stands for people being capable of completing more than one task at the same time. Even though it derives from computer-based multitasking, it is different because human contexts tend to switch more often than their digital counterparts. Accordingly, insufficient attention causes humans to lose focus and spend more time instead ( The ability to train to multitask is a relevant research question that is addressed to help humans improve coordination and avoid interruptions.

Human multitasking can be described as a characteristic that stands for people being capable of completing more than one task at the same time. Even though it derives from computer-based multitasking, it is different because human contexts tend to switch more often than their digital counterparts. Accordingly, insufficient attention causes humans to lose focus and spend more time instead ( The ability to train to multitask is a relevant research question that is addressed to help humans improve coordination and avoid interruptions.

Sensation and Perception: Psychological Science Essay Human multitasking can be described as a characteristic that stands for people being capable of completing more than one task at the same time. Even though it derives from computer-based multitasking, it is different because human contexts tend to switch more often than their digital counterparts. Accordingly, insufficient attention causes humans to lose focus and spend more time instead (Ong & Gupta, 2016). The ability to train to multitask is a relevant research question that is addressed to help humans improve coordination and avoid interruptions. One example of multitasking being a beneficial human capability is the growing flexibility of a person’s approach to the tasks they have to accomplish. For example, when a human is behind the wheel rather often, they quickly learn to pay enough attention to all the traffic signs and sidewalks while also talking to passengers or listening to music (Courage et al., 2015). Another possible advantage is an improved ability to mobilize mental capacities. In line with Ong and Gupta (2016), constant challenges are essential if the person in question wants to achieve outstanding results and maintain their performance. The key reason why multitasking could become a detriment to some people is the growing impact of motivation issues. The more a person gets involved in short-run multitasking, the more they will become demotivated when employing multitasking for lengthy and resource-intensive objectives (Courage et al., 2015). The most evident problem with multitasking is that the quality of one’s work is going to drop crucially over time since one will not have the time to refill energy and motivation. The lower performance will lead to stagnation and poor lifestyle choices, affecting people around the procrastinator. It may be safe enough to say that Ben is not going to succeed when trying to multitask between activities that require him to appeal to the same areas of the brain and persistently reconnect to two diverse discussions. The first reason why multitasking is going to fail is that Ben is going to face a distracted focus and have trouble switching between tasks. He is not a trained individual, so the most prominent outcomes for him would be the loss of time and the inability to follow the track of discussion in both groups. When a person does not switch correctly, they will overlook essential links between important information and cause trouble for the team during the later stages of the project. Another essential problem that will have to be addressed by Ben is his contribution to an unpleasant working atmosphere. As an individual that will have to go back and forth between discussions to learn all the required information, Ben is most likely to affect other people’s ability to focus and generate a hostile working environment where most of the participants will not be focused on studying. The fact that Ben is not going to provide his peers with enough assistance will turn him into a pariah across both teams due to the perceived selfishness and disrespect displayed by Ben. While not having any background information on Ben’s training and education, it may be possible to hypothesize that he never had in his life trained to multitask before. This is a cornerstone of Ben’s performance because he will not be suitable for constant focus switches and the need to keep plenty of information inside his short-term memory. The mental capacity has to be powerful enough to help Ben cope with both projects at the same time, but successful outcomes are rather unlikely. The best way for Ben would be to complete one project at a time and practice multitasking in his spare time. According to Nelson et al. (2011), change blindness is one of the most important phenomena in work with eyewitnesses because quite a few wrongful convictions have been permitted because of the faulty nature of human memory. This is a crucial insight into human attention and awareness that makes it safe to suggest that further understanding of cognitive errors and their consequences would be required. The literature on change blindness and evidence on eyewitness identification have to be linked even closer to help avoid wrongful convictions in the future (Nelson et al., 2011). On the other hand, human perception could be researched from a completely different angle, with change blindness and conscious awareness being on both sides of the scale. It could be thought-provoking to complete additional research on the topic of observers sensing certain changes while not consciously seeing them in the overall picture. As per the information shared by Loftus et al. (2013), eyewitness research heavily relies on forensic technologies and develops an environment where digital solutions quickly displace human error caused by mistakes in awareness and perception. This approach to eradicating wrongful convictions proved to be rather successful and taught numerous actors in the field of criminal justice that faulty eyewitness testimony cannot serve as an acceptable source of evidence anymore. Under the influence of the voice of the community, many scholars chose to pay attention to wrongful convictions and prevent such negative scenarios from happening in the future (Loftus et al., 2013). Accordingly, there are plenty of miscarriages of justice that have to be linked to the inability or unwillingness of criminal justice representatives to gain more insight into human perception and awareness before making specific decisions that could damage one’s reputation and lead to imprisonment. References Courage, M. L., Bakhtiar, A., Fitzpatrick, C., Kenny, S., & Brandeau, K. (2015). Growing up multitasking: The costs and benefits for cognitive development. Developmental Review , 35 , 5-41. Loftus, E. F. (2013). 25 years of eyewitness science…Finally pays off . Perspectives on Psychological Science: A Journal of the Association for Psychological Science , 8 (5), 556-557. Nelson, K. J., Laney, C., Fowler, N. B., Knowles, E. D., Davis, D., & Loftus, E. F. (2011). Change blindness can cause mistaken eyewitness identification. Legal and Criminological Psychology , 16 (1), 62-74. Ong, Y. S., & Gupta, A. (2016). Evolutionary multitasking: A computer science view of cognitive multitasking. Cognitive Computation , 8 (2), 125-142.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : Banks are an indispensable part of any financial system since they provide services to citizens and businesses which fuel the economy and stimulate its growth. Commercial banks function by serving depositors by accepting their funds and borrowers by providing them with required sums. There is a large variety of commercial banks of different sizes, both local and international ones, which operate in the United States. Chase bank is one of the largest financial institutions in the country and offers several services utilized by its customers. It is

Banks are an indispensable part of any financial system since they provide services to citizens and businesses which fuel the economy and stimulate its growth. Commercial banks function by serving depositors by accepting their funds and borrowers by providing them with required sums. There is a large variety of commercial banks of different sizes, both local and international ones, which operate in the United States. Chase bank is one of the largest financial institutions in the country and offers several services utilized by its customers. It is

Services Provided by Chase: Financial System Essay Banks are an indispensable part of any financial system since they provide services to citizens and businesses which fuel the economy and stimulate its growth. Commercial banks function by serving depositors by accepting their funds and borrowers by providing them with required sums. There is a large variety of commercial banks of different sizes, both local and international ones, which operate in the United States. Chase bank is one of the largest financial institutions in the country and offers several services utilized by its customers. It is interesting to analyze the most popular of them and see the rate which Chase offers on its certificate of deposit accounts. As mentioned earlier, Chase provides numerous services to its clients; one of them is the checking account, also called a demand deposit account. Checking accounts are considered by banks to be transaction accounts which means that the financial institution treats them as a source of funds until the client decides to withdraw their money (Madura, 2021). Essentially, banks utilize the funds deposited by their customer to loan them to other clients. Chase offers several checking-account options which have different features, including “Chase Total Checking,” which provides additional overdraft, and “Chase Secure Banking,” which does not have an overdraft service but requires only a small service fee (“Chase checking,” n.d.). Additionally, Chase’s clients can choose checking accounts designed specifically for certain individuals; for instance, there are parent-owned accounts for children. The fact that Chase has several possible checking accounts lets clients find the one which would be most suitable for them. Another service offered by Chase is savings accounts which are extremely popular among its clients who wish to not only keep their funds secure but also earn interest on them. The savings account requires only a small deposit and can be linked to the checking account, but unlike the latter, it does not imply the use of a debit card (Madura, 2021). As a result, many people find it convenient to get both checking and savings accounts in order to manage their funds better. Chase offers only two types of savings accounts, namely, “Chase Savings” and “Chase Premier Savings,” the former has an interest rate of 0,01% while the latter allows to earn up to 0,05% (“Chase savings,” n.d.). Overall, clients of Chase who choose the bank’s savings account can benefit significantly from this option only if they deposit a large sum of several million dollars. Credit cards are another popular option for clients of all banks, including Chase, and the service which millions of people utilize on a daily basis. Credit cards constitute a form of consumer loans, the terms of which depend on the client’s credit history, as well as their income (Madura, 2021). If the holder fails to pay off their balance, the bank may charge them interest. Chase has an extensive assortment of credit cards which are suitable for different purposes. For instance, there are “Business Cards,” offering substantial cash back rewards, “Travel Cards,” which multiply bonus points (“Credit cards,” n.d.). Unlike debit cards which constitute a source of funds for banks, credit cards reflect an asset for Chase since it grants money to the client and can earn interest. Nevertheless, credit cards from Chase are also beneficial for consumers because they do not intend paying large interest rates and have numerous rewards and bonuses. Another asset for banks such as Chase is auto loans since every month, thousands of people buy cars, and some need to finance their purchase. Installment loans constitute the use of funds and the primary instrument used by banks, including Chase, to provide financing to their clients willing to buy a new car (Madura, 2021). At Chase, clients can receive a loan for any type of car or truck, yet their interest rate and subsequently the monthly payment will depend on their credit history and the loan term. Chase has a special calculator on its website, which lets clients approximately estimate their monthly payments by choosing the auto brand, car price, the term, and their credit rating. For instance, a person with an excellent credit rating can receive approximately a 4.5% interest rate on a $30,000 loan for a 2021 Ford (“Chase auto,” n.d.). Such terms are ideal for consumers, and Chase bank can certainly be considered as the institution which provides affordable auto loans. Finally, Chase offers mortgages by lending money to its clients purchasing a house or an apartment. A mortgage is backed by the real estate which clients purchase, it requires a down payment, and the usual term of this loan is 15-30 years (Madura, 2021). Such a lengthy period of the loan term can be explained by the fact that real estate has a high price, and people usually do not have enough resources to settle it instantly. Chase has a built-in calculator on its website, which allows clients to get an approximate rate of their mortgage. For instance, for the random zip code of 10006, the calculator showed an interest rate of 2.9% for a 30-year mortgage (“Chase home,” n.d.). Despite the fact that the aforementioned rate is not final, it can be considered appropriate for consumers, and it is certainly one of the best offers on the market. Chase bank also offers certificates of deposit (CDs) which its clients can open and receive a fixed interest rate. Certificate of deposit constitutes a form of time deposits, meaning that they cannot be withdrawn on demand; thus, CDs are a liability, a source of funds, for banks (Madura, 2021). Clients can choose long-term and short-term CDs, and the size of their deposit can vary depending on their particular needs. Chase is a bank which offers CDs which can be opened for one month and up to ten years, while the minimum sum required for opening a CD is $1,000 (“Open a Chase,” n.d.). The rates which Chase offers for its CDs depend on the total sum deposited by the client, starting from 0,02% up to 0,05% (“Open a Chase,” n.d.). Overall, Chase’s CD’s rates are competitive, and using such a service can help consumers not only keep their money but also grow their capital. Chase is one of the major banks in the United States, and it offers an extensive assortment of services which millions of consumers use on a daily basis. The bank’s sources of funds constitute savings and checking accounts of its clients, as well as certificates of deposit which deliver considerable annual rates. Chase also uses the funds it receives from customers by providing auto loans, credit cards, and mortgages. All of the aforementioned services provided by Chase have competitive terms and can benefit both the bank and the client. References Chase auto. (n.d.). Chase. Chase checking accounts. (n.d.). Chase. Chase home lending. (n.d.). Chase. Chase savings accounts. (n.d.). Chase. Credit cards. (n.d.). Chase. Madura, J. (2021). Financial markets & institutions (13 th ed.). Cengage. Open a Chase certificate of deposit. (n.d.). Chase.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: The United States Constitution was drafted in Philadelphia by the Constitution Convention delegates.There were three plans that the delegates were presented with: the New Jersey plan, Hamilton's plan and the Virginia plan. What was accepted by the delegates in the end is what came to be termed as the huge "Compromise" treaty which was taken from the Virginia and New Jersey plans.

The United States Constitution was drafted in Philadelphia by the Constitution Convention delegates. There were three plans that the delegates were presented with: the New Jersey plan, Hamilton's plan and the Virginia plan. What was accepted by the delegates in the end is what came to be termed as the huge "Compromise" treaty which was taken from the Virginia and New Jersey plans.

American Constitutional Convention Essay The United States Constitution was drafted in Philadelphia by the Constitution Convention delegates. There were three plans that the delegates were presented with: the New Jersey plan, Hamilton’s plan and the Virginia plan. What was accepted by the delegates in the end is what came to be termed as the huge “Compromise” treaty which was taken from the Virginia and New Jersey plans. It was realized by the delegates that compromise treaty would be indispensable if a new Constitution was to be drafted for the nation. In August of 1787, the first constitutional draft was accepted by the convention (Forner 257). There were variations in the three plans presented before the Constitutional Convention. The New Jersey plan differed greatly from that of Virginia. Some of the differences were referenced to branches, legislature and other powers. In respect to branches, the New Jersey embraced three branches which were, the executive, the legislature, and the judiciary. The plan by the Virginia proponents also embraced the three arms of the government that were the executive, legislature and the judicial branch. It was the legislature branch that preserved the most power as it was the one which could select individuals to serve in the judiciary and executive branches (Forner 257). In terms of legislature, in this case with reference to the New Jersey plan, there was to be a single house, that was, unicameral, where each state would receive equal representation and all the states had the same amount of power. In the Virginia plan, there were two houses, bicameral, with the representatives’ house being elected by the population, while the state legislatures was mandated with the role of electing the senate. There was proportional representation to both. New Jersey plan came up with an elaborate way to share roles and responsibilities between the state government and the national government, with the former being given the mandate of taxing the inhabitants, among other trade related duties. The national government, on the other hand, was accorded with the duty to monitor trade among various states. The Virginia plan would be beneficial to the larger state by offering proportional congressional representation to the state’s population. This would facilitate more representation gain for the more densely populated state, hence get more congressional power. The New Jersey plan avoided swallowing of the smaller states of New England by the larger states providing equal representation (Forner 258). Alexander Hamilton and his strong critique Jefferson Thomas completely destructed and hated each other. Their ideas were both different and analogous, but they consistently debated with each other. Thomas Jefferson was an anti-federalist and an Agrarian highly favoring the people. He emphasized liberty, social welfare, and democracy. Alexander Hamilton was a Federalist advocating for a nation with a strong centralized government in power. On the top of this, he remained convinced that it was only a central government that would manage to provide the much needed economic impetus to improve the affairs of the people. He would favor Virginia plan with his opposition favoring the New Jersey plan (Forner 259). Despite being under a new constitution that safeguarded human dignity, the constitutional choice to abolish slavery and human trafficking was futile and the slave trade was not banned. In conclusion, as a citizen with the two plans in mind, I would prefer the Virginia one which accordingly seems to be concerned with humanity, well-being and growth. Works Cited Forner, Erick. Give me Liberty: An America History , London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2001. Print.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: In the early years of twentieth century, sandwiches made of peanut butter and jelly became very common. This literature review will focus on the history of peanut butter and jelly by examining the thought on interchangeability of peanut butter in the construction of sandwich, the schools of thought on the study and how they influences the construction of peanut butter and jelly.

In the early years of twentieth century, sandwiches made of peanut butter and jelly became very common. This literature review will focus on the history of peanut butter and jelly by examining the thought on interchangeability of peanut butter in the construction of sandwich, the schools of thought on the study and how they influences the construction of peanut butter and jelly.

American Food Over the Decades Analytical Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Literature review 3. References Introduction In the early years of twentieth century, sandwiches made of peanut butter and jelly became very common. This literature review will focus on the history of peanut butter and jelly by examining the thought on interchangeability of peanut butter in the construction of sandwich, the schools of thought on the study and how they influences the construction of peanut butter and jelly. In this literature review, issues concerning the possibility of peanut butter interchangeability and peanut butter and jelly sandwich construction are also discussed. Data was collected from secondary sources. Literature review To Robinson (2001), Americans were being amazed by the popularity that peanut butter and jelly was gaining during the start of the twentieth century. He argues the trigger was the fact that most Americans never knew of the methods and ways of preparing the sandwich. Robinson further explains that despite the fact that Americans both young and old came to like the delicious sandwich; their culture had not incorporated the best ways of preparing it. As a result, housewives and teachers of home economics used to write letters to cookbook companies requesting for information on how to prepare the sandwich. There was widespread debate on the interchangeability of peanut butter in the 1920s and 1930s. Discussions mainly featured women’s magazines (Robinson, 2001). Robinson states that “there were articles which advised people to make wise choices of peanut butter” On the other hand, quite a good number of writers emphasized that consuming peanut butter and jelly sandwich was a choice that people were supposed to make on their own just like they could opt for any other item in the market. Only a small percentage of articles emphasized on the need for the constructors of peanut butter to have other thoughts apart from personal choice when it came to making a choice on whether to consume peanut butter. Owing to the great role played by the advertisements, the interchangeability of peanut butter was portrayed as simple. Robinson (2001) noted, “The peanut butter industry has always being interested in people’s association of the product with less anxiety.” Consumers were assured that they should not worry anymore about the proper use of peanut butter but they should purchase the types that appealed to them most. Currently there is too much emphasis for people to use peanut butter as portrayed in advertisements. Robinson (2001) asserts that magazines do not like going against the advertisers. Therefore, magazine editors do not object to what companies tell them, for example, magazines may fail to indicate the negative effects of the interchangeability of peanut butter. Several theoretical frameworks and schools of thought have emerged to reinforce the discussion on peanut butter. The studies on peanut butter and jelly sandwich can be traced to the popular and scholarly literature schools of thought (Robinson, 2001). Famous magazines carried out scholarly research seen in advertisements. In the 1930s, companies dealing with peanut butter contracted academic institutions to carry out research on their behalf. Most of the studies were conducted on the nutritional value of consuming peanut butter. By the start of the 1940s, research conducted by academic institutions was not too much. Peanut butter is perceived to be expensive and thus unfavorable due to the high cost that would be incurred when carrying it out. The period starting from 1941 witnessed some decline in the number of studies conducted on peanut butter and jelly. References Robinson, J. (2001). American food over the decades . New York: Three rivers press.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : The essay discusses the three political essays by Franklin Roosevelt, Huey Long and Minnie Hardin. It argues that while Roosevelt's essay was good in theory, it was not very effective in practice. Huey Long's essay was also good in theory, but it was more effective in practice. Finally, Minnie Hardin's essay was good because it thrived by the economic situation at the time.

The essay discusses the three political essays by Franklin Roosevelt, Huey Long and Minnie Hardin. It argues that while Roosevelt's essay was good in theory, it was not very effective in practice. Huey Long's essay was also good in theory, but it was more effective in practice. Finally, Minnie Hardin's essay was good because it thrived by the economic situation at the time.

The Political Landscape of America Essay Introduction This work is an analytical essay which discusses the three essays 24-1, 24-3 and 24-5. These are political essays about the political landscape of America in light of certain policies and practices favored by the incumbent president. In an analysis of these essays which are essentially critiques of the political systems, the author will paint their discourses in light of the sociopolitical environments in which they occurred. In document 24-1, Franklin Roosevelt offered a thought dissenting from the mainstream idea that the government ought to offer solutions to the problems of the citizens. His school of thought was that instead of the people asking what the government had in store for them, they had better ask in what ways they should serve the government and effect change. Was it a good idea? For two reasons, in my view, the idea fit into the prevalent economic environment of the time. To begin with, the country was recovering from the great depression and so it was important to awaken the citizens and challenge them to be able to work hard for the improvement of their country. Secondly, the fact that the country needed a jolt on the verge of the unwelcome political situation at the moment necessitated calling into action for people to help grow the economy of the country. But in a way, it can also be argued that the promises offered by Roosevelt were pushed overboard by him. It could be true that he offered the promise of hope to the millions of Americans who wanted to see change in the face of oblivion in their country, but this offer of change came along with certain frustrations to the ordinary citizens. The citizens started to cry foul of his economic policy which favored the wealthy at the expense of the masses, and which created huge socio-economic disparities in the economy of America. Corruption was also averse. In document 24-3, the Huey Long describes the school of thought calling for the redistribution of wealth. The fact that the country at the time suffered deeply from the inequitable distribution of wealth informed his convictions. In an economy where there are very wide disparities in the ownership of wealth, those who find themselves on the lower socio-economic echelons bear the greatest brunt of this unethical social trend. To this end, it can be understood that Huey Long’s frustrations with the status quo were authentic. Issues such as corruption took very deep roots in the in the country and painted a picture which was a far cry from the expectations of transparency and fairness in the governance of the country. In document 24-5, the argument by the conservative Minnie Hardin was in effect good because it thrived by the economic situation at the time. It was offered at a time when the economy was flailing and people generally became impatient with the approach of Roosevelt to the economic recovery and growth. The fact that Hardin criticized Roosevelt approaches giving reference to the people like Karl Marx and British professors may have been appropriate in discrediting the application of foreign ideologies in solving local problems, but it is important to welcome policies which are friendly to the forward development of the country no matter the origin. Works Cited Johnson, Michael P. Reading the American Past , Volume II: From 1865: Selected Historical Document (4th Ed.) Print.

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: Loyalty cards are a type of marketing tool that can be used to develop customer loyalty. These cards offer rewards to customers who purchase products repeatedly from a store. There are different types of loyalty cards, but the most common are those used in supermarkets. These cards are usually swapped in special sensors at the entrance of the store, and they can be used to locate all the products that have promotional offers.

Loyalty cards are a type of marketing tool that can be used to develop customer loyalty. These cards offer rewards to customers who purchase products repeatedly from a store. There are different types of loyalty cards, but the most common are those used in supermarkets. These cards are usually swapped in special sensors at the entrance of the store, and they can be used to locate all the products that have promotional offers.

A Research on Store Loyalty Card Dissertation Introduction and Background of Research It is a primary goal of any company to develop customer’s loyalty and this has been achieved through loyalty programmes for customers. These programmes encourage the customers to purchase products offered repeatedly since they are rewarded (Saxena, 2009). There are different loyalty card programs depending on the type of service offered by an organisation. Local cards are used as a tool in developing sales promotion (Lee, 2002). For example, in a supermarket, customers with loyal cards activate them by swapping them in special sensors that are located by the entrance (Mauri, 2003). Consequently, a customer can be in a position to locate all the products that have promotional offers. The advantage of loyal cards that are computerized enables displays of promotional offers that are specific to each individual customer’s shopping profile with respect to the product as well as the brand. In case there is a customer who is interested in any of the offers, then the right promotion coupons are given (Lancastand Massingham, 2010). Information Technology and Loyalty Programs Technology is largely depended on in loyalty programmes and its contributions include the following; * The point of sale (POS) systems that help in the recording of actual transactions * Software programs that help in analyzing varying customer transactions which are useful in coming up with promotions (Egan, 2007). In the modern retail and service industry, demand for customers is increasing rapidly and marketing is also very competitive. As such, loyal cards can be used to attract customers by giving them a reward or discount and in return more products are purchased than if there was no motivation (Wilmshurst, 2011). This research is geared towards establishing the benefits of loyalty cards to a retailer. In order to do so, the nature of the research to be conducted will seek to answer the following questions; Research Questions 1. What is the customer’s buying pattern? 2. What are the advantages of loyalty cards to the customers? 3. What are the customers’ needs and their different preferences? 4. What does all these questions (1, 2, 3) beneficial to the retailer? Aims and Objectives General Objective * The overall objective of this research is to establish the benefits of establishing a loyalty card scheme. Specific Objectives * To find out the purchasing pattern of different customers. * To find out the benefits derived from a loyalty card scheme. * To provide viable recommendations to the retailer on loyalty cards. Hypothesis * There is no purchasing pattern for different consumers. * There are no benefits that are derived from a loyalty card scheme. Proposed Research Methods Qualitative Research Surveys are mainly used to carry out marketing research (Blythe 2006). However, there exist many limitations such that many researchers use quantitative techniques which should not be the case. In order to adequately achieve the stated objectives, qualitative research will be used. This will involve the use of unstructured questionnaires, interviews, and use of focus groups. This choice is informed by the fact that objectives do not require to be quantified. Data Collection Data will be collected from primary sources as well as secondary sources. The secondary sources will include books, magazines, journals, internet among others. The primary sources include interviews, questionnaires and focus groups discussions. Unstructured Questionnaires Both open and closed questionnaires will be used. The respondents will therefore be in a position to give their different opinions in the open questionnaires and the closed questionnaires will help the researcher to analyze quickly and also avoid ambiguity. Interviews The respondents will be asked open ended questions and they will be encouraged to express themselves freely by giving their own ideas. However, the researcher will be keen so as not to ask questions that are biased. Focus Groups Those customers that will show an interest on the subject matter will be grouped and expected to constructively and exhaustively contribute. A focus group is advantageous since it enhances a wide range of ideas from the members (Fernie, 2003). The sampling Design Process The target population will be the loyal customers and those in major retail outlets. The process will be precise in order to give the required results. The sampling frame will then be determined and it will constitute the sample frame which will be a representative of the target population. The sample size will be 60 people in which 30 females and 30 male are targeted. Judgemental sampling will be used since it is a non-probability technique in sampling. It is predicted that about 95%-99% of the 60 respondents will be reached (Malhotra, Hall and Shaw, 2004). Data Presentation and Analysis Data will be presented and analysed by use of descriptive statistics, inferential statistics as well as associative statistics. Descriptive statistics involves summarising of data into a way that it can easily be interpreted and analysed (Lancaster and Massingham 2010). It involves the use of such tools as averages, standard deviation, frequency, maximum, minimum and percentages in distribution (Ray, 2010). On the other hand, inferential statistics includes use of hypotheses in order to infer the true characteristic of the population (Roddy, 2010). This is basically based on the data acquired from the sample size. Associative analysis tries to find out whether the variables in the model do relate and the type of relationship if any (Griseli, 2010). Examples of these tools include correlation cross tabulation and regression. Graphs will also be used to present data. Graphs give the pictorial presentation of data and therefore ease interpretation and analysis (William and Babin, 2012). They include; charts, pie charts bar graphs, line graphs among others. Accessibility to the data This research will work under the assumption that the necessary data will be easily accessed from the respondents since they will be willing to give the needed information. It also assumes that the respondents will not be biased in on the ideas that will be issued. Time, Resources and budget constraints The data will be collected in two months. The resources that will be used in this research is basically the researchers that will aid in collecting information and cash that will be used for transport, accommodation and typing and printing of questionnaires. The tools used to collect data will first be pre-tested in a small population and any mistakes will be corrected by the researcher. A sample size of 60 will be selected due to limited time and resources. Validity of Data Data validation is very important and it involves instituting measures that will ensure meaningful information is collected from the respondents for effective research (Bellizzi and Bristol, 2004). In order to achieve this, all the questionnaires will be reviewed to ensure that they are duly completed to ensure that they will be viable for interviewing. Reviewing ensures that the questionnaires used are accurate, consistent and also avoids ambiguity responses from the respondents. Moreover, the respondents will be expected to be honest and give valid information. Ethical issues Loyalty cards require personal information from the respondents which is confidential. Therefore, this research will ensure that no information will be availed to third parties without the consent of the customer. Secondly, the information will be in databases that will only be accessed by authorised persons and this reduces the risk of information disclosure (Kotler, 2000). The staff members will also be expected to uphold a high degree of ethics by not engaging in a behaviour that will invade the privacy of the customers (Winn, 2006; Clarke, 2006). Another issue of ethical concern entails a possibility of misuse of the royalty programs to do unfair market that may not be based on full disclosure that would guarantee the freeness of the decision making process. This may result to a rise of a possible way of having putting the organisation’s profit motive beyond ethics. To ensure that this aspect is not introduced to the retail chain due to its adverse effects of high returns within a short run, but future negative implications, there is a need that the research process will have an established code of ethical conduct during the establishment of the loyalty program as well as during the actualisation of the program. Lastly, persons who will violate the set policies on customers’ privacy will be punished and compensation to the customer whose profile information has been affected will follow. Potential use of the research findings After carrying out the research, the results will be used to determine the buying pattern of the customers which will be used by the retailer to establish the type of loyalty cards that will be used in retailing. This is because customers have different purchasing powers and also the purchasing frequency differs. Some are light, medium and others are heavy users (Coussement, Demouline and Charry, 2011). It will also help in identifying the tastes and preferences of different customers and this information will be used in promotional offers. The information will also be important to other stakeholders in order to determine the financial allocation to different products as given by the customers. Conclusion The benefits of loyalty cards to the clients and the stakeholders cannot be overemphasized especially in developing markets. Purchases are increased and therefore the profits are maximized. Consequently, the business expands and the products or services are sold at low prices due to the effect of economics of scale. The retailer is also able to establish the loyal customers and can easily predict the future financial position of the business. The clients are also motivated by rewards and thus enjoy extra satisfaction without payments. Recommendations In order to achieve the desired results from this research report, there are some areas that need to be improved. For example, the retailer should establish those customers that have multiple loyalty cards that help them benefit from the reward issued in different markets. Instead, he should offer those multiple loyal cards for his own gain. Lack of security is a barrier to customers purchasing the loyalty cards and thus a very comprehensive security system should be put in place in order to make sure that the customers’ personal information is not interfered with. Reference List Bellizzi, J. A. and Bristol, T. 2004. ‘An assessment of supermarket loyalty cards in one major market in US.’ Journal of Consumer Market . Vol 21 No. 2 Pp 144-154. Blythe, J. 2006. Principles & Practice of Marketing. Cengage Learning EMEA: New York. Clarke, C. 2006. Store Cards Market Investigation . The Stationery Office: Oxford. Coussement, K., Demouline, N. and Charry, K. 2011. Marketing Research With SAS Enterprise Guide. Gower Publishing, Ltd: London. Egan, J. 2007. Marketing Communications . Cengage Learning EMEA: London. Fernie, J., Fernie, S., Moore, C. 2003. Principles of Retailing . Routledge: New York. Griseli, P. and Seppala, N. 2010. Business Ethics. Cengage Learning EMEA: London. Kotler, P. 2000. Marketing Management. Prentice Hall: London. Lancaster, G. and Massingham, L. 2010. Essentials of Marketing Management . Taylor & Francis: New York. Lee, C., W. 2002. ‘Sales promotion as strategic communication: The case of Singapore’ Journal of Product and Brand Management , Vol. 11, No.2, pp. 103-104. Malhotra, N., Hall, K. & Shaw, M. 2004. Essentials of Marketing Research: An applied orientation. Pearson/Prentice Hall: New South Wales Mauri, C. 2003, “Card Loyalty: A new emerging issue in grocery retailing”, Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services , Vol. 10, pp 13-25 Ray, R. 2010. Supply Chain Management for Retailing . Tata McGraw-Hill Education: New York. Roddy, M. 2010. Sales Promotion: How to Create, Implement and Integrate Campaigns That Really Work . Kogan Page Publishers: New York. Saxena, T. 2009. Marketing Management. 4 Ed. Tata McGraw-Hill Education: New Delhi. William, G., Z. and Babin, J., B. and Griffin, M. 2012. Research Methods (with Qualtrics Printed Access Card). Cengage Learning: New York. Wilmshurst, J. and Mackay, A. 2011. The Fundamentals and Practice of Marketing. Routledge: New York. Winn, J., K. 2006. Consumer Protection in the Age of the Information. Ashgate Publishing: New York.

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