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### Instruction: Disease name: Takayasu's arteritis : When to call a professional

Call your doctor if you develop any severe pain, coldness, or a blue discoloration in an arm or leg, chest pain, or symptoms of stroke.

### Instruction: Disease name: Takayasu's arteritis : Prognosis

Symptoms resolve in about 60% of people with Takayasu's arteritis when they are treated with glucocorticoids alone. However, symptoms return in about half of these patients. When symptoms return, retreatment with a combination of glucocorticoids and other immunosuppressive drugs has a 40% to 80% success rate. But, it's common for symptoms to return again. Overall, about 80% survive at least 15 years following the diagnosis, but the prognosis varies depending on whether there are complications (such as the development of aneurysms). The prognosis may be improving due to newer treatment options.

### Instruction: Disease name: Takayasu's arteritis : Additional info

American College of Rheumatology https://www.rheumatology.org/

### Instruction: Disease name: Takayasu's arteritis : About the Reviewer

### Instruction: Disease name: Tay-Sachs Disease : What Is It?

Tay-Sachs disease is an inherited disease caused by an abnormal gene. People with this abnormal gene do not have an important enzyme called hexosaminidase A (HEXA) that helps to break down a fatty material called ganglioside GM2. This material builds up in the brain, and eventually damages nerve cells and causes neurological problems.  Infants usually begin to show signs of the disease between 3 months and 6 months of age. Children with Tay-Sachs disease can become deaf, blind and paralyzed, and usually die by the age of 5.

### Instruction: Disease name: Tear Duct Infection (Dacryocystitis) : What Is It?

Dacryocystitis is an infection in the tear drainage system. Tears drain from each eye through small canals, a tear sac (lacrimal sac) and a tear duct (nasolacrimal duct).   Tears are made by a small organ above the eye under the upper lid. At the inner corner of each upper and lower eyelid is an opening to a small tube (drainage canal).  The drainage canals carry away tears that have rinsed the front surface of the eye away so fresh tears can come in.   The drainage canals empty into tear sacs, one for each eye. The tear sacs sit at the top of the tear duct. Tears move through the sac into the duct and then are dumped into your nose.   Tears spill out of the eyes and into the back of your nose when you cry, although the tears entering the nose are not visible. That's why you get a runny nose when you cry.    The tear drainage system can get infected if it becomes blocked and bacteria collect in the ducts or the lacrimal sac. A blockage near the nose also can cause excessive tearing from the eye.

### Instruction: Disease name: Tear Duct Infection (Dacryocystitis) : Symptoms

Typical symptoms of acute tear duct infection include:

### Instruction: Disease name: Tear Duct Infection (Dacryocystitis) : Diagnosis

Your doctor will examine you for signs of swelling and redness at the corner of the eye, fever, excessive tearing and discharge of pus. Pressing on the lacrimal sac may cause mucus or pus to come out of the ducts near the eye. If pus is present, a sample of the discharge can be collected and tested to determine the type of bacteria causing the infection.  If the physical signs do not obviously show dacryocystitis, or if the doctor wants to confirm the diagnosis, he or she may do a dye disappearance test. With this test, a yellow fluorescent dye is placed in the corner of the eye and allowed to mix with the eye's film of tears. If the tear drainage system is functioning well, the dye should disappear from the eye's surface after several minutes. A cotton swab can be inserted into the nose to see if any dye has passed through the tear duct. This test can help your doctor tell whether your tear duct is blocked completely or partially.

### Instruction: Disease name: Tear Duct Infection (Dacryocystitis) : Expected Duration

In infants or adults, tear duct infections need to be treated when there is redness or fever and cloudy tear drainage. Acute tear duct infections usually will go away quickly with antibiotic therapy. Between episodes of acute infection, there may still be excessive tearing or cloudy drainage from block tear ducts. In infants, the obstruction that causes an infection is commonly outgrown by the age of 9 to 12 months. Chronic infections, especially in adults, can be difficult to cure without surgery to expand the tear duct's drainage channel.

### Instruction: Disease name: Tear Duct Infection (Dacryocystitis) : Prevention

If a child is prone to tear duct infections, here's a routine that helps decrease the frequency of infections. First, wash your hands thoroughly. Apply a warm compress (a warm, wet clean washcloth) over the area of the tear sac. Then, place your index finger sideways along the bony ridge beneath the child's eye, with your finger pointing toward the top of the nose. Firmly, but gently, apply pressure with your finger tip between the eye and nose. This pressure will compress and empty the tear sac, flushing the duct below. After this, rinse and re-warm the compress. Apply it again to the same area for one or two minutes.

### Instruction: Disease name: Tear Duct Infection (Dacryocystitis) : Treatment

Antibiotics that can be taken by mouth are the standard treatment for tear duct infection. However, a severe infection requires initial intravenous antibiotics and observation in the hospital.   In general, antibiotics clear up acute infections quickly. Antibiotics are also used to treat chronic infections. In some cases, antibiotic ointment or eye drops may be prescribed. Do not attempt to apply an over-the-counter antibiotic ointment to the eye or the area around the eye, since over-the-counter ointments are not made for use in the eye and could have irritating ingredients.  If the infection does not respond to antibiotics, or if infections keep returning, minor surgery may be needed. There are several types of surgical treatments for tear duct infections:

### Instruction: Disease name: Tear Duct Infection (Dacryocystitis) : When To Call A Professional

Call a health care professional if you or your child experiences any of the eye symptoms of an infection, including pain, excessive tearing, redness, swelling or pus.

### Instruction: Disease name: Tear Duct Infection (Dacryocystitis) : Prognosis

There are treatments for just about any cause or severity of tear duct infection, so the outlook for this problem is good.  Most children outgrow a problem with blocked tear ducts by the time they are 1 year old.

### Instruction: Disease name: Telogen Effluvium : What Is It?

At any given time, about 85% to 90% of the hairs on the average person's head are actively growing (the anagen phase) and the others are resting (the telogen phase). Typically, a hair is in the anagen phase for two to four years, then enters the telogen phase, rests for about two to four months, and then falls out and is replaced by a new, growing hair. The average person naturally loses about 100 hairs a day. In a person with telogen effluvium, some body change or shock pushes more hairs into the telogen phase. Typically in this condition, about 30% of the hairs stop growing and go into the resting phase before falling out. So if you have telogen effluvium, you may lose an average of 300 hairs a day instead of 100.

### Instruction: Disease name: Tennis elbow (lateral epicondylitis) : What is it?

Tennis elbow (lateral epicondylitis) is inflammation of the fibrous tissue (tendon) that connects muscle to bone in the elbow. It is a form of tendonitis. In tennis elbow, the tendons on the outside of the elbow (the lateral epicondyle) are affected. In golfer's elbow (medial epicondylitis), another form of tendonitis, the tendons on the inside of the elbow are affected. The inflamed tendons may be strained or have tiny tears caused by overusing the muscles that control the wrist and fingers.     Tennis elbow often results from playing tennis and other racquet sports, particularly if the participant is using improper form. However, it is caused more commonly by noncompetitive activities, such as pulling weeds, carrying a suitcase or using a screwdriver, that strain the tendons in the elbow. Sometimes, tennis elbow develops for no apparent reason.

### Instruction: Disease name: Tennis elbow (lateral epicondylitis) : Symptoms

Tennis elbow causes pain, tenderness and sometimes swelling of the elbow and forearm on the affected side. The pain may worsen if the person attempts any activity that stresses the painful tendons, such as lifting heavy objects or even just shaking hands.

### Instruction: Disease name: Tennis elbow (lateral epicondylitis) : Diagnosis

Your doctor will ask about your symptoms, especially whether your elbow or forearm hurts when you move your wrist. Your doctor also will ask about any sports or physical activities that may have triggered your symptoms. During a physical examination, your doctor will check for pain, tenderness and swelling in the elbow, forearm and wrist on the affected side. If your symptoms are not characteristic of tennis elbow or if you have an unusual history of injury, your doctor may order X-rays or other tests to check for other possible problems. However, no tests are required to make the diagnosis.

### Instruction: Disease name: Tennis elbow (lateral epicondylitis) : Expected duration

The pain of tennis elbow generally subsides within a few weeks, although it sometimes can last for months. Continuing to use the injured muscles can prevent healing and may result in a long-lasting (chronic) condition.

### Instruction: Disease name: Tennis elbow (lateral epicondylitis) : Prevention

If you play racquet sports, use the proper equipment for your size and skill level. You may want to consult a professional to be sure you are using proper equipment and technique. You also can adjust the tension of the strings of your racquet. A sports medicine professional or physical therapist can teach you exercises to strengthen your muscles and increase flexibility to prevent future injury. Also, many specialists suggest using a forearm band placed one to two inches below the elbow to reduce tension on the tendons. Do not increase the frequency, duration or intensity of any sports activity rapidly. Start slowly, and build slowly. Try to maintain a neutral wrist position (not bent backward or forward). If you feel significant elbow or arm pain, stop immediately and review your symptoms with your doctor.

### Instruction: Disease name: Tennis elbow (lateral epicondylitis) : Treatment

The most important treatment for tennis elbow is rest, because the condition will not improve if the activity that caused it continues. Ice packs and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin and others) or naproxen (Aleve, Naprosyn and others), may provide some relief from pain. A forearm band or strap wrapped around the forearm just below the elbow may provide significant relief. This rests the inflamed tendon. People with severe pain may have the elbow immobilized in a sling or splinted at a 90-degree angle, although the elbow should not be immobilized for prolonged periods. Some doctors also recommend an injection of a corticosteroid, such as cortisone, into the area to reduce inflammation and pain. Some patients need physical therapy, including ultrasound therapy and exercises to strengthen the area and increase flexibility. For tennis elbow that continues to cause significant discomfort, a number of other treatments may be recommended, including nitroglycerine patches, acupuncture, and botulinum toxin injections.  However, the overall effectiveness of these and other alternatives are uncertain.  As a last resort, surgery may be considered.

### Instruction: Disease name: Tennis elbow (lateral epicondylitis) : When to call a professional

Call your doctor if you have pain and your ability to move your wrist or elbow motion has not improved within a week or two. Call even sooner if there is swelling, if the pain began after a significant injury, or if you are unable to use your wrist or elbow.

### Instruction: Disease name: Tennis elbow (lateral epicondylitis) : Prognosis

With proper treatment, symptoms of tennis elbow usually improve within a few weeks. However, in some patients, symptoms persist for several months. If tennis elbow is not properly treated, it can become a chronic condition with frequent flare-ups.

### Instruction: Disease name: Tennis elbow (lateral epicondylitis) : Additional info

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases https://www.niams.nih.gov/

### Instruction: Disease name: Tennis elbow (lateral epicondylitis) : About the Reviewer

### Instruction: Disease name: Tension headache : What is it?

Tension headaches are the most common type of headache. These headaches are not caused by disease. They are often considered to be "normal" headaches. Other names for tension headaches are ordinary headaches, muscle tension headaches, and stress headaches. The International Headache Society has suggested that doctors use the term tension-type headaches because so many different names have been used for tension headaches. Typically tension-type headache causes mild to moderate pain, usually on both sides of the head. There is a pressing or tightening sensation. It is not pulsating and is not accompanied by nausea. The headache does not get worse with routine physical activity. The society has defined different categories based upon how frequently tension-type headaches occur and how persistent they are:

### Instruction: Disease name: Tension headache : Symptoms

The main symptom of a tension headache is a sense of tightness around the head. This is sometimes described as a "tight hat-band" or "vise" sensation. Neck and shoulder muscles are often tense and sore to the touch. The person may have trouble concentrating and difficulty sleeping. A person can have both migraine and tension-type headaches. And the symptoms of tension-type headaches and migraine headaches can overlap. For example, both types of headaches may be made worse by bright lights or loud noises. In general, migraine headaches tend to be throbbing. Tension-type headaches cause a more constant pain. But the pain of a migraine or tension-type headache can be steady or throbbing or alternate between the two.

### Instruction: Disease name: Tension headache : Diagnosis

There is no specific test to confirm the diagnosis of a tension-type headache. The diagnosis is determined by your description of the headache, other medical history and a normal physical examination. A computed tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of the head may be ordered. These imaging tests may be used to investigate headache pain that is associated with unexpected or unusual symptoms.

### Instruction: Disease name: Tension headache : Expected duration

An episodic tension-type headache may last only 30 minutes. But it may linger for as long as seven days. A chronic tension-type headache typically lasts for part or all of the day for most days of the week. The pain can also be continuous. The intensity of pain may fluctuate during that time.

### Instruction: Disease name: Tension headache : Prevention

Relaxation techniques and avoidance of stressful situations may help to prevent tension-type headaches. Many things can trigger a tension-type headache. Identifying and correcting one or more triggers may reduce headache frequency and severity.

### Instruction: Disease name: Tension headache : Treatment

Infrequent episodic tension-type headaches. Over-the-counter pain relievers are convenient, effective and relatively safe. Examples include aspirin, acetaminophen (Tylenol) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin). Some people get more pain relief with combination products containing caffeine. The use of any over-the-counter pain reliever should be limited to no more than two or three days per week. If pain medications are used more frequently, "rebound" headaches may occur on the days that medications are not taken. Frequent episodic and chronic tension-type headaches. These headaches are more difficult to treat. Rebound headaches are common when pain relievers are stopped. Therapy to prevent the headache before it starts is a better strategy than taking pain relievers after the headache is present. Your doctor may suggest a trial of one of the medications used to prevent frequent migraine attacks, such as a beta-blocker (metoprolol or propranolol) or an antidepressant (amitriptyline or venlafaxine). Some people are able to treat their tension-type headaches without medications. You can apply an ice compress, heating pad or massage to any tight areas in the neck and shoulders. Relaxation techniques and deep-breathing exercises may help to decrease the frequency and severity of headaches. Some people get relief with biofeedback or acupuncture.

### Instruction: Disease name: Tension headache : When to call a professional

Most headaches are harmless. It's reassuring if you are able to relieve your headache without medications or with only occasional use of a pain reliever. Headaches are rarely caused by a serious medical problem. However, you should call or visit your doctor if you have:

### Instruction: Disease name: Tension headache : Prognosis

Infrequent episodic tension-type headaches can usually be treated successfully with pain relieving medication. But finding the right combination of therapies to relieve frequent episodic and chronic tension-type headaches may take several months. Over time most people will have fewer and less severe headaches.

### Instruction: Disease name: Tension headache : Additional info

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke https://www.ninds.nih.gov/ National Headache Foundation https://www.headaches.org/ American Migraine Foundation https://americanmigrainefoundation.org/

### Instruction: Disease name: Tension headache : About the Reviewer

### Instruction: Disease name: Testicular Cancer : What is it?

Testicular cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in one or both testicles (testes). The testicles are the male sex glands. They are located in the scrotum, behind the penis. They produce testosterone and other male hormones. The testicles also produce and store sperm, the male cells needed for reproduction. nce testicular cancer develops, it can remain within the testicle, or it can spread to lymph nodes in the abdomen or pelvis. If it is not detected and treated, testicular cancer eventually can spread to the lungs, brain, liver, and other parts of the body. Certain types of testicular cancer are more likely to spread than others. Sometimes the cancer will have already spread at the initial time of diagnosis.

### Instruction: Disease name: Testicular Cancer : Related Content

### Instruction: Disease name: Testicular Torsion : What Is It?

Torsion of the testicle is an uncommon but serious condition in which the testicle twists on the cord that provides its blood supply. The twisting of this cord cuts off the blood supply to the testicle. It is extremely painful and must be treated immediately to prevent permanent damage to the testicle. Testicular torsion can happen after strenuous exercise or an injury, but it also can occur without any apparent cause. The condition can occur at any age but is most common between the ages of 10 and 20.

### Instruction: Disease name: Testicular Torsion : Symptoms

Sudden onset of severe pain and extreme tenderness in one testicle, with or without an obvious cause, is the most striking symptom. Other symptoms include nausea and vomiting associated with the pain, and swelling on one side of the scrotum.

### Instruction: Disease name: Tetanus : What Is It?

Tetanus, also called lockjaw, is a life-threatening infection caused by Clostridium tetani bacteria. Although these bacteria are especially common in the soil and manure of farms, they can be found almost anywhere. They live in the dirt of suburban gardens and in the dirty waters of floods. They also contaminate dust in cities.   Tetanus bacteria usually enter the body through a dirty puncture wound, cut, scrape or some other break in the skin. Once inside the skin, they multiply and produce a toxin, or poison, that affects the body's nerves. This toxin causes severe muscle spasms, cramps and seizures. Spasms in the jaw muscles produce lockjaw. Spasms also occur in muscles of the throat, chest, abdomen and extremities. If you don't receive proper treatment, the toxin's effect on respiratory muscles can interfere with breathing. If this happens, you may die of suffocation.  A tetanus infection may develop after almost any type of skin injury, major or minor. This includes cuts, punctures, crush injuries, burns and animal bites. In rare cases, a tetanus infection also can occur after surgery, an ear infection, a dental infection or an abortion. Among drug users, tetanus infections have followed heroin injections, especially if the heroin was mixed with quinine. Tetanus also can develop after body piercing, tattooing, an insect sting or even a tiny splinter.  In the United States, only 50 cases of tetanus occur each year, because so many Americans have been immunized against the infection. Almost everyone who develops tetanus in the United States has been inadequately immunized against tetanus. Some have immigrated from developing countries where vaccines are not available to everyone. Others were born in the United States but never received the primary series of injections. Still others simply failed to keep up with the normal schedule of tetanus shots. This is a common problem among adults, especially those older than 60.

### Instruction: Disease name: Tetanus : Symptoms

On average, symptoms of tetanus begin seven to eight days after tetanus bacteria enter the body. These symptoms may include:

### Instruction: Disease name: Tetanus : Diagnosis

There is no laboratory test for tetanus. A doctor will diagnose tetanus based on your symptoms, a history of a recent cut or puncture wound, and immunization history.

### Instruction: Disease name: Tetanus : Expected Duration

People who have tetanus must be treated in a hospital. Severe muscle spasms may last for about three to four weeks and then slowly get better. Once these spasms subside, recovery takes several months.

### Instruction: Disease name: Tetanus : Prevention

Immunization can prevent almost all cases of tetanus.  In the United States, babies are immunized against tetanus through a series of four vaccinations. This primary series is given in the form of DTaP shots. In addition to the vaccine for tetanus, each DTaP shot contains vaccines against diphtheria, which is a severe respiratory infection, and pertussis, also called whooping cough. The usual schedule for DTaP shots is as follows:

### Instruction: Disease name: Tetanus : Treatment

If you seek medical care for a wound, your doctor will ask you when you had your last tetanus shot. If your tetanus immunization is not up-to-date, the doctor will give you a tetanus booster. However, this booster shot will not produce immunity right away, so you may receive tetanus immune globulin as well. Tetanus immune globulin contains an antitoxin that neutralizes the tetanus toxin, temporarily protecting you until your immune system responds to the tetanus booster.  If you have full-blown tetanus, you will be treated in a hospital. There you will receive tetanus immune globulin to neutralize the tetanus toxin. Your muscle spasms will be treated with muscle relaxants, and you also may be sedated. If necessary, you will be placed on a ventilator to help you breathe. If you have an obvious wound infection, you will probably receive antibiotics as well. Once your condition begins to improve, you will begin a schedule of shots to restore your tetanus immunity, because a tetanus infection does not make you immune to the disease.

### Instruction: Disease name: Tetanus : When To Call a Professional

Call your doctor immediately if you develop symptoms of tetanus. Also, seek medical care immediately for any deep cut, serious puncture wound or any wound contaminated by dirt or manure.  If you are an adult, check your immunization records for the date of your last tetanus shot. If it has been more than 10 years since your last tetanus booster, schedule an appointment with your doctor. Also contact your doctor if your health records show that you never received a full primary series of tetanus immunizations.  If you are a parent, be sure your child's immunizations are all up-to-date. This is especially true for DTaP shots and other vaccines that are given in a series.

### Instruction: Disease name: Tetanus : Prognosis

Most patients with tetanus survive and return to previous function. Older people and those who have a rapid progression from time of infection to severe symptoms have a higher risk of death.

### Instruction: Disease name: Throat Cancer (Larynx and Pharynx) : What Is It?

Throat cancer occurs when cells in the organs used for breathing, speaking, and swallowing begin to divide rapidly and abnormally. Most throat cancer begins on the vocal cords. Later, it spreads to the voice box (larynx); to the back of the throat, including part of the tongue and the tonsils (this whole area is called the pharynx); or below the voice box to the subglottis and trachea (windpipe). An early symptom of throat cancer is unexplained hoarseness or a raspy voice. Smokers are at high risk of throat cancer. Other people at risk include those who drink a lot of alcohol, especially if they also smoke. People with a vitamin A deficiency and certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection also may be more likely to develop throat cancer.

### Instruction: Disease name: Throat Cancer (Larynx and Pharynx) : Related Content

### Instruction: Disease name: Thrombocytopenia : What Is It?

Thrombocytopenia is an abnormally low level of platelets in the blood.   Platelets are made by the bone marrow. They help your blood to clot. People with thrombocytopenia can have excessive bleeding.   This condition can occur in varying degrees. The risk of bleeding increases as the platelet count decreases.   Thrombocytopenia can occur alone. Or, it can develop as a complication of another disease, such as cancer or a viral infection. In some cases, it is a chronic (long-lasting) condition that persists for years. In other cases, it develops suddenly and dramatically.   In general, thrombocytopenia develops for one or more of the following reasons:

### Instruction: Disease name: Thrombocytopenia : Symptoms

People with severe thrombocytopenia may have abnormal bleeding almost anywhere in the body.   Symptoms can include:

### Instruction: Disease name: Thrombocytopenia : Diagnosis

Your doctor will begin by asking you about your medical history. He or she will ask about:

### Instruction: Disease name: Thrombocytopenia : Expected Duration

How long thrombocytopenia lasts depends on its cause.   For example, some patients with chronic ITP experience years of easy bruising and abnormally heavy vaginal bleeding. They may have repeated episodes of more severe bleeding.   Most children with acute ITP recover within four to six weeks.  Some people have such mild disease that they almost never have noticeable bleeding problems.   Many people with drug-induced thrombocytopenia recover within 7 to 10 days after they stop taking the medication.

### Instruction: Disease name: Thrombocytopenia : Prevention

Many cases of thrombocytopenia cannot be prevented.   You can avoid drinking large amounts of alcohol to lower your risk of developing alcohol-related thrombocytopenia.   If you already have had one episode of drug-induced thrombocytopenia, the problem is likely to return if you take the same medication again. To help prevent this, record the name of the specific medication that caused the problem. Tell every health care professional that you visit about your sensitivity to this drug.   If your doctor has determined that you are at risk of developing this condition, he or she may tell you not to take aspirin or other anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen. That is because these medicines impair platelet function.

### Instruction: Disease name: Thrombocytopenia : Treatment

How thrombocytopenia is treated depends on its cause and severity.   If your thrombocytopenia is mild and is not causing any significant bleeding, you may not need treatment. This is often the standard strategy in children with acute ITP.  If your thrombocytopenia is drug induced, your physician may change your prescription. Most people recover without additional treatment after they stop taking the medication.   Patients with very low platelet counts and/or significant bleeding will need more aggressive treatment. Options for treatment include:

### Instruction: Disease name: Thrombocytopenia : When To Call A Professional

Call your doctor if you develop any of the symptoms of thrombocytopenia. Be sure to call if you notice abnormal bruises or if you experience significant bleeding from your nose, mouth, vagina, rectum or urinary tract.

### Instruction: Disease name: Thrombocytopenia : Prognosis

The overall outlook is generally good. This is especially true if the cause can be identified and removed. Long-term management of the condition is often successful.

### Instruction: Disease name: Thromboembolism (Deep Vein Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism) : About the Author

### Instruction: Disease name: Thrombotic Stroke : What Is It?

In a thrombotic stroke, a blood clot (thrombus) forms inside one of the brain's arteries. The clot blocks blood flow to a part of the brain. This causes brain cells in that area to stop functioning and die quickly.   The blood clot that triggers a thrombotic stroke usually forms inside an artery that already has been narrowed by atherosclerosis. This is a condition in which fatty deposits (plaques) build up inside blood vessels.   Thrombotic strokes can affect large or small arteries in the brain. Strokes that affect large arteries block flow to greater portions of the brain. These strokes tend to cause the most disability. When a thrombotic stroke occurs in a small artery, the artery is usually one that is deep within the brain. This stroke is more specifically named a lacunar stroke. Lacunar strokes often have minimal symptoms because only a small part of the brain is affected.  Another type of stroke — embolic stroke — is also caused by a blood clot. However, in an embolic stroke, the blood clot forms somewhere else in the body. It then travels through the bloodstream to the brain artery. The blood clot usually comes from the heart. At first, it can be impossible for a doctor to determine which type of stroke a person is having. That is because the symptoms can be identical.   A much less common cause of thrombotic stroke is migraine headache. In especially severe cases, a migraine headache can cause a brain artery to go into spasm for a long time. This can allow a blood clot to form.   About half to two-thirds of all strokes are thrombotic strokes. The factors that increase your risk of having a thrombotic stroke are:

### Instruction: Disease name: Thrombotic Stroke : Symptoms

The symptoms of a thrombotic stroke vary, depending on which area of the brain is affected. That is because different areas of the brain are responsible for different functions. For example, different areas of the brain control movement, sight, speech, balance and coordination.   Symptoms can include:

### Instruction: Disease name: Thrombotic Stroke : Diagnosis

To diagnose a stroke, your doctor will need an image of your brain. Two different brain imaging tests can be useful. They are a computed tomography (CT) scan and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan. Usually the CT scan is done first because it can be obtained more quickly than an MRI.  If the CT scan shows bleeding in or around the brain, then you have had a hemorrhagic stroke. A hemorrhagic stroke is treated differently than a stroke caused by a blood clot.  If the CT scan does not show any bleeding, then the stroke is presumed to be caused by a blocked artery from a blood clot. This is known as an ischemic stroke. An ischemic stroke can be either thrombotic or embolic.   When available, an MRI is performed to confirm brain injury changes consistent with a new ischemic stroke.   Your doctor will want to know exactly when the symptoms started. If the symptoms started within the last few hours, your doctor will determine whether you are a candidate to receive a clot-busting drug, such as tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA). This therapy is only used in people with ischemic strokes and symptoms that started only a few hours earlier.    Your doctor also will try to determine whether the stroke is thrombotic or embolic. This is an important distinction because therapy for a thrombotic stroke is different from an embolic stroke.   Your doctor will examine you. He or she will check your pulse and blood pressure, do a neurological exam, and examine your heart and neck arteries.   In addition to imaging of the brain, your doctor will order blood tests and an electrocardiogram (EKG). If the EKG shows an abnormal heart rhythm, such as atrial fibrillation, this suggests that the stroke could be embolic.  Other tests may include:

### Instruction: Disease name: Thrombotic Stroke : Expected Duration

Recovery depends on how long blood flow to the brain is blocked.   If blood circulation in the brain is restored within minutes to a few hours, the person can recover rapidly, within hours to a day. For a small thrombotic stroke (lacunar stroke), symptoms often improve within a few days, even if the blood clot has not dissolved.  When the blood supply is interrupted for longer periods of time, brain injury can be more severe. Symptoms may last for many months. Physical rehabilitation may be necessary.   In some cases, permanent brain damage causes permanent disability.

### Instruction: Disease name: Thrombotic Stroke : Prevention

If you have had one stroke, you have a high risk of having another.   You can help to prevent thrombotic strokes. You and your doctor should carefully manage the factors that put you at risk of atherosclerosis.   Risk factors for atherosclerosis include:

### Instruction: Disease name: Thrombotic Stroke : Treatment

The most effective treatment for ischemic stroke is a clot-busting drug, such as tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA). The drug must be given within several hours after stroke symptoms begin. For this reason, it is important to seek emergency treatment immediately if you have symptoms of a stroke. Do not wait to see if the symptoms go away on their own.   Clot-busters are administered through an intravenous line (IV) into a vein. This medicine can dissolve clots and restore blood flow in the brain. On average, patients who receive this medication have less long-term disability following a stroke.   An alternative to treatment with a clot-busting drug is catheter removal of the clot with a special device. To be effective, the procedure must be performed within several hours of symptom onset. Later, another type of medication, such as heparin, is given. Heparin prevents existing blood clots from getting bigger. And it prevents new clots from forming.  Longer term, treatment depends upon whether the stroke was thrombotic or embolic. For a thrombotic stroke, doctors prescribe an anti-platelet agent. These include:

### Instruction: Disease name: Thrombotic Stroke : When To Call A Professional

If you or someone you are with develops any of the symptoms of stroke, call your medical emergency hot line (911 in the United States). Transport to an emergency department needs to occur right away. It is important to have an evaluation even if your symptoms last only a few minutes. A TIA can be a warning sign that you are going to have a stroke soon.

### Instruction: Disease name: Thrombotic Stroke : Prognosis

If the brain's blood supply is restored quickly and completely, it is possible to recover from a stroke with little or no disability. People with symptoms that start to resolve quickly after the onset of a stroke have an excellent prognosis. The prognosis for recovery is less favorable when stroke symptoms become more prominent over the first 24 to 48 hours.

### Instruction: Disease name: Thrombotic Stroke : About the Author

### Instruction: Disease name: Thyroid Cancer : What Is It?

Thyroid cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the thyroid gland. The thyroid gland is shaped like a butterfly. It is located under the Adam's apple in the front of the neck. Most cases of thyroid cancer can be cured. One of the functions of the thyroid gland is to make thyroid hormone, which requires iodine. The gland collects iodine from foods, concentrates it, and produces thyroid hormone. Doctors often exploit this important function when treating thyroid cancer.

### Instruction: Disease name: Tick bites : What is it?

Ticks are tiny, biting arachnids that feed on the blood of warm-blooded animals, including humans. They burrow painlessly into the skin with their feeding parts, bite, draw blood and eventually drop off when they become engorged with blood. Only the feeding parts are inserted into the skin. The body, which is dark in color and ranges from the size of a poppy seed to a pencil eraser, remains visible on the skin surface or scalp. Ticks swell and turn bluish-gray when filled with blood. Most tick bites in the United States involve hard ticks (Ixodidae), which have been increasing in number since the middle 1900s.

### Instruction: Disease name: Tick bites : Symptoms

Most tick bites do not cause any symptoms. However, the following symptoms can develop as a reaction to tick secretions:

### Instruction: Disease name: Tick bites : Diagnosis

If you see your doctor for a tick bite, you will be asked about the size of the tick, whether it was attached to your skin and how long you think it had been attached. Your doctor will examine your skin for rashes and ask you about any symptoms that could suggest that you have developed a tick-borne infection. No further diagnostic tests are necessary unless you develop symptoms. If you develop symptoms that suggest a tick-borne illness, your physician will order a variety of blood tests to determine the cause.

### Instruction: Disease name: Tick bites : Expected duration

A tick bite can cause many different tick-borne infections. How long each illness lasts depends on the infecting organism. In general, the tick bite itself does not cause any symptoms, although some people may develop fever, headache, nausea and a general sick feeling caused by tick secretions. These symptoms usually go away within 24 to 36 hours after the tick is removed. Tick-induced paralysis begins in the legs five to six days after the tick has attached to the skin, and it progresses to complete paralysis over several days. Paralysis begins to improve within a few hours of removing the tick, and complete recovery takes several days. The organisms that cause Lyme disease and babesiosis rarely are transmitted to the person or animal if ticks are removed within the first 24 hours after they attach and before they become engorged.

### Instruction: Disease name: Tick bites : Prevention

To prevent tick bites in tick-infested areas, take the following precautions:

### Instruction: Disease name: Tick bites : Treatment

When a tick is discovered on the skin or scalp, it should be removed immediately to avoid a skin reaction and to reduce the likelihood of developing a tick-borne infectious disease. Grasp the head of the tick with a pair of flat or curved forceps or tweezers held as close to the skin as possible. Avoid squeezing the tick. Gently pull the head of the tick away from the skin without twisting. The bite should be cleaned with soap and water. Save the tick in a container with a tight-fitting lid.

### Instruction: Disease name: Tick bites : When to call a professional

Seek medical attention if a tick has buried itself deep in the skin and you cannot remove it or if you find an engorged tick on your skin and are living in or visiting an area where Lyme disease is a risk. Fever and flulike symptoms require medical attention if you know you've recently been bitten by a tick or if the symptoms are accompanied by a skin rash, particularly the bull's-eye rash characteristic of Lyme disease. Muscle weakness or paralysis requires immediate medical attention.

### Instruction: Disease name: Tick bites : Prognosis

If no infectious organisms have been transmitted by the tick, you should recover from symptoms within a day or two. The outlook for specific tick-borne illnesses varies.

### Instruction: Disease name: Tick bites : Additional info

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) https://www.cdc.gov/ncezid/dvbd/index.html

### Instruction: Disease name: Tick bites : About the Reviewer

### Instruction: Disease name: Tics : Related Content

### Instruction: Disease name: Tinea Versicolor : What Is It?

Many microorganisms normally live on our skin, including a group of yeast species called Malassezia. (Round or oval yeasts in this group were previously known by the names Pityrosporum orbiculare and Pityrosporum ovalis.) The yeast lives in our pores. Under certain conditions, it can shift its form from a round or oval yeast shape to a string-like, branching shape. These branching forms are named hyphae. The yeast can migrate under the skin and produce azelaic acid, a substance that can change the amount of pigment (color) in new skin cells. In its hyphae form, the yeast causes a rash called tinea versicolor, also called pityriasis versicolor. Tinea versicolor is common year-round in the tropics and subtropics and is seen in the summer months in more temperate climates. Sun exposure, use of oils on the skin, naturally oily skin and sweating are all suspected to be triggers that can cause the round or oval yeast to convert to its hyphae form, resulting in the rash. This rash can spread between people who have skin contact.

### Instruction: Disease name: Tinnitus : What is it?

Tinnitus, commonly called ringing in the ears, is the sensation of hearing a sound in the ears when no such sound exists. This sound, which comes from inside the head, typically is described as a ringing, but it also can take the form of an annoying hiss, whistle or buzz. Tinnitus can be constant or can come and go. Most often, tinnitus is a symptom of an ear problem, such as:

### Instruction: Disease name: Tinnitus : Symptoms

Tinnitus is a symptom in itself. However, people who have tinnitus also may have the following:

### Instruction: Disease name: Tinnitus : Diagnosis

The cause of tinnitus may be difficult to determine. Your doctor will ask if you have been exposed to loud noise at work or home and will ask about medications you take, including all herbs and supplements. He or she may look in your ears to see if you have wax blockage or if the eardrum appears abnormal. If your hearing is affected, then your doctor may have you undergo a hearing test called an audiogram to measure your hearing ability in each ear.

### Instruction: Disease name: Tinnitus : Expected duration

Nearly everyone experiences a few brief episodes of ringing in the ears at some point in life, and usually these pass without medical treatment. However, in some people with tinnitus, the problem is a persistent source of discomfort.

### Instruction: Disease name: Tinnitus : Prevention

The best way to prevent tinnitus is to avoid loud noises. Wear earplugs or ear muffs when working around loud equipment, such as chain saws, lawn mowers and high-speed power tools. If you have persistent tinnitus, review your list of medications with your doctor or pharmacist to see if any may be contributing. Some people find that they can lessen the intensity of tinnitus by limiting caffeine.

### Instruction: Disease name: Tinnitus : Treatment

The treatment of tinnitus depends on its cause. People whose tinnitus is a side effect of a medication will improve when the medication is stopped or the dosage is decreased. Removing a wax blockage may improve ringing in the ear. When tinnitus is caused by Meniere's disease, the tinnitus usually remains even when the disease is treated. Cognitive behavioral therapy helps the person reduce their negative response to tinnitus and has been shown to be help decrease the frequency and severity of symptoms. Other therapies that may be considered are:

### Instruction: Disease name: Tinnitus : When to call a professional

If you notice a consistent pattern of ear ringing, make an appointment for an ear exam with your doctor. If you suddenly lose all hearing, seek emergency medical attention immediately.

### Instruction: Disease name: Tinnitus : Prognosis

The outlook for tinnitus depends on its cause. In people with tinnitus related to earwax buildup or medications, the condition usually will go away when the earwax is removed or the medication is stopped. In people with tinnitus related to sudden, loud noise, tinnitus may improve gradually, although there may be some permanent noise-related hearing loss. Even when standard medical treatments fail to relieve tinnitus, most people learn to tolerate the problem either by ignoring the sound or by using various strategies to mask the sound. In others, however, the persistent ringing affects their sense of wellness and adds to depressed mood or anxiety.

### Instruction: Disease name: Tinnitus : Additional info

American Tinnitus Association https://www.ata.org/ National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/

### Instruction: Disease name: Tinnitus : About the Reviewer

### Instruction: Disease name: Toenail Fungus (Onychomycosis) : What Is It?

Toenail fungus is a condition that disfigures and sometimes destroys the nail. It is also called onychomycosis   Toenail fungus can be caused by several different types of fungi. Fungi are microscopic organisms related to mold and mildew.   These fungi thrive in the dark, moist and stuffy environment inside shoes. As they grow, fungi feed on keratin. Keratin is the protein that makes up the hard surface of the toenails.   Factors that increase the risk of developing toenail fungus include:

### Instruction: Disease name: Toenail Fungus (Onychomycosis) : Symptoms

When a toenail develops a fungal infection, it typically turns yellow or brown. It becomes thick and overgrown. Foul-smelling debris also may accumulate under the nail.   As the infection continues, the nail may crumble gradually and fall off.  Or, it may become so thick that the affected toe feels uncomfortable or painful inside shoes.  A less common variety of toenail fungus is called white superficial onychomycosis. The nail turns white rather than yellow or brown. The surface becomes soft, dry and powdery.

### Instruction: Disease name: Toenail Fungus (Onychomycosis) : Diagnosis

You will describe your foot symptoms to your doctor. He or she will ask about any factors that may increase your risk of toenail fungus. These include:

### Instruction: Disease name: Toenail Fungus (Onychomycosis) : Expected Duration

Toenail fungus rarely heals on its own. It is usually a chronic (long-lasting) condition. It can gradually worsen to involve more and more of the nail. Even if the affected nail comes off, the new nail may be infected with fungus.

### Instruction: Disease name: Toenail Fungus (Onychomycosis) : Prevention

To help to prevent toenail fungus:

### Instruction: Disease name: Toenail Fungus (Onychomycosis) : Treatment

Treatment may begin with your doctor removing as much of the infected nail as possible. This can be done by trimming the nail with clippers or filing it down.  If the infection is mild and limited to a small area of your nail, your doctor can prescribe a topical antifungal agent in the form of a cream, solution or medicated nail polish.   If the infection is in a wider area of your nail, or several nails, a topical agent alone is less likely to be effective. So, your doctor may prescribe an oral antifungal medication. Most commonly doctors prescribe terbinafine (Lamisil) first. A commonly used alternative is itraconazole (Sporanox), but it can cause serious drug interactions.   In very severe cases, when toenail fungus is resistant to treatment, it may be necessary to remove the entire nail surgically.

### Instruction: Disease name: Toenail Fungus (Onychomycosis) : When To Call a Professional

You don't need to call your doctor unless you have pain or difficulty walking. You can show your doctor your toenails at your next office visit or schedule an appointment if you want to discuss treatment with a prescription medication.

### Instruction: Disease name: Toenail Fungus (Onychomycosis) : Prognosis

Most people treated with an oral antifungal medicine are cured after a few months of therapy. However, even after the fungus is dead, the nail may never become clear and normal-looking.  The fungus returns in some people even after successful treatment with an oral antifungal medication.

### Instruction: Disease name: Torn Meniscus : What Is It?

A meniscus is a disk-shaped piece of cartilage that acts as a shock absorber inside a joint. Each knee has one lateral meniscus under the outer knob of the thighbone and one medial meniscus under the inner knob of the thighbone. Each meniscus acts as a natural cushion between the thighbone (femur) and shinbone (tibia). The two cushions prevent excess wear and tear inside the knee joint by keeping the ends of the two bones from rubbing together. Each meniscus also absorbs much of the shock of jumps and landings and helps to distribute joint fluid evenly to lubricate and nourish the knee. In the United States, a torn meniscus is the most common reason for knee surgery.

### Instruction: Disease name: Torsional Deformity : What Is It?

The dictionary defines pigeon-toed as "having the toes turned inward." No such colorful term can be found for feet that point outward. Both of these foot problems can be caused by a problem that doctors call torsional deformities. This is when the long bones of the leg are turned to the inside or outside so that the toes of the feet do not point straight ahead. Either of the two main bones in the leg can be affected the femur (between the hip and the knee) or the tibia (the larger of the two bones between the knee and the ankle). One or both legs can be affected. Torsional deformities can lead to toes that point inward (in-toeing) or toes that point outward (out-toeing). Parents often worry that in-toeing or out-toeing will permanently interfere with their child's ability to walk and run normally. However, in most young children, in-toeing or out-toeing is caused by a torsional deformity that appears for a short period, and then disappears during the normal stages of leg development. Most torsional deformities are temporary and correct themselves by age six to eight. In rare cases, in-toeing or out-toeing is a sign of a permanent bone deformity or other problem that requires medical attention.

### Instruction: Disease name: Tourette Syndrome : What Is It?

Tourette syndrome (TS) is a problem of the nervous system that was first described by the French neurologist, Gilles de la Tourette, more than 125 years ago. The major symptom is tics. Tics are sudden, brief, involuntary or semi-voluntary movements (motor tics) or sounds (vocal tics).