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[ "Light is made of photons. Photons have energy. When a photon hits an atom, it can dislocate an electron and even remove it if the light has sufficient energy. Solar panels are made out of materials, that are easy to rip electrons away from. When you let sun shine on them and give the electrons a path to follow, you can generate electricity." ]

[ "Thank you for your submission! Unfortunately, your submission has been removed for the following reason(s): You can find the basic answer with a google / wiki search. Please start there and come back with a more specific question. If you disagree with this decision, please send a [message to the moderators.](_URL_3_)" ]

[ "#General Background/Primers: * *Ever Closer Union? An Introduction to the European Community* by Desmond Dinan * *Debates on European Integration – A Reader* edited by Mette Eilstrup-Sangiovanni * *The European Union* edited by Brent F. Nelsen and Alexander Stubb #Formation: * *Origins and Evolution of the European Union* edited by Desmond Dinan * *The European Rescue of the Nation-State* by Alan Milward #Structure: * *Economic and Monetary Union* by Michele Chang * *The European Parliament* by Richard Corbett, Francis Jacobs, and Darren Neville * *The European Commission* by Neill Nugent and Mark Rhinard * 'Bargaining Power in the European Council,' in *Journal of Common Market Studies* by Jonas Tallberg * 'Legislative-Executive Relations in the EU,' in *Journal of Common Market Studies* by Ben Crum" ]

[ "Check out Yuri Slezkine,[ *Arctic Mirrors: Russia and the Small Peoples of the North*](_URL_0_)" ]

[ "Because countries have to agree to it just like war laws and the Geneva convention. Why would a country that stones people to death agree to a law that says not to do so?" ]

[ "The players still file taxes, and so these deals would have to be declared somewhere or they'd be breaking *actual* laws and not just league rules. You can also bet that the rest of the NBA would be furiously investigating the Kosherness of the deal when someone signs LeBron for the veteran minimum." ]

[ "Lb is an abbreviation of \"libra\" which is latin for balance or scales. The Romans had a unit of measure called libra pondo or \"a pound by weight.\" It stems from that." ]

[ "Lower right corner, there is your tray, click on the icon that looks like a keyboard, and change the setting to US English, or just US. If you don't have this little icon, look for a little taskbar that can be anywhere on your screen, usually at the top. Change it to US settings. It happens whenever you change your keyboard input settings to something other than US English." ]

[ "To everyone currently commenting: This is not AskReddit. Anecdotes and speculation are not acceptable replies to a question in AskScience. Please read the guidelines on the sidebar -------- >" ]

[ "In a situation that your brain finds dangerous or perilous, you brain will often try to prevent you from doing something stupid by constantly reminding you that a dangerous option exists, and for you to NOT do that thing by constantly keeping it at the forefront of your mind so you don't forget the danger of the situation. Many people interpret this constant awareness as a subtle hint or suggestion to actually DO the thing that you are actually being instructed not to do. Obviously, it is not really that way, but it can feel like it due to the constant pushing of that \"Cliff + Jump\" or \"Knife + Body\" concept over and over again. It's a preventative measure from your brain by forcing you to imagine it and be aware of it constantly." ]

[ "There's a timer in the cells that make up your body called [the Hayflick Limit](_URL_0_). They can only repair and replicate themselves a set number of times. After that they begin to break down, and the larger body parts and organs that your cells make up begin to break down, too: your joints wear away, your skin loses elasticity. Eventually something vital stops working and you die. Some people's timers are longer than others'." ]

[ "Is it just me or does a big crunch sound more optimistic than ever-expanding-into-darkness-and-cold? It'd be an epic end to the universe, maybe spawning another. I don't see how expanding forever is anything but terribly depressing." ]

[ "I don't understand what you mean. How is that they find these \"hitmen\" to supposedly hire? Or are you asking how they find police to go undercover as the supposed hitmen? If it's the first, then it's the same way that undercover operations occur for drug deals, prostitution and various other illegal services. Usually by staking out a forum or listing website (such as reddit, craigslist, kijiji) for a particular area looking for codes that they recognize and then act on. A good example is from the movie \"The Mechanic\" how people post \"job listings\" for mechanics that lead to coded website. If it's the latter, then it's the same way that they get undercover cops to act like pimps and hoes, drug dealers and arms dealers. They find a cop and make sure he can talk the talk just long enough for them to get incriminating evidence to arrest the people." ]

[ "The supreme court had previously held that making private copies available for use by others was legal in Canada (see BMG vs. John Doe). As such, there was no legal copyright infringement that copyright holders could use as leverage to get (the subpoenas required to get) ISPs to disclose the identities of the file sharers; the court upheld that the sharer's right to privacy trumps all. What this law (the Copyright Modernization Act) does is create a hole in the above. Copyright holders can issue a notice to ISPs saying \"I know one of your users is sharing my material. Here's his IP address\". The ISP has to send a notice to the user \"Hey, BMG is asking for your identity\"... and having delivered that notice, the ISP now has to answer requests for your identity. If it doesn't the copyright holder can now sue the ISP for damages. Thanks Harper! TL;DR - Canadian file sharers will now no longer be immune from lawsuits." ]

[ "You don't. Your senses are wrong all the time." ]

[ "Well one way is by selected specific people for your study. The studied that showed evidence that vaccines caused autism actually dropped people from the study who had children not become autistic, found children who had family history of autism to include in the study, and kept the numbers small. Another way could be the way the statistics are portrayed. Say a study of one hundred patients showed a 1/100 chance of getting cancer. A new study with 100 patients who all dance showed two patients getting cancer. Does that mean the chance of getting cancer doubles with dancing? Or does it mean the chance of getting cancer is indeterminable by only a hundred patients? Is a increase of 1% less scary sounding than \"doubled\"?" ]

[ "Any tips how to get rid of them or cover it up?" ]

[ "Two social psychological concepts come to mind here. State dependent memory encoding and Erickson Arousal theory of learning. State dependent learning states that what ever state of mind you are in during encoding is the state of mind where recall would be optimal. Erickson arousal theory states that learning is most optimal in a medium arousal state where you are not too comfortable or too stressed. Extrapolating from these two my guess would be that learning at night in a tired state of mind is optimal for a middle arousal and probably optimal for most recall. Especially if you are tired all of the time like myself lol." ]

[ "Alcohol is a friendly guy. He loves to hug things, like your brain cells. When you drink a lot of alcohol your brain winds up being too busy hugging alcohol to work right. Alcohol is also a very thirsty guy. That's why you wake up dehydrated." ]

[ "Basically your brain is receiving conflicting signals from your eyes and ears. If you are looking at the floor when in a car or on a bus or a book your eyes are telling you that you are not moving. But your ear is telling your brain that you are indeed moving. So instead of your body realising you are reading a book on a bus, your body thinks it is being poisoned and the only way to deal with poison is to vomit it all up." ]

[ "Some people lose muscle tone due to specific conditions, as well as due to general ageing, that can cause the face to be more lax. Changes in dentition (or lack of dentures) can reveal the space one would normally have occupied by teeth, making the gap seem larger. Cognitive changes where the person does not realise their mouth is lax can contribute. Stroke victims often have a droopy mouth on one side." ]

[ "Old pictures took a long time to expose. We're talking tens of seconds. It can be difficult to hold a still smile that long. The results were often blurry. Still faces were encouraged in order to produce a sharper image." ]

[ "Go light a bucket of gasoline on fire, it'll take a few minute to burn depending on the depth/width and whatnot. Now imagine something hundreds of billions of times larger." ]

[ "The main issue is how much angular momentum they have with respect to the sun (or other body being orbiter). Starting from a great distance away they have time to accelerate a lot toward the sun from its gravity, but they don't have the momentum to the side to form a roughly circular orbit like the planets do. As they get in close to the sun the angle of the sun's gravity starts to change and the relatively greater force of gravity pulls their path around, pointing their momentum from falling toward the sun into pointing away from it. Then it coasts outward being slowed by gravity until it falls back in." ]

[ "Because the meanings really aren't that hidden. They're there. It's what made the story 'literature' in the first place. There are, of course, exceptions, but 99.999% of the time, the teacher is right." ]

[ "Alice wants to send a message to Bob. They are very far away. So, she writes a letter and gives it to Chris, who is a very nosy individual. Chris steams the envelope open, reads the letter, and then reseals it and hands it to Bob. If you are Alice and Bob, you probably don't want Chris to do that. So you develop an \"inside language\", an encryption code. Now, Alice can write in this code, and she knows that even if Chris opens the envelope, Chris has no idea about what is being said in the letter. When Bob reads it, he will get the message just fine. Replace Chris with governments, advertisers, your employer or your parents..." ]

[ "Airplanes do get struck by lighting while in the air and while inside clouds. The airplane is reasonably well protected by the skin effect which pushes all the current around the edge of the plane and not through the middle, it helps that the middle of the plane is also not very conductive compared to the outside of the plane. Nothing of importance inside the airplane cares about the excess charge flowing through the skin so nothing bad tends to happen(this is now a design feature of planes). A person on the other hand is a fairly conductive blob that doesn't handle even slight currents well or the brief heat that would be generated by thousands of amps flowing through the body, you would still suffer extreme internal burns from the current flow and almost certainly die from the current through the heart if you were struck by lighting in a cloud or on the ground. If you were to have a well made metal suit on the results might be different but I don't suggest trying it out!" ]

[ "The voltage is too low to push the electricity through your skin. But if instead you try licking the terminals of a 9 volt battery you will get your tongue shocked since it's wet and offers less resistance. These videos are great at illustrating how it works: _URL_1_ and _URL_0_" ]

[ "That's called Frisson. Pronounced Free zorn, there is a whole sub-reddit dedicated to it." ]

[ "You could have [tinnitus](_URL_0_). You should see a doctor if you want any further information, since asking for medical advice is not allowed in this forum." ]

[ "It depends. Opioids don't treat the condition in any way, they just block the pain. Ibuprofen (advil) blocks pain and reduces inflammation (swelling) which is one cause of pain. So in that sense, anti-inflammatory drugs do address the direct cause of the pain, but generally not the underlying condition. For the most part, no, pain medicaction does not fix the condition and is just there to make you comfortable while your body fixes itself . Also, some paracetamol formulations have a bit of caffeine added in, which could explain your elevated mood." ]

[ "I would recommend reading historian D. C.A. Hillman's book,*The Chemical Muse: Drug Use and the Roots of Western Civilization*, in which he provides numerous primary sources and historical accounts of physicians doing things like prescribing opium, sedatives, and narcotics. His historical hypothesis (albeit a far-fetched one) is that the free and open use of drugs in the ancient Greek and Roman societies constituted an integral element of a free society, and may have favorably developed the course of Western civilization." ]

[ "Why not actually try the experiment? Everything you need is available at your local drug store[1]. An irrigation syringe (one with a plunger) could work to help you separate the oil from the urine. Tests for cannabis don't usually measure THC, but rather a metabolite which is a bit more hydrophilic; however, that substance might still be greasy enough to go mostly into the oil layer. [1] Well, except weed, of course, depending on the neighborhood." ]

[ "While most larger banks won’t take their business, plenty of smaller local banks and credit unions are happy to work with marijuana business owners for their needs. It was dicey for a while in the early days as most banks were not going to play ball, but these smaller local institutions came in and provided services to the businesses. Some states are also working on implementing laws that expressly allow this as well (at the state level) but the effects of this we don’t yet know. Despite this all being illegal at the federal level, the small banks doing this in states where it marijuana is legal have been left alone and are not concerned. Wells Fargo won’t take their business, but their local credit union probably will." ]

[ "I don't want to get into information that will allow you to do illegal stuff, not what eli5 is for, but I'll tell you this. It saves the files in a specific location on your phone, for most android devices its all in the same place, and its accessible with pretty much any file browsing app. It isn't really hidden at all. Playing the files is another matter. Like many paid services, spotify encrypts their files with DRM. (DRM really simple eli5: the files will ask whatever program is opening them for a password, only spotify \"understands\" what they're asking and how to answer) There are programs available that will remove the protections and allow them to be played without spotify, but again, I won't go into that, because its getting into piracy how-tos." ]

[ "This is something I would also like to know as I listen to a lot of trade books in the car while travelling and have wondered if its ~~doing anything~~ actually planting the information into my head or I'm a just listening like a song." ]

[ "They are never used again. They undergo fibrosis and scar shut. The umbilical arteries become the [medial umbilical ligament](_URL_0_) while the umbilical vein becomes the [round ligament of liver](_URL_1_). They are more used as anatomical landmarks during a surgery than for anything else. That is to say, to the best of our knowledge they offer no known function in the adult. (apologies for linking to wiki, but it is such basic anatomy that its hard to find any peer-reviewed sources on the topic)" ]

[ "This rerouting only is possible for very young patients. I know a teen who had it done and he has incomplete use of one half of his body. So he limps and such. But a baby who has this done will likely be completely fine. Some physical therapy is likely necessary. The young have a lot of neuroplasticity." ]

[ "Well, here is an [online version of a English translation](_URL_0_) or Newton's own *Principia*. Pick a page pretty much at random and you will see a lot more words (originally in Latin), a lot more geometrical figures and lot fewer symbols than you would see in a modern text on mechanics." ]

[ "Back then people still needed jobs, now they dont and can practice harder for longer. And science helps by showing then methods on improving motions. You cam find cool videos on youtube" ]

[ "Note that NK is testing a *ballistic* missile. By definition, a ballistic missile follows a ballistic trajectory, e.g., it burns its fuel immediately, and the just goes where gravity (and air resistance, etc.) take it. Getting an object into orbit, and deorbiting it accurately, is a considerably more complex task. There isn't a ballistic trajectory into orbit - either it escapes, or it comes back down, unless you're able to fire a second stage once you're in space to circularize the orbit. But orbits are (basically) stable, so to get it back *out* of orbit, you need a third stage. It's not impossible, but it's a much harder task. Especially if you need to aim precisely and keep your payload intact." ]

[ "The moon takes approximately one month to orbit the earth once. In the meantime, the earth is spinning underneath the moon once ever 24 hours. So we see the moon rise and set like the sun because of the earth's rotation, but the time that the moon rises/sets becomes later and later over the course of 27 days because of the moon's orbit, so that after 27 days, it's back to where it started. This means that the moon is in the sky all night during a full moon, and will set at sunrise. But the next day, the moon will rise a bit later, and will be in the sky a little bit during the next morning before it sets. After about 14 days, the moon will rise and sunset, will be up all day, and will set at sunrise. And eventually it will wrap back around and rise at sunset again." ]

[ "You should think of Electric & Magnetic fields as the same thing, because they are. They just appear differently depending on your frame of reference. A moving electric field (or charge) creates a magnetic field, and a changing magnetic field creates an electric field." ]

[ "There is something similar called the nocebo effect: if you believe something will make you ill, it will. This is what is seen in people that get a rash from being near a Wi-Fi router - whether it's turned on or not. It's not the Wi-Fi signal that's causing the rash, it's the belief. Whether the same is true for the scenario you describe is hard to say. I'm not aware of any studies, and I'm not convinced it could be tested in an ethical manner. It would entail convincing sick people to sign up to test what they believe to be entirely useless." ]

[ "Most of the people on the floor these days are just there for the TV cameras. It's more of a TV set these days than a place where people actually do stock trading." ]

[ "A huge portion of the world economy and how businesses run rely on the principals that these types of transaction can occur. We don't know what would happen if you couldn't trade stocks anymore. However it pretty reasonable to assume the world economy would be drastically twisted compared to the economy of today, likely in ways we can't predict or truly understand on such a large scale." ]

[ "Where in the world were the hospitals not private at first? Early hospitals were founded by religious orders, not government agencies." ]

[ "Certified Canadian here. Our taxes pay for hospital care. In the event that you get into an accident, get sick, or you're having a baby, it's all free. To get prescriptions you need private healthcare or to pay out of pocket. Same goes for dental." ]

[ "I think this is a profound and interesting question and I'm going to look into it seriously. This may be related to my research interests, why aging makes it harder to ignore unwanted sounds. My suspicion is that you auditory brainstem/cortex is overrun by activation that can't be suppressed sufficiently. As you age, your ability to suppress activation degrades from the periphery all the way up to the cortex, so the effect you are talking about may be related. Does anyone who knows more about this have any insight? P.S. wear [earplugs](_URL_0_)!" ]

[ "alcohol dilutes the fluid in the semicircular canals (these help with balance and sensing relative motion of your body) in your ear making the fluid move easier and does not stop when you stop actually moving. That is why you feel the sensation of spinning because your brain is still getting the sensation that it is still moving when you are really sitting still." ]

[ "It used to be that fermented beverages were safer to drink than regular, often dirty, water. And aside from that, alcohol in moderated amounts does benefit health." ]

[ "You're assuming that the enjoyment of music is the purpose of an evolutionary advantageous skill, but it's actually probably just one (of many) applications of an evolutionary advantageous skill. The skill is *pattern recognition*. Early agriculture was made possible by our ability to recognize (seasonal) patterns. Our ability to hunt specific species is dependent upon our ability to recognize a pattern of behaviour. Our ability to learn to read and speak a language is dependent on our ability to recognize patterns. etc. Bear in mind evolution *doesn't* fine-tune organisms and traits for specific needs and purposes, and oftentimes certain evolutionary traits are favoured because they are advantageous in specific situations but can be useless or downright ridiculous in other situations." ]

[ "Until recently there was a clear hierarchy: films were more prestigious than TV shows. If you could get film work, that's what you did. If you couldn't, you tried to get TV work. Now that innovative companies like Netflix and HBO are making more interesting shows, it's more mixed up." ]

[ "As a student pursuing another degree after considering becoming a doctor I will offer my simple answer. Trying to become a doctor and complete medical school carries with it an extremely high risk of failure and requires that I dedicate all of my time to that goal to have a hope of success. Rather than potentially waste 4-10 years of my life, I chose a career with similar earning potential and almost zero risk of washout. And I don't have to deal with malpractice insurance or frivolous lawsuits if I screw up. I just say \"Oops\", file some paperwork, and restate the error on an amended financial statement. Accountants can make comparable money anyways." ]

[ "Neo-Nazism and White nationalism are NOT mainstream by any means. It is simply not true that more and more people are getting whipped into a frenzy over the existence of racial or sexual minorities. The racists and sexists were racist and sexist long before Donald Trump and will continue to be racist and sexist long after. While the president has changed people have not. In reality his presidency certainly makes some of those people more empowered but it won't get them anywhere. They are a tiny minority and most people dispose them. The biggest factor in the rise of hatred in recent years has actually been the great recession which threw a lot of people into poverty. When this happens historically they turn on minorities because they feel that minorities are at fault for taking away what is rightfully theirs instead of focusing on the powerful interests that run the country." ]

[ "Because to our primitive ancestors, different usually meant bad. That tuber smells different? Probably rotten, don't eat it. Your dog acting weird? Might have rabies, stay away. That stranger looks different than you? Probably from a rival tribe, and up to no good." ]

[ "This is more a practical than culinary concern. Cured meats last longer in warm climates like Spain, whereas this is less of a concern in the colder German climate. It is similar to why colder countries drink beer and warmer climates drink wine: grapes grow better in warm countries and barley grows better in cold climates." ]

[ "It's an inaccurate stereotype (early Medieval Middle-Eastern and Indian swords were typically straight). It started to become accurate in the late Medieval era (when curved swords started to be used in those regions), and eventually became accurate (when the curved sword become the common sword in those regions (and also in Europe)). But it isn't just modern media; it's an old stereotype - there is Medieval European art showing Saracens with curved swords fighting Crusaders with straight swords (but the Saracens are shown with *European* curved swords!). A few months ago, we discussed the question of straight vs curved swords in East vs West, both the swords that were actually used, and stereotypical depictions in European art: _URL_0_" ]

[ "it never \"takes\" hot or cold air. what it takes is \"dryer\" air. when you use cold air either the humidity difference was VERY small or your AC compressor is kicking on to \"dry\" the air your using. this is why older cars without AC have \"really\" hot heaters. the other way to get the effect is with heat. Note I said dryer not dry. Hotter air can hold more moisture in it so if you heat 80% humidity air to twice the temperature its now \"lower\" humidity since the % is based on what it can hold not what it absolutely contains. so hot air will hold more moisture and your giving it that moisture from your foggy windscreen. the hotter it is the more readily it will take on moisture. SO to sum up. you need air DRYER than the surrounding and and enough of it to hold whatever is on your wind screen. you can do this two ways. either DRY the air (turn on the AC) so it can hold more moisture or make the air HOT so it will hold more moisture." ]

[ "Your question is a little off, it's true that heating up super sonic flows will slow down the fluid, but heating up flow with a Mach number less than one will speed it up. This is called [Rayleigh Flow](_URL_0_). Heating up a gas in motion will cause the flow to approach mach 1, so it will slow down the velocity of the gas if it's traveling faster than that, and speed up the gas if it's slower than the speed of sound in that medium. The fluid is only really interested in approaching M=1. Normal intuition of fluid flow breaks down when we deal with super sonic flow. Backwards things like regular nozzles slowing down flow, while a diffuser would speed up the fluid. I can talk about it some more, and bring in the calculus behind it if you are interested, but I would have to get into the messy details to get much more specific." ]

[ "PAL and NTSC were methods of encoding TV in an analog signal. Europe uses 50Hz electricity, USA uses 60Hz electricity. Since the analog signal is related to the frequency of the electricity powering the device, Europe and USA had different TV standards to. With early computer monitors (driven by CGA or EGA) you did worry about PAL/NTSC. Once VGA came along, that introduced a new analog standard that had a higher resolution than PAL/NTSC. And after VGA came digital standards." ]

[ "U.S. sales taxes are VERY Complicated. We don't have a national sales tax that applies evenly across the board. Sales tax goes down to the state, county, and even local levels. The tax you pay in one store could be completely different to the tax you pay in the store across the street in extreme circumstances. Plus the types of goods that are taxed also vary (some states charge tax on groceries, others don't, for example). Having to individualize all these different price tags would be a logistical nightmare." ]

[ "To the best of our knowledge, there is no edge. The universe either extends forever in all directions (this is the more likely case based on observational data) or is curved back around on itself in some way such that there isn't an edge (like the surface of a sphere or donut). While it's possible that there is an edge somewhere, we have no evidence that would suggest such a thing and no idea what such an edge would look like or what physics would be like in the vicinity of an edge." ]

[ "This video from Sagan will help. I couldn't explain it in a better way. _URL_0_" ]

[ "The earliest strong association between the color purple to danger or harm would probably be during the bubonic plague (aka \"Black Death\") that ravaged Europe during the 1300's. The bacterium responsible for all the carnage, *Yersinia pestis*, gave its victims **purple** or black buboes (basically, raised sores) that were made up of congealed blood and necrotic tissue." ]

[ "I don't this quite answers your question, but I hope it does. The development of a language is really a large thing, but I have an example in French which still influences how Francophones write today. I know if you can count it as a mistake per se, but the French word Nénuphar, also written Nénufar, was an adaptation of a word taken from medieval Latin, but initially from the Persian language. The ph letters are attributed normally to Greek inspired words, like Philosophie. The ph Nénuphar stood its ground and still does, even though the major language instances in the French-speaking world nowadays prefer to honor its roots by recommending to write with an f : nénufar. And like many things in French, it complicates the learning of the language. Yet again. Hope it helps." ]

[ "In short, the speed of light is a fundamental property of the universe. The energy associated with differing wavelengths of light is independent of its speed altogether. Special relativity explains how you can have light with differing energies and thus differing momenta while still being massless and always moving at the speed of light, c." ]

[ "Your question seems to assume that colour is a separate property that happens to change based on wavelength. Our eyes have the ability to sense the wavelength of light, and colour is simply the word we use to describe that sensation. So it isn't one thing changing in response to another - they are actually the same thing." ]

[ "I don't think much Arab history is taught in American schools period. Not even the rise of Mohamed. Not even the Islamic reign in Spain, even though the Middle Ages is usually roughly covered. Although important, the Arab slave trade is relatively obscure compared to the vast arena of topics that could be but aren't covered in US history courses." ]

[ "If you want to read the story of how someone actually did it: [No Man Knows My History](_URL_7_) by Fawn Brodie Also, since you brought up the guy who kidnapped Elizabeth Smart, if you want to see what makes these guys tick, check out: [Mormon Fundamentalism & Violence: A Historical Analysis](_URL_6_) Also check out [Under The Banner of Heaven](_URL_5_) by Jon Krakauer Edit: Added additional references." ]

[ "Spearmint's a plant, *Mentha spicata.* Peppermint is a hybrid, the result of a cross between spearmint and another plant in the same genus, *Mentha aquatica,* called watermint. They're different plants, in other words, which have similar but different flavors when eaten straight or used as a flavoring." ]

[ "Here's a pretty good explainer. _URL_0_ Basically it comes down to different memory, different promises (reliability and service life), and different marketing." ]

[ "The US government refused to support CSK after WW2? What? The US sent a whopping $4 billion to him within two years after the end of the Second Sino-Japanese War. The US gave him military hardware and trained his troops. The US airlifted Nationalists forces to liberated areas, including Manchuria, and also stationed US troops in strategic areas." ]

[ "Greetings everyone. In the few minutes this sub has been up, it's attracting sub-standard responses. Just a reminder of a few of the rules: * no responses covering events/conditions post-1994, per this sub's \"20-year rule\" prohibiting discussion of current events * no anecdotes * no speculation OP: your question implies that you're asking about both *current* policy and historical reasons. If you want to pursue discussion on the former, do consider x-posting that question to another sub, e.g. /r/politics" ]

[ "Purely because of the cost. If it tastes *similar* and can be had for 1/10th the price, most people are ok with imitation crab." ]

[ "There was an segment on NPR about this yesterday. The host asked the same question you did. The short version is that it's painful, expensive, and even if they get cervical cancer it's not the end of the world. Cervical cancer (according to the speaker) is slow growing and the chance of it actually causing problems is very low. As you point out, false positives are a problem, since they're expensive. Also, women under 21 get cervical cancer so rarely it's a waste of time. It's like asking why men under 50 don't get prostate exams. **TL;DR** Painful, expensive, unnecessary tests should not be run for the sake of running tests." ]

[ "Every place is going to be prone to some sort of severe weather phenomenon (or at least, not everyone can live where there isn't some sort of severe weather phenomenon)." ]

[ "\"Just about everyone here\" Where is \"here\" for you? It sounds like your question's premise is based on a small sample set based on personal observation. Before your question is addressed, you should be making sure the premise is valid..." ]

[ "Well, we don't, exactly. But we can estimate, since we know how big the Earth is (and thus how much pressure there is there) and what the Earth is made of (and thus how much radioactive decay is heating it)." ]

[ "By measuring it. There are so many contributing measurements that it is difficult to list them all in a reddit comment. [Wikipedia has an article](_URL_1_). The small uncertainty is simply a result of very precise measurements." ]

[ "Whatsapp uses a modified form of the signal protocol - _URL_1_ The signal protocol is open source and has been scrutinized by crypto experts all over the world. It's probably pretty damn tight. You can check it out yourself if you like. _URL_0_ Could whatsapp have built in a backdoor in the closed source - sure, but why? It would probably destroy the company if that info was leaked. Also worth noting - anytime you use software you trust the programmer/companies that wrote that software. And all companies and people involved in making the hardware that your software runs on! However, governments and malicious parties don't have to break the encryption. They just hack your or your conversations partners phone. Either by fooling you into running code for them or hacking android/iOS or the sim card/gsm etc. If you use whatsapp web it opens even more possibilities for intrusion. Still, at the moment whatsapp is your best choice for a secure communication platform." ]

[ "By measuring it. There are so many contributing measurements that it is difficult to list them all in a reddit comment. [Wikipedia has an article](_URL_1_). The small uncertainty is simply a result of very precise measurements." ]

[ "There are two issues at play right now. The Obama administration wants to see an end to sequestration limits on discretionary spending. The other issue is pro-life Conservatives are pushing for a continuing resolution that has no Title X funding for Planned Parenthood. There are reports flying around that Speaker Boehner is retiring in exchange for the pro-life folks to pass a clean CR (that doesn't change Title X funding to PP). Both of these issues are complicating discussions surrounding appropriations for the upcoming fiscal year." ]

[ "The ELI5 answer is simplicity. Stuff gets loaded when opening a program. If I don't want to code a way for that stuff to change while the game is open, I force a reboot. This sacrifices usability for code simplicity (or development speed)." ]

[ "It's more that you could have a mole growing on you, or you could have cancer growing on you, but without looking closely they look the same. It's not that the mole is cancerous, it's that you might ignore cancer because cancer might look like a mole." ]

[ "Sort of how hawaiis volcano is not particularly dangerous as it constantly and very gradually errupts. Good question, i would love a geologist to point out all the unidentified variables etc" ]

[ "They could be interned, which happened to 110.000-120.000 Japanese people residing in the USA in 1942 after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Keep in mind that this included both american citizen and foreign travelers and residents. The Japanese people who was interned lived mostly in the West Coast of the USA, and where forcibly relocated to military camps, and had to stay there until 1944-1946(All interned had been released by 1946). The internment of the Japanese in USA was authorized by Franklin D. Roosevelt in his Executive Order 9066, which authorized the Secretary of War and military commanders to prescribe military areas where the Secretary of War or military commanders could expel people at will, and ordered them to proved the expelled people with transport, shelter, food and accommodations (which de facto was interment)." ]

[ "**Are DoD Employees working again?** Yes, and No. A large portion of DoD has returned to work, based on the legal interpretation of POMA [(Pay our Military Act)](_URL_51_) by the Secretary of Defense. In short, civilians that are considered to be \"helping/supporting the military\" were told to report back to work and have been promised pay for their work until funding under POMA runs out, or congress passes a CR to fund the government. However, congress has not passed any law/act that provides for backpay for civilians who were furloughed during the first week of October. Further, there are still a handful of civilians in DoD who are under furlough and are not being paid right now." ]

[ "On top of the link provided by /carpenter I'd say that Intelligence played its part and much of this intelligence was linked to the Pinkerton agency. I recommend reading a quite interesting, and probably unique, book titled \"The secret war for the Union\". Relates all the intelligence efforts and sources of the Army of the Potomac with each of its commanding generals; by Intelligence I mean all intelligence in military terms, from agents, to scouts, use of cavalry for info gathering, balloons etc. _URL_0_" ]

[ "I cannot comment on the Annals, but in the Song of Roland, it's clear from the text that the author has very little real knowledge of those the author calls Muslims. He makes all sorts of descriptive mistakes that a person with even passing familiarity would not make (For example, Muslims are extremely monotheistic, yet the author does not seem to recognize this.) In fact, the poem's main story is about a battle (IRL - The Battle of Roncesvalles) between Charlemagne and Spanish Muslims. Among the many poetic embellishments the author makes is to turn the Christian Basque peoples Charlemagne actually fought into Muslims. I suspect the answer to your question would be \"no\" there is no precise distinction made by the author(s) of the Annals, and even if there were, it's unlikely we'd be able to determine what it is, given the confusing nature of their knowledge (e.g. what if the distinction is based on a perceived difference that we do not recognize or understand?)." ]

[ "I summarized the position of the emperor (and his court) between the Kamakura and the early Edo [here](_URL_0_). Please give it a read." ]

[ "The SEIR model is one way of projecting how many individuals in a population are **S**usceptible **E**xposed **I**nfected and **R**ecovered when considering an epidemic that allows an infected individual to immediately transfer the parasite to another individual. Some parasites have latency periods where an individual can be infected, but cannot infect another individual. These epidemics are covered by other models such as the SEIS model. The equations you see are the calculations needed to obtain these values: _URL_0_. The terminology for each symbol can be found in a table at the top of that page: _URL_1_." ]

[ "There was the [Archimedes Screw](_URL_0_), which has been around since at least the 3rd Century BCE. Also, you should read the first couple sections on fountains, [here], (_URL_1_) where it explains how Romans used gravity to create pressure down the line. Finally, I know the Mayans created water pressure by channeling water from a higher source into a piping system that grew narrower and narrower. Once in these pipes, the water pressure increased to that point that the flow of water could overcome gravity. I'm no expert, but I assume that most of these pre-industrial hydraulic systems gained much of their pressure from starting at an elevated location (mountain springs, aqueducts, etc.) before being channeled into pipes" ]

[ "Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained: 1. [ELI5: Whistling ](_URL_6_) 1. [ELI5: How does whistling work? And how is it different from blowing? ](_URL_0_) 1. [ELI5: How does whistling work? (Wind/air pressure to sound with whistles, bottles, or lips.) ](_URL_4_) 1. [ELI5:How does whistling work? ](_URL_1_) 1. [ELI5: How do whistles work? ](_URL_3_) 1. [ELI5: Why some folks can whistle and others cannot. How does it work? ](_URL_2_) 1. [ELI5: Why can some people whistle while others can't? ](_URL_5_)" ]

[ "The space station has a full body shower unit. When astronauts want to take a shower, they step into a cylindrical shower stall and close the door. They then get themselves wet and wash up just like you would on Earth. However, due to weightlessness, the water droplets and soap don't flow downwards into a drain, they float about. Astronauts use a suction device to get rid of the waste water." ]

[ "A lot of experiments to see what happens when there is little to no gravity going on. How it affects human body, how it affects, plants, animals, bacteria, equipement ect. It's also much easier to set up experiments that require very cold temperatures or very low pressures. [Here's a list.](_URL_0_)" ]

[ "8.25% w/v is a measurement meaning 8.25 grams dissolved in every 100 ml aqueous solution of NaOCl, or 82.5 g/L to find the concentration of the stuff - > 82.5g * 1 mol/74.442g = 1.1082M Once it enters aqueous solution, it dissociates completely to Na^+ + OCl^- and there is an equilibrium established: OCl^- + H2O < - > HOCl + OH^- Google says the ka of the HOCl is 3.5 x 10^-8 , so the kb is 2.8571 x 10^-7 because ka * kb = kw We can solve this using ICE tables I: OCl-: 1.108M HOCl: 0 OH- : 0 C: OCl-: - x HOCl: x OH-: x E: OCl-: 1.108M - x HOCl: x OH- : x kb = ([AH][OH^- ]/[A^- ]) = ([HOCl][OH^- ]/[OCl^- ]) = (x^2 / 1.108 - x) = (2.8571 x 10^-7 ) I'm too fucking lazy to use the quadratic formula right now so I'm going to approximate, 1.108 - x ~ 1.108 (it will be accurate to several thousandths) x ~ (5.626e * 10^-4) ~ [OH^- ] pOH = -log[OH^- ] ~ 3.25 14 - pOH = **pH ~ 10.75**" ]

[ "[Rogue](_URL_1_), but seriously there are several studies on this. [Here](_URL_2_) is a news article. [This](_URL_0_) is a scientific article that relates epinephrine to loss of pigment. Epinephrine is linked to flight-or-fight response system. Hypothetically stress, or a \"shocking experience\" indirectly would cause whitening of hair." ]

[ "A big reason is that releasing a video before a trial can taint the jury pool. It's very easy for the media to constantly play a video and present only one side (usually the victim). This makes a fair trial very difficult." ]

[ "They can release it in the sense that it would be available on their own website but they don't have the ability to push an update to peoples phones. I can tell you in great detail about all the objects in my house and their location but even with that information you can't change my house layout without my key to get into my house. You're free to go away and build your own house and have it match my house identically and maybe even change it to how you like but again I can't change your house without having the key to get inside." ]

[ "The best way to understand relativity is that it explains the why of gravity (and motion in general) better than Newtonian physics. In general relativity (GR), all objects which have no forces on them (gravity is no longer considered a force) move in straight lines called geodesics. However, the caveat here is that chunks of mass (or energy) changes that it means for a line to be straight. So, when there is a large body nearby some object, the straight line path now bends to go towards the mass. It is this bending of paths that we experience as gravity. In this sense, GR explains gravity because it effectively makes gravity no longer a force - it's just a property of spacetime." ]

[ "Not sure anyone can explain it better than Richard Feynman: _URL_0_" ]

[ "If you use a fretless guitar, you can pick any arbitrary frequency you want. You can also bend notes to get non-semitones out of a standard instrument. Beyond that, you start looking into instruments specifically designed to produce notes with smaller intervals. ...but based on my quick searching for microtonality in flamenco, it seems that it comes up most when talking about *the vocals* in the song. This takes us back to the fretless guitar scenario - the human voice, with training, can produce any frequency along its range since there's no arbitrary fixed positions on it." ]

[ "Yes (to your last question, no to your title), as a result of [these relationships](_URL_0_) all being [monotonic](_URL_1_)." ]

[ "You approach the people with the rights to the music (i.e. record companies, labels, artist groups, licencing companies, artists, etc) and get permission (a license) to use their music. This would be a **MASSIVE** undertaking (both in terms of time and money), especially if you want to start from scratch. The other alternative is to approach somebody who already has the licenses (like a radio station) and see if you can operate under them. **ALL** the music in the world is a LOT of music though. Nobody has access to everything. I < 3 radio doesn't, it just has access to a large library of songs." ]

[ "Well the companies downsize their servers; potentially down to one actual server. The cost to keep that one server running is probably a lot less than a few hundred subscriptions / micro transactions a month. There's no point in taking it down if the company continues to exist, because you're making money off it by essentially doing nothing, it's already up and running." ]

[ "There are three kinds of ad revenue. The first is as you suggest. It's called affiliate marketing, and they get paid when you click a link and buy something. That's actually fairly lucrative, as people who do end up clicking almost always buy something. The second is pay per click, where the site gets paid only when you click the link, but you aren't required to buy anything there. That's better for the site, as it can be used to advertise other blogs, TV shows and other \"free\" things. The third is pay per impression, where the site gets paid for every unique view to the ad. This is best for the site compared to the advertiser, and is best used for things like Coca-Cola or something that is interested in keeping their name public. Because each type of ad is easier for the site to use, they tend to pay less per item." ]

[ "Think of it like this. Our body is quite the complex system. It's balancing on the brink of disaster at all times. Our cells are dividing all the time. Thousands of times each second. All that's needed for us to get cancer is that something goes wrong in one of those divisions. We are standing on the brink, and we just need one push. Many things can make it go wrong. Most of them just ups the chance from one in a billion to 1.1 in a billion. They do this by disrupting the DNA in some way. This can be by radiation (it \"pushes\" dna around) or anything that can easily react with DNA. > Do any of those 'alternative cures' actually work and why? If they worked they wouldn't really be alternative any more would they? Of course, there are things that can have some preventative effect. Antioxidants are the big one." ]

[ "The ionosphere has a different composition at night then during the day due to the sun's rays not hitting it at night. Finland is very far North, and being the winter time the ionosphere is hit by very limited sun rays. The Ionosphere reflects certain radio waves, thus allowing you to hear stations from much farther away in the night time; which happens to be pretty much all the time if you live in Finland in the winter." ]

[ "[This](_URL_0_) previous thread explains it as [entrainment](_URL_2_). When changing the diameter of your lips, the airflow is subject to the [Bernoulli effect](_URL_1_) where it speeds up. When the air moves faster, it draws in more surrounding air which is cooler than your body temperature, thus making it feel colder." ]

[ "You say annoying. I say delicious flavor deposit." ]

[ "Because they would get sued. The legal system isn't like some kind of beep-boop robot that overlooks totally obvious loopholes. Any company that claimed \"No, we were really advertising the endorsement of Bill Gates, plumber, from Bumfuck, Nebraska.\" would get laughed out of court. As /u/Snewzie pointed out with the Taco Bell ad campaign, a company needs to make it obvious what they are doing to do that. They can't try to mislead consumers and expect not to eat a lawsuit." ]

[ "It will technically never stop, because it won't ever reach the event horizon from your perspective. It will continue to slow down and light coming from it will continue to get red shifted further and further. It will be invisible to human eyes pretty quickly. You'd need some other kind of detector to continue to observe it." ]

[ "in short, no, the pattern will not change. Observing in this sense doesn't actually mean observing. When people say the electrons are being \"observed,\" they really mean that they are being \"measured.\" By passing them through the slit, you are essentially measuring their position - you know that they are in the slit. The uncertainty principle states that the more we know about the position, the less we know about momentum. So once we know that the electrons are in the slit, we lose all knowledge about which direction they are going, which means they go in all directions (more or less). The idea is that at each part you have to ask what you know about the electrons. When they are emitted by the gun, you know their momentum (direction) but not where they are. once they hit the paper, you know where they are, but not in which direction they will go. Before they hit the wall, you again know their momentum (from the pattern) but not position. then they hit the wall and again you know their position." ]

[ "Loading screens like this often are not \"real\" in measuring their stuff, sometimes its just made up, other times its not measuring in time, and so on, in lots of combination, and again one is that its just close to a fake screen/progress meter. They are just there so the user doesn't think things are broken or frozen. To a degree its a placebo that just says \"hey, its working, hold on there partner\"." ]

[ "Imma answer your question, but first let me tell you about this time I watered the lawn on a warm july afternoon, there were clouds in the sky and childrens laughter.... ok seriously, who knows, maybe they just like to hear themselves type, or create an emotional connection to the recipe, perhaps they are just killing white space so the ad banner on the side fits the page. could be worse, you could be asking about youtube videos. *11minutes to review a potato peeler? how???*" ]

[ "Mexico did internally split: Texas revolted and went its own way. Remember, it was its own country for about 10 years before joining the US. Besides that, there were other internal splits. The Republic of the Rio Grande was a short-lived attempt at establishing an independent state in northern Mexico. There was a Mayan state in the south of Mexico that was de facto independent for the second half of the 1800s, and was not fully integrated into Mexico until the 1940s. The Republic of the Yucatan existed as an independent country in the mid-19th century. They voluntarily rejoined Mexico in the aftermath of the Caste War, but there is still a strong independent streak in Yucatan, and I would not be surprised if the Yucatan splits off again (or tries to) in my lifetime." ]

[ "US states can't deny the validity of legal documents in other states. So if I own some property in Texas, and I bring that up as evidence in an Oklahoma court case, the court can't decide it doesn't count because it's from the wrong state." ]

[ "Yes, deep burns are actually painless (the process of creating them hurt like hell though) due to the destruction of the nerves that signal pain. It's one of the warning signs of a deep burn." ]

[ "Your understanding of how heat work in atomic level is correct. But when you have bunch of atoms together, you will get a slightly different thing that react to heat differently. Your skin is made up of many big molecules (molecules= many atoms bonded together into one thing), and they need to be in a very specific shape in order to function the way they are suppose to. Imagine your skin's molecule as a perfectly folded [paper crane](_URL_0_). When you heat up your skin too much, you are basically messing up your \"paper crane\", and when the paper crane is [messed up](_URL_1_), that's basically what your burnt skin is= messed up skin molecule. This is also basically how egg work. Before you fry an egg, it has protein (the big molecule) folded in a certain shape, but when you heat it up, the proteins denature (unfold or fold in a different way) and become white solid cooked egg." ]

[ "Birds are warm-blooded animals like humans. Their exposed parts are heated with a constant flow of warm blood from the rest of the body. Also, the water in a half-frozen pond is at 0 °C which is not cold enough to cause frostbite." ]

[ "The air temperature may be 0 degrees Celsius, but the sunlight, for example, could be heating the ice well beyond the air temperature. Think of it like hot asphalt in the summer, which, because of the build up of heat from sunlight, gets much hotter than the air temperature." ]

[ "As far as we know, yes. It's really easy to show, in any field theory, that if the field(s) follow the equations of motion for every symmetry of the physical system there are certain conserved charges Q (so that dQ/dt =0). This is the Noether theorem. So if some charge weren't conserved then either we got the symmetries wrong or the equation of motion wouldn't be true. Experimentally we never saw charge not being conserved." ]

[ "Quoting [Wikipedia](_URL_0_) (a bit naughty, but it's a nice way to express what I think): > The proposed theory is inconsistent with quantum mechanics and critics have ruled it out on those grounds. Which is essentially saying what you pointed out, yes. If what they're doing is as easy as it sounds - just running a current through water - then it seems like every high school chemistry student in the world should have discovered it by now." ]

[ "The original file has data. The compressed file just *describes* the data using fewer words or letters than the original file. Here's a simple example. Let's say I want to send you a file with a million A's in it. Each letter is one byte, so to send you the file, I'd have to send 1 million bytes to you. That's a lot. Instead, I'll send you a file that just tells you how to make the original file yourself. Here's what it says: > Type a million A's. That file only has 19 letters in it (counting spaces and punctuation), so it's only 19 bytes. That's less than 1/100th of a percent the size of the original file! Sometimes there's no way to describe the file in fewer words than the original. Smarter programs like zip will detect this and just send the original file with a small note that tells the zip program on your end that the file isn't compressed." ]

[ "Think of it as asking \"How can a push-mower and a riding mower have different speeds? They're both mowing the same amount of lawn.\" They're not saying the *data* is faster or slower. They're saying the browser *processes* the data faster. That is, it can render the web page you're viewing faster and possibly with less errors." ]

[ "They calculate with what a average person would eat (because jot everyone eats tons just because it's all you can eat) and choose a price after that calculation. There are also person who don't eat much (old people e.g.)." ]

[ "These answers were largely true years ago, but not so much today. The large outlet shopping centers you see all over are not selling off quality, or outdated goods. The manufacturers make other specifically for the outlet markets, usually of slightly lower quality. Source: worked for Levi Strauss and they have dozens of versions of each Jean model (like 501) for different types of stores. The 501s you buy at Macy's are different from the ones you buy at the Macy's outlet, as they are designed and manufactured differently." ]

[ "There are lots of theories. One of them that seems likely is that the chemicals in between our cells can become more or less viscous/thick depending on temperature or heat. That’s why applying heat or massage often helps to reduce or relieve knots." ]

[ "Someone correct me if I am wrong but it goes back to when we had much hairier bodies and when alarmed we as well as a lot of other mammals would puff up our hair to make ourselves look bigger. Think of how when you scare a dog or a cat it hunches up and its hair stands on end, same thing happens to us just we dont have as much hair. Also I forgot to mention that goosebumps are the same basic mechanism only the way it works is that by causing all your hairs to stand on end it would make your hair puffier and cause your hair to trap air close to your skin and making you warmer(doesnt really work anymore because we dont have all the fur)." ]

[ "[Here](_URL_0_) is how the existence of magnetic monopoles would modify Maxwell's equations." ]

[ "The mediocrity principle works as follows: * Let's say we have a bag with 80 green balls, 15 red balls, and 5 yellow balls. * We draw a random ball from the bag. * Obviously the ball is far more likely to be green than red or yellow. Applied to the concept of extraterrestrial life, it works like this: * We are a randomly selected planet. * From the above analogy, we are much more likely to be a \"green ball\" than a \"red ball\" or \"yellow ball\". * If we are a \"green ball\", then that means other \"green balls\" (ie planets with life) are also common. * Therefore extraterrestrial life must be common. Basically, the mediocrity principle implies that the existence of life shouldn't be a rare occurrence. Since the laws of the Universe are the same everywhere, there must be other planets with intelligent life, so we should not consider ourselves to be special. I think [this guy](_URL_0_) does a pretty good job of explaining what it means." ]

[ "The instability of every election is the strength of a democratic process. It means that, at least in theory, one person or group of people can't entrench themselves and turn the government into their own machine and the country into their own kingdom. The people gets a mandatory opportunity to replace those in power every few years, again in theory meaning that if we are dissatisfied with them, we can replace them. Of course over time people who crave that kind of enduring power have created all sorts of different ways to remain in power despite the rules, either by coup or by election fraud or simply by having a dual party system where both parties talk very differently, but act very similarly, and we get to pick a different figurehead every few years." ]

[ "This question is getting a lot of traffic after being [tweeted by @reddit](_URL_5_), so I thought I'd welcome those of you that haven't visited /r/AskHistorians before to the subreddit. Please do bear in mind that in order to keep the quality of answers here high we have [strict rules on comments](/r/AskHistorians/wiki/rules) that are actively enforced by the moderators. We don't want to stifle discussion, but remember that: * Answers must be informed, detailed and backed up by historical sources. This applies to **all** top level comments (direct replies to the original post) as well as responses to follow-up questions. * All other comments must be on-topic and historical, i.e. the current olympics and political discussions about the pros and cons of socialism are both off-limits and will be deleted. Otherwise, feel free to add answers, expand on existing answers or ask follow-up questions, and we hope you'll stick around!" ]

[ "Airplanes need air to produce lift. Where there is no air, or the air is very thin, airplanes cannot fly." ]

[ "Because we can predict their passing in the sky with accuracy (diabolical accuracy might I add) That is the power of Newton's mathematics. (Next time your kids ask you what is math good for this is a good example: math can explain and predict basically everything that is going on in the universe) By calculating it's trajectory, velocity, orbit, etc... Astronomers can predict, precisely when and exactly where the comet will be back again. If they were different objects, they would not appear in the sky at the exact predicted time, in the exact predicted location." ]

[ "Think of it the other way around... Fewer and fewer people can afford new houses/apartments *because* prices keep getting higher" ]

[ "Advertising. Companies spend billions of dollars to instill that \"need to buy something\" in you, by bombarding you with messages (both overt and subtle) telling you that your value as a person is tied to owning things or \"treating yourself\". > Buy this $499 barbecue grill and be the envy of your neighbours! With this $50 skin cream you will never become old and undesirable! Drinking this $20 liquor will certainly make you as happy and elegantly carefree as these models enjoying themselves on a sailing ship!" ]

[ "Because these are commonly used combinations and the more you hear it the easier it sticks to your brain. Its a historical accident that we use \"Salt and Pepper\" instead of \"Pepper and salt.\" If half of america used \"Salt and Pepper\" and the other half \"Pepper and salt.\" eventually one of them would win over the other, because it represents an unstable equilibrium, the more people which use one, the more influence that will have to get even more people to use it." ]

[ "It's called the Tetris effect. From Wikipedia: The Tetris effect (also known as Tetris Syndrome) occurs when people devote so much time and attention to an activity that it begins to pattern their thoughts, mental images, and dreams. It is named after the video game Tetris. _URL_0_" ]

[ "Sometimes turtles get lost and wind up on the wrong beach and lay their eggs on the new beach, meaning that nearly all the hatchlings that survive will now return to the new beach to lay their eggs." ]

[ "I want to point out that this question treats as fact something that is not part of the theory of evolution. It does not have a direction. Evolution is not moving forward toward anything. Mutations are random, and the ones the make a creature better suited to its environment insofar as it is better able to pass the mutation to future generations have a better chance of persisting." ]

[ "So I'm not normally nonverbal (I'm on the spectrum) but when I get stressed out I have a hard time communicating. The best way I can explain it is there's a disconnect between the part of my brain that actually has thoughts and the part of my brain that puts the thoughts into words out loud when I get stressed. Like, the thoughts are there and I want to say them, but I cant figure out how to force them out of my mouth in a coherent pattern of speech. Not 100% scholarly but hope that helps." ]

[ "Some states have laws against certain sweepstakes/raffles/lotteries. By making it \"No purchase necessary\" they circumvent these and allow you to participate in sweepstakes without purchase." ]

[ "It's all about weight ratios, larger animals can absolutely carry more weight. Recommendation for maximum loading shouldn't exceed 20% of the weight of the animal so a 1000lb horse can carry 200lbs and be fine. So for the relative weight for a dog: a 50lb dog shouldn't be expected to carry more than 10lbs. [Evaluation of Indicators of Weight-Carrying Ability of Light Riding Horses](_URL_0_)" ]

[ "Here's a tidbit from getting mail back from the exploration expeditions in the late 1700s and early 1800s back from, say, Africa, or at least Mungo Park did this when he set out looking for the Niger and many others under Joseph Banks did the same. On the back of these letters, they'd say that whoever delivered this back to London can draw a credit of five pounds. Five pounds at the time is enough to feed a whole family for a year in some of these parts, so the letters effectively became sort of like currency, traded away for value until it reached the Europeans on the coast, and then traded back to London for redemption on the credit." ]

[ "Instant rice is basically cooked at the factory, then they put it in an oven to dehydrate it so it's hard again." ]

[ "I would agree with the first poster and add my own \"yes and\" When phones are using power a byproduct is heat. So when the battery gets hot it speeds up the discharge process." ]

[ "Your brain replaces the blurry vision when your eyes are moving with the still image of what you're now looking at. So that means that the fraction of a second it takes for your eyes to move is replaced with the image of the clock, making the second hand appear to stand still for a while." ]

[ "The Universe is a dynamic place. Stars have been observed to move around, some quite fast. We have seen a number of [supernovae](_URL_6_) throughout the centuries, including many in other galaxies in more recent years. [Supernova 1987A](_URL_3_) has changed since we first saw it (this is really the post-supernova). In other wavelengths, [gamma ray bursts](_URL_1_) happen all of the time. Now we are learning about a new phenomenon called [fast radio bursts](_URL_5_). A pulsar is moving rapidly through space and causing a bow-shock [nebula](_URL_4_) to change with time. Closer to home, we've seen plumes on one of Saturn's moons, [Enceladus](_URL_0_). The Sun [flares](_URL_2_) all of the time. While the sky appears static to our eyes, or predictable in the way the planets go around the Sun, eclipses happen, etc., the Universe is actually an extremely actively changing place!" ]

[ "Basically, shellfish from my understanding have a ton of bacteria. The moment they die, they immediately start to decay and release a LOT of toxins to the point that they're unsafe to eat. That's why you need to cook them immediately after they're killed (or cook em alive in extremely hot water)" ]

[ "I'm a journalist. I can tell you straight up : it's for audience. These videos create shock, which is the best hook television news has over the viewer. The whole ethics speech they'll give you about people having the right to see it is BS. Television is a business, news or not, sadly. This is even more true in the US, but in France, we recently had an example with the Charlie attacks. Everyone rushed on the video which shows the police officer getting executed on the ground. Cause it was shocking. This kind of things is a sure home run for ratings." ]

[ "The often said explanation that they escape drowning is probably not true as earthworm can survive being submerged in the water for multiple days. Some scientists think they surface to travel on the moist ground since it's faster than digging. Other explanation si that they confuse vibration from raindrops with vibration caused by predators and try to escape. E: my sentence didn't make any sense." ]

[ "well... not all homeless are really homeless. many are panhandling as a career and can do quite well at it. those that are homeless probably know places to find restrooms, public places like libraries, mass transit, ect. though Im sure some just pee in an alley if its more convenient. as for why california? might be the weather... the top spot is Washington DC, but thats skewed because its 100% metro area. hawaii, Cali, and NY follow up in order. So you might say Hawaii and Cali have good weather, but NY certainly does not. The more obvious commonality would be cost of living and the ratio of metro to rural population. *Cities* tend to attract homeless for their homeless shelters, and their panhandling opportunities. if you're homeless in the middle of south dakota, you're going to starve." ]

[ "This isn't about country codes at all. Historically, any area code was preceded by a 1 or it wouldn't work. These days it's confusing. In some regions, phone companies require a 1 before the area code if it's not a free call. On some other companies (mobile carriers), the 1 is never required before an area code. On some others, it's *always* required before an area code." ]

[ "You're forgetting several pretty big ones: China, Vietnam, Laos. Did you mean to exclude China intentionally, or what was the main purpose of the question?" ]

[ "There are two problems here: 1. The clock is really fundamental to the way memory works. 2. No clock does not mean no propagation delay. So, if you chain a bunch of gates together, you still have to \"wait\" a certain amount of time after connecting the input before reading the output. Both of these factors severely limit what can be done with clock-less logic. That being said, there are still a lot of ways. For example: You can describe circuitry to execute a stateless function you need very often (say, calculating checksums for the sake of bitcoin mining), and bake this in reprogramable circuitry (a.k.a. an FPGA). Writing to the input and reading from the output will still be done on a clock-cycle basis, but the underlying calculations will be done in one single go. In short: We can, and do, write new CPU instructions using \"asynchronous\" circuitry that we integrate within our clock-based computers, but end-to-end analog computers rarely see any use nowadays." ]

[ "Essentially everything that you use will be networked together. Your clothes, your refrigerator, your alarm clock -- pretty much anything you can think of." ]

[ "> The color of water is actually blue due to the selective absorption of red wavelengths, an effect that increases with thickness. Also when certain materials or organics are dissolved or suspended in water, they can affect its color. Reflection of the sky comes into it, but when it's overcast the sea still looks blue, so we know it's not the whole story. _URL_0_ _URL_2_ _URL_3_ _URL_1_" ]

[ "it can start from multiple places. you can have a snow capped mountain range where water flows from the snow melt and as it flows down the mountain it gathers together at the lowest point, or you can have a well where it comes up from deep within the earth where the well is filled by rain water getting absorbed into the ground." ]

[ "Neither will harm you once they enter your stomach. the common belief that it will sprout inside you is however, incorrect. No sunlight + no soil + no proper hydration = no growth. on a sidenote, if you had a worst case scenario, it is possible to sprout a watermelon inside you but typically this requires the seed to be lodged in your esophagus in a way that prevents stomach acid from dissolving it, and at the same time allowing for wather and hydration to still reach the seed so it may put out roots to grown. But, back to the question. Either way, black seeds should still not be eaten because a mature seed is firm and will pose a choking hazard tos maller children. White seeds are flexible, malleable, and much less dangerous to eat." ]

[ "Are you familiar with the tone control on an audio amplifier? If the knob is set to the middle, then each frequency is amplified equally. That is like white noise. If the knob is turned halfway to bass, that's like pink noise. The low frequencies are stronger than the high. If the knob is turned all the way to bass, that's like brown noise. The low frequencies even stronger than the high." ]

[ "Because every other event is planned according to the international SI units the entire world uses, and are nice round numbers. Marathons are based on a historical race, which doesn't have a nice round distance number in any commonly used measuring system, so people say the distance in whichever unit they're most comfortable with." ]

[ "Since ticket prices can vary, especially internationally, for financial purposes the box office gross is easier to compare to the cost of making the movie?" ]

[ "There are no historic records of one, no. The earliest indications we have that manual communication was in use among deaf people is from the fifth century BCE, when Plato mentions it in *Cratylus*, but that's the only thing we know - it existed. There are a few references prior to 1000 CE of deaf people, who presumably used manual communication, but nothing formal until the 17th century CE, when references to signed languages in Spain and England appear. Signed languages are natural languages. It is possible there were enough deaf people in one place during the Roman Empire for a formal language to arise, but it seems unlikely. Individuals probably used whatever manual communication methods worked best in their community, but it is unlikely anything was widespread, and thus it would not appear on a listing of languages, as you describe." ]

[ "There has been. Esperanto was designed after World War 2 to reduce the possibility of war due to miscommunication." ]

[ "Because they work. Scam artists and lazy people see an idea that brings money for little work, and they emulate that idea. Why fix something that isnt broken, right? Similar idea to why there are a million different versions of Minecraft and Bejewelled. The people peddling these things aren't innovators. They don't desire to expand on previous formulas and improve the world. They just want quick cash, and the easiest way to do that is to do the exact same thing other people have done." ]

[ "They 've got something like this _URL_0_ It has a lot of cameras on it, capturing every angle. Then, the video is processed so that you can turn your phone and change the angle." ]

[ "This is due to your circadian rhythm. It isn't feasible to adjust your circadian rhythm by more than an hour a day. So if your sleep schedule has a sudden change your circadian rhythm won't be able to catch up. This is primary factor in jet lag as well. Interesting note- Some people are more controlled by their circadian rhythm than others. The sleep schedule of night owls is almost entirely dictated by their circadian rhythms. The opposite is true of morning people, who tend to not have their sleep cycles controlled by their circadian rhythm. They instead, and much to their benefit in society, get tired when they are low on sleep (ie the end of the day)." ]

[ "Entropy man. It takes more energy to keep something \"clean\" or \"arranged\" than it does to let it go to chaos and become a mess. Put a bunch of strings in a box and shake it. Things will get tangled up quickly, and take more time/energy from you to untie/unknot the item(s). User /u/crnaruka answered this best in this thread: _URL_0_" ]

[ "I don't think we have enough understanding to answer this question, we don't fully understand what a \"thought\" is so we can't specifically say what's required to create one." ]

[ "The change came with the meeting between Nixon and Mao. Reading up on that meeting might be a place to start. The relationship between China (PRC) and Taiwan (ROC) is interesting. Both governments consider them to be one country. As long as the exiled-government-of-China-which-resides-in-Taiwan continued (and continues) to believe itself to be the true government of China, it wasn't and won't be possible to have one seat for China and another seat for Taiwan. China agrees that they are one country but that Taiwan is a rogue province that will not accept the true government which is that of China. There cannot be two seats as long as they both believe there is only one country and that each of their governments is the only true government. When I heard the news of what was happening with Nixon, the common belief was that the US could no longer ignore the huge market that China provided. Nixon seemed to know how to talk to Mao. More than that I can't tell you." ]

[ "Steel cut oats are just oats that were traditionally cut by giant steel blades. You have a coarse, more grainy feel than the traditional oats that many people see, because the whole oat groat is just run under a chopper. Rolled oats and such are oat groats that have been processed mildly by adding heat and some moisture, and then rolling them into a flattened shape. They aren't flat naturally, but some people prefer that texture." ]

[ "~~Military foods are specially selected to be very low in fiber so that soldiers don't have to interrupt their duties as often to use the toilet.~~ EDIT: I did some research, and this may be an incorrect or out-of-date rumor. I looked up the fiber [content of various MREs,](_URL_0_) and any two will give you more fiber than the average American eats in a day. I did not find any info about the rations served during basic training." ]

[ "Yes, all dinosaurs shared a common ancestor that was not shared with any non-dinosaurs. There were other types of animals that lived in the same era that were not dinosaurs, including reptiles, mammals, amphibians, and fish. Mammals were pretty small at the time though; most of the large animals were scaly lizard-like animals like dinosaurs or reptiles. Dinosaurs did have at least as much variation as, say, mammals do today though. There were dinosaurs with scales and those with feathers; there were chicken-sized dinosaurs and 50-ton sauropods; there were carnivores and herbivores; there were dinosaurs that walked on two legs, four legs, or flew (modern birds are their descendants). Edit: the flying dinosaurs I'm speaking of were theropods. Not pterosaurs, which were not dinosaurs at all." ]

[ "Hi there, those interested in recommending things to OP! While you might have a title to share, this is still a thread on AskHistorians, and we still want the replies here to be to an /r/AskHistorians standard - presumably OP would have asked at /r/history or /r/askreddit if they wanted non-specialist opinion. So give us some indication why the thing you're recommending is valuable, trustworthy or applicable! Posts that provide no context for why you're recommending a particular podcast/book/novel/documentary/etc, and which aren't backed up by a historian-level knowledge on the accuracy and stance of the piece, will be removed." ]

[ "If Jesus is never explicitly stated as a carpenter, how did this myth come about?" ]

[ "not sure \"best\" is the correct word...perhaps most revolutionary... for electric guitarists...there's sort of before and after hendrix" ]

[ "Our deep down animal side makes us feel a little nervous if someone stares at us wide eyed with a serious face. This is because before we were the humans we are today who can communicate with words, we used to be animals who had to talk using our bodies. Staring without flinching used to be a way of challenging someone's dominance and is sometimes used today when two people fight and/or argue. If two people who are friendly stare at each other nonstop, they will feel awkward and often laugh to break the tension felt from our evolutionary instincts to fight. Tl;Dr If two people stare at each other they both feel nervous, not because they actually want to fight but because of our evolutionary history and how we used our bodies/face to speak for us. We laugh to break that tension." ]

[ "Distance is determined using Parallax. ever looked at your laptop screen with one eye, then changed to the other eye? what happens to the laptop screen? It seems to shift. the amount it shifts corresponds to the distance between your eyes, and the distance from you to the screen. You know the distance between your eyes so you can then calculate the distance to the screen. Now the apparent screen shift is less with more distance. With stars they wont shift at all just by closing one eye. To get the stars to shift measurably you have to move your eyes apart: in fact more than 200million kilometres apart should do it. and so: astronomers look at stars through a telescope and take a picture, then wait 6months until we're on the other side of the sun and take the same picture again. the 2 pictures are compared and we see the stars have apparently shifted. we can then do the same calculation." ]

[ "I have never heard of this before, can you provide more information on where you saw this?" ]

[ "I have a book at home that talks about over 100 species of dinosaurs we've found, and in there it says that the reptilian image we have of dinosaurs probably isn't accurate. The book talks about how the visual images we have of dinosaurs is based solely on their skeletal structure, and then has some examples from a human and a couple other modern creatures. The differences are crazy, the way a human is portrayed when you ignore the cartilage and other things that shape our faces. Some dinosaurs were likely covered in feathers even though they couldn't fly." ]

[ "They do in the sense that they can determine things like air flow and light intensity, and make a judgement from there. It isn't random, but also remember some spiders just put up a web for a few days and then leave when a) there are too many bodies on it or b) there aren't enough so it isn't a huge loss if they chose a bad spot" ]

[ "What I've learned from the Swedish curling commentator for the olympics and a former championship curler [Anette Norberg](_URL_1_) (7 European Championship golds, 3 World Championship golds and 2 Olympic golds): Most shots aren't that powerful but when it comes to [\"takout shots\"](_URL_0_) when you remove stones from the \"house\" strenght does come into play so men tend to be somewhat better at controling hard shots. So the strategy where you can safely place stones differs somewhat between male and female teams." ]

[ "CAR T cells are generated through viral transduction of the Chimeric Antigen Receptor into CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. CD8+ cytotoxic T cells are isolated from a patients. A non-replicating virus integrates a piece of new DNA into the T cells' genomes. This DNA generates proteins that assemble into the Chimeric Antigen Receptor Complex which can recognized cancer surface markers. The signals downstream from the receptor activate the killing potential of the T cells. CRISPR Cas9 is a relatively new method of genome editing. A protein complex plus a guide RNA allow for targeting editing of the genome by cutting out or inserting genes. This is an improvement over semi-random integration of new genes through non-homologous recombination or viral transduction. I'll be the first to admit that I'm not super familiar with CRISPR technology but I hope this helped." ]

[ "[The Straight Dope covered this](_URL_0_). Basically, they started out as being made by two different production teams, but after a certain point, they became essentially interchangeable, but they kept both names going." ]

[ "The problem is not the technical aspect of how can you store the date. The problem is the logistical aspect of how do you manage all the programs which will break when you change the size of time_t. There are millions of programs and systems written to expect a 32-bit time_t. You need to have migration plans, obsolescence plans, support plans and other approaches to ensure that software is either discontinued, stops working gracefully or is virtualised to shield it from the actual time. For most software, it won't be a problem. Most systems started migrating to 64-bit time_t more than a decade ago. For standardised systems like DTV/ATSC where the standard needs to change first but it needs to consider legacy devices so they move *very* slowly... well, these groups need to get off their asses soon and decide how to proceed because people may try to hold onto their TVs for 20 years." ]

[ "Another component worth mentioning is that YouTube clips can 'intelligently buffer', while GIFs lack this functionality. Imagine your friend likes pistachios, but hates opening them. You, in your infinite kindness, start to crack open the shells and placing the open pistachios next to him/her. If your friend were a GIF, he/she would eat the pistachios as quickly as they arrived, so sometimes there would be a few seconds delay between when the last pistachio was consumed and the next one was available. If your friend were a streaming video, he/she would figure out how long it would take you to open all the pistachios, figure out how long it would take to eat them, and then wait until enough had been opened before eating them. Your friend would consume the pistachios at an even pace, then, and you would continue opening them as he/she ate. In this way, there's no staggering or stuttering in the flow of delicious pistachio goodness." ]

[ "Few days ago I asked a question [*\"Looking for a book that looks at how Soviet Russia and later Soviet Union implemented a new political system in Russia in 1920s & 1930s\"*](_URL_5_)*.* Nobody replied there so perhaps someone will see it here. Any suggestions about political history of Soviet Union in 1920s and 1930s would be really amazing as well! & #x200B; And a bit unrelated question, but how do you keep track of any news books on a subject you like? I enjoy reading about early years of the Soviet Union and every once in a while I simply go to [_URL_5_](_URL_5_) and [_URL_5_](_URL_5_) and search for new releases in history book section hoping to see something new that fits my interests, but there surely must be a better way to see new books. Plus Amazon's search engine for books is near unusable." ]

[ "I see several versions available online. [This](_URL_0_) one looks pretty comprehensive, though I haven't used it myself. That link is part of a [larger project](_URL_1_) that put Charles Keppler's *Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties* online." ]

[ "Teeth have \"memory\" to some extent this causes them to have a tendency to want to move back into their original positions. This is where retainers come in to play. The retainers purpose is to help stabilize teeth after the braces are removed thus keeping the teeth aligned (retained) in their current position. Failing to wear your retainer will cause your teeth to slowly shift back into their original position. This is called orthodontic relapse. Teeth will also shift back into their original places as we age. This is called Natural physiologic drift has to do with the width of our smiles getting narrower as we get older, causing teeth to crowd." ]

[ "A) Endeavor is being moved to Los Angeles to be put on display in a museum. B) The space shuttles are pretty much flying bricks. They're meant to fall out of the sky allowing some degree of control. Their wings cannot provide the needed lift, and the engines aren't designed for forward movement through the atmosphere." ]

[ "Gripping the blade was called half-swording, and it was actually done in real life. One of the things that people often overlook when imagining combat between knights is that swords can not slash through nor normally penetrate through plate armour. As such, more creative ways of using the sword were required. One could grip the blade to have [better control over the point of the sword](_URL_0_), or one could indeed [strike with the hilt of the sword instead of the blade](_URL_2_), like some form of mace. Swords could also assist in [grappling with the opponent](_URL_1_). Those particular images are from [a medieval manuscript](_URL_3_ by the fencing instructor Hans Talhoffer. Half-swording appears in other manuscripts as well, and seems to have been common." ]

[ "Factual basis yes. Absolute proof no. We start to have a very good idea of how people danced and dance's from about 1500 on. The documentation from the medieval period is mostly based around court dances, so it's hard to say how the common people danced, but we can trace the steps of the nobility much better then one would expect. It should also be said that \"Palm to Palm\" is not a feature of every courtly dance, but a specific move in dances that are more about making complicated shapes then dancing in two rows. I've been taking a historical dancing class for the last year and a half in England for my MA." ]

[ "Yes, the transiting planet should more or less pass between the our telescopes and the star, which of course is a limitation. There are some alternatives that do not require the planet's plane to intersect our line of sight, such as Astrometry. It involves measuring the wobble of the star as the planet orbits around. It directly measures the periodic change in position of the star. Since the wobble can be detected in 2 dimensions, it gives astronomers a way to measure the inclination of the planet's orbit. If the orbital plane never intersects our line of sight, we can still see the star moving around the center of mass of the star-planet system. [This is a nice visualization.](_URL_0_)" ]

[ "The solar system is rotating in more or less the same plane. It's not perfectly flat, but they're mostly within a few degrees of each other. [Here](_URL_0_) is a pretty good video explaining why that is. There are also a bunch of other posts on this sub about why the solar system is flat." ]

[ "They're the simplest method of providing a chord sequence, a harmonic backup, and a rhythm, all while being easy to learn, store, transport, and amplify. The guitar and piano are the most common instruments capable of playing full chords - other lead instruments (think saxophone, trumpet, violin, etc) are only able to play a single note, requiring other band members to back them up to flesh out chords. Of the two, guitar and piano, guitar is a bit easier to learn and to play simple chord structures, and it's much, much easier to travel with and set up. The bass is popular for the exact same reasons as the guitar, except instead of a chord structure, it gives you a harmony, countermelody, and bass support. The drumset is simply the most convenient way for one person to provide any percussion needed to keep a rhythm in various styles. They're completely modular, meaning you can modify them with anything - tambourines, gongs, xylophones, whatever." ]

[ "Action movie stars aren't investigated in case they really shot all those guys and blew up that helicopter. Music is entertainment, it's not assumed to be factual." ]

[ "Blinking with one eye is a very unnatural thing to do so hard to do on accident. And from either side it does not look unusual. So it is the perfect hint for people you are looking at but not others around you." ]

[ "Yawning in animals is generally a full body thing, you ever do a massive yawn where you have to stretch your arms and tense your leg muscles and stuff? It's a pack/herd animal adaption. Deer and Zebras it's really clear in, when some of the group is sleeping and some are keeping watch, one will yawn/stretch to keep itself alert, which triggers the others to do so too, keeping all the awake deer alert to danger. Happens in wolves and different apes and basically and group unit animal. Tl;dr it's just an evolutionary thing we have to keep us safe but don't really need anymore." ]