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[ "Both sides have sufficient nukes to destroy the other within 90 minutes max." ]

[ "There once was a playground in which two children were playing. Their names were Israel and Palestine. Israel asked, \"Why are we fighting?\" Palestine said, \"I don't know. Let me search for an answer on my computer. There's a search box in the corner of my screen and this question gets asked on a daily basis.\" \"That's a great idea, but Reddit's search function sucks,\" replied Israel. \"How about you check it out in The Five-Year-Old's Guide to the Galaxy?\" With all this said and done, Palestine used the [search box](_URL_1_) and Israel consulted [the link](_URL_0_) on the subreddit's sidebar." ]

[ "This is an open issue. Your saving graze is that companies usually does not go bankrupt without any warning. So you will likely have time to change over your account if that were to happen. In fact the likely reason for Facebook to go bankrupt is if the users are deserting them in the first place. What is a bigger issue is that Facebook might change its policies at any point. Currently they do not gain much from allowing other sites to use their authentication system. However if they were to one day limit this feature to premium members you may be shut out of your accounts with other services. There is also a possibility that an rouge Facebook employee or a government official could missuse the authentication system to allow them to log in to other sites as any user they want." ]

[ "[This gel is your brain.](_URL_0_) when you got shot in the head it doesnt usually create a nice clean hole. Your brains essentially get slammed around against your skull and is more or less turned into scrambled eggs. when your entire brain is essentially FUBAR you tend to die very quickly." ]

[ "Put simply - moving parts. A HDD needs to spin to the correct place, and the head needs to move to the correct part of the disk, before the data can be accessed. The only thing moving inside a SSD is electrons." ]

[ "I thought it was explained pretty well by this old tek syndicate video _URL_1_ Definitely worth a watch!" ]

[ "There should be a framelimiter that prevents the game from running in like 200fps. When more sprites come on screen more resources are used but it should be negligible for a modern day computer. If you get slow downs it could be because poorly coded video drivers, your computer could be poorly optimised (I highly doubt this), or a multitude of other issues since emulation is actually quite complicated. Unless running a game for PAL regions (50hz) all old school games are meant to run at 60hz/fps." ]

[ "I would have to guess probably the efficiency of the code itself. I wrote a program that converts images to black and white in real time (shows the conversion on screen) and before I streamlined the code it didn't matter how fast the pc was it took the same length of time to process basically. once i streamlined it then you could see a difference in speed on my faster pcs. I could be wrong tho" ]

[ "There are alwayas bacteria in your mouth. When they do their stuff( eating, pooping, love) it Starts to smell after a while." ]

[ "The body can get energy from two sources (well 3, but since you are a kid I'll ignore alcohol. Also, I don't think that's stored in the body for any length of time anyway) fat and sugar. When you eat the body immediately starts using all that delicious sugar it got. After a while it starts running out of sugar and it slowly switches to using fat. But the body don't really like burning fat. Fat is stored for bad times. So the body does what it can to tell you that it's time to find some more sugar. It tells you this by making you hungry. After a while it gives up. It has run out of sugar, more is probably not arriving for a while, it might as well allow you to do whatever it is that is more important than food. It will just get it's energy from burning fat. It's not the end of the world. Now, when you sleep you sleep through that hunger. When you awake the body is well underway burning fat and sulking. If you eat breakfast that whole things start over again, and you will get hungry after a while." ]

[ "Umm I don't think that's the story as to why we are \"different\" than animals. Many different organisms have lateralized brains. The major difference is our incredibly developed cerebral cortex, most notably the prefrontal cortex and its connections to other brain regions. _URL_0_ \"Specialization of the two hemispheres is general in vertebrates including fish, frogs, reptiles, birds and mammals\"" ]

[ "All human body hair covering falls under two categories: either the hair is located in places where it helps to reduce friction (armpits, inner thighs, around the nipples, etc...), or in areas where there is a large amount of heat transfer (specifically, the head), and exists to regulate temperature. To answer your question more specifically, I don't believe there is a widely-accepted theory as to why hair pattern has developed the way it has. Different theories regarding sexual selection, the majority of heat transfer being located at the top and sides of the cranial area, and hair growing too closely to the eyes interfering with vision, have all been posited, and are generally accepted as being at the very least contributing factors." ]

[ "Because we don't use most of the oxygen in the air we breathe. The air you exhale still has most of the oxygen left in it." ]

[ "Most Christmas trees are grown on tree farms, not harvested from forests. In order to get the ideal shape for the tree, the tree needs space to grow, must be trimmable, kept free of critters, disease, etc. A christmas tree takes about 7-10 years to grow, and during that period of time it is extracting carbon from the air and the earth and using it to grow. When the tree is cut down, it depends on what happens to it. If the tree is burned, it will release some of that carbon back into the atmosphere. If it is mulched, then that carbon will be retained until the mulch breaks down. Ultimately, trees are only a temporary carbon sink. Of course, trees are exceptionally important. But when they die, the decomposition release that carbon once again. If anything, the christmas tree life cycle is extremely short, and the birth/death of the tree probably has substantially less impact than the effects of transporting and processing the tree." ]

[ "For some medications it's because they come in both micrograms and milligrams so they make one of them slightly off so people don't accidentally take 1000x the usual dose. Baby Aspirin comes in 81mg because it's 1/4 as much as normal Aspirin which is \"5 grain\" or 325mg." ]

[ "Imagine I took a standard piece of paper. I could fold it into 4 pieces, then cut the top and bottom a bit, staple it, and have a small book. This is called a signature. They can be as small as 4 pages, or much larger. A book is typically made up of several signatures. The result is, I can take two 4 page signatures and make an 8 page book, but I have no way to make a 9 page book. If I add one page, I have no way to attach it. You can imagine if I stick the page in and just glue the end, it will easily fall out. I might be forced to make it fit in a 7 page book, or maybe print a 12 page book with some blank pages (some print methods can use 2 page signatures). The short answer is that when making books its usually easiest to make them a certain way, and blank pages may be the result. A children's book might be 30 pages, but the publisher finds that one 32 page signature is the cheapest method of production. So they might add something to the pages, or maybe they leave them blank." ]

[ "It would be very difficult for a person to have no sensation at all. This is because the real senses we have are many more than the sight, sound, touch, taste, and smell. We also have a sense telling us our orientation in space, the position of our limbs, whether or not we need to go to the bathroom, hunger, etc. These more \"subtle\" senses are crucial to the physiological function of the nervous system and body, regardless of whether you're interacting much with the outside world. Whether or not that person lacking the five normal senses would actually know they exist or not, or whether they could even get to the point where they understood what existence or nonexistence signified, however, is a much more philosophical question than scientific." ]

[ "The guy who brought him the soup forgot to bring him a spoon also, so he had nothing to eat it with. Instead of simply saying: \"I need a spoon\", he tells the man to taste the soup, knowing that he will be unable to do so without a spoon." ]

[ "Basically if the idea of many parallel universes is true, then any life threatening incident *with a chance of survival* must in some universe not kill you. There must be a you that survives every dangerous incident in their lives and thus essentially lives forever. The problem with this is that in the event of a scenario in which no possible scenario allows you to survive (like death by old age) you will die. There is no way to live." ]

[ "This is one of those times where \"why\" is basically unanswerable [see this](_URL_0_). We can go only a little bit further back and say that it is because quarks are charged but that's pretty much it. Beyond that the only answer is \"because experiment\"" ]

[ "A derivative is simply a rate of change. Calculus is all about rates of changes, derivatives and integrals and the like. Calculus allows you to measure and solve for and otherwise calculate the rate of change and the value of any function at a given point. The reason that optimizations “work”, or rather exist, is because of this foundation on the rate of change. An optimization is trying to find what is best, for some systems that is a maximization for others a minimization. By analyzing the different rates of changes, what calculus is able to do, one can find which path will yield the best results. It chooses between the points or between paths to show which one will yield the desired result, optimizing the system." ]

[ "You know how authors write long stories using letters and words and the rules of grammar and writing? Its just like that. With enough knowledge of how to read (math), these kinds of explanations make sense. Dont feel bad that you cant read it. Its just like if you tried to read a story in a language you dont know. You can learn." ]

[ "I recall testing this in biology class in high school (about 4 or 5 years ago). We had some samples of bacteria, and tried to \"clean\" them with Mr. Clean, Lysol, Pine Sol, and hot water as a control. Turns out Pine Sol is basically good-smelling colored water, and Lysol is only a little better, although the water still removed most of the bacteria. I don't remember the exact percentage or anything, but I was convinced enough so that to this day I don't use soap if I only pee, unless I'm about to eat. This may not seem like a big deal, but back then I was a pretty big germaphobe. I still won't drink or eat after anyone else, even family. But I only use hot water to wash my hands." ]

[ "Before DNA science was practical in criminal cases, the only evidence left on a gun would have been fingerprints, which gangsters (both real and fictional) would prevent either by wearing gloves or covering the handle of guns with fingerprint-resistant tape. If there were no fingerprints on the gun, then the only way to tie the gun to the shooter would be if the gun were found in their possession, so they would drop it immediately to remove that possibility." ]

[ "Consider a 1cm by 1cm area. Now, consider each square millimeter to be a binary on/off bit. That's 100 bits, or 2^100, or 1267650600228229401496703205376 different combinations. Now, fingerprints aren't binary like that, but generally a ridge in your fingerprint can split, stop, or continue at a given point. Even constrained by the common whorl or 'U' patterns, that still leaves room for a LOT of data points where 'information' can be coded based on the split/stop/continue trinary. So even with a mere 50 data points possible, in trinary you get 3^50, or 717897987691852588770249 combinations. It's more complicated than that, because of the pattern constraints, but I think you can see how a small area can have many different, and unique, possibilities." ]

[ "technically because of [HOX genes](_URL_1_) and related things like [homebox](_URL_0_). That is, similar genes in all ancestors" ]

[ "The wiki article you linked seems to answer your question to a certain degree: > Olympic returned to civilian service after the war and served successfully as an ocean liner throughout the 1920s and into the first half of the 1930s, although increased competition, and the slump in trade during the Great Depression after 1930, made her operation increasingly unprofitable. So my follow up to your post is to ask for clarification about this sentence. \"Increased competition\" does indicate there was still demand. However what this particular ship just unlucky, more expensive to run/maintain or simply became obsolete super quick? Also what effect did WWI have on the trade - were there just a lot of surplus ships around which also were able to be converted (back) to civilian purpose?" ]

[ "It's way, way, *WAY*, too expensive. The power plant alone would probably be more expensive than the entire lifetime cost of an average bulk carrier. Not to mention the insane mess of regulation that is involved with running a nuclear reactor. Basically, big ships run on bunker fuel, and bunker fuel is ludicrously cheap." ]

[ "We didn't get along *before* World War II. The USSR was very pro-communist and one of their precepts was that Communism should be spread (by force if needed) to Capitalist countries. They were a threat to the US and our economic system. Only reason we sided with them was because he liked the Nazi's even less." ]

[ "If you have Netflix there's a very good documentary titled \"the world without US\" It explains your exact question." ]

[ "I'm writing a story with relatively hard science, and it involves someone from Earth with no governmental oversight flying spacecraft around the solar system. How hard would it be for us on Earth with modern technology to notice this, and what would give it away if we did? For example, would we easily notice the waste heat from a spacecraft with Infrared sensors if we didn't know where specifically to look for it in the first place?" ]

[ "Custom and practice. If you build it and it falls down, you do it again differently. When it works, you keep it like that. That, and people weren't stupid or uneducated - the Greeks were fairly capable mathematicians, as were the Egyptians" ]

[ "There isn't a universal reference frame, any inertial frame is equally valid. There *is* however a reference frame in which the cosmic microwave background is most isotropic, and we are moving about 600 km/s relative to it. There is nothing special about physics in this frame though." ]

[ "Keep in mind what happens when sound is generated. When I hit one billiard ball into another, it makes a sound because the material in each ball is resisting compression, so they compress then rapidly expand. This creates a wave that is then transferred to the immediate surrounding material. In this case its the air. If I hit the billiard ball in space, that energy would just not propagate through the air because there is none. The energy that would've otherwise been lost to the air would propagate more through the billiard balls. So the balls would jiggle more than if they were in air." ]

[ "You're just viewing it from your perspective. To me, junk food is good but I'd rather eat properly prepared broccoli. Try accustoming yourself to different foods and healthier foods and you'll see that junk food does not always have the better taste." ]

[ "You can figure out what components are in the food through a series of chemical tests. So if you want to know how much fat is in the food, you could extract out the fat using an organic solvent, filter out the non-dissolved parts, and weigh how much each part weighs. Or if you want to know how much salt is in the food, you could perform a precipitation titration using a diluted silvernitrate solution, which will react with the chloride in the salt. Basically, for each component part of your food you want to know about, there's ways to isolate and analyse that. If you do your tests well, hopefully it should all add up to 100% in the end." ]

[ "It's just genetics. Some men get hair on their chest at 14, others don't get the until they're 30+." ]

[ "Say you have a hammer and nail. If the hammer head is bigger than the nail, then the force of the hammer is distributed evenly against the head of the nail. The nail will go straight into the wood. Now say you have a hammer and a nail, but the nail head is bigger than the hammer. When you hit the hammer against the nail head, it's likely to be slightly off center. This will cause more force on one side, and the nail will go into the wood at a slight angle. So the bigger the surface area of the hammer head in relation to the nail head, the more likely the nail is to go into the wood straight. This isn't as big a deal if you hit the nail dead center each time, but it's hard to do that. People tend to be slightly off with their aim when swinging a hammer, and even reliable machines have tolerances where they are slightly off. Now just substitute the hammer for the locking mechanism in a gun, and replace nail with bullet, and you'll get why increased surface area on the locking mechanism increases accuracy." ]

[ "After the end of the Chinese Civil War in 1949, Chairman Mao's communists controlled all of mainland China (known as the People's Republic of China) while western-supported republicans (the Republic of China) retained control of Taiwan. The RoC was given the UN security council seat of China as a way for the western allies to counter the legitimacy of the Communists and support the RoC. However, at the beginning of the 1970's many countries across the world, including many western democratic states, began to recognize the PRC as the legitimate government of mainland China. They were given the RoC's permanent security council membership in a 1971 vote, 21 years after the start of the Korean War. To directly answer your question, The People's Republic of China could not veto UN involvement as they had no veto powers at the time. The Republic of China (Taiwan) did, and chose to support UN involvement in Korea rather than oppose it. Hope that answered your question, sorry for going off on a bit of a tangent!" ]

[ "[Here's another response I wrote awhile back on this topic](_URL_0_) — feel free to ask follow-up questions though! Short answer: 1. they knew about the idea of atomic bombs prior to Hiroshima, 2. they got their initial information about what happened to it from American announcements, 3. they sent a survey crew to confirm the American claims, 4. the initial report was pretty amazing (see thread)." ]

[ "hi! there's room for more input on this; meanwhile, you can get started on a couple of previous posts * [I often hear of the Inca system of runners and royal roads. How effective were these runners at passing messages?](_URL_1_) * [How did the Inca administer their empire without a written language?](_URL_0_)" ]

[ "Alrighty guys, because apparently maturity and self-control are in short supply tonight, I'll go ahead and make this thread-level post. * **Your jokes are not funny.** Needless to say, they do not belong here. If your comment has no substance, do not post it. If any further jokes occur here, you will be warned, with your next infraction being an instant ban. * [**Top level posts here are required to have substance.**](_URL_0_) These are the standards we uphold here. Please read them *thoroughly* if you think you know the answer. Needless to say, if you're just going to post \"Yes they did.\" or \"Well did they?\" or \"I believe *XYZ* because I used my Wiki-fu\", then *please do not post*. * [**The rules are in the sidebar.**](_URL_1_) If you haven't read them, or if you're curious whether or not your post breaks them, then please read them. * **Racism is an instant ban in this subreddit**. * **If you do not have something *constructive* to post, please don't post it.** Thanks again, guys :)" ]

[ "It's due to the fact that the esophagus lies directly behind the trachea with only a small sheet of muscle separating the two cavities. This allows an increase in pressure in your lungs(which would increase pressure in your trachea) to constrict your esophagus. As you hold your breath you are unconsciously increasing the pressure in your lungs. Try swallowing with just a small breath held vs a large breath. Also try to force a breath out (while still not exhaling) and swallowing. Edit: Source- Anatomy and Cell Biology student" ]

[ "Find a kitchen sponge. Soak it with water. Now try drying it out with a syringe. If you spent enough hours to succeed, the sponge would fall apart from the huge number of holes you've made. And lungs are much bigger than kitchen sponges and the air cavities are smaller. And there are ribs and things in the way too." ]

[ "The cost of living has increased faster than wages have. Additionally, we have more expenses today than we did in the past (cable t.v, phone, internet, etc), and many expenses are simply higher relative to income (retirement, health care, education, housing, etc)." ]

[ "Hi OP, this is a cultural question, so it would greatly assist anyone considering answering if you could specify which culture you're asking about. For example, the name of a cultural group / country / geographic region, plus a rough time period. Otherwise, this question is simply too broad, as it encompasses almost the entirety of human existence. Thanks! Also, it may be worth cross-posting the question to /r/AskAnthropology or /r/AskSocialScience for their insights on this subject." ]

[ "The writers made them do it. That said, I doubt the people who have a problem with mutants in the Marvel universe are okay with random gods, aliens, etc any more than they are the mutants. Except the X-men (and related) product lines just delve into it more. Moreover... Okay, Thor exists. You don't like that dirty stinking alien. What are you gonna do about it?" ]

[ "Some people think it's govt overreach to force people to buy health insurance(or anything for that matter) like obamacare does. Some people think it's the wrong approach to the problem. (Free market vs govt). Some people trust all the people telling them that it's horrible, and assume that they're absolutely right. There are also people who think that obamacare is fine, or a step in the right direction. Some people actually want single payer like the NHS. There are over 300 million Americans that all have their own opinions. Some are against universal healthcare, some are for it, and some fall in between. Saying we are all against it is an unfair generalization. There are large amounts of people on both sides of the issue that are very loud, but that doesn't mean they're the majority. I personally think it's a lot more even than it seems. Edit: phrasing." ]

[ "Every time you kill some people, it makes other people mad." ]

[ "> Also, how is the US able to operate with such debt and how come other countries don't ask for their money? They do, of course. The US has debt structured with many entities. These structures include payment timeframes. The US pays on those time frames. It does not simply generate debt and sit on it. Nor does it make checks willy nilly. It pays a decided upon x amount at y time. > How does the US have Trillions in debt but is still considered wealthy? Because it has a massive economy that can, so far, support trillions of debt while still making payments regularly. > Is there any hope we are going to pay this anytime soon? It is constantly being paid. If you mean, pay it off so there is no more debt left, it is unlikely, because the government does not have a goal to become debt free. Debt allows for flexibility, and is not inherently a bad thing. Unsustainable debt is a bad thing. > How has our economy not collapsed? Because the debt is not, so far, unsustainable." ]

[ "Identical twins are one fertilized egg that splits in two. They are (initially) genetically identical. Otherwise there are two or more fertilized eggs that are genetically the same as a brother and sister. Basically with identical twins there's one egg/sperm payload - a single genetic combination - that splits after fertilization to create one or more humans. It's also possible for a woman to have more than one egg in her uterus when fertilization takes place meaning more than one sperm can find an egg. In terms of genetics, this is the same thing as brother and sister (who share only around 50% of their DNA)." ]

[ "A lot of different ways. Before DNA it was based on things like reproductive structures and methods, physical traits, geographical location, and stuff like that. But now DNA sequencing seems to be the way to go, an example of this is with fungal species" ]

[ "Couldn't have told you the why, but I can tell you from register running experience that the easiest way is to do this is to tear off a little bit of receipt paper and put it around the strip. Then you aren't fighting all the extra plastic." ]

[ "Nausea is a response to poisons or sickness. Even motion sickness is evolved from the idea that dizziness from poison/sickness triggers some of your body's motion senses but not others. Fresh air where there was none is a sign that you got away from something (poison/rot/disease), and for motion sickness specifically, moving air is another sign you're moving. It doesn't always help, and sometimes only gives some comfort. Think of it like a pro/con list where pro is healthy and con is 'vacate your stomach to be safe.' Fresh and moving air adds to the pro list, sometimes enough to tip the balance, sometimes just enough to help a little. Edit: disease is less likely to survive the cold, so I expect that contributes as well with the cold part of your question." ]

[ "While I'm afriad I can't help you with biographical stories, Canada featured prominently in both WWI and WWII, by the end of D-Day the Canadians had gone further into France than the Americans and the British. _URL_0_ Canada also has two out of five of the longest recorded sniper kills in history, with no American beating either one. _URL_1_ Hope these help!" ]

[ "I've always been fascinated by the wide variety of \"Fall of Rome\" arguments and how they're affected by historical perspective. I was wondering: **Does your historical specialty advocate a certain theory for the fall of the Roman Empire? or what's a unique argument for the fall of the Roman Empire that you've come across in your research?**" ]

[ "You're correct: electrons flow across the boundary until the two electrochemical potentials (=Fermi levels) equalize. This results in a slight excess negative charge on the metal with the lower Fermi level, and vice versa. [Here's](_URL_1_) a very readable treatment of the topic. The search term you want for further reading is \"junction\", in this case a \"metal-metal junction\". Their behavior is different depending on the electric properties of the materials. Metal-semiconductor, metal-insulator, and semiconductor-semiconductor junctions all behave differently. In particular, [\"p-n junctions\"](_URL_0_) are used everywhere in microelectronic devices." ]

[ "Touch screens sense the [capacitance](_URL_1_) of your fingers, which is a related but different concept from conductivity. Implementations do of course vary, but the basic idea is that you have a grid of sensors which continually measure the capacitance of a local region; when you touch the screen, you change the local capacitance for some of the sensors, which is converted into a logical \"tap\". A [Theremin](_URL_0_), a musical instrument you can play without touching it, operates on a similar principle. (Depending on the calibration of the touch screen, it can sometimes register a touch when your finger is very close but not touching the screen.) Putting on a glass screen protector doesn't significantly change the capacitance near the screen, so as long as it is sufficiently thin, a touch will still register." ]

[ "You die and your beneficiary gets the money from your policy, after whatever adjudication they feel is necessary" ]

[ "Thank you for your submission! Unfortunately, your submission has been removed for the following reason(s): You can find the basic answer with a google / wiki search. Please start there and come back with a more specific question. If you disagree with this decision, please send a [message to the moderators.](_URL_3_)" ]

[ "I can only offer speculation, but the size of your pupil is controlled by muscles. My guess is that the pain is from these muscles being tightened after being relaxed for a while. No research I've found suggests you have pain receptors in your eye." ]

[ "I found this article about it: _URL_0_ Here's the tl;dr of it: Atoms emit photons occasionally. Our retinas occasionally pick these photons up, even if the source is inside your own body. Plus, photons can sometimes stimulate other nerves directly." ]

[ "reduction in the pressure of the cold water, since some of it diverts to the toilet, but the hot water remains at full pressure" ]

[ "Lightning is an electrical current between the clouds and the ground, and like all electrical currents it tries to take the path of least resistance. Fresh water is a very poor conductor and humans are a significantly better conductor, meaning that if lightning hits water and is trying to reach the ground the \"shortest\" path will be to pass through the human before continuing through the water. However, if the person is a significant distance away from where the lightning strikes (further than ~20 feet) it would take a much longer path to go through the all that water, reach the person, and then continue to the ground than it would take for the current to just go straight down." ]

[ "Being \"double-jointed\" is a misnomer, the correct term is hypermobility. There are various causes that can cause this and can vary in severity which is why some even among those with hypermobility there is a large degree of difference. Some people just have \"stretchy\" tendons others have joints with altered bone structure etc. _URL_0_ E: added source" ]

[ "I think [John Green](_URL_0_) from vlogbrothers does a pretty good job of explaining it." ]

[ "There are two factors when it comes to 1. The opening of the urethra, sometimes the opening doesn't open all the way. This can be due to lack of pressure, dirt or some other factors. The point is, it doesn't open properly and urine is forced out through different parts of it therefore, different directions. This also leads to point 2. 2. Because we have a penis our urine is expelled under equal pressure from all sides. This causes it to be released out as a spiral not a single stream. This has multiple benifits health wise, such as lowering our risk of UITs by literally water blasting away bacteria. But it also causes it to sometimes deviate from being a manageable stream at times when you factor some of the conditions mentioned above. I can't say anything for women on this subject, but i imagine they would also share some of the issues in point 1 seeing as they also have a urethra." ]

[ "Yes Each cell in your body has 2 copies of 23 chromosomes, 23 from mom and 23 from dad. Sperm has a single set of 23 chromosomes, each one randomly picked from mom or dad. In addition, chromosome from mom and dad also exhange information. So even if you get a chromosom from your mom, it might have some Dad's genes in it. Add the fact that the egg also does the same thing means that there are many many many different combinations of offspring possible." ]

[ "Autism comes in several types and a wide range of severity. It's possible that the \"autistic people who don't seem autistic\" are either mildly affected, have a non-classical type, or both. Another possibility is that they seemed \"more autistic\" when they were younger, but have learned strategies to try to appear more normal in everyday situations, ie hide their autistic tendencies when possible." ]

[ "Marketing. It makes the reader more easily relate to them. They aren't really a group of editors and publicitsts pushing the book, it's just that one person in a small town that wrote a story." ]

[ "The boiling point of a substance depends on the strength of the interactions between molecules. There are several different types of interactions that can contribute, but for hydrocarbons like pentane, the only type that matters is called \"dispersion.\" Essentially, due to random fluctuations, the electron cloud surrounding one pentane molecule briefly becomes uneven, creating a temporary dipole. The electrons in the neighboring molecules react to this dipole, creating a weak attraction. The magnitude of this interaction depends on something called \"polarizability,\" which is a measure of how easily a molecule's electron cloud can become distorted. It turns out that carbon-fluorine bonds are much less polarizable than carbon-hydrogen bonds. Hence, replacing all of the C-H in pentane with C-F creates a molecule with much weaker dispersion forces, and thus a much lower boiling point." ]

[ "It has to do with [polarizability.](_URL_0_) In short, the easier it is to distort the e^- cloud around the atom, the easier it is to react." ]

[ "Opposite polarities of a magnet attract. Take a bar magnet and hang it on a string. The north end of the magnet points north. For the north end of the magnet to be attracted toward the north direction, there must be a south pole in that direction. The north pole is actually magnetically south. So the north end of your compass will also be attracted to the south end of a bar magnet." ]

[ "Similar, but not the same. Not space-time bending. Treating the gravitational field as curvature of space-time only works because all bodies are affected by gravity in the same way. Not so with electromagnetism. Nonetheless, electromagnetism is a field, like gravity. Bodies don't act directly on each other, but rather change the electromagnetic field in their vicinity, and it's the local EM field to which charges directly couple." ]

[ "Businesses can't set prices at whatever they like. If the prices go up too much, people will stop buying their products. The extent to which demand for the product shifts due to changes in its price is called *elasticity of demand*. Some goods' demand is very elastic, like luxury products--if the luxury is too expensive, people will just make do without. So the minimum wage will not be \"cancelled out\" by an increase in prices. We can expect prices to go up somewhat, particularly in sectors with mostly minimum-wage employees, but experience shows that usually the effect of an increased minimum wage is higher real wages for the employees, with more modest gains for people earning a low wage but above the minimum, and the cost being borne primarily by the middle and upper class." ]

[ "A fundamental truth of nature is that you cannot tell from any purely local observation how you're moving relative to something else. This is a very simplified version of what's called the *equivalence principle.* So the answer is nothing. Nothing at all happens to electricity as you approach the speed of light. Because if something did, then you'd be able to observe that change and deduce from a purely local observation how you're moving relative to something else. Which the equivalence principle says you cannot do." ]

[ "These CGP Grey videos are good. [Primaries](_URL_1_) [Electoral College](_URL_0_)" ]

[ "Explain it like you're five? So somebody like an American version of Justin Bieber isn't swept into office because of his fan base." ]

[ "Are you sure China is as culturally similar as you say it is, or are you just unable to pick out the differences? As an ethnic Chinese, I find there are differences in the food, speech and customs of every Chinese province, especially since I have a good sense of what should be familiar. By contrast, when in India, everything feels similarly alien. I can't tell the difference between Hindi and Nepali, so as far as I'm concerned they're all lumped as \"Indian\". I objectively know India is culturally diverse, but I don't know enough to be able to tell the difference." ]

[ "I could flip the question and ask why Felidae (housecats to cheetas to tigers) has so much more variety of physical characteristics than Canidae (wolves to foxes to dogs)." ]

[ "[This post of mine](_URL_0_) answers a similar question (\"what does it mean for time to expand?\" or \"if time is relative, how do we know the age of the universe?\"). I strongly encourage you to read through it and the links therein for all the details. The short answer is that it is possible to unambiguously talk about the expansion of the universe in such a way that the time coordinate always has the same ticking rate. That is, 1 second now is the same time interval as 1 second billions of years ago. But there are also coordinates we can use in which that's not the case. For instance, there are so-called *conformal coordinates* in which the time coordinate tick rate slows down as space expands. The links I have provided ([and this one](_URL_1_)) explain the details of what that all really means. (All of the links except this last one are posts I personally wrote.)" ]

[ "I assume you're referring to the constellations. Constellations have no physical meaning. I fact, they don't even really line up! Three stars that appear to be in a \"line\" in the sky are almost certainly at different \"depths\" in the sky. This is a little difficulty to explain because of the English language, but you have to keep in mind that the sky is a two-dimensional projection of a three-dimensional volume. Just like shining lasers at a wall from different distances can create the illusion that the lights are all equidistant from the wall, all stars appear to be equidistant from the Earth. This is of course not true." ]

[ "In particular I would like to hear what it was like for the Scandinavians to switch from their Norse gods to Christianity so quickly given how opposed these ideologies and beliefs inherent in these two religions were." ]

[ "Hi - we as mods have approved this thread, because while this is a homework question, it is asking for clarification or resources, rather than the answer itself, which is fine according to [our rules](_URL_1_). This policy is further explained in this [Rules Roundtable thread](_URL_3_) and this [META Thread](_URL_2_). As a result, we'd also like to remind potential answerers to follow our rules on homework - please make sure that your answers focus appropriately on clarifications and detailing the resources that OP could be using. Additionally, while users may be able to help you out with specifics relating to your question, we also have plenty of information on /r/AskHistorians on how to find and understand good sources in general. For instance, please check out our six-part series, \"[Finding and Understanding Sources](_URL_0_)\", which has a wealth of information that may be useful for finding and understanding information for your essay." ]

[ "i'm good guy, i used search for you _URL_0_ here is one marked as explained: _URL_1_" ]

[ "Interference. You can stop it by using a hard-wired connection instead of wireless. Failing that, reposition your wireless access point or your microwave." ]

[ "Everything else is the fuel, Materials that burn slowly or barely at all in normal conditions can vigorously burn or even explode in high oxygen environments. Your clothes for example would burn very badly in an oxygen environment. As you increase the pressure the reaction is pushed to completion. For O2+C- > CO2 the more oxygen you have the more vigorous the reaction, the more CO2 the slower the reaction." ]

[ "Regulations that exist that require detectable metal in the firearms for that very purpose. Titanium doesn't make a very good barrel, it expands and flexes to much. Titanium alloys have been used in the frame on certain models, but those trigger the metal detectors, not only because of the alloy material, but because the barrels are still chrome molly alloy steel. Titanium alloys aren't used in barrels for the same reason, too much expansion and flexing under heat and pressure. The same qualities that make them a great frame for aircraft and other vehicles make it a poor material choice for a barrel." ]

[ "Photons are, to the best of our knowledge, points particles, with no internal structure or size." ]

[ "As your velocity with respect to an object increases, the object *is* physically contracted in your frame of reference, but it doesn't *appear* to be contracted. This, which might seem counterintuitive, is ultimately because in addition to length contraction, light from different points of the object arrive at your eye at different times. The name of this effect is [Penrose-Terrell rotation](_URL_1_). See also [this excellent explanation](_URL_2_) by John Baez, and [a cool animation](_URL_0_) demonstrating the effect. It can be shown that every Lorentz transformation corresponds to a certain [Möbius transformation](_URL_3_) acting on your field of vision (the \"celestial sphere\"). In particular, boosts correspond to hyperbolic transformations, which have two fixed points, one attracting and one repelling. As you iterate the boost to infinity (as your speed approaches c), the entire celestial sphere collapses into the attracting fixed point, leaving only the repelling fixed point untouched." ]

[ "I do a whole bit about this in my biochem course. There doesn't seem to be any correlation. Indian muntjac has 3 gigantic chromosomes, humans have 23, Atlas blue butterfly has over 100 chromosome-like structures, blue whales have 44, bees have 32, so on and so forth. I still haven't been able to come to a reasonable conclusion as to why this is." ]

[ "It's required by law. There's a section in the Japanese criminal code that prohibits the distribution of 'obscene' materials. The current interpretation of that section is that genitalia should be obscured in pornography." ]

[ "[Here's](_URL_2_) a blog by Steven Novella of Science-Based Medicine (a doctor and researcher) about this exact topic (there are links to research within his posts). In that post, and others, he generally suggests that vitamins are only appropriate for those with deficiencies and should be taken under the care of a doctor ([1](_URL_0_), [2](_URL_4_), [3](_URL_1_)). Interestingly, some studies have actually found a negative effect of vitamins because of what's called the[ licensing effect](_URL_3_) - [some more info](_URL_5_)." ]

[ "People [buy ad space on reddit](_URL_1_). (In the sidebar, disable adblock on reddit if you have it on and want to see the ads). People buy membership for additional features, [Reddit gold.](_URL_0_) Reddit sells stuff in the [Reddit Store](_URL_2_)." ]

[ "By radio, and then big receivers on the ground to listen, and send back messages. There's basically nothing between the spacecraft and earth, space is big huge empty place, so with proper receiving equipment, its fairly mundane to do radio communication from something, even insanely far out there in space, to back home on the ground here." ]

[ "Simpler explanation: I write you a letter that says \"This letter was sent from < my address > on < date > and < time > . Please send me a letter back as soon as you get this, with the exact time and date you received this. You follow the instruction and send the second letter back to me. When I get your letter, I know exactly how long it took for the letter to get to you, and how long it took the letter to make the round trip. If I don't get a letter back in a reasonable amount of time, I know that something has gone with the postal service between my address and yours. Now imagine that we're two computers, and instead of a letters we're sending data packets. That's basically how 'ping' works." ]

[ "Was the uniting of Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt in 3100BC a result of a war?" ]

[ "Congrats! You've asked what may be the single most-asked question on /r/AskHistorians. That's good news, because it means we have [a big FAQ file devoted to your question](_URL_1_). Check it out, and I hope it helps! *Edit: And [here](_URL_0_) is a great answer from /u/talondearg, who answers it quite a bit.*" ]

[ "The effective net result is the same for both the p-p and CNO cycles. 4 protons react and form 1 helium + energy. In the p-p chain, the protons fuse with one another. In the CNO cycle, the protons fuse with C, N, or O, and at various stages the energy, helium, and other products are given off. So in both cases, the hydrogen is being consumed." ]

[ "If you are really interested in this, [watch this.](_URL_0_) It's a one hour lecture by Dr. Hans Mark, who was at NASA during the 70's and lead some of the deep space missions. The short answer is that they rely on gravitational boosts from other planets (usually Jupiter) and the sun. The orbital trajectories are planned out before launch. Not much repositioning can be done after launch." ]

[ "The spinal cord ends actually not much higher than your crotch. Cut that open, and suddenly Mr. Bond is leaking cerebro-spinal fluid. Between that and the blood loss (especially if he nicks his inferior vena cava, which is nearish the midline of the body), he would actually die pretty quickly. If the laser is moving too fast for this to be his cause of death, then it will also cut his diaphragm in half and make it impossible for him to breathe, but at that speed, he will probably die before he asphyxiates once the laser reaches his heart." ]

[ "I've always looked at it like this. Of course a man's wishes should be heard. But that gives you a democracy of two. That creates an obvious problem. How to break ties when each wants something different. Since it is the woman's body being affected she has more stake in the matter so she breaks the tie. Well if you break down the decision tree then, if both are in agreement the woman gets her wish, if both are not in agreement, the woman still gets her wish. So you might as well just say the woman gets her wish." ]

[ "You've just got cause and effect a bit reversed. Your body falling asleep is _because_ of the cold \"winning\" over your bodies attempts to generate heat, not a sort of poorly-designed \"intentional\" response. When your body begins to fail at self-regulating temperature under extreme conditions it can't help but fall asleep. It has certainly be _trying_ to stay warm, but sleep is the beginning of the cascade of things failing to function as designed, not specifically lousy design." ]

[ "I'm not an expert in Australian weather terms, but here in Canada we actually have two different terms for this kind of thing: humidex and wind chill. The humidex is used in summer, and is typically higher than the \"real temperature\", because humid air *feels* hotter than drier air. The body cools itself by sweating and having that sweat evapourate from your skin. If the air is humid, the sweat tends to stay on your skin and you feel much hotter than you would otherwise. In the winter, the apparent temperature/wind chill is typically lower than the \"real temperature\" because moving air cools things faster than still air, so it *feels* colder than it would if there was no wind." ]

[ "It is. It's called benadryl. Advil is known for ibuprofen so it would make sense that if it has Advil in it, it would also include ibuprofen. Note: Pfizer makes both benadryl and Advil" ]

[ "Three ways: * A shorter form of the name of the compound or active ingredient. eg: Tylenol is derived from the chemical name for the compound, N-ace**TYL**-para-aminoph**ENOL**. * They licensed the drug under a certain chemical name and use that. FDA: Acetaminophen is the sold name of Paracetamol * They use something short and catchy or a family name" ]

[ "Muscles are very opaque to visible light. Anything that is below muscular tissue would be shielded very effectively from visible light, especially your gut. Of course, there are many types of electromagnetic radiation that can go right through a human body as if it wasn't even there, so it depends on which part of the spectrum you're looking at. As for fat and connective tissue, I can't speak directly for that, although I assume that they're more transparent than muscle. edit: And obviously, our intestines have no direct way of sensing light, so they couldn't \"tell\" if we were sunbathing regardless of how much visible light was hitting them. I don't think that's the question you were asking though :P" ]

[ "Sadly, they are. Not \"us\" meaning not me or most of the people who try to carry on interesting discussions, but many of them are posted by the same idiots who come to an AMA with a mastectomy patient and spew \"TITS OR GTFO!!!\" all over the place. There are stupid assholes here, as everywhere. I always try to examine myself (in real life and on sites like reddit) and ask \"Am I being the stupid asshole today?\"" ]

[ "* We don't actually know how long the Sentinelese have been on their island, only that it's more than 300 years. We know anatomically modern humans reached the *general area* about 60,000 years ago, but that doesn't tell us when they reached that particular island. * We don't know that they've been undisturbed the whole time they've been on the island. If one group of people managed to find it, a few others could easily have, particularly if we're talking about 60,000 years. For all we know there could have been a new group of people arriving every 500 years to add to the gene pool. * If the island can't produce enough food for more than ~250 people, then there can't be more than ~250 people living there at any time. So a lot of them just die at an early age." ]

[ "As I've mentioned in [other threads](_URL_0_), Wessex during the period in which *The Last Kingdom* is set was actually studded by a fairly extensive and sophisticated network of look-out posts and signalling beacons connected with garisson forces at local *burh* fortifications. This network was also then extended into Mercia and into recaptured areas of the Danelaw. This system was designed specifically to curtail the Viking strategy of mobile warfare and afforded the English both the early warning and the use of the rivers and road network to respond rapidly to Danish threats. Indeed, significant victories such as the 911 Battle of Tettenhall come about because the English are aware of where the Danes are and where they are heading, and are able to outmanoeuvre and surprise them." ]

[ "For starters, you need to specify what kind of workout. That is, Weightlifting, or Cardio. Weights are used to build strength and muscle mass, while cardio is exercise that involves maintaining a high heart rate to burn calories, get in shape, and (depending on what kind of cardio you do) tone muscles. You need to determine what you want out of your workout first." ]

[ "[Metabolic rate,](_URL_0_) and [time of day you eat,](_URL_1_) don't really matter much. It's honestly just as simple as calories in, calories out. Obviously your general health will be better if those calories are \"good calories\" like veggies and proteins, but in terms of weight loss, you really just need to eat at a calorie deficit." ]

[ "After the recent uprising against Egypt's president, who had been rigging elections in his favor for decades, people around the Arab world started trying to do the same thing. When the people of Syria began demonstrating, however, the government reacted swiftly and violently, which caused the situation to escalate. As for the second part of your question, other nations *are* trying to do something, but it's a difficult situation. Nobody wants to start a war, because Iran might intervene to help the Syrian government, which would mean the war would take a lot longer and cause a lot more damage. That said, there is reason to believe that the CIA and other intelligence organizations are secretly giving aid to the rebels; they just have to keep it quiet so that Iran doesn't have a reason to get involved." ]

[ "[**Search before submitting**, especially when asking about current events. The search box is in the upper righthand corner of the page.](_URL_0_)" ]

[ "It really mainly is the geography, and the cleverness of the inhabitants who learnt how to effectively make use of it in case of invasion. Look at [this](_URL_3_) relief location map. You see, not the whole country is surrounded by mountains, but the [jura mountains](_URL_1_) make for an excellent defense line, as do other mountains, in the cantons Graubünden and Ticino. Now compare it with [this](_URL_4_) map of the Réduit Suisse (actually, read the whole [article](_URL_0_ about it). As you can see, the core of the country is indeed protected by mountains, and that is the part that in case of invasion would have been maintained. For the second question: There are the Swiss Habsburg Wars, namely the [Battle of Morgarten](_URL_2_), and then the [Burgundian Wars](_URL_5_). Of all battles of the Swiss Confederacy, especially at Morgarten the knowledge and inclusion of the terrain can be seen." ]

[ "You seem to forget one of the most controversial events of his career: the secret and illegal bombings of Cambodia, who during this time was neutral. Just putting that out there." ]

[ "Can you survive for a long time without a bf/gf? Oh, you can? There you go..." ]

[ "Cause love is the only thing that matters in the end. Or in a less poetic way, the only thing evolution gives a shit about is how many surviving offspring you get, and how many offspring they get and so on. So we have evolved to form bonds that would help with the survival of our offspring. As far as evolution is concerned, it's basically the most important thing ever. You can be the most powerful person in the world, but if you don't have children, none of it matters. So love, attraction and other such things tend to override any other priorities you have, even your own survival in certain cases." ]

[ "C-130s do not \"simply use propellers\" like older airplanes did. The propellers are turbine driven, not piston driven. They use [turboprops](_URL_0_), which are extremely efficient and can carry heavy loads. The C-130 is designed to carry cargo, not move quickly." ]

[ "This guy explains it very nicely: _URL_0_ Generally the idea of the hemi is good, but it is not very efficient when you design the layout of the valves and sparkplugs, and it is difficult to get a good compression in. Pent-roof is the way to go." ]

[ "Many believe it will be for the betterment of our species as a whole and all those being sent are volunteering, I volunteered but apparently Mars doesn't need a music teacher Edit: yet Edit edit: Many not getting the sarcasm in my statement, but if you've seen Mars Attacks you'd know it was really shit music that defeated the martians and I'm a really shit music teacher" ]

[ "Pharmaceutical companies are required to report any side effect that occurs in any patient taking the drug during a clinical trial, whether they think that adverse event is related to the drug or not. Some clinical trials can last for a year or more. In addition, many clinical trials are for medications that treat serious illnesses. Because of these factors, it is not uncommon for people with serious illnesses to have thoughts of suicide sometime during the course of their treatment. The question is whether those thoughts occur at a higher rate in the experimental arm than in the control/placebo arm. Some medications do legitimately cause an increase in suicidal ideation. But there are also some where suicidal thoughts are listed as an adverse event, where the drug itself likely doesn't play much of a role." ]

[ "It's called \"pain\". I'm not being flippant, that's seriously what it is. [Some people are born without the ability to feel pain](_URL_0_), and they're at great risk of chewing off their tongues or fingers or damaging their eyes." ]

[ "You essentially create a battery in your mouth, the pain you feel is a small electric current. _URL_0_" ]

[ "This is a bit of a ticky-tack correction, but East India Company rule in India ended after the Sepoy Mutiny in 1857, after which the British government took direct rule. So, in the 20th century it is anachronistic to talk of East India Company rule. Now, to actually provide some useful information. I would direct you towards the [Prevention of Seditious Meetings Act of 1911](_URL_0_) which outlawed public gatherings to discuss \"any subject likely to cause disturbance or public excitement\", unless public written notice had been given three days prior or meeting organizers had obtained permission from District Magistrate or Commissioner of Police. Politically, this act put limits on how groups opposed to British rule could organize and demonstrate/" ]

[ "No. And to discuss why involves discussion of burden of proof. \"Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence.\" Sailing across either the Atlantic and Pacific, and making contact is a pretty extraordinary claim. Books such as \"Peru Before the Incas\", and \" The Last of the Incas\" have nothing to say about any contact between Inka and non-Americas groups. While the absence of evidence is not evidence of absence, the burden of proof falls on the group arguing for your claim and they so far have presented nothing of value." ]

[ "Psychologist: A person who has obtained a PhD in Psychology. They may or may not practice psychotherapy (many just research). Psychiatrist: A person who has obtained an M.D. and specialized in the field of psychiatry. They may or may practice psychotherapy. They are also the only psychotherapists who are allowed to prescribe medication Psychotherapist: A person who practices psychotherapy (talk therapy). They treat patients in a group setting or individually. They are licenced to practice and may have one of the following credentials: - Psychiatrists - Registered psychiatric nurses - Clinical social workers - Licensed counselors - Marriage therapists - Family therapists - Clinical psychologists" ]

[ "NPR recently did a piece on this. Part of it is if the artist charges $200 then the artist is a money grubber. If a scalper does it, it is expected. Here is the piece. _URL_0_" ]

[ "_URL_0_ It would be related to the Kolmogorov length scale. Basically, the point at which viscosity diffuses the flame front faster than combustion can occur. For laminar flames, very small indeed." ]

[ "Basically any molecule that has a optical exitation at the wave length sent out by your fluorophore, which depends on its electronic structure, can act as a quencher. You'd have to be a little more specific with your question." ]

[ "Well if we put steep tariffs in place for their products, they'll do so for ours, in the end everyone ends up screwed. It might be an acceptable practice in very particular conditions or limited timeframes, but generally it just makes everything more expensive. Also, it would definitely piss off countries that import a lot to us." ]

[ "Let's say you're starting a business and I loan you the money to get started. You make your payments and manage to keep the lights on. Soon, you start making a profit. I, who loaned you money, don't come demanding more money because you're making the payments on which we agreed. Your buddy Jeff has a business, too, but it's not doing well. He says, \"Lend me some money so I can keep going.\" You agree. Replace \"businesses\" with \"countries\" and you've got your answer." ]

[ "If it doesn't interact with anything, light will keep going on forever. Photons are completely stable so they won't ever decay on their own. Light can be absorbed or distorted when it interacts with stuff. For example, any light that you see with your eyes has been absorbed, and it no longer exists. So, to answer your question, it depends." ]

[ "This is a difficult question to answer since your eye does not work like a CCD with a refresh or frame rate per se. There is a small delay when after recieving a photon a retinal cell cannot recieve another (since the molecule needs to be \"recharged\"). I actually don't know what this time delay is perhaps a better biologist should jump in here. But, your eye is capable of detecting single photons so assuming that the shuttle is passing slow enough for some photons to enter your eye and assuming that at least some of your retinal cells are \"charged\" (need a better word here) then you will definitely be able to detect that *something* traversed your field of vision (assuming the great big swoosh doesn't tip you off)" ]

[ "Endorphin rush. Same reason why (in shape) people feel invigorated after a run or workout." ]

[ "That would most probably be your body dumping adrenaline into your blood when something happens, the effect is almost instant. Part of the fight, flight, freeze, or fawn response." ]

[ "Sorry for my English. Spiders' legs are moved by their Blood or something close to Blood. They are hydraulic. If u kill spider, hydraulic preasure goes down and then you See described effect." ]

[ "Are you sure it froze solid? The inside would be the last to freeze, since it would be insulated by the initial ice formation on the exterior. If there is an unfrozen interior and the exterior begins melting, you might get the impression that it melted from the inside out." ]

[ "Ping pong balls are made from [celluloid](_URL_0_), which is itself flammable. When you light the ball on fire, it heats up. In the interior, the celluloid evaporates and jets out of the aperture burned in the ball, and it makes a larger flame. Most plastics are flammable; celluloid is chemically similar to guncotton, which is explosive." ]

[ "Chemical reaction to oxygen. Like you are five: Once the stuff inside the compressed tube meets the air...it goes all crazy and changes." ]

[ "To confirm that you're ready. What if the game just started and something came along and killed your guy?" ]

[ "This is a very common question. You can use search to find [all the other really good answers](_URL_0_ ). This is instant, and faster than ust typing in your question every time. It's a way of cheating elections. Read the others, and then ask a more specific question." ]

[ "From your perspective, at 100% of the speed of light, no time will have passed. Though at your house on Earth, your goldfish will have died." ]

[ "No. First, 1 ly is around 10^15 meters, so depending on thickness and material, your stick will have the mass of a large asteroid / small moon. To move it, you'd have to apply an appropriately large force to one end of it, and that will pretty much crack / crumple that end. Otherwise you'll create a compression wave that will propagate along the stick at a (sublight) speed that depends on the material. Sort of like an earthquake through a solid material." ]

[ "When taken out of the freezer they are actually well below freezing. If you pour liquid water on them, it will freeze. If two are touching and you pour water on them, it will freeze onto both of them, attaching them together." ]

[ "\"One of the most common ingredients used was dihydrogenated tallow dimethyl ammonium chloride (DHTDMAC), which belongs to a class of materials known as quaternary ammonium compounds, or quats. This kind of ingredient is useful because part of the molecule has a positive charge that attracts and binds it to negatively charged fabric fibers. This charge interaction also helps disperse the electrical forces that are responsible for static cling.\" Read more: _URL_1_ Another great article: _URL_0_" ]

[ "Yes, you'd have to go about 11 km/s. The problem though is that Earth has an atmosphere, so an immense force would be required to compensate for drag." ]

[ "only if it's structure is perfectly non-[amorphous](_URL_0_) so that it wouldn't start contorting with the inertial effect commonly known as the [centrifugal force](_URL_1_). This would rule out glass and many plastics Also it would have to also be in a perfect vacuum so that air resistance, or friction with the air, wouldn't slow it down. Both a perfect vacuum and a frictionless surface are practically impossible and have never been achieved, so this is borderline-hypothetical to begin with." ]

[ "Everything is emitting light all the time. Most objects around us are cold, and only emit very low energy infrared light that we can't see but can sometimes feel as heat. When objects get hotter, they start emitting higher energy light. When they get hot enough they start emitting visible light, starting in the dull red and moving towards white and eventually vivid blue as they reach thousands of degrees. The color of the light is directly related to the surface temperature of the material, and this is called \"blackbody\" radiation. It doesn't matter if it's molten metal, a ceramic plate, or the churning surface of a star, they all emit the same light at the same temperature." ]

[ "It's called spectroscopy. Simply put, when light go through an element like hydrogen, the atoms will absorb different wavelength of the light. When you analyse the spectrum of light that when through hydrogen you will see a couple of black line where the wavelength were absorbed. It's a bit like the fingerprint of the element. _URL_0_ Here a few example of the ''finger print'' of different element. So if you look at the light from a star, that light was produce in the core of the star and had to go through the star atmosphere before reach us. So we can see which ''finger print'' of element we see in the spectrum and determine which element there is in the atmopshere of the star and what percentage of each there is. For a planet, the light emitted by their star went through their atmopshere, bounced on the ground, went through the atmosphere again and then reached us. So we can see what elements that light went through." ]

[ "Hey, I am a doctor, but you can’t verify that so still take this as advice from a random redditor, but yes it’s probably in part your phlegm turbulently blowing up your airway. A big enough cough might cause a little rattle of your thorax too. Just like if you slap your belly and there’s a little jiggle, if you cough hard enough there’s probably some vibration in your chest. It’s highly unlikely you’ll damage your lungs, if anything you’d break a rib first, but that’s rare without something like whooping cough going on. Here’s a fun story about a guy who “coughed up a lung” though (really a blood clot). _URL_0_ If you have no other symptoms and this is a common occurrence for you I’d get some over the counter cough medicine and not bother with the doctor. If you’ve got fevers/chills/vomiting/blood in your cough/no appetite it might be worth going. Edit: forgot to include referenced link" ]

[ "Your uterine and abdominal muscles are contracting to expel the uterine lining. Think of it as really mild labor." ]

[ "First, if you promise to follow my instructions very carefully, I can actually show you how hypnotism works, an easy example. Afterwards, I'd be happy to give an Eli5 explanation as to why. You have to do exactly what I say though. 1) First step, click reply and write out the numbers 1 to 9, each number separated by a space:" ]

[ "This CGP Grey video does a really good job of explaining it all. _URL_3_" ]

[ "The overall goal of pretty much any project from video game developers and publishers is to make money, and they are interested in producing the most money for the investment of the project. Because Windows has been the dominant operating system for the better part of two decades, many companies develop games for Windows first. It's the widest market available, and if your game isn't on it, that immediately reduces the potential sales. Mac's, because their underlying code base is so radically different from Windows, require additional time and human resources to port the final game and ensure full functionality. However, if the project is already behind schedule, over budget, etc, justifying additional money and time to port the game to Mac's can be difficult. This is why for many games, if there is a Mac version, it usually comes out a few months after the Windows version, after the project has made money back to use to pay for the additional development." ]

[ "The models used in those programs are much more complex, for one. Second, the algorithms used to render those scenes are much more complex. They take into account things like reflecting light and such. The more reflections you take into account, the more processing has to be done... exponentially." ]

[ "Rain and fog scatter sunlight and create a lot of horizontal light patterns that are blocked/reduced by polarized sunglasses." ]

[ "Here is the [sun's emission spectrum]( _URL_0_) ( yellow is upper atmosphere, red is ground level). Here is the [transmission spectrum of common glass]( _URL_1_). Comparing the two, you see that glass is very good at letting light from the sun pass through. When you put a plant indoors, however, you are limiting the amount of direct sunlight to the plant. The sunlight is only coming through a small area instead of the entire sky. Some plants do well with not much light, which is necessary to be a houseplant. Some plants will quickly die if you brought them inside." ]

[ "Nope. You drink. You pee. Water evaporates and it rains. Most of that rain ends up in the ocean. Water from the land drains to the oceans - I.e. the water cycle. Fun fact the water molecules you drink today are the same ones a dinosaur drank 65 million years ago. Water doesn't leave the planet. Ocean water is salty because salts existed on the Earth before water did. Most of the water on Earth arrived from comets. The oceans are the geologically lowest areas on the planet. The salts and minerals that exist on Earth dissolved in the oceanic basins that formed over time. Once clouds and rain existed, the rivers and glaciers that formed washed more salts into the oceans." ]

[ "the heat would require a heat source, electricity or natural gas. Some places may not have the infrastructure to handle that currently, so it would cost a hefty sum just to get that working, and a pretty penny to keep it working. Secondly you would need to collect the waste water, which again, would require infrastructure, and a pretty penny to maintain. Last thing that I am going to mention is a facility. While it doesn't need to be massive, it would need to be fairly large. Again cost to create and maintain would be fairly high. You would require skilled labourers to tend to the facility which again, costs a fair bit of money. Ultimately this system would probably cost more than what the country can afford. The bigger the population the larger and more costly the facility. Note: I originally wrote this with third world countries in mind, but still believe it to be mostly accurate for developed countries as well." ]

[ "It's all about cost. If you have pristine poly-carbonate packaging from a pharma factory that's been handled by skilled workers in a super clean factory - sure, that's easy to recycle for what it will sell for. On the other hand, if you've got a plastic straw from the rubbish bin of a McDonalds with smudge-proof lipstick on one side, molding sugary soft drink on the other side = > that's not so appealing. Plus, if it's mixed in with even-less-recyclable food waste, separating it will cost more than the end product is worth. It could be done, but not for money. Plastic straws are an easy target, because paper straws. Plastic straws have a compostable competitor that's functionally good enough. Plastic drink lids, not so much." ]

[ "There are. For example, [Minneapolis](_URL_0_) has a separate bin for organics." ]

[ "Usage has definitely been on the rise, as have deaths due to overdose. [Check out this chart.](_URL_0_) The classic pattern is, someone gets prescribed opiates such as OxyContin, usually for a legitimate pain management purpose. They get addicted and continue to use OxyContin. Sooner or later they can't afford it any more, so they turn to heroin, which is a lot cheaper. Boom, you started off taking OxyContin because you fucked up your back, and now you're a heroin junkie. Of course, not everyone fits this single pattern. Another big pattern is people buying OxyContin for recreational purposes (from people who have it legitimately) and then eventually turn to heroin for the same reason, i.e. its low price." ]

[ "Can you please give an example of \"everyone\" and of what \"recent reports\" your referring to? This is an incredibly loaded statement" ]

[ "Cellulite, from what I understand, is what you get when oestrogen binds with fat. This is why women are more prone to getting cellulite." ]

[ "This is a very common question. You can use search to find [all the other really good answers](_URL_0_ ). This is instant, and faster than ust typing in your question every time. It's a way of cheating elections. Read the others, and then ask a more specific question." ]

[ "There have been various forms of [clocks] (_URL_0_) for much of recorded history, although, with greater or lesser utility. Water-clocks (records start at 16th-4th cent BCE), sundials (records start at 3500-1500 BCE), candle clocks (records start at 520 CE), incense clocks (approx 6th cent CE), hourglass (approx 8th cent CE). However, it seems to be that the further you go back in time, the less the average person used clocks on a daily basis. Their main utility was for religious and astronomical purposes. People started work when the sun was at a certain position and ended work when the work was done or when it got too hot or dark out. However, artisans, civil servants and those whose work was indoors would have more need for clocks, and so, with the rise of the indoor worker, clocks became more of a part of daily life." ]

[ "Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained: 1. [ELI5: How do snakes move? ](_URL_0_) ^(_7 comments_) 1. [How the fuck do snakes move? ](_URL_4_) ^(_1 comment_) 1. [ELI5: How do snakes move so fast? Actually how do they move forward at all? ](_URL_5_) ^(_4 comments_) 1. [ELI5: How do snakes move forward? ](_URL_1_) ^(_3 comments_) 1. [ELI5: How do snakes move? ](_URL_5_) ^(_1 comment_) 1. [How do snakes move around? ](_URL_6_) ^(_10 comments_) 1. [ELI5: How do snakes move? ](_URL_2_) ^(_5 comments_) 1. [ELI5 How do snakes move? ](_URL_3_) ^(_7 comments_)" ]

[ "That number is just a model identifier and doesn't match any actual metric of the CPU. There are so many different factors that go into what makes one CPU faster than another (cores, clock speed, cache size, pipeline architecture, etc.) that as /u/riconquer says you should just look at benchmarking scores." ]

[ "It is hard to start a motor, it would take a long long time to start on low. Going 0 3 2 1 let's the fan start on High which gets it up to speed in a timely manner" ]

[ "Not an answer, but I've also always wondered why Native American's didn't have their own set of diseases that the European's immune systems were not prepared for." ]

[ "If there's something in the water that can infect an elk, it can get sick and die. If there's nothing in the water that will infect a human, they'll be fine. Animals don't have a magical power, and humans don't have a magical weakness. It just makes a bigger splash in the news papers when \"Bob dies after drinking from river!\" than \"elk #134114 dies in the woods after drinking from river\" This is similar to the very often asked \"why can't we eat raw meat but animals can?\" We can, but don't (exception special preparations to ensure safety) because we don't like being infested with parasites and diseases that may be in the meat. Animals don't get an option and have to take their chances." ]

[ "Someone like Bill Gates has a very small percentage of his money in the bank, the vast majority of his wealth exists as shares of Microsoft. If he needs money he can take a loan against them or sell some shares off to come up with cash It's a terrible idea to keep your wealth in a bank due to inflation so almost everyone has it invested so it grows over time. Anyone who got super rich from starting a company will have most of their wealth as ownership of that company" ]

[ "They know how diseases/viruses/bacteria get transmitted and take many precautions against them. For instance, they constantly wash their hands/wear protective clothing." ]

[ "Its entirely possible to make water chemically from hydrogen and oxygen. Take the hydrogen internal cumbustion engine, for example, takes 2 hydrogen and 2 oxygen atoms (H202) and with combustion, changes to water + energy (H20 + energy). This method of making water has actually been known for a couple hundred years. There are other ways to make water from alcohols and metal hydrides as well. Just check out this article from 2007: _URL_0_" ]

[ "It takes a ton of energy, and the cost is prohibitive. [Here is a good explanation why](_URL_0_) Here are some other discussions on this topic. _URL_2_ _URL_1_ _URL_3_ _URL_4_" ]

[ "It is impossible to make any software absolutely perfect. Development is a very long process and releases are timed with an estimate on when it will be done and coordinated with marketting. Would you rather every game be delayed at the last minute because a clipboard animates like a shield?" ]

[ "Your employer takes money out of your paycheck throughout the year to pay your local, state, and federal taxes. The amount they take out, however, is just an estimate how much tax you will probably owe at the end of the year. There's no way for the state, local, and federal governments to know what you actually do with your money. You might move, buy a house or a fuel efficient car, be paying off student loan debts, get a pay raise (or decrease) etc... all of these things affect how much tax you owe and pay. You won't know how much money you make for a given year until Dec 31 of that year. So when you file your tax return, you basically tell the IRS all of the ways in which you made and spent your money from Jan 1 - Dec 31 of the previous year. It is based off *that* information, how much tax you owe. If it turns out you paid too much, you get a tax refund. If it turns out you didn't pay enough, you will owe the IRS." ]

[ "Exhale the air still in your lungs. Spit. Throw a shoe. Shoot laser beams out your eyes (assuming you have that ability, of course)." ]

[ "This video created by Vsauce 3 (Jake Roper) does a very good job explaining this: _URL_1_ I hope this answers your question. He also did another video on a simmilar line of - could you survive: _URL_0_" ]

[ "The air is full of dust, pollen, dander, debris and dirt kicked up from the ground, haze from automobile exhaust, smoke, and factories, and the rain wipes it all clean as it falls the same way it washes your dishes. Dirt and debris cling to the drops and it delivers them to the ground clearing the air as it falls." ]

[ "This was orginally necessary to prevent owners of large ranches from being able to divert run off into holding ponds reducing or eliminating water which would otherwise be available to those further downstream. Your roof might seem inconsequential but if you imagine the loss of runoff if 1 million roofs were being diverted...it becomes significant. In some states the water is considered a state controlled resource and in essence you are stealing water from the states control when you harvest rainwater." ]

[ "There used to be good reasons to drive a manual shift car (regarding getting good gas mileage), but that's really not an issue these days. The margin is so small that people would rather not have to deal with it. So if you are given a choice of manual or automatic, it becomes \"why not automatic?\" And the only legit answer to that question is price (it adds about $1500 to the price on most cars). Most automatic cars made in the last 10 years can also still manually shift, without the use of a clutch." ]

[ "\"Just about everyone here\" Where is \"here\" for you? It sounds like your question's premise is based on a small sample set based on personal observation. Before your question is addressed, you should be making sure the premise is valid..." ]

[ "Speaking as a vet, a giraffe is a ruminant. Which means - in layman’s terms- that they can and do ‘chew the cud’. So they eat leaves. Chew a bit. Swallow. Gets to the stomach - 4 chambers. Gets further digested. But needs a bit more breaking down those tough plant fibres. So. Later on they will get a bolus from the stomach, travels up the oesophagus, and into the mouth to be chewed again. Then swallowed again. Chocking is rarely seen in ruminants, for this reason. It’s seen in domestic ruminants because we feed them odd stuff or they have access to eat a large potato. In terms of true choking - a foreign substance into the trachea - yes, a giraffe wouldn’t have the lung capacity to expel anything more significant than a bit of water. But they can and do cough." ]

[ "They watch their parents do it for a few weeks before doing in themselves. And the chain keeps going back until one wolf tried going for the throat and it worked better for survival (way oversimplifying)." ]

[ "Each swimming stroke can be broken down into two parts - the pulling phase, which propels you through the water, and the recovery phase, which \"resets\" your arms so you can pull again. The difference between the two strokes is in the recovery phase. In freestyle, the recovery involves flinging your arm up over your head for the next pull. This works above water because the air doesn't noticably resist this movement - however underwater it doesn't work because you end up pushing back against the current. A breaststroke recovery works underwater because it involves sliding your hands up your torso close to your body and then pointing your hands and extending them forward - a movement designed to \"cut\" through the water rather than pushing against it." ]

[ "Breasts and thighs cook at different rates. If you cook them the same amount of time, you are likely overcooking the breast and perfectly cooking the thighs. Also, tenderness is a combo of the structure of the meat and moisture level. Chicken breast has almost no fat or connective tissue. When you cook it, you are getting rid of water and killing microbes. Too much water gone makes the meat dry and chewy. Personally, I don't like chicken breast. I always go for thighs." ]

[ "There is a difference in the amount of genetic material on each chromosome, so that definitely comes into play. Regarding your calculations - chromosome 21 is not responsible for 2.173913 % of a person's genetic makeup, it is actually much less. The reason trisomy 21 is compatible with life is because chromosome 21 is relatively gene poor. When it is present in an extra copy, it causes an abnormal phenotype, but not so much that it isn't compatible with life. If you only had one copy of the genetic material on chromosome 21, though - that is not compatible with life." ]

[ "Cloning a sheep was not 'no problem' it took a lot of effort and still has a substantial failure chance. It took 434 attempts before they got a successful embryo, and even then they had 1 successful live birth per 277 fertilized embryos. By and large, attempts at human cloning have more hurdles due to ethical constraints and laws, as you guessed. And sure, anything's possible, although I don't know how *likely* it is that some crazy scientist has done it, since it is expensive and difficult, so it'd be harder for some nutbar scientist without good funding." ]

[ "The two big things I was taught in my intro-to-psych class, (heh) were: _URL_1_ and _URL_0_ Interference theory is the idea that your brain has an index for memory. When you gain new memories, those new memories have the same keywords as some old memories. The result is that when your brain searches \"cats\" all you get is all the new cats-related memories, instead of old \"cats\" related memories. Wiki gives the tl;dr for interference theory as: > The main assumption of Interference Theory is that the stored memory is intact but unable to be retrieved due to competition created by newly acquired information.[1] Decay theory is straightforward as its title - old memories fade. As for definitive proof in either direction, none exists as far I know." ]

[ "Imagine your hard drive as a giant wall, like the Great Wall of China. Now imagine that your files are painted on this wall (Images, text, music notes). When you delete a file, your computer finds the spot on the wall where that file was painted, and marks that section of the wall as \"free\". It doesn't scrub off the painting, but the next time your computer needs to store a file, it can just re-paint over the \"free\" portion of the wall, and that's when the original painting will be gone/replaced. The computer *could* scrub away the painting at the moment you delete the file, but marking it \"free\" is quicker and takes less work. There *are* ways to tell your computer to scrub off the painting at the moment you delete the file, but normally there's no need to do that. You can even run a program later on that will walk along the entire wall, and scrub off any old paintings." ]

[ "We can \"observe\" a black hole's spin just as we can \"observe\" its gravity - by its effect on other things. I don't know if any black hole's angular momentum has been measured yet, but it would be expected to drag spacetime around with it (frame dragging) which would have an effect on how things orbit." ]

[ "The [radial velocity method](_URL_0_) has been most productive. We measure a periodic oscillation in the Doppler shift of the light from a star, which tells us that there are other bodies which orbit it. There are lots of other ways that haven't been quite as useful, but are still cool. The page I linked to gives an overview of a bunch of them." ]

[ "George II was the last **British** monarch to command from the battlefield. Napoleon III led his army to the battle of Sedan where his army was defeated and he was captured in 1870. If we look beyond Europe, there are plenty of other examples. King Sekhukhune II commanded his Pedi army against neighboring Tswana and Boer forces during the Second Boer War in 1900. Adbdelaziz ibn Saud led the army of the emirate of Nejd against Ilkhwan rebels at the battle of Sabilla in 1929. Haile Selassie led the final Ethiopian offensive against Italian armies at the battle of Maychew in 1936. In the cases of Napoleon III and Selassie, their nations had already seen one or more defeats during the war, and the monarchs hoped that their presence on the battlefield would encourage their armies to fight even harder, inspiring the soldiers to victory. Both were unsuccessful." ]

[ "What do you consider \"early medieval\"? We have one main source - the [*Rule of St. Benedict*](_URL_0_) - for what monastic life was *supposed* to be like. The *Rule* begins to be adopted under the papacy of Gregory I (d. 604), and is firmly established as the primary governing rule of western monasticism by the eighth century. Some monasteries followed the *Rule* created by St. Augustine, instead, which is less strict. How well the *Rule* was followed is a different matter, one which we lack the sources to investigate." ]

[ "Hi there, the train in the footage is a type 120 (2-4-0 under the Whyte notation) manufactured by Schneider et cie. and operated, I believe, by Chemins de Fer de l'ouest. A locomotive of the same type was involved in the famous Montparnasse station crash the same year as the film." ]

[ "We no longer measure the speed of light. It is *defined* to be 299,792,458 m/s, from which the length of a meter is measured. Historically, there have been many approaches to measuring the speed of light including: * Rømer's observations of the [Galilean moons of Jupiter](_URL_3_) * Bradley's measurement of [stellar aberration](_URL_1_) * Foucault's experiment using the [Fizeau–Foucault apparatus](_URL_2_) * Rosa and Dorsey's measuring the vacuum permittivity in 1907 to calculate c from the definition in Maxwell's laws * The Essen–Gordon-Smith experiment and [Essen's later result](_URL_0_) There were more modern techniques that I'm unfamiliar with, but in 1983 the defined speed of light was adopted." ]

[ "Just from that sheet you can see he was part of the Headquarters of the 1st Battalion of the 255th infantry regiment. And that he was part of the Signal Corps. That 3 digit number on the end the MOS will tell you more accurately what his job was and what he was trained in." ]

[ "Assuming she was Protestant: What interactions did she have with English soldiers? Were family members involved in helping either side? What did they do? How was participation viewed? How did her perception change after Bloody Sunday? Was she ever \"taxed\" by the Provos? Did she have Catholic friends and how did she maintain those relationships? How were daily activities, like shopping, different?" ]