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[ "Yes, temperature is one of the things that affects sound attenuation in air. ISO 9613-1 provides a standard method of estimating this. Generally sound attenuation is lower in cold air. Sound will also curve away or towards the ground due to a temperature gradient since the speed of sound is dependent air density. This can cause sound shadows where the receiver cannot hear a sound despite being \"close\" to the source." ]

[ "Not noticeably, no. Bring a hot cup of coffee into the car instead, it will work much better than Metallica." ]

[ "The Entropy of a black hole is encoded on its event horizon, while the energy of a black hole goes as the radius. This means that the derivative of energy vs entropy which is the definition of tempurature goes as a function of the radius of the black hole. What's interesting about this scenario is that it is inversely proportional to R, the black hole cools down as it gets larger. [this](_URL_0_) might be useful." ]

[ "You're thinking correctly. In fact, after a redshift of about z=2, the angular size of objects *increase* with distance! Galaxies look bigger in the sky the further out we look. Here's [a graph of angular scale](_URL_0_) as a function of redshift (~distance). The units on the y-axis are kiloparsecs per arcsec." ]

[ "The Russian currency and its economy as a whole are crumbling due to the sanctions and the drop in ppb of oil. Furthermore, the sanctions can be seen as a warning shot." ]

[ "The simple answer is to ask another question: what would you allow through this firewall and what would you block? A firewall isn't automatic and it isn't magic. You can't get a firewall which blocks \"bad stuff\". It works on rules. You tell it what to block and what to let through. China has made one which blocks traffic to and from a vast range of non-Chinese websites. The one on your home router blocks incoming connections, so that you are allowed to connect to an outside server, and if you do they can respond, but they can't initiate a connection to *you*. What rules should the American Firewall use? Should it block non-American websites, for example? Should it prevent non-American users from connecting to American websites? And how would this firewall affect hosting providers? I live in Europe, but what if I pay an American hosting provider to host my website? I can put whatever I like on that website, and suddenly all my evil code is on the inside of your firewall!" ]

[ "It dehydrates, as the salt pulls all the water out of it, resulting in death. Think of how you preserve meats or prepare raw salmon, or prepare some cabbages; salt extracts water." ]

[ "Why not look at this as an opportunity to do a bit of science yourself? I can't think of an easier experiment to set up." ]

[ "Remember when MTV used to show music videos instead of reality tv? Remember when the SyFy (Nee SciFi) network showed science fiction shows instead of professional wrestling? Remember when TLC (The Learning Channel) showed actual documentary type shows? (Insert obligatory \"Pepperidge Farm remembers meme here.\") Those aren't making money now, so they show whatever brings home the bacon regardless of the station's original intent and call letters." ]

[ "To put simply, infrastructure costs and up keeping requires a huge amount of money. Which cannot be covered by advertisements ." ]

[ "Basically, data is transmitted on copper wire by varying the electric current on the wire in an agreed upon manner. To transmit data faster, the current in the wire needs to change more quickly. [Capacitance](_URL_1_) between the wire and other conductors will resist changes in the electric charge on the wire while [inductance](_URL_0_) of the circuit will resist changes in the electric current. These effects becomes more pronounced at higher frequencies, thus limiting data rates. Fiber, on the other hand, encodes data by pulsing light. Light has a much higher frequency and is not affected by capacitance or inductance, so data rates can be much higher." ]

[ "Lets say that you are drinking juice from a cup with one straw, you are getting the juice into your mouth but now you try two straws, you are getting more juice in less time in you mouth, you try three, it is faster ect. the same goes with 802.11n g b a. they each send more information at one given time to your computer hence the faster download speeds. N > G > B > A not to mention 802.11N has more range than the others too" ]

[ "We actually do have vaccines against bacteria. For example we have a vaccine against the bacterial disease typhoid that is made of \"attenuated\" (think \"sick\", \"weak\", or otherwise non-pathogenic) bacteria. Some bacterial diseases aren't directly a result of the bacteria being there, it's a result of toxic compounds made by the bacteria. Thus we also have vaccines made of inactivated toxic compounds that cause the illness. Examples include tetanus and diphtheria. Check out [these](_URL_0_) two [sources](_URL_1_) for more information." ]

[ "You missed an outbreak of Measles, which hasn't really existed in the United States for about 30 years." ]

[ "It's because of [Fair Use](_URL_0_). > Fair use is a limitation and exception to the exclusive right granted by copyright law to the author of a creative work. In United States copyright law and the Copyright Act 1987 of Malaysia, fair use is a doctrine that permits limited use of copyrighted material without acquiring permission from the rights holders. Examples of fair use include commentary, search engines, criticism, parody, news reporting, research, teaching, library archiving and scholarship. Also companies aren't likely to try and enforce their copyrights unless there is some reason to put in the time. Like if the artist was selling prints of their renditions of copyrighted work. No reason to want to stop fan art anyways, mostly it is probably just good publicity." ]

[ "The same is true of literally any product in the world. For example, when you buy groceries, you don't buy from farmers do you? You buy from a store, that buys from a distributor, that buys from farmers. The farmer sells in bulk to the distributor who sells in less bulk to the store who sells in single units to you. The price increases along the way." ]

[ "It's an archaic rule. When the NFL first went on TV, every game was blacked out in the local area to make sure local fans went to the game instead of staying home. However, in 1972 the cellar-dweller Redskins made the playoffs, but President Nixon and other DC politicians couldn't watch the games. The next year Congress passed a law banning local blackouts if the game was sold out 72 hours in advance. Since then it hasn't really been changed. That being said, criticism of the rule has been growing recently. NFL teams keep on nickel-and-diming fans while TV technology keeps improving. [The FCC is proposing banning blackouts now.](_URL_0_)" ]

[ "Exposure. The pictures you mention where the space is black are usually taken to illustrate objects *other* than the stars, such as the ISS, the day-side of the Earth, or the Moon. Compared to those, the stars are *very, very* dim, and the exposure setting of the camera results in them not showing up on the picture at all. By comparison, if you set the exposure high enough that the stars were visible, the other objects would completely saturate the camera's sensors, appearing totally white." ]

[ "While they are many advantages to socialism i will list some disadvantages 1. Higher Taxes to fund the governments actions 2. Decreased motivation for the poor to work hard, get an education and innovate since they are guaranteed a minimum standard of living 3. Big Government - Government has more power, some people like this, some people don't 4. Socialism is considered the first step to communism by some, which as you would know, alot more people dislike" ]

[ "This CGP Grey video does a really good job of explaining it all. _URL_3_" ]

[ "Elections are not frequent enough, and recalls are too difficult. There are no better replacements. People typically give their own representatives they vote for positive approval." ]

[ "Because critics are full of shit. Most of the art world for example called Jackson Pollock \"Jack the Dripper\" until a wealthy hotel magnate bough one of his works and put it in the lobby. Then Pollock was a genius. Critics hate to be on the wrong side of history so they never have an issue it seems changing their mind when the $$$ tell them they are wrong. Who takes a critic who is \"wrong' all the time seriously? it is elitist nonsense with Madam Cleo having a better track record." ]

[ "The general answer to this would be adhesion (when two dissimilar material stick together). There are however many different ways in which adhesion could exist. For example two materials could slightly dissolve into one another and basically weld to each other, or it may result from electrostatic interactions, or as the result of inter-molecular forces such as Van der Walls forces. Check out the wiki page on [adhesion](_URL_0_)" ]

[ "When you step out of bath the water will stick together and fall off you, but when you're taking a shower, the water drops will stay on your body." ]

[ "You might be interested in [this](_URL_0_) section of our Popular Questions page." ]

[ "Hi there! This is a reminder to potential respondents to this question that we have the [no current event rule](_URL_0_) in effect that in order to discourage off-topic discussions of current events confines questions, answers and all other comments to events that happened 20 years ago or more, inclusively (e.g. 1998 and older). So while for this purpose a discussion of e.g. the Oslo accords is perfectly fine, please exercise restraint and judgement when it comes to the 2000 negotiations. Thank you!" ]

[ "This has been answered before, but briefly, in the case of cylinder locks, instead of the pins only being in two halves, they're in three pieces. One arrangement works with the master key and is present in all locks, the other arrangement differs from lock to lock." ]

[ "You're thinking of the two clocks as ticking like this: |---|---|---|---|---| |----|----|----|----| Both in the same \"direction\", with one ticking slow, and, therefore, necessarily, one ticking fast. But relatively-moving clocks in special relativity don't tick like that. They tick along different \"directions,\" and when you project (i.e., consider what is \"now\") from timeline to another, then each timeline sees the other as running slower. It's like two people both being able to stand on each other's left, if they face different directions. This diagram sort of explains it (but is not quite true to reality, because reality is more complicated than this): _URL_0_ It shows how, from their own perspectives, both the Earth and a muon flying through Earth's atmosphere see the other reference frame as running slow." ]

[ "Kingdom Hearts has a ridiculously convoluted story. There's a video [here](_URL_0_) that explains the timeline of all the games and how they interact." ]

[ "A big one is, well, most of the bible. Was there a united monarchy? If so, what did it look like? Is there something behind the Exodus narrative, or is it a myth to give the Israelites a history separate from the other Canaanite groups?" ]

[ "yes, though it's very difficult to recognize, diagnose or verify that what they are experiencing is the same as what humans do. dogs specifically are treated for anxiety, ptsd, depression and other similar problems. again, there's little concrete proof that they are experiencing the same things in the same way, but they do exhibit the same symptoms" ]

[ "Because they recognize things that are not a threat, and they don't recognize people. Think of how comfortable you are around airplanes and helicopters, but what if an alien spaceship came along." ]

[ "When you become flustered you get more adrenaline. That means a faster heart rate. That means more blood isgoing through your body fasterer. Making your skin redish due to swelling. [7]" ]

[ "It's just one of the things we simply don't know. A known thing is that rapid temperature changes can trigger a vasovagal response. Also, holding ice behind the ear can be seen as a type of cold pressor test, a test that actively targets the sympathetic nervous system. Since the vagus nerve predominantly consists of parasympathetic nerve fibers, holding ice behind the ears constricts the blood vessels through sympathetic pathways." ]

[ "Does anyone know if diners in the 60s - 80s were also decked out in 50s style? (I can remember the 90s, plus, 20 year rule). Did diners just get \"stuck\" at some point in the 50s and never change?" ]

[ "That's the time span over which the material was produced. In software you would see that if version 1.0 was written in 2000 and the most recent version or update was written in 2015." ]

[ "A bit of both. There was a lower permanent population density before white settlement which is an important factor. However, historians have shown that many tribes did not have the same consumption and land use beliefs and behaviors as Europeans. Each tribe had its own practices as well. Additionally, there is the myth that the Native Americans lived in a pristine environment when Europeans arrived. Scholars have debunked this concept. Check out these books for more on this topic Changes in the Land by William Cronon The Ecological Indian by Shephard Krech The California Indians and their Environment by Kent Lightfoot The Destruction of the Bison by Andrew Isenberg" ]

[ "I would recommend reading historian D. C.A. Hillman's book,*The Chemical Muse: Drug Use and the Roots of Western Civilization*, in which he provides numerous primary sources and historical accounts of physicians doing things like prescribing opium, sedatives, and narcotics. His historical hypothesis (albeit a far-fetched one) is that the free and open use of drugs in the ancient Greek and Roman societies constituted an integral element of a free society, and may have favorably developed the course of Western civilization." ]

[ "Basically, much like with a wired connection, where your data is transmitted through a medium (usually copper or fiber if you're lucky), wireless internet works by sending/receiving radio waves at a certain frequency (usually 2.4Ghz or 5.0Ghz) to and from your wireless router and the wireless card located inside your computer/phone/etc. The frequencies are used to set a standard radio wave that both ends are sending and receiving constantly--waiting for something to change. The data is transmitted and received by converting binary data (1's and 0's) into a change in amplitude (ie. maximum amount of oscillation) or change in frequency (ie. how many cycles per second). This is known as modulation if transmitting and demodulation if receiving. The modulation combines the carrier signal and converted data together. (It's a lot like how radio works) Source: Networking Fundementals 2nd Edition" ]

[ "\"magic\". This question is repeatedly asked. You need to ask more specific questions as there are a lot of things to answer." ]

[ "You knock someone out by making their head shake violently. Easiest way to do this from the front is to hit it in the jaw, which protrudes a bit and can cause the head to rotate a bit as it snaps back, or in the temple which shakes the head side to side very rapidly. The chin isn't the weak spot, just sticks out a bit from the face and is easy to catch at just the right angle to snap the other guys head around a bit." ]

[ "You said it... instinctively. As to how that came to be? Evolution. Animals which attacked weak points on their prey or predators were more successful, bred more, and they're the ancestors of the animals we know today. Evolution is an arms race, and having an advantage means your genes get to keep going." ]

[ "> Is it considered a cell? An organism? It doesn't meet the usual definition of a cell (and thus an organism). It also doesn't have cytoplasm, the bacteria/archea it injects its DNA/RNA into does. As for levels of organization, it has a number of things. It varies a bit depending on which class you're looking at. There are two classes with RNA, the other 17 use DNA. The genomes can be circular or linear. Five of them have [an envelope](_URL_1_). They have a [capsid \\(head\\)](_URL_2_), a collar, sheath, tube, and base plate (collectively, the tail), and spikes and fibers. They're pretty [cool looking](_URL_0_). > I understand that there is a debate if it is living or not I've actually never personally met someone that thinks viruses are living. Most people I've had that discussion with view them as [replicators](_URL_3_)." ]

[ "Yes, there are a few in the pipelines, the oldest research is around phage, or phage technology. This was started in Russia and according to wikipedia is was researched and still is from as far back as 1922, I remember reading about in the 90's. Still haven't heard of anything commercial though - _URL_0_ There are other methods that are much more recent as well. I don't know of any in commercial use though." ]

[ "Most of the neurotransmitters that travel throughought the nervous system/body are made in and reside in the stomach. Neurotransmitters make us feel things. Certain ones make us feel good, bad, anxoius, nervous, itchy, happy, sad, pain.... so on and so on... (examples of neurotransmitters are serotonin, dopamine, tryptophan, epinepherine (adrenaline), histamine, ...there are lots more) I think I once read that like 80% of neurotransmitters are made in the gut.. Thats alot! Im sure this also has alot to do with terms like \"go with your gut\" \"follow your gut instinct\" etc. edit: u/sdmarylou (their response below) also confirms the 80% statistic. I'm sure someone will provide a much more scientific and in depth answer but i would bet this has a lot to do with it." ]

[ "I am by no way at all a scientist or veterinarian but I have been working with dogs for over a decade. I spent a lot of time as a dog handler is a large off leash facility and the first thing I taught myself was to leave everything at the door before I went in. If something was happening in my personal life or my boss was pissing me off to put me in a bad mood the dogs would sense it right away. If I was sad or upset the dogs would he sympathetic and try to cheer me up by showing off or trying to get my attention. If I was angry the less dominant dogs would keep their dostance and the stronger willed dogs would push back or act up. I have always loved how intuitive dogs are and how much they can connect with us as humans." ]

[ "the comment section has been fucked up for a while. as you've probably noticed, you can downvote comments but this feature hasn't worked for at least a year. top comments also don't get featured for the amount of upvotes they get, though while it is a factor, the top comments get ranked on how 'hot' it is through how many replies it has gotten. that's why you never normally see a comment without a bunch of replies. blame google+ for that. with that in mind, to answer your question, it's simply because people comment negative aspects about the video more than the positive aspects, and this creates a reaction through the replies, thus making the top comment list. more like a domino effect." ]

[ "It's not that a lot of primes are like that, it's that those are the primes that are easiest to find. Checking that an arbitrary number isn't prime is pretty slow, for sufficiently big numbers (like that one), but for certain classes of numbers, there are shortcuts available (and, in particular, you can pick certain classes of numbers where it's more likely to actually turn out to be prime), so they tend to be the ones focused on." ]

[ "In a gas, the thermal motion of molecules is fast enough to overcome the intermolecular forces that you have in condensed matter (= liquids and solids). Therefore, the stronger these forces are, the higher the boiling point of the substance. Noble gases have extremely weak interatomic forces because they have completely filled electronic shells. Within the noble gases, these forces are weaker the lighter the element. This is why Helium has the lowest boiling point of all known substances. For molecular substances, as a general guideline: - polar molecules - > high boiling point, due to the force between the electric dipole moments - heavy molecules - > high boiling point, because it takes lots of kinetic energy to get them moving. In metals and ionic compounds, you have very strong forces in the solid, therefore these materials tend to stay solid up to very high temperatures." ]

[ "[Phases of Ice](_URL_0_) You can get different forms of ice above 100C but pressures would need to be very high." ]

[ "Those people struggled just as much as we do in modernity. Why do you think they struggled less?" ]

[ "First off there's a wide variety of modern concrete. The portland cement part of concrete is the same but what you add to it and the water/cement ratio can vary quite a bit depending on what properties you want out of your concrete. Roman concrete had volcanic ash added to it. That's similar to modern concrete that has fly ash added to it. Pozzolan (Roman volcanic ash) might wind up being superior to modern fly ash for a couple of very boring reasons involving cement chemistry that I will skip here. They've known about that both from chemical analysis of Roman cement and from records that survived from Roman times." ]

[ "Maintaining a near constant temperature is known as *homeostasis*, and doing so is known as *thermoregulation*. While the main \"controller\" of thermoregulation in the brain is the *preoptic anterior hypothalamus*, there are a number of mechanisms that actually cause changes in temperature. Sweating, vasodilation (sending more blood to the skin), and flattening the hair on the skin, can be used to cool down. The reverse (less sweating, less blood, hair standing up) can help warm the body, along with shivering or the burning of fat energy." ]

[ "Roughly, blood runs through two circuits : it's called double circulation. The right ventricle pumps non-oxygenated blood to the lungs, and the left ventricle pumps the oxygenated blood into the body. The left ventricle needs more powerful muscles to do that, which makes the heart shift towards left." ]

[ "I haven't read Dawkins book, but it's worth bearing in mind that from what I have come across of his concept that religious features amount to cultural \"genes\" of, as you say \"of self-replicating traits to survive through the ages\" simply has no bearing whatsoever on the development of Islam or Islamic law. Looking for the \"reasons\" behind why certain groups in Islam fold their hands one way in prayer and another keeps their hands at their sides, to give one such example, is not going to be a fruitful exercise in the study of comparative religion. As it is, the history of the origin and development of Islam, let alone Christianity and Judaism, is quite an expansive question. As in, it's literally an entire field of study. To put it in national terms, imagine asking \"What do we know about the history of France?\" Are there any particular aspects of this that you wanted to know about?" ]

[ "This is a pretty common question here; here's some links from the FAQ: _URL_2_ _URL_4_ and a few others that have been posted over the years: _URL_3_ _URL_1_ _URL_0_ Most posts agree that it is largely a post-war pop phenomenon with fairly little evidence to support it." ]

[ "I use three separate products. Since an all in one has conflicting jobs, it can't work as well. But if you aren't too picky, an all in one it will work well enough. Mixing stand alone products will be even less effective." ]

[ "Imagine you are made of genetic soup. Some people have ingredients that just don't go well together and make the soup taste bad. But that's ok, because when you have a kid, we just take some of my soup and some of my wife's soup and pour it in together. So even though my soup has some bad ingredients, her ingredients can cancel them out - and some of my ingredients can cancel out her bad ingredients. But what if I had a kid with my sister? She has all the same bad ingredients I do (because we were made from the same batch) and so the soup will taste just as bad if not worse. Now imagine that for generations, my family has just been reusing the same ingredients time and time again. That soup is going to be awful." ]

[ "It's complete hogwash. Nothing happens when you microwave (pure) water other than it gets warmer. There's no way of telling, even in theory, whether or not some quantity of water has been microwaved in the past or not. I'm afraid you won't find any articles in Scientific American, because they don't usually bother to run articles debunking things at this level of absurdity." ]

[ "The nature of radiation is such that its effects are random. This is part of the reason that it can be so harmful. Since the damage caused varies so much, it is difficult to counteract. Radiation causes harm by mutating DNA. Most mutations either have no effect or just cause a cell to die, but some cause runaway replication, which we call cancer. Mutations that occur in germ cells (those that produce sperm or eggs) can be passed on to offspring, and may manifest themselves as birth defects. A Google search for \"Chernobyl birth defects\" will show you that such defects have indeed occurred, and are unfortunately not \"Hollywood imagination\" at all." ]

[ "It's not exactly what I'd call common, but it's not impossible. You can basically sue anyone at any time for anything. This doesn't mean that the judge won't just throw your case out of court though. I'm fairly certain that's what's going to happen here. Nothing will be accomplished except for a waste of time for the sake of a publicity stunt." ]

[ "I once cleaned the offices of a local law firm, fairly successful, but quite small. In one room was their records. Apparently they had a case against Coca Cola. There were well over 100 3\" binders FULL of paperwork dedicated to this ONE case. I am talking bookshelves FULL of binders labeled \"X versus Coca Cola\". I can only imagine what would happen if a large company with more staff dedicated an equal percentage of effort to a case." ]

[ "About 10% of the time you have a bowel movement and often when you floss your teeth you get a transient bacteraemia, i.e. bacteria circulating in your blood. Your immune system manages to clear them which is why we don't all die of sepsis." ]

[ "This video created by Vsauce 3 (Jake Roper) does a very good job explaining this: _URL_1_ I hope this answers your question. He also did another video on a simmilar line of - could you survive: _URL_0_" ]

[ "The atmosphere comments are true for sure. But also consider that the Earth surface has been hit by many millions of asteroids. You see them on the moon because there is no weather/water/vegitation to erode the surface and no plate tectonics to recycle the crust. The Earth has all of these and is constantly recycling its surface. There are craters on the moon that are billions of years old. There were asteroid impacts on Earth billions of years ago also, but they have been erased from history by the natural recycling of our crust. Pretty awesome!" ]

[ "What you're looking at is Half Dome in Yosemite National Park in California. The geologic name for this is an arête and forms due to glacial processes. The orientation of this image is kind of an optical illusion. Looking at it from [a different angle](_URL_0_), you can see that it's more of a linear ridge than a \"half dome\". These form when you have two adjacent glaciers on either side of the ridge moving past the rock and eroding the material away. The intense erosional capacity of glaciers slices through the rock and forms a ridge known as an arête. If this happens on three sides you get something called a horn, which is how the [Matterhorn](_URL_1_) in the Swiss Alps formed." ]

[ "Here [are some eyewitness accounts](_URL_0_). The website is in Russian but Google Translate does a decent job of translating." ]

[ "Hi, I've approved the post, but just a note to you and potential respondents: this subreddit has a 20-year rule against discussing current events, so any answers will have to cut off at 1997. If you're looking for answers that can include 1998-2012, do consider x-posting elsewhere, eg. a foreign affairs sub like /r/geopolitics" ]

[ "Because everyone is on equal footing, regardless of actual knowledge and expertise. Yes, the experts *tend* to be the ones who care most about the articles and write and defend them, but it's not always the case. Wikipedia can have definite biases. Take the page on [marijuana](_URL_0_) (cannabis). The hivemind mentality is very strong. There is excruciating detail on how to use weed, various methods employed, and so forth. The tone of the article is very much pro-marijuana. Information on its detrimental effects are given short shrift." ]

[ "The guidelines state that although we shouldn't argue about what is considered an acceptable answer, we *should* try to have elementary school answers. In my opinion, your top-level post should definitely be an elementary style answer. More detail should then be added in a reply, if you're going to add it at all. I agree with you that we should have simple answers to complicated questions, but we should also do our best to follow the subreddit's guidelines. The answers are what make ELI5 great, and we should keep them that way." ]

[ "Well according to this source, it takes 150 gallons of water to make one pound of corn. Given that a cow can eat thousands of pounds per month, this water cost can add up very fast. Other than the feed, I don't think cows require much water, but I could be wrong. _URL_0_" ]

[ "They did not think about this prior to launch. Later, when curiosity was already on Mars, they started thinking that weather could carry microbes for a couple of km and started to get worried. Curiosity's path was adjusted to avoid slopes that are thought to have liquid water intermittently. _URL_0_ > experts at JPL and NASA headquarters in Washington DC are calculating how long the remaining microbes could survive in Mars’s harsh atmosphere — as well as what weather conditions could transport them several kilometres away and possibly contaminate a water seep. “That hasn’t been well quantified for any mission,” says Vasavada. And a small correction, there is no category V for rovers on Mars, areas with potentially liquid water are just IVc. Category V means samples returning to Earth, this is backwards contamination and it has a tougher status in the Outer Space Treaty." ]

[ "Junk food is not some homogeneous thing. What are you eating? You'll lose weight, regardless." ]

[ "It minimizes the ability of your curves to cast shadows on other parts of the body, and falls off more easily into the lighting behind you. By providing fewer references, our eyes lose visual cues as to how \"wide\" the subject is. Edit: In addition, it creates an optical 'void' that appears to pull the edges in around it as your brain tries to fill it in with something that it knows; it's a standard optical illusion." ]

[ "Evolution co-opts structures that are already available to it for new purposes. Not everything about our makeup is there because it is the best possible design, but often because it was a functional design that was easier to stumble onto through a series of gradual accidents than a better but more complex design would have been." ]

[ "Words that often appear together are called \"collocations\", and it's simply the way we've learned them. We tend to process them as indivisible units -- phrases, rather than separate words. For example, when we say \"apples and oranges\", we're not thinking of two different kinds of fruit and then putting them in a list; we're using the phrase \"apples-and-oranges\" as a single thing, a metaphor for things that shouldn't be compared to each other. If you were listing the fruit sold by a local greengrocer, you could list apples and oranges in any order -- usually, the order they occur to you: \"He's got... oranges... and apples... and bananas... and grapefruit...\"" ]

[ "Also worth noting that some 3D Film projections aren't vertically/horizontally polarised, but rather circularly polarised in different directions (otherwise the effect wouldn't work if you turned your head)." ]

[ "Prologic works by flipping the phase on the audio meant for the rear channel. The decoder works like this: * any audio this is present on both the left and right channel and is in phase, is routed to the center speaker. * any audio that is present on both the left and right channel but is out of phase is routed to the rear speaker. * any audio that is only on the left stays on the left. * any audio that is only on the right stays on the right. EDIT: If you don't know what phase means. Audio is air moving back and forth. Speakers make audio by moving back and forth. Audio is encoded as voltage that swings from positive to negative. So when we say that audio is on both the left and right channels but 'out of phase' that means one speaker is pushing the air while the other speaker is pulling the air. In practice you can have the left and right be out of phase and you won't really notice. But the ProLogic decoder can tell and thus can route the out of phase audio to the rear speaker." ]

[ "When a human foetus (sorry, british) is conceived, (sperm meets egg, and they get together and start multiplying) those first cells are called *stem cells*. They are important because they are all the same- they haven't turned into brain cells, blood cells or anything else yet. They will end up replicating other cells which eventually specialise (sorry again, british), but they basically have the potential to become anything. Stem cell research is basically where scientists take stem cells at this stage, and look at them. The reason they're important is because with the right techniques, medical science can fix really big problems, like genetic disorders and cancer, using them. Some people are worked up about it because of \"Pro-Life\" reasons- most stem cells are taken from embryos at an early stage of development, and to some people, that is like ripping a living baby from its mother, killing it, and dissecting it." ]

[ "We are already doing it! Engineered proteins have been made on an industrial scale for ~ 30 years in the biopharma industry. The first recombinant protein treatment was approved by the fda in 1982 _URL_0_" ]

[ "Hallucination, which by the way may affect *all* senses, are pretty much real and experienced by the person as real. We *think* what happens is basically your inner monologue manifesting as *external* stimulus. Basically, when you're thinking to yourself, you're engaging various parts of your brain that represent memories of whatever you're thinking about (be it visual, aural, even smells, touch and taste). With an hallucination, you don't realise it's you manifesting these thoughts. You're experiencing the effects of that -- i.e., your brain drawing on your memories -- but you experience them as *new* stimulus rather than your inner monologue. So it's not really *lying* - it's part of your brain's normal function, but you're perceiving it incorrectly." ]

[ "I'd like to add this. In WWII they retrofitted some Spitfire airplanes with up to 5 cameras that used this exact same principal to take 3D areal recon photos of Europe. The cameras were aligned just right (and pilots trained just right) take take photos that could be put under a special viewing device bringing the image to life in 3D. This was used to bring out details in the images that were previously not seen such as buildings and ships that were disguised to look like trees, etc. It was a difficult process and it took special training for the people who viewed the images. The device used to view the images (that would prolly take all the funny eye work out of the magic eye pictures) is called a stereoscope (seen here) _URL_1_ here is the wiki about the retrofitted spitfire airplanes. _URL_0_" ]

[ "A correlation in statistics becomes a causation when you can find a theory that accurately describes a link between the two. Ice-cream sales and drownings are correlated but there is no causation. The thing that causes the correlation is that people swim more and eat more ice-cream in summer. Drinking and driving is a causation because we have done tests that have shown alcohol to impede senses and slow reaction times. The correlation between drink drivers and traffic accidents is evidence to support the hypothesis, rather than actual direct evidence. Furthermore, if you did a control test with the first example where you measured drownings between people who did an didn't eat ice-cream, you probably wouldn't find any correlation at all. If you did a control test where you put a group of people who had and hadn't been drinking though the same test to measure their reactions to traffic hazards, you would find a correlation." ]

[ "I believe that this answers your question and explains the fallacy in this comic quite nicely: _URL_0_" ]

[ "Others have mentioned the circadian rhythm which is most of it, but other factor is more mundane: Confirmation Bias. When you wake up just minutes before your alarm, that's remarkable, and so you think about it and remember it. But when your alarm wakes you up, that's just another morning and there's nothing special to remember. So, when you look back, all you can remember is times that it happened, and like a vague sense that sometimes it doesn't. So, you wind up thinking it happens far more often than it actually does." ]

[ "Simply put for the same reason drinking water when you're not thirsty isn't as refreshing as when you're REALLY thirsty. Anticipating the bodies' needs doesn't trigger the same reward responses in the brain as fulfilling a need that is already present. Your muscles don't NEED to stretch right now, so you can't anticipate that need and expect the same reward as when you muscles are telling your brain they really need to move right now." ]

[ "> In 2008, a colony of bumble bees was discovered on Mount Everest at more than 5,600 metres above sea level, the highest known altitude for an insect. In subsequent tests some of the bees were still able to fly in a flight chamber which recreated the thinner air of 9,000 metres. [ Organisms at high altitude]( _URL_0_)" ]

[ "It might just be your perception: you notice them buzzing around your face (the part of you with all the sensory organs) more than you notice them buzzing around your leg." ]

[ "Grisly as it is, victorious armies putting cities to the torch for much of history isn't unheard of. Empires like the Assyrians exacted overwhelmingly brutal retribution on rebellious cities or territories to scare others into submission, and even groups as late as the Wermacht in WWII would use mass reprisal to try and crush dissent, in the Mongols case many think that by spreading such terror of them more cities would surrender without a fight. So the idea of the Mongols butchering a city isn't outlandish in itself, although maybe the numbers were inflated by a degree -killing an entire population that large by hand is extremely difficult even for a group as organized and efficient as the Mongols. The numbers could be rather high of course, but it's perfectly within reason to believe the Khan did have his army slaughter an enormous number of civilians in the city." ]

[ "when people die of fentanyl being cut into heroin, the consumers think that \"this guy died doing it, so the dealers heroin must be crazy.\" This way the dealer sells more and more money is made. Its an unethical and immoral technique but they donts cares." ]

[ "Great question, but it's complicated, because different infections trigger the immune system to different amounts. Sometimes, what kills a person isn't the infection itself, but the immune response to that infection. In those cases, it's better to have a slightly weaker immune response; the response will still be strong enough to fight the infection, but not so strong as to cause you harm. Another thing that will make a difference is how severe the infection gets. A minor infection will trigger a lesser response, but if those bacteria or viruses grow out of control, this will trigger a big response, with worse symptoms. You could be experiencing milder symptoms because you're controlling the infection at an earlier stage...or because your body is taking a more measured, less aggressive response to controlling the infection. It's hard for me to say without samples." ]

[ "It's not that healing happens faster at night, but it happens in a more efficient manner. Your body does a full maintenance at night repairing many tissues, regulating hormones, as well as the immune system gaining strength during sleeping hours. There have been [studies](_URL_0_) linking decreased sleep to decreased immune response [Here](_URL_1_) is a nice overview of the what the body is doing at night. Interestingly enough, many supplements you can purchase even take advantage of this nightly reboot such as casein protein and fish oil supplements. So the idea of healing at night is not only true, but extremely important for general health and immune strength." ]

[ "HIV can survive only a few hours outside the body, and that is in a favorable environment. The virus is incredibly fragile, and cannot survive long in acidic environments, including inside an orange. Additionally, it is almost impossible to have AIDS orally transmitted unless there exists an open wound in the mouth of the recipient. The virus cannot cross through the oral epithelium, and upon reaching the stomach, is instantly destroyed." ]

[ "Kind of a compound answer. I'm assuming you mean you just brushed your teeth and now are about to chug a glass of OJ. Toothpaste is an emulsion and contains surfactants. The surfactants allow the toothpaste to become foamy when some water/spit is mixed in. Those surfactants effect one particular taste sensor, sweetness. It sort of molecularly blocks these receptors temporarily. So you've lost the sweet taste category of OJ. The second compounding reason is that the phospholipids (fats) in your mouth, on your tongue and cheeks and gums are broken down by those surfactants, allowing them to become more liquid and spit out when you're rinsing your toothpaste out. Phospholipids help block the bitter sensors in your traste buds. Without them, you'll taste more bitterness. So, you've lost your sweet sensors (temporarily) and you've amplified your bitter sensors (temporarily), making OJ just pretty gross." ]

[ "The real question here is why George Lucas went with \"rocks on hollow metal pipe\" for the sound of plasma weapons in his movies. Lasers don't make a sound." ]

[ "Edited: I have heard two things... * Rockets sent up to record various aspects of the test. * Vertical smoke flares which are used to observe the shockwave Edit 2: [Seems like it is a combination of the two](_URL_0_): > Sounding rockets or smoke flares may be launched just before a device explodes so that their vapor trails may be used to record the passage of the otherwise invisible shock wave." ]

[ "Unless they are perfectly perpendicular to our line of sight in their orbits, they will still cause a small periodic radial velocity shift, and could be detected through the star's spectrum. They could also be imaged directly, but that is difficult." ]

[ "Absolutely. That's how we have radio, infrared, UV, etc telescopes. The coating you use to optimally reflect the wavelength you're interested in changes, but the physics is the same. For example, the upcoming [James Webb Space Telescope](_URL_1_) has gold coated mirrors, because gold optimally reflects the infrared wavelengths the telescope will operate at. The only real problem is at very short wavelengths (high energies). Shorter than UV, X-ray and gamma rays are rather difficult to reflect, so mirror design has to change. Essentially, at those high energies, the mirrors can't really reflect things at 90 degrees or so like we're used to, they only work at grazing reflections of ~2 degrees. So X-ray telescopes end up designed looking like [this](_URL_0_) with very grazing mirrors." ]

[ "It means that voting on the comment was controversial, meaning there were both a good number of upvotes as well as downvotes to arrive at that score." ]

[ "All the formatting instructions are held in a seperate file so that each page can have the same look and feel. These files are called cascading style sheets (.css) and if they fail to load for any reason, it causes the site to revert to a very basic plain text look" ]

[ "Everyone is born in an egg. Just some species keep the eggs inside mommy till they hatch and some pop the egg out early to hatch in the nest." ]

[ "There was a genetic mutation about 8,000 years ago that allowed humans to keep consuming milk into adulthood. It made the domestication of dairy cows possible, and made the populations who had the mutation a *lot* more survivable in harsh climates. Later, into modern times, that mutation led to a lot of very delicious cuisine options (everybody loves pizza), and people who can't digest dairy products straight up still have ways to eat them through various ways like lactose-free milk and digestive aids." ]

[ "The big difference is metabolism. Benzene is metabolized, to a small extent, to a reactive epoxide that can alkylate DNA (likely via the sort of intercalation mentioned by u/croutonicus). Toluene, though, is very easily oxidized on its methyl group to benzoic acid, which is excreted harmlessly through several routes." ]

[ "If you drink coffee every day to wake yourself up in the morning, you will eventually become addicted. How would this contribute to you becoming addicted to alcohol, tobacco or methamphetamines? They're completely different drugs with different effects, different feelings and, most importantly, different chemistry in the body. Similarly, if somebody gets addicted to heroin, why would they end up addicted to coffee?" ]

[ "There is a very good answer to this by /u/commiespaceinvader from about a year ago: [Is it true that Hitler, Stalin, Trotsky, Tito, Freud, and Archduke Franz Ferdinand were all living in Vienna in the summer of 1913?](_URL_0_)" ]

[ "Karachi (largest city in Pakistan) is currently experiencing some large problems; both in crime, and politically. This is in part due to [Altaf Hussain](_URL_0_) who is the founder and leader of the [Muttahida Quami Movement](_URL_1_) - a political party in pakistan based in the city of Karachi. The problems surrounding the party are complicated, but politics in Pakistan is often dangerous business involving murder and corruption. A large part of the Muttahida Quami Movement and the leader himself (Altaf Hussain) live in the UK due to fear of personal safety. **TL;DR**: Karachi is politically and criminally chaotic much like Gotham, except there is no one to help (someone like Batman) and the leader of the group of people causing these problems (the Joker) lives in London." ]

[ "The sound of an instrument is a function of a lot of factors: in built harmonics, resonance etc. However the *shape* of the waveform is critical in producing a characteristic sound. It sounds like you're assuming a sinusoidal wave form in your question. They generate a pure 'tone'. Play with audacity and you can generste some yourself. Howeve actual wave forms look somewhat different: like saw teeth, with the rising or falling edge more vertical, or square or triangular wave forms. They also have harmonics overlaid on them. It's these features that give each instrument it's unique sound, even though they may be playing in the same pitch and volume." ]

[ "Cell towers do in fact transmit the same information to every cellphone in range. However, the data is encrypted, so that only the correct phone can understand the information meant for that particular phone. Each phone gets a time slot where the data sent is for that phone, and each phone gets a time slot where it can send data back. The data the phone sends back can also be heard by other phones in range, but again, the data is encrypted so that only the cell tower understands it. Wi-fi routers work the same way, and this is one of the reasons the speeds decrease the more people on a tower/router, even if the signal strength seems fine. Every device needs to take its turn to send and receive." ]

[ "I could be dead wrong on this when it comes to video game makers' intentions, but IRL most cars have less than perfect steering unless you just drove a brand new one off the lot. They'll slowly but surely veer off to either the left or right even on a perfectly flat roadway." ]

[ "Depends on the way the online stuff is done. It's either server side calculations, where you pressing the button sends a message to the server along the lines of \"hey he pressed shoot, tell me what happened please\" or client side which is \"hey he pressed a button so I figure the bullet went here and hit that guy, please let everyone else know\"." ]

[ "One major part of viking colonization was their ability and propensity of adapting quickly to the places they settle (taking local wives, learning the local language, etc). So vikings who settled in Britannia often adapted to the local customs, mixing their own culture with that of the place they were settling. That being said, I can't directly address how the cultures diverged, but that's a way to think about the viking conquests and settlements." ]

[ "Most people copy ideas. If the tribe A comes up with a good idea, then tribe B next door will copy it. Or tribe A's good idea may make it powerful enough to conquer tribe B and force them to adopt their idea. Isolated communities may not be exposed to outsiders' ideas (like modern technology) so they don't copy them like most other groups. Secondly, some areas aren't well-suited to a modern lifestyle. Some areas aren't suitable for agriculture (like the Arctic) so hunting and gathering is the most viable way to survive." ]

[ "lungs actually evolved from a sack attached to the esophagus of fish that allowed them to get air from the atmosphere when the oxygen content of the water was low. The thin, blood vessel filled membrane of the \"sack\" allowed oxygen to diffuse into the bloodstream, and over many generations as the need to get oxygen from the air/ the advantage of doing so increased, the sack evolved into lungs. Source: _URL_0_" ]

[ "If you're really asking 'why', no one knows. Luck. Chance. Possibly something else entirely. It's a deeply philosophical question. If you're asking how, tools. Tools made the difference. Humans were lucky enough to learn to use tools, to develop fire. That was what pushed us into the dominant position." ]

[ "This just happened, like literally just happened. It takes time for aid to be raised and distributed. Additionally there will probably not be much international aid. Canada is a fairly wealthy country and plenty capable of taking care of its own problems. Most times there are large scale aid campaigns it is when the country or region is not capable of handling the disaster." ]

[ "This is quite simple actually if you study a bit you will realize Target is closing Canadian stores. The stores opening near you are in the U.S. Target's sales in Canada are bad. Target's sales in America are doing great." ]

[ "This is why I never liked Superman. There are three basic plans to defeat superman: 1) Be an evil Superman 2) ridiculously suboptimal choices by Superman 3) Kryptonite It's really difficult to fashion multiple compelling stories out of those options. My guess would be that the Batman script calls for a little of 2 and 3." ]

[ "The difference in speed between the two surfaces is in the thousands of km/h. The test could not occur." ]

[ "Drugs only have effects by making our bodies release or decrease chemicals that we already use on a daily basis. The problem is when you start messing with our natural systems it causes them to change. So for MDMA and cocaine they cause massive releases of chemicals in our brain that give us the stimulated euphoric feeling. The problem is they release so much that our bodies try to compensate by reducing out response to these drugs. After a while our bodies are so \"turned down\" that out normal day to day levels aren't enough and it becomes very difficult to feel good or even to feel normal without the massive doses the drugs are giving you. After time even the large releases from the drugs aren't enough and you have to take more and more. Drugs themselves are not necessarily dangerous but the problem come from changing the way our bodies function. So no there is not really a way to make a drug that will not alter out body chemistry." ]

[ "because there are always going to be people that will be looking out for #1 (aka themselves). distribution is also a big challenge. like aid was sent to africa, it was all taken by the local warlords. short of sending an army platoon to protect and distribute the food, it will be taken by whoever is \"in power\" in the local region." ]

[ "How much money do you suppose gets spent on curing diseases that aren't widely known? What is the advantage to a politician for allocating budget money for grants to pay for research on a disease that nobody knows about?" ]

[ "It's a 'win-win' scenario for both schools. The 'powerhouse' team, like for instance Alabama or Clemson, get an easy win because they're able to use their legacy to recruit better players. The 'unknown' college gets 'free' publicity for playing a well-known school, and if they happen to pull off an upset, then it's a great day for the 'unknown' college." ]

[ "They're not the same service. A financial advisor gives you- I'm sorry- financial advice, about how much of your money to put in the bank, how much to invest in stocks, what kind of insurance you should buy, etc, so that you'll earn the most interest (broadly understood), while still having enough money available for spending when you want it. A bank just holds on to your money for you. They'll typically pay some small amount of interest, but the main service they provide is making it easy to store money and transfer it here and there." ]

[ "to build publicity. reporters aren't following them all the time. in order to get reporters to show up, the person has to announce that they're going to make a major announcement that'll make news." ]

[ "It's a sauce used to cover the taste of the food. Instead of learning to like various grown up foods you avoid it by making them all taste the same" ]

[ "life expectancy and social expectations have pushed back the age of considered maturity in the early 1900's, women would get married before they were 18, and already have kids by then. that's a pretty big responsibility. not to mention that there were wars that young men were drafted into. nowadays, people don't usually leave their parents house until they are 18, and many people wait until their 20's at least to have children. and we haven't had a draft in decades - the last time we had one there was a massive outlash from young people" ]

[ "The biomechanics for bipedalism are very complex. Humans have numerous tiny muscles that exist solely to provide balance and leverage during walking, running and balancing. Replicating the mechanics of a knee joint can be pretty easy. But if it can’t be replicated, say the extensor mechanism that interacts with the arches in your foot to provide balance and complex foot movements necessary for bipedalism, then it has to be replaced with another mechanism (built by humans) that doesn’t work as well. Replicating human biomechanics is tough. I’m a kinesiology major, not an engineer tho." ]

[ "The crushing pressures in the ocean among other things. And how would you remotely operate it? with miles of umbilical cabling or with radio that can only penetrate so far?" ]

[ "It’s like when you’re swimming. I googled it to get a better definition than I could’ve come up with: In the human body, vasoconstriction is what has to generate this coutneracting pressure to keep the blood moving. Underwater, the water does it for you. In short, since the water around you weighs so much more than the air around you, the vertical positioning becomes irrelevant." ]

[ "When light moves from one medium to another, it refracts (distorts). The eye evolved underwater, so it evolved to have fluid inside it so light would move from the water into the eye without refraction. Your eyes have adapted to compensate for the refraction that happens when light goes from the air to the fluid inside your eyes. Underwater that refraction doesn't occur so the compensation ends up distorting the image. Fish would have a similar problem out of water. Since they aren't compensating for the refraction, they would also see a distorted image. Interestingly, since the eye developed underwater it's believed that fish generally have better eyesight than we do, since our eyes are basically underwater eyes that have had to be adjusted (imperfectly) to work on land." ]

[ "mostly because its decay seems to happen into particles that have a lot of background. So it's a very small signal in a sea of noise." ]

[ "We look at galaxies and measure how much visible mass there is. We notice that hmm, there simply isn't enough mass in those stars to hold that galaxy together with gravity. It would need at least 3 times that mass to hold itself together, yet, it seems to be fine. We deduce, then, that there is some form of matter we can't see that makes up that extra 2/3 of the galaxy's mass in order to generate the gravity necessary to hold the galaxy together." ]

[ "Cocaine triggers the release of the adrenaline-like hormone norepinephrine, which causes increased heart rate and blood pressure, and narrowing of blood vessels. Since coronary arteries constrict during cocaine usage, the heart has to work extra hard to pump oxygen and blood. If blood flow to the heart is completely blocked during a cocaine overdose, the user will have a heart attack. When it reaches a crisis state, heart rate and blood pressure will rapidly increase, which can also cause cardiac arrest. If blood vessels in the brain are ruptured or otherwise affected, cocaine users can also have seizures or even strokes. The rise in activity in your body can also cause you to die from overheating (hypertherma). These are the most common ways cocaine kills." ]

[ "Damage *potential* is much, much greater too. Both malicious and accidental." ]

[ "The universe itself is expanding still and doing so faster than the speed of light. Where nothing inside the universe can move faster than the speed of light, the expansion of it can. (In my very limited understanding) Where something was observed at point A and now at point B they can tell that the expansion is X." ]

[ "The formula for the relativistic Doppler shift for EM radiation is, from wikipedia: f = F sqrt( (1-B)/(1+B) ) where F is the frequency in the frame of the source and f is the frequency in the frame of an observer moving relative to the source with velocity B = v/c. For B < 0 the observer is moving towards the source and sees f > F while for B > 0 the observer is moving away from the source and sees f < F. Thus if the source is emitting radio waves and moving towards us, we see higher frequency radiation and if it's moving away from us we see lower frequency radiation (longer wavelength radio waves, not UV rays). Inverting the relation above we get: B = (F^2 - f^2 ) / (F^2 + f^2 ) For radio waves F~10^4 Hz while for visible light f~10^14. Because f > > F we have B~-1. Thus for us to observe visible light from a source emitting radio waves, the source has to be going very close to c. I don't know if there are any astrophysical sources that match that criteria." ]

[ "I think OP is referring to a nevus, the official name for a mole. If you could look at your skin under a microscope, you would see several different types of cells under the surface. One of these cell types is a melanocyte. These cells are responsible for producing melanin, the brownish pigment that gives skin color and are normally dispersed throughout the skin. A mole is caused when a group of these melanocytes forms close together. Mole growth is caused by several factors that include individual genetics and exposure to the sun." ]

[ "[_URL_1_](_URL_0_) says it was [evolved to protect us from viruses.](_URL_2_) *edit: added a better source*" ]

[ "Nope. In Europe the borders of the Roman Empire were largely defined as west of the Rhine river and south of the Danube river, the only real exception to this being the temporary province of Dacia and Moecia in modern Romania. Prague is north of the Danube and not in Dacia." ]

[ "So, I don't know if you know this, but Blackstone did just what you are suggesting. After the housing crash of 2009, they went out and bought up homes in different cities. They put them all under the umbrella of a REIT (real estate investment trust) called \"Invitation Homes\" and then spun it out in an IPO a few years ago. $INVH is the stock symbol. Here's the website: _URL_0_ You can see from the website, they own and rent out 50,000 homes in 13 different areas. The company's total market cap is $6.7 billion. However, it's no where close to controlling a significant part of the housing supply. To do what you are suggesting, you would need just one or two companies to control all the housing in a city. I just don't see it happening. Even if you get down to 10 companies controlling all the housing options, you'll have plenty of competition." ]

[ "I asked my dentist what differentiates toothpaste brands when I was a kid so he pulled out a few different ones and started going over the ingredients. Aside from color, preservatives, flavor etc. there were a few active ingredients: 1) A small amount of soap. This helps dissolve fats. 2) Hydrated silica. This acts as a mild abrasive to help mechanically remove food and germs. 3) Fluoride. This helps strengthen the protective layer on the outside of teeth. From what I remember none of the ingredients had any direct effect on the gums. But keeping your mouth clean helps prevent infections which can harm (among other things) your gums." ]

[ "This is a very common question. You can use search to find [all the other really good answers](_URL_0_ ). This is instant, and faster than ust typing in your question every time. It's a way of cheating elections. Read the others, and then ask a more specific question." ]

[ "HOAs exist, almost completely, because people choose to sign into them. Their authority derives from that. The retired Marine in question agreed to have his home governed by an association of his neighbors. That's an agreement he entered into willingly. His recourse is to try to change the association's mind." ]

[ "You can't get a straight answer because it is hogwash. They are removing nothing from the body that isn't normally getting removed by the liver and other parts of the digestive system." ]

[ "It stays blocked because the lining of your sinuses actually swells up, making your sinuses constrict. The more you blow your nose, the more you irritate that lining, thus leading your sinuses to swell more and further exacerbating your stuffy nose." ]

[ "Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained: 1. [ELI5: what makes pop rocks/popping candy 'pop'? ](_URL_2_) ^(_1 comment_) 1. [ELI5: What makes Pop Rocks pop? ](_URL_0_) ^(_4 comments_) 1. [[ELI5] Why do pop rocks pop in your mouth? ](_URL_1_) ^(_18 comments_)" ]

[ "I wonder this too, because 3-ply is apparently also the standard in Australia, but it's not even available here in the United States." ]

[ "They did a few years back. It was called Olestra, and it was supposed to change the way we eat (or so they claimed). Basically, the stuff was a fat-substitute that the body simply wasn't able to absorb or digest, so it was just passed through the body. Unfortunately, a problem arose with the stuff because you were basically passing an fat-like compound, which is like an oil...which acts like a lubricant in your large bowels. The stuff fell out of popularity when the side-effects of anal leakage became widely known." ]

[ "A lot of primates are good at this, and infamously so in the case of feces-flinging monkeys. It probably relates to adaptations for living in trees, and could easily be an accidental byproduct of those. We have grasping limbs, binocular vision, etc, which are very useful for judging distances and throwing. In the case of humans, there are also obvious benefits in terms of hunting, defence, and so forth, so there are quite possibly specific adaptations related to this skill in addition to what we've inherited from our private ancestors." ]

[ "Math. After we were able to accurately monitor and figure out the body's course it was simply (not that simple) math and physics that told us where it would go. (EX: at day 12 month 5 yr 1981 it was here, on day 27 3rd month yr 1984 it was here, insert big math problem, and we now know that on day 1 month 1 yr 1985 it will be approx here.) TL,DR: Math." ]

[ "The problem here is attempting to substitute 'p=mv' into the equation for the De Broglie Wavlength. The equation 'p=mv' is a relationship that only applies to objects with a nonzero rest mass that are moving slowly compared to the speed of light. Since photons are massless, using any equation for momentum that involves mass is incorrect. Photons do have momentum, which obeys the equation you already have written down: p=h/[wavelength]." ]

[ "When all three colors of cones are excited equally, you see that as white. If you added some extra red light, you would see it as light red. If you then added extra green and blue to balance it out, it would excite all the cones equally again, and it would look like brighter white. If you added more light at the right point between green and blue instead, the red would still be balanced out. There's no difference to our eyes between green light and blue light separately and brighter light at the right point between them. I'm not sure I completely understood all of your questions, so let me know if I missed something." ]

[ "The main reason for the Antarctic vortex is the temperature difference between the land and the ocean. The ocean won't fall below about 3C while the land can get down to -50C or lower. This causes enormous updrafts along the edge which in turn cause the vortex. While I am not sure, the temperature differential between the land and ocean of the other southern landmasses is too small to have this same effect." ]

[ "2 main reasons: Latitude: most of Australia is situated in the [subtropical ridge](_URL_0_) where there is generally high air pressure and low rainfall. Lack of Mountains: Australia is quite flat. Tall mountain ranges cause clouds to form into [rain](_URL_1_)" ]

[ "Imagine air temperature as the speed of the air molecules. The air feels warmer the more often you are hit by a molecule. The farther up you go, the less airpressure there is, which means there are less air molecules in a certain volume. That's why you get hit less often and that's why it is colder." ]

[ "Particals spread out over time (thats why if I sprayed something in one corner, not everyone would smell it at the same time) so over a longer period, the particals move further and further away from the point of origin, and the particals spread thinner and thinner, to the point that you dont notice it anymore." ]

[ "Are you comparing them on the same screen (not just computer screen vs phone screen)? If not, the difference in calibration can be huge. Even if they are being viewed on the same display, the setup of the scanner's color management and the phone camera's color accuracy will provide vary different results." ]

[ "Well for starters you don't get more than one take, if you're performing live and you miss a note you can't just call redo. You are also standing on stage having the sound blasting from giant speakers, not ins a sound tight area with special equipment to pick up and fine tune every little bit of sound. And of course you cant go in and edit a live performance, where when doing as studio recording you can tweak and polish." ]

[ "I think the pit of despair studies on baby monkeys showed that social animals like primates innately crave affection, and become depressed and disturbed without it. _URL_0_" ]

[ "[2-nonenal](_URL_0_) > In the April 2001 issue of the Journal of Investigative Dermatology, Shinichiro Haze, et al. published an article entitled: \"2-Nonenal, Newly Found in Human Body Odor Tends to Increase with Aging\". > In this article they reported on their work which involved the analysis of body odor components collected via headspace gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, from shirts worn for three days by subjects between the ages of 26 and 75. They found that the concentration of many components of body odor were unaffected by age. They found that the concentration of 2-nonenal tended to increase with the age of the subjects, and determined that that 2-nonenal is generated by the oxidative degradation of omega-7 unsaturated fatty acids, such as palmitoleic acid and vaccenic acid, found on the skin surface. As a chromatographer this doesn't sound very fun." ]

[ "You've heard of how traveling faster makes your \"clock\" move slower relative to someone who is moving slower than you? As you move faster through space, you move slower through time, relative to everyone else. It's the same with gravity. Being closer to something with higher \"gravitational potential\" makes your clock move slower than someone who is further away. [Here is the wiki article](_URL_0_) if you want to get all science-y up in this." ]

[ "It is much more complicated than that, and is a very active area of research. A professor at my school, David Eagleman, studies this stuff. He's a complete badass, check him out: _URL_0_ edit: one of his famous experiments involves using magnetic energy to slow the propagation of some signals in the brain, and if done properly it can make you think cause and effect are reversed in some special circumstances. he also dropped grad students from a tall structure with a quickly-blinking watch to see if the fear of death would help them see what the watch was displaying. they couldn't. many biological reactions happen just as fast or faster than nitroglycerin degradation. something like time perception that involves consciousness must by definition be related to higher-order neural networks in the brain." ]

[ "It would have looked like the end of modern-day glaciers. In fact, they were glaciers at the ends. In fact, we are still in the ice age today, as there are still significant parts of the earth covered by ice." ]

[ "**Edit: STSCI people have [posted an explanation](_URL_4_).** There's also a [youtube video](_URL_3_) which explains it around 1:45. The long and short of it is that Hubble was tracking background stars throughout those images, and its orbit around the Earth meant that the comet had noticeable parallax which caused it to get smeared out into the V shape. ~~Was asked a few days ago, my best answer is that it appears to pointer arrows which were left in the .fits image for some unfathomable reason. No other images show the two bars pointing at the nucleus.~~ _URL_4_" ]

[ "Check out /r/HistoryWhatIf and you may find what you're looking for. Search for WWII and you'll find all sorts of possibilities. For this question there really are far too many variables to be able to make serious assumptions. For starters, you would have to define what victory meant for the Axis powers and where the Allies would have been willing to draw the line for surrender." ]

[ "In 1952, Stevenson campaigned on the record of the Democratic Party since 1932. The argument was basically that it would be better to trust the legacy of the New Deal to the party that created it than to the GOP, which they called the \"Party of Hoover.\" The problem with that strategy is that it was the same one from 1948. While it was a very good argument then, Eisenhower had soundly defeated the most conservative element of the Republican Party during the primary and convention process, i.e. that led by Senator Robert A. Taft of Ohio. [Here's a handy poster from the election summarizing most of Stevenson's arguments](_URL_0_)." ]

[ "Some have suggested that it causes dopamine responses. Similar brain mechanics to forms of addiction (alcoholism, smoking, drug abuse etc). _URL_0_" ]

[ "your body releases a chemical to help you fall asleep, when you wake up you are still under it's effects for a few minutes." ]

[ "Randall Munroe, the artist behind _URL_0_, completed an epic and award-winning project called 'Time'. At one point in the story, he [depicted a night scene](_URL_1_). Well, his audience was geeks, so within a hour or so we had determined, by the proper motion of the stars, the location of the planets in the starfield, the location of the sun in the sky and the angle that the stars were moving and a few other points, not only the year, but also the month, and latitude. There was some debate over the longitude until the story revealed the plot (which I will not spoil)." ]

[ "Several reasons: * Better technology. Many chambers were detected by sonar or radar. They would send a signal through the stones and listen for irregular echoes. Today's sonar and radar imaging techniques are better than they were in the past. The equipment is more sensitive, uses different frequencies, and with digital signal processing, they can construct a better, 3D map. Robots can crawl through tinier spaces than ever before. * Different technology. IR and UV cameras that weren't available to the public several years ago are now consumer off-the-shelf technology. Drones can carry cameras to vantage points that were inaccessible before. * Different permissions. You have to get permission from the Government of Egypt to do scientific studies of the pyramids. Over time, the types and locations of research have changed." ]

[ "I think Neil Tyson put it best in this video. Answered this same question for me. _URL_0_ TL;DW we are made of the most abundant chemicals in the universe with carbon being the most reactive chemical known. It makes sense that other life would also have similarities to \"known\" life due to the sheer abundance of these same chemicals/elements." ]

[ "Doctors know which antibiotics to prescribe because medical lab specialists perform a series of tests (eg. a serology test checks the patient's blood for antibodies against a specific strain of pathogen). Lab workers use complex but linear test schematics to narrow down what the infection could be. These tests are performed based on patient history. Large studies have been performed, and continue to be performed, to figure out what dose of which antibiotic is the most effective for each classified infection. Aiding in drug choice is the fact that microbiologists have a thorough understanding of cellular function in microbes, and how each drug disrupts those functions." ]

[ "Yes, all else being equal. The hypothalamus sets your body's temperature set point, which is the temperature it tries to maintain at steady state. To generate heat, the [tonus of the muscles](_URL_0_) will increase. If the body can't get warm enough, tonus will increase until the muscles cause shivering. The energy to generate this tonus comes from burning sugars and fats in the body, using up carbon to produce ATP to run the muscles with. This burning produces CO2 and H2O, which you exhale and eliminate. edit: Btw, this constant tonus, which is present even when you don't have a fever, is what makes a warm bath or sauna feel so relaxing. The warmth makes your muscles relax because they don't need to remain in tension to produce heat to warm the body." ]

[ "Your cells have ion channels whose permeability to certain ions is influenced by temperature. By changing the permeability of the channels you change the electrochemical gradient of the cell which can easily be translated into an action potential. Really they aren't directly measuring the speed of molecules, they're measuring the change in electrochemical gradients. In fact the reason that capsaicin feels hot is because it interacts with the channels and makes them more permeability so your cells think they are burning. Similarly menthol feels cold because it decreases the permeability of the channels so your cells think they are getting colder. Disclaimer: Animal Physiology was kind of a long time but if there's one thing that that professor convinced me of it is that your entire perception of the university boils to changes in ion channels." ]

[ "Wikipedia tells me about 20% of our calorie usage is for brain metabolism. You are aware that our brains evolved to be so large only after our ancestors managed to increase their calorie intake, likely due to master of fire." ]

[ "It's called [mind-wandering](_URL_0_). It's long been thought that the [default mode network](_URL_1_) is what drives this. This network refers to a number of regions in the brain which show greater activity when people are not engaged in any active task (or are engaged in an easier relative to harder task). The idea with the default mode network is that these regions are active when you're at rest and not doing anything specific, and become suppressed when you engage in a specific task. Have a look through those Wikipedia articles, they're both pretty good, and feel free to ask more specific questions." ]

[ "Bacteria have a primitive form of sexual reproduction where they extend a long sharp pillus into another bacterium and exchange DNA on a ring. This gives advantages of sharing genetic information for biological weapons and biological resistance. Later, in multicellular organisms, some cells became specialised in this mixing of genes giving rise to sexual cells (like sperm and eggs) in which the benefits of mixing and sharing genetics in the population overcame problems of having to find other organisms and do the deed. Thus sexual reproduction became the most common form in multicellular organisms." ]

[ "We get copies of genes from both our parents. Many really bad issues tend to only be bad if you get two bad copies, because if *even one* copy is fatal, then that particular illness isn't very likely to be passed on and goes extinct. So if you have two unrelated parents, and one of them has a bad copy that causes some illness, and they have kids, then any of those kids has a chance to get that bad copy too. Now each of those kids might have a bad copy and a good copy, and if they have kids together, that increases the chances they both give a bad copy to their kid. If the kid gets two bad copies, they get the bad result." ]

[ "Most are artists renderings based on what we know is where, being on one of the out arms of our galaxy we can take pictures looking in toward the center fairly easy, but the rest is mostly speculation based on what we know and pictures of other spiral type galaxies. Also, the color in photos of space is added after, the pictures don't actually come with all those amazing colors." ]

[ "I’m not a scientist, so I can’t explain like you’re 5. However, it’s a combination of a few things. Space is empty, so there’s nothing to interfere with the signal, unless a satellite momentarily dips behind a planet. Basically there’s a network of satellites around Mars that pick up a signal from the ground on Mars, then relay back to a network of massive satellite dishes on earth that are tuned to only hear those signals. It’s all a part of the [Deep Space Network](_URL_0_) and unfortunately we can’t fit those in our phones or tunnels." ]

[ "If the light has sufficient power (irradience W/m^2 ) then it can ionize the air. That is, the molecules in the air will break apart into molecular cores and free electrons. This is what happens when you see a lightning flash. Ionized air is very conductive -- like a wire. Ionized air is also very hot. This instantaneous heating of air produces a pressure wave that flows away from the heating source, producing a sound. If the ionized region of air is small, you hear a small crack. This is exactly what happens when you hear the sound of a spark. If the ionized region is large you hear a BIG crack -- think \"thunder\". So yes, it is possible for a laser to make a noise. [Here is an example.](_URL_0_)" ]

[ "Imagine you wanted to send a digital file to a friend of yours, but all you have is a telephone and the binary data contents of the file. You tell your friend \"when I say beep you write down 1, when I say boop, you write down 0\", and then you read the contents of the file to him over the phone \"beep beep boop boop beep boop beep boop boop boop beep\" etc etc. It takes _weeks_ to do, but it works. So you invent a little box that can say the beeps and boops faster than your mouth can say them, and give your friend a little box that can hear the beeps and boops and write them down very fast. This works pretty well, and you realize you can make it go so fast that the beeps and boops happen very very quickly, so quickly that to your human ear it just sounds like hissing." ]

[ "You have to be a bit careful regarding apologism with Hans von Luck as well, but his *Panzer Commander* is an interesting read as a counterpart to Guderian's work. He served all over Europe--Poland, France, North Africa, Russia, Italy, and back to France for Normandy and Falaise. It has more than a whiff of the \"Clean Wehrmacht\" about it, but it does offer an insight into another aspect of armored warfare in WWII." ]

[ "Hi, I have some book recommendations on my profile page here: _URL_0_ From that list I'd say these would be useful: * N.A.M. Rodger, *The Wooden World: An Anatomy of the Georgian Navy*: An accessible introduction to the navy of the mid-18th century, while still providing substantial detail. Establishes Rodger's interest in organizations and organizational history as a way to drive the conversation about navies and their successes or failures. * Patrick O'Brian, *Men-of-War: Life in Nelson's Navy*: A slim volume but replete with illustrations, this was intended as a companion to O'Brian's Aubrey-Maturin series. Useful to understand details of daily life, ship construction, rigging, etc." ]

[ "Nothing stops it besides a higher heat toleration. Tobacco burns at somewhere around 500 degrees whereas a briar pipe, which is heat resistant, can handle much higher temperatures." ]

[ "I like this. However, pictures are awesome. Your pictures with the flame on the drawing board? Good stuff. The video with candle/flame? Good stuff. Your face? Great face for TV, but I don't want to see it the majority of the time. It makes the viewer lose interest over a period of time. Personally, I liked learning about this stuff and watching it, but a face explaining things is like a political debate about why the sky is blue: only politics-minded people will watch it. If you want to keep a good crowd, show more visualizations while explaining things the way you already do. Your visualizations with your finger (e.g. wick curling) is okay, but a picture/visualization does wonders and it allows the viewer to understand it by hearing the explanation and seeing how it works. tl;dr Pictures of drawing board/actual objects discussed are better than your face talking to the camera. Good luck and thanks for doing this!" ]

[ "Really simple. Because the ticket sites can't afford the server power and high end technicians on something that only happens once in a blue moon." ]

[ "Because if the movie came out immediately, then no one would see it in theaters and movie theaters won’t bother to show a movie no one is going to see." ]

[ "Traditionally computers have clock rates because they do their calculations in a synchronized manner. Meaning they do step 1, tick, step 2 ,tick, step 3, tick, etc. Human brains do not work that way, many instructions are being executed simultaneously. It's closer to a multi core processor, which have several processors working somewhat independently at the same time and occasionally communicating. The human brain is essentially an system of ALOT of cores. Each neuron is capable of firing about 200 times a second, so 200 hZ. But there are alot of neurons. So the closest comparison for a human brain to a computer is to say that our CPU is a 200 Billion Core processor, each core rated at 200 hz." ]

[ "It's been several years since my last CS class, but here's what I understand it to be -- a simple memory safety check that isn't happening. Here goes. The TLS heartbeat allows one end of a secure connection to say \"I'm sending you data, please send it back to me.\" This supports up to 64KB of data, and the size and data is specified in the original message. The problem is, I can say I'm sending you 64KB, but only send you 8KB. What you send back to be is the original 8KB *plus another 56KB of data stored in your RAM*. This means I'm getting a chunk of the memory used by the OpenSSL process. If I do this repeatedly, there's a really good chance I can get you to send me your private keys. Once I have them, I can pretend to be you on the Internet and no one's the wiser. This is very bad. [These guys have a really good explanation of it.](_URL_0_) Hope that helps." ]

[ "Not to get in the way of anyone else who wanted to answer the question in depth with good sources, but everyone's favourite Alaskan, /u/The_Alaskan, had a good response to the question: [Did Richard Nixon have apologists in the press throughout the Watergate scandal? If so, did those journalist lose credibility after Nixon resigned?](_URL_0_) Hope that helps!" ]

[ "On top of the link provided by /carpenter I'd say that Intelligence played its part and much of this intelligence was linked to the Pinkerton agency. I recommend reading a quite interesting, and probably unique, book titled \"The secret war for the Union\". Relates all the intelligence efforts and sources of the Army of the Potomac with each of its commanding generals; by Intelligence I mean all intelligence in military terms, from agents, to scouts, use of cavalry for info gathering, balloons etc. _URL_0_" ]

[ "This is actually part of a pretty major field of physics! There are many methods for this. iorgfeflkd has given the simplest one, but if you want to do this more accurately you need to do a proper computer simulation. One method is called \"molecular dynamics\". In this method, each atom is a particle, and you give each atom the right amount of initial energy to get the right temperature, and then you calculate the forces between each atom and work out where each atom goes over time. This simulation can fairly accurately give you things like what the density would be, even for somewhat complicated situations. However, it can be computationally expensive, so you're limited to only doing a very small volume of the liquid." ]

[ "Why not actually try the experiment? Everything you need is available at your local drug store[1]. An irrigation syringe (one with a plunger) could work to help you separate the oil from the urine. Tests for cannabis don't usually measure THC, but rather a metabolite which is a bit more hydrophilic; however, that substance might still be greasy enough to go mostly into the oil layer. [1] Well, except weed, of course, depending on the neighborhood." ]

[ "The rather hand-waving explanation is this: When you go faster, the molecules hit you harder, so there is one factor of v. But also, your path per second is longer so you go through more air, which gives another proportionality to v. Hence v^2." ]

[ "Think about things bouncing around. Imagine a box with a fan in it. Put 20 balls in ithe box. Now imagine a basket to one side just the right size for the balls. Turn on the fan. The balls jump around randomly. At some point a ball will fall into the basket. This will happen at a given rate which will depends on how many balls there are and how many baskets there are. This rate is known as k1. A ball in the basket won't stay there forever, either. It will rest a while, but eventually the fan will blow it out of the basket. This also happens at a given rate. This rate is known as k-1. Now imagine this basket is capable of converting the ball into a cube. It takes it a moment to do this. So the ball must sit in the basket for a given amount of time, which will be dictated by the ratio of k1 to k-1. Once it does get converted, it will get knocked out of the basket by the fan at a given rate. This rate is known as k2. I hope that helps a bit." ]

[ "You have subconscious reaction to some stimuli. For example, it could be psychological projection where you subconsciously deny some of your toughs or emotions. When you see someone else expressing things you don't accept in yourself, you become angry. Or it can be something else. We are not as aware of what happens in our mind as we like to think." ]

[ "The body can get energy from two sources (well 3, but since you are a kid I'll ignore alcohol. Also, I don't think that's stored in the body for any length of time anyway) fat and sugar. When you eat the body immediately starts using all that delicious sugar it got. After a while it starts running out of sugar and it slowly switches to using fat. But the body don't really like burning fat. Fat is stored for bad times. So the body does what it can to tell you that it's time to find some more sugar. It tells you this by making you hungry. After a while it gives up. It has run out of sugar, more is probably not arriving for a while, it might as well allow you to do whatever it is that is more important than food. It will just get it's energy from burning fat. It's not the end of the world. Now, when you sleep you sleep through that hunger. When you awake the body is well underway burning fat and sulking. If you eat breakfast that whole things start over again, and you will get hungry after a while." ]

[ "Headphones can be small but still efficiently radiate low frequencies into your ears because the acoustic impedance of your ears is similar match to the headphone. The acoustic impedance of free space, however, is not a good match and therefore headphones make lousy loudspeakers, especially at low frequencies. You can think about it as a speaker in free space having to 'push more air' than a speaker radiating into a cavity, sort of. The 'accurate reproduction' bit is a bit of a red herring. A normal hifi speaker can 'accurately' reproduce all audible frequencies, it's just that some will be louder than others for the same driving voltage." ]

[ "You are probably talking about some kind of electron microscopy (most likely [Scanning Electron Microscopy](_URL_0_)). These images are grayscale because they are simple intensity maps. Now, you are completely right in thinking that it would not work to acquire images of ~30 nm components using standard optical microscopy. And it is not due to a technological limitation, but due to the nature of light. - Without going much in detail, there is a [theoretical intrinsic resolution that optical systems can reach](_URL_2_), and this maximum resolution is proportional to the wavelength of the light you are using. So, in order to image smaller objects, one must use a shorter wavelength *illumination* beam, which in the case of an electron microscopy is not a light beam, but a beam of accelerated electrons (which will also have a [wavelength associated to it](_URL_1_)). In this case, instead of measuring the map of reflected (for example) light, you measure the map of backscattered (for example) electrons." ]