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English: A massive version of T-duality in six dimensions is given, that maps the K3
compactification of Romans' theory onto the K3 compactification of Type IIB
theory. This is done by performing a (standard) Kaluza-Klein reduction on
six-dimensional massive Type IIA and a Scherk-Schwarz reduction on Type IIB,
mapping both theories onto the same five-dimensional theory. We also comment
shortly on the difficulties arising if one intends to construct a massive
generalisation of the six-dimensional string-string duality.
Chinese: 给出了一种六维的大质量T-对偶，它将罗马理论（Romans' theory）的K3紧致化映射到IIB理论（Type IIB theory）的K3紧致化。这是通过在六维大质量IIA理论上进行（标准的）卡鲁扎-克莱因（Kaluza-Klein）还原，并在IIB理论上进行谢尔克-施瓦茨（Scherk-Schwarz）还原来实现的，这两个理论都被映射到同一个五维理论。我们还简要评论了如果一个人打算构造六维弦-弦对偶（string-string duality）的大质量推广时可能出现的困难。
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English: Flight height is a fundamental parameter for correcting the gamma signal
produced by terrestrial radionuclides measured during airborne surveys. The
frontiers of radiometric measurements with UAV require light and accurate
altimeters flying at some 10 m from the ground. We equipped an aircraft with
seven altimetric sensors (three low-cost GNSS receivers, one inertial
measurement unit, one radar altimeter and two barometers) and analyzed $\sim$ 3
h of data collected over the sea in the (35-2194) m altitude range. At low
altitudes (H $<$ 70 m) radar and barometric altimeters provide the best
performances, while GNSS data are used only for barometer calibration as they
are affected by a large noise due to the multipath from the sea. The $\sim$ 1 m
median standard deviation at 50 m altitude affects the estimation of the ground
radioisotope abundances with an uncertainty less than 1.3%. The GNSS
double-difference post-processing enhanced significantly the data quality for H
$>$ 80 m in terms of both altitude median standard deviation and agreement
between the reconstructed and measured GPS antennas distances. Flying at 100 m
the estimated uncertainty on the ground total activity due to the uncertainty
on the flight height is of the order of 2%.
Chinese: 飞行高度是校正地面放射性核素在空中调查期间产生的伽马信号的基本参数。使用无人机进行辐射测量需要轻便且精确的高度计，飞行高度约为离地面10米。我们为一架飞机配备了七个高度计传感器（三个低成本GNSS接收器、一个惯性测量单元、一个雷达高度计和两个气压计）并分析了在（35-2194）米高度范围内收集的约3小时的数据。在低空（H < 70米）时，雷达和气压高度计提供最佳性能，而GNSS数据仅用于气压计校准，因为它们受到来自海洋的多径效应引起的较大噪声的影响。在50米高度处的约1米中值标准偏差会影响地面放射性同位素丰度的估计，不确定性小于1.3%。GNSS双差分后处理显著提高了H > 80米的数据质量，无论是从高度中值标准偏差还是从重建的GPS天线距离与测量距离的一致性来看。在100米高度飞行时，由于飞行高度的不确定性，对地面总活度的估计不确定性约为2%。
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English: Learning the parameters of a (potentially partially observable) random field
model is intractable in general. Instead of focussing on a single optimal
parameter value we propose to treat parameters as dynamical quantities. We
introduce an algorithm to generate complex dynamics for parameters and (both
visible and hidden) state vectors. We show that under certain conditions
averages computed over trajectories of the proposed dynamical system converge
to averages computed over the data. Our "herding dynamics" does not require
expensive operations such as exponentiation and is fully deterministic.
Chinese: 学习一个（可能部分可观测的）随机场模型的参数在一般情况下是不可行的。我们不是专注于单个最优参数值，而是建议将参数视为动态量。我们引入了一种算法来生成参数和（可见和隐藏的）状态向量的复杂动力学。我们表明，在特定条件下，对所提出的动态系统轨迹计算的平均值收敛到对数据进行计算的平均值。我们的“放牧动力学”不需要像指数运算这样的昂贵操作，并且是完全确定性的。
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English: Weyl-like magnon excitations in ordered magnets have attracted significant
recent attention. Despite of the tantalizing physics and application prospects,
the experimental observation of Weyl magnons is still challenging owing to
their extraordinarily high frequency that is not accessible to the microstrip
antenna technique. Here we predict gigahertz Weyl excitations in the collective
dynamics of dipolar-coupled magnetic vortices arranged in a three-dimensional
stacked honeycomb lattice. It is found that the inversion symmetry breaking
leads to the emergence of the type-II Weyl semimetal (WSM) state with tilted
dispersion. We derive the full phase diagram of the vortex arrays that support
WSMs with both single and double pairs of Weyl nodes, and the topological
insulator phase. We observe robust arc surface states in a dual-segment fashion
due to the tilted nature of type-II WSMs. Our findings uncover the
low-frequency WSM phase in magnetic texture based crystals that are
indispensable for future Weyltronic applications.
Chinese: 魏尔类磁振子激发在有序磁体中引起了近期显著的关注。尽管其诱人的物理和应用前景，由于它们的频率极高，超出了微带天线技术的探测范围，因此魏尔磁振子的实验观测仍然具有挑战性。在这里，我们预测在三维堆叠蜂窝晶格中排列的偶极子耦合磁涡旋的集体动力学中存在千兆赫兹的魏尔激发。研究发现，反演对称性的破缺导致了倾斜色散的II型魏尔半金属（WSM）状态的生成。我们推导出支持具有单对和双对魏尔节点的WSM以及拓扑绝缘体相的涡旋阵列的完整相图。由于II型WSM的倾斜性质，我们观察到双段式的鲁棒弧面态。我们的发现揭示了基于磁纹理晶体的低频WSM相，这对于未来的魏尔电子学应用是必不可少的。
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English: Superconducting single crystal samples of Na_xCoO_2 + yH_2O have been
produced using an electrochemical technique which dispenses with the usual
bromine chemical de-intercalation step and permits much more precise control of
the Na content. After careful hydration, nearly single-phase crystals have been
obtained in which over 90% of the sample's volume corresponds to the
superconducting Na_{0.3}CoO_2 + 1.3H_2O structure. Susceptibility and specific
heat measurements confirm that bulk superconductivity has been achieved. The
extracted normal state density of states indicates Fermi-liquid behavior with
strong mass enhancement and a modest Wilson ratio. Measurements of H_{c2} for
H||c and H||ab reveal significant anisotropy. The estimated value of H_{c2} for
H||c yields a coherence length of ~100 A, consistent with an extremely narrow
bandwidth.
Chinese: 使用一种电化学技术制备了不含常规溴化物化学脱插层步骤的Na_xCoO_2 + yH_2O单晶样品，该技术允许对Na含量进行更精确的控制。经过仔细的水合处理后，获得了几乎单相的晶体，其中超过90%的样品体积对应于超导的Na_{0.3}CoO_2 + 1.3H_2O结构。磁化率和比热测量证实了实现大体积超导性。提取的正常态密度态表明存在费米液体行为，伴随着显著的质量增强和适度的威尔逊比。对于H||c和H||ab方向的H_{c2}测量揭示了显著的各向异性。对于H||c方向的H_{c2}估计值得到约100 A的相干长度，与极窄的带宽一致。
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English: Advanced AI models hold the promise of tremendous benefits for humanity, but
society needs to proactively manage the accompanying risks. In this paper, we
focus on what we term "frontier AI" models: highly capable foundation models
that could possess dangerous capabilities sufficient to pose severe risks to
public safety. Frontier AI models pose a distinct regulatory challenge:
dangerous capabilities can arise unexpectedly; it is difficult to robustly
prevent a deployed model from being misused; and, it is difficult to stop a
model's capabilities from proliferating broadly. To address these challenges,
at least three building blocks for the regulation of frontier models are
needed: (1) standard-setting processes to identify appropriate requirements for
frontier AI developers, (2) registration and reporting requirements to provide
regulators with visibility into frontier AI development processes, and (3)
mechanisms to ensure compliance with safety standards for the development and
deployment of frontier AI models. Industry self-regulation is an important
first step. However, wider societal discussions and government intervention
will be needed to create standards and to ensure compliance with them. We
consider several options to this end, including granting enforcement powers to
supervisory authorities and licensure regimes for frontier AI models. Finally,
we propose an initial set of safety standards. These include conducting
pre-deployment risk assessments; external scrutiny of model behavior; using
risk assessments to inform deployment decisions; and monitoring and responding
to new information about model capabilities and uses post-deployment. We hope
this discussion contributes to the broader conversation on how to balance
public safety risks and innovation benefits from advances at the frontier of AI
development.
Chinese: 高级人工智能模型为人类带来了巨大的利益前景，但社会需要积极管理伴随的风险。在本文中，我们关注我们称之为“前沿AI”的模型：高度强大的基础模型可能具备危险的能力，足以对公共安全构成严重风险。前沿AI模型提出了独特的监管挑战：危险的能力可能会意外出现；难以稳健地防止部署的模型被滥用；以及，难以阻止模型的能力广泛传播。为了应对这些挑战，至少需要三个前沿模型监管的基石：(1)制定标准的流程，以确定前沿AI开发者的适当要求；(2)注册和报告要求，以便监管机构能够了解前沿AI的开发过程；(3)确保遵守前沿AI模型开发和部署的安全标准的机制。行业自律是一个重要的第一步。然而，需要更广泛的社会讨论和政府干预来制定标准和确保遵守这些标准。我们考虑了几个选项，包括授予监管机构执法权力和前沿AI模型的许可制度。最后，我们提出了一套初步的安全标准。这包括进行部署前的风险评估；对模型行为的校外审查；使用风险评估来指导部署决策；以及监控和应对部署后关于模型能力和使用的新的信息。我们希望这次讨论有助于更广泛地讨论如何平衡人工智能开发前沿的公共安全风险和创新利益。
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English: We study the dynamics and timescales of a periodically driven Fermi-Hubbard
model in a three-dimensional hexagonal lattice. The evolution of the Floquet
many-body state is analyzed by comparing it to an equivalent implementation in
undriven systems. The dynamics of double occupancies for the near- and
off-resonant driving regime indicate that the effective Hamiltonian picture is
valid for several orders of magnitude in modulation time. Furthermore, we show
that driving a hexagonal lattice compared to a simple cubic lattice allows to
modulate the system up to 1~s, corresponding to hundreds of tunneling times,
with only minor atom loss. Here, driving at a frequency close to the
interaction energy does not introduce resonant features to the atom loss.
Chinese: 我们研究了三维六角晶格中周期性驱动的费米-哈伯德模型的动力学和时间尺度。通过将其与无驱动系统的等效实现进行比较，分析了Floquet多体态的演化。对于近共振和离共振驱动机制下的双占位动力学表明，有效哈密顿量图像在调制时间的几个数量级内是有效的。此外，我们证明与简单立方晶格相比，驱动六角晶格可以使系统调制长达1秒，相当于数百个隧穿时间，且仅损失少量原子。此外，在接近相互作用能量的频率下驱动不会在原子损失中引入共振特征。
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English: A concept of "evolving categories" is suggested to build a simple, scalable,
mathematically consistent framework for representing in uniform way both data
and algorithms. A state machine for executing algorithms becomes clear, rich
and powerful semantics, based on category theory, and still allows easy
implementation. Moreover, it gives an original insight into the nature and
semantics of algorithms.
Chinese: 提出"进化类别"的概念，旨在构建一个简单、可扩展、数学上自洽的框架，用于统一表示数据和算法。基于范畴论的状态机执行算法变得清晰、语义丰富且功能强大，同时仍允许轻松实现。此外，它为算法的本质和语义学提供了独特的见解。
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English: Training monolingual language models for low and mid-resource languages is
made challenging by limited and often inadequate pretraining data. In this
study, we propose a novel model conversion strategy to address this issue,
adapting high-resources monolingual language models to a new target language.
By generalizing over a word translation dictionary encompassing both the source
and target languages, we map tokens from the target tokenizer to semantically
similar tokens from the source language tokenizer. This one-to-many token
mapping improves tremendously the initialization of the embedding table for the
target language. We conduct experiments to convert high-resource models to mid-
and low-resource languages, namely Dutch and Frisian. These converted models
achieve a new state-of-the-art performance on these languages across all sorts
of downstream tasks. By reducing significantly the amount of data and time
required for training state-of-the-art models, our novel model conversion
strategy has the potential to benefit many languages worldwide.
Chinese: 为低资源和中等资源语言训练单语语言模型面临着有限的、往往是不充分的预训练数据的挑战。在本研究中，我们提出了一种新颖的模型转换策略来解决这一问题，将高资源单语语言模型适应到新的目标语言。通过泛化一个包含源语言和目标语言的词翻译字典，我们将目标语言分词器的标记映射到源语言分词器的语义相似标记。这种一对一多标记映射极大地提高了目标语言嵌入表的初始化。我们进行了实验，将高资源模型转换为荷兰语和弗里西亚语等中等和低资源语言。这些转换后的模型在这些语言的所有下游任务上实现了新的最先进性能。通过显著减少训练最先进模型所需的数据量和时间，我们新颖的模型转换策略有可能为全球许多语言带来益处。
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English: Scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy is becoming a premier
method for the nanoscale optical investigation of materials well beyond the
diffraction limit. A number of popular numerical methods exist to predict the
near-field contrast for axisymmetric configurations of scatterers on a surface
in the quasi-electrostatic approximation. Here, a fully electrodynamic approach
is given for the calculation of near-field contrast of several scatterers in
arbitrary configuration, based on the generalized Mie scattering method.
Examples for the potential of this new approach are given by showing the
coupling of hyperbolic phonon polaritons in hexagonal boron nitride layers and
showing enhanced scattering in core-shell systems. In general, this method
enables the numerical calculation of the near-field contrast in a variety of
strongly resonant scatterers and is able to accurately recreate spatial
near-field maps.
Chinese: 扫描探针显微镜已成为超越衍射极限的材料纳米尺度光学研究的一种首要方法。在准静电近似下，存在多种流行的数值方法来预测表面散射体轴对称配置的近场衬度。这里，基于广义Mie散射方法，给出了一种全电磁方法来计算任意配置下多个散射体的近场衬度。通过展示六方氮化硼层中双曲声子极化激元的耦合以及核壳结构中增强的散射，给出了这种新方法潜力的实例。通常，该方法能够对各种强共振散射体的近场衬度进行数值计算，并能够精确重现空间近场图。
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English: From the perspective of quantum thermodynamics, realisable measurements cost
work and result in measurement devices that are not perfectly correlated with
the measured systems. We investigate the consequences for the estimation of
work in non-equilibrium processes and for the fundamental structure of the work
fluctuations when one assumes that the measurements are non-ideal. We show that
obtaining work estimates and their statistical moments at finite work cost
implies an imperfection of the estimates themselves: more accurate estimates
incur higher costs. Our results provide a qualitative relation between the cost
of obtaining information about work and the trustworthiness of this
information. Moreover, we show that Jarzynski's equality can be maintained
exactly at the expense of a correction that depends only on the system's energy
scale, while the more general fluctuation relation due to Crooks no longer
holds when the cost of the work estimation procedure is finite. We show that
precise links between dissipation and irreversibility can be extended to the
non-ideal situation.
Chinese: 从量子热力学的角度来看，可实现的测量需要消耗功，并导致测量设备与被测系统不完全相关。我们研究了在非平衡过程中对功的估计以及当假设测量非理想时，功涨落的根本结构的影响。我们表明，在有限的功成本下获得功估计及其统计矩意味着估计本身的不完美：更准确的估计需要更高的成本。我们的结果提供了获取关于功的信息的成本与该信息的可靠性之间的定性关系。此外，我们表明，Jarzynski等式可以通过仅依赖于系统能量尺度的修正来精确保持，而当工作估计过程的成本有限时，Crooks的更一般化的涨落关系不再成立。我们表明，耗散与不可逆性之间的精确联系可以扩展到非理想情况。
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English: This paper gives a new interpretation of the virtual braid group in terms of
a strict monoidal category SC that is freely generated by one object and three
morphisms, two of the morphisms corresponding to basic pure virtual braids and
one morphism corresponding to a transposition in the symmetric group. The key
to this approach is to take pure virtual braids as primary. The generators of
the pure virtual braid group are abstract solutions to the algebraic
Yang-Baxter equation. This point of view illuminates representations of the
virtual braid groups and pure virtual braid groups via solutions to the
algebraic Yang-Baxter equation. In this categorical framework, the virtual
braid group is a natural group associated with the structure of algebraic
braiding. We then point out how the category SC is related to categories
associated with quantum algebras and Hopf algebras and with quantum invariants
of virtual links.
Chinese: 本文从严格单态范畴SC的角度对虚拟辫群进行了新的解释，该范畴由一个对象和三个形态自由生成，其中两个形态对应于基本纯虚拟辫，一个形态对应于对称群中的置换。这一方法的关键是将纯虚拟辫视为基本概念。纯虚拟辫群的生成元是代数Yang-Baxter方程的抽象解。这种观点通过代数Yang-Baxter方程的解来阐明虚拟辫群和纯虚拟辫群的表示。在这个范畴框架中，虚拟辫群是与代数辫结构自然关联的群。然后，我们指出范畴SC如何与与量子代数和Hopf代数相关的范畴以及与虚拟链接的量子不变量相关联的范畴相联系。
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English: We present a new vector field approach to almost-sharp decay for the wave
equation on spherically symmetric, stationary and asymptotically flat
spacetimes. Specifically, we derive a new hierarchy of higher-order weighted
energy estimates by employing appropriate commutator vector fields. In cases
where an integrated local energy decay estimate holds, like in the case of
sub-extremal Reissner-Nordstrom black holes, this hierarchy leads to
almost-sharp global energy and pointwise time-decay estimates with decay rates
that go beyond those obtained by the traditional vector field method. Our
estimates play a fundamental role in our companion paper where precise
late-time asymptotics are obtained for linear scalar fields on such
backgrounds.
Chinese: 我们提出了一种新的矢量场方法，用于研究球对称、静态且渐近平坦时空上的波动方程的近似尖锐衰减问题。具体而言，我们通过使用适当的交换子矢量场，推导出一种新的高阶加权能量估计层次。在局部能量衰减估计成立的情况下，例如在次极端Reissner-Nordstrom黑洞的情形中，这个层次会导致近似尖锐的全局能量和逐点时间衰减估计，其衰减速率超越了传统矢量场方法所获得的速率。我们的估计在我们的伴随论文中起着基本作用，在该论文中，我们获得了线性标量场在这种背景下的精确晚期渐近行为。
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English: Understanding the bottleneck to drive higher critical transition temperature
$T_\textrm{c}$ plays a pivotal role in the underlying study of superconductors.
We systematically investigate the effect of Li$^+$ substitution for Cu$^{2+}$
cations on the $T_\textrm{c}$, hole concentration, coherence length and
interlayer coupling, and microstructure in Li-doped
Bi$_{1.6}$Pb$_{0.4}$Sr$_2$Ca$_2$Cu$_3$O$_{10 + \delta}$ or (Bi,Pb)-2223
compound. Remarkably, we demonstrate by utilizing a long-time sintering
accompanied by a multiple recurrent intermediate stages of calcining and
pressing within our renovated solid-state reaction method, the optimal Li-doped
(Bi,Pb)-2223 samples achieve the well-enhanced $T_\textrm{c}$ of 111--113.8 K
compared with the standard value of 110 K. We evince the superconducting
mechanism that the substitution of Li$^{+}$ for Cu$^{2+}$ ions on the CuO$_2$
layers causes augmenting the hole concentrations and promotes the correlation
between the overdoped outer and the underdoped inner CuO$_2$ planes, and thus
effects improve $T_\textrm{c}$. Following a universal quadratic relation
between $T_\textrm{c}$ and hole concentration, a new higher optimal hole
concentration is provided. Additionally, by analyzing the Aslamazov-Larkin and
Lawrence-Doniach theories on the reliable excess conductivity data near the
critical temperature, we observe the strong effect of Li-doping on the system.
The coherence length steadily increases versus the Li-doped content, while the
Josephson interlayer coupling strength between the CuO$_2$ layers almost
remains a constant for the whole series of Li-doping. Our findings establish an
insightful roadmap to improve the critical temperature and intrinsic
superconducting properties in the Bi-2223 compounds through the doping process.
Chinese: 理解提高临界转变温度$T_\textrm{c}$的瓶颈在超导体的基础研究中起着关键作用。我们系统地研究了Li$^+$取代Cu$^{2+}$阳离子对$T_\textrm{c}$、空穴浓度、相干长度、层间耦合以及Li掺杂Bi$_{1.6}$Pb$_{0.4}$Sr$_2$Ca$_2$Cu$_3$O$_{10 + \delta}$或(Bi,Pb)-2223化合物中的微观结构的影响。值得注意的是，通过利用我们改进的固态反应法中的长时间烧结，以及多次反复的煅烧和压制中间阶段，我们实现了最佳Li掺杂(Bi,Pb)-2223样品，其$T_\textrm{c}$达到了111--113.8 K，比标准值110 K有显著提高。我们证明了超导机制，即CuO$_2$层中Li$^{+}$取代Cu$^{2+}$离子会导致空穴浓度增加，并促进过掺杂的外层和欠掺杂的内层CuO$_2$平面之间的相关性，从而提高$T_\textrm{c}$。根据$T_\textrm{c}$与空穴浓度之间的普遍二次关系，提供了一个新的更高最佳空穴浓度。此外，通过分析临界温度附近的可靠过剩电导率数据，我们观察到Li掺杂对系统的强烈影响。相干长度随着Li掺杂含量的增加而稳步增加，而CuO$_2$层之间的约瑟夫森层间耦合强度在整个Li掺杂系列中几乎保持恒定。我们的发现为通过掺杂过程提高Bi-2223化合物的临界温度和本征超导性质提供了一个有洞察力的路线图。
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English: Novel intent class detection is an important problem in real world scenario
for conversational agents for continuous interaction. Several research works
have been done to detect novel intents in a mono-lingual (primarily English)
texts and images. But, current systems lack an end-to-end universal framework
to detect novel intents across various different languages with less human
annotation effort for mis-classified and system rejected samples. This paper
proposes NIDAL (Novel Intent Detection and Active Learning based
classification), a semi-supervised framework to detect novel intents while
reducing human annotation cost. Empirical results on various benchmark datasets
demonstrate that this system outperforms the baseline methods by more than 10%
margin for accuracy and macro-F1. The system achieves this while maintaining
overall annotation cost to be just ~6-10% of the unlabeled data available to
the system.
Chinese: 新型意图类别检测是真实场景下对话代理持续交互的重要问题。目前已有若干研究工作用于检测单语（主要为英语）文本和图像中的新型意图。然而，现有系统缺乏一个端到端通用的框架，以跨语言检测新型意图，同时减少错误分类和系统拒绝样本的人工标注工作量。本文提出NIDAL（基于新型意图检测与主动学习的分类半监督框架），该框架在检测新型意图的同时降低人工标注成本。在多个基准数据集上的实验结果表明，该系统在准确率和宏观F1分数上比基线方法高出10%以上。同时，该系统将整体标注成本控制在可用未标记数据的6-10%左右。
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English: We consider free fermion systems in arbitrary dimensions and represent the
occupation pattern of each eigenstate as a classical binary string. We find
that the Kolmogorov complexity of the string correctly captures the scaling
behavior of its entanglement entropy (EE). In particular, the
logarithmically-enhanced area law for EE in the ground state and the volume law
for EE in typical highly excited states are reproduced. Since our approach does
not require bipartitioning the system, it allows us to distinguish typical and
atypical eigenstates directly by their intrinsic complexity. We reveal that the
fraction of atypical eigenstates which do not thermalize in the free fermion
system vanishes exponentially in the thermodynamic limit. Our results
illustrate explicitly the connection between complexity and EE of individual
pure states in quantum systems.
Chinese: 我们考虑任意维度的自由费米子系统，并将每个本征态的占据模式表示为一个经典二进制字符串。我们发现该字符串的柯尔莫哥洛夫复杂度正确地捕捉了其纠缠熵的标度行为。特别是，我们重现了基态纠缠熵的对数增强面积定律以及典型高激发态纠缠熵的体积定律。由于我们的方法不需要将系统二分，因此能够通过其内在复杂度直接区分典型态和非典型态。我们揭示出在自由费米子系统中，不发生热化的非典型态的比例在热力学极限下呈指数消失。我们的结果明确展示了量子系统中单个纯态的复杂度与其纠缠熵之间的联系。
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English: Let $Sz(G),Sz^*(G)$ and $W(G)$ be the Szeged index, revised Szeged index and
Wiener index of a graph $G.$ In this paper, the graphs with the fourth, fifth,
sixth and seventh largest Wiener indices among all unicyclic graphs of order
$n\geqslant 10$ are characterized; as well the graphs with the first, second,
third, and fourth largest Wiener indices among all bicyclic graphs are
identified. Based on these results, further relation on the quotients between
the (revised) Szeged index and the Wiener index are studied. Sharp lower bound
on $Sz(G)/W(G)$ is determined for all connected graphs each of which contains
at least one non-complete block. As well the connected graph with the second
smallest value on $Sz^*(G)/W(G)$ is identified for $G$ containing at least one
cycle.
Chinese: 设 $Sz(G),Sz^*(G)$ 和 $W(G)$ 分别是图 $G$ 的 Szeged 指数、修正 Szeged 指数和 Wiener 指数。本文特征化了所有阶数 $n\geqslant 10$ 的单环图中 Wiener 指数第四、第五、第六和第七大的图；同时识别了所有双环图中 Wiener 指数第一、第二、第三和第四大的图。基于这些结果，进一步研究了 (修正) Szeged 指数与 Wiener 指数之商的关系。对所有至少含有一个非完全块的有向连通图，确定了 $Sz(G)/W(G)$ 的严格下界。此外，对于至少含有一个环的图 $G$，识别了 $Sz^*(G)/W(G)$ 值第二小的连通图。
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English: We consider the problem of energy-efficient transmission in delay constrained
cooperative multihop wireless networks. The combinatorial nature of cooperative
multihop schemes makes it difficult to design efficient polynomial-time
algorithms for deciding which nodes should take part in cooperation, and when
and with what power they should transmit. In this work, we tackle this problem
in memoryless networks with or without delay constraints, i.e., quality of
service guarantee. We analyze a wide class of setups, including unicast,
multicast, and broadcast, and two main cooperative approaches, namely: energy
accumulation (EA) and mutual information accumulation (MIA). We provide a
generalized algorithmic formulation of the problem that encompasses all those
cases. We investigate the similarities and differences of EA and MIA in our
generalized formulation. We prove that the broadcast and multicast problems
are, in general, not only NP hard but also o(log(n)) inapproximable. We break
these problems into three parts: ordering, scheduling and power control, and
propose a novel algorithm that, given an ordering, can optimally solve the
joint power allocation and scheduling problems simultaneously in polynomial
time. We further show empirically that this algorithm used in conjunction with
an ordering derived heuristically using the Dijkstra's shortest path algorithm
yields near-optimal performance in typical settings. For the unicast case, we
prove that although the problem remains NP hard with MIA, it can be solved
optimally and in polynomial time when EA is used. We further use our algorithm
to study numerically the trade-off between delay and power-efficiency in
cooperative broadcast and compare the performance of EA vs MIA as well as the
performance of our cooperative algorithm with a smart noncooperative algorithm
in a broadcast setting.
Chinese: 我们考虑在延迟受限的协作多跳无线网络中进行节能传输的问题。协作多跳方案的组合性质使得设计有效的多项式时间算法来决定哪些节点应该参与协作、何时以及以何种功率进行传输变得十分困难。在本工作中，我们针对无延迟约束或具有延迟约束（即服务质量保证）的记忆网络中的这一问题进行研究。我们分析了一类广泛的设置，包括单播、多播和广播，以及两种主要的协作方法，即能量累积（EA）和互信息累积（MIA）。我们为该问题提供了一个包含所有这些情况的一般化算法表述。我们研究了EA和MIA在我们一般化表述中的相似性和差异性。我们证明广播和多播问题通常不仅属于NP难问题，而且在o(log(n))近似不可解。我们将这些问题分解为三个部分：排序、调度和功率控制，并提出了一种新颖的算法，该算法在给定排序的情况下，能够在多项式时间内同时优化解决联合功率分配和调度问题。我们进一步通过实验证明，该算法与使用Dijkstra最短路径算法启发式推导出的排序相结合，在典型场景下能够获得近优性能。对于单播情况，我们证明尽管使用MIA该问题仍然保持NP难，但当使用EA时，该问题可以在多项式时间内被最优解决。我们进一步使用我们的算法数值研究协作广播中延迟与功率效率之间的权衡，并比较EA与MIA的性能，以及我们的协作算法与智能非协作算法在广播场景下的性能。
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English: The consistency of the concept of quantum (quasi)particles possessing
effective mass which is both position- and excitation-dependent is analyzed via
simplified models. It is shown that the system may be stable even when the
effective mass m=m(x,E) itself acquires negative values in a limited range of
coordinates x and energies E.
Chinese: 对量子(亚)粒子具有位置和激发依赖的有效质量的概念一致性进行了分析，通过简化模型。结果表明，即使有效质量 m=m(x,E) 在有限的坐标 x 和能量 E 范围内获得负值，系统仍可能保持稳定。
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English: Since May 2006, the two STELLA robotic telescopes at the Izana observatory in
Tenerife, Spain, delivered an almost uninterrupted stream of scientific data.
To achieve such a high level of autonomous operation, the replacement of all
troubleshooting skills of a regular observer in software was required. Care
must be taken on error handling issues and on robustness of the algorithms
used. In the current paper, we summarize the approaches we followed in the
STELLA observatory.
Chinese: 自2006年5月以来，位于西班牙特内里费岛的伊萨纳天文台的两台STELLA机器人望远镜提供了一连串几乎不间断的科学数据。为了实现如此高的自主操作水平，需要在软件中替换掉常规观测者的所有故障排除技能。在错误处理问题和算法的鲁棒性方面必须谨慎处理。在本文中，我们总结了在STELLA天文台所采用的方法。
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English: For a line bundle L on a smooth surface S, it is now known that the degree of
the Severi variety of cogenus-d curves is given by a universal polynomial in
the Chern classes of L and S if L is d-very ample. For S rational, we relax the
latter condition substantially: it suffices that three key loci be of
codimension more than d. As corollaries, we prove that the condition
conjectured by G\"ottsche suffices if S is P^2 or S is any Hirzebruch surface,
and that a similar condition suffices if S is any classical del Pezzo surface.
Chinese: 对于光滑曲面S上的线束L，现在已知，如果L是d-非常 ample的，那么cogenus-d曲线的Severi簇的度数由L和S的陈类给出的一个普遍多项式给出。对于有理曲面S，我们大大放宽了后者的条件：只需三个关键位置的对偶维数大于d即可。作为推论，我们证明如果S是P^2或者S是任何Hirzebruch曲面，那么G\"ottsche提出的条件就足够了；如果S是任何经典del Pezzo曲面，那么一个类似条件也足够了。
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English: Multidimensional coherent spectroscopy (MDCS) has been established in quantum
chemistry as a powerful tool for studying the nonlinear response and
nonequilibrium dynamics of molecular systems. More recently, the technique has
also been applied to correlated electron materials, where the interplay of
localized and itinerant states makes the interpretation of the spectra more
challenging. Here we use the Keldysh contour representation of effective models
and nonequilibrium dynamical mean field theory to systematically study the MDCS
signals of prototypical correlated lattice systems. By analyzing the current
induced by sequences of ultrashort laser pulses we demonstrate the usefulness
of MDCS as a diagnostic tool for excitation pathways and coherent processes in
correlated solids. We also show that this technique allows to extract detailed
information on the nature and evolution of photo-excited nonequilibrium states.
Chinese: 多维相干光谱学（MDCS）已经在量子化学中确立为研究分子系统非线性响应和非平衡动力学的强大工具。最近，该技术也被应用于关联电子材料，在这种材料中，局域态和游离态之间的相互作用使得光谱的解释更具挑战性。在这里，我们使用有效模型和非平衡动力学平均场理论的Keldysh轮廓表示来系统地研究典型关联晶格系统的MDCS信号。通过分析由超短激光脉冲序列引起的电流，我们证明了MDCS作为诊断工具在关联固体中的激发路径和相干过程方面的有用性。我们还表明，该技术能够提取关于光激发非平衡态的性质及其演变的详细信息。
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English: The diffusion of molecules (penetrants) of variable size, shape, and
chemistry through dense crosslinked polymer networks is a fundamental
scientific problem that is broadly relevant in materials, polymer, physical and
biological chemistry. Relevant applications include molecular separations in
membranes, barrier materials for coatings, drug delivery, and nanofiltration. A
major open question is the relationship between molecular transport,
thermodynamic state, and chemical structure of the penetrant and polymeric
media. Here we address this question by combining experiment, simulation, and
theory to unravel the competing effects of penetrant chemistry on its transport
in rubbery and supercooled polymer permanent networks over a wide range of
crosslink densities, size ratios, and temperatures. The crucial importance of
the coupling of local penetrant hopping to the polymer structural relaxation
process, and the secondary importance of geometric mesh confinement effects,
are established. Network crosslinks induce a large slowing down of nm-scale
polymer relaxation which greatly retards the rate of penetrant activated
relaxation. The demonstrated good agreement between experiment, simulation, and
theory provides strong support for the size ratio variable (effective penetrant
diameter to the polymer Kuhn length) as a key variable, and the usefulness of
coarse-grained simulation and theoretical models that average over Angstrom
scale chemical details. The developed microscopic theory provides a fundamental
understanding of the physical processes underlying the behaviors observed in
experiment and simulation. Penetrant transport is theoretically predicted to
become even more size sensitive in a more deeply supercooled regime not probed
in our present experiments or simulations, which suggests new strategies for
enhancing selective polymer membrane design.
Chinese: 分子（渗透物）的扩散，这些分子具有可变的大小、形状和化学性质，通过致密的交联聚合物网络，是一个具有广泛材料、聚合物、物理和生物化学相关性的基本科学问题。相关应用包括膜中的分子分离、涂料屏障材料、药物递送和纳滤。一个主要的开放问题是分子传输、热力学状态以及渗透物和聚合物介质化学结构之间的关系。在这里，我们通过结合实验、模拟和理论来解决这个问题，以揭示渗透物化学对其在橡胶状和过冷聚合物永久网络中传输的竞争效应，这些网络具有广泛的交联密度、尺寸比和温度。确立了局部渗透物跳跃与聚合物结构弛豫过程耦合的关键重要性，以及几何网格约束效应的次要重要性。网络交联导致纳米级聚合物弛豫显著减慢，这大大减缓了渗透物活化弛豫的速率。实验、模拟和理论之间表现出的良好一致性为尺寸比变量（有效渗透物直径与聚合物库恩长度之比）作为关键变量，以及平均原子尺度化学细节的粗粒度模拟和理论模型的有效性提供了强有力的支持。发展起来的微观理论为理解实验和模拟中观察到的物理过程提供了基本认识。理论上预测，在更深的过冷状态下（在我们的当前实验或模拟中未探测到），渗透物传输将变得更加尺寸敏感，这为增强选择性聚合物膜设计提出了新策略。
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English: Proton and deuteron correlation functions have been investigated with both
impact parameter and emission source selections. The correlations of the system
(129Xe + natSn) at 50 AMeV have been measured with the 4 pi INDRA which
provides a complete kinematical description of each event. The emission time
scale analyzed with a quantum model reveals the time sequence of the light
particles emitted by the projectile-like fragment. The short and constant
emission time of the proton, independent of the impact parameter, can be
attributed to a preequilibrium process.
Chinese: 质子和氘核关联函数已通过碰撞参数和发射源选择进行了研究。系统(129Xe + natSn)在50 AMeV的能量下，利用4 pi INDRA进行了测量，该设备为每个事件提供了完整的运动学描述。通过量子模型分析的发射时间尺度揭示了投射碎片发射的轻粒子的时间序列。质子短而恒定的发射时间，与碰撞参数无关，可归因于预平衡过程。
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English: Quantum computers can solve specific complex tasks for which no
reasonable-time classical algorithm is known. Quantum computers do however also
offer inherent security of data, as measurements destroy quantum states. Using
shared entangled states, multiple parties can collaborate and securely compute
quantum algorithms. In this paper we propose an approach for distributed
quantum machine learning, which allows multiple parties to securely perform
computations, without having to reveal their data. We will consider a
distributed adder and a distributed distance-based classifier.
Chinese: 量子计算机可以解决那些没有已知合理时间复杂度的经典算法的特定复杂任务。然而，量子计算机也提供了数据固有的安全性，因为测量会破坏量子状态。通过使用共享纠缠状态，多个参与者可以协作并安全地计算量子算法。在本文中，我们提出了一种分布式量子机器学习的方法，该方法允许多个参与者安全地执行计算，而无需透露他们的数据。我们将考虑分布式加法和基于距离的分布式分类器。
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English: We consider random $n\times n$ matrices of the form
$Y_n=\frac1{\sqrt{d}}A_n\circ X_n$, where $A_n$ is the adjacency matrix of a
uniform random $d$-regular directed graph on $n$ vertices, with $d=\lfloor p
n\rfloor$ for some fixed $p \in (0,1)$, and $X_n$ is an $n\times n$ matrix of
iid centered random variables with unit variance and finite $4+\eta$-th moment
(here $\circ$ denotes the matrix Hadamard product). We show that as $n\to
\infty$, the empirical spectral distribution of $Y_n$ converges weakly in
probability to the normalized Lebesgue measure on the unit disk.
Chinese: 我们考虑形式为 $Y_n=\frac1{\sqrt{d}}A_n\circ X_n$ 的随机 $n\times n$ 矩阵，其中 $A_n$ 是一个在 $n$ 个顶点上的均匀随机 $d$-正则有向图的邻接矩阵，对于某个固定的 $p \in (0,1)$，有 $d=\lfloor p n\rfloor$，而 $X_n$ 是一个 $n\times n$ 矩阵，包含独立同分布的中心随机变量，具有单位方差和有限的 $4+\eta$ 阶矩（这里 $\circ$ 表示矩阵的Hadamard积）。我们证明，当 $n\to \infty$ 时，$Y_n$ 的经验谱分布以概率弱收敛到单位圆盘上的规范化Lebesgue测度。
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English: We discuss the concept of characteristic squeezing modes applied to a
travelling-wave optical parametric amplifier pumped by an ultrashort pulse. The
characteristic modes undergo decoupled single-mode squeezing transformations,
and therefore they form a useful basis to describe the evolution of the entire
multimode system. This provides an elegant and intuitive picture of quantum
statistical properties of parametric fluorescence. We analyse the efficiency of
detecting quadrature squeezing, and present results of numerical calculations
for a realistic nonlinear medium.
Chinese: 我们讨论了将特征压缩模式应用于由超短脉冲泵浦的行波光学参量放大器的概念。特征模式经历了解耦的单模压缩变换，因此它们构成了描述整个多模系统演化的有用基。这为参量荧光的量子统计性质提供了一个优雅且直观的图景。我们分析了检测正交压缩的效率，并展示了针对实际非线性介质的数值计算结果。
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English: Difference-in-differences is a widely-used evaluation strategy that draws
causal inference from observational panel data. Its causal identification
relies on the assumption of parallel trends, which is scale dependent and may
be questionable in some applications. A common alternative is a regression
model that adjusts for the lagged dependent variable, which rests on the
assumption of ignorability conditional on past outcomes. In the context of
linear models, \citet{APbook} show that the difference-in-differences and
lagged-dependent-variable regression estimates have a bracketing relationship.
Namely, for a true positive effect, if ignorability is correct, then mistakenly
assuming parallel trends will overestimate the effect; in contrast, if the
parallel trends assumption is correct, then mistakenly assuming ignorability
will underestimate the effect. We show that the same bracketing relationship
holds in general nonparametric (model-free) settings. We also extend the result
to semiparametric estimation based on inverse probability weighting. We provide
three examples to illustrate the theoretical results with replication files in
\citet{ding2019bracketingData}.
Chinese: 差异-差异法是一种广泛使用的评估策略，它从观察性面板数据中得出因果推断。其因果识别依赖于平行趋势的假设，这个假设是规模依赖的，在某些应用中可能存在疑问。一个常见的替代方法是调整滞后因变量的回归模型，它基于过去结果的不可观测性假设。在线性模型的情况下，\citet{APbook}表明，差异-差异和滞后因变量回归估计之间存在夹逼关系。也就是说，对于一个真正的积极效果，如果不可观测性是正确的，那么错误地假设平行趋势将高估效果；相反，如果平行趋势假设是正确的，那么错误地假设不可观测性将低估效果。我们表明，这种夹逼关系在一般的非参数（无模型）设置中也成立。我们还扩展了基于逆概率加权的半参数估计结果。我们提供了三个例子，用\citet{ding2019bracketingData}中的复制文件来说明理论结果。
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English: We introduce a novel method for the implementation of shape optimziation in
fluid dynamics applications, where we propose to use the shape derivative to
determine deformation fields with the help of the $p-$ Laplacian for $p > 2$.
This approach is closely related to the computation of steepest descent
directions of the shape functional in the $W^{1,\infty}-$ topology. Our
approach is demonstrated for shape optimization related to drag-minimal free
floating bodies. The method is validated against existing approaches with
respect to convergence of the optimization algorithm, the obtained shape, and
regarding the quality of the computational grid after large deformations. Our
numerical results strongly indicate that shape optimization related to the
$W^{1,\infty}$-topology -- though numerically more demanding -- seems to be
superior over the classical approaches invoking Hilbert space methods,
concerning the convergence, the obtained shapes and the mesh quality after
large deformations, in particular when the optimal shape features sharp
corners.
Chinese: 我们提出了一种在流体动力学应用中实现形状优化的新方法，该方法建议使用形状导数，在 $p > 2$ 的情况下，借助 $p-$ 拉普拉斯算子来确定变形场。这种方法与在 $W^{1,\infty}-$ 拓扑中计算形状泛函的下降方向密切相关。我们的方法被用于与阻力最小自由漂浮体相关的形状优化。该方法通过与现有方法在优化算法的收敛性、获得的形状以及在大变形后计算网格的质量方面进行了验证。我们的数值结果表明，与 $W^{1,\infty}$-拓扑相关的形状优化——尽管在数值上要求更高——似乎在收敛性、获得的形状以及在大变形后的网格质量方面优于传统的调用希尔伯特空间方法的方法，特别是在最优形状具有尖锐角的情况下。
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English: We consider a communication problem in which the receiver must first detect
the presence of an information packet and, if detected, decode the message
carried within it. We present general nonasymptotic upper and lower bounds on
the maximum coding rate that depend on the blocklength, the probability of
false alarm, the probability of misdetection, and the packet error probability.
The bounds, which are expressed in terms of binary-hypothesis-testing
performance metrics, generalize finite-blocklength bounds derived previously
for the scenario when a genie informs the receiver whether a packet is present.
The bounds apply to detection performed either jointly with decoding on the
entire data packet, or separately on a dedicated preamble. The results
presented in this paper can be used to determine the blocklength values at
which the performance of a communication system is limited by its ability to
perform packet detection satisfactorily, and to assess the difference in
performance between preamble-based detection, and joint detection and decoding.
Numerical results pertaining to the binary-input AWGN channel are provided.
Chinese: 我们考虑一个通信问题，其中接收者必须首先检测到信息包的存在，如果检测到，则解码其中携带的消息。我们提出了关于最大编码率的非渐近上界和下界，这些上界和下界取决于块长度、虚警概率、误检概率和包错误概率。这些界限用二元假设检验性能指标表示，并推广了先前为当精灵告知接收者是否存在包的情况推导出的有限块长度界限。这些界限适用于与整个数据包解码联合进行的检测，或者单独在专用前缀上进行的检测。本文中提出的结果可用于确定通信系统性能受其满意执行包检测能力限制的块长度值，并评估基于前缀的检测与联合检测和解码之间的性能差异。还提供了关于二元输入AWGN信道的数值结果。
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English: As it is well known, the isomorphism problem for vertex-colored graphs with
color multiplicity at most 3 is solvable by the classical 2-dimensional
Weisfeiler-Leman algorithm (2-WL). On the other hand, the prominent
Cai-F\"urer-Immerman construction shows that even the multidimensional version
of the algorithm does not suffice for graphs with color multiplicity 4. We give
an efficient decision procedure that, given a graph $G$ of color multiplicity
4, recognizes whether or not $G$ is identifiable by 2-WL, that is, whether or
not 2-WL distinguishes $G$ from any non-isomorphic graph. In fact, we solve the
much more general problem of recognizing whether or not a given coherent
configuration of maximum fiber size 4 is separable. This extends our
recognition algorithm to graphs of color multiplicity 4 with directed and
colored edges.
Our decision procedure is based on an explicit description of the class of
graphs with color multiplicity 4 that are not identifiable by 2-WL. The
Cai-F\"urer-Immerman graphs of color multiplicity 4 distinctly appear here as a
natural subclass, which demonstrates that the Cai-F\"urer-Immerman construction
is not ad hoc. Our classification reveals also other types of graphs that are
hard for 2-WL. One of them arises from patterns known as $(n_3)$-configurations
in incidence geometry.
Chinese: 众所周知，对于顶点着色图，当颜色多重性不超过3时，可以通过经典的二维Weisfeiler-Leman算法（2-WL）解决同构问题。另一方面，著名的蔡-富勒-伊默曼构造表明，即使是算法的多维版本，对于颜色多重性为4的图来说也不够。我们给出了一种有效的决策过程，给定一个颜色多重性为4的图$G$，可以识别$G$是否可以被2-WL识别，即2-WL是否可以区分$G$与任何非同构图。实际上，我们解决了是否可以识别给定最大纤维尺寸为4的协调配置是否可分离的更一般的问题。这扩展了我们的识别算法，使其适用于具有颜色多重性为4的有向和着色边图。
我们的决策过程基于对颜色多重性为4且不能被2-WL识别的图类的显式描述。颜色多重性为4的蔡-富勒-伊默曼图在这里明显地作为一个自然子类出现，这证明了蔡-富勒-伊默曼构造不是偶然的。我们的分类还揭示了其他类型的图，这些图对2-WL来说很难处理。其中之一来源于称为（$n_3$）配置的已知模式，这些模式在关联几何中。
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English: We use the Phoenix simulations to study the mass assembly history and
internal structures of cluster dark matter haloes ($M_{200} \gtrsim 5\times
10^{14} h^{-1}{\rm M}_\odot$). We confirm that cluster haloes grow inside-out,
similar to galactic haloes. Major merger events dominate the growth of the
internal region and minor mergers/diffuse accretion shape the outskirts.
However, compared to galactic haloes, cluster haloes tend to have a younger and
more actively evolving inner region. On average, the majority of mass (> 80%)
in the inner region ($R< 0.1 r_{200}$) of Phoenix haloes is accreted after $z =
3$, while for galactic haloes, most mass in the central region has already been
accreted before $z=6$. The density profiles of cluster haloes are less stable
than those of galactic haloes over different radii. The enclosed mass within
$50$ or $150$ kpc of all Phoenix haloes evolves substantially in the past
${\sim} 7$ Gyr, while galactic haloes remained stable during the same period.
We suggest that the relatively younger and more active state explains the
various observations of cluster haloes, especially in central regions.
Chinese: 我们利用凤凰模拟研究了群暗物质晕的质量组装历史和内部结构（$M_{200} \gtrsim 5\times 10^{14} h^{-1}{\rm M}_\odot$）。我们确认了群晕内部向外增长，类似于星系晕。主要合并事件主导了内部区域的增长，而较小的合并事件和弥漫性摄取塑造了外部区域。然而，与星系晕相比，群晕倾向于具有更年轻且更活跃的内部区域。平均而言，凤凰晕内部区域（$R< 0.1 r_{200}$）中的大多数质量（> 80%）是在$z = 3$之后被吸收的，而对于星系晕，大部分中心区域的质量在$z=6$之前就已经被吸收了。群晕的密度轮廓在不同半径下比星系晕更不稳定。所有凤凰晕内$50$或$150$ kpc范围内的包涵质量在过去${\sim} 7$ Gyr内发生了显著变化，而星系晕在相同时期内保持稳定。我们建议，相对年轻且更活跃的状态解释了群晕的各种观测结果，尤其是在中心区域。
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English: The paper shows recurrence plots obtained from time series of the level
variations of four lakes in Africa (Nasser, Tana, Chad and Kainji). The data,
coming from remote sensing, are provided by the United States Department of
Agriculture. The recurrence plots allow a good visual comparison of the
behaviours of local drainage basins.
Chinese: 该论文展示了从非洲四个湖泊（纳赛尔、塔纳、乍得和卡因吉）的水位变化时间序列中获得的重访图。这些数据来自遥感，由美国农业部提供。重访图允许对局部流域的行为进行良好的视觉比较。
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English: Nowadays, the main problem of deep learning techniques used in the
development of automatic speech recognition (ASR) models is the lack of
transcribed data. The goal of this research is to propose a new data
augmentation method to improve ASR models for agglutinative and low-resource
languages. This novel data augmentation method generates both synthetic text
and synthetic audio. Some experiments were conducted using the corpus of the
Quechua language, which is an agglutinative and low-resource language. In this
study, a sequence-to-sequence (seq2seq) model was applied to generate synthetic
text, in addition to generating synthetic speech using a text-to-speech (TTS)
model for Quechua. The results show that the new data augmentation method works
well to improve the ASR model for Quechua. In this research, an 8.73%
improvement in the word-error-rate (WER) of the ASR model is obtained using a
combination of synthetic text and synthetic speech.
Chinese: 如今，在自动语音识别（ASR）模型开发中使用的深度学习技术的主要问题是缺乏转录数据。本研究的目的是提出一种新的数据增强方法，以改善聚合和低资源语言中的ASR模型。这种新颖的数据增强方法生成合成文本和合成音频。使用 Quechua 语言语料库进行了一些实验，Quechua 是一种聚合和低资源语言。在本研究中，应用序列到序列（seq2seq）模型生成合成文本，并使用 Quechua 的文本到语音（TTS）模型生成合成语音。结果表明，新的数据增强方法在提高 Quechua 的 ASR 模型方面效果显著。在本研究中，使用合成文本和合成语音的组合，ASR 模型的词错误率（WER）提高了 8.73%。
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English: Ranking the binding of small molecules to protein receptors through
physics-based computation remains challenging. Though inroads have been made
using free energy methods, these fail when the underlying classical mechanical
force fields are insufficient. In principle, a more accurate approach is
provided by quantum mechanical density functional theory (DFT) scoring, but
even with approximations, this has yet to become practical on drug
discovery-relevant timescales and resources. Here, we describe how to overcome
this barrier using algorithms for DFT calculations that scale on widely
available cloud architectures, enabling full density functional theory, without
approximations, to be applied to protein-ligand complexes with approximately
2500 atoms in tens of minutes. Applying this to a realistic example of 22
ligands binding to MCL1 reveals that density functional scoring outperforms
classical free energy perturbation theory for this system. This raises the
possibility of broadly applying fully quantum mechanical scoring to real-world
drug discovery pipelines.
Chinese: 通过基于物理的计算对小分子与蛋白质受体的结合进行排名仍然具有挑战性。尽管使用自由能方法已经取得了一些进展，但当底层的经典力学力场不足时，这些方法会失效。原则上，量子力学密度泛函理论（DFT）评分提供了一种更准确的方法，但即使使用近似方法，这也尚未在药物发现相关的时间尺度和资源上变得实用。在这里，我们描述了如何使用能够在广泛可用的云架构上扩展的DFT计算算法来克服这一障碍，使得无需近似的完整密度泛函理论能够应用于含有约2500个原子的蛋白质-配体复合物，并且只需几分钟。将这种方法应用于22个配体与MCL1结合的现实例子，揭示出密度泛函评分在该系统上的表现优于经典自由能扰动理论。这为将完全量子力学评分广泛应用于现实世界的药物发现流程提供了可能性。
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English: Consider k x n matrices with rank conditions placed on intervals of columns.
The ranks that are actually achievable correspond naturally to upper triangular
partial permutation matrices, and we call the corresponding subvarieties of
Gr(k,n) the _interval positroid varieties_, as this class lies within the class
of positroid varieties studied in [Knutson-Lam-Speyer]. It includes Schubert
and opposite Schubert varieties, and their intersections, and is Grassmann dual
to the projection varieties of [Billey-Coskun].
Vakil's "geometric Littlewood-Richardson rule" [Vakil] uses certain
degenerations to positively compute the H^*-classes of Richardson varieties,
each summand recorded as a (2+1)-dimensional "checker game". We use his same
degenerations to positively compute the K_T-classes of interval positroid
varieties, each summand recorded more succinctly as a 2-dimensional "K-IP pipe
dream". In Vakil's restricted situation these IP pipe dreams biject very simply
to the puzzles of [Knutson-Tao].
We relate Vakil's degenerations to Erd\H os-Ko-Rado shifting, and include
results about computing "geometric shifts" of general T-invariant subvarieties
of Grassmannians.
Chinese: 考虑具有列区间秩条件的k x n矩阵。实际可达到的秩自然对应于上三角部分置换矩阵，我们将Gr(k,n)中对应的子簇称为_区间正态簇_，因为这类簇属于[Knutson-Lam-Speyer]中研究的正态簇类。它包括Schubert和反Schubert簇及其交集，并与[Billey-Coskun]中的投影簇对偶。
Vakil的"几何Littlewood-Richardson规则"[Vakil]使用某些退化来正计算Richardson簇的H^*-类，每个分项记录为一个(2+1)维的"棋盘游戏"。我们使用相同的退化来正计算区间正态簇的K_T-类，每个分项更简洁地记录为一个2维的"K-IP管道梦想"。在Vakil的受限情况下，这些IP管道梦想与[Knutson-Tao]中的谜题非常简单地双射。
我们将Vakil的退化与Erd\H os-Ko-Rado平移联系起来，并包含计算Grassmannian中一般T-不变子簇"几何平移"的结果。
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English: We propose a possibility of spontaneous CP-violation (SCPV) at high scale in
a SUSY SO(10) theory. The model is L-R symmetric SUSY SO(10) with
\textbf{\noun{10}} and \textbf{126} dimensional Higgs generating fermion
masses, and the CP phase is generated through complex VEV of B-L breaking
\textbf{126} Higgs . The model can have potential application in explaining
$\nu$ masses and leptogenesis as well.
Chinese: 我们提出在SUSY SO(10)理论中在高能尺度下自发CP破坏（SCPV）的可能性。该模型是具有\textbf{10}和\textbf{126}维希格斯粒子的L-R对称SUSY SO(10)模型，这些希格斯粒子产生费米子质量，CP相通过B-L破缺的\textbf{126}维希格斯粒子的复真空期望值（VEV）产生。该模型在解释ν质量生成和轻子生成方面具有潜在的应用价值。
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English: We prove an isoperimetric inequality for groups. As an application, we obtain
lower bound on F{\o}lner functions in various nilpotent-by-cyclic groups. Under
a regularity assumption, we obtain a characterization of F{\o}lner functions of
these groups. As another application, we evaluate the asymptotics of the
F{\o}lner function of $Sym(\mathbb{Z})\rtimes {\mathbb{Z}}$. We construct new
examples of groups with Shalom's property $H_{\mathrm{FD}}$, in particular
among nilpotent-by-cyclic and lacunary hyperbolic groups. Among these examples
we find groups with property $H_{\mathrm{FD}}$, which are direct products of
lacunary hyperbolic groups and have arbitrarily large F{\o}lner functions.
Chinese: 我们证明了关于群的可测边值不等式。作为一个应用，我们在各种由循环群构成的幂零群中得到了F{\o}lner函数的下界。在满足一个正则性假设的条件下，我们得到了这些群的F{\o}lner函数的特征描述。作为另一个应用，我们评估了$Sym(\mathbb{Z})\rtimes {\mathbb{Z}}$的F{\o}lner函数的渐近性质。我们构造了具有Shalom的属性$H_{\mathrm{FD}}$的新群例子，特别是在幂零循环群和空缺双曲群中。在这些例子中，我们发现了一些具有属性$H_{\mathrm{FD}}$的群，它们是空缺双曲群的直积，并且具有任意大的F{\o}lner函数。
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English: Recently, we developed a method to construct polynomial interatomic
potentials from ab-initio calculations in order to accurately describe laser
excited solids [PRL 124, 085501 (2020)]. However, ab-initio methods, and
therefore analytical potentials derived from them, commonly do not provide an
accurate prediction of the melting temperature. In order to reproduce the
experimental melting properties, but keeping the accuracy in the laser excited
case, we present here an approach to modify few key coefficients of polynomial
interatomic potentials constructed from ab-initio data. We show that, with the
help of such corrections, the electronic-temperature dependent interatomic
potential for silicon can, at the same time, describe nonthermal laser induced
effects with ab-initio accuracy and also provide the correct experimental
melting temperature and slope $dT/dp$.
Chinese: 最近，我们开发了一种从从头计算中构建多项式原子间势的方法，以准确描述激光激发的固体[PRL 124, 085501 (2020)]。然而，从头计算方法及其由此导出的解析势通常不能准确预测熔点。为了再现实验熔化性质，同时保持激光激发情况下的准确性，我们在此提出了一种修改从从头数据构建的多项式原子间势中几个关键系数的方法。我们表明，借助这种校正，硅的电子温度依赖性原子间势可以同时描述非热激光诱导效应，并以从头计算的精度提供正确的实验熔点和斜率 $dT/dp$。
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English: We examine the behavior of the Kolmogorov constants C_2, C_k, and C_{k1},
which are, respectively, the prefactors of the second order longitudinal
structure function, the three dimensional and one-dimensional longitudinal
energy spectrum in the inertial range. We show that their ratios, C_2/C_{k1}
and C_k/C_{k1}, exhibit clear dependence on the micro-scale Reynolds number
R_{\lambda}, implying that they cannot all be independent of R_{\lambda}. In
particular, it is found that (C_{k1}/C_2-0.25) = 1.95R_{\lambda}^{-0.68}. The
study further reveals that the widely-used relation C_2 = 4.02 C_{k1} holds
only asymptotically when R_{\lambda} <= 10^5. It is also found that C_2 has
much stronger R_{\lambda}-dependence than either C_k, or C_{k1} if the latter
indeed has a systematic dependence on R_{\lambda}. We further show that the
variable dependence on R_{\lambda} of these three numbers can be attributed to
the difference of the inertial range in real- and wavenumber-space, with
inertial range in real-space known to be much shorter than that in wavenumber
space.
Chinese: 我们考察了科尔莫戈罗夫常数 C_2、C_k 和 C_{k1} 的行为，它们分别是二级纵向结构函数、惯性区的三维和一维纵向能量谱的系数。我们证明，它们的比值 C_2/C_{k1} 和 C_k/C_{k1} 对微尺度雷诺数 R_{\lambda} 有明显的依赖性，这意味着它们不可能都与 R_{\lambda} 无关。特别是，我们发现 (C_{k1}/C_2-0.25) = 1.95R_{\lambda}^{-0.68}。研究进一步揭示，广泛使用的 C_2 = 4.02 C_{k1} 关系仅在 R_{\lambda} <= 10^5 时渐近成立。此外，如果 C_{k1} 确实对 R_{\lambda} 有系统依赖性，则 C_2 比 C_k 或 C_{k1} 对 R_{\lambda} 的依赖性更强。我们进一步表明，这三个数对 R_{\lambda} 的依赖性差异可归因于实空间和波数空间惯性区的差异，已知实空间惯性区远短于波数空间的惯性区。
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English: Modern ground-based telescopes rely on a technology called adaptive optics
(AO) in order to compensate for the loss of image quality caused by atmospheric
turbulence. Next-generation AO systems designed for a wide field of view
require a stable and high-resolution reconstruction of the refractive index
fluctuations in the atmosphere. By introducing a novel Bayesian method, we
address the problem of estimating an atmospheric turbulence strength profile
and reconstructing the refractive index fluctuations simultaneously, where we
only use wavefront measurements of incoming light from guide stars. Most
importantly, we demonstrate how this method can be used for model optimization
as well. We propose two different algorithms for solving the maximum a
posteriori estimate: the first approach is based on alternating minimization
and has the advantage of integrability into existing atmospheric tomography
methods. In the second approach, we formulate a convex non-differentiable
optimization problem, which is solved by an iterative thresholding method. This
approach clearly illustrates the underlying sparsity-enforcing mechanism for
the strength profile. By introducing a tuning/regularization parameter, an
automated model reduction of the layer structure of the atmosphere is achieved.
Using numerical simulations, we demonstrate the performance of our method in
practice.
Chinese: 现代地面望远镜依赖一种名为自适应光学（AO）的技术来补偿大气湍流造成的图像质量损失。为广角视野设计的下一代AO系统需要稳定且高分辨率的大气折射率波动重建。通过引入一种新颖的贝叶斯方法，我们解决了估计大气湍流强度分布和同时重建折射率波动的问题，仅使用引导星入射光的波前测量数据。最重要的是，我们展示了这种方法如何用于模型优化。我们提出了两种解决最大后验估计的不同算法：第一种方法基于交替最小化，其优点是可以整合到现有的大气成像方法中。在第二种方法中，我们提出了一个凸的非可微优化问题，通过迭代阈值方法解决。这种方法清楚地展示了强度分布背后的基本稀疏性增强机制。通过引入调整/正则化参数，实现了大气层结构的自动化模型简化。通过数值模拟，我们展示了方法的实际性能。
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English: We introduce a novel evaluation framework for Large Language Models (LLMs)
such as \textsc{Llama-2} and \textsc{Mistral}, focusing on importing Precision
and Recall metrics from image generation to text generation. This approach
allows for a nuanced assessment of the quality and diversity of generated text
without the need for aligned corpora. By conducting a comprehensive evaluation
of state-of-the-art language models, the study reveals new insights into their
performance on open-ended generation tasks, which are not adequately captured
by traditional benchmarks. The findings highlight a trade-off between the
quality and diversity of generated samples, particularly when models are
fine-tuned on instruction dataset or with human feedback. This work extends the
toolkit for distribution-based NLP evaluation, offering insights into the
practical capabilities and challenges that current LLMs face in generating
diverse and high-quality text. We release our code and data.
Chinese: 我们介绍了一种针对大型语言模型（LLMs）如\textsc{Llama-2}和\textsc{Mistral}的新型评估框架，重点关注将图像生成的精确率和召回率指标引入文本生成领域。这种方法能够在无需对齐语料库的情况下，对生成文本的质量和多样性进行细致评估。通过对当前最先进的语言模型进行全面评估，这项研究揭示了它们在开放式生成任务上的新性能特点，而这些特点传统基准测试未能充分捕捉。研究结果表明，生成样本的质量与多样性之间存在权衡关系，尤其是在模型在指令数据集或人类反馈上进行微调时。这项工作扩展了基于分布的NLP评估工具箱，为当前LLM在生成多样化和高质量文本时面临的实际能力与挑战提供了洞见。我们发布了我们的代码和数据。
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English: Existing studies comparing individual-based models of growing cell
populations and their continuum counterparts have mainly focused on homogeneous
populations, in which all cells have the same phenotypic characteristics.
However, significant intercellular phenotypic variability is commonly observed
in cellular systems. Therefore, we develop here an individual-based model for
the growth of phenotypically heterogeneous cell populations. In this model, the
phenotypic state of each cell is described by a structuring variable that
captures intercellular variability in cell proliferation and migration rates.
The model tracks the spatial evolutionary dynamics of single cells, which
undergo pressure-dependent proliferation, heritable phenotypic changes and
directional movement in response to pressure differentials. We formally show
that the continuum limit of this model comprises a non-local partial
differential equation for the cell population density, which generalises
earlier models of growing cell populations. Results of the individual-based
model illustrate how proliferation-migration tradeoffs shaping the evolution of
single cells can lead to the formation of travelling waves at the population
level where highly-mobile cells locally dominate at the invasive front, while
more-proliferative cells are found at the rear. We demonstrate that there is an
excellent quantitative agreement between these results and the results of
numerical simulations and formal travelling-wave analysis of the continuum
model, when sufficiently large cell numbers are considered. We provide
numerical evidence of scenarios in which the predictions of the two models may
differ due to demographic stochasticity, which cannot be captured by the
continuum model. This indicates the importance of integrating individual-based
and continuum approaches when modelling the growth of phenotypically
heterogeneous cell populations.
Chinese: 现有的研究主要比较了基于个体的细胞种群增长模型及其连续对应模型，这些研究主要集中在同质种群上，其中所有细胞都具有相同的表型特征。然而，在细胞系统中，细胞间的表型变异性通常观察得很明显。因此，我们在这里开发了一个基于个体的表型异质细胞种群增长模型。在这个模型中，每个细胞的表型状态由一个结构变量描述，该变量捕捉了细胞增殖和迁移率中的细胞间变异性。该模型追踪单个细胞的时空进化动力学，这些细胞在压力下进行增殖，遗传表型变化以及响应压力差的方向性移动。我们正式证明了该模型的连续极限包含一个关于细胞种群密度的非局部偏微分方程，这推广了先前关于增长细胞种群模型。基于个体的模型的结果说明了增殖-迁移权衡如何塑造单个细胞的进化，从而导致种群水平上形成传播波，其中高度移动的细胞在侵袭前沿局部占主导地位，而更易增殖的细胞位于后方。我们证明，当考虑足够大的细胞数量时，这些结果与连续模型的数值模拟和正式传播波分析的结果之间有很好的定量一致性。我们提供了两种模型预测可能因人口统计学随机性而不同的情况的数值证据，这种随机性不能被连续模型捕捉。这表明，在模拟表型异质细胞种群的增长时，整合基于个体和连续方法的重要性。
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English: We show that standard Transformers without graph-specific modifications can
lead to promising results in graph learning both in theory and practice. Given
a graph, we simply treat all nodes and edges as independent tokens, augment
them with token embeddings, and feed them to a Transformer. With an appropriate
choice of token embeddings, we prove that this approach is theoretically at
least as expressive as an invariant graph network (2-IGN) composed of
equivariant linear layers, which is already more expressive than all
message-passing Graph Neural Networks (GNN). When trained on a large-scale
graph dataset (PCQM4Mv2), our method coined Tokenized Graph Transformer
(TokenGT) achieves significantly better results compared to GNN baselines and
competitive results compared to Transformer variants with sophisticated
graph-specific inductive bias. Our implementation is available at
https://github.com/jw9730/tokengt.
Chinese: 我们表明，在图学习理论和实践中，标准Transformer无需针对图进行特定修改即可取得有希望的结果。给定一个图，我们只需将所有节点和边视为独立的标记，用标记嵌入对其进行增强，然后将它们输入到Transformer中。通过适当选择标记嵌入，我们证明这种方法在理论上至少与由等变线性层组成的不可变图网络（2-IGN）一样具有表达能力，而后者已经比所有基于消息传递的图神经网络（GNN）更具表达能力。当在大型图数据集（PCQM4Mv2）上训练时，我们提出的方法标记化图Transformer（TokenGT）与GNN基线相比取得了显著更好的结果，与具有复杂图特定归纳偏置的Transformer变体相比也取得了具有竞争力的结果。我们的实现可在https://github.com/jw9730/tokengt上找到。
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English: We study a novel protocol for reference frame independent (RFI) quantum key
distribution (QKD) using six states for Alice and four states for Bob, while
previous RFI protocols require a six state analyzer for Bob. Our protocol can
generate a secure key for any possible phase of the entangled state, provided
the variation is small compared to the measurement rate, shown by our numerical
key rate analysis. We perform a proof-of-principle experiment using
polarization entangled photon pairs. In the presence of a varying rotational
phase, we obtain a consistently low error rate of less than $4\%$ indicating
the feasibility of this protocol for QKD. Our protocol is hence beneficial but
not limited to applications in satellite or mobile free-space QKD, where a
communication node must limit resources and restrict the number of measured
states to four instead of six.
Chinese: 我们研究了一种新型协议，用于参考框架无关（RFI）量子密钥分发（QKD），该协议使用了爱丽丝6种状态和鲍勃4种状态，而之前的RFI协议要求鲍勃使用6种状态分析器。我们的协议可以在纠缠态的任何可能相位下生成安全密钥，只要相位变化相对于测量速率较小，这一点由我们的数值密钥率分析所证明。我们使用偏振纠缠光子对进行了原理性实验。在存在变化的旋转相位的情况下，我们获得了低于4%的一致性低错误率，这表明该协议在QKD中的可行性。因此，我们的协议不仅适用于卫星或移动自由空间QKD应用，其中通信节点必须限制资源并限制测量状态的数量为4种而不是6种。
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English: In this study we focus on the diagnosis of Parkinson's Disease (PD) based on
electroencephalogram (EEG) signals. We propose a new approach inspired by the
functioning of the brain that uses the dynamics, frequency and temporal content
of EEGs to extract new demarcating features of the disease. The method was
evaluated on a publicly available dataset containing EEG signals recorded
during a 3-oddball auditory task involving N = 50 subjects, of whom 25 suffer
from PD. By extracting two features, and separating them with a straight line
using a Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) classifier, we can separate the
healthy from the unhealthy subjects with an accuracy of 90 % $(p < 0.03)$ using
a single channel. By aggregating the information from three channels and making
them vote, we obtain an accuracy of 94 %, a sensitivity of 96 % and a
specificity of 92 %. The evaluation was carried out using a nested
Leave-One-Out cross-validation procedure, thus preventing data leakage problems
and giving a less biased evaluation. Several tests were carried out to assess
the validity and robustness of our approach, including the test where we use
only half the available data for training. Under this constraint, the model
achieves an accuracy of 83.8 %.
Chinese: 在这项研究中，我们关注基于脑电图（EEG）信号的帕金森病（PD）的诊断。我们提出了一种受大脑功能启发的新方法，该方法利用EEG的动态、频率和时间内容来提取疾病的新特征。该方法在一个公开可用的数据集上进行了评估，该数据集包含N = 50名受试者在进行3-oddball听觉任务期间记录的EEG信号，其中25名受试者患有PD。通过提取两个特征，并使用线性判别分析（LDA）分类器将它们用直线分开，我们可以用单通道将健康受试者与不健康受试者区分开来，准确率达到90%（p < 0.03）。通过聚合三个通道的信息并让它们投票，我们获得了94%的准确率、96%的灵敏度和92%的特异性。评估是通过嵌套的留一法交叉验证程序进行的，从而防止数据泄露问题，并给出一个较少偏见的评估。我们进行了几个测试来评估我们方法的有效性和鲁棒性，包括我们只使用可用数据的一半进行训练的测试。在这种约束下，模型达到了83.8%的准确率。
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English: Recent developments in matrix-product-state (MPS) investigations of many-body
localization (MBL) are reviewed, with a discussion of benefits and limitations
of the method. This approach allows one to explore the physics around the MBL
transition in systems much larger than those accessible to exact
diagonalization. System sizes and length scales that can be controllably
accessed by the MPS approach are comparable to those studied in
state-of-the-art experiments. Results for 1D, quasi-1D, and 2D random systems,
as well as 1D quasi-periodic systems are presented. On time scales explored (up
to $t \approx 300$ in units set by the hopping amplitude), a slow, subdiffusive
transport in a rather broad disorder range on the ergodic side of the MBL
transition is found. For 1D random spin chains, which serve as a "standard
model" of the MBL transition, the MPS study demonstrates a substantial drift of
the critical point $W_c(L)$ with the system size $L$: while for $L \approx 20$
we find $W_c \approx 4$, as also given by exact diagonalization, the MPS
results for $L = 50$--100 provide evidence that the critical disorder
saturates, in the large-$L$ limit, at $W_c \approx 5.5$. For quasi-periodic
systems, these finite-size effects are much weaker, which suggests that they
can be largely attributed to rare events. For quasi-1D ($d\times L$, with $d
\ll L$) and 2D ($L\times L$) random systems, the MPS data demonstrate an
unbounded growth of $W_c$ in the limit of large $d$ and $L$, in agreement with
analytical predictions based on the rare-event avalanche theory.
Chinese: 最近在矩阵-产品态（MPS）研究多体局域化（MBL）方面的进展得到了综述，同时讨论了该方法的优势和局限性。这种方法允许研究者探索MBL相变周围的物理现象，所研究的系统大小远超精确对角化可访问的范围。MPS方法能够控制性地访问的系统尺寸和长度尺度与目前实验研究中使用的相当。展示了1D、准1D和2D随机系统的结果，以及1D准周期系统的结果。在所探索的时间尺度内（最大到$t \approx 300$，以跃迁幅度为单位），在MBL相变的非局域化一侧，一个相当宽泛的局域化范围内发现了缓慢的亚扩散传输。对于1D随机自旋链，它们作为MBL相变的“标准模型”，MPS研究展示了临界点$W_c(L)$与系统大小$L$的显著漂移：当$L \approx 20$时，我们发现$W_c \approx 4$，这与精确对角化给出的结果一致，而MPS结果对于$L = 50$--100提供了证据，表明在$L$趋向无穷大时，临界局域化饱和在$W_c \approx 5.5$。对于准周期系统，这些有限尺寸效应要弱得多，这表明它们可以很大程度上归因于罕见事件。对于准1D（$d\times L$，其中$d \ll L$）和2D（$L\times L$）随机系统，MPS数据展示了在$d$和$L$趋向无穷大时的$W_c$的无界增长，这与基于罕见事件雪崩理论的分析预测一致。
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English: This study investigates the changes of magnetic ordering temperature via
nano- and mesoscale structural features in an iron arsenide. Although magnetic
ground states in quantum materials can be theoretically predicted from known
crystal structures and chemical compositions, the ordering temperature is
harder to pinpoint due to such local lattice variations. In this work we find
surprisingly that a locally disordered material can exhibit a significantly
larger Neel temperature (TN) than an ordered material of precisely the same
chemical stoichiometry. Here, a EuFe2As2 crystal, which is a 122 parent of iron
arsenide superconductors, is found through synthesis to have ordering below TN
= 195 K (for the disordered crystal) or TN = 175 K (for the ordered crystal).
In the higher TN crystals, there are shorter planar Fe-Fe bonds [2.7692(2) A
vs. 2.7745(3) A], a randomized in-plane defect structure, and diffuse
scattering along the [00L] crystallographic direction that manifests as a
rather broad specific heat peak. For the lower TN crystals, the a-lattice
parameter is larger and the in-plane microscopic structure shows defect
ordering along the antiphase boundaries, giving a larger TN and a higher
superconducting temperature (Tc) upon the application of pressure. First
principles calculations find a strong interaction between c-axis strain and
interlayer magnetic coupling, but little impact of planar strain on the
magnetic order. Neutron single-crystal diffraction shows that the
low-temperature magnetic phase transition due to localized Eu moments is not
lattice or disorder sensitive, unlike the higher-temperature Fe sublattice
ordering. This study demonstrates a higher magnetic ordering point arising from
local disorder in 122.
Chinese: 这项研究通过纳米和微观结构特征研究了铁砷中磁序温度的变化。尽管量子材料的磁基态可以从已知的晶体结构和化学成分中理论上预测，但由于这种局部晶格变化，磁序温度更难确定。在这项工作中，我们发现一个局部无序的材料可以表现出比精确相同化学当量的有序材料显著更高的奈尔温度（TN）。在这里，通过合成发现，一种EuFe2As2晶体，它是铁砷超导体122型母体，其无序晶体的TN为195 K（对于无序晶体）或TN为175 K（对于有序晶体）。在更高TN的晶体中，平面Fe-Fe键更短[2.7692(2) A与2.7745(3) A]，平面缺陷结构随机化，并且在[00L]晶格方向上有漫散射，表现为相当宽的比热峰。对于更低TN的晶体，a晶格参数更大，平面微观结构显示缺陷沿反相畴界有序排列，施加压力后给出更大的TN和更高的超导温度（Tc）。第一性原理计算发现，c轴应变与层间磁耦合之间存在强相互作用，但平面应变对磁序的影响很小。中子单晶衍射表明，由于局域Eu磁矩引起的低温磁相变对晶格或无序不敏感，这与高温铁亚晶格有序不同。这项研究证明了122中局部无序引起的更高磁序点。
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English: For vector lattices $E$ and $F$, where $F$ is Dedekind complete and supplied
with a locally solid topology, we introduce the corresponding locally solid
absolute strong operator topology on the order bounded operators $\mathcal
L_{\mathrm{ob}}(E,F)$ from $E$ into $F$. Using this, it follows that $\mathcal
L_{\mathrm{ob}}(E,F)$ admits a Hausdorff uo-Lebesgue topology whenever $F$
does. For each of order convergence, unbounded order convergence, and-when
applicable-convergence in the Hausdorff uo-Lebesgue topology, there are both a
uniform and a strong convergence structure on $\mathcal L_{\mathrm {ob}}(E,F)$.
Of the six conceivable inclusions within these three pairs, only one is
generally valid. On the orthomorphisms of a Dedekind complete vector lattice,
however, five are generally valid, and the sixth is valid for order bounded
nets. The latter condition is redundant in the case of sequences of
orthomorphisms on a Banach lattice, as a consequence of a uniform order
boundedness principle for orthomorphisms that we establish. We also show that,
in contrast to general order bounded operators, the orthomorphisms preserve not
only order convergence of nets, but unbounded order convergence and -- when
applicable -- convergence in the Hausdorff uo-Lebesgue topology as well.
Chinese: 对于向量格$E$和$F$，其中$F$是狄利克雷完备的，并且带有局部固体拓扑，我们引入相应的局部固体绝对强算子拓扑于从$E$到$F$的顺序有界算子$\mathcal L_{\mathrm{ob}}(E,F)$上。利用这一点，可以得出结论，只要$F$允许，$\mathcal L_{\mathrm{ob}}(E,F)$就会拥有哈斯多夫上o-勒贝格拓扑。对于每一种顺序收敛，未定界顺序收敛，以及在适用时的哈斯多夫上o-勒贝格拓扑的收敛，$\mathcal L_{\mathrm {ob}}(E,F)$上都存在统一收敛结构和强收敛结构。在这三个配对中的六个可能的包含关系中，只有一个通常成立。然而，在狄利克雷完备的向量格的正交同态上，五个通常成立，第六个只对顺序有界的网成立。在Banach格上的正交同态序列的情况下，由于我们建立的正交同态的统一顺序有界性原理，后一个条件是冗余的。我们还表明，与一般的顺序有界算子不同，正交同态不仅保持网的顺序收敛，也保持未定界顺序收敛，并且在适用时也保持在哈斯多夫上o-勒贝格拓扑上的收敛。
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English: Analytic combinatorics in several variables refers to a suite of tools that
provide sharp asymptotic estimates for certain combinatorial quantities. In
this paper, we apply these tools to determine the Gilbert--Varshamov lower
bound on the rate of optimal codes in $L_1$ metric. Several different code
spaces are analyzed, including the simplex and the hypercube in $\mathbb{Z^n}$,
all of which are inspired by concrete data storage and transmission models such
as the sticky insertion channel, the permutation channel, the adjacent
transposition (bit-shift) channel, the multilevel flash memory channel, etc.
Chinese: 多变量分析组合学指的是提供某些组合量锐利渐近估计的一组工具。在本论文中，我们应用这些工具来确定$L_1$度量下最优码的Gilbert-Varshamov下界。分析了包括$\mathbb{Z^n}$上的单纯形和超立方体在内的多个不同的码空间，这些均受到诸如粘性插入通道、置换通道、相邻转置（位移动）通道、多级闪存存储通道等具体数据存储和传输模型的启发。
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English: New quantitative propagation of chaos results for mean field diffusion are
proved via local and global entropy estimates. In the first result we work on
the torus and consider singular, divergence free interactions $K\in L^p$,
$p>d$. We prove a $O(k^{2}/n^2)$ convergence rate in relative entropy between
the $k$-marginal laws of the particle system and its limiting law at each time
$t$, as long as the same holds at time 0. The proof is based on local estimates
via a form of BBGKY hierarchy and exemplifies a method to extend the framework
in Lacker [16] to singular interactions. The rate can be made uniform in time
combined with the result in [18]. Then we prove quantitative propagation of
chaos for interactions that are only assumed to have linear growth. This
generalizes to the case where the driving noise is replaced by a fractional
Brownian motion $B^H$, for all $H\in(0,1)$. These proofs follow from global
estimates and subGaussian concentration inequalities. We obtain $O(k/n)$
convergence rate in relative entropy in each case, yet the rate is only valid
on $[0,T^*]$ with $T^*$ a fixed finite constant depending on various parameters
of the system.
Chinese: 通过局部和全局熵估计，证明了关于均值场扩散的新定量混沌传播结果。在第一个结果中，我们在环面上工作，并考虑奇异、无散度的相互作用 $K\in L^p$，其中 $p>d$。我们证明了在粒子系统的 $k$-边缘定律与其极限定律在任意时间 $t$ 之间的相对熵收敛速度为 $O(k^{2}/n^2)$，前提是这一性质在时间 $0$ 也成立。该证明基于通过某种BBGKY层次结构的局部估计，并展示了将Lacker [16] 中框架扩展到奇异相互作用的方法。该速率可以通过结合[18]中的结果在时间上变得一致。然后我们证明了对于仅假设具有线性增长相互作用的情况的定量混沌传播。这推广到驱动噪声被分数布朗运动 $B^H$ 替换的情况，对于所有 $H\in(0,1)$。这些证明源于全局估计和次高斯集中不等式。我们在每种情况下都获得了 $O(k/n)$ 的相对熵收敛速度，但该速率仅在 $[0,T^*]$ 上有效，其中 $T^*$ 是一个取决于系统各种参数的固定有限常数。
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English: Given F a locally compact, non-discrete, non-archimedean field of
characteristic different from 2 and R an integral domain such that a
non-trivial smooth F-character with values in the multiplicative group of R
exists, we construct the (reduced) metaplectic group attached to R. We show
that it is in most cases a double cover of the symplectic group over F. Finally
we define a faithful infinite dimensional R-representation of the metaplectic
group analogue to the Weil representation in the complex case.
Chinese: 给定F为一个局部紧致、非离散、非阿基米德域，其特征不同于2，以及R为一个整环，且存在一个非平凡的、值域在R乘法群上的F光滑特征，我们构造与R相关的（约化）梅特波利特群。我们证明在大多数情况下，它是F上辛群的二重覆盖。最后，我们定义一个与复数情况下的Weil表示相似的、忠实于无限维R表示的梅特波利特群。
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English: In this article, we analyse the Bistritzer--MacDonald (BM) model (also known
as the continuum model) of twisted bilayer graphene (TBG) with an additional
external magnetic field. We provide an explicit semiclassical asymptotic
expansion of the density of states (DOS) in the limit of strong magnetic
fields. The explicit expansion of the DOS enables us to study magnetic response
properties such as magnetic oscillations which includes Shubnikov-de Haas and
de Haas-van Alphen oscillations as well as the integer quantum Hall effect. In
particular, we elucidate the role played by different types of interlayer
tunnelings ($AA^{\prime}$/$BB^{\prime}$ vs. $AB^{\prime}$/$BA^{\prime}$) in the
study of the DOS, and magnetic properties.
Chinese: 在这篇文章中，我们分析了扭曲双层石墨烯（TBG）的Bistritzer--MacDonald（BM）模型（也称为连续体模型），并考虑了额外的外部磁场。我们提供了在强磁场极限下态密度（DOS）的显式半经典渐近展开。态密度的显式展开使我们能够研究磁响应性质，如磁振荡，这包括Shubnikov-de Haas振荡和de Haas-van Alphen振荡，以及整数量子霍尔效应。特别是，我们阐明了不同类型的层间隧穿（$AA^{\prime}$/$BB^{\prime}$与$AB^{\prime}$/$BA^{\prime}$）在研究态密度和磁性性质中的作用。
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English: A central goal of synthetic biology is the design of molecular controllers
that can manipulate the dynamics of intracellular networks in a stable and
accurate manner. To address the fact that detailed knowledge about
intracellular networks is unavailable, integral-feedback controllers (IFCs)
have been put forward for controlling molecular abundances. These controllers
can maintain accuracy in spite of the uncertainties in the controlled networks.
However, this desirable feature is achieved only if stability is also
maintained. In this paper, we show that molecular IFCs can suffer from a
hazardous instability called negative-equilibrium catastrophe (NEC), whereby
all nonnegative equilibria vanish under the action of the controllers, and some
of the molecular abundances blow up. We show that unimolecular IFCs do not
exist due to a NEC. We then derive a family of bimolecular IFCs that are
safeguarded against NECs when uncertain unimolecular networks, with any number
of molecular species, are controlled. However, when IFCs are applied on
uncertain bimolecular (and hence most intracellular) networks, we show that
preventing NECs generally becomes an intractable problem as the number of
interacting molecular species increases.
Chinese: 合成生物学的一个核心目标是设计分子控制器，这些控制器能够以稳定和准确的方式操纵细胞内网络的动态。鉴于对细胞内网络的详细知识不可用，提出了整体反馈控制器（IFCs）来控制分子丰度。这些控制器能够在受控网络的不确定性中保持准确性。然而，只有当稳定性也得到保持时，这种理想特性才能实现。在本文中，我们表明分子IFCs可能会遭受一种称为负平衡灾难（NEC）的危险不稳定性，在这种不稳定性下，所有非负平衡状态在控制器的作用下消失，并且一些分子丰度会急剧增加。我们证明由于NEC，不存在单分子IFCs。然后，我们推导出一族双分子IFCs，当控制不确定的单分子网络（具有任意数量的分子种类）时，这些IFCs可以防止NEC。然而，当IFCs应用于不确定的双分子（因此是大多数细胞内）网络时，我们表明随着相互作用分子种类的数量增加，防止NEC通常成为一个难以解决的问题。
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English: We consider the computation of free energy-like quantities for diffusions in
high dimension, when resorting to Monte Carlo simulation is necessary. Such
stochastic computations typically suffer from high variance, in particular in a
low noise regime, because the expectation is dominated by rare trajectories for
which the observable reaches large values. Although importance sampling, or
tilting of trajectories, is now a standard technique for reducing the variance
of such estimators, quantitative criteria for proving that a given control
reduces variance are scarce, and often do not apply to practical situations.
The goal of this work is to provide a quantitative criterion for assessing
whether a given bias reduces variance, and at which order. We rely for this on
a recently introduced notion of stochastic solution for Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman
(HJB) equations. Based on this tool, we introduce the notion of k-stochastic
viscosity approximation (SVA) of a HJB equation. We next prove that such
approximate solutions are associated with estimators having a relative variance
of order k-1 at log-scale. In particular, a sampling scheme built from a 1-SVA
has bounded variance as noise goes to zero. Finally, in order to show that our
definition is relevant, we provide examples of stochastic viscosity
approximations of order one and two, with a numerical illustration confirming
our theoretical findings.
Chinese: 我们考虑在高维扩散中计算类似自由能的量，此时需要借助蒙特卡洛模拟。此类随机计算通常存在高方差问题，特别是在低噪声条件下，因为期望值主要由那些使得可观测量达到大值的罕见轨迹所主导。尽管重要性采样或轨迹倾斜现已成为降低此类估计器方差的标准技术，但证明给定控制能降低方差的定量标准却很少，且往往不适用于实际场景。本工作的目标是为评估给定偏差是否降低方差及其阶数提供一个定量标准。为此，我们依赖于最近引入的一种用于哈密顿-雅可比-贝尔曼（HJB）方程的随机解概念。基于这一工具，我们引入了HJB方程的k-随机粘度近似（SVA）概念。随后，我们证明了此类近似解与具有对数尺度下相对方差阶数为k-1的估计器相关联。特别是，基于1-SVA构建的采样方案在噪声趋于零时具有有界的方差。最后，为了证明我们定义的有效性，我们提供了阶数为一和二的随机粘度近似的例子，并通过数值模拟验证了我们的理论发现。
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English: Do highly productive researchers have significantly higher probability to
produce top cited papers? Or does the increased productivity in science only
result in a sea of irrelevant papers as a perverse effect of competition and
the increased use of indicators for research evaluation and accountability
focus? We use a Swedish author disambiguated data set consisting of 48,000
researchers and their WoS-publications during the period of 2008 2011 with
citations until 2014 to investigate the relation between productivity and
production of highly cited papers. As the analysis shows, quantity does make a
difference.
Chinese: 高生产力研究者是否有显著更高的概率产出高被引论文？或者，科学领域的生产力提升是否只导致了大量无关紧要论文泛滥，成为竞争加剧和研究评估问责指标过度使用的一种扭曲效应？我们使用了一个瑞典作者消歧数据集，该数据集包含2008至2011年间48,000名研究者的WoS出版物及其2014年前的引用数据，来研究生产力与高被引论文产出之间的关系。正如分析所示，数量确实有影响。
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English: Because of consuming energy to drive their motion, systems of active colloids
are intrinsically out of equilibrium. In the past decade, a variety of
intriguing dynamic patterns have been observed in systems of active colloids,
and they offer a new platform for studying non-equilibrium physics, in which
computer simulation and analytical theory have played an important role. Here
we review the recent progress in understanding the dynamic assembly of active
colloids by using numerical and analytical tools. We review the progress in
understanding the motility induced phase separation in the past decade,
followed by the discussion on the effect of shape anisotropy and hydrodynamics
on the dynamic assembly of active colloids.
Chinese: 由于需要能量来驱动它们的运动，活性胶体系统本质上是不平衡的。在过去的十年中，活性胶体系统中观察到了一系列引人入胜的动态模式，它们为研究非平衡物理学提供了一个新平台，其中计算机模拟和分析理论都扮演了重要角色。在这里，我们回顾了使用数值和分析工具理解活性胶体动态组装进展的最新研究。我们回顾了过去十年中对运动诱导相分离的理解进展，随后讨论了形状各向异性和水动力学对活性胶体动态组装的影响。
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English: Neural networks are vulnerable to adversarial examples, which are malicious
inputs crafted to fool pre-trained models. Adversarial examples often exhibit
black-box attacking transferability, which allows that adversarial examples
crafted for one model can fool another model. However, existing black-box
attack methods require samples from the training data distribution to improve
the transferability of adversarial examples across different models. Because of
the data dependence, the fooling ability of adversarial perturbations is only
applicable when training data are accessible. In this paper, we present a
data-free method for crafting adversarial perturbations that can fool a target
model without any knowledge about the training data distribution. In the
practical setting of a black-box attack scenario where attackers do not have
access to target models and training data, our method achieves high fooling
rates on target models and outperforms other universal adversarial perturbation
methods. Our method empirically shows that current deep learning models are
still at risk even when the attackers do not have access to training data.
Chinese: 神经网络容易受到对抗样本的攻击，这些对抗样本是恶意输入，旨在欺骗预训练模型。对抗样本通常表现出黑盒攻击的可迁移性，这意味着为一种模型设计的对抗样本可以欺骗另一种模型。然而，现有的黑盒攻击方法需要从训练数据分布中获取样本来提高对抗样本在不同模型间的迁移性。由于数据依赖性，对抗扰动的欺骗能力仅在训练数据可访问时适用。在本文中，我们提出了一种无需了解训练数据分布即可欺骗目标模型的无数据对抗扰动生成方法。在攻击者无法访问目标模型和训练数据的黑盒攻击场景的实际设置中，我们的方法在目标模型上实现了高欺骗率，并优于其他通用对抗扰动方法。我们的方法通过实证表明，即使攻击者无法访问训练数据，当前的深度学习模型仍然存在风险。
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English: NbTe2 crystal is quasi-2D layered semimetal with charge density wave ground
state showing a distorted-1T structure at room temperature. Here we report the
anisotropic magneto-transport properties of NbTe2. An anomalous linear
magnetoresistance up to 30% at 3 K in 9 T was observed, which can be well
explained by quantum linear magnetoresistance model. Our results reveal that a
large quasi-2D Fermi surface and small Fermi pockets with linearly dispersive
bands coexist in NbTe2. The comparison with the isostructural material TaTe2
provides more information about the electronic structure evolution with charge
density wave transitions in NbTe2 and TaTe2.
Chinese: NbTe2晶体是一种准二维层状半金属，其电荷密度波基态在室温下表现出扭曲的1T结构。在这里，我们报道了NbTe2的各向异性磁输运性质。在3 K和9 T下观察到高达30%的异常线性磁阻，这可以通过量子线性磁阻模型很好地解释。我们的结果表明，在NbTe2中存在一个大的准二维费米面和具有线性色散带的较小的费米口袋。与等结构的材料TaTe2的比较提供了关于NbTe2和TaTe2中电荷密度波转变时电子结构演化的更多信息。
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English: The stationary state of the spin-Hall bar is studied in the framework of a
variational approach that includes non-equilibrium screening effects. The
minimization of the power dissipated in the system is performed with taking
into account the spin-flip relaxation and the global constrains due to the
electric generator and global charge conservation. The calculation is performed
in both approximations of negligible spin-flip scattering and strong spin-flip
scattering. In both cases, the expressions of the spin-accumulation and the
longitudinal and transverse pure spin-currents are derived analytically. Due to
the small value of the Debye-Fermi screening length, the spin-accumulation is
shown to be linear in $y$ (across the device), linear in the electric field
imposed by the generator, and inversely proportional to the temperature for
non-degenerate conductors.
Chinese: 在变分方法框架内研究了自旋霍尔条在非平衡屏蔽效应下的稳态。通过考虑自旋翻转弛豫和由发电机引起的全局约束以及全局电荷守恒，对系统中的功耗进行最小化。计算在可忽略自旋翻转散射和强自旋翻转散射的近似下进行。在两种情况下，都通过解析方法推导出自旋积累以及纵向和横向纯自旋电流的表达式。由于德拜-费米屏蔽长度值较小，自旋积累被证明在y方向（穿过器件）上是线性的，在发电机施加的电场中是线性的，并且对于非简并导体，与温度成反比。
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English: After some general remarks about the interrelation between philosophical and
statistical thinking, the discussion centres largely on significance tests.
These are defined as the calculation of $p$-values rather than as formal
procedures for ``acceptance'' and ``rejection.'' A number of types of null
hypothesis are described and a principle for evidential interpretation set out
governing the implications of $p$-values in the specific circumstances of each
application, as contrasted with a long-run interpretation. A variety of more
complicated situations are discussed in which modification of the simple
$p$-value may be essential.
Chinese: 在简要讨论了哲学思维与统计思维之间的相互关系之后，讨论主要集中在显著性检验上。这些检验被定义为计算$p$值，而不是作为“接受”和“拒绝”的正式程序。描述了多种类型的零假设，并提出了一个证据解释原则，该原则规定了在每种应用的具体情况下$p$值的含义，与长期解释形成对比。讨论了各种更复杂的情况，在这些情况下，修改简单的$p$值可能是必要的。
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English: The ~70 unidentified sources of the EGRET sky survey may be one of its most
important legacies. The identification of these sources at other wavelengths is
critical to understanding their nature. Many have flat spectra out to 10 GeV
which, if extrapolated to TeV energies, would be easily detectable relative to
the steeply falling diffuse background. The Whipple Observatory gamma-ray
telescope has been used to observe a number of these which were selected based
on their position, intensity and spectrum and in some cases based on a possible
association with a supernova remnant or pulsar. No significant emission has
been detected from these sources, and upper limits are given.
Chinese: EGRET天区调查的约70个未识别的来源可能是其最重要的遗产之一。在其他波长上识别这些来源对于理解它们的性质至关重要。许多来源的能谱延伸到10 GeV，如果外推到TeV能量，相对于急剧下降的弥漫背景，这些来源将很容易被探测到。惠普尔天文台的伽马射线望远镜已被用于观察这些基于其位置、强度和能谱以及在某些情况下基于与超新星遗迹或脉冲星的可能的关联而选定的来源。没有从这些来源检测到明显的辐射，并给出了上限值。
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English: We present a theoretical study of how a spatially-varying quasiparticle
velocity in honeycomb lattices, achievable using strained graphene or in
engineered cold-atom optical lattices that have a spatial dependence to the
local tunneling amplitude, can yield the Rindler Hamiltonian embodying an
observer accelerating in Minkowski spacetime. Within this setup, a sudden
switch-on of the spatially-varying tunneling (or strain) yields a spontaneous
production of electron-hole pairs, an analogue version of the Unruh effect
characterized by the Unruh temperature. We discuss how this thermal behavior,
along with Takagi's statistics inversion, can manifest themselves in
photo-emission and scanning tunneling microscopy experiments. We also calculate
the average electronic conductivity and find that it grows linearly with
frequency $\omega$. Finally, we find that the total system energy at zero
environment temperature looks like Planck's blackbody result for photons due to
the aforementioned statistics inversion, whereas for an initial thermally
excited state of fermions, the total internal energy undergoes stimulated
particle reduction.
Chinese: 我们提出了一种理论研究，探讨了蜂窝晶格中准粒子速度的空间变化，这种变化可以通过使用应变石墨烯或在具有空间依赖性局部隧穿振幅的工程冷原子光晶格中实现，如何产生体现观察者在闵可夫斯基时空加速运动的Rindler哈密顿量。在这个设置中，空间变化隧穿（或应变）的突然开启导致电子-空穴对的自发产生，这是由Unruh温度特征化的Unruh效应的类似版本。我们讨论了这种热行为，以及Takagi的统计反转，如何在光电发射和扫描隧道显微镜实验中体现出来。我们还计算了平均电子电导率，并发现它随频率ω线性增长。最后，我们发现零环境温度下的总系统能量，由于上述统计反转，看起来类似于普朗克黑体结果，而对于费米子的初始热激发状态，总内能经历了受激粒子减少。
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English: A signed graph $(G, \sigma)$ is a graph with a sign attached to each of its
edges, where $G$ is the underlying graph of $(G, \sigma)$. Let $c(G)$,
$\alpha(G)$ and $r(G, \sigma)$ be the cyclomatic number, the independence
number and the rank of the adjacency matrix of $(G, \sigma)$, respectively. In
this paper, we study the relation among the independence number, the rank and
the cyclomatic number of a signed graph $(G, \sigma)$ with order $n$, and prove
that $2n-2c(G) \leq r(G, \sigma)+2\alpha(G) \leq 2n$. Furthermore, the signed
graphs that reaching the lower bound are investigated.
Chinese: 带符号图$(G, \sigma)$是每条边都带有符号的图，其中$G$是$(G, \sigma)$的基础图。令$c(G)$、$\alpha(G)$和$r(G, \sigma)$分别表示带符号图$(G, \sigma)$的环数、独立数和邻接矩阵的秩。在本文中，我们研究阶为$n$的带符号图$(G, \sigma)$的独立数、秩和环数之间的关系，并证明$2n-2c(G) \leq r(G, \sigma)+2\alpha(G) \leq 2n$。此外，还研究了达到下界的带符号图。
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English: The phase diagram of a polydisperse mixture of uniaxial rod-like and
plate-like hard parallelepipeds is determined for aspect ratios $\kappa=5$ and
15. All particles have equal volume and polydispersity is introduced in a
highly symmetric way. The corresponding binary mixture is known to have a
biaxial phase for $\kappa=15$, but to be unstable against demixing into two
uniaxial nematics for $\kappa=5$. We find that the phase diagram for
$\kappa=15$ is qualitatively similar to that of the binary mixture, regardless
the amount of polydispersity, while for $\kappa=5$ a sufficient amount of
polydispersity stabilizes the biaxial phase. This provides some clues for the
design of an experiment in which this long searched biaxial phase could be
observed.
Chinese: 对于长径比$\kappa=5$和15的单轴棒状和板状硬平行六面体多分散混合物的相图被确定。所有粒子具有相等的体积，多分散性以高度对称的方式引入。已知相应的二元混合物在$\kappa=15$时具有双轴相，但在$\kappa=5$时对分离成两个单轴向列相不稳定。我们发现，无论多分散性的量如何，$\kappa=15$的相图与二元混合物的相图定性地相似，而$\kappa=5$时足够量的多分散性稳定了双轴相。这为设计一个实验提供了一些线索，在这个实验中，这种长期寻求的双轴相可以被观察到。
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English: Let $P$ be a polytope with rational vertices. A classical theorem of Ehrhart
states that the number of lattice points in the dilations $P(n) = nP$ is a
quasi-polynomial in $n$. We generalize this theorem by allowing the vertices of
P(n) to be arbitrary rational functions in $n$. In this case we prove that the
number of lattice points in P(n) is a quasi-polynomial for $n$ sufficiently
large. Our work was motivated by a conjecture of Ehrhart on the number of
solutions to parametrized linear Diophantine equations whose coefficients are
polynomials in $n$, and we explain how these two problems are related.
Chinese: 设 $P$ 是一个具有有理顶点的多面体。Ehrhart 的一个经典定理指出，多面体 $P(n) = nP$ 的 dilations 中格点的数量是 $n$ 的拟多项式。我们通过允许 $P(n)$ 的顶点为任意关于 $n$ 的有理函数来推广这个定理。在这种情况下，我们证明了当 $n$ 足够大时，$P(n)$ 中格点的数量是 $n$ 的拟多项式。我们的工作受 Ehrhart 关于参数化线性丢番图方程（其系数为 $n$ 的多项式）解的个数的猜想所启发，并解释了这两个问题之间的联系。
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English: I comment on the above paper(s) discussing the issue of non-ultralocality for
Ginsparg-Wilson fermionic actions. The purpose of this note is to point out
that the new claim in "v3" (Feb 24, 2000), alleging the proof for "all
Ginsparg-Wilson fermions", might not be substantiated. The remarkable evolution
of versions of this paper is put in context with the literature existing at the
time of their appearance.
Chinese: 我对上述讨论Ginsparg-Wilson费米子作用非超局域性问题的论文进行了评论。本笔记的目的是指出，“v3”版本（2000年2月24日）中提出的新论断，即声称“所有Ginsparg-Wilson费米子”的证明可能没有得到充分证实。本文版本的显著演变与它们出现时的现有文献背景相结合。
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English: We have imaged GM Aur with HST, detected its disk in scattered light at 1400A
and 1650A, and compared these with observations at 3300A, 5550A, 1.1 microns,
and 1.6 microns. The scattered light increases at shorter wavelengths. The
radial surface brightness profile at 3300A shows no evidence of the 24AU radius
cavity that has been previously observed in sub-mm observations. Comparison
with dust grain opacity models indicates the surface of the entire disk is
populated with sub-micron grains. We have compiled an SED from 0.1 microns to 1
mm, and used it to constrain a model of the star+disk system that includes the
sub-mm cavity using the Monte Carlo Radiative Transfer code by Barbara Whitney.
The best-fit model image indicates that the cavity should be detectable in the
F330W bandpass if the cavity has been cleared of both large and small dust
grains, but we do not detect it. The lack of an observed cavity can be
explained by the presence of sub-microns grains interior to the sub-mm cavity
wall. We suggest one explanation for this which could be due to a planet of
mass <9 Jupiter masses interior to 24 AU. A unique cylindrical structure is
detected in the FUV data from the Advanced Camera for Surveys/Solar Blind
Channel. It is aligned along the system semi-minor axis, but does not resemble
an accretion-driven jet. The structure is limb-brightened and extends 190 +/-
35 AU above the disk midplane. The inner radius of the limb-brightening is 40
+/- 10 AU, just beyond the sub-millimeter cavity wall.
Chinese: 我们使用哈勃太空望远镜（HST）对GM Aur进行了成像，在1400A和1650A波长下检测到了其盘的散射光，并将这些数据与3300A、5550A、1.1微米和1.6微米的观测结果进行了比较。散射光在较短波长下增加。在3300A波长下的径向表面亮度剖面没有显示出之前在亚毫米观测中观察到的24AU半径空腔的证据。与尘埃颗粒光学模型比较表明，整个盘的表面被亚微米颗粒所占据。我们整理了一个从0.1微米到1毫米的SED（光谱能量分布），并使用它来约束一个包括亚毫米空腔的恒星+盘系统模型，该模型使用了Barbara Whitney的蒙特卡洛辐射传输代码。最佳拟合模型图像表明，如果空腔已经清除了大颗粒和小颗粒，那么在F330W通带中应该可以检测到空腔，但我们没有检测到它。观测不到空腔的现象可以通过亚毫米空腔内部存在亚微米颗粒来解释。我们提出了一种可能的解释，这可能是由于一个质量小于9木星质量的行星位于24AU以内。在高级巡天相机/太阳盲通道的FUV数据中检测到了一个独特的圆柱形结构。它沿着系统的半次轴对齐，但并不像是由吸积驱动的喷流。该结构边缘亮度增强，并延伸到盘面中平面以上190+/−35 AU。边缘亮度增强的内半径为40+/−10 AU，正好位于亚毫米空腔壁之外。
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English: This paper exhibits the closed-loop design constraints using the non-analytic
function theory. First, the paper generalizes the sensitivity integral for
linear feedback systems with the non-analytic sensitivity function. Sensitivity
inequalities are determined by the integral relationships based on the presence
of non-minimum phase zeros and right half plane poles. These inequalities are
rephrased in plant parameter context, which must be satisfied by the feedback
design. That indicates the ability of controllers under the influence of input
disturbances and plant parameter variations. The paper then extends the
integral to the analytic sensitivity function of the augmented linear feedback
systems. This is useful to augment the ability of a linear feedback system to
handle input disturbances and plant uncertainties, via modified sensitivity
function theory. Numerical simulations are carried out to perform sensitivity
analysis on three chemical control systems. That describes the usefulness and
demonstrates the applicability of the result of this paper to examine and
augment the ability of linear feedback system.
Chinese: 本文利用非解析函数理论研究闭环设计约束。首先，本文将具有非解析敏感度函数的线性反馈系统的敏感度积分进行推广。通过基于非最小相位零点和右半平面极点存在的积分关系，确定了敏感度不等式。这些不等式在装置参数背景下被重新表述，反馈设计必须满足这些不等式。这表明了在输入扰动和装置参数变化影响下控制器的性能。本文随后将积分扩展到增广线性反馈系统的解析敏感度函数。这通过修改敏感度函数理论，增强了线性反馈系统处理输入扰动和装置不确定性的能力。进行了数值模拟，对三个化学控制系统进行敏感度分析。这描述了本文结果的有效性，并展示了其应用于检验和增强线性反馈系统能力的适用性。
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English: Consider observation of a phenomenon of interest subject to selective
sampling due to a censoring mechanism regulated by some other variable. In this
context, an extensive literature exists linked to the so-called Heckman
selection model. A great deal of this work has been developed under Gaussian
assumption of the underlying probability distributions; considerably less work
has dealt with other distributions. We examine a general construction which
encompasses a variety of distributions and allows various options of the
selection mechanism, focusing especially on the case of discrete response.
Inferential methods based on the pertaining likelihood function are developed.
Chinese: 考虑由于某种控制其他变量的删失机制导致对感兴趣现象的选择性观测。在此背景下，存在大量的相关文献与所谓的Heckman选择模型有关。大量工作是在假设潜在概率分布为高斯分布的条件下进行的；相比之下，处理其他分布的工作要少得多。我们研究了一种包容多种分布的通用构造，并允许选择机制的各种选项，特别关注离散响应的情况。基于相关似然函数的推断方法得到了发展。
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English: We prove that the first positive eigenvalue, normalized by the volume, of the
sub-Laplacian associated with a strictly pseudoconvex pseudo-Hermitian
structure $\\theta$ on the CR sphere S 2n+1 $\subset$ C n+1 , achieves its
maximum when $\\theta$ is the standard contact form.
Chinese: 我们证明，与CR球面S 2n+1 $\subset$ C n+1上的严格拟凸拟厄米结构$\theta$相关的子拉普拉斯算子的第一个正特征值，当$\theta$是标准接触形式时，其按体积归一化后达到最大值。
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English: The kagome motif is a versatile platform for condensed matter physics,
hosting rich interactions between magnetic, electronic, and structural degrees
of freedom. In recent years, the discovery of a charge density wave (CDW) in
the AV$_3$Sb$_5$ superconductors and structurally-derived bond density waves in
FeGe and ScV$_6$Sn$_6$ have stoked the search for new kagome platforms broadly
exhibiting density wave (DW) transitions. In this work, we evaluate the known
AM$_6$X$_6$ chemistries and construct a stability diagram that summarizes the
structural relationships between the $\approx$125 member family. Subsequently
we introduce our discovery of the broader LnNb$_6$Sn$_6$
(Ln:Ce-Nd,Sm,Gd-Tm,Lu,Y) family of kagome metals and an analogous DW transition
in LuNb$_6$Sn$_6$. Our X-ray scattering measurements clearly indicate a (1/3,
1/3, 1/3) ordering wave vector ($\sqrt{3}\times\sqrt{3}\times3$ superlattice)
and diffuse scattering on half-integer $L$-planes. Our analysis of the
structural data supports the ``rattling mode'' DW model proposed for
ScV$_6$Sn$_6$ and paints a detailed picture of the steric interactions between
the rare-earth filler element and the host Nb-Sn kagome scaffolding. We also
provide a broad survey of the magnetic properties within the
HfFe$_6$Ge$_6$-type LnNb$_6$Sn$_6$ members, revealing a number of complex
antiferromagnetic and metamagnetic transitions throughout the family. This work
integrates our new LnNb$_6$Sn$_6$ series of compounds into the broader
AM$_6$X$_6$ family, providing new material platforms and forging a new route
forward at the frontier of kagome metal research.
Chinese: 六角格子图案是一个多功能的平台，用于凝聚态物理学，它能够容纳磁性、电子和结构自由度之间的丰富相互作用。近年来，在AV₃Sb₅超导体中发现了电荷密度波（CDW），以及在FeGe和ScV₆Sn₆中通过结构衍生出的键密度波，这些发现激发了对广泛展示密度波（DW）相变的新六角格子平台的探索。在这项工作中，我们评估了已知的AM₆X₆化学性质，并构建了一个稳定性图，该图总结了大约125个成员家族之间的结构关系。随后，我们介绍了更广泛的LnNb₆Sn₆（Ln：Ce-Nd,Sm,Gd-Tm,Lu,Y）六角格子金属家族以及LuNb₆Sn₆中的类似密度波相变。我们的X射线散射测量清楚地表明了一个(1/3, 1/3, 1/3)订购波矢（$\sqrt{3}\times\sqrt{3}\times3$超晶格）和半整数L平面的弥散散射。我们对结构数据的分析支持了ScV₆Sn₆中提出的“摇摆模式”密度波模型，并详细描绘了稀土填充元素与宿主Nb-Sn六角格子构架之间的立体相互作用。我们还提供了HfFe₆Ge₆型LnNb₆Sn₆成员的磁性性质的广泛调查，揭示了整个家族中许多复杂的反铁磁和变磁转变。这项工作将我们的新LnNb₆Sn₆系列化合物整合到更广泛的AM₆X₆家族中，提供了新的材料平台，并为六角格子金属研究的前沿开辟了新的道路。
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English: Recent advances in combining deep learning and Reinforcement Learning have
shown a promising path for designing new control agents that can learn optimal
policies for challenging control tasks. These new methods address the main
limitations of conventional Reinforcement Learning methods such as customized
feature engineering and small action/state space dimension requirements. In
this paper, we leverage one of the state-of-the-art Reinforcement Learning
methods, known as Trust Region Policy Optimization, to tackle intersection
management for autonomous vehicles. We show that using this method, we can
perform fine-grained acceleration control of autonomous vehicles in a grid
street plan to achieve a global design objective.
Chinese: 近年来，深度学习与强化学习的结合展现了设计新型控制代理的广阔前景，这些代理能够为挑战性控制任务学习最优策略。这些新方法解决了传统强化学习方法的主要局限性，如定制化特征工程和小动作/状态空间维度要求。在本文中，我们利用当前最先进的强化学习方法之一——信任域策略优化（TRPO），来解决自动驾驶车辆的交叉口管理问题。我们证明，通过该方法，我们可以在网格街道规划中实现自动驾驶车辆的精细粒度加速控制，从而达成全局设计目标。
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English: Video frame interpolation is an important low-level vision task, which can
increase frame rate for more fluent visual experience. Existing methods have
achieved great success by employing advanced motion models and synthesis
networks. However, the spatial redundancy when synthesizing the target frame
has not been fully explored, that can result in lots of inefficient
computation. On the other hand, the computation compression degree in frame
interpolation is highly dependent on both texture distribution and scene
motion, which demands to understand the spatial-temporal information of each
input frame pair for a better compression degree selection. In this work, we
propose a novel two-stage frame interpolation framework termed WaveletVFI to
address above problems. It first estimates intermediate optical flow with a
lightweight motion perception network, and then a wavelet synthesis network
uses flow aligned context features to predict multi-scale wavelet coefficients
with sparse convolution for efficient target frame reconstruction, where the
sparse valid masks that control computation in each scale are determined by a
crucial threshold ratio. Instead of setting a fixed value like previous
methods, we find that embedding a classifier in the motion perception network
to learn a dynamic threshold for each sample can achieve more computation
reduction with almost no loss of accuracy. On the common high resolution and
animation frame interpolation benchmarks, proposed WaveletVFI can reduce
computation up to 40% while maintaining similar accuracy, making it perform
more efficiently against other state-of-the-arts. Code is available at
https://github.com/ltkong218/WaveletVFI.
Chinese: 视频帧插值是一项重要的低级视觉任务，它可以提高帧率，从而获得更流畅的视觉体验。现有方法通过采用先进的运动模型和合成网络取得了巨大的成功。然而，在合成目标帧时，空间冗余尚未得到充分探索，这可能导致大量的无效计算。另一方面，帧插值中的计算压缩程度高度依赖于纹理分布和场景运动，这要求我们理解每个输入帧对的时空信息，以便更好地选择压缩程度。在这项工作中，我们提出了一种新颖的两阶段帧插值框架，称为WaveletVFI，以解决上述问题。它首先使用轻量级运动感知网络估计中间光流，然后一个小波合成网络使用与光流对齐的上下文特征，通过稀疏卷积预测多尺度小波系数，以有效地重建目标帧，其中控制每个尺度计算的稀疏有效掩码由一个关键的阈值比确定。与先前的方法设置固定值不同，我们发现将分类器嵌入到运动感知网络中，以学习每个样本的动态阈值，可以实现更多的计算减少，而几乎不会损失精度。在常见的超高分辨率和动画帧插值基准测试中，提出的WaveletVFI可以将计算量减少高达40%，同时保持相似的精度，使其在与其他最先进的技术相比时表现得更加高效。代码可在https://github.com/ltkong218/WaveletVFI上找到。
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English: In this work we analyze the existence of electrically charged scalar clouds
which are bound states of a complex-valued massive scalar field in the
background of subextremal and extremal Kerr-Newman black holes (BH). In
particular, we reanalyze neutral (uncharged) clouds in extremal Kerr BH's. For
the extremal scenarios we have implemented a novel technique which allows us to
obtain regular clouds at the BH horizon ${\cal H}^+$ which turn out to be
connected ``continuously'' with the cloud solutions in the subextremal case
even if some derivatives of the scalar field are unbounded at the horizon. In
particular, for subextremal BH's we have established regularity conditions at
${\cal H}^+$, by demanding that the field and its radial derivatives are
bounded there, but in the extremal scenarios we relax this last condition while
demanding that some scalar invariants are well behaved at ${\cal H}^+$.
Furthermore we have implemented an integral technique to understand and justify
in a simple and heuristic way the existence of such cloud configurations in
those BH backgrounds.
Chinese: 在这项工作中，我们分析了在亚极端和极端克尔-纽曼黑洞（BH）背景下，由复值质量标量场形成的带电标量云的存在性，这些云是束缚态。特别是，我们重新分析了极端克尔黑洞中的中性（未带电）云。对于极端情况，我们实施了一种新技术，使我们能够在黑洞视界 ${\cal H}^+$ 处获得规则云，这些云与亚极端情况下的云解“连续”相连，即使标量场的一些导数在视界处是不受限制的。特别是，对于亚极端黑洞，我们在 ${\cal H}^+$ 处建立了正则性条件，通过要求场及其径向导数在那里是有界的，但在极端情况下，我们放宽了这个最后条件，同时要求某些标量不变量在 ${\cal H}^+$ 处表现良好。此外，我们实施了一种积分技术，以简单和启发式的方式理解和证明在这些黑洞背景中存在此类云配置的存在性。
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English: Three dimensional relative free energy calculations are used to directly
calculate the dependence of the preferred sidechain rotamers for valine and
leucine on the conformation of the backbone. Specifically, umbrella restrained
molecular dynamics calculations are used to sample all of Ramachandran space
for chi values surrounding the common rotameric states of leucine and valine.
Relative free enegy slices were calculated from the biased trajectories using
the weighted histogram analysis method (WHAM). The slices were connected
together by another set of slices perpendicular to Ramachandran space to
determine the favored rotamer for a given backbone conformation. The calculated
preferences are quite similar to those seen in the backbone-dependent rotamer
library of Dunbrack and Karplus, despite the fact that the current calculations
neglect the effects of neighboring residues. It appears likely that these
calculations could be extended to calculate the optimal sidechain conformation
for a peptide with known backbone conformation in the context of structure
refinement and prediction
Chinese: 三维相对自由能计算被用来直接计算缬氨酸和亮氨酸首选侧链构象对骨架构象的依赖关系。具体来说，通过伞形约束分子动力学计算来采样围绕亮氨酸和缬氨酸常见构象状态的chi值在拉马钱德兰空间中的所有可能值。通过加权直方图分析（WHAM）方法，从偏置轨迹中计算了相对自由能切片。这些切片通过另一组垂直于拉马钱德兰空间的切片连接起来，以确定给定骨架构象的有利构象。尽管当前计算忽略了邻近残基的影响，但计算出的偏好与Dunbrack和Karplus的骨架依赖性构象库中看到的偏好相当相似。看起来这些计算可以扩展到在结构精修和预测的背景下，计算具有已知骨架构象的肽的最佳侧链构象。
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English: A prevailing trend in the stabilization of port-Hamiltonian systems is the
assumption that the plant and the controller are both passive. In the standard
approach of control by interconnection based on the generation of Casimir
functions, this assumption leads to the dissipation obstacle, which essentially
means that dissipation is admissible only on the coordinates of the closed-loop
Hamiltonian that do not require shaping and thus severely restricts the scope
of applications. In this contribution, we show that we can easily go beyond the
dissipation obstacle by allowing the controller to have a negative
semi-definite resistive structure, while guaranteeing stability of both the
closed-loop and the controller.
Chinese: 在港口哈密顿系统稳定性方面的一个主要趋势是假设系统和控制器都是被动的。在基于卡西米尔函数生成互联的标准化控制方法中，这一假设会导致耗散障碍，这本质上意味着只有闭环哈密顿量中不需要整形（shaping）的坐标才允许耗散，从而严重限制了应用范围。在本研究中，我们证明通过允许控制器具有负半定电阻结构，可以轻易超越耗散障碍，同时保证闭环系统和控制器都保持稳定。
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English: Using wind to disperse microfliers that fall like seeds and leaves can help
automate large-scale sensor deployments. Here, we present battery-free
microfliers that can change shape in mid-air to vary their dispersal distance.
We design origami microfliers using bi-stable leaf-out structures and uncover
an important property: a simple change in the shape of these origami structures
causes two dramatically different falling behaviors. When unfolded and flat,
the microfliers exhibit a tumbling behavior that increases lateral displacement
in the wind. When folded inward, their orientation is stabilized, resulting in
a downward descent that is less influenced by wind. To electronically
transition between these two shapes, we designed a low-power electromagnetic
actuator that produces peak forces of up to 200 millinewtons within 25
milliseconds while powered by solar cells. We fabricated a circuit directly on
the folded origami structure that includes a programmable microcontroller,
Bluetooth radio, solar power harvesting circuit, a pressure sensor to estimate
altitude and a temperature sensor. Outdoor evaluations show that our 414
milligram origami microfliers are able to electronically change their shape
mid-air, travel up to 98 meters in a light breeze, and wirelessly transmit data
via Bluetooth up to 60 meters away, using only power collected from the sun.
Chinese: 利用风力分散像种子和叶子一样落下的微型飞行器可以帮助自动化大规模传感器部署。在这里，我们展示了可以在空中改变形状以改变其分散距离的无电池微型飞行器。我们使用双稳态展开叶片结构设计折纸微型飞行器，并揭示了一个重要特性：这些折纸结构形状的简单变化会导致两种截然不同的下落行为。当展开并变平，微型飞行器表现出翻滚行为，在风中增加横向位移。当向内折叠时，其方向得到稳定，导致向下下降受到的风的影响较小。为了在两种形状之间电子过渡，我们设计了一个低功耗电磁执行器，在太阳能电池供电的情况下，在25毫秒内产生高达200毫牛顿的峰值力。我们在折叠的折纸结构上直接制造了一个电路，包括一个可编程微控制器、蓝牙无线电、太阳能收集电路、一个压力传感器以估计高度和一个温度传感器。户外评估显示，我们的414毫克折纸微型飞行器能够在空中电子改变其形状，在轻微的风中飞行高达98米，并通过蓝牙无线传输数据，距离可达60米，仅使用从太阳收集的电力。
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English: We study $n$ non-intersecting Brownian motions corresponding to initial
configurations which have a vanishing density in the large $n$ limit at an
interior point of the support. It is understood that the point of vanishing can
propagate up to a critical time, and we investigate the nature of the
microscopic space-time correlations near the critical point and critical time.
We show that they are described either by the Pearcey process or by the Airy
line ensemble, depending on whether a simple integral related to the initial
configuration vanishes or not. Since the Airy line ensemble typically arises
near edge points of the macroscopic density, its appearance in the interior of
the spectrum is surprising. We explain this phenomenon by showing that, even
though there is no gap of macroscopic size near the critical point, there is
with high probability a gap of mesoscopic size. Moreover, we identify a path
which follows the Airy$_2$ process.
Chinese: 我们研究 $n$ 个不相交的布朗运动，它们对应于初始配置，在大的 $n$ 限制下，在支撑集的内点处具有消失的密度。这里理解的是，消失的点可以传播到临界时间，我们研究了临界点和临界时间附近的微观时空相关性。我们表明，它们要么由 Pearcey 过程描述，要么由 Airy 线集合描述，这取决于与初始配置相关的一个简单积分是否消失。由于 Airy 线集合通常出现在宏观密度的边缘点附近，它在光谱内部的出现是令人惊讶的。我们通过表明，尽管在临界点附近没有宏观尺寸的间隙，但有很大的概率存在中观尺寸的间隙来解释这一现象。此外，我们确定了一条遵循 Airy$_2$ 过程的路径。
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English: The Sun is a main source of high energy neutrinos. These neutrinos appear as
secondary particles after the Sun absorbs high-energy cosmic rays, that find
there a low-density environment (much thinner than our atmosphere) where most
secondary pions, kaons and muons can decay before they lose energy. The main
uncertainty in a calculation of the solar neutrino flux is due to the effects
of the magnetic fields on the absorption rate of charged cosmic rays. We use
recent data from HAWC on the cosmic-ray shadow of the Sun to estimate this
rate. We evaluate the solar neutrino flux and show that at 1 TeV it is over ten
times larger than the atmospheric one at zenith theta_z=30^o/150^o. The flux
that we obtain has a distinct spectrum and flavor composition, and it could be
detected in current and upcoming neutrino telescopes. KM3NeT, in particular,
looks very promising: it will see the Sun high in the sky (the atmospheric
background is lower there than near the horizon) and expects a very good
angular resolution (the Sun's radius is just 0.27^o).
Chinese: 太阳是高能中微子的主要来源。这些中微子出现在太阳吸收高能宇宙射线后，作为次级粒子出现。太阳提供了一个低密度环境（比我们的气氛薄得多），在那里大多数次级π介子、K介子和μ子可以在失去能量之前衰变。计算太阳中微子通量时主要的误差来源是磁场对带电宇宙射线吸收率的影响。我们使用了HAWC最近关于太阳阴影的宇宙射线数据来估计这个吸收率。我们评估了太阳中微子通量，并表明在1 TeV时，太阳中微子的通量比大气中微子通量在天顶角θ_z=30°/150°时高出十倍以上。我们得到的中微子通量具有独特的谱线和味道组成，并且可以在当前和未来的中微子望远镜中探测到。特别是KM3NeT，它看起来非常有希望：它将在天空高处看到太阳（那里的背景大气更低），并期望具有非常好的角分辨率（太阳的半径仅为0.27°）。
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English: In school choice problems, the motivation for students' welfare (efficiency)
is restrained by concerns to respect schools' priorities (fairness). Among the
fair matchings, even the best one in terms of welfare (SOSM) is inefficient.
Moreover, any mechanism that improves welfare over the SOSM is manipulable by
the students. First, we characterize the "least manipulable" mechanisms in this
class: monotonically-promoting transformation proofness ensures that no student
is better off by promoting their assigned school under the true preferences.
Second, we use the notion that a matching is less unfair if it yields a smaller
set of students whose priorities are violated, and define minimal unfairness
accordingly. We then show that the Efficiency Adjusted Deferred Acceptance
(EADA) mechanism is minimally unfair in the class of efficient and
monotonically-promoting transformation proof mechanisms. When the objective is
to improve students' welfare over the SOSM, this characterization implies an
important insight into the frontier of the main axioms in school choice.
Chinese: 在学校选择问题中，学生福利（效率）的动机受到尊重学校优先级（公平）的担忧的制约。在公平匹配中，即使就福利而言最好的匹配（SOSM）也是无效率的。此外，任何能改善福利超过SOSM的机制，都能被学生操纵。首先，我们刻画了该类中的“最不易操纵”的机制：单调提升转换证明性确保了没有学生通过在真实偏好下提升其被分配的学校而变得更优。其次，我们利用这样的概念：如果匹配产生违反优先级的小学生人数更少，则该匹配更公平，并据此定义了最小不公平。我们随后证明，在效率和单调提升转换证明机制的集合中，效率调整延迟接受（EADA）机制是最小不公平的。当目标是改善福利超过SOSM时，这一刻画暗示了学校选择中主要公理前沿的一个重要洞察。
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English: We address the problem of multipermutation code design in the Ulam metric for
novel storage applications. Multipermutation codes are suitable for flash
memory where cell charges may share the same rank. Changes in the charges of
cells manifest themselves as errors whose effects on the retrieved signal may
be measured via the Ulam distance. As part of our analysis, we study
multipermutation codes in the Hamming metric, known as constant composition
codes. We then present bounds on the size of multipermutation codes and their
capacity, for both the Ulam and the Hamming metrics. Finally, we present
constructions and accompanying decoders for multipermutation codes in the Ulam
metric.
Chinese: 我们针对Ulam度量在新的存储应用中多重置换码设计的问题进行了探讨。多重置换码适用于闪存存储器，其中单元格电荷可能共享相同的等级。单元格电荷的变化表现为错误，这些错误对检索信号的影响可以通过Ulam距离来测量。作为我们分析的一部分，我们研究了多重置换码在汉明度量下的情形，即常量组成码。然后我们提出了针对多重置换码在Ulam和汉明度量下的大小和容量的界限。最后，我们提出了在Ulam度量下的多重置换码的构造以及相应的解码器。
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English: Deployed into an open world, object detectors are prone to open-set errors,
false positive detections of object classes not present in the training
dataset. We propose GMM-Det, a real-time method for extracting epistemic
uncertainty from object detectors to identify and reject open-set errors.
GMM-Det trains the detector to produce a structured logit space that is
modelled with class-specific Gaussian Mixture Models. At test time, open-set
errors are identified by their low log-probability under all Gaussian Mixture
Models. We test two common detector architectures, Faster R-CNN and RetinaNet,
across three varied datasets spanning robotics and computer vision. Our results
show that GMM-Det consistently outperforms existing uncertainty techniques for
identifying and rejecting open-set detections, especially at the low-error-rate
operating point required for safety-critical applications. GMM-Det maintains
object detection performance, and introduces only minimal computational
overhead. We also introduce a methodology for converting existing object
detection datasets into specific open-set datasets to evaluate open-set
performance in object detection.
Chinese: 部署到开放世界中，物体检测器容易产生开放集错误，即检测到训练数据集中不存在的物体类别的错误。我们提出了GMM-Det，这是一种实时方法，可以从物体检测器中提取认知不确定性，以识别和拒绝开放集错误。GMM-Det训练检测器产生一个结构化的logit空间，该空间用特定类别的高斯混合模型进行建模。在测试时，通过在所有高斯混合模型下的低对数概率来识别开放集错误。我们在跨越机器人和计算机视觉的三个不同数据集上测试了两种常见的检测器架构，即Faster R-CNN和RetinaNet。我们的结果表明，GMM-Det在识别和拒绝开放集检测方面，尤其是在对安全关键应用至关重要的低错误率操作点，始终优于现有的不确定性技术。GMM-Det保持了物体检测性能，并且只引入了最小的计算开销。我们还介绍了一种方法，将现有的物体检测数据集转换为特定的开放集数据集，以评估物体检测中的开放集性能。
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English: We perform dimensional reductions of type IIA and type IIB double field
theory in the flux formulation on Calabi-Yau three-folds and on $K3\times T^2$.
In addition to geometric and non-geometric three-index fluxes and Ramond-Ramond
fluxes, we include generalized dilaton fluxes. We relate our results to the
scalar potentials of corresponding four-dimensional gauged supergravity
theories, and we verify the expected behavior under mirror symmetry. For
Calabi-Yau three-folds we extend this analysis to the full bosonic action
including kinetic terms.
Chinese: 我们在Calabi-Yau三折和$K3\times T^2$上对IIA型和IIB型双场理论在通量公式下的维度缩减进行了研究。除了几何和非几何的三索引通量和Ramond-Ramond通量之外，我们还包括了广义的标量通量。我们将我们的结果与相应的四维规范超引力理论的标量势联系起来，并验证了在镜像对称下的预期行为。对于Calabi-Yau三折，我们将这一分析扩展到了包括动能项在内的完整玻色子作用量。
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English: Highly ionised winds with velocities ~ 0.1-0.2c were first detected in X-ray
spectra of non-BAL AGN a decade ago. Subsequent observations and archival
searches have shown such winds to be a common feature of luminous AGN,
increasing the belief that powerful ionised winds have a wider importance in
galaxy feedback models. Paradoxically, for the best-quantified high velocity
outflow (the luminous Seyfert PG1211+143) the wind appears too powerful to be
compatible with the observed stellar bulge and black hole masses, suggesting
the energy coupling of wind to bulge gas must be inefficient. A recent
XMM-Newton observation of the narrow line Seyfert NGC 4051 offers an
explanation of this apparent paradox, finding evidence for the fast ionised
wind to lose most of its kinetic energy after shocking against the ISM.
Importantly, the wind momentum is maintained through such a shock, supporting
the view that a momentum-driven flow provides the critical link between black
hole and stellar bulge masses implied by the observed M-sigma relationship.
Chinese: 十年前，人们首次在非BL LAC AGN的X射线光谱中检测到速度约为0.1-0.2c的高度电离风。随后的观测和存档搜索表明，这种风是明亮AGN的常见特征，增强了人们认为强大的电离风在星系反馈模型中具有更广泛重要性的信念。矛盾的是，对于最佳量化的高速外流（明亮的塞费尔特PG1211+143），这种风似乎过于强大，与观测到的恒星球状星团和黑洞质量不兼容，表明风与球状星团气体的能量耦合必须是不高效的。最近，XMM-Newton对窄线塞费尔特NGC 4051的观测提供了一种解释这种明显悖论的方法，发现了快速电离风在与ISM碰撞后损失大部分动能的证据。重要的是，通过这样的冲击，风动量得以维持，支持了动量驱动的流动提供了由观测到的M-σ关系所暗示的黑洞和恒星球状星团质量之间的关键联系的观点。
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English: The propose of this paper is to extend generalized representations of 3-Lie
algebras to Hom-type algebras. We introduce the concept of generalized
representation of multiplicative 3-Hom-Lie algebras, develop the corresponding
cohomology theory and study semi-direct products. We provide a key
construction, various examples and computation of 2-cocycles of the new
cohomology. Also, we give a connection between a split abelian extension of a
3-Hom-Lie algebra and a generalized semidirect product 3-Hom-Lie algebra.
Chinese: 本文的目的是将3-李代数的一般表示法推广到Hom型代数。我们引入了3-Hom-李代数乘法表示的一般概念，发展了相应的上同调理论，并研究了半直接积。我们提供了一种关键构造，多个例子以及新上同调中2-余陪集的计算。此外，我们还给出了一种3-Hom-李代数可分裂Abel扩张与一般化半直接积3-Hom-李代数之间的联系。
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English: The time dependence of the temperature during the reheating process is
studied. We consider the thermal feedback effects of the produced particles on
the effective dissipation rate of the inflaton field, which can lead to
enhanced production of particles. We parameterize the temperature dependence of
the dissipation rate in terms of a Taylor expansion containing the vacuum decay
rate and the thermal terms. By solving the Boltzmann equations for the energy
densities of the inflaton and radiation, we provide analytic estimates for a
general power law dependence on the temperature. In this way we describe the
entire reheating process. The maximum temperature of the reheating process and
its dependence on model parameters are studied in different cases. The impact
of the thermal feedback effects on the expansion history of the universe and
the cosmic microwave background (CMB) is discussed. We also discuss the range
of validity of our approach.
Chinese: 在重热过程中的温度随时间变化的研究。我们考虑了产生的粒子对暴胀场有效耗散率的热反馈效应，这可能导致粒子的增强产生。我们将耗散率对温度的依赖性参数化为包含真空衰变率和热项的泰勒展开式。通过求解暴胀场和辐射的能量密度的玻尔兹曼方程，我们给出了对温度的一般幂律依赖性的解析估计。通过这种方式，我们描述了整个重热过程。在不同情况下，研究了重热过程的最大温度及其对模型参数的依赖性。讨论了热反馈效应对宇宙膨胀历史和宇宙微波背景（CMB）的影响。我们还讨论了我们方法的适用范围。
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English: If spreadsheets are not erroneous then who, or what, is? Research has found
that end-users are. If end-users are erroneous then why are they? Research has
found that responsibility lies with human beings' fast and slow thinking modes
and the inappropriate way they use them. If we are aware of this peculiarity of
human thinking, then why do we not teach students how to train their brains?
This is the main problem, this is the weakest link in the process: teaching. We
have to make teachers realize that end-users are erroneous because of the
erroneous teaching approaches to end-user computing. The proportion of fast and
slow thinking modes is not constant, and teachers are mistaken when they apply
the same proportion in both the teaching and end-user roles. Teachers should
believe in the incremental nature of science and have high self-efficacy to
make students understand and appreciate science. This is not currently the case
in ICT and CS, and it is high time fundamental changes were introduced.
Chinese: 如果电子表格没有错误，那么谁或什么会有错误呢？研究发现，最终用户会有错误。如果最终用户有错误，那么为什么会这样呢？研究发现，责任在于人类快速与慢速思考模式的不当使用。如果我们意识到人类思考的这一特性，那么为什么我们不教学生如何训练他们的头脑呢？这是主要问题，这是过程中最薄弱的环节：教学。我们必须让教师意识到最终用户有错误是因为对最终用户计算的教学方法有误。快速与慢速思考模式的比例不是固定的，当教师在教学和最终用户角色中都应用相同的比例时，他们会犯错。教师应该相信科学增量的本质，并且有高度的自我效能感来让学生理解和欣赏科学。这在信息和通信技术以及计算机科学中目前并非如此，是时候进行根本性的改变了。
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English: Derivations of two Bell's inequalities are given in a form appropriate to the
interpretation of experimental data for explicit determination of all the
correlations. They are arithmetic identities independent of statistical
reasoning and thus cannot be violated by data that meets the conditions for
their validity. Two experimentally performable procedures are described to meet
these conditions. Once such data are acquired, it follows that the measured
correlations cannot all equal a negative cosine of angular differences. The
relation between this finding and the predictions of quantum mechanics is
discussed in a companion paper.
Chinese: 给出两种贝尔不等式的推导，形式适合解释实验数据，以明确确定所有相关性。它们是独立于统计推理的算术等式，因此不能被满足其有效条件的数据所违反。描述了两种可实验执行的方法来满足这些条件。一旦获得这样的数据，就得出结论，测量的相关性不能全部等于角度差的负余弦。这一发现与量子力学的预测之间的关系在一篇附带的文章中进行了讨论。
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English: In this paper, we investigate a model-free optimal control design that
minimizes an infinite horizon average expected quadratic cost of states and
control actions subject to a probabilistic risk or chance constraint using
input-output data. In particular, we consider linear time-invariant systems and
design an optimal controller within the class of linear state feedback control.
Three different policy gradient (PG) based algorithms, natural policy gradient
(NPG), Gauss-Newton policy gradient (GNPG), and deep deterministic policy
gradient (DDPG), are developed, and compared with the optimal risk-neutral
linear-quadratic regulator (LQR) and a scenario-based model predictive control
(MPC) technique via numerical simulations. The convergence properties and the
accuracy of all the algorithms are compared numerically. We also establish
analytical convergence properties of the NPG and GNPG algorithms under the
known model scenario, while the proof of convergence for the unknown model
scenario is part of our ongoing work.
Chinese: 在这篇论文中，我们研究了一种无模型最优控制设计，该设计通过输入输出数据，在满足概率风险或机会约束的条件下，最小化状态和控制动作的无限时域平均期望二次成本。特别是，我们考虑了线性时不变系统，并在线性状态反馈控制类中设计了一个最优控制器。开发了三种基于策略梯度（PG）的不同算法，即自然策略梯度（NPG）、高斯-牛顿策略梯度（GNPG）和深度确定性策略梯度（DDPG），并通过数值模拟与最优风险中性线性二次调节器（LQR）和基于情景的模型预测控制（MPC）技术进行了比较。所有算法的收敛特性和准确性都通过数值进行了比较。我们还建立了在已知模型情景下NPG和GNPG算法的解析收敛特性，而对于未知模型情景的收敛证明是我们正在进行的工作的一部分。
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English: In this article we prove large deviations principles for high minima of
Gaussian processes with nonnegatively correlated increments on arbitrary
intervals. Furthermore, we prove large deviations principles for the increments
of such processes on intervals $[a,b]$ where $b-a$ is either less than the
increment or twice the increment, assuming stationarity of the increments. As a
chief example, we consider fractional Brownian motion and fractional Gaussian
noise for $H\geq 1/2$.
Chinese: 在本文中，我们证明了在任意区间上具有非负相关增量的高最小值的高斯过程的大偏差原理。此外，我们还证明了在区间 $[a,b]$ 上此类过程增量的一个大偏差原理，其中 $b-a$ 要么小于增量，要么是增量的两倍，假设增量具有平稳性。作为一个主要例子，我们考虑了 $H\geq 1/2$ 的分数布朗运动和分数高斯噪声。
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English: The energy spectra of ultra-high energy cosmic rays (CRs) measured with giant
extensive air shower (EAS) arrays exhibit discrepancies between the flux
intensities and/or estimated CR energies exceeding experimental errors. The
well-known intensity correction factor due to the dispersion of the measured
quantity in the presence of a rapidly falling energy spectrum is insufficient
to explain the divergence. Another source of systematic energy determination
error is proposed concerning the charged particle density measured with the
surface arrays, which arises due to simplifications (namely, the superposition
approximation) in nucleus-nucleus interaction description applied to the shower
modeling. Making use of the essential correction factors results in congruous
CR energy spectra within experimental errors. Residual differences in the
energy scales of giant arrays can be attributed to the actual overall accuracy
of the EAS detection technique used. CR acceleration and propagation model
simulations using the dip and ankle scenarios of the transition from galactic
to extragalactic CR components are in agreement with the combined energy
spectrum observed with EAS arrays.
Chinese: 超高能宇宙射线（CRs）的能谱，通过巨型宽流空气簇射（EAS）阵列测量，其通量强度和/或估计的CR能量与实验误差相比存在差异。众所周知的快速下降能量谱中测量量分散导致的强度校正因子，不足以解释这种发散。提出另一个系统能量确定误差的来源，涉及使用表面阵列测量的带电粒子密度，这源于应用于簇射建模的核-核相互作用描述中的简化（即叠加近似）。使用基本校正因子，可以得到在实验误差范围内的协调一致的CR能谱。巨型阵列的能量尺度上的剩余差异可归因于实际使用的EAS探测技术的整体精度。使用从银河系到星系际CR成分转变的凹口和拐点情景，对CR加速和传播模型进行的模拟，与EAS阵列观测到的组合能谱一致。
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English: We provide sufficient conditions to factorise an equivariant spectral triple
as a Kasparov product of unbounded classes constructed from the group action on
the algebra and from the fixed point spectral triple. Our results are for the
action of compact abelian Lie groups, and we demonstrate them with examples
from manifolds and $\theta$-deformations. In particular we show that
equivariant Dirac-type spectral triples on the total space of a torus principal
bundle always factorise. We also present an example that shows what goes wrong
in the absence of our sufficient conditions (and how we get around it for this
example).
Chinese: 我们提供了将等变谱三重积分解为从代数上的群作用和不动点谱三重积构造的无界类Kasparov积的充分条件。我们的结果适用于紧致阿贝尔李群的作用，并通过流形和$\theta$-变形的例子来展示它们。特别是，我们证明了作用在环面主丛全空间上的等变狄拉克型谱三重积总是可以分解。我们还提供了一个例子，展示了在没有我们的充分条件时会出现什么问题（以及我们如何在这个例子中解决这个问题）。
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English: Recent reinforcement learning algorithms, though achieving impressive results
in various fields, suffer from brittle training effects such as regression in
results and high sensitivity to initialization and parameters. We claim that
some of the brittleness stems from variance differences, i.e. when different
environment areas - states and/or actions - have different rewards variance.
This causes two problems: First, the "Boring Areas Trap" in algorithms such as
Q-learning, where moving between areas depends on the current area variance,
and getting out of a boring area is hard due to its low variance. Second, the
"Manipulative Consultant" problem, when value-estimation functions used in DQN
and Actor-Critic algorithms influence the agent to prefer boring areas,
regardless of the mean rewards return, as they maximize estimation precision
rather than rewards. This sheds a new light on how exploration contribute to
training, as it helps with both challenges. Cognitive experiments in humans
showed that noised reward signals may paradoxically improve performance. We
explain this using the two mentioned problems, claiming that both humans and
algorithms may share similar challenges. Inspired by this result, we propose
the Adaptive Symmetric Reward Noising (ASRN), by which we mean adding Gaussian
noise to rewards according to their states' estimated variance, thus avoiding
the two problems while not affecting the environment's mean rewards behavior.
We conduct our experiments in a Multi Armed Bandit problem with variance
differences. We demonstrate that a Q-learning algorithm shows the brittleness
effect in this problem, and that the ASRN scheme can dramatically improve the
results. We show that ASRN helps a DQN algorithm training process reach better
results in an end to end autonomous driving task using the AirSim driving
simulator.
Chinese: 近年来，强化学习算法虽然在各个领域取得了令人瞩目的成果，但仍然存在脆弱的训练效应，例如结果回归以及高敏感性于初始化和参数。我们声称，部分脆弱性源于方差差异，即当不同的环境区域——状态和/或动作——具有不同的奖励方差时。这导致了两个问题：首先，在Q-learning等算法中的“无聊区域陷阱”，其中在不同区域之间的移动取决于当前区域的方差，而由于方差较低，从无聊区域中退出很困难。其次，“操纵顾问”问题，当DQN和Actor-Critic算法中使用的值估计函数影响智能体偏好无聊区域，而不管平均奖励回报如何，因为它们最大化估计精度而非奖励。这为探索如何促进训练提供了新的视角，因为它有助于解决这两个挑战。人类认知实验表明，噪声奖励信号可能会反直觉地提高性能。我们使用上述两个问题来解释这一点，声称人类和算法可能面临相似的挑战。受此结果启发，我们提出了自适应对称奖励噪声（ASRN），即根据状态的估计方差对奖励添加高斯噪声，从而避免这两个问题，同时不影响环境的平均奖励行为。我们在具有方差差异的多臂老虎机问题中进行了实验。我们证明，Q-learning算法在这个问题中表现出脆弱效应，而ASRN方案可以显著改善结果。我们展示了ASRN帮助DQN算法在AirSim驾驶模拟器上的端到端自动驾驶任务中训练过程达到更好的结果。
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English: Digital twins belong to ten of the strategic technology trends according to
the Gartner list from 2019, and have encountered a big expansion, especially
with the introduction of Industry 4.0. Sport, on the other hand, has become a
constant companion of the modern human suffering a lack of a healthy way of
life. The application of digital twins in sport has brought dramatic changes
not only in the domain of sport training, but also in managing athletes during
competitions, searching for strategical solutions before and tactical solutions
during the games by coaches. In this paper, the domain of digital twins in
sport is reviewed based on papers which have emerged in this area. At first,
the concept of a digital twin is discussed in general. Then, taxonomies of
digital twins are appointed. According to these taxonomies, the collection of
relevant papers is analyzed, and some real examples of digital twins are
exposed. The review finishes with a discussion about how the digital twins
affect changes in the modern sport disciplines, and what challenges and
opportunities await the digital twins in the future.
Chinese: 根据2019年Gartner发布的战略技术趋势列表，数字孪生属于其中的十个趋势之一，并且随着工业4.0的引入而经历了大规模扩张。另一方面，体育已成为现代人类在缺乏健康生活方式的困扰下的一个常伴。数字孪生在体育领域的应用不仅带来了体育训练领域的巨大变化，而且在比赛期间管理运动员、教练在比赛前寻找战略解决方案和在比赛中进行战术解决方案方面也产生了显著影响。在这篇论文中，基于该领域出现的论文，对体育领域的数字孪生进行了综述。首先，一般性地讨论了数字孪生的概念。然后，指定了数字孪生的分类。根据这些分类，分析了相关论文的集合，并展示了数字孪生的某些真实案例。综述最后讨论了数字孪生如何影响现代体育项目的变革，以及未来数字孪生面临的挑战和机遇。
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English: Enabling humanoid robots to autonomously perform loco-manipulation tasks in
complex, unstructured environments poses significant challenges. This entails
equipping robots with the capability to plan actions over extended horizons
while leveraging multi-modality to bridge gaps between high-level planning and
actual task execution. Recent advancements in multi-modal foundation models
have showcased substantial potential in enhancing planning and reasoning
abilities, particularly in the comprehension and processing of semantic
information for robotic control tasks. In this paper, we introduce a novel
framework based on foundation models that applies the embodied chain of action
reasoning methodology to autonomously plan actions from textual instructions
for humanoid loco-manipulation. Our method integrates humanoid-specific chain
of thought methodology, including detailed affordance and body movement
analysis, which provides a breakdown of the task into a sequence of locomotion
and manipulation actions. Moreover, we incorporate spatial reasoning based on
the observation and target object properties to effectively navigate where
target position may be unseen or occluded. Through rigorous experimental setups
on object rearrangement, manipulations and loco-manipulation tasks on a
real-world environment, we evaluate our method's efficacy on the decoupled
upper and lower body control and demonstrate the effectiveness of the chain of
robotic action reasoning strategies in comprehending human instructions.
Chinese: 使类人机器人能够在复杂、无结构的环境中自主执行移位操作任务，面临着重大挑战。这要求机器人具备在长期范围内规划行动的能力，同时利用多模态技术来弥合高级规划与实际任务执行之间的差距。近年来，多模态基础模型在增强规划与推理能力方面展现出巨大的潜力，特别是在理解和处理机器人控制任务中的语义信息。在本文中，我们介绍了一种基于基础模型的新框架，该框架应用了具身行动推理链方法来自主规划类人移位操作的行动。我们的方法整合了针对类人特有的思维链方法，包括详细的可用性和身体运动分析，将任务分解为一系列的移位和操作动作。此外，我们结合基于观察和目标物体属性的空間推理，以有效地导航到目标位置可能看不见或被遮挡的地方。通过在真实世界环境中对物体重新排列、操作和移位操作任务的严格实验设置，我们评估了我们的方法在解耦上下身控制方面的有效性，并证明了机器人行动推理链策略在理解人类指令方面的有效性。
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English: We study the equilibrium conformations of a lipid domain on a planar fluid
membrane where the domain is decorated by a vector field representing the tilt
of the stiff fatty acid chains of the lipid molecules, while the surrounding
membrane is fluid and structureless. The inclusion of chirality in the bulk of
the domain induces a novel budding of the membrane, which preempts the budding
induced by a decrease in interfacial tension.
Chinese: 我们研究平面流体膜上脂质域的平衡构型，该脂质域装饰着一个表示脂质分子刚性脂肪酸链倾斜的向量场，而周围的膜则是流体且无结构的。在脂质域主体中引入手性导致膜发生一种新的出芽现象，这种出芽现象优先于由界面张力降低所诱导的出芽现象发生。
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English: The Green Bank North Celestial Cap (GBNCC) pulsar survey will cover the
entire northern sky ($\delta > -40^\circ$) at 350 MHz, and is one of the most
uniform and sensitive all-sky pulsar surveys to date. We have created a
pipeline to re-analyze GBNCC survey data to take a 350MHz census of all pulsars
detected by the survey, regardless of their discovery survey. Of the 1413
pulsars in the survey region, we were able to recover 661. For these we present
measured signal-to-noise ratios (S/N), flux densities, pulse widths, profiles,
and where appropriate, refined dispersion measurements (647 out of 661) and new
or improved spectral indices (276 out of 661 total, 15 new, 261 improved).
Detection scans for several hundred sources were reanalyzed in order to inspect
pulsars' single pulse behavior and 223 were confirmed to exhibit evidence of
nulling. With a detailed analysis of measured and expected S/N values and the
evolving radio frequency interference environment at 350MHz, we assess the
GBNCC survey's sensitivity as a function of spin period, dispersion measure,
and sky position. We find the sky-averaged limiting flux density of the survey
to be 0.74mJy. Combining this analysis with PsrPopPy pulsar population
simulations, we predict 60/5 non-recycled/millisecond pulsar discoveries in the
survey's remaining 21,000 pointings, and we begin to place constraints on
population model parameters.
Chinese: 绿岸北天顶（GBNCC）脉冲星调查将覆盖整个北天（$\delta > -40^\circ$）在350 MHz的频段，并且是目前最均匀和最敏感的全天空脉冲星调查之一。我们创建了一个流程来重新分析GBNCC调查数据，以对调查中检测到的所有脉冲星进行350MHz的普查，无论它们的发现调查是什么。在调查区域内的1413颗脉冲星中，我们能够恢复661颗。对于这些脉冲星，我们提供了测量的信噪比（S/N）、通量密度、脉冲宽度、轮廓，以及适当的情况下，精炼的色散测量（661颗中的647颗）和新或改进的频谱指数（661颗中的276颗，其中15颗是新发现的，261颗是改进的）。为了检查脉冲星的单一脉冲行为，对数百个源的重分析进行了重新分析，并确认了223个源表现出消光现象。通过对测量的和预期的S/N值以及350MHz频段上不断变化的射频干扰环境的详细分析，我们评估了GBNCC调查的灵敏度作为自旋周期、色散测量和天顶位置的函数。我们发现调查的天空平均极限通量密度为0.74mJy。将这一分析与PsrPopPy脉冲星种群模拟相结合，我们预测在调查剩余的21,000个指向中，将发现60/5个非循环/毫秒脉冲星，并开始对种群模型参数施加限制。
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English: Transformers have become dominant in large-scale deep learning tasks across
various domains, including text, 2D and 3D vision. However, the quadratic
complexity of their attention mechanism limits their efficiency as the sequence
length increases, particularly in high-resolution 3D data such as point clouds.
Recently, state space models (SSMs) like Mamba have emerged as promising
alternatives, offering linear complexity, scalability, and high performance in
long-sequence tasks. The key challenge in the application of SSMs in this
domain lies in reconciling the non-sequential structure of point clouds with
the inherently directional (or bi-directional) order-dependent processing of
recurrent models like Mamba. To achieve this, previous research proposed
reorganizing point clouds along multiple directions or predetermined paths in
3D space, concatenating the results to produce a single 1D sequence capturing
different views. In our work, we introduce a method to convert point clouds
into 1D sequences that maintain 3D spatial structure with no need for data
replication, allowing Mamba sequential processing to be applied effectively in
an almost permutation-invariant manner. In contrast to other works, we found
that our method does not require positional embeddings and allows for shorter
sequence lengths while still achieving state-of-the-art results in ModelNet40
and ScanObjectNN datasets and surpassing Transformer-based models in both
accuracy and efficiency.
Chinese: Transformer模型已在文本、2D和3D视觉等多个领域的海量深度学习任务中占据主导地位。然而，其注意力机制的四阶复杂度限制了其在序列长度增加时的效率，尤其是在高分辨率3D数据（如点云）中。近年来，Mamba等状态空间模型（SSM）作为有前景的替代方案出现，为长序列任务提供了线性复杂度、可扩展性和高性能。该领域应用SSM的关键挑战在于协调点云的非序列结构同Mamba等循环模型固有的方向性（或双向）顺序依赖处理。为解决此问题，先前研究提出沿3D空间的多方向或预定路径重组点云，将结果拼接生成单一1D序列以捕捉不同视角。在我们的工作中，我们提出了一种将点云转换为1D序列的方法，该方法在保持3D空间结构的同时无需数据复制，使Mamba的顺序处理能以近乎置换不变的方式有效应用。与其他工作相比，我们发现我们的方法无需位置嵌入，且允许更短的序列长度，同时在ModelNet40和ScanObjectNN数据集上达到最先进水平，并在准确性和效率两方面均超越基于Transformer的模型。
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English: We continue the semiclassical analysis of the Loop Quantum Gravity (LQG)
volume operator that was started in the companion paper [23]. In the first
paper we prepared the technical tools, in particular the use of complexifier
coherent states that use squares of flux operators as the complexifier. In this
paper, the complexifier is chosen for the first time to involve squares of area
operators.
Both cases use coherent states that depend on a graph. However, the basic
difference between the two choices of complexifier is that in the first case
the set of surfaces involved is discrete, while, in the second it is
continuous. This raises the important question of whether the second set of
states has improved invariance properties with respect to relative orientation
of the chosen graph in the set of surfaces on which the complexifier depends.
In this paper, we examine this question in detail, including a semiclassical
analysis.
The main result is that we obtain the correct semiclassical properties of the
volume operator for i) artificial rescaling of the coherent state label; and
ii) particular orientations of the 4- and 6-valent graphs that have measure
zero in the group SO(3). Since such requirements are not present when analysing
dual cell complex states, we conclude that coherent states whose complexifiers
are squares of area operators are not an appropriate tool with which to analyse
the semiclassical properties of the volume operator. Moreover, if one intends
to go further and sample over graphs in order to obtain embedding independence,
then the area complexifier coherent states should be ruled out altogether as
semiclassical states.
Chinese: 我们继续对Loop Quantum Gravity（LQG）体积算符的半经典分析，该分析始于相关论文[23]。在第一篇论文中，我们准备了技术工具，特别是使用复化算符相干态，其复化算符为通量算符的平方。在本文中，复化算符首次被选择为包含面积算符的平方。
这两种情况都使用依赖于图的相干态。然而，两种复化算符选择之间的基本区别在于，在第一种情况下，所涉及的曲面集合是离散的，而在第二种情况下它是连续的。这提出了一个重要问题：第二组态是否在相对于复化算符所依赖的曲面集合中选择的图的相对方向方面具有改进的不变性特性。
在本文中，我们详细考察了这个问题，包括半经典分析。
主要结果是，我们获得了体积算符的正确半经典特性，对于i)相干态标签的人工缩放；以及ii)具有SO(3)群中测度为零的4-和6价图的特定方向。由于在分析对偶单元复形态时不存在这些要求，我们得出结论：复化算符为面积算符平方的相干态不是分析体积算符半经典特性的合适工具。此外，如果打算进一步通过采样图来获得嵌入独立性，那么面积复化算符相干态应完全被排除为半经典态。
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