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English: We study theoretically the dynamics of multiple mechanical oscillators
coupled to a single cavity field mode via linear or quadratic optomechanical
interactions. We focus specifically on the strong coupling regime where the
cavity decays much faster than the mechanical modes, and the optomechanical
coupling is comparable to or larger than the mechanical frequency, so that both
the optical and mechanical systems operate in the deep quantum regime. Using
the examples of one and two mechanical oscillators we show that the system can
classically exhibit bistability and bifurcations, and we explore how these
manifest themselves in interference, entanglement, and correlation in the
quantum theory, while revealing the impact of decoherence of the mechanical
system due to cavity fluctuations and coherent driving.
Chinese: 我们理论研究多个机械振荡器与单一腔体场模通过线性或二次光学机械相互作用耦合的动态。我们特别关注强耦合情形，此时腔体衰减比机械模式快得多，且光学机械耦合与机械频率可比拟或更大，因此光学和机械系统均在深度量子态下工作。通过一个和两个机械振荡器的例子，我们展示了系统在经典情况下可以表现出双稳态和多分支现象，并探索这些现象在量子理论中如何通过干涉、纠缠和关联表现出来，同时揭示了由于腔体涨落和相干驱动导致的机械系统退相干的影响。
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English: We construct a map of the time derivative of the gravitational potential
traced by SDSS Luminous Red Galaxies. The potential decays on large scales due
to cosmic acceleration, leaving an imprint on cosmic microwave background (CMB)
radiation through the integrated Sachs-Wolfe (ISW) effect. With a template fit,
we directly measure this signature on the CMB at a 2-sigma confidence level.
The measurement is consistent with the cross-correlation statistic,
strengthening the claim that dark energy is indeed the cause of the
correlation. This new approach potentially simplifies the cosmological
interpretation. Our constructed linear ISW map shows no evidence for
degree-scale cold and hot spots associated with supervoid and supercluster
structures. This suggests that the linear ISW effect in a concordance
Lambda-CDM cosmology is insufficient to explain the strong CMB imprints from
these structures that we previously reported.
Chinese: 我们构建了一个由SDSS 明亮红色星系描绘的引力势的时间导数的地图。在大尺度上，由于宇宙加速，势能会衰减，这会通过综合萨克斯-沃尔夫（ISW）效应在宇宙微波背景（CMB）辐射上留下印记。通过模板拟合，我们直接在CMB上测量了这一签名，置信水平为2σ。测量结果与交叉相关统计结果一致，进一步证实了暗能量确实是这种相关性的原因。这种新的方法可能简化了宇宙学的解释。我们构建的线性ISW地图没有发现与超空洞和超星系团结构相关的度量尺度上的冷热点的证据。这表明在协和的Lambda-CDM宇宙学模型中，线性ISW效应不足以解释我们之前报告的这些结构在CMB上产生的强烈印记。
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English: Some tests of fundamental physics - the equation of state at supra-nuclear
densities, the metric in strong gravity, the effect of magnetic fields above
the quantum critical value - can only be measured using compact astrophysical
objects: neutron stars and black holes. The Extreme Physics Explorer is a
modest sized (~500 kg) mission that would carry a high resolution (R ~300)
X-ray spectrometer and a sensitive X-ray polarimeter, both with high time
resolution (~5 ?s) capability, at the focus of a large area (~5 sq.m), low
resolution (HPD~1 arcmin) X-ray mirror. This instrumentation would enable new
classes of tests of fundamental physics using neutron stars and black holes as
cosmic laboratories.
Chinese: 一些基本物理的测试——超核密度状态方程、强引力中的度规、超过量子临界值的磁场效应——只能通过使用致密天体：中子星和黑洞来测量。极端物理探索者是一个中等大小的任务（约500公斤），它将携带一个高分辨率（R ~300）的X射线光谱仪和一个高灵敏度的X射线偏振计，两者都具有高时间分辨率（~5 ?s）的能力，放置在一个大面积（~5平方米）、低分辨率（HPD~1角分）的X射线镜的焦点上。这种仪器将使人们能够使用中子星和黑洞作为宇宙实验室来进行新的基本物理测试。
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English: The special shadow-complexity is an invariant of closed $4$-manifolds defined
by Costantino using Turaev's shadows. We show that for any positive integer
$k$, the special shadow-complexity of the connected sum of $k$ copies of
$S^1\times S^3$ is exactly $k+1$.
Chinese: 特殊阴影复杂度是由Costantino使用Turaev的阴影定义的闭$4$维流形的不变量。我们证明，对于任意正整数$k$，$k$个$S^1\times S^3$连接和的特殊阴影复杂度恰好为$k+1$。
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English: Reinforcement learning (RL) is a promising approach for aligning large
language models (LLMs) knowledge with sequential decision-making tasks.
However, few studies have thoroughly investigated the impact on LLM agents
capabilities of fine-tuning them with RL in a specific environment. In this
paper, we propose a novel framework to analyze the sensitivity of LLMs to
prompt formulations following RL training in a textual environment. Our
findings reveal that the performance of LLMs degrades when faced with prompt
formulations different from those used during the RL training phase. Besides,
we analyze the source of this sensitivity by examining the model's internal
representations and salient tokens. Finally, we propose to use a contrastive
loss to mitigate this sensitivity and improve the robustness and generalization
capabilities of LLMs.
Chinese: 强化学习（RL）是一种有前景的方法，可以将大型语言模型（LLMs）的知识与序列决策任务相一致。然而，很少有研究彻底调查了在特定环境中使用RL对LLM代理能力进行微调的影响。在本文中，我们提出了一种新颖的框架来分析LLMs在文本环境中经过RL训练后的对提示表述的敏感性。我们的发现表明，当LLMs面临与RL训练阶段使用的提示表述不同的表述时，其性能会下降。此外，我们通过检查模型的内部表示和显著标记来分析这种敏感性的来源。最后，我们提出使用对比损失来减轻这种敏感性，并提高LLMs的鲁棒性和泛化能力。
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English: We introduce a new method for predicting the formation of links in real-world
networks, which we refer to as the method of effective transitions. This method
relies on the theory of isospectral matrix reductions to compute the
probability of eventually transitioning from one vertex to another in a
(biased) random walk on the network. Unlike the large majority of link
prediction techniques, this method can be used to predict links in networks
that are directed or undirected which are either weighted or unweighted. We
apply this method to a number of social, technological, and natural networks
and show that it is competitive with other link predictors often outperforming
them. We also provide a method of approximating our effective transition method
and show that aside from having much lower temporal complexity, this
approximation often provides more accurate predictions than the original
effective transition method. We also, prove a number of mathematical results
regarding our effective transition algorithm and its approximation.
Chinese: 我们介绍了一种用于预测现实世界网络中链接形成的新方法，我们将其称为有效过渡法。此方法依赖于等谱矩阵约简理论来计算在网络上（有偏）随机游走中从一个顶点到另一个顶点最终过渡的概率。与大多数链接预测技术不同，此方法可用于预测有向或无向、加权或无权网络的链接。我们将此方法应用于多种社会、技术和自然网络，并表明它在与其他链接预测器的竞争中表现良好，通常优于它们。我们还提供了一种近似我们有效过渡方法的方法，并表明除了具有更低的时空复杂度外，这种近似通常比原始的有效过渡方法提供更准确的预测。我们還证明了关于我们的有效过渡算法及其近似的一些数学结果。
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English: The Decision Support System (DSS) contains more than one antecedent and the
degrees of strength of the antecedents need to be combined to determine the
overall strength of the rule consequent. The membership values of the
linguistic variables in Fuzzy have to be combined using an aggregation
operator. But it is not feasible to predefine the form of aggregation operators
in decision making. Instead, each rule should be found based on the feeling of
the experts and on their actual decision pattern over the set of typical
examples. Thus this work illustrates how the choice of aggregation operators is
intended to mimic human decision making and can be selected and adjusted to fit
empirical data, a series of test cases. Both parametrized and nonparametrized
aggregation operators are adapted to fit empirical data. Moreover, they
provided compensatory properties and, therefore, seemed to produce a better
decision support system. To solve the problem, a threshold point from the
output of the aggregation operators is chosen as the separation point between
two classes. The best achieved accuracy is chosen as the appropriate
aggregation operator. Thus a medical decision can be generated which is very
close to a practitioner's guideline.
Chinese: 决策支持系统（DSS）包含多个前件，需要将前件的强度程度进行组合以确定规则后件的整体强度。模糊系统中的语言变量隶属度值需要使用聚合算子进行组合。但在决策制定中预先定义聚合算子的形式是不可行的。相反，应根据专家的感觉以及他们在典型示例集上的实际决策模式来寻找每条规则。因此这项工作说明了聚合算子的选择如何旨在模拟人类决策过程，以及如何选择和调整以适应经验数据、一系列测试用例。参数化和非参数化聚合算子都适用于拟合经验数据。此外，它们具有补偿特性，因此似乎能产生更好的决策支持系统。为解决这个问题，从聚合算子的输出中选择一个阈值点作为两个类别的分离点。选择达到最佳准确度的聚合算子作为合适的聚合算子。因此可以生成非常接近执业者指南的医疗决策。
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English: We investigate the upper tail probabilities of the all-time maximum of a
stable L\'evy process with a power negative drift. The asymptotic behaviour is
shown to be exponential in the spectrally negative case and polynomial
otherwise, with explicit exponents and constants. Analogous results are
obtained, at a less precise level, for the fractionally integrated stable
L\'evy process. We also study the lower tail probabilities of the integrated
stable L\'evy process in the presence of a power positive drift.
Chinese: 我们研究了具有负幂漂移的稳定L\'evy过程所有时最大值的上尾概率。在谱负的情况下，展示了其渐近行为是指数的，而在其他情况下是多项式的，具有明确的指数和常数。对于分数积分的稳定L\'evy过程，在较低精确度水平上得到了类似的结果。我们还研究了在存在正幂漂移的情况下，积分稳定L\'evy过程的下尾概率。
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English: We study accretion onto the neutron star in Be/X-ray binaries, using a 3D SPH
code and the data imported from a high resolution simulation by Okazaki et al.\
(2002) for a coplanar system with a short period ($P_{\rm orb}=24.3 \rm d$) and
moderate eccentricity $(\rm{e=0.34})$. We find that a time-dependent accretion
disk is formed around the neutron star in Be/X-ray binaries. The disk shrinks
after the periastron passage of the Be star and restores its radius afterwards.
Our simulations show that the truncated Be disk model for Be/X-ray binaries is
consistent with the observed X-ray behavior.
Chinese: 我们使用3D SPH代码和从Okazaki等人（2002）的高分辨率模拟中导入的数据，研究了Be/X射线双星中中子星的吸积过程。该模拟为一个共面系统，具有短周期（轨道周期$P_{\rm orb}=24.3 \rm d$）和中等偏心率（$\rm{e=0.34}$）。我们发现，在Be/X射线双星中，围绕中子星形成了一个时间依赖性的吸积盘。在Be星的近日点通过之后，盘面缩小，之后又恢复到原来的半径。我们的模拟表明，对于Be/X射线双星，截断的Be盘模型与观测到的X射线行为一致。
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English: We perform dark-matter-only simulations of 28 relaxed massive cluster-sized
haloes for Cold Dark Matter (CDM) and Self-Interacting Dark Matter (SIDM)
models, to study structural differences between the models at large radii,
where the impact of baryonic physics is expected to be very limited. We find
that the distributions for the radial profiles of the density, ellipsoidal axis
ratios, and velocity anisotropies ($\beta$) of the haloes differ considerably
between the models (at the $\sim1\sigma$ level), even at $\gtrsim10\%$ of the
virial radius, if the self-scattering cross section is $\sigma/m_\chi=1$ cm$^2$
gr$^{-1}$. Direct comparison with observationally inferred density profiles
disfavours SIDM for $\sigma/m_\chi=1$ cm$^2$ gr$^{-1}$, but in an intermediate
radial range ($\sim3\%$ of the virial radius), where the impact of baryonic
physics is uncertain. At this level of the cross section, we find a narrower
$\beta$ distribution in SIDM, clearly skewed towards isotropic orbits, with no
SIDM (90\% of CDM) haloes having $\beta>0.12$ at $7\%$ of the virial radius. We
estimate that with an observational sample of $\sim30$ ($\sim10^{15}$
M$_\odot$) relaxed clusters, $\beta$ can potentially be used to put competitive
constraints on SIDM, once observational uncertainties improve by a factor of a
few. We study the suppression of the memory of halo assembly history in SIDM
clusters. For $\sigma/m_\chi=1$ cm$^2$ gr$^{-1}$, we find that this happens
only in the central halo regions ($\sim1/4$ of the scale radius of the halo),
and only for haloes that assembled their mass within this region earlier than a
formation redshift $z_f\sim2$. Otherwise, the memory of assembly remains and is
reflected in ways similar to CDM, albeit with weaker trends.
Chinese: 我们对28个放松的、质量相当于星系团大小的暗物质晕进行仅暗物质模拟，以研究冷暗物质（CDM）和自相互作用暗物质（SIDM）模型在较大半径下的结构差异，在这些半径上，重子物理的影响预计非常有限。我们发现，在模型之间（在约1σ水平上），即使自散射截面为σ/m_χ=1 cm² gr⁻¹时，暗物质晕的密度、椭球轴比和速度各向异性（β）的径向分布也有显著差异。与观测推断出的密度分布的直接比较表明，对于σ/m_χ=1 cm² gr⁻¹，SIDM不受欢迎。但在一个中间的径向范围内（相当于virial半径的约3%），重子物理的影响是不确定的。在这个截面水平上，我们发现SIDM中的β分布更窄，明显偏向各向同性轨道，没有SIDM（90%的CDM）晕在virial半径的7%处有β>0.12。我们估计，如果有一个约30个（约10¹⁵ M_⊙）放松的星系团观测样本，β一旦观测不确定性提高几个数量级，就可以用来对SIDM施加有竞争力的约束。我们研究了SIDM星系团中晕组装历史的记忆抑制。对于σ/m_χ=1 cm² gr⁻¹，我们发现这仅在中心晕区域（相当于晕的尺度半径的约1/4）发生，并且仅对于在形成红移z_f≈2之前在这个区域内组装其质量的晕。否则，组装的记忆仍然存在，并以类似于CDM的方式反映出来，尽管趋势较弱。
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English: We find closed-form solution of the Euler equation for a chiral magnet in
terms of a skyrmion or a meron depending on the relative strengths of magnetic
anisotropy and magnetic field. We show that the relevant length scales for
these solutions primarily depend on the strengths of Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya
interaction through its ratios, respectively, with magnetic field and magnetic
anisotropy. We thus unambiguously determine the parameter dependencies on the
radius of the topological structures particularly of the skyrmions, showing an
excellent agreement with experiments and first-principle studies. An
anisotropic Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction suitable for thin films made with
$C_{nv}$ symmetric materials is found to stabilize anti-skyrmion and
anti-meron, which are prototypical for $D_{2d}$ symmetric systems, depending on
the degree of anisotropy. Based on these solutions, we obtain phase diagram by
comparing the energies of various collinear and non-collinear competing phases.
Chinese: 我们通过考虑磁各向异性与磁场相对强度，为手性磁体找到了Euler方程的闭式解，该解取决于为天涡或梅隆。我们表明，这些解的相关长度尺度主要取决于Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya相互作用通过其与磁场和磁各向异性之比对磁各向异性强度的影响。因此，我们明确地确定了拓扑结构特别是天涡的半径的参数依赖性，这与实验和第一原理研究的结果高度一致。对于使用$C_{nv}$对称材料制成的薄片，发现适当的各向异性Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya相互作用可以稳定反天涡和反梅隆，这些是$D_{2d}$对称系统的典型代表，取决于各向异性的程度。基于这些解，我们通过比较各种平行和非平行竞争相的能量，获得了相图。
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English: We propose a simple method to visualize spatio-temporal correlation between
scales using wavelets, and apply it to two typical spatio-temporally chaotic
systems, namely to coupled complex Ginzburg-Landau oscillators with diffusive
interaction, and those with non-local interaction. Reflecting the difference
between underlying dynamical processes, our method provides distinctive results
for those two systems. Especially, for the non-locally interacting case where
the system exhibits fractal amplitude patterns and power-law spectrum, it
clearly visualizes the dynamical cascade process of spatio-temporal correlation
between scales.
Chinese: 我们提出了一种简单的方法来使用小波可视化不同尺度之间的时空相关性，并将其应用于两个典型的时空混沌系统，即具有扩散相互作用的耦合复杂Ginzburg-Landau振荡器和具有非局部相互作用的系统。该方法反映了潜在动力学过程之间的差异，为这两个系统提供了独特的成果。特别是，对于表现出分形振幅模式和幂律谱的非局部相互作用情况，它清楚地可视化了不同尺度之间时空相关性的动力学级联过程。
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English: Using the concept developed in earlier papers, that the cosmic rays originate
in three different main sites, a) the normal supernova explosions into the
interstellar medium, b) the supernova explosions into a stellar wind, and c)
powerful radio galaxies, we demonstrate in this paper that the spectrum and
chemical abundances above $10^4$ GeV can be well understood. Using existing
data on the chemical composition of cosmic rays near TeV energies as a
constraint, we adjust the parameters of the model to fit the shower size data
from the Akeno experiment; this is necessary since the derivation of an all
particle spectrum involves an assumption about the chemical composition of the
cosmic rays and so we have to fit the shower size data first and then derive
the all particle spectrum. We present a successful fit to the shower size data
which allows us to draw three main conclusions: a) For most of the energy range
above $10^5$ GeV the wind explosions can account for both chemical composition
and spectrum including the knee feature, b) the highest particle energies
required from the stellar wind explosions imply a magnetic field in the
preexisting stellar wind of at least $3$ Gauss at a fiducial distance of
$10^{14}$ cm, c) the chemical abundances above $10^5$ GeV are dominated by
heavy nuclei such as Neon and higher. The bump observed in the all particle
spectrum below the knee gets weakened with the proper treatment of the energy
dependent chemical composition. For high energies we obtain an estimate of the
extragalactic proton flux.
Chinese: 利用早期论文中提出的概念，即宇宙射线源自三个不同主要场所：a) 正常超新星爆发进入星际介质，b) 超新星爆发进入恒星风，以及c) 强力射电星系，本文论证了$10^4$ GeV以上的谱和化学丰度可以得到良好解释。我们利用TeV能量附近宇宙射线化学组成的现有数据作为约束条件，调整模型参数以拟合Akeno实验的簇射尺寸数据；这是必要的，因为全粒子谱的推导涉及对宇宙射线化学组成的假设，所以我们必须先拟合簇射尺寸数据，然后才能推导全粒子谱。我们展示了一个成功的拟合结果，由此可以得出三个主要结论：a) 在$10^5$ GeV以上的大部分能量范围内，恒星风爆发可以解释化学组成和谱（包括拐点特征）；b) 恒星风爆发所需的最高粒子能量意味着在现有恒星风中至少存在3高斯磁场，在参考距离为$10^{14}$厘米处；c) $10^5$ GeV以上的化学丰度主要由氖等重核主导。全粒子谱在拐点以下的凸起部分在适当处理能量相关的化学组成后减弱。对于高能部分，我们得到了银河外质子通量的估计值。
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English: An effective field theory with hadrons and photons is constructed, where the
hadronic parameters are determined by fitting elastic $\pi$N scattering data.
The predicted pion-induced $\eta$-production on the nucleon agrees well with
the data. The hadronic model is then used to describe the final-state
interaction in photoinduced processes. We present a consistent description of
pion photoproduction in the E$_0^+$-channel and of the total cross sections for
photoinduced $\eta$-production on the proton as well as on the deuteron.
Chinese: 构建了一个包含重子和光子的有效场论，其中重子参数通过拟合弹性πN散射数据确定。预测的π介子诱导的η介子在核子上的产生与数据吻合得很好。然后使用该重子模型来描述光诱导过程中的末态相互作用。我们给出了E$_0^+$通道中π介子光生产的描述，以及光诱导的质子和重氢上的η介子产生的总截面。
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English: We report the production and spectroscopic characterization of strontium (I)
phenoxide ($\mathrm{SrOC}_6\mathrm{H}_5$, or SrOPh) and variants featuring
electron-withdrawing groups designed to suppress vibrational excitation during
spontaneous emission from the electronically excited state. Optical cycling
closure of these species, which is the decoupling of vibrational state changes
from spontaneous optical decay, is found by dispersed laser-induced
fluorescence spectroscopy to be high, in accordance with theoretical
predictions. A high-resolution, rotationally-resolved laser excitation spectrum
is recorded for SrOPh, allowing the estimation of spectroscopic constants and
identification of candidate optical cycling transitions for future work. The
results confirm the promise of strontium phenoxides for laser cooling and
quantum state detection at the single-molecule level.
Chinese: 我们报道了锶（I）苯氧基（$\mathrm{SrOC}_6\mathrm{H}_5$，或SrOPh）及其具有吸电子基团的变体的生产和光谱表征。这些变体旨在通过抑制电子激发态自发发射过程中的振动激发来降低振动激发。通过分散激光诱导荧光光谱法发现，这些物种的光学循环闭合（即振动状态变化与自发光衰减的解耦）很高，这与理论预测相符。记录了SrOPh的高分辨率、转动分辨激光激发光谱，这允许估计光谱常数并识别未来工作的候选光学循环跃迁。结果表明，锶苯氧基在激光冷却和单分子水平上的量子态检测方面具有前景。
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English: We use a secular representation to describe the long-term dynamics of
transneptunian objects in mean-motion resonance with Neptune. The model applied
is thoroughly described in Saillenfest et al. (2016). The parameter space is
systematically explored, showing that the secular trajectories depend little on
the resonance order. High-amplitude oscillations of the perihelion distance are
reported and localised in the space of the orbital parameters. In particular,
we show that a large perihelion distance is not a sufficient criterion to
declare that an object is detached from the planets. Such a mechanism, though,
is found unable to explain the orbits of Sedna or 2012VP113, which are
insufficiently inclined (considering their high perihelion distance) to be
possibly driven by such a resonant dynamics. The secular representation
highlights the existence of a high-perihelion accumulation zone due to
resonances of type 1:k with Neptune. That region is found to be located roughly
at semi-major axes in [100;300] AU, perihelion distances in [50;70] AU and
inclinations [30;50]{\deg}. In addition to the flux of objects directly coming
from the Scattered Disc, numerical simulations show that the Oort Cloud is also
a substantial source for such objects. Naturally, as that mechanism relies on
fragile captures in high-order resonances, our conclusions break down in the
case of a significant external perturber. The detection of such a reservoir
could thus be an observational constraint to probe the external Solar System.
Chinese: 我们使用世俗表示法来描述与海王星平均运动共振的柯伊伯带天体的长期动力学。所应用的模型在Saillenfest等人（2016年）的文章中得到了详细描述。参数空间被系统地探索，表明世俗轨迹对共振阶数的影响很小。报告了近日点距离的高振幅振荡，并定位在轨道参数的空间中。特别是，我们表明，大的近日点距离并不是宣布一个天体已经从行星分离出来的充分条件。然而，这种机制无法解释赛德娜或2012VP113的轨道，考虑到它们的高近日点距离，它们的倾角不足以可能是由于这种共振动力学驱动的。世俗表示法突出了由于与海王星1:1共振的存在，存在一个高近日点积累区。该区域被发现大致位于半长轴在[100;300]天文单位，近日点距离在[50;70]天文单位和倾角[30;50]度。除了来自散布盘的直接天体流量外，数值模拟还表明奥尔特云也是这类天体的一个重要来源。自然地，由于该机制依赖于高阶共振中的脆弱捕获，我们的结论在外部扰动显著的情况下不成立。因此，这种储备库的探测可能成为探测外部太阳系的观测约束。
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English: We lay the foundations of a non-parametric theory of best-arm identification
in multi-armed bandits with a fixed budget T. We consider general, possibly
non-parametric, models D for distributions over the arms; an overarching
example is the model D = P(0,1) of all probability distributions over [0,1]. We
propose upper bounds on the average log-probability of misidentifying the
optimal arm based on information-theoretic quantities that correspond to infima
over Kullback-Leibler divergences between some distributions in D and a given
distribution. This is made possible by a refined analysis of the
successive-rejects strategy of Audibert, Bubeck, and Munos (2010). We finally
provide lower bounds on the same average log-probability, also in terms of the
same new information-theoretic quantities; these lower bounds are larger when
the (natural) assumptions on the considered strategies are stronger. All these
new upper and lower bounds generalize existing bounds based, e.g., on gaps
between distributions.
Chinese: 我们在固定预算T的多臂老虎机中，为最佳臂识别的非参数理论奠定了基础。我们考虑了一般、可能为非参数的模型D，用于描述臂上的分布；一个总体的例子是[0,1]上所有概率分布的模型D = P(0,1)。我们提出基于信息论量度的上界，这些量度对应于D中某些分布与给定分布之间的Kullback-Leibler散度的下确界，以估计误识别最佳臂的平均对数概率。这是通过对Audibert、Bubeck和Munos（2010）的连续拒绝策略进行精细分析而实现的。我们最终提供了相同的平均对数概率的下界，同样以相同的新信息论量度来表示；当考虑的策略的（自然）假设更强时，这些下界更大。这些新的上界和下界泛化了基于分布之间差距的现有界限。
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English: In this article, we study the doubly heavy baryon states $\Xi_{cc}$,
$\Omega_{cc}$, $\Xi_{bb}$ and $\Omega_{bb}$ in the nuclear matter using the QCD
sum rules, and derive three coupled QCD sum rules for the masses, vector
self-energies and pole residues. The predictions for the mass-shifts in the
nuclear matter $\Delta M_{\Xi_{cc}}=-1.11\,\rm{GeV}$, $\Delta
M_{\Omega_{cc}}=-0.33\,\rm{GeV}$, $\Delta M_{\Xi_{bb}}=-3.37\,\rm{GeV}$ and
$\Delta M_{\Omega_{bb}}=-1.05\,\rm{GeV}$ can be confronted with the
experimental data in the future.
Chinese: 在本文中，我们使用QCD求和规则研究核物质中的双重重子态$\Xi_{cc}$、$\Omega_{cc}$、$\Xi_{bb}$和$\Omega_{bb}$，并推导出三个耦合的QCD求和规则，用于质量、矢量自能和极点剩余。对于核物质中的质量变化，我们预测$\Delta M_{\Xi_{cc}}=-1.11\,\rm{GeV}$，$\Delta M_{\Omega_{cc}}=-0.33\,\rm{GeV}$，$\Delta M_{\Xi_{bb}}=-3.37\,\rm{GeV}$和$\Delta M_{\Omega_{bb}}=-1.05\,\rm{GeV}$，这些预测可以在未来与实验数据进行对比。
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English: We calculate the tree-level expressions for the electroweak precision
observables in the SU(5)/SO(5) littlest Higgs model. The source for these
corrections are the exchange of heavy gauge bosons, explicit corrections due to
non-linear sigma-model dynamics and a triplet Higgs VEV. Weak isospin violating
contributions are present because there is no custodial SU(2) global symmetry.
The bulk of these weak isospin violating corrections arise from heavy gauge
boson exchange while a smaller contribution comes from the triplet Higgs VEV. A
global fit is performed to the experimental data and we find that throughout
the parameter space the symmetry breaking scale is bounded by f > 4 TeV at 95%
C.L. Stronger bounds on f are found for generic choices of the high energy
gauge couplings. We find that even in the best case scenario one would need
fine tuning of less than a percent to get a Higgs mass as light as 200 GeV.
Chinese: 我们计算了SU(5)/SO(5)最小希格斯模型中电弱精确可观测量的一级表达式。这些修正的来源是重规范玻色子的交换、由于非线性西格玛模型动力学和三重态希格斯真空期望值的显式修正。由于不存在守恒的SU(2)全局对称性，存在弱同位旋违反贡献。这些弱同位旋违反修正的大部分来源于重规范玻色子的交换，而较小的贡献来自三重态希格斯真空期望值。我们对实验数据进行全局拟合，并发现在整个参数空间中，对称性破缺尺度在95%置信水平下被限制在f > 4 TeV。对于高能规范耦合的通用选择，发现了对f的更强限制。我们发现，即使在最佳情况下，也需要小于1%的微调才能得到质量为200 GeV的希格斯玻色子。
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English: We consider the community detection problem in a sparse $q$-uniform
hypergraph $G$, assuming that $G$ is generated according to the Hypergraph
Stochastic Block Model (HSBM). We prove that a spectral method based on the
non-backtracking operator for hypergraphs works with high probability down to
the generalized Kesten-Stigum detection threshold conjectured by Angelini et
al. (2015). We characterize the spectrum of the non-backtracking operator for
the sparse HSBM and provide an efficient dimension reduction procedure using
the Ihara-Bass formula for hypergraphs. As a result, community detection for
the sparse HSBM on $n$ vertices can be reduced to an eigenvector problem of a
$2n\times 2n$ non-normal matrix constructed from the adjacency matrix and the
degree matrix of the hypergraph. To the best of our knowledge, this is the
first provable and efficient spectral algorithm that achieves the conjectured
threshold for HSBMs with $r$ blocks generated according to a general symmetric
probability tensor.
Chinese: 我们考虑在稀疏的$q$-均匀超图$G$中的社区检测问题，假设$G$是根据超图随机块模型（HSBM）生成的。我们证明，基于超图非回溯算子的谱方法在高度概率下能够工作，直至Angelini等人（2015年）提出的广义Kesten-Stigum检测阈值。我们描述了稀疏HSBM中非回溯算子的谱，并提供了使用超图的Ihara-Bass公式的有效维度约简过程。因此，对于$n$个顶点的稀疏HSBM的社区检测可以简化为从超图的邻接矩阵和度矩阵构造的$2n\times 2n$非正规矩阵的特征向量问题。据我们所知，这是第一个能够实现HSBM中由一般对称概率张量生成的$r$个块所提出的猜想阈值的可证明且有效的谱算法。
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English: Numerical simulations can model the physical processes that govern
cardiovascular device deployment. When such simulations incorporate digital
twins; computational models of patient-specific anatomy, they can expedite and
de-risk the device design process. Nonetheless, the exclusive use of
patient-specific data constrains the anatomic variability which can be
precisely or fully explored. In this study, we investigate the capacity of
Latent Diffusion Models (LDMs) to edit digital twins to create anatomic
variants, which we term digital siblings. Digital twins and their corresponding
siblings can serve as the basis for comparative simulations, enabling the study
of how subtle anatomic variations impact the simulated deployment of
cardiovascular devices, as well as the augmentation of virtual cohorts for
device assessment. However, while diffusion models have been characterized in
their ability to edit natural images, their capacity to anatomically edit
digital twins has yet to be studied. Using a case example centered on 3D
digital twins of cardiac anatomy, we implement various methods for generating
digital siblings and characterize them through morphological and topological
analyses. We specifically edit digital twins to introduce anatomic variation at
different spatial scales and within localized regions, demonstrating the
existence of bias towards common anatomic features. We further show that such
anatomic bias can be leveraged for virtual cohort augmentation through
selective editing, partially alleviating issues related to dataset imbalance
and lack of diversity. Our experimental framework thus delineates the limits
and capabilities of using latent diffusion models in synthesizing anatomic
variation for in silico trials.
Chinese: 数值模拟可以模拟控制心血管设备部署的物理过程。当此类模拟结合数字孪生——即患者特定解剖结构的计算模型时，可以加速并降低设备设计过程的风险。然而，对患者特定数据的独家使用限制了可精确或完全探索的解剖变异。在本研究中，我们研究了潜在扩散模型（LDMs）编辑数字孪生以创建解剖变异的能力，我们称之为数字兄弟姐妹。数字孪生及其相应的兄弟姐妹可作为比较模拟的基础，使研究得以进行，以探讨细微解剖变异如何影响心血管设备模拟部署，以及增强用于设备评估的虚拟队列。然而，尽管扩散模型已被证明具有编辑自然图像的能力，但其解剖学编辑数字孪生的能力尚未得到研究。我们以围绕心脏解剖结构3D数字孪生的案例为例，实施了多种生成数字兄弟姐妹的方法，并通过形态学和拓扑学分析对其进行了表征。我们特别编辑数字孪生，以在不同空间尺度上和局部区域内引入解剖变异，展示了对于常见解剖特征的偏见。我们进一步表明，这种解剖学偏见可以通过选择性编辑用于虚拟队列增强，从而部分缓解数据集不平衡和缺乏多样性的问题。因此，我们的实验框架界定了使用潜在扩散模型在计算机模拟试验中合成解剖变异的局限性和能力。
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English: A critical step towards certifying safety-critical systems is to check their
conformance to hard real-time requirements. A promising way to achieve this is
by building the systems from pre-verified components and verifying their
correctness in a compositional manner. We previously reported a formal approach
to verifying function blocks (FBs) using tabular expressions and the PVS proof
assistant. By applying our approach to the IEC 61131-3 standard of Programmable
Logic Controllers (PLCs), we constructed a repository of precise specification
and reusable (proven) theorems of feasibility and correctness for FBs. However,
we previously did not apply our approach to verify FBs against timing
requirements, since IEC 61131-3 does not define composite FBs built from
timers. In this paper, based on our experience in the nuclear domain, we
conduct two realistic case studies, consisting of the software requirements and
the proposed FB implementations for two subsystems of an industrial control
system. The implementations are built from IEC 61131-3 FBs, including the
on-delay timer. We find issues during the verification process and suggest
solutions.
Chinese: 确保安全关键系统的关键步骤之一是检查它们是否符合硬实时要求。实现这一目标的一种有希望的方法是通过构建由预先验证的组件组成的系统，并以组合方式验证它们的正确性。我们之前报道了一种使用表格表达式和PVS证明辅助工具验证功能块（FBs）的正式方法。通过将我们的方法应用于可编程逻辑控制器（PLC）的IEC 61131-3标准，我们构建了一个包含精确规范和可重用（已证明）的可行性及正确性定理的FBs存储库。然而，我们之前没有将我们的方法应用于验证FBs是否符合时间要求，因为IEC 61131-3没有定义由计时器构建的复合FBs。在这篇论文中，基于我们在核领域的经验，我们进行了两个现实案例研究，包括工业控制系统两个子系统的软件需求和提出的FB实现。这些实现是由IEC 61131-3 FBs构建的，包括延时计时器。我们在验证过程中发现了问题，并提出了解决方案。
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English: For the past decade, the BICEP/Keck collaboration has been operating a series
of telescopes at the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station measuring degree-scale
$B$-mode polarization imprinted in the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) by
primordial gravitational waves (PGWs). These telescopes are compact refracting
polarimeters mapping about 2% of the sky, observing at a broad range of
frequencies to account for the polarized foreground from Galactic synchrotron
and thermal dust emission. Our latest publication "BK18" utilizes the data
collected up to the 2018 observing season, in conjunction with the publicly
available WMAP and Planck data, to constrain the tensor-to-scalar ratio $r$. It
particularly includes (1) the 3-year BICEP3 data which is the current deepest
CMB polarization map at the foreground-minimum 95 GHz; and (2) the Keck 220 GHz
map with a higher signal-to-noise ratio on the dust foreground than the Planck
353 GHz map. We fit the auto- and cross-spectra of these maps to a
multicomponent likelihood model ($\Lambda$CDM+dust+synchrotron+noise+$r$) and
find it to be an adequate description of the data at the current noise level.
The likelihood analysis yields $\sigma(r)=0.009$. The inference of $r$ from our
baseline model is tightened to $r_{0.05}=0.014^{+0.010}_{-0.011}$ and
$r_{0.05}<0.036$ at 95% confidence, meaning that the BICEP/Keck $B$-mode data
is the most powerful existing dataset for the constraint of PGWs. The up-coming
BICEP Array telescope is projected to reach $\sigma(r) \lesssim 0.003$ using
data up to 2027.
Chinese: 在过去十年中，BICEP/Keck合作项目在阿蒙森-斯科特南极站运营了一系列望远镜，测量宇宙微波背景（CMB）中由原始引力波（PGWs）印刻的度规尺度$B$模式偏振。这些望远镜是紧凑型折射式偏振计，覆盖约2%的天空，在广泛的频率范围内进行观测，以解释来自银河系同步辐射和热尘埃发射的偏振前景。我们最新的出版物“BK18”利用了截至2018年观测季节收集的数据，结合公开可用的WMAP和Planck数据，以约束张量-标量比$r$。它特别包括（1）3年的BICEP3数据，这是目前前景最小95 GHz下最深的CMB偏振图；以及（2）Keck 220 GHz图，其尘埃前景的信噪比高于Planck 353 GHz图。我们将这些图的自动相关函数和互相关函数拟合到多组分似然模型（$\Lambda$CDM+尘埃+同步辐射+噪声+$r$），并发现它在当前噪声水平下是数据的充分描述。似然分析得到$\sigma(r)=0.009$。从我们的基线模型推断$r$的结果被收紧到$r_{0.05}=0.014^{+0.010}_{-0.011}$和$r_{0.05}<0.036$（95%置信水平），这意味着BICEP/Keck $B$模式数据是现有对PGWs约束最强大的数据集。即将到来的BICEP阵列望远镜预计将使用到2027年的数据，将$\sigma(r)$降低到$\lesssim 0.003$。
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English: We considered random discrete approximation of O'Hara energy. O'Hara energy
is the energy defined for a knot, and O'Hara energy was introduced for defining
the standard shape for each knot class (equivalence class by ambient isotopy)
by variational method. In the case of a specific exponent, due to energy
invariance under Moebius transformation, this energy is called Moebius energy.
Although discretization for various Moebius energies has been defined to
analyse the shape of the minimizer so far, only Gamma-convergence to the
original energy has been shown for a conventional discretization. In this
study, we are successful to show locally uniform convergence and compactness of
discrete energy in a space based on optimal transport theory, by introducing
random discrete approximation of O'Hara energy using random variable.
Chinese: 我们考虑了O'Hara能量的随机离散近似。O'Hara能量是定义在结上的能量，O'Hara能量通过变分方法被引入，用于定义每个结类（由 ambient isotopy 确定的等价类）的标准形状。在特定指数的情况下，由于能量在 Möbius 变换下保持不变，这种能量被称为 Möbius 能量。迄今为止，为了分析极小值形状，已经定义了各种 Möbius 能量的离散化，但对于常规离散化，只有到原始能量的 Gamma 收敛已被证明。在本研究中，我们通过使用随机变量引入 O'Hara 能量的随机离散近似，在基于最优传输理论的空间中，成功地展示了离散能量的局部一致收敛性和紧致性。
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English: We investigate the schemes of quantum network teleportation for quantum
information distribution and concentration which are essential in quantum cloud
computation and quantum internet. In those schemes, the cloud can send
simultaneously identical unknown quantum states to clients located in different
places by a network like teleportation with a prior shared multipartite
entangled state resource. The cloud first perform the quantum operation, each
client can recover their quantum state locally by using the classical
information announced by the cloud about the measurement result. The number of
clients can be beyond the number of identical quantum states intentionally
being sent, this quantum network teleportation can make sure that the retrieved
quantum state is optimal. Furthermore, we present a scheme to realize its
reverse process, which concentrates the states from the clients to reconstruct
the original state of the cloud. These schemes facilitate the quantum
information distribution and concentration in quantum networks in the framework
of quantum cloud computation. Potential applications in time synchronization
are discussed.
Chinese: 我们研究了量子网络传输方案，这些方案对于量子信息分发和集中至关重要，在量子云计算和量子互联网中具有重要作用。在这些方案中，云可以通过类似传输的网络，使用预先共享的多粒子纠缠态资源资源，同时向位于不同地点的客户发送相同的未知量子状态。云首先执行量子操作，每个客户都可以通过使用云宣布的关于测量结果的经典信息在本地恢复其量子状态。客户的数量可以超过有意发送的相同量子状态的数量，这种量子网络传输可以确保检索到的量子状态是最优的。此外，我们还提出了一种实现其逆过程的方案，即从客户集中状态以重建云的原始状态。这些方案有助于在量子云计算框架下实现量子网络中的量子信息分发和集中。讨论了在时间同步方面的潜在应用。
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English: We reformulate the second-order Schrodinger equation as a set of two coupled
first order differential equations, a so-called "Shabat-Zakharov system",
(sometimes called a "Zakharov-Shabat" system). There is considerable
flexibility in this approach, and we emphasise the utility of introducing an
"auxiliary condition" or "gauge condition" that is used to cut down the degrees
of freedom. Using this formalism, we derive the explicit (but formal) general
solution to the Schrodinger equation. The general solution depends on three
arbitrarily chosen functions, and a path-ordered exponential matrix. If one
considers path ordering to be an "elementary" process, then this represents
complete quadrature, albeit formal, of the second-order linear ODE.
Chinese: 我们将二阶薛定谔方程重构为一组两个耦合的一阶微分方程，即所谓的“沙巴特-扎哈罗夫系统”，有时也被称为“扎哈罗夫-沙巴特系统”。这种方法有很大的灵活性，我们强调引入一个“辅助条件”或“规范条件”，这个条件用于减少自由度。利用这一形式主义，我们推导出了薛定谔方程的显式（尽管是形式的）一般解。一般解依赖于三个任意选择的函数，以及一个路径顺序的指数矩阵。如果将路径顺序视为一个“基本”过程，那么这代表了对二阶线性ODE的完全正规化，尽管是形式的。
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English: This paper assesses the hedge effectiveness of an index-based longevity swap
and a longevity cap. Although swaps are a natural instrument for hedging
longevity risk, derivatives with non-linear pay-offs, such as longevity caps,
also provide downside protection. A tractable stochastic mortality model with
age dependent drift and volatility is developed and analytical formulae for
prices of these longevity derivatives are derived. Hedge effectiveness is
considered for a hypothetical life annuity portfolio. The hedging of the life
annuity portfolio is comprehensively assessed for a range of assumptions for
the market price of longevity risk, the term to maturity of the hedging
instruments, as well as the size of the underlying annuity portfolio. The model
is calibrated using Australian mortality data. The results provide a
comprehensive analysis of longevity hedging, highlighting the risk management
benefits and costs of linear and nonlinear payoff structures.
Chinese: 本文评估了基于指数的长期互换和长期上限的套期保值有效性。尽管互换是套期保值长寿风险的天然工具，但具有非线性收益的衍生品（如长期上限）也提供了下行保护。开发了一个具有年龄相关漂移和波动率的易处理随机死亡率模型，并推导出这些长期衍生品价格的分析公式。对假设的人寿年金组合的套期保值有效性进行了考虑。在一系列关于长寿风险市场价格、套期保值工具到期期限以及基础年金组合规模的假设下，对人寿年金组合的套期保值进行了全面评估。该模型使用澳大利亚死亡率数据进行校准。结果对长期套期保值进行了全面分析，突出了线性与非线性收益结构的风险管理效益和成本。
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English: The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into human decision-making
processes at the workplace presents both opportunities and challenges. One
promising approach to leverage existing complementary capabilities is allowing
humans to delegate individual instances of decision tasks to AI. However,
enabling humans to delegate instances effectively requires them to assess
several factors. One key factor is the analysis of both their own capabilities
and those of the AI in the context of the given task. In this work, we conduct
a behavioral study to explore the effects of providing contextual information
to support this delegation decision. Specifically, we investigate how
contextual information about the AI and the task domain influence humans'
delegation decisions to an AI and their impact on the human-AI team
performance. Our findings reveal that access to contextual information
significantly improves human-AI team performance in delegation settings.
Finally, we show that the delegation behavior changes with the different types
of contextual information. Overall, this research advances the understanding of
computer-supported, collaborative work and provides actionable insights for
designing more effective collaborative systems.
Chinese: 将人工智能（AI）融入工作场所的人类决策过程既带来了机遇也带来了挑战。一种利用现有互补能力的有前景的方法是让人类将决策任务的个别实例委托给AI。然而，要有效地实现人类对任务实例的委托，需要他们评估多个因素。其中关键的因素是在给定任务的背景下，分析他们自己的能力和AI的能力。在本工作中，我们进行了一项行为研究，以探索提供上下文信息以支持委托决策的影响。具体来说，我们研究了关于AI和任务领域的上下文信息如何影响人类对AI的委托决策及其对人类-AI团队性能的影响。我们的发现表明，访问上下文信息显著提高了在委托场景下的人机团队性能。最后，我们展示了不同类型的上下文信息如何改变委托行为。总的来说，这项研究深化了对计算机支持的协作工作以及为设计更有效的协作系统提供行动建议的理解。
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English: Software engineering has long studied how software developers work, building
a body of work which forms the foundation of many software engineering best
practices, tools, and theories. Recently, some developers have begun recording
videos of themselves engaged in programming tasks contributing to open source
projects, enabling them to share knowledge and socialize with other developers.
We believe that these videos offer an important opportunity for both software
engineering research and education. In this paper, we discuss the potential use
of these videos as well as open questions for how to best enable this
envisioned use. We propose creating a central repository of programming videos,
enabling analyzing and annotating videos to illustrate specific behaviors of
interest such as asking and answering questions, employing strategies, and
software engineering theories. Such a repository would offer an important new
way in which both software engineering researchers and students can understand
how software developers work.
Chinese: 软件工程长期以来一直在研究软件开发者的工作方式，形成了一系列工作成果，这些成果构成了许多软件工程最佳实践、工具和理论的基础。最近，一些开发者开始录制自己参与开源项目编程任务的视频，这使得他们能够分享知识和与其他开发者进行社交。我们认为，这些视频为软件工程研究和教育提供了重要的机会。在本文中，我们讨论了这些视频的潜在用途以及如何最好地实现这种设想的使用。我们提出创建一个编程视频的中心存储库，以便分析和注释视频，以展示特定感兴趣的行为，如提问和回答问题、采用策略以及软件工程理论。这样一个存储库将为软件工程研究人员和学生提供一种重要的新方式，以了解软件开发者的工作方式。
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English: A goal of this paper is to introduce the new construction of an automaton
with shortest synchronizing word of length $O(d^{\frac{n}{d}})$, where $d \in
\mathbb{N}$ and $n$ is the number of states for that automaton. Additionally we
introduce new transformation from any synchronizable DFA or carefully
synchronizable PFA of $n$ states to carefully synchronizable PFA of $d \cdot n$
states with shortest synchronizing word of length $\Omega(d^{\frac{n}{d}})$.
Chinese: 本文的一个目标是介绍一种具有最短同步词长度为 $O(d^{\frac{n}{d}})$ 的新自动机构造，其中 $d \in \mathbb{N}$，且 $n$ 是该自动机的状态数。此外，我们还介绍了一种从任何可同步的 DFA 或精心可同步的 PFA（具有 $n$ 个状态）到精心可同步的 PFA（具有 $d \cdot n$ 个状态）的新变换，其最短同步词的长度为 $\Omega(d^{\frac{n}{d}})$。
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English: Molecular dynamics is a powerful tool for studying the thermodynamics and
kinetics of complex molecular events. However, these simulations can rarely
sample the required time scales in practice. Transition path sampling overcomes
this limitation by collecting unbiased trajectories capturing the relevant
events. Moreover, the integration of machine learning can boost the sampling
while simultaneously learning a quantitative representation of the mechanism.
Still, the resulting trajectories are by construction
non-Boltzmann-distributed, preventing the calculation of free energies and
rates. We developed an algorithm to approximate the equilibrium path ensemble
from machine learning-guided path sampling data. At the same time, our
algorithm provides efficient sampling, the mechanism, free energy, and rates of
rare molecular events at a very moderate computational cost. We tested the
method on the folding of the mini-protein chignolin. Our algorithm is
straightforward and data-efficient, opening the door to applications on many
challenging molecular systems.
Chinese: 分子动力学是研究复杂分子事件的热力学和动力学的强大工具。然而，在实际操作中，这些模拟很少能采样到所需的时间尺度。过渡路径采样通过收集捕获相关事件的非偏轨迹来克服这一限制。此外，机器学习的集成可以在同时学习机制定量表示的同时提高采样效率。然而，由于构造上的原因，得到的轨迹是非玻尔兹曼分布的，这阻止了自由能和速率的计算。我们开发了一种算法，从机器学习引导的路径采样数据中近似平衡路径集合。同时，我们的算法提供了高效的采样，以及非常适中的计算成本下，稀有分子事件的机制、自由能和速率。我们在迷你蛋白奇戈洛林的折叠上测试了这种方法。我们的算法简单且数据高效，为许多具有挑战性的分子系统的应用打开了大门。
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English: General real-time runway occupancy time prediction modelling for multiple
airports is a current research gap. An attempt to generalize a real-time
prediction model for Arrival Runway Occupancy Time (AROT) is presented in this
paper by substituting categorical features by their numerical equivalences.
Three days of data, collected from Saab Sensis' Aerobahn system at three US
airports, has been used for this work. Three tree-based machine learning
algorithms: Decision Tree, Random Forest and Gradient Boosting are used to
assess the generalizability of the model using numerical equivalent features.
We have shown that the model trained on numerical equivalent features not only
have performances at least on par with models trained on categorical features
but also can make predictions on unseen data from other airports.
Chinese: 通用实时跑道占用时间预测模型的多机场研究是一个当前的研究空白。本文通过用数值等价物替换分类特征，提出了一种通用实时到达跑道占用时间（AROT）预测模型的尝试。为此，使用了从三个美国机场的Saab Sensis Aerobahn系统收集的三天数据。本研究使用了三种基于树的机器学习算法：决策树、随机森林和梯度提升，以使用数值等价特征来评估模型的泛化能力。我们已经证明，在数值等价特征上训练的模型不仅性能至少与在分类特征上训练的模型相当，而且还可以对来自其他机场的未见数据做出预测。
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English: Conversational Text-to-Speech (TTS) aims to synthesis an utterance with the
right linguistic and affective prosody in a conversational context. The
correlation between the current utterance and the dialogue history at the
utterance level was used to improve the expressiveness of synthesized speech.
However, the fine-grained information in the dialogue history at the word level
also has an important impact on the prosodic expression of an utterance, which
has not been well studied in the prior work. Therefore, we propose a novel
expressive conversational TTS model, termed as FCTalker, that learn the fine
and coarse grained context dependency at the same time during speech
generation. Specifically, the FCTalker includes fine and coarse grained
encoders to exploit the word and utterance-level context dependency. To model
the word-level dependencies between an utterance and its dialogue history, the
fine-grained dialogue encoder is built on top of a dialogue BERT model. The
experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms all baselines
and generates more expressive speech that is contextually appropriate. We
release the source code at: https://github.com/walker-hyf/FCTalker.
Chinese: 对话式文本转语音（TTS）旨在在对话环境中合成具有正确语言和情感语调的话语。在话语级别上，当前话语与对话历史之间的关联被用来提高合成语音的表现力。然而，对话历史中话语级别的细微信息也对话语的语调表达有着重要影响，这在先前的研究中尚未得到充分研究。因此，我们提出了一种名为FCTalker的新颖表现力对话式TTS模型，该模型在语音生成过程中同时学习细粒度和粗粒度的上下文依赖关系。具体而言，FCTalker包括细粒度和粗粒度编码器，以挖掘话语和单词级别的上下文依赖关系。为了建模话语与对话历史之间的单词级别依赖关系，细粒度对话编码器建立在一个对话BERT模型之上。实验结果表明，所提出的方法在所有基线中表现最佳，并生成更多上下文适宜的表现力语音。我们发布了源代码：https://github.com/walker-hyf/FCTalker。
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English: In this paper new results on personalized PageRank are shown. We consider
directed graphs that may contain dangling nodes. The main result presented
gives an analytical characterization of all the possible values of the
personalized PageRank for any node.We use this result to give a theoretical
justification of a recent model that uses the personalized PageRank to classify
users of Social Networks Sites. We introduce new concepts concerning
competitivity and leadership in complex networks. We also present some
theoretical techniques to locate leaders and competitors which are valid for
any personalization vector and by using only information related to the
adjacency matrix of the graph and the distribution of its dangling nodes.
Chinese: 在这篇论文中，展示了关于个性化PageRank的新结果。我们考虑包含悬挂节点的有向图。主要结果给出了任意节点个性化PageRank所有可能值的分析表征。我们利用这一结果为使用个性化PageRank对社交网络用户进行分类的最新模型提供了理论依据。我们引入了关于复杂网络中竞争力和领导力的新概念。此外，我们还提出了一些理论技术，用于定位领导者与竞争者，这些技术适用于任何个性化向量，并且仅使用与图的邻接矩阵及其悬挂节点分布相关的信息。
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English: The authors report on observation of Bragg confined mode in a hollow
cylindrical dielectric cavity. A resonance was observed at 13.4 $GHz$ with an
unloaded Q-factor of order $2\times10^5$, which is more than a factor of 6
above the dielectric loss limit. Previously such modes have only been realized
from pure Transverse Electric modes with no azimuthal variations and only the
$E_{\phi}$ component. From rigorous numeric simulations it is shown that the
mode is a hybrid mode with non-zero azimuthal variations and with dominant
$E_r$ and $E_{\phi}$ electric field components and $H_z$ magnetic field
component.
Chinese: 作者报告了在空心的圆柱形介质腔中观察到布拉格束缚模式。在13.4 GHz处观察到共振，其无载Q因子为$2\times10^5$量级，比介电损耗极限高出6倍以上。此前，此类模式仅通过纯横电模式实现，且没有方位角变化，只有$E_{\phi}$分量。从严格的数值模拟中可以看出，该模式是一种混合模式，具有非零的方位角变化，并且具有主要的$E_r$和$E_{\phi}$电场分量以及$H_z$磁场分量。
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English: In this paper, two parametric probability distributions capable to describe
the statistics of X-ray photon detection by a CCD are presented. They are
formulated from simple models that account for the pile-up phenomenon, in which
two or more photons are counted as one. These models are based on the Poisson
process, but they have an extra parameter which includes all the detailed
mechanisms of the pile-up process that must be fitted to the data statistics
simultaneously with the rate parameter. The new probability distributions, one
for number of counts per time bins (Poisson-like), and the other for waiting
times (exponential-like) are tested fitting them to statistics of real data,
and between them through numerical simulations, and their results are analyzed
and compared. The probability distributions presented here can be used as
background statistical models to derive likelihood functions for statistical
methods in signal analysis.
Chinese: 在本文中，提出了两种参数概率分布，能够描述CCD检测X射线光子的统计特性。这些分布基于考虑了堆积现象的简单模型，其中两个或多个光子被计为一个。这些模型基于泊松过程，但它们有一个额外的参数，该参数包含了堆积过程中的所有详细机制，必须与速率参数同时拟合到数据统计中。新的概率分布，一个是每个时间间隔内的计数数（类似泊松分布），另一个是等待时间（类似指数分布），通过将它们拟合到真实数据的统计特性，以及通过数值模拟相互之间进行测试，并对其结果进行分析和比较。这里提出的概率分布可用作背景统计模型，用于推导信号分析中统计方法的似然函数。
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English: In this short note, we study the variation of orbital integrals, as traces on
the group algebra $G$, under the deformation groupoid. We show that orbital
integrals are continuous under the deformation. And we prove that the pairing
between orbital integrals and $K$-theory element of $C^*_r(G)$ stays constant
with respect to the deformation for regular group elements, but vary at
singular elements.
Chinese: 在这篇简短的文章中，我们研究了在形变群胚作用下轨道积分的变异性，作为群代数 $G$ 上的迹。我们证明了轨道积分在形变下是连续的，并且对于正则群元素，轨道积分与 $C^*_r(G)$ 的 $K$ 理论元素的配对在形变下保持不变，但在奇异元素处会发生变化。
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English: Cosmological simulations of structure formation are invaluable to study the
evolution of the Universe and the development of galaxies in it successfully
reproducing many observations in the context of the cosmological paradigm
$\Lambda$CDM. However, there are remarkable discrepancies with observations
that are a matter of debate. One of the most recently reported is the diversity
of shapes in the rotation curves of dwarf galaxies in the local Universe which
is in contrast to the apparent homogeneity of rotation curves in cosmological
hydrodynamic simulations. Previous studies on similar problems have shown that
sometimes can be alleviated by accounting for the impact of observational
effects in the comparison. For this reason, in this work we present a set of
controlled experiments to measure the impact that some systematic effects,
associated with modeling the observation process in a realistic way, have on
the diversity of synthetic rotation curves. Our results demonstrate that
factors such as spectral power, spatial resolution and inclination angle, can
naturally induce noticeable fluctuations on the shape of the rotation curves,
reproducing up to $47\%$ of the diversity reported in the observations. This is
remarkable, especially considering that we limited the sample to
highly-symmetric disks simulated in isolation. This shows that a more realistic
modeling of synthetic rotation curves may alleviate the reported tension
between simulations and observations, without posing a challenge to the
standard cosmological model of cold dark matter.
Chinese: 宇宙结构形成的宇宙学模拟对于研究宇宙的演化和其中星系的发展至关重要，成功地再现了宇宙学范式$\Lambda$CDM背景下的许多观测结果。然而，与观测存在显著的差异，这是争论的话题。最近报道的一个例子是本地宇宙中矮星系旋转曲线形状的多样性，这与宇宙流体动力学模拟中旋转曲线的明显均匀性形成对比。先前对类似问题的研究显示，有时可以通过在比较中考虑观测效应的影响来缓解这些问题。因此，在本工作中，我们提出了一系列控制实验来测量一些与以现实方式模拟观测过程相关的系统性效应对合成旋转曲线多样性的影响。我们的结果表明，诸如光谱功率、空间分辨率和倾斜角等因素可以自然地引起旋转曲线形状的明显波动，再现了观测中报告的$47\%$的多样性。这是值得注意的，特别是考虑到我们将样本限制在孤立模拟的高对称盘上。这表明，更现实的合成旋转曲线建模可能缓解了模拟与观测之间的报告紧张关系，而不对冷暗物质的标准宇宙学模型构成挑战。
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English: Extracellular, large scale in vivo recording of neural activity is mandatory
for elucidating the interaction of neurons within large neural networks at the
level of their single unit activity. Technological achievements in MEMS-based
multichannel electrode arrays offer electrophysiological recording capabilities
that go far beyond those of classical wire electrodes. Despite their impressive
channel counts, recording systems with modest interconnection overhead have
been demonstrated thanks to the hybrid integration of CMOS circuitry for signal
preprocessing and data handling. The number of addressable channels is
increased even further by a switch matrix for electrode selection co-integrated
along the slender probe shafts. When realized by IC fabrication technologies,
these probes offer highest recording site densities along the entire shaft
length.
Chinese: 细胞外，大规模体内记录神经活动对于阐明大神经网络中神经元之间相互作用的单细胞活动水平是必不可少的。基于MEMS的多通道电极阵列的技术成就提供了远超经典电线电极的电生理记录能力。尽管它们的通道数量令人印象深刻，但由于CMOS电路的混合集成用于信号预处理和数据处理，已经展示了具有适度互连开销的记录系统。通过在细长的探针轴上共同集成的电极选择开关矩阵，可寻址通道的数量进一步增加。当通过IC制造技术实现时，这些探针在整个轴长上提供最高的记录位点密度。
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English: The ground plane prior is a very informative geometry clue in monocular 3D
object detection (M3OD). However, it has been neglected by most mainstream
methods. In this paper, we identify two key factors that limit the
applicability of ground plane prior: the projection point localization issue
and the ground plane tilt issue. To pick up the ground plane prior for M3OD, we
propose a Ground Plane Enhanced Network (GPENet) which resolves both issues at
one go. For the projection point localization issue, instead of using the
bottom vertices or bottom center of the 3D bounding box (BBox), we leverage the
object's ground contact points, which are explicit pixels in the image and easy
for the neural network to detect. For the ground plane tilt problem, our GPENet
estimates the horizon line in the image and derives a novel mathematical
expression to accurately estimate the ground plane equation. An unsupervised
vertical edge mining algorithm is also proposed to address the occlusion of the
horizon line. Furthermore, we design a novel 3D bounding box deduction method
based on a dynamic back projection algorithm, which could take advantage of the
accurate contact points and the ground plane equation. Additionally, using only
M3OD labels, contact point and horizon line pseudo labels can be easily
generated with NO extra data collection and label annotation cost. Extensive
experiments on the popular KITTI benchmark show that our GPENet can outperform
other methods and achieve state-of-the-art performance, well demonstrating the
effectiveness and the superiority of the proposed approach. Moreover, our
GPENet works better than other methods in cross-dataset evaluation on the
nuScenes dataset. Our code and models will be published.
Chinese: 地面平面先验在单目三维物体检测（M3OD）中是一个非常信息丰富的几何线索。然而，它被大多数主流方法所忽视。在本文中，我们识别出两个限制地面平面先验适用性的关键因素：投影点定位问题和地面平面倾斜问题。为了提取M3OD的地面平面先验，我们提出了一种地面平面增强网络（GPENet），它能够一次性解决这两个问题。对于投影点定位问题，我们不是使用三维边界框（BBox）的底部顶点或底部中心，而是利用物体的地面接触点，这些是图像中的明确像素，并且易于神经网络检测。对于地面平面倾斜问题，我们的GPENet估计图像中的地平线，并推导出一个新的数学表达式来精确估计地面平面方程。此外，我们还提出了一种无监督垂直边缘挖掘算法来解决地平线的遮挡问题。此外，我们设计了一种基于动态反投影算法的新型三维边界框推导方法，该方法可以利用精确的接触点和地面平面方程。此外，仅使用M3OD标签，就可以轻松生成接触点和地平线的伪标签，而无需额外的数据收集和标签标注成本。在流行的KITTI基准数据集上的大量实验表明，我们的GPENet可以优于其他方法，并实现最先进的性能，充分证明了所提出方法的有效性和优越性。此外，我们的GPENet在nuScenes数据集上的跨数据集评估中表现优于其他方法。我们的代码和模型将予以发布。
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English: Efficient momentum relaxation through umklapp scattering, leading to a power
law in temperature d.c. resistivity, requires a significant low energy spectral
weight at finite momentum. One way to achieve this is via a Fermi surface
structure, leading to the well-known relaxation rate Gamma ~ T^2. We observe
that local criticality, in which energies scale but momenta do not, provides a
distinct route to efficient umklapp scattering. We show that umklapp scattering
by an ionic lattice in a locally critical theory leads to Gamma ~
T^(2\Delta(k_L)). Here \Delta(k_L) \geq 0 is the dimension of the (irrelevant
or marginal) charge density operator J^t(w,k_L) in the locally critical theory,
at the lattice momentum k_L. We illustrate this result with an explicit
computation in locally critical theories described holographically via
Einstein-Maxwell theory in Anti-de Sitter spacetime. We furthermore show that
scattering by random impurities in these locally critical theories gives a
universal Gamma ~ 1/log(1/T)
Chinese: 通过倒逆散射实现高效的动量弛豫，导致温度直流电阻率呈现幂律行为，需要在有限动量下有显著的低能态密度。实现这一点的途径之一是通过费米面结构，从而产生众所周知的弛豫率 Γ ~ T^2。我们观察到，在能量尺度变化但动量不变化的情况下发生的局部临界性，为高效的倒逆散射提供了一条独特的途径。我们证明，在局部临界理论中，离子晶格的倒逆散射导致 Γ ~ T^(2Δ(k_L))。这里 Δ(k_L) ≥ 0 是局部临界理论中，在晶格动量 k_L 处，（无关或边际）电荷密度算符 J^t(w,k_L) 的维数。我们通过在反德西特空间中通过爱因斯坦-麦克斯韦理论全息描述的局部临界理论中进行的明确计算来说明这一结果。我们进一步表明，在这些局部临界理论中，随机杂质的散射给出普适的 Γ ~ 1/log(1/T)
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English: These are lecture notes for an introductory course on noncommutative field
and gauge theory. We begin by reviewing quantum mechanics as the prototypical
noncommutative theory, as well as the geometrical language of standard gauge
theory. Then, we review a specific approach to noncommutative field and gauge
theory, which relies on the introduction of a derivations-based differential
calculus. We focus on the cases of constant and linear noncommutativity, e.g.,
the Moyal spacetime and the so-called $\mathbb{R}^3_\lambda$, respectively. In
particular, we review the $g\varphi^4$ scalar field theory and the $U(1)$ gauge
theory on such noncommutative spaces. Finally, we discuss noncommutative
spacetime symmetries from both the observer and particle point of view. In this
context, the twist approach is reviewed and the $\lambda$-Minkowski
$g\varphi^4$ model is discussed.
Chinese: 这些是非交换场论和规范场论入门课程的讲义。我们首先回顾量子力学作为典型非交换理论的范例，以及标准规范场论中的几何语言。接着，我们回顾了一种特定的非交换场论和规范场论方法，该方法依赖于基于导数的微分算子的引入。我们重点关注常数和非线性非交换情形，例如Moyal时空和所谓的$\mathbb{R}^3_\lambda$。特别地，我们回顾了这些非交换空间上的$g\varphi^4$标量场论和$U(1)$规范场论。最后，我们从观察者和粒子角度讨论了非交换时空对称性。在此背景下，我们回顾了扭转方法，并讨论了$\lambda$-闵可夫斯基$g\varphi^4$模型。
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English: Mobile exploration is a longstanding challenge in robotics, yet current
methods primarily focus on active perception instead of active interaction,
limiting the robot's ability to interact with and fully explore its
environment. Existing robotic exploration approaches via active interaction are
often restricted to tabletop scenes, neglecting the unique challenges posed by
mobile exploration, such as large exploration spaces, complex action spaces,
and diverse object relations. In this work, we introduce a 3D relational object
graph that encodes diverse object relations and enables exploration through
active interaction. We develop a system based on this representation and
evaluate it across diverse scenes. Our qualitative and quantitative results
demonstrate the system's effectiveness and generalization capabilities,
outperforming methods that rely solely on vision-language models (VLMs).
Chinese: 移动探索是机器人学中的一个长期挑战，然而当前的方法主要关注主动感知而不是主动交互，这限制了机器人与其环境互动和全面探索的能力。现有的基于主动交互的机器人探索方法通常局限于桌面场景，忽视了移动探索所提出的独特挑战，如大型的探索空间、复杂的行为空间以及多样的物体关系。在这项工作中，我们引入了一个3D关系物体图，它编码了多样的物体关系并能够通过主动交互进行探索。我们基于这种表示方法开发了一个系统，并在不同的场景中对其进行了评估。我们的定性和定量结果证明了该系统的有效性和泛化能力，优于仅依赖于视觉-语言模型（VLMs）的方法。
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English: Bivariate linear mixed models are useful when analyzing longitudinal data of
two associated markers. In this paper, we present a bivariate linear mixed
model including random effects or first-order auto-regressive process and
independent measurement error for both markers. Codes and tricks to fit these
models using SAS Proc MIXED are provided. Limitations of this program are
discussed and an example in the field of HIV infection is shown. Despite some
limitations, SAS Proc MIXED is a useful tool that may be easily extendable to
multivariate response in longitudinal studies.
Chinese: 双变量线性混合模型在分析两个相关标记的纵向数据时非常有用。在本论文中，我们提出了一种包括随机效应或一阶自回归过程以及两个标记的独立测量误差的双变量线性混合模型。使用SAS Proc MIXED来拟合这些模型的代码和技巧已经提供。该程序的局限性进行了讨论，并展示了HIV感染领域的一个例子。尽管存在一些局限性，SAS Proc MIXED是一个有用的工具，可能很容易扩展到多变量响应在纵向研究中。
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English: Zaslavsky introduced the concept of lifted-graphic matroid. For binary
matroids, a binary elementary lift can be defined in terms of the splitting
operation. In this paper, we give a method to get a forbidden-minor
characterization for the class of graphic matroids whose all lifted-graphic
matroids are also graphic using the splitting operation.
Chinese: Zaslavsky引入了提升图矩阵的概念。对于二元矩阵，可以通过分裂操作定义二元基本提升。在本文中，我们提出了一种方法，通过分裂操作得到一类图形矩阵的禁止小矩阵特征，这类图形矩阵的所有提升图矩阵也都是图形。
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English: We report the discovery of three ultracompact binary white dwarf systems
hosting accretion disks, with orbital periods of 7.95, 8.68, and 13.15 minutes.
This significantly augments the population of mass-transferring binaries at the
shortest periods, and provides the first evidence that accretors in
ultracompacts can be dense enough to host accretion disks even below 10 minutes
(where previously only direct-impact accretors were known). In the two
shortest-period systems, we measured changes in the orbital periods driven by
the combined effect of gravitational wave emission and mass transfer; we find
$\dot{P}$ is negative in one case, and positive in the other. This is only the
second system measured with a positive $\dot{P}$, and it the most compact
binary known that has survived a period minimum. Using these systems as
examples, we show how the measurement of $\dot{P}$ is a powerful tool in
constraining the physical properties of binaries, e.g. the mass and mass-radius
relation of the donor stars. We find that the chirp masses of ultracompact
binaries at these periods seem to cluster around $\mathcal{M}_c \sim 0.3
M_\odot$, perhaps suggesting a common origin for these systems or a selection
bias in electromagnetic discoveries. Our new systems are among the
highest-amplitude known gravitational wave sources in the millihertz regime,
providing exquisite opportunity for multi-messenger study with future
space-based observatories such as \textit{LISA} and TianQin; we discuss how
such systems provide fascinating laboratories to study the unique regime where
the accretion process is mediated by gravitational waves.
Chinese: 我们报告了发现三个超紧凑双白矮星系统，这些系统拥有吸积盘，轨道周期分别为7.95、8.68和13.15分钟。这显著增加了最短周期质量转移双星的数量，并提供了首个证据，表明超紧凑双星中的吸积体可以足够密集，即使在10分钟以下也能拥有吸积盘（此前只知道直接碰撞的吸积体）。在两个最短周期的系统中，我们测量了由引力波辐射和质量转移共同作用引起的轨道周期变化；我们发现其中一个案例中的$\dot{P}$为负，另一个为正。这是第二个测量出正$\dot{P}$的系统，并且是已知的最紧凑双星之一，它已经经历了周期最小值。利用这些系统作为例子，我们展示了如何通过测量$\dot{P}$来限制双星物理性质，例如供星的质量和质量-半径关系。我们发现，在这些周期下，超紧凑双星的啁啾质量似乎聚集在$\mathcal{M}_c \sim 0.3 M_\odot$附近，这可能表明这些系统有共同的起源，或者在电磁发现中存在选择偏差。我们的新系统是已知最高振幅的毫赫兹引力波源之一，为使用未来基于空间的天文台如LISA和天琴进行多信使研究提供了极好的机会；我们讨论了这类系统如何提供研究吸积过程由引力波介导的独特领域的迷人实验室。
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English: The High Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) observatory is a TeV gamma-ray and
cosmic-ray detector currently under construction at an altitude of 4100 m close
to volcano Sierra Negra in the state of Puebla, Mexico. The HAWC observatory is
an extensive air-shower array comprised of 300 optically-isolated water
Cherenkov detectors (WCDs). Each WCD contains $\sim$200,000 liters of filtered
water and four upward-facing photomultiplier tubes. In Fall 2014, when the HAWC
observatory will reach an area of 22,000 m$^{2}$, the sensitivity will be 15
times higher than its predecessor Milagro. Since September 2012, more than 30
WCDs have been instrumented and taking data. This first commissioning phase has
been crucial for the verification of the data acquisition and event
reconstruction algorithms. Moreover, with the increasing number of instrumented
WCDs, it is important to verify the data taken with different configuration
geometries. In this work we present a comparison between Monte Carlo simulation
and data recorded by the experiment during 24 hours of live time between 14 and
15 April of 2013 when 29 WCDs were active.
Chinese: 高能水切伦科夫（HAWC）天文台是一个正在海拔4100米、墨西哥普埃布拉州靠近Sierra Negra火山的地方建造的TeV伽马射线和宇宙射线探测器。HAWC天文台是一个广泛的空气淋浴阵列，由300个光学隔离的水切伦科夫探测器（WCDs）组成。每个WCD包含约20万升过滤水以及四个向上的光电倍增管。在2014年秋季，当HAWC天文台达到面积22,000平方米时，其灵敏度将比其前辈Milagro高出15倍。自2012年9月以来，超过30个WCDs已经投入使用并开始收集数据。这一首次调试阶段对于数据获取和事件重建算法的验证至关重要。此外，随着越来越多的WCDs投入使用，验证不同配置几何形状下所采集的数据也变得非常重要。在本工作中，我们展示了2013年4月14日至15日24小时期间，29个WCDs活跃时，蒙特卡洛模拟与实验记录的数据之间的比较。
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English: We consider the recent results on UHECR (Ultra High Energy Cosmic Ray)
composition and their distribution in the sky from ten EeV energy (the dipole
anisotropy) up to the highest UHECR energies and their clustering maps: UHECR
have been found mostly made by light and lightest nuclei. We summarized the
arguments that favor a few localized nearby extragalactic sources for most
UHECR as CenA, NG 253, M82. We comment also on the possible partial role of a
few remarkable galactic UHECR sources. Finally we revive the eventual role of a
relic neutrino eV mass in dark hot halo (hit by ZeV neutrinos) to explain the
new UHECR clustering events centered around a very far cosmic AGN sources as 3C
454.
Chinese: 我们考虑了关于超高能宇宙射线（UHECR）组成及其在天空中的分布的最新结果，从10 EeV能量（偶极各向异性）到最高的UHECR能量，以及它们的聚类图：UHECR主要是由轻和最轻的核组成。我们总结了有利于大多数UHECR具有几个局部近邻星系外源，如CenA、NG 253、M82的论点。我们还评论了几个显著的银河系UHECR源可能的部分作用。最后，我们重新提出在暗热晕（被ZeV中微子击中）中的遗迹中微子eV质量最终可能的作用，以解释围绕非常远的宇宙活动星系团源3C 454的新UHECR聚类事件。
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English: A valley-contrasting Berry curvature in bilayer transition metal
dichalcogenides with spin-orbit coupling can generate valley magnetization when
the inversion symmetry is broken, for example, by an electric field, regardless
of time-reversal symmetry. A nontrivial Berry curvature can also lead to
anomalous transport responses, such as the anomalous Hall effect and the
anomalous Nernst effect. Applied to a bilayer WSe$_2$, an electric field can
tune the Berry curvature and orbital magnetic moment, which has important
consequences for the orbital magnetization and the anomalous Nernst responses.
The orbital magnetization and its two contributions, one due to the magnetic
moment and one due to the Berry curvature, are calculated and interpreted in
terms of opposite circulating currents of the bands in the two layers. The
valley anomalous Nernst coefficient and spin Nernst coefficient are also
calculated. We find that a finite electric field leads to peaks and dips in the
Nernst responses that have the signs of the Berry curvatures of the bands and
are proportional to their magnitudes; it also enhances the valley Nernst
responses. These experimentally verifiable findings may be promising for
caloritronic applications.
Chinese: 具有自旋轨道耦合的双层过渡金属二硫族化合物中，当反演对称性被破坏时（例如通过电场），即使时间反演对称性成立，谷对比Berry曲率也能产生谷磁化。非平凡的Berry曲率也能导致反常输运响应，例如反常霍尔效应和反常塞贝克效应。应用于双层WSe$_2$，电场可以调控Berry曲率和轨道磁矩，这对轨道磁化和反常塞贝克响应具有重要影响。轨道磁化及其两个贡献（一个源于磁矩，一个源于Berry曲率）被计算并解释为两层中能带相反循环电流的结果。还计算了谷反常塞贝克系数和自旋塞贝克系数。我们发现，有限电场导致Nernst响应出现峰和谷，其符号与能带的Berry曲率相同，大小与其成正比；它还增强了谷Nernst响应。这些可实验验证的发现可能对热电应用有前景。
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English: Firstly, we generalize a semi-classical limit of open strings on D-branes in
group manifolds. The limit gives rise to rigid open strings, whose dynamics can
efficiently be described in terms of a matrix algebra. Alternatively, the
dynamics is coded in group theory coefficients whose properties are translated
in a diagrammatical language. In the case of compact groups, it is a simplified
version of rational boundary conformal field theories, while for non-compact
groups, the construction gives rise to new associative products. Secondly, we
argue that the intuitive formalism that we provide for the semi-classical
limit, extends to the case of quantum groups. The associative product we
construct in this way is directly related to the boundary vertex operator
algebra of open strings on symmetry preserving branes in WZW models, and
generalizations thereof, e.g. to non-compact groups. We treat the groups SU(2)
and SL(2,R) explicitly. We also discuss the precise relation of the
semi-classical open string dynamics to Berezin quantization and to star product
theory.
Chinese: 首先，我们在群流形上的D-brane上的开弦半经典极限进行了推广。该极限产生了刚性开弦，其动力学可以有效地用矩阵代数来描述。或者，动力学被编码在群论系数中，其性质用图形语言来翻译。对于有限群，这是有理边界共形场论的一种简化版本；而对于非有限群，这种构造产生了新的交换积。其次，我们论证了我们为半经典极限提供的直观形式化扩展到量子群的情况。我们这样构造的交换积与WZW模型中保持对称性的brane上的开弦的边界顶点算子代数直接相关，以及其推广，例如到非有限群。我们明确处理了群SU(2)和SL(2,R)。我们还讨论了半经典开弦动力学与贝里津量子化和星积理论的确切关系。
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English: Most existing text-to-image person retrieval methods usually assume that the
training image-text pairs are perfectly aligned; however, the noisy
correspondence(NC) issue (i.e., incorrect or unreliable alignment) exists due
to poor image quality and labeling errors. Additionally, random masking
augmentation may inadvertently discard critical semantic content, introducing
noisy matches between images and text descriptions. To address the above two
challenges, we propose a noise label suppression method to mitigate NC and an
Attention-Weighted Selective Mask (AWM) strategy to resolve the issues caused
by random masking. Specifically, the Bidirectional Similarity Distribution
Matching (BSDM) loss enables the model to effectively learn from positive pairs
while preventing it from over-relying on them, thereby mitigating the risk of
overfitting to noisy labels. In conjunction with this, Weight Adjustment Focal
(WAF) loss improves the model's ability to handle hard samples. Furthermore,
AWM processes raw images through an EMA version of the image encoder,
selectively retaining tokens with strong semantic connections to the text,
enabling better feature extraction. Extensive experiments demonstrate the
effectiveness of our approach in addressing noise-related issues and improving
retrieval performance.
Chinese: 大多数现有的文本到图像人物检索方法通常假设训练图像-文本对是完美对齐的；然而，由于图像质量差和标注错误，存在噪声对应（NC）问题（即不正确或不可靠的对应）。此外，随机掩码增强可能会无意中丢弃关键语义内容，导致图像与文本描述之间的噪声匹配。为了解决上述两个挑战，我们提出了一种噪声标签抑制方法来减轻NC问题，并提出了一种注意力加权选择掩码（AWM）策略来解决随机掩码引起的问题。具体来说，双向相似度分布匹配（BSDM）损失使模型能够有效地从正对中学习，同时防止其过度依赖它们，从而减轻了对噪声标签过度拟合的风险。与此相结合，权重调整焦点（WAF）损失提高了模型处理困难样本的能力。此外，AWM通过图像编码器的EMA版本处理原始图像，选择性地保留与文本具有强烈语义关联的标记，从而实现更好的特征提取。大量的实验证明了我们的方法在解决与噪声相关的问题和提高检索性能方面的有效性。
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English: Location-aware networks will introduce innovative services and applications
for modern convenience, applied ocean sciences, and public safety. In this
paper, we establish a hybrid method for model-based and data-driven inference.
We consider a cooperative localization (CL) scenario where the mobile agents in
a wireless network aim to localize themselves by performing pairwise
observations with other agents and by exchanging location information. A
traditional method for distributed CL in large agent networks is belief
propagation (BP) which is completely model-based and is known to suffer from
providing inconsistent (overconfident) estimates. The proposed approach
addresses these limitations by complementing BP with learned information
provided by a graph neural network (GNN). We demonstrate numerically that our
method can improve estimation accuracy and avoid overconfident beliefs, while
its computational complexity remains comparable to BP. Notably, more consistent
beliefs are obtained by not explicitly addressing overconfidence in the loss
function used for training of the GNN.
Chinese: 基于位置的网络将为现代便利、应用海洋科学和公共安全引入创新的服务和应用。在本文中，我们建立了一种基于模型和数据驱动的混合推理方法。我们考虑一个协同定位（CL）场景，其中无线网络中的移动代理通过与其他代理进行成对观测并交换位置信息来定位自身。在大规模代理网络中进行分布式CL的传统方法是信念传播（BP），该方法完全基于模型，并且已知在提供不一致（过度自信）估计方面存在缺陷。所提出的方法通过结合图神经网络（GNN）提供的学到的信息来补充BP，从而解决了这些局限性。我们通过数值实验证明了我们的方法可以提高估计精度并避免过度自信的信念，同时其计算复杂度与BP相当。值得注意的是，通过不在用于训练GNN的损失函数中显式处理过度自信，可以获得更一致的信念。
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English: The carbon footprint of astronomical research is an increasingly topical
issue with first estimates of research institute and national community
footprints having recently been published. As these assessments have typically
excluded the contribution of astronomical research infrastructures, we
complement these studies by providing an estimate of the contribution of
astronomical space missions and ground-based observatories using greenhouse gas
emission factors that relates cost and payload mass to carbon footprint. We
find that worldwide active astronomical research infrastructures currently have
a carbon footprint of 20.3$\pm$3.3 MtCO$_2$ equivalent (CO$_2$e) and an annual
emission of 1,169$\pm$249 ktCO$_2$e yr$^{-1}$ corresponding to a footprint of
36.6$\pm$14.0 tCO$_2$e per year per astronomer. Compared with contributions
from other aspects of astronomy research activity, our results suggest that
research infrastructures make the single largest contribution to the carbon
footprint of an astronomer. We discuss the limitations and uncertainties of our
method and explore measures that can bring greenhouse gas emissions from
astronomical research infrastructures towards a sustainable level.
Chinese: 天文学研究的碳足迹是一个越来越受关注的话题，最近已有关于研究机构和国家社区足迹的初步估计被发表。由于这些评估通常排除了天文研究基础设施的贡献，我们通过提供使用温室气体排放因子（将成本和载荷质量与碳足迹相关联）来估算天文空间任务和地面天文台对碳足迹的贡献，来补充这些研究。我们发现，全球活跃的天文研究基础设施当前拥有20.3±3.3 MtCO2当量（CO2e）的碳足迹，以及每年1,169±249 ktCO2e的排放量，相当于每位天文学家每年36.6±14.0 tCO2e的足迹。与天文学研究活动其他方面的贡献相比，我们的结果表明，研究基础设施对天文学家的碳足迹做出了最大的单一贡献。我们讨论了我们的方法的局限性和不确定性，并探讨了将天文学研究基础设施的温室气体排放量降至可持续水平的可能措施。
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English: Nonlinear cubic Euler-Lagrange equations of motion in the traveling variable
are usually derived from Ginzburg-Landau free energy functionals frequently
encountered in several fields of physics. Many authors considered in the past
damped versions of such equations with the damping term added by hand
simulating the friction due to the environment. It is known that even in this
damped case kink solutions can exist. By means of a factorization method, we
provide analytic formulas for several possible kink solutions of such equations
of motion in the undriven and constant field driven cases, including the
recently introduced Riccati parameter kinks which were not considered
previously in such a context. The latter parameter controls the delay of the
switching stage of the kinks
Chinese: 在旅行变量中的非线性立方Euler-Lagrange运动方程通常由在物理学的多个领域中经常遇到的Ginzburg-Landau自由能泛函推导而来。许多作者在过去曾考虑过此类方程的阻尼版本，通过手动添加阻尼项来模拟环境引起的摩擦。众所周知，即使在阻尼情况下，kink解也可能存在。通过因式分解方法，我们为无驱动力和恒定场驱动力情况下的此类运动方程的多种可能的kink解提供了解析公式，包括最近引入的Riccati参数kink，这些kink解在此前此类背景下未被考虑。后者参数控制kink切换阶段的延迟。
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English: We develop a multiphysics-based model to predict the response of localized
tumors to combined-hyperthermia-radiotherapy (CHR) treatment. This procedure
combines hyperthermia (tumor heating) with standard radiotherapy to improve
efficacy of the overall treatment. In addition to directly killing tumor cells,
tumor heating amends several parameters within the tumor microenvironment. This
leads to radiosensitization, which improves the performance of radiotherapy
while reducing the side-effects of excess radiation in the surrounding normal
tissue. Existing tools to model this kind of treatment consider each of the
physics separately. The model presented in this paper accounts for the synergy
between hyperthermia and radiotherapy providing a more realistic and holistic
approach to simulate CHR treatment. Our model couples radiation transport and
heat-transfer with cell population dynamics.
Chinese: 我们开发了一个基于多物理场的模型，用于预测局部肿瘤对联合热疗放疗（CHR）治疗的反应。该治疗程序结合了热疗（肿瘤加热）和标准放疗，以提高整体治疗效果。除了直接杀死肿瘤细胞外，肿瘤加热还修正了肿瘤微环境中的多个参数。这导致了放射增敏，从而在减少周围正常组织中过量辐射的副作用的同时，提高了放疗的性能。现有的用于模拟这种治疗的工具是分别考虑每种物理过程的。本文提出的模型考虑了热疗和放疗之间的协同作用，提供了一种更真实和整体的方法来模拟CHR治疗。我们的模型耦合了辐射传输、热传递和种群动力学。
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English: We consider non-commutating Simpson-Visser spacetime and study the
superradiance phenomena and the shadow cast by the back hole associated with
this modified spacetime. We extensively study the different aspects of the
black hole associated with the metric endowed with the corrections linked with
non-commutative properties of spacetime. We study the superradiance effect,
deviation of shape, size of the ergosphere, and the shadow of black hole in
this extended situation and look into their variation taking different values
Simpson-Visser parameter $\ell$ and non-commutative parameter $b$. We have made
an attempt to constrain the parameter $\ell$ using the data available from the
EHT collaboration for $M87^*$ black hole. Our study reveals that black holes
are associated with non-commutative Simpson-Visser spacetime may be a suitable
candidate for an astrophysical black hole.
Chinese: 我们考虑非交换辛普森-维瑟时空，并研究与之相关的超辐射现象和黑洞所投下的阴影。我们广泛研究了与非交换时空性质相关的修正项所赋予度量的黑洞的不同方面。我们研究了在这种扩展情况下的超辐射效应、形状偏差、旋转奇点的尺寸以及黑洞阴影的变化，并探讨了这些变化随辛普森-维瑟参数$\ell$和非交换参数$b$的不同值而变化的情况。我们尝试使用来自EHT合作组织关于$M87^*$黑洞的数据来限制参数$\ell$。我们的研究揭示了与非交换辛普森-维瑟时空相关的黑洞可能是天体物理黑洞的合适候选者。
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English: In industrial defect segmentation tasks, while pixel accuracy and
Intersection over Union (IoU) are commonly employed metrics to assess
segmentation performance, the output consistency (also referred to equivalence)
of the model is often overlooked. Even a small shift in the input image can
yield significant fluctuations in the segmentation results. Existing
methodologies primarily focus on data augmentation or anti-aliasing to enhance
the network's robustness against translational transformations, but their shift
equivalence performs poorly on the test set or is susceptible to nonlinear
activation functions. Additionally, the variations in boundaries resulting from
the translation of input images are consistently disregarded, thus imposing
further limitations on the shift equivalence. In response to this particular
challenge, a novel pair of down/upsampling layers called component attention
polyphase sampling (CAPS) is proposed as a replacement for the conventional
sampling layers in CNNs. To mitigate the effect of image boundary variations on
the equivalence, an adaptive windowing module is designed in CAPS to adaptively
filter out the border pixels of the image. Furthermore, a component attention
module is proposed to fuse all downsampled features to improve the segmentation
performance. The experimental results on the micro surface defect (MSD) dataset
and four real-world industrial defect datasets demonstrate that the proposed
method exhibits higher equivalence and segmentation performance compared to
other state-of-the-art methods.Our code will be available at
https://github.com/xiaozhen228/CAPS.
Chinese: 在工业缺陷分割任务中，虽然像素精度和交并比（IoU）是常用于评估分割性能的指标，但模型的输出一致性（也称为等价性）往往被忽视。即使输入图像的微小位移也可能导致分割结果产生显著波动。现有的方法主要关注数据增强或反走样以增强网络对平移变换的鲁棒性，但它们的位移等价性在测试集上的表现不佳或易受非线性激活函数的影响。此外，由于输入图像的平移导致的边界变化一直被忽视，这进一步限制了位移等价性。针对这一特定挑战，提出了一种名为组件注意力多相采样（CAPS）的新型下采样/上采样层对，作为CNN中传统采样层的替代。为了减轻图像边界变化对等价性的影响，CAPS中设计了一个自适应窗口模块，以自适应地过滤掉图像的边界像素。此外，还提出了一种组件注意力模块，以融合所有下采样特征，提高分割性能。在微表面缺陷（MSD）数据集和四个真实世界工业缺陷数据集上的实验结果表明，所提出的方法在等价性和分割性能方面优于其他最先进的方法。我们的代码将在https://github.com/xiaozhen228/CAPS上可用。
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English: Recent detections of potentially habitable exoplanets around sunlike stars
demand increased exploration of the physical conditions that can sustain life,
by whatever methods available. Insight into these conditions can be gained by
considering the multiverse hypothesis; in a multiverse setting, the probability
of living in our universe depends on assumptions made about the factors
affecting habitability. Various proposed habitability criteria can be
systematically considered to rate each on the basis of their compatibility with
the multiverse, generating predictions which can both guide expectations for
life's occurrence and test the multiverse hypothesis. Here, we evaluate several
aspects of planetary habitability, and show that the multiverse does indeed
induce strong preferences among them. We find that the notion that a large moon
is necessary for habitability is untenable in the multiverse scenario, as in
the majority of parameter space, moons are not necessary to maintain stable
obliquity. Further, we consider various proposed mechanisms for water delivery
to the early Earth, including delivery from asteroids, both during giant planet
formation and a grand tack, delivery from comets, and oxidation of a primary
atmosphere by a magma ocean. We find that, depending on assumptions for how
habitability depends on water content, some of these proposed mechanisms are
disfavored in the multiverse scenario by Bayes factors of up to several
hundred.
Chinese: 最近在类似太阳的恒星周围发现了可能宜居的外行星，这要求通过任何可用的方法，增加对能够维持生命的物理条件的探索。通过考虑多元宇宙假说，可以对这些条件获得洞察；在多元宇宙的背景下，居住在我们宇宙的概率取决于对影响宜居性的因素的假设。可以系统地考虑各种提出的宜居性标准，根据它们与多元宇宙的兼容性进行评级，生成既可指导对生命出现的期望，又可检验多元宇宙假说的预测。在这里，我们评估了行星宜居性的几个方面，并表明多元宇宙确实在它们之间诱导了强烈的偏好。我们发现，在多元宇宙场景中，认为一个大卫星对于宜居性是必要的这一观点是不可信的，因为在大多数参数空间中，卫星不是维持稳定倾斜角所必需的。进一步，我们考虑了各种将水输送到早期地球的机制，包括在巨型行星形成期间和一次大调整期间从小行星输送，从彗星输送，以及岩浆洋对原始大气层的氧化。我们发现，根据对宜居性如何依赖于水含量的假设，一些这些提出的机制在多元宇宙场景中由于贝叶斯因子高达几百而被不看好。
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English: The paper is concerned with modeling and simulating approaches of wall
distance functions based on Partial Differential Equations (PDE). The distance
to the nearest wall is required for many industrial problems in Computational
Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The first part of the manuscript addresses fundamental
aspects of wall distance modeling and simulation. The following approaches are
considered: Nonlinear and linear p-Poisson and Screened-Poisson methods,
Eikonal and regularized Eikonal or Hamilton-Jacobi methods, and alternatives
using Laplace equations. Following the definition of boundary and initial
conditions, the discrete approximation and relevant measures to increase its
numerical robustness are described. In the second part, the different methods
are applied to hydrodynamic and aerodynamic flow applications from maritime
engineering, each relying on Shear Stress Transport (SST) strategies for
turbulence modeling that require the distance to the nearest wall at different
procedural points. The hydrodynamic behavior of a model scale bulk carrier
cruising at ReL=7.246E+6 and Fn = 0.142 is investigated on the influence of the
wall distance formulation for predicting resistance and propulsion behavior in
conjunction with statistical turbulence modeling method. It is shown that the
different wall distance modeling barely influences relevant integral
hydrodynamic quantities such as drag, trim, and sinkage, and related errors are
in the range of O(0.1%) and, therefore, significantly below typical modeling,
discretization, and approximation errors. Subsequently, the wall distance
methods were investigated for the aerodynamic analysis of a full-scale feeder
ship at ReL = 5E+08. A hybrid averaged/filtered approach, in line with the
Improved Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation (IDDES) model, is utilized, and the
results indicate an improved sensitivity to the choice of the wall distance
model.
Chinese: 本文关注基于偏微分方程（PDE）的壁面距离函数建模和模拟方法。在计算流体动力学（CFD）的许多工业问题中，需要计算到最近壁面的距离。论文的第一部分讨论了壁面距离建模和模拟的基本方面。考虑了以下方法：非线性线性p-Poisson和Screened-Poisson方法、Eikonal和正则化Eikonal或Hamilton-Jacobi方法，以及使用拉普拉斯方程的替代方法。在定义边界和初始条件之后，描述了离散近似及其相关措施以提高其数值鲁棒性。在第二部分，将不同的方法应用于海事工程中的水动力学和空气动力学流动应用，每个应用都依赖于剪切应力传输（SST）策略进行湍流建模，该策略在不同步骤点需要计算到最近壁面的距离。研究了在ReL=7.246E+6和Fn=0.142时，模型尺度散货船的流体动力学行为，探讨了壁面距离公式对预测阻力及推进行为的影响，并结合统计湍流建模方法。结果表明，不同的壁面距离建模对相关的积分流体动力学量（如阻力、纵倾和沉没）的影响很小，相关误差在O(0.1%)范围内，因此显著低于典型的建模、离散化和近似误差。随后，对全尺寸补给船的空气动力学分析进行了壁面距离方法的调查，在ReL=5E+08时。采用了一种混合平均/滤波方法，与改进的延迟分离涡模拟（IDDES）模型相一致，结果表明对壁面距离模型的选择具有更高的敏感性。
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English: Robots that arrange household objects should do so according to the user's
preferences, which are inherently subjective and difficult to model. We present
NeatNet: a novel Variational Autoencoder architecture using Graph Neural
Network layers, which can extract a low-dimensional latent preference vector
from a user by observing how they arrange scenes. Given any set of objects,
this vector can then be used to generate an arrangement which is tailored to
that user's spatial preferences, with word embeddings used for generalisation
to new objects. We develop a tidying simulator to gather rearrangement examples
from 75 users, and demonstrate empirically that our method consistently
produces neat and personalised arrangements across a variety of rearrangement
scenarios.
Chinese: 机器人整理家庭物品时，应该根据用户的偏好进行，而用户的偏好本质上是主观的，难以建模。我们提出NeatNet：一种使用图神经网络层的新颖变分自编码器架构，可以从用户如何排列场景中提取出低维的隐含偏好向量。对于任何一组物品，这个向量可以用来生成符合用户空间偏好定制的排列，通过使用词嵌入来泛化到新的物品。我们开发了一个整理模拟器来收集来自75名用户的重新排列示例，并通过实验证明我们的方法在各种重新排列场景中始终能够生成整洁且个性化的排列。
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English: Space-time video super-resolution (STVSR) aims to increase the spatial and
temporal resolutions of low-resolution and low-frame-rate videos. Recently,
deformable convolution based methods have achieved promising STVSR performance,
but they could only infer the intermediate frame pre-defined in the training
stage. Besides, these methods undervalued the short-term motion cues among
adjacent frames. In this paper, we propose a Temporal Modulation Network
(TMNet) to interpolate arbitrary intermediate frame(s) with accurate
high-resolution reconstruction. Specifically, we propose a Temporal Modulation
Block (TMB) to modulate deformable convolution kernels for controllable feature
interpolation. To well exploit the temporal information, we propose a
Locally-temporal Feature Comparison (LFC) module, along with the Bi-directional
Deformable ConvLSTM, to extract short-term and long-term motion cues in videos.
Experiments on three benchmark datasets demonstrate that our TMNet outperforms
previous STVSR methods. The code is available at
https://github.com/CS-GangXu/TMNet.
Chinese: 空间-时间视频超分辨率（STVSR）旨在提高低分辨率和低帧率视频的空间和时间分辨率。最近，基于可变形卷积的方法在STVSR性能方面取得了有希望的结果，但它们只能推断训练阶段预先定义的中间帧。此外，这些方法低估了相邻帧之间的短期运动线索。在本文中，我们提出了一种时间调制网络（TMNet），用于以准确的高分辨率重建插值任意中间帧。具体来说，我们提出了一种时间调制块（TMB），用于调节可变形卷积核以实现可控的特征插值。为了充分利用时间信息，我们提出了一种局部时间特征比较（LFC）模块，以及双向可变形卷积LSTM，以从视频中提取短期和长期运动线索。在三个基准数据集上的实验表明，我们的TMNet优于之前的STVSR方法。代码可在https://github.com/CS-GangXu/TMNet上获取。
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English: We examine a Kerr phase gate in a semiconductor quantum well structure based
on the tunnelling interference effect. We show that there exist a specific
signal field detuning, at which the absorption/amplification of the probe field
will be eliminated with the increase of the tunnelling interference.
Simultaneously, the probe field will acquire a -\pi phase shift at the exit of
the medium. We demonstrate with numerical simulations that a complete 180^\circ
phase rotation for the probe field at the exit of the medium is achieved, which
may result in many applications in information science and telecommunication.
Chinese: 我们研究了一种基于隧道干涉效应的半导体量子阱结构中的克尔相位门。我们表明，存在一个特定的信号场失谐，在此失谐下，随着隧道干涉的增加，探测场的吸收/放大将被消除。同时，探测场将在介质的出口处获得-\pi相移。我们通过数值模拟证明，在介质的出口处实现了探测场的完整180°相旋转，这可能在信息科学和电信领域带来许多应用。
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English: We establish various Hardy-type inequalities for the Dirichlet Laplacian in
perturbed periodically twisted tubes of non-circular cross-sections. We also
state conjectures about the existence of such inequalities in more general
regimes, which we support by heuristic and numerical arguments.
Chinese: 我们为非圆形截面扰动周期性扭曲管中的Dirichlet拉普拉斯算子建立了各种Hardy型不等式。我们还陈述了关于在更一般情况下存在此类不等式的假设，并通过启发式和数值论证支持了这些假设。
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English: We are presenting a novel, Deep Learning based approach to estimate the
normalized broadband spectral energy distribution (SED) of different stellar
populations in synthetic galaxies. In contrast to the non-parametric multiband
source separation algorithm, SCARLET - where the SED and morphology are
simultaneously fitted - in our study we provide a morphology-independent,
statistical determination of the SEDs, where we only use the color distribution
of the galaxy. We developed a neural network (sedNN) that accurately predicts
the SEDs of the old, red and young, blue stellar populations of realistic
synthetic galaxies from the color distribution of the galaxy-related pixels in
simulated broadband images. We trained and tested the network on a subset of
the recently published CosmoDC2 simulated galaxy catalog containing about 3,600
galaxies. The model performance was compared to the results of SCARLET, where
we found that sedNN can predict the SEDs with 4-5% accuracy on average, which
is about two times better than applying SCARLET. We also investigated the
effect of this improvement on the flux determination accuracy of the bulge and
disk. We found that using more accurate SEDs decreases the error in the flux
determination of the components by approximately 30%.
Chinese: 我们提出了一种基于深度学习的新方法，用于估计合成星系中不同恒星群体的标准化宽带光谱能量分布（SED）。与同时拟合SED和形态的非参数多波段源分离算法SCARLET相比，在我们的研究中，我们提供了一种形态无关的、基于统计的SED确定方法，我们只使用了星系的颜色分布。我们开发了一个神经网络（sedNN），它能够从模拟宽带图像中与星系相关的像素的颜色分布中准确预测真实合成星系中老年红星和年轻蓝星群体的SED。我们在最近发布的包含约3600个星系的CosmoDC2模拟星系目录的子集上训练和测试了该网络。我们将模型性能与SCARLET的结果进行了比较，我们发现sedNN的平均预测精度为4-5%，这大约是应用SCARLET的两倍。我们还研究了这种改进对球状星团和盘状星系的光通量测定精度的影响。我们发现，使用更精确的SED可以将成分光通量测定的误差降低约30%。
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English: We obtain covariant expressions that generalize the growing and decaying
density modes of linear perturbation theory of dust sources by means of the
exact density perturbation from the formalism of quasi--local scalars
associated to weighed proper volume averages in LTB dust models. The relation
between these density modes and theoretical properties of generic LTB models is
thoroughly studied by looking at the evolution of the models through a
dynamical system whose phase space is parametrized by variables directly
related to the modes themselves. The conditions for absence of shell crossings,
as well as sign conditions on the modes, become interrelated fluid flow
preserved constraints that define phase space invariant subspaces. In the
general case (both density modes being nonzero) the evolution of phase space
trajectories exhibits the expected dominance of the decaying/growing in the
early/late evolution times defined by past/future attractors characterized by
asymptotic density inhomogeneity. In particular, the growing mode is also
dominant for collapsing layers that terminate in a future attractor associated
with a "Big Crunch" singularity, which is qualitatively different from the past
attractor marking the "Big Bang". Suppression of the decaying mode modifies the
early time evolution, with phase space trajectories emerging from an
Einstein--de Sitter past attractor associated with homogeneous conditions.
Suppression of the growing mode modifies the late time evolution as phase space
trajectories terminate in future attractors associated with homogeneous states.
General results are obtained relating the signs of the density modes and the
type of asymptotic density profile (clump or void). A critical review is given
of previous attempts in the literature to define these density modes for LTB
models.
Chinese: 我们通过LTB尘埃模型中与加权适当体积平均相关的准局域标量公式的精确密度扰动，得到了推广线性扰动理论中尘埃源增长和衰减密度模式的协变表达式。通过观察一个相空间由与模式本身直接相关的变量参数化的动力学系统，彻底研究了这些密度模式与通用LTB模型的理论性质之间的关系。无壳层交叉的条件以及模式的符号条件成为相互关联的流体流动保持约束，定义了相空间不变子空间。在一般情况（两个密度模式均不为零）下，相空间轨迹的演化显示出在早期/晚期演化时间（由过去/未来吸引子定义，其特征是渐近密度不均匀性）中衰减/增长的预期主导性。特别是，增长模式在以“大坍缩”奇点为终点的坍缩层中也是主导的，这与标记“大爆炸”的过去吸引子在定性上不同。衰减模式的抑制改变了早期时间演化，相空间轨迹从与均匀条件相关的爱因斯坦-德西特过去吸引子中产生。增长模式的抑制改变了晚期时间演化，因为相空间轨迹终止于与均匀状态相关的未来吸引子。得到了将密度模式的符号与渐近密度轮廓类型（团块或空洞）相关联的一般结果。对文献中定义这些密度模式对于LTB模型的前期尝试进行了批判性回顾。
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English: Analysis of algorithms with complete knowledge of its inputs is sometimes not
up to our expectations. Many times we are surrounded with such scenarios where
inputs are generated without any prior knowledge. Online Algorithms have found
their applicability in broad areas of computer engineering. Among these, an
online financial algorithm is one of the most important areas where lots of
efforts have been used to produce an efficient algorithm. In this paper various
Online Algorithms have been reviewed for their efficiency and various
alternative measures have been explored for analysis purposes.
Chinese: 对算法进行完全输入知识的分析有时并不能达到我们的期望。很多时候，我们面临的是在没有任何先验知识的情况下生成输入的情况。在线算法在计算机工程的广泛领域中找到了应用。其中，一个在线金融算法是最重要的领域之一，其中投入了大量的努力来产生高效的算法。在这篇论文中，对各种在线算法的效率进行了回顾，并探索了多种分析目的的替代措施。
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English: In this manuscript we provide an outline of the numerical methods used in
implementing the density constrained time-dependent Hartree-Fock (DC-TDHF)
method and provide a few examples of its application to nuclear fusion. In this
approach, dynamic microscopic calculations are carried out on a
three-dimensional lattice and there are no adjustable parameters, the only
input is the Skyrme effective NN interaction. After a review of the DC-TDHF
theory and the numerical methods, we present results for heavy-ion potentials
$V(R)$, coordinate-dependent mass parameters $M(R)$, and precompound excitation
energies $E^{*}(R)$ for a variety of heavy-ion reactions. Using fusion barrier
penetrabilities, we calculate total fusion cross sections
$\sigma(E_\mathrm{c.m.})$ for reactions between both stable and neutron-rich
nuclei. We also determine capture cross sections for hot fusion reactions
leading to the formation of superheavy elements.
Chinese: 在本文中，我们概述了实现密度约束时变哈特里-福克（DC-TDHF）方法的数值方法，并提供了其应用于核聚变的一些实例。在该方法中，在三维格点上执行动力学微观计算，没有可调节参数，唯一的输入是斯卡米尔有效NN相互作用。在回顾DC-TDHF理论和数值方法之后，我们展示了各种重离子反应的重离子势$V(R)$、坐标相关质量参数$M(R)$和预复合激发能$E^{*}(R)$的结果。利用聚变势垒穿透率，我们计算了稳定核和中子丰度较高核之间反应的总聚变截面$\sigma(E_\mathrm{c.m.})$。我们还确定了导致超重元素形成的反应的热聚变截面。
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English: BlueMUSE is a blue-optimised, medium spectral resolution, panoramic integral
field spectrograph under development for the Very Large Telescope (VLT). With
an optimised transmission down to 350 nm, spectral resolution of R$\sim$3500 on
average across the wavelength range, and a large FoV (1 arcmin$^2$), BlueMUSE
will open up a new range of galactic and extragalactic science cases
facilitated by its specific capabilities. The BlueMUSE consortium includes 9
institutes located in 7 countries and is led by the Centre de Recherche
Astrophysique de Lyon (CRAL). The BlueMUSE project development is currently in
Phase A, with an expected first light at the VLT in 2031. We introduce here the
Top Level Requirements (TLRs) derived from the main science cases, and then
present an overview of the BlueMUSE system and its subsystems fulfilling these
TLRs. We specifically emphasize the tradeoffs that are made and the key
distinctions compared to the MUSE instrument, upon which the system
architecture is built.
Chinese: BlueMUSE 是一款正在开发中的蓝色优化、中等光谱分辨率、全景积分场光谱仪，专为甚大望远镜（VLT）设计。它具有优化后的透射率，可达到350 nm，平均光谱分辨率为 R$\sim$3500，覆盖整个波长范围，并且具有较大的视场（1弧分平方），BlueMUSE 将通过其特定的能力开辟新的银河系和星系外科学案例。BlueMUSE 联盟包括位于7个国家的9个研究所，由里昂天文物理研究中心（CRAL）领导。BlueMUSE 项目的开发目前处于A阶段，预计2031年在VLT上首次亮光。在此，我们介绍了从主要科学案例中推导出的顶级需求（TLRs），然后概述了BlueMUSE系统和其子系统如何满足这些TLRs。我们特别强调在系统架构构建过程中所做出的权衡和与MUSE仪器相比的关键区别。
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English: Recently, image-to-3D approaches have significantly advanced the generation
quality and speed of 3D assets based on large reconstruction models,
particularly 3D Gaussian reconstruction models. Existing large 3D Gaussian
models directly map 2D image to 3D Gaussian parameters, while regressing 2D
image to 3D Gaussian representations is challenging without 3D priors. In this
paper, we propose a large Point-to-Gaussian model, that inputs the initial
point cloud produced from large 3D diffusion model conditional on 2D image to
generate the Gaussian parameters, for image-to-3D generation. The point cloud
provides initial 3D geometry prior for Gaussian generation, thus significantly
facilitating image-to-3D Generation. Moreover, we present the
\textbf{A}ttention mechanism, \textbf{P}rojection mechanism, and \textbf{P}oint
feature extractor, dubbed as \textbf{APP} block, for fusing the image features
with point cloud features. The qualitative and quantitative experiments
extensively demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach on GSO and
Objaverse datasets, and show the proposed method achieves state-of-the-art
performance.
Chinese: 最近，基于大型重建模型的图像到3D方法在3D资产生成质量和速度方面取得了显著进步，特别是3D高斯重建模型。现有的3D高斯模型直接将2D图像映射到3D高斯参数，但在没有3D先验知识的情况下，将2D图像回归到3D高斯表示是具有挑战性的。在本文中，我们提出了一种大型点云到高斯模型，该模型输入由大型3D扩散模型根据2D图像生成的初始点云，以生成高斯参数，用于图像到3D生成。点云为高斯生成提供初始3D几何先验知识，从而显著促进图像到3D生成。此外，我们提出了\textbf{A}ttention机制、\textbf{P}rojection机制和\textbf{P}oint特征提取器，统称为\textbf{APP}模块，用于融合图像特征与点云特征。定性和定量实验全面证明了该方法在GSO和Objaverse数据集上的有效性，并表明所提出的方法达到了最先进的性能。
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English: In recent years, pre-trained Multilingual Language Models (MLLMs) have shown
a strong ability to transfer knowledge across different languages. However,
given that the aspiration for such an ability has not been explicitly
incorporated in the design of the majority of MLLMs, it is challenging to
obtain a unique and straightforward explanation for its emergence. In this
review paper, we survey literature that investigates different factors
contributing to the capacity of MLLMs to perform zero-shot cross-lingual
transfer and subsequently outline and discuss these factors in detail. To
enhance the structure of this review and to facilitate consolidation with
future studies, we identify five categories of such factors. In addition to
providing a summary of empirical evidence from past studies, we identify
consensuses among studies with consistent findings and resolve conflicts among
contradictory ones. Our work contextualizes and unifies existing research
streams which aim at explaining the cross-lingual potential of MLLMs. This
review provides, first, an aligned reference point for future research and,
second, guidance for a better-informed and more efficient way of leveraging the
cross-lingual capacity of MLLMs.
Chinese: 近年来，预训练的多语言语言模型（MLLMs）在跨语言知识迁移方面展现出了强大的能力。然而，鉴于这种能力并未在大多数MLLMs的设计中被明确纳入考虑，因此很难对其出现给出独特且直接的解释。在这篇综述论文中，我们回顾了研究不同因素对MLLMs进行零样本跨语言迁移能力的文献，并随后详细阐述和讨论了这些因素。为了增强综述的结构并便于与未来的研究相结合，我们确定了五个这样的因素类别。除了总结以往研究中的实证证据外，我们还识别了具有一致发现的研究共识，并解决了相互矛盾的研究之间的冲突。我们的工作将现有研究流置于语境中并加以统一，这些研究旨在解释MLLMs的跨语言潜力。本综述首先为未来的研究提供了一个对齐的参考点，其次为更明智、更高效地利用MLLMs的跨语言能力提供了指导。
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English: The authors combine acousto-optoelectric and multi-channel photon correlation
spectroscopy to probe spatio-temporal carrier dynamics induced by a
piezoelectric surface acoustic wave (SAW). The technique is implemented by
combining phase-locked optical micro-photoluminescence spectroscopy and
simultaneous three-channel time resolved detection. From the recorded time
correlated single photon counting data the time transients of individual
channels and the second and third order correlation functions are obtained with
sub-nanosecond resolution. The method is validated by probing the correlations
SAW-driven carrier dynamics between three decay channels of a single polytypic
semiconductor nanowire on a conventional LiNbO$_\mathrm{3}$ SAW delay line
chip. The method can be readily applied to other types of nanosystems and probe
SAW-regulated charge state preparation in quantum dots, charge transfer
processes in van der Waals heterostructures or other types of hybrid
nanoarchitectures.
Chinese: 作者结合了声光电和多元通道光子相关光谱学，以研究由压电表面声波（SAW）引起的时空载流子动力学。该技术通过结合相位锁定的光学微光致发光光谱学和同时的三通道时间分辨探测实现。从记录的时间关联单光子计数数据中，以亚纳秒分辨率获得了各通道的时间瞬态和二、三阶相关函数。该方法通过探测单晶型半导体纳米线在常规LiNbO3 SAW延迟线芯片上的三个衰减通道之间的SAW驱动载流子动力学关联进行了验证。该方法可以很容易地应用于其他类型的纳米系统，并可用于探测SAW调控的量子点电荷态制备、范德华异质结构或其他类型的杂合纳米架构中的电荷转移过程。
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English: Studies of annealing at temperatures up to 450$^\circ$C with LGADs irradiated
with neutrons are described. It was found that the performance of LGADs
irradiated with 1.5e15 n/cm$^2$ was already improved at 5 minutes of annealing
at 250$^\circ$C. Isochronal annealing for 30 minutes in 50$^\circ$C steps
between 300$^\circ$C and 450$^\circ$C showed that the largest beneficial effect
of annealing is at around 350$^\circ$C. Another set of devices was annealed for
60 minutes at 350$^\circ$C and this annealing significantly increased
V$_{\mathrm{gl}}$. The effect is equivalent to reducing the effective acceptor
removal constant by a factor of $\sim$ 4. Increase of V$_{\mathrm{gl}}$ is the
consequence of increased effective space charge in the gain layer caused by
formation of electrically active defects or re-activation of interstitial Boron
atoms.
Chinese: 描述了在高达450$^\circ$C的温度下，用中子辐照的LGADs退火的研究。发现当LGADs被中子辐照至1.5e15 n/cm$^2$时，在250$^\circ$C下退火5分钟后，性能已经有所提升。在300$^\circ$C至450$^\circ$C之间，以50$^\circ$C为步长进行等温退火30分钟，结果显示，在约350$^\circ$C时，退火产生了最大的有益效果。另一组设备在350$^\circ$C下退火60分钟，这一退火显著增加了V$_{\mathrm{gl}}$。这一效果等同于将有效受主去除常数减少约4倍。V$_{\mathrm{gl}}$的增加是由于增益层中有效空间电荷增加的结果，这可能是由于电活性缺陷的形成或间隙硼原子再激活所致。
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English: When collaborating with an AI system, we need to assess when to trust its
recommendations. If we mistakenly trust it in regions where it is likely to
err, catastrophic failures may occur, hence the need for Bayesian approaches
for probabilistic reasoning in order to determine the confidence (or epistemic
uncertainty) in the probabilities in light of the training data. We propose an
approach to overcome the independence assumption behind most of the approaches
dealing with a large class of probabilistic reasoning that includes Bayesian
networks as well as several instances of probabilistic logic. We provide an
algorithm for Bayesian learning from sparse, albeit complete, observations, and
for deriving inferences and their confidences keeping track of the dependencies
between variables when they are manipulated within the unifying computational
formalism provided by probabilistic circuits. Each leaf of such circuits is
labelled with a beta-distributed random variable that provides us with an
elegant framework for representing uncertain probabilities. We achieve better
estimation of epistemic uncertainty than state-of-the-art approaches, including
highly engineered ones, while being able to handle general circuits and with
just a modest increase in the computational effort compared to using point
probabilities.
Chinese: 在与人工智能系统协作时，我们需要评估何时可以信任其推荐。如果我们错误地信任它在可能出错的地方，可能会发生灾难性的失败，因此需要贝叶斯方法来进行概率推理，以确定基于训练数据的概率的置信度（或认识上的不确定性）。我们提出了一种方法来克服大多数处理包括贝叶斯网络以及几个概率逻辑实例在内的概率推理方法背后的独立性假设。我们提供了一种从稀疏但完整的观察中学习贝叶斯算法的方法，以及在进行推理及其置信度时，在变量在概率电路提供的统一计算形式中操作时跟踪变量之间的依赖关系。这样的电路的每个叶子节点都标记了一个贝塔分布的随机变量，这为我们提供了一个优雅的框架来表示不确定的概率。我们比最先进的方法，包括高度工程化的方法，实现了更好的认识不确定性估计，同时能够处理通用电路，并且与使用点概率相比，只需适度增加计算工作量。
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English: We consider the chemotaxis-Navier-Stokes system with generalized fluid
dissipation in $\mathbb{R}^3$:
\begin{eqnarray*}
\begin{cases} \partial_t n+u\cdot \nabla n=\Delta n- \nabla \cdot (\chi(c)n
\nabla c),\\ \partial_t c+u \cdot \nabla c=\Delta c-nf(c),\\ \partial_t u +u
\cdot \nabla u+\nabla P=-(-\Delta)^\alpha u-n\nabla \phi,\\ \nabla \cdot u=0,
\end{cases} \end{eqnarray*} which describes the motion of swimming bacteria
or bacillus subtilis suspended to water flows. First, we prove some blow-up
criteria of strong solutions to the Cauchy problem, including the Prodi-Serrin
type criterion ($\alpha>\frac{3}{4}$) and the Beir${\rm\tilde{a}}$o da Veiga
type criterion $(\alpha>\frac{1}{2})$. Then, we verify the global existence and
uniqueness of strong solutions for arbitrarily large initial fluid velocity and
bacteria density for $\alpha\geq \frac{5}{4}$. Furthermore, in the scenario of
$\frac{3}{4}<\alpha<\frac{5}{4}$, we establish uniform regularity estimates and
optimal time-decay rates of global solutions if the $L^2$-norm of initial data
is small. To our knowledge, this is the first result concerning the global
existence and large-time behavior of strong solutions for the
chemotaxis-Navier-Stokes equations with possibly large oscillations.
Chinese: 我们考虑在 $\mathbb{R}^3$ 中的化学趋化-Navier-Stokes 系统，该系统具有广义流体耗散：
\begin{eqnarray*}
\begin{cases} \partial_t n+u\cdot \nabla n=\Delta n- \nabla \cdot (\chi(c)n\nabla c),\\ \partial_t c+u \cdot \nabla c=\Delta c-nf(c),\\ \partial_t u +u \cdot \nabla u+\nabla P=-(-\Delta)^\alpha u-n\nabla \phi,\\ \nabla \cdot u=0,
\end{cases} \end{eqnarray*} 该系统描述了悬浮在水流中的游动细菌或枯草芽孢杆菌的运动。首先，我们证明了Cauchy问题强解的一些爆破准则，包括Prodi-Serrin类型准则（$\alpha>\frac{3}{4}$）和Beir${\rm\tilde{a}}$o da Veiga类型准则（$\alpha>\frac{1}{2}$）。然后，我们验证了当 $\alpha\geq \frac{5}{4}$ 时，对于任意大的初始流体速度和细菌密度，强解的全局存在性和唯一性。此外，在 $\frac{3}{4}<\alpha<\frac{5}{4}$ 的场景下，如果初始数据的 $L^2$-范数较小，我们建立了全局解的均匀正则性估计和最优时间衰减率。据我们所知，这是关于化学趋化-Navier-Stokes方程强解全局存在性和长时间行为的第一个结果，这些方程可能具有较大的振荡。
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English: We consider the initial-boundary value problem for an incompressible
Oldroyd-B model with stress diffusion in two-dimensional upper half plane which
describes the motion of viscoelastic polymeric fluids. From the physical point
of view, the diffusive coefficient is several orders of magnitude smaller than
other parameters in the model, and is usually assumed to be zero. However, the
link between the diffusive model and the standard one (zero diffusion) via
vanishing diffusion limit is still unknown from the mathematical point of view,
in particular for the problem with boundary. Some numerical results [13]
suggest that this should be true. In this work, we provide a rigorous
justification for the vanishing diffusion in $L^\infty$-norm.
Chinese: 我们考虑了描述粘弹聚合物流体运动的不可压缩Oldroyd-B模型在二维上半平面上的初边值问题，其中包含了应力扩散。从物理角度来看，扩散系数比模型中的其他参数小几个数量级，通常假设为零。然而，从数学角度来看，通过消失的扩散极限将扩散模型与标准模型（零扩散）联系起来仍然未知，特别是在有边界的问题中。一些数值结果[13]表明这应该是正确的。在本工作中，我们为$L^\infty$-范数下的消失扩散提供了严格的证明。
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English: General formulas are presented for higher order cumulants of the conserved
charge statistical fluctuations inside the mixed phase. As a particular example
the van der Waals model in the grand canonical ensemble is used. The higher
order measures of the conserved charge fluctuations up to the hyperkurtosis are
calculated in a vicinity of the critical point (CP). The analysis includes both
the mixed phase region and the pure phases on the phase diagram. It is shown
that even-order fluctuation measures, e.g. scaled variance, kurtosis, and
hyperkurtosis, have only positive values in the mixed phase, and go to infinity
at the CP. For odd-order measures, such as skewness and hyperskewness, the
regions of positive and negative values are found near the left and right
binodals, respectively. The obtained results are discussed in a context of the
event-by-event fluctuation measurements in heavy-ion collisions.
Chinese: 在混合相内部，给出了守恒电荷统计涨落的更高阶累积量的通用公式。作为一个特例，使用了 grand canonical ensemble 中的 van der Waals 模型。在临界点 (CP) 附近，计算了守恒电荷涨落的更高阶测度，直至超峰度。分析包括相图上的混合相区域和纯相区域。结果表明，偶数阶涨落测度（例如，缩放方差、峰度和超峰度）在混合相中仅取正值，并在 CP 处趋于无穷大。对于奇数阶测度（如偏度和超偏度），在左右共晶点附近分别发现了正值和负值区域。所得结果在重离子碰撞的事件-事件涨落测量背景下进行了讨论。
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English: In this study, we propose a new method for constructing UCB-type algorithms
for stochastic multi-armed bandits based on general convex optimization methods
with an inexact oracle. We derive the regret bounds corresponding to the
convergence rates of the optimization methods. We propose a new algorithm
Clipped-SGD-UCB and show, both theoretically and empirically, that in the case
of symmetric noise in the reward, we can achieve an $O(\log T\sqrt{KT\log T})$
regret bound instead of $O\left (T^{\frac{1}{1+\alpha}}
K^{\frac{\alpha}{1+\alpha}} \right)$ for the case when the reward distribution
satisfies $\mathbb{E}_{X \in D}[|X|^{1+\alpha}] \leq \sigma^{1+\alpha}$
($\alpha \in (0, 1])$, i.e. perform better than it is assumed by the general
lower bound for bandits with heavy-tails. Moreover, the same bound holds even
when the reward distribution does not have the expectation, that is, when
$\alpha<0$.
Chinese: 在这项研究中，我们提出了一种基于通用凸优化方法以及不精确预言机的新方法，用于构建随机多臂老虎机中的UCB型算法。我们推导了与优化方法收敛率相对应的遗憾界限。我们提出了一种新的算法Clipped-SGD-UCB，并从理论和实证两方面证明，在奖励中的噪声对称的情况下，我们可以实现一个$O(\log T\sqrt{KT\log T})$的遗憾界限，而不是在奖励分布满足$\mathbb{E}_{X \in D}[|X|^{1+\alpha}] \leq \sigma^{1+\alpha}$（$\alpha \in (0, 1]$）时的$O\left (T^{\frac{1}{1+\alpha}}K^{\frac{\alpha}{1+\alpha}} \right)$界限，即比一般重尾老虎机下界假设的性能更好。此外，即使奖励分布没有期望值，即当$\alpha<0$时，同样的界限仍然成立。
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English: Driving is a visuomotor task, i.e., there is a connection between what
drivers see and what they do. While some models of drivers' gaze account for
top-down effects of drivers' actions, the majority learn only bottom-up
correlations between human gaze and driving footage. The crux of the problem is
lack of public data with annotations that could be used to train top-down
models and evaluate how well models of any kind capture effects of task on
attention. As a result, top-down models are trained and evaluated on private
data and public benchmarks measure only the overall fit to human data.
In this paper, we focus on data limitations by examining four large-scale
public datasets, DR(eye)VE, BDD-A, MAAD, and LBW, used to train and evaluate
algorithms for drivers' gaze prediction. We define a set of driving tasks
(lateral and longitudinal maneuvers) and context elements (intersections and
right-of-way) known to affect drivers' attention, augment the datasets with
annotations based on the said definitions, and analyze the characteristics of
data recording and processing pipelines w.r.t. capturing what the drivers see
and do. In sum, the contributions of this work are: 1) quantifying biases of
the public datasets, 2) examining performance of the SOTA bottom-up models on
subsets of the data involving non-trivial drivers' actions, 3) linking
shortcomings of the bottom-up models to data limitations, and 4)
recommendations for future data collection and processing. The new annotations
and code for reproducing the results is available at
https://github.com/ykotseruba/SCOUT.
Chinese: 驾驶是一项视动任务，也就是说，驾驶员所看到的事物与他们的行为之间存在联系。虽然一些驾驶员视线模型考虑了驾驶员行为的自上而下的影响，但大多数模型只学习人类视线与驾驶画面之间的自下而上的相关性。问题的核心是缺乏公共数据，这些数据带有注释，可用于训练自上而下的模型并评估任何类型的模型在多大程度上捕捉到任务对注意力的影响。因此，自上而下的模型在私有数据上训练和评估，而公共基准测试只能衡量与人类数据的整体拟合度。
在本文中，我们通过检查四个大规模公共数据集，即DR(eye)VE、BDD-A、MAAD和LBW，来关注数据限制，这些数据集用于训练和评估驾驶员视线预测算法。我们定义了一系列驾驶任务（横向和纵向机动）和情境元素（交叉口和优先通行权），这些元素已知会影响驾驶员的注意力，根据这些定义在数据集中添加了注释，并分析了数据记录和处理管道在捕捉驾驶员所看到和所做的事情方面的特点。总的来说，这项工作的贡献包括：1）量化公共数据集的偏差，2）检查SOTA自下而上的模型在涉及非平凡驾驶员行为的子数据集上的性能，3）将自下而上的模型的不足与数据限制联系起来，以及4）对未来数据收集和处理的建议。新的注释和用于重现结果的代码可在https://github.com/ykotseruba/SCOUT上找到。
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English: In this article, we are interested in the Dirichlet problem for parabolic
viscous Hamilton-Jacobi Equations. It is well-known that the gradient of the
solution may blow up in finite time on the boundary of the domain, preventing a
classical extension of the solution past this singularity. This behavior comes
from the fact that one cannot prescribe the Dirichlet boundary condition for
all time and, in order to define a solution globally in time, one has to use
"generalized boundary conditions" in the sense of viscosity solution. In this
work, we treat the case when the diffusion operator is the $p$-Laplacian where
the gradient dependence in the diffusion creates specific difficulties. In this
framework, we obtain the existence and uniqueness of a continuous, global in
time, viscosity solution. For this purpose, we prove a Strong Comparison Result
between semi-continuous viscosity sub and super-solutions. Moreover, the
asymptotic behavior of $\dfrac{u(x; t)}{t}$ is analyzed through the study of
the associated ergodic problem.
Chinese: 在本文中，我们关注抛物型粘性Hamilton-Jacobi方程的Dirichlet问题。众所周知，解的梯度可能在有限时间内域的边界上爆炸，从而阻止解在奇点之后的经典扩展。这种行为源于这样一个事实：不能为所有时间指定Dirichlet边界条件，为了在时间上全局定义解，必须使用粘性解意义上的“广义边界条件”。在本工作中，我们处理了扩散算子为$p$-拉普拉斯算子的情形，其中扩散中的梯度依赖性产生了特定的困难。在这个框架下，我们得到了一个连续的、在时间上全局的粘性解的存在性和唯一性。为此，我们证明了半连续粘性亚解和超解之间的强比较结果。此外，通过研究相关的遍历问题，分析了$\dfrac{u(x; t)}{t}$的渐近行为。
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English: We present follow-up observations and analysis of the recently discovered
short period low-mass eclipsing binary, SDSS J001641-000925. With an orbital
period of 0.19856 days, this system has one of the shortest known periods for
an M dwarf binary system. Medium-resolution spectroscopy and multi-band
photometry for the system are presented. Markov chain Monte Carlo modeling of
the light curves and radial velocities yields estimated masses for the stars of
M1 = 0.54 +/- 0.07 Msun and M2 = 0.34 +/- 0.04 Msun, and radii of R1 = 0.68 +/-
0.03 Rsun and R2 = 0.58 +/- 0.03 Rsun respectively. This solution places both
components above the critical Roche overfill limit, providing strong evidence
that SDSS J001641-000925 is the first verified M-dwarf contact binary system.
Within the follow-up spectroscopy we find signatures of non-solid body rotation
velocities, which we interpret as evidence for mass transfer or loss within the
system. In addition, our photometry samples the system over 9 years, and we
find strong evidence for period decay at the rate of dP/dt ~8 s/yr. Both of
these signatures raise the intriguing possibility that the system is in
over-contact, and actively losing angular momentum, likely through mass loss.
This places SDSS J001641-000925 as not just the first M-dwarf over-contact
binary, but one of the few systems of any spectral type known to be actively
undergoing coalescence. Further study SDSS J001641-000925 is on-going to verify
the nature of the system, which may prove to be a unique astrophysical
laboratory.
Chinese: 我们展示了最近发现的短周期低质量食双星SDSS J001641-000925的后续观测和分析。该系统的轨道周期为0.19856天，这是已知M型矮星双星系统中周期最短的一个。我们展示了该系统的中分辨率光谱和多波段光度测量结果。通过对光曲线和径向速度的马尔可夫链蒙特卡洛建模，我们估计出两颗恒星的质量分别为M1 = 0.54 +/- 0.07 Msun和M2 = 0.34 +/- 0.04 Msun，半径分别为R1 = 0.68 +/- 0.03 Rsun和R2 = 0.58 +/- 0.03 Rsun。这一解决方案表明两个组件都超过了罗什临界过盈极限，为SDSS J001641-000925是第一个已验证的M型矮星接触双星系统提供了强有力的证据。在后续的光谱研究中，我们发现了非固体旋转速度的迹象，我们将其解释为系统内部质量转移或损失的证据。此外，我们的光度测量样本覆盖了9年的时间，我们发现周期衰减的证据，衰减率为dP/dt ~8 s/yr。这两个迹象都提出了一个引人入胜的可能性，即系统处于过接触状态，并且正在积极失去角动量，很可能是通过质量损失。这使得SDSS J001641-000925不仅成为第一个M型矮星过接触双星，而且是有史以来已知光谱类型中少数正在积极进行合并的系统之一。对SDSS J001641-000925的进一步研究正在进行中，以验证该系统的性质，这可能会证明它是一个独特的天体物理实验室。
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English: This paper proposes a multiple-model adaptive control methodology, using
set-valued observers (MMAC-SVO) for the identification subsystem, that is able
to provide robust stability and performance guarantees for the closed-loop,
when the plant, which can be open-loop stable or unstable, has significant
parametric uncertainty. We illustrate, with an example, how set-valued
observers (SVOs) can be used to select regions of uncertainty for the
parameters of the plant. We also discuss some of the most problematic
computational shortcomings and numerical issues that arise from the use of this
kind of robust estimation methods. The behavior of the proposed control
algorithm is demonstrated in simulation.
Chinese: 本文提出了一种多模型自适应控制方法，使用集合值观测器（MMAC-SVO）对识别子系统进行识别，该方法能够在被控对象具有显著参数不确定性的情况下，为闭环系统提供鲁棒稳定性和性能保证。我们通过一个例子说明了如何使用集合值观测器（SVOs）来选择被控对象参数的不确定区域。我们还讨论了使用这种鲁棒估计方法时出现的一些最棘手的计算缺陷和数值问题。所提出的控制算法的行为在仿真中得到了验证。
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English: We make a thorough analysis of heralded single photon sources regarding how
factors such as the detector gate-period, the photon rates, the fiber coupling
efficiencies, and the system losses affect the performance of the source. In
the course of this we give a detailed description of how to determine fiber
coupling efficiencies from experimentally measurable quantities. We show that
asynchronous sources perform, under most conditions, better than synchronous
sources with respect to multiphoton events, but only for nearly perfect
coupling efficiencies. We apply the theory to an asynchronous source of
heralded single photons based on spontaneous parametric downconversion in a
periodically poled, bulk, KTiOPO4 crystal. The source generates light with
highly non-degenerate wavelengths of 810 nm and 1550 nm, where the 810 nm
photons are used to announce the presence of the 1550 nm photons inside a
single-mode optical fiber. For our setup we find the probability of having a
1550 nm photon present in the single-mode fiber, as announced by the 810 nm
photon, to be 48%. The probability of multiphoton events is strongly suppressed
compared to a Poissonian light source, giving highly sub-Poisson photon
statistics.
Chinese: 我们对单光子源进行了详尽的分析，探讨了诸如探测器门周期、光子速率、光纤耦合效率以及系统损耗等因素如何影响源的性能。在此过程中，我们详细描述了如何从实验可测量的量中确定光纤耦合效率。我们展示了在大多数条件下，异步源在多光子事件方面比同步源表现更好，但仅在几乎完美的耦合效率下才成立。我们将理论应用于基于周期极化KTiOPO4晶体自发参数下转换的光子源。该源产生810 nm和1550 nm波长高度非简并的光，其中810 nm光子用于宣布单模光纤中存在1550 nm光子。对于我们的设置，我们发现被810 nm光子宣布的单模光纤中1550 nm光子的概率为48%。与泊松光子源相比，多光子事件的概率被强烈抑制，给出了高度亚泊松光子统计。
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English: These notes are an extended version of a talk given by the author at the
conference "Analytic Number Theory and Related Areas", held at Research
Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Kyoto University in November 2015. We are
interested in "$L$-data", an axiomatic framework for $L$-functions introduced
by Andrew Booker in 2013. Associated to each $L$-datum, one has a real number
invariant known as the degree. Conjecturally the degree $d$ is an integer.
Moreover, if $d\in\mathbb{N}$ then one expects that the $L$-datum is that of a
$GL_n(\mathbb{A}_F)$-automorphic representation, for some number field $F$. In
fact, if $F=\mathbb{Q}$, then $n=d$. This statement was shown to be true for
$0\leq d<5/3$ by Booker in his pioneering paper, and in these notes we consider
an extension of his methods to $0\leq d<2$. This is simultaneously a
generalisation of Booker's result and the results and techniques of
Kaczorowski--Perelli in the Selberg class (the best known to date).
Furthermore, we consider applications to zeros of automorphic $L$-functions. In
these notes we review Booker's results and announce new ones to appear
elsewhere shortly.
Chinese: 这些笔记是作者在会议上发表的演讲的扩展版本，于2015年11月在京都大学数学科学研究所在举行的。我们对$L$-数据感兴趣，这是安德鲁·博克在2013年引入的$L$函数的公理化框架。与每个$L$-数据相关联，有一个被称为度数的实数不变量。据推测，度数$d$是一个整数。此外，如果$d\in\mathbb{N}$，那么预期$L$-数据是某个数域$F$上的$GL_n(\mathbb{A}_F)$自同态表示的数据。实际上，如果$F=\mathbb{Q}$，那么$n=d$。博克在其开创性论文中证明了该命题对于$0\leq d<5/3$是正确的，在这些笔记中，我们考虑将他的方法扩展到$0\leq d<2$。这同时是博克结果的推广，以及Kaczorowski--Perelli在Selberg类（迄今为止最著名的）中的结果和技术。此外，我们考虑了自同态$L$函数零点的应用。在这些笔记中，我们回顾了博克的结果，并宣布即将在其他地方出现的新结果。
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English: WZW models live on a moduli space parameterized by current-current
deformations. The moduli space defines an ensemble of conformal field theories,
which generically have $N$ abelian conserved currents and central charge $c >
N$. We calculate the average partition function and show that it can be
interpreted as a sum over 3-manifolds. This suggests that the ensemble-averaged
theory has a holographic dual, generalizing recent results on Narain CFTs. The
bulk theory, at the perturbative level, is identified as $U(1)^{2N}$
Chern-Simons theory coupled to additional matter fields. From a mathematical
perspective, our principal result is a Siegel-Weil formula for the characters
of an affine Lie algebra.
Chinese: WZW模型存在于由电流-电流变形参数化的模空间上。该模空间定义了一族共形场论，这些理论通常具有$N$个阿贝尔守恒电流和中心电荷$c > N$。我们计算了平均配分函数，并证明它可以被解释为对三维流形的求和。这表明该系综平均理论具有全息对偶，推广了最近关于Narain共形场论的研究结果。在微扰论层次上，体理论被确定为与附加物质场耦合的$U(1)^{2N}$陈-西蒙斯理论。从数学角度看，我们的主要成果是一个关于仿射李代数字符的西格尔-维尔公式。
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English: The plasma response from an external n = 2 magnetic perturbation field in
ASDEX Upgrade has been measured using mainly electron cyclotron emission (ECE)
diagnostics and a rigid rotating field. To interpret ECE and ECE-imaging
(ECE-I) measurements accurately, forward modeling of the radiation transport
has been combined with ray tracing. The measured data is compared to synthetic
ECE data generated from a 3D ideal magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) equilibrium
calculated by VMEC. The measured amplitudes of the helical displacement around
the low field side midplane are in reasonable agreement with the one from the
synthetic VMEC diagnostics. Both exceed the prediction from the vacuum field
calculations and indicate the presence of a kink response at the edge, which
amplifies the perturbation. VMEC and MARS-F have been used to calculate the
properties of this kink mode. The poloidal mode structure of the magnetic
perturbation of this kink mode at the edge peaks at poloidal mode numbers
larger than the resonant components |m| > |nq|, whereas the poloidal mode
structure of its displacement is almost resonant |m| ~ |nq|. This is expected
from ideal MHD in the proximity of rational surfaces. The displacement measured
by ECE-I confirms this resonant response.
Chinese: 在ASDEX Upgrade中，通过主要使用电子回旋辐射（ECE）诊断和刚性旋转场测量了来自外部n = 2磁扰动场的等离子体响应。为了准确解释ECE和ECE成像（ECE-I）测量结果，将辐射传输的前向建模与光线追踪相结合。测量数据与由VMEC计算出的3D理想磁流体动力学（MHD）平衡产生的合成ECE数据进行了比较。围绕低场侧中平面的螺旋位移的测量幅度与合成VMEC诊断结果基本一致。两者都超过了真空场计算的预测，并表明在边缘存在扭结响应，这放大了扰动。VMEC和MARS-F已被用于计算这种扭结模式的相关性质。这种扭结模式在边缘的磁扰动极向模式结构在极向模式数大于共振分量|m| > |nq|时达到峰值，而其位移的极向模式结构几乎共振|m| ~ |nq|。这是从理想MHD在近理性表面附近预期的。ECE-I测量的位移证实了这种共振响应。
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English: The prominence of embodied Artificial Intelligence (AI), which empowers
robots to navigate, perceive, and engage within virtual environments, has
attracted significant attention, owing to the remarkable advances in computer
vision and large language models. Privacy emerges as a pivotal concern within
the realm of embodied AI, as the robot accesses substantial personal
information. However, the issue of privacy leakage in embodied AI tasks,
particularly concerning reinforcement learning algorithms, has not received
adequate consideration in research. This paper aims to address this gap by
proposing an attack on the training process of the value-based algorithm and
the gradient-based algorithm, utilizing gradient inversion to reconstruct
states, actions, and supervisory signals. The choice of using gradients for the
attack is motivated by the fact that commonly employed federated learning
techniques solely utilize gradients computed based on private user data to
optimize models, without storing or transmitting the data to public servers.
Nevertheless, these gradients contain sufficient information to potentially
expose private data. To validate our approach, we conducted experiments on the
AI2THOR simulator and evaluated our algorithm on active perception, a prevalent
task in embodied AI. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of
our method in successfully reconstructing all information from the data in 120
room layouts. Check our website for videos.
Chinese: 实体人工智能（AI）的突出地位，它使机器人能够在虚拟环境中导航、感知和参与，由于计算机视觉和大型语言模型的显著进步，已经引起了广泛关注。在实体AI领域，隐私问题成为一个关键关注点，因为机器人可以访问大量个人信息。然而，在实体AI任务中，尤其是关于强化学习算法的隐私泄露问题，在研究中尚未得到充分考虑。本文旨在通过提出对基于价值算法和基于梯度算法的训练过程的攻击，利用梯度反转来重建状态、动作和监督信号，来填补这一空白。选择使用梯度进行攻击的原因是，通常使用的联邦学习技术仅利用基于私有用户数据计算的梯度来优化模型，而不存储或传输数据到公共服务器。然而，这些梯度包含足够的信息，可能暴露私有数据。为了验证我们的方法，我们在AI2THOR模拟器上进行了实验，并在实体AI中普遍的任务——主动感知上评估了我们的算法。实验结果表明，我们的方法在成功重建120个房间布局中的所有信息方面是有效的。请访问我们的网站查看视频。
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English: The Brownian motion of a hot nanoparticle is described by an effective Markov
theory based on fluctuating hydrodynamics. Its predictions are scrutinized over
a wide temperature range using large-scale molecular dynamics simulations of a
hot nanoparticle in a Lennard-Jones fluid. The particle positions and momenta
are found to be Boltzmann distributed according to distinct effective
temperatures $T_\mathrm{HBM}$ and $T_\mathrm{k}$ . For $T_\mathrm{HBM}$ we
derive a formally exact theoretical prediction and establish a generalised
Einstein relation that links it to directly measurable quantities.
Chinese: 热纳米粒子的布朗运动由基于涨落动力学的有效马尔可夫理论描述。其预测通过在伦纳德-琼斯流体中热纳米粒子的规模较大的分子动力学模拟在宽温度范围内受到严格审查。粒子位置和动量被发现根据不同的有效温度 $T_\mathrm{HBM}$ 和 $T_\mathrm{k}$ 呈玻尔兹曼分布。对于 $T_\mathrm{HBM}$ 我们推导出一个形式上精确的理论预测，并建立了一个广义的玻尔兹曼关系，将其与可直接测量的量联系起来。
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English: An overview of the SuperB project and its physics programme is presented.
There are many new physics sensitive observables that can be measured at a high
luminosity e+e- collider operating near a centre of mass energy of ~10 GeV, and
many new physics scenarios to test in the literature. Together these form a
golden matrix of observables versus scenarios. Each scenario has its it's own
golden channel(s) and the pattern of deviations from Standard Model behaviour
that will be measured by SuperB can be used to home in on the new physics
scenario describing nature at high energies.
Chinese: SuperB项目的概述及其物理计划被展示出来。
在接近质心能量约为10 GeV的高亮度e+e-对撞机上，可以测量许多新的对物理敏感的观测量，并且文献中有很多新的物理情景可以测试。这些共同构成了一个观测量与情景的黄金矩阵。每个情景都有其独特的黄金通道（们），而SuperB将测量的偏离标准模型行为的模式可以用以聚焦于描述高能物理的新物理情景。
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English: The paper gives the bounds on the solutions to a Stein equation for the
negative binomial distribution that are needed for approximation in terms of
the Wasserstein metric. The proofs are probabilistic, and follow the approach
introduced in Barbour and Xia (Bernoulli 12 (2006) 943-954). The bounds are
used to quantify the accuracy of negative binomial approximation to parasite
counts in hosts. Since the infectivity of a population can be expected to be
proportional to its total parasite burden, the Wasserstein metric is the
appropriate choice.
Chinese: 论文给出了用于负二项分布Stein方程解的边界，这些边界是基于Wasserstein度量进行近似所需的内容。证明是概率性的，并遵循Barbour和Xia（Bernoulli 12（2006）943-954）引入的方法。这些边界被用来量化负二项分布对寄生虫数量近似的准确性。由于一个群体的传染性可以预期与其总寄生虫负荷成正比，因此Wasserstein度量是合适的选择。
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English: Obtaining constraints from the largest scales of a galaxy survey is
challenging due to the survey mask allowing only partial measurement of large
angular modes. This scatters information from the harmonic-space 2-point
function away from the diagonal and introduces coupling between modes. In this
paper, we derive a custom eigenbasis adapted to any particular survey geometry
so that all information is retained on the diagonal. At the expense of a
somewhat complex pixel- and selection-function-window, the result is a diagonal
2-point function with a simple shot noise, and a diagonal covariance matrix in
the case of a Gaussian random field. We derive the basis on the surface of a
sphere, and we use it to construct a 3D spherical Fourier-Bessel power spectrum
estimator assuming a survey geometry that is separable in the angular and
radial directions.
Chinese: 从星系巡天最大的尺度获取约束条件具有挑战性，因为巡天掩模仅允许对大角模进行部分测量。这会使谐波空间双点函数的信息偏离对角线并引入模态之间的耦合。在本文中，我们推导出一个针对任何特定巡天几何形状的自定义本征基，以便所有信息都保留在对角线上。以稍微复杂的像素和选择函数窗口为代价，结果得到一个具有简单散粒噪声的对角双点函数，以及在高斯随机场的情况下得到对角协方差矩阵。我们在球面上推导该基，并使用它来构建一个三维球面傅里叶-贝塞尔功率谱估计器，假设巡天几何形状在角向和径向方向上是可分离的。
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English: We prove that any solution of a degenerate elliptic PDE is of class $C^1$,
provided the inverse of the equation's degeneracy law satisfies an
integrability criterium, viz. $\sigma^{-1} \in L^1\left (\frac{1}{\lambda} {\bf
d}\lambda\right )$. The proof is based upon the construction of a sequence of
converging tangent hyperplanes that approximate $u(x)$, near $x_0$, by an error
of order $\text{o}(|x-x_0|)$. Explicit control of such hyperplanes is carried
over through the construction, yielding universal estimates upon the
${C}^1$--regularity of solutions. Among the main new ingredients required in
the proof, we develop an alternative recursive algorithm for the
renormalization of approximating solutions. This new method is based on a
technique tailored to prevent the sequence of degeneracy laws constructed
through the process from being, itself, degenerate.
Chinese: 我们证明，如果方程的退化法则的逆满足可积性准则，即 $\sigma^{-1} \in L^1\left (\frac{1}{\lambda} {\bf
d}\lambda\right )$，那么退化椭圆PDE的任何解都属于 $C^1$ 类。该证明基于构建一系列收敛的切超平面，这些超平面在 $x_0$ 附近通过 $\text{o}(|x-x_0|)$ 阶误差来逼近 $u(x)$。通过构建过程对这类超平面进行显式控制，从而对解的 $C^1$ 正则性给出普适估计。在证明所需的主要新成分中，我们开发了一种替代的递归算法用于近似解的重规整化。这种方法基于一种专门的技术，以防止通过该过程构建的退化法则序列本身变得退化。
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English: We show that the abelian Proca model, which is gauge non-invariant with
second class constraints can be converted into gauge theories with first class
constraints. The method used, which we call Gauge Unfixing employs a projection
operator defined in the original phase space. This operator can be constructed
in more than one way, and so we get more than one gauge theory. Two such gauge
theories are the Stuckelberg theory, and the theory of Maxwell field
interacting with an antisymmetric tensor field. We also show that the
application of the projection operator does not affect the Lorentz invariance
of this model.
Chinese: 我们表明，阿贝尔普罗卡模型，它具有二阶约束且规范非不变，可以被转换为具有一阶约束的规范理论。我们使用的，我们称之为规范解除的方法，采用了一个在原始相空间中定义的投影算子。这个算子可以以多种方式构建，因此我们得到了多个规范理论。其中两种规范理论是斯托克尔贝格理论和与反对称张量场相互作用的麦克斯韦场理论。我们还表明，应用投影算子不会影响该模型的洛伦兹不变性。
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English: Segmentation of enhancing tumours or lesions from MRI is important for
detecting new disease activity in many clinical contexts. However, accurate
segmentation requires the inclusion of medical images (e.g., T1 post contrast
MRI) acquired after injecting patients with a contrast agent (e.g.,
Gadolinium), a process no longer thought to be safe. Although a number of
modality-agnostic segmentation networks have been developed over the past few
years, they have been met with limited success in the context of enhancing
pathology segmentation. In this work, we present HAD-Net, a novel offline
adversarial knowledge distillation (KD) technique, whereby a pre-trained
teacher segmentation network, with access to all MRI sequences, teaches a
student network, via hierarchical adversarial training, to better overcome the
large domain shift presented when crucial images are absent during inference.
In particular, we apply HAD-Net to the challenging task of enhancing tumour
segmentation when access to post-contrast imaging is not available. The
proposed network is trained and tested on the BraTS 2019 brain tumour
segmentation challenge dataset, where it achieves performance improvements in
the ranges of 16% - 26% over (a) recent modality-agnostic segmentation methods
(U-HeMIS, U-HVED), (b) KD-Net adapted to this problem, (c) the pre-trained
student network and (d) a non-hierarchical version of the network (AD-Net), in
terms of Dice scores for enhancing tumour (ET). The network also shows
improvements in tumour core (TC) Dice scores. Finally, the network outperforms
both the baseline student network and AD-Net in terms of uncertainty
quantification for enhancing tumour segmentation based on the BraTs 2019
uncertainty challenge metrics. Our code is publicly available at:
https://github.com/SaverioVad/HAD_Net
Chinese: 对增强肿瘤或病变进行MRI分割对于在许多临床环境中检测新的疾病活动至关重要。然而，准确的分割需要包括在向患者注射造影剂（例如，钆）后获得的医学图像（例如，T1增强MRI），这一过程不再被认为是安全的。尽管近年来已经开发出许多与模态无关的分割网络，但在增强病理分割的背景下，它们并未取得很大成功。在这项工作中，我们提出了HAD-Net，一种新颖的离线对抗知识蒸馏（KD）技术，其中预训练的教师分割网络可以访问所有MRI序列，通过分层对抗训练，教学生网络更好地克服在推理过程中关键图像缺失时出现的大领域偏移。具体而言，我们将HAD-Net应用于在无法获得增强后成像时的增强肿瘤分割这一具有挑战性的任务。所提出的网络在BraTS 2019脑肿瘤分割挑战数据集上进行训练和测试，在增强肿瘤（ET）的Dice分数方面，它比（a）最近的与模态无关的分割方法（U-HeMIS、U-HVED）、（b）针对此问题适配的KD-Net、（c）预训练的学生网络和（d）非分层版本的网络（AD-Net）实现了16% - 26%的性能提升。该网络在肿瘤核心（TC）Dice分数方面也显示出改进。最后，在基于BraTs 2019不确定性挑战指标的增强肿瘤分割的不确定性量化方面，该网络优于基线学生网络和AD-Net。我们的代码公开可在：
https://github.com/SaverioVad/HAD_Net
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English: We report on the analysis of high-speed multicolor photometry of the
eclipsing X-ray binary X1822-371. We used new eclipse timings to derive a
revised optical ephemeris. A quadratic fit to the eclipse timings is not
statistically significant but suggests that the orbital period is increasing on
a timescale of P/|Pdot|= (4.2 +/- 1.4) 10^6 yr. We find no systematic delay or
advance of the optical timings with respect to the X-ray timings. Average UBVRI
light curves show the deep eclipse of the disc by the secondary star
superimposed on the broader and shallower occultation of the inner disc regions
by the outer disc (dip), and an orbital hump centred at phase +0.25 which is
mostly seen in the U and B bands. The starting phase of the dip occurs earlier
for shorter wavelengths, while the egress occurs at the same phase in all
bands. This suggests that the thickening of the outer, occulting disc rim is
gradual with azimuth at ingress but decreases sharply at egress. We fit
synthetic photometry to the extracted colors of the inner and outer disc
regions to estimate their effective temperatures. We find Teff= (9+/-5) 10^7 K
and Teff= (6+/-2) 10^4 K, respectively, for the inner and outer disc regions.
The orbital dependency of the flickering activity is derived from the mean
scatter of the individual light curves with respect to the average UBVRI light
curves. The flickering curves show a broad eclipse at the dipping phases, the
depth of which decreases with increasing wavelength. The blue, eclipsed
flickering component is associated with the inner disc regions and can be
fitted by a blackbody spectrum of Teff= (2.1+/-0.8) 10^8 K, whereas the
uneclipsed flickering component probably arises from the outermost disc regions
and is well described by a blackbody of Teff= (9.6+/-0.7) 10^3 K.
Chinese: 我们报告了对食变X射线双星X1822-371的高速多色光度的分析。我们利用新的食变时间来确定一个修正后的光学视星历。对食变时间的二次拟合在统计上并不显著，但表明轨道周期在P/|Pdot|= (4.2 +/- 1.4) 10^6年的时间尺度上正在增加。我们没有发现光学时间相对于X射线时间存在系统性的延迟或提前。平均的UBVRI光变曲线显示了次级星对盘的深食变，叠加在由外盘（下降）引起的更宽和更浅的内盘区域的掩蔽，以及一个以相位+0.25为中心的轨道峰值，这个峰值主要在U和B波段可见。下降的起始相位在较短波长时发生得更早，而所有波段中的退出都发生在相同的相位。这表明外盘的掩蔽边缘变厚是逐渐的，在进入时随着方位角增加，但在退出时急剧减少。我们将合成光度拟合到内盘和外盘区域的提取颜色，以估计它们的有效温度。我们发现内盘区域的有效温度为Teff= (9+/-5) 10^7 K，外盘区域的有效温度为Teff= (6+/-2) 10^4 K。通过将个别光变曲线相对于平均UBVRI光变曲线的均方差导出轨道依赖的闪烁活动。闪烁曲线在下降相位时显示一个宽食变，其深度随着波长的增加而减小。蓝色的、被食变的闪烁成分与内盘区域相关，可以通过Teff= (2.1+/-0.8) 10^8 K的黑体光谱来拟合，而未被食变的闪烁成分可能起源于最外盘区域，并且可以用Teff= (9.6+/-0.7) 10^3 K的黑体很好地描述。
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English: International MasterClasses (IMC), an outreach activity of the International
Particle Physics Outreach Group (IPPOG), has been bringing cutting-edge
particle physics research to schoolchildren for over 15 years now. All four LHC
experiments participate in the event, including ALICE, the experiment optimised
for the study of heavy-ion collisions. Heavy-ion physics is actively
contributing to IMC with new developments including experimental measurements
but also applications for society, such as treatment of cancer with ions. In
particular, ALICE provides three MC measurements related to the main
observables used to characterize the properties of the produced Quark-Gluon
Plasma. Historically, those MC measurements were developed independently,
inheriting from the first one, by several ALICE groups. Since all of them are
based on the ROOT EVE package, a project to integrate them into a common
framework was undertaken. ALICE delivers now a single and easy-to-use
application, compiled under Linux, MacOS, and, for the first time, Windows.
Then, in line with current IPPOG goals to increase the global reach and scope
of the IMC programme a newly developed measurement on medical applications of
particle physics, the Particle Therapy MasterClass (PTMC) was introduced in the
IMC2020 programme. It is a simplified version of matRad, a MATLAB-based toolkit
for calculation of dose deposition in the body and allows for planning of
radiotherapy using different modalities and highlighting the benefits of
treatment with ions.
Chinese: 国际大师班（IMC）是国际粒子物理推广组（IPPOG）的一项推广活动，已为中小学生带来前沿的粒子物理研究超过15年。所有四个LHC实验都参与了此次活动，包括ALICE实验——该实验专门用于研究重离子碰撞。重离子物理正积极为IMC做出贡献，包括新的实验测量成果，以及面向社会的应用，例如利用离子治疗癌症。特别是，ALICE提供了三种与表征产生的夸克-胶子等离子体性质的主要观测量相关的蒙特卡洛测量。从历史上看，这些蒙特卡洛测量是由多个ALICE小组独立开发并继承自第一个实验的。由于它们都基于ROOT EVE软件包，因此启动了一个项目将它们整合到一个通用框架中。ALICE现在提供了一款单一且易于使用的应用程序，可在Linux、MacOS以及首次支持的Windows系统上编译。随后，根据IPPOG当前的目标——扩大IMC项目的全球覆盖范围和规模，在IMC2020项目中引入了新开发的一项关于粒子物理医学应用的测量——粒子治疗大师班（PTMC）。它是matRad（一个基于MATLAB的剂量沉积计算工具包）的简化版本，允许使用不同模式进行放射治疗规划，并突出离子治疗的益处。
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English: EK Dra (HD 129333) is a young, active, nearby star that is orbited by a low
mass companion. By combining new speckle observations with old and new radial
velocity measurements we find that the orbit is highly eccentric with
e=0.82\pm0.03, and we derive the true masses of both components. The masses are
$0.9\pm0.1 {\rm M}_\odot$ and $0.5\pm0.1 {\rm M}_\odot$, for the primary and
secondary, respectively. From high resolution spectra we derive a new $T_{\rm
eff}$ of $5700\pm70$ K, and a $\log g$ of $4.37\pm0.10$, which is different to
previous estimates. However, the new spectroscopic distance differs by only
5.8% to the distance derived by parallax measurement of the Hipparcos satellite
and thus the stellar parameters are presumably more realistic than older
determinations. We derive a somewhat higher value for the metallicity of
$[Fe/H]=-0.16\pm0.07$. EK Dra turns out to be one of the few nearby young stars
which will evolve similar to the sun. The precise radial velocity measurements
taken in the course of this program also allows us to shed more light on to the
activity of this star. In 2001 and 2002 we find a periodic signal of the radial
velocity variations with a period of $2.767\pm0.005$ days which we interpret as
the rotation period. This signal vanishes in 2003. However the signal can be
recovered if only the spectra in which the photospheric lines are asymmetric
are used. On the other hand, we do not find a close correlation between the
asymmetry of photospheric lines and the radial velocity.
Chinese: EK Dra（HD 129333）是一颗年轻、活跃的近邻恒星，它被一颗低质量伴星所环绕。通过结合新的斑点观测和旧的和新的径向速度测量，我们发现该轨道非常偏心，偏心率为e=0.82±0.03，并且我们推导出两个组件的真实质量。质量分别为0.9±0.1个太阳质量（M_⊙）和0.5±0.1个太阳质量，分别对应主星和次星。从高分辨率光谱中，我们推导出新的有效温度T_eff为5700±70开尔文，以及log g为4.37±0.10，这与之前的估计不同。然而，新的光谱距离与Hipparcos卫星通过视差测量得到的距离仅相差5.8%，因此，恒星参数可能比旧的决定更为现实。我们推导出略高的金属丰度值为[Fe/H]=-0.16±0.07。EK Dra最终被证明是少数附近年轻恒星中，将类似于太阳演化的恒星之一。在此项目过程中进行的精确径向速度测量，也使我们能够更多地了解这颗恒星的活动。在2001年和2002年，我们发现径向速度变化的周期性信号，周期为2.767±0.005天，我们将其解释为旋转周期。这个信号在2003年消失。然而，如果只使用那些光球线不对称的光谱，信号可以恢复。另一方面，我们没有发现光球线的不对称性与径向速度之间存在密切的相关性。
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English: We present a classical enhancement to improve the accuracy of the Hybrid
variant (Hybrid HHL) of the quantum algorithm for solving linear systems of
equations proposed by Harrow, Hassidim, and Lloyd (HHL). We achieve this by
using higher precision quantum estimates of the eigenvalues relevant to the
linear system, and a new classical step to guide the eigenvalue inversion part
of Hybrid HHL. We show that eigenvalue estimates with just two extra bits of
precision result in tighter error bounds for our Enhanced Hybrid HHL compared
to HHL. Our enhancement reduces the error of Hybrid HHL by an average of 57
percent on an ideal quantum processor for a representative sample of 2x2
systems. On IBM Torino and IonQ Aria-1 hardware, we see that the error of
Enhanced Hybrid HHL is on average 13 percent and 20 percent (respectively) less
than that of HHL for the same set of systems.
Chinese: 我们提出了一种经典的改进方法，以提高Harrow, Hassidim和Lloyd（HHL）提出的线性方程组量子算法的混合变体（混合HHL）的准确性。我们通过使用与线性系统相关的特征值的更高精度量子估计，以及一个新的经典步骤来指导混合HHL的特征值求逆部分来实现这一点。我们表明，仅增加两位精度特征值估计就能使我们的增强型混合HHL与HHL相比具有更紧的错误界限。在我们的增强型混合HHL中，对于2x2系统的代表性样本，在理想量子处理器上的平均误差降低了57%。在IBM Torino和IonQ Aria-1硬件上，我们发现增强型混合HHL的误差平均比HHL低13%（分别）。
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English: At criticality, discrete quantum-gravity models are expected to give rise to
continuum spacetime. Recent progress has established the functional
renormalization group method in the context of such models as a practical tool
to study their critical properties and to chart their phase diagrams. Here, we
apply these techniques to the multi-matrix model with $ABAB$-interaction
potentially relevant for Lorentzian quantum gravity in 3 dimensions. We
characterize the fixed-point structure and phase diagram of this model, paving
the way for functional RG studies of more general multi-matrix or tensor models
encoding causality and subjecting the technique to another strong test of its
performance in discrete quantum gravity by comparing to known results.
Chinese: 在临界点，离散量子引力模型预期会产生连续时空。最近的进展已将函数重整化群方法确立为研究这类模型的临界特性并绘制其相图的一种实用工具。在此，我们将这些技术应用于具有ABAB相互作用势的多矩阵模型，该模型可能对三维洛伦兹量子引力相关。我们表征了该模型的固定点结构和相图，为研究更通用的、编码因果性的多矩阵或张量模型铺平了道路，并通过与已知结果的比较，使该技术经受住了离散量子引力中性能的又一强有力检验。
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English: The quantum-mechanical consideration of a passage of fast dimesoatoms through
matter is given. A set of quantum-kinetic equations for the density matrix
elements describing their internal state evolution is derived. It is shown that
probabilistic description of internal dynamics of hydrogen-like atoms is
impossible even at sufficiently low energies because of the ``accidental''
degeneracy of their energy levels.
Chinese: 量子力学对快速二甲基亚胺原子通过物质的过程进行了考虑。推导出了一套量子动力学方程，用于描述描述其内部状态演变的密度矩阵元素。表明，即使在足够低的能量下，由于它们的能级“偶然”简并，对类似氢原子的内部动力学进行概率描述也是不可能的。
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English: Gibbs sampling repeatedly samples from the conditional distribution of one
variable, x_i, given other variables, either choosing i randomly, or updating
sequentially using some systematic or random order. When x_i is discrete, a
Gibbs sampling update may choose a new value that is the same as the old value.
A theorem of Peskun indicates that, when i is chosen randomly, a reversible
method that reduces the probability of such self transitions, while increasing
the probabilities of transitioning to each of the other values, will decrease
the asymptotic variance of estimates. This has inspired two modified Gibbs
sampling methods, originally due to Frigessi, et al and to Liu, though these do
not always reduce self transitions to the minimum possible. Methods that do
reduce the probability of self transitions to the minimum, but do not satisfy
the conditions of Peskun's theorem, have also been devised, by Suwa and Todo. I
review past methods, and introduce a broader class of reversible methods, based
on what I call "antithetic modification", which also reduce asymptotic variance
compared to Gibbs sampling, even when not satisfying the conditions of Peskun's
theorem. A modification of one method in this class reduces self transitions to
the minimum possible, while still always reducing asymptotic variance compared
to Gibbs sampling. I introduce another new class of non-reversible methods
based on slice sampling that can also minimize self transition probabilities. I
provide explicit, efficient implementations of all these methods, and compare
their performance in simulations of a 2D Potts model, a Bayesian mixture model,
and a belief network with unobserved variables. The non-reversibility produced
by sequential updating can be beneficial, but no consistent benefit is seen
from the individual updates being done by a non-reversible method.
Chinese: 吉布斯采样反复地从给定其他变量的条件分布中采样一个变量x_i，要么随机选择i，要么按某种系统或随机顺序顺序更新。当x_i是离散的时，吉布斯采样更新可能会选择一个与旧值相同的新值。佩斯肯的一个定理表明，当随机选择i时，一种降低此类自转换概率、同时增加转换到其他每个值概率的可逆方法将降低估计的渐近方差。这启发了两种修改后的吉布斯采样方法，最初由Frigessi等人以及刘提出，尽管这些方法并不总是将自转换降低到可能的最小值。Suwa和Todo也设计了一些方法，这些方法将自转换的概率降低到最小，但不满足佩斯肯定理的条件。我回顾了过去的方法，并介绍了一类更广泛的可逆方法，基于我所说的“反证修改”，这种方法与吉布斯采样相比也能降低渐近方差，即使不满足佩斯肯定理的条件。这类方法中的一种修改将自转换降低到可能的最小值，同时仍然总是比吉布斯采样降低渐近方差。我引入了另一类基于切片采样的非可逆方法，这种方法也可以最小化自转换概率。我为所有这些方法提供了明确的、高效的实现，并在2D Potts模型、贝叶斯混合模型以及具有未观测变量的信念网络的模拟中比较了它们的性能。顺序更新产生的非可逆性可能是有益的，但从非可逆方法进行的单个更新中并没有看到一致的好处。
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