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English: In the quest to find a favourable triatomic molecule for detecting electric
dipole moment of an electron (eEDM), we identify mercury hydroxide (HgOH) as an
extremely attractive candidate from both experimental and theoretical
viewpoints. Our calculations show that there is a four-fold enhancement in the
effective electric field of HgOH compared to the recently proposed ytterbium
hydroxide (YbOH) [Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 133002 (2017)] for eEDM measurement.
Thus, in the (010) bending state associated with the electronic ground state,
it could provide better sensitivity than YbOH from a theoretical point of view.
We have also investigated the potential energy curve and permanent electric
dipole moment of HgOH, which lends support for its experimental feasibility.
Moreover, we propose that it is possible to laser cool the HgOH molecule by
adopting the same technique as that in the diatomic polar molecule, HgF, as
shown in [Phys. Rev. A 99, 032502 (2019)].
Chinese: 在寻找用于检测电子偶极矩（eEDM）的有利三原子分子的过程中，我们从实验和理论两方面确定氢氧化汞（HgOH）是一个极具吸引力的候选者。我们的计算表明，与最近提出的铒氢氧化物（YbOH）[《物理评论快报》119，133002（2017）]相比，HgOH在eEDM测量中的有效电场增强了四倍。因此，在关联于电子基态的（010）弯曲状态下，从理论角度来看，它可能比YbOH提供更好的灵敏度。我们还研究了HgOH的势能曲线和永久电偶极矩，这为其实验可行性提供了支持。此外，我们提出，可以通过采用与双原子极性分子HgF相同的技巧[《物理评论A》99，032502（2019）]，实现对HgOH分子的激光冷却。
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English: We consider the density of two-dimensional critical percolation clusters,
constrained to touch one or both boundaries, in infinite strips, half-infinite
strips, and squares, as well as several related quantities for the infinite
strip. Our theoretical results follow from conformal field theory, and are
compared with high-precision numerical simulation. For example, we show that
the density of clusters touching both boundaries of an infinite strip of unit
width (i.e. crossing clusters) is proportional to $(\sin \pi
y)^{-5/48}\{[\cos(\pi y/2)]^{1/3} +[\sin (\pi y/2)]^{1/3}-1\}$.
We also determine numerically contours for the density of clusters crossing
squares and long rectangles with open boundaries on the sides, and compare with
theory for the density along an edge.
Chinese: 我们考虑在无限长条、半无限长条和正方形中，与一个或两个边界接触的二维临界渗透团簇的密度，以及无限长条相关的一些量。我们的理论结果源自于共形场论，并与高精度数值模拟进行了比较。例如，我们证明了单位宽度无限长条（即交叉团簇）与两个边界接触的团簇密度与$(\sin \pi y)^{-5/48}\{[\cos(\pi y/2)]^{1/3} +[\sin (\pi y/2)]^{1/3}-1\}$成正比。我们还通过数值方法确定了交叉正方形和长矩形（边界开放）的团簇密度轮廓，并与沿边界的理论密度进行了比较。
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English: We investigate the magnetic dichotomy between Ap/Bp and other A-type stars by
carrying out a deep spectropolarimetric study of Am and HgMn stars. Using the
NARVAL spectropolarimeter at the Telescope Bernard Lyot (Observatoire du Pic du
Midi, France), we obtained high-resolution circular polarisation spectroscopy
of 12 Am stars and 3 HgMn stars. Using Least Squares Deconvolution (LSD), no
magnetic field is detected in any of the 15 observed stars. Uncertaintiies as
low as 0.3 G (respectively 1 G) have been reached for surface-averaged
longitudinal magnetic field measurements for Am (respectively HgMn) stars.
Associated with the results obtained previously for Ap/Bp stars, our study
confirms the existence of a magnetic dichotomy among A-type stars. Our data
demonstrate that there is at least one order of magnitude difference in field
strength between Zeeman detected stars (Ap/Bp stars) and non Zeeman detected
stars (Am and HgMn stars). This result confirms that the
spectroscopically-defined Ap/Bp stars are the only A-type stars harbouring
detectable large-scale surface magnetic fields.
Chinese: 我们通过对Am和HgMn星进行深入的偏振光谱研究，来探究Ap/Bp星与其他A型星之间的磁二分现象。利用位于法国皮克德米迪天文台（Observatoire du Pic du Midi）的Bernard Lyot望远镜上的NARVAL光谱偏振仪，我们获得了12颗Am星和3颗HgMn星的高分辨率圆偏振光谱。通过最小二乘去卷积（Least Squares Deconvolution，LSD）方法，在15颗观测到的星中均未检测到磁场。对于Am星（分别对于HgMn星）的表面平均纵向磁场测量，我们达到了低至0.3高斯（分别1高斯）的不确定性。结合先前对Ap/Bp星获得的结果，我们的研究证实了A型星之间存在磁二分现象。我们的数据显示，在塞曼效应检测到的星（Ap/Bp星）和非塞曼效应检测到的星（Am和HgMn星）之间，磁场强度至少存在一个数量级的差异。这一结果证实了，光谱定义的Ap/Bp星是唯一携带可检测到的宏观表面磁场的A型星。
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English: Many state-of-the-art ML results have been obtained by scaling up the number
of parameters in existing models. However, parameters and activations for such
large models often do not fit in the memory of a single accelerator device;
this means that it is necessary to distribute training of large models over
multiple accelerators. In this work, we propose PipeDream-2BW, a system that
supports memory-efficient pipeline parallelism. PipeDream-2BW uses a novel
pipelining and weight gradient coalescing strategy, combined with the double
buffering of weights, to ensure high throughput, low memory footprint, and
weight update semantics similar to data parallelism. In addition, PipeDream-2BW
automatically partitions the model over the available hardware resources, while
respecting hardware constraints such as memory capacities of accelerators and
interconnect topologies. PipeDream-2BW can accelerate the training of large GPT
and BERT language models by up to 20$\times$ with similar final model accuracy.
Chinese: 许多最先进的机器学习结果是通过扩展现有模型的参数数量获得的。然而，这类大型模型的参数和激活通常无法放入单个加速器设备的内存中；这意味着需要对大型模型的训练进行分布式处理。在这项工作中，我们提出了PipeDream-2BW，一个支持内存高效流水线并行的系统。PipeDream-2BW采用了一种新颖的流水线策略和权重梯度合并策略，结合权重双缓冲机制，以确保高吞吐量、低内存占用，以及类似数据并行的权重更新语义。此外，PipeDream-2BW能够自动在可用的硬件资源上划分模型，同时尊重硬件约束，如加速器内存容量和互连拓扑。PipeDream-2BW可以在保持相似最终模型精度的前提下，将大型GPT和BERT语言模型的训练速度提升20倍。
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English: We have fabricated a variety of novel molecular tunnel junctions based on
self-assembled-monolayers (SAM) of two-component solid-state mixtures of
molecular wires (1,4 methane benzene-dithiol; Me-BDT with two thiol anchoring
groups), and molecular insulator spacers (1-pentanethiol; PT with one thiol
anchoring group) at different concentration ratios, r of wires/spacers, which
were sandwiched between two metallic electrodes such as gold and cobalt. FTIR
spectroscopy and surface titration were used, respectively to verify the
formation of covalent bonds with the electrodes, and obtain the number of
active molecular wires in the device. The electrical transport properties of
the SAM devices were studied as a function of (i) r-value, (ii) temperatures,
and (iii) different electrodes, via the conductance and differential
conductance spectra. The measurements were used to analyze the Me-BDT density
of states near the electrode Fermi level, and the properties of the interface
barriers. We measured the Me-BDT single molecule resistance at low bias and
gold electrodes to be 6x10^9 Ohm. We also determine the energy difference, D
between the Me-BDT HOMO level and the gold Fermi level to be about 1.8 eV. In
addition we also found that the temperature dependence of the SAM devices with
r < 10^-4 is much weaker than that of the pure PT device (or r = 0), showing a
small interface barrier.
Chinese: 我们基于自组装单分子层（SAM）的两种组分固态混合物分子导线（1,4-甲烷苯并二硫；Me-BDT带有两个硫醇锚定基团）和分子绝缘体间隔物（1-戊硫醇；PT带有一个硫醇锚定基团），在不同的浓度比r（导线/间隔物）下，制备了多种新型分子隧道结。这些隧道结被夹在金和钴等金属电极之间。分别使用FTIR光谱和表面滴定法来验证与电极形成共价键，并获得设备中活性分子导线的数量。通过电导和微分电导光谱研究了SAM器件的电输运特性，作为（i）r值，（ii）温度和（iii）不同电极的函数。测量用于分析电极费米能级附近的Me-BDT态密度和界面势垒的性质。我们在低偏压和金电极下测量了Me-BDT单分子电阻为6x10^9欧姆。我们还确定了Me-BDT HOMO能级与金费米能级之间的能量差D约为1.8 eV。此外，我们还发现，当r < 10^-4时，SAM器件的温度依赖性比纯PT器件（或r = 0）的温度依赖性要弱得多，显示出较小的界面势垒。
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English: We establish $L_q$ convergence for Hamiltonian Monte Carlo algorithms. More
specifically, under mild conditions for the associated Hamiltonian motion, we
show that the outputs of the algorithms converge (strongly for $2\le q<\infty$
and weakly for $1<q<2$) to the desired target distribution.
Chinese: 我们为哈密顿蒙特卡洛算法建立了$L_q$收敛性。更具体地说，在相关哈密顿运动满足轻微条件下，我们表明算法的输出会收敛（对于$2\le q<\infty$为强收敛，对于$1<q<2$为弱收敛）到期望的目标分布。
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English: We construct the basis of a stochastic calculus for so-called Volterra
processes, i.e., processes which are defined as the stochastic integral of a
time-dependent kernel with respect to a standard Brownian motion. For these
processes which are natural generalization of fractional Brownian motion, we
construct a stochastic integral and show some of its main properties:
regularity with respect to time and kernel, transformation under an absolutely
continuous change of probability, possible approximation schemes and Ito
formula.
Chinese: 我们构建了所谓Volterra过程随机微积分的基础，即定义为时间相关核相对于标准布朗运动的随机积分的过程。对于这些作为分数布朗运动的自然推广的过程，我们构建了一个随机积分，并展示了它的一些主要性质：关于时间和核的正则性，在绝对连续的概率变换下的变换，可能的近似方案以及伊藤公式。
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English: Recent advancements in V2X communications have greatly increased the
flexibility of the physical and medium access control (MAC) layers. This
increases the complexity when investigating the system from a network
perspective to evaluate the performance of the supported applications. Such
flexibility needs in fact to be taken into account through a cross-layer
approach, which might lead to challenging evaluation processes. As an accurate
simulation of the signals appears unfeasible, a typical solution is to rely on
simple models for incorporating the physical layer of the supported
technologies, based on off-line measurements or accurate link-level
simulations. Such data is however limited to a subset of possible
configurations and extending them to others is costly when not even impossible.
The goal of this paper is to develop a new approach for modelling the physical
layer of vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communications that can be extended to a
wide range of configurations without leading to extensive measurement or
simulation campaign at the link layer. In particular, given a scenario and
starting from results in terms of packet error rate (PER) vs.
signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) related to a subset of possible
configurations, we derive one parameter, called implementation loss, that is
then used to evaluate the network performance under any configuration in the
same scenario. The proposed methodology, leading to a good trade-off among
complexity, generality, and accuracy of the performance evaluation process, has
been validated through extensive simulations with both IEEE 802.11p and LTE-V2X
sidelink technologies in various scenarios.
Chinese: 近期在V2X通信方面的进步大大增加了物理层和媒体访问控制（MAC）层的灵活性。这当从网络角度调查系统以评估支持的应用性能时增加了复杂性。实际上，这种灵活性需要通过跨层方法来考虑，这可能会导致具有挑战性的评估过程。由于对信号的精确模拟似乎不可行，一个典型的解决方案是依靠基于离线测量或精确链路级模拟的简单模型来包含支持技术的物理层。然而，此类数据仅限于可能的配置子集，而将其扩展到其他配置既昂贵又几乎不可能。本文的目标是开发一种新的方法来模拟车辆到一切（V2X）通信的物理层，该方法可以扩展到广泛的配置，而不会导致在链路层进行广泛的测量或模拟活动。特别是，给定一个场景，并从与可能的配置子集相关的包错误率（PER）与信噪比加干扰（SINR）的结果开始，我们推导出一个参数，称为实现损耗，然后使用该参数来评估同一场景下任何配置的网络性能。所提出的方法在复杂度、通用性和性能评估过程的准确性之间取得了良好的平衡，并通过在多种场景下使用IEEE 802.11p和LTE-V2X sidelink技术进行的广泛模拟得到了验证。
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English: Deep neural networks have shown their vulnerability to adversarial attacks.
In this paper, we focus on sparse adversarial attack based on the $\ell_0$ norm
constraint, which can succeed by only modifying a few pixels of an image.
Despite a high attack success rate, prior sparse attack methods achieve a low
transferability under the black-box protocol due to overfitting the target
model. Therefore, we introduce a generator architecture to alleviate the
overfitting issue and thus efficiently craft transferable sparse adversarial
examples. Specifically, the generator decouples the sparse perturbation into
amplitude and position components. We carefully design a random quantization
operator to optimize these two components jointly in an end-to-end way. The
experiment shows that our method has improved the transferability by a large
margin under a similar sparsity setting compared with state-of-the-art methods.
Moreover, our method achieves superior inference speed, 700$\times$ faster than
other optimization-based methods. The code is available at
https://github.com/shaguopohuaizhe/TSAA.
Chinese: 深度神经网络已显示出对对抗攻击的脆弱性。
在本论文中，我们专注于基于$\ell_0$范数约束的稀疏对抗攻击，它可以通过仅修改图像的少数像素而成功。
尽管攻击成功率很高，但之前的稀疏攻击方法在黑盒协议下由于过度拟合目标模型而具有较低的泛化能力。
因此，我们引入了一种生成器架构来缓解过度拟合问题，从而有效地创建可转移的稀疏对抗示例。
具体来说，生成器将稀疏扰动分解为幅度和位置组件。
我们精心设计了一个随机量化操作符，以端到端的方式联合优化这两个组件。
实验表明，在类似的稀疏性设置中，与最先进的方法相比，我们的方法显著提高了可转移性。
此外，我们的方法实现了优越的推理速度，比其他优化方法快700倍。
代码可在https://github.com/shaguopohuaizhe/TSAA上获取。
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English: We study the inverse problem, or inverse design problem, for a time-evolution
Hamilton-Jacobi equation. More precisely, given a target function $u_T$ and a
time horizon $T>0$, we aim to construct all the initial conditions for which
the viscosity solution coincides with $u_T$ at time $T$. As it is common in
this kind of nonlinear equations, the target might not be reachable. We first
study the existence of at least one initial condition leading the system to the
given target. The natural candidate, which indeed allows determining the
reachability of $u_T$, is the one obtained by reversing the direction of time
in the equation, considering $u_T$ as terminal condition. In this case, we use
the notion of backward viscosity solution, that provides existence and
uniqueness for the terminal-value problem. We also give an equivalent
reachability condition based on a differential inequality, that relates the
reachability of the target with its semiconcavity properties. Then, for the
case when $u_T$ is reachable, we construct the set of all initial conditions
for which the solution coincides with $u_T$ at time $T$. Note that in general,
such initial conditions are not unique. Finally, for the case when the target
$u_T$ is not necessarily reachable, we study the projection of $u_T$ on the set
of reachable targets, obtained by solving the problem backward and then forward
in time. This projection is then identified with the solution of a fully
nonlinear obstacle problem, and can be interpreted as the semiconcave envelope
of $u_T$, i.e. the smallest reachable target bounded from below by $u_T$.
Chinese: 我们研究时间演化Hamilton-Jacobi方程的反问题，或称反设计问题。更确切地说，给定一个目标函数$u_T$和一个时间范围$T>0$，我们的目标是构造所有使得粘性解在时间$T$时与$u_T$相同的初始条件。正如这类非线性方程中常见的那样，目标可能无法达到。我们首先研究至少存在一个初始条件能够将系统引导到给定的目标。自然候选者，确实能够确定$u_T$的可达性，是通过在方程中反转时间方向，将$u_T$视为终端条件得到的。在这种情况下，我们使用向后粘性解的概念，它为终端值问题提供了存在性和唯一性。我们还给出了一种基于微分不等式的等价可达性条件，该条件将目标的可达性与它的半凹性质联系起来。然后，对于$u_T$可达的情况，我们构造了所有在时间$T$时解与$u_T$相同的初始条件集合。请注意，在一般情况下，这样的初始条件不是唯一的。最后，对于目标$u_T$不一定可达的情况，我们研究$u_T$在可达目标集合上的投影，该集合是通过反向然后正向求解问题得到的。这个投影随后被识别为完全非线性障碍问题的解，可以解释为$u_T$的半凹包，即由$u_T$从下界约束的最小可达目标。
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English: Tasks like image reconstruction in computer vision, matrix completion in
recommender systems and link prediction in graph theory, are well studied in
machine learning literature. In this work, we apply a denoising
autoencoder-based neural network architecture to the task of completing partial
multiplication (Cayley) tables of finite semigroups. We suggest a novel loss
function for that task based on the algebraic nature of the semigroup data. We
also provide a software package for conducting experiments similar to those
carried out in this work. Our experiments showed that with only about 10% of
the available data, it is possible to build a model capable of reconstructing a
full Cayley from only half of it in about 80% of cases.
Chinese: 在计算机视觉中的图像重建、推荐系统中的矩阵补全以及图论中的链接预测等任务，在机器学习文献中都有很好的研究。在这项工作中，我们应用了一种基于降噪自编码器的神经网络架构来完成有限半群的部分乘法（凯莱）表的补全任务。我们针对该任务提出了一种基于半群数据的代数性质的新的损失函数。我们还提供了一套软件包，用于进行与这项工作中进行的实验类似的研究。我们的实验表明，仅使用大约10%的可用数据，就有可能在约80%的情况下构建一个能够从其中一半数据重建完整凯莱表模型。
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English: This paper shows that motion vectors representing the true motion of an
object in a scene can be exploited to improve the encoding process of computer
generated video sequences. Therefore, a set of sequences is presented for which
the true motion vectors of the corresponding objects were generated on a
per-pixel basis during the rendering process. In addition to conventional
motion estimation methods, it is proposed to exploit the computer generated
motion vectors to enhance the ratedistortion performance. To this end, a motion
vector mapping method including disocclusion handling is presented. It is shown
that mean rate savings of 3.78% can be achieved.
Chinese: 本文表明，表示场景中物体真实运动的运动矢量可以用于改进计算机生成视频序列的编码过程。因此，提出了一组序列，其中对应物体的真实运动矢量在渲染过程中以像素为单位生成。除了传统的运动估计方法外，还提出利用计算机生成的运动矢量来增强率失真性能。为此，提出了一种包括遮挡处理在内的运动矢量映射方法。结果表明，可以实现平均3.78%的码率节省。
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English: Inferring concerted changes among biological traits along an evolutionary
history remains an important yet challenging problem. Besides adjusting for
spurious correlation induced from the shared history, the task also requires
sufficient flexibility and computational efficiency to incorporate multiple
continuous and discrete traits as data size increases. To accomplish this, we
jointly model mixed-type traits by assuming latent parameters for binary
outcome dimensions at the tips of an unknown tree informed by molecular
sequences. This gives rise to a phylogenetic multivariate probit model. With
large sample sizes, posterior computation under this model is problematic, as
it requires repeated sampling from a high-dimensional truncated normal
distribution. Current best practices employ multiple-try rejection sampling
that suffers from slow-mixing and a computational cost that scales
quadratically in sample size. We develop a new inference approach that exploits
1) the bouncy particle sampler (BPS) based on piecewise deterministic Markov
processes to simultaneously sample all truncated normal dimensions, and 2)
novel dynamic programming that reduces the cost of likelihood and gradient
evaluations for BPS to linear in sample size. In an application with 535 HIV
viruses and 24 traits that necessitates sampling from a 12,840-dimensional
truncated normal, our method makes it possible to estimate the across-trait
correlation and detect factors that affect the pathogen's capacity to cause
disease. This inference framework is also applicable to a broader class of
covariance structures beyond comparative biology.
Chinese: 推断生物性状在进化历史中的协同变化仍然是一个重要但具有挑战性的问题。除了调整由共同历史引起的虚假相关性外，这项任务还需要足够的灵活性和计算效率，以便随着数据规模的增加，能够整合多个连续和离散性状作为数据。为了实现这一点，我们通过假设未知树上末端二元结果维度的潜在参数，并结合分子序列信息，共同模拟混合型性状。这导致了系统发育多元概率模型。在大样本量下，该模型下的后验计算存在问题，因为它需要从高维截断正态分布中进行重复抽样。目前的最佳实践采用多重尝试拒绝采样，但这种方法存在混合缓慢和计算成本随样本量平方级增长的问题。我们开发了一种新的推理方法，该方法利用1)基于分段确定性马尔可夫过程的反弹粒子采样器（BPS）来同时采样所有截断正态维度，以及2)一种新的动态规划方法，该方法将BPS的似然和梯度评估成本降低到线性级。在一个涉及535种HIV病毒和24个性状的应用中，该应用需要从12,840维截断正态分布中进行采样，我们的方法使得能够估计跨性状相关性，并检测影响病原体致病能力的因素。这种推理框架也适用于比较生物学之外的更广泛的协方差结构类别。
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English: We study the relaxations, surface energies, and work functions of low index
metallic surfaces using pseudopotential plane-wave density-functional
calculations within the generalized gradient approximation. We study here the
(100), (110), and (111) surfaces of Al, Pd, Pt, and Au and the (0001) surface
of Ti, chosen for their use as contact or lead materials in nanoscale devices.
We consider clean, mostly non-reconstructed surfaces in the slab-supercell
approximation. Particular attention is paid to the convergence of these
quantities with respect to slab thickness; furthermore, different methodologies
for the calculation of work functions and surfaces energies are compared. We
find that the use of bulk references for calculations of surface energies and
work functions can be detrimental to convergence unless numerical grids are
closely matched, especially when surface relaxations are being considered. Our
results and comparison show that calculated values often do not quantitatively
match experimental values. This may be understandable for the surface
relaxations and surface energies, where experimental values can have large
error, but even for the work functions, neither local nor semi-local
functionals emerge as an accurate choice for every case.
Chinese: 我们使用广义梯度近似下的伪势平面波密度泛函计算，研究了低指数金属表面的弛豫、表面能和功函数。我们研究了Al、Pd、Pt和Au的(100)、(110)和(111)表面以及Ti的(0001)表面，这些表面被选中是因为它们在纳米尺度器件中用作接触或引线材料。我们在板状超单元近似中考虑了清洁的、大多数非重构的表面。特别关注了这些量与板厚度的收敛性；此外，还比较了计算功函数和表面能的不同方法。我们发现，除非数值网格紧密匹配，否则使用体参考计算表面能和功函数可能会损害收敛性，尤其是在考虑表面弛豫时。我们的结果和比较表明，计算值通常在数量上不匹配实验值。对于表面弛豫和表面能，实验值可能存在较大误差，这是可以理解的，但对于功函数，无论是局部还是半局部泛函，似乎都不是每个案例的准确选择。
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English: In this paper we propose a new method to detect and classify coexisting
solutions in nonlinear systems. We focus on mechanical and structural systems
where we usually avoid multistability for safety and reliability. We want to be
sure that in the given range of parameters and initial conditions the expected
solution is the only possible or at least has dominant basin of attraction. We
propose an algorithm to estimate the probability of reaching the solution in
given (accessible) ranges of initial conditions and parameters. We use a
modified method of basin stability (Menck et. al., Nature Physics, 9(2) 2013).
In our investigation we examine three different systems: a Duffing oscillator
with a tuned mass absorber, a bilinear impacting oscillator and a beam with
attached rotating pendula. We present the results that prove the usefulness of
the proposed algorithm and highlight its strengths in comparison with classical
analysis of nonlinear systems (analytical solutions, path-following, basin of
attraction ect.). We show that with relatively small computational effort
(comparing to classical analysis) we can predict the behaviour of the system
and select the ranges in parameter's space where the system behaves in a
presumed way. The method can be used in all types of nonlinear complex systems.
Chinese: 在本文中，我们提出了一种新的方法来检测和分类非线性系统中共存的解。我们专注于机械和结构系统，通常为了避免多稳态以确保安全性和可靠性。我们希望确保在给定的参数范围和初始条件范围内，预期的解是唯一可能的，或者至少具有主导的吸引域。我们提出了一种算法，用于估计在给定（可访问的）初始条件和参数范围中达到解的概率。我们使用了改进的盆地稳定性方法（Menck等，Nature Physics，9(2) 2013）。在我们的研究中，我们考察了三种不同的系统：一个带有调谐质量阻尼器的Duffing振子、一个双线性碰撞振子以及一个带有附着旋转摆的梁。我们展示了证明所提出算法有用性的结果，并强调了与经典非线性系统分析（解析解、路径追踪、吸引域等）相比，该算法的优势。我们表明，与经典分析相比，通过相对较小的计算努力，我们可以预测系统的行为，并选择参数空间中的范围，使得系统以预期的方式行为。该方法可以应用于所有类型的非线性复杂系统。
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English: The effect of Ge substitution on the magnetization, heat capacity,
magnetocaloric effect and magnetoresistance of GdMn2Si2-xGex (x=0, 1, and 2)
compounds has been studied. The magnetic transition associated with the Gd
ordering is found to change from second order to first order on Ge
substitution. Magnetic contributions to the total heat capacity and the entropy
have been estimated. Magnetocaloric effect has been calculated in terms of
adiabatic temperature change (deltaTad) as well as isothermal magnetic entropy
change (deltaSM) using the heat capacity data. The temperature dependence of
the magnetocaloric effect in all the three compounds have shown broad peaks.
The maximum values of deltaSM and deltaTad for GdMn2Ge2 are found to be 5.9
J/kgK and 1.2 K, respectively. The magnetoresistance is found to be very large
and positive with a maximum value of about 22% in the case of GdMn2Ge2. In the
other two compounds also, the magnetoresistance is predominantly positive,
except in the vicinity of the Gd ordering temperature. The anomalous nature of
the magnetocaloric effect and the magnetoresistance has been attributed to the
canted magnetic structure of these compounds.
Chinese: 研究了Ge替代对GdMn2Si2-xGex (x=0, 1和2)化合物的磁化强度、热容、磁热效应和磁阻的影响。研究发现，与Gd有序相关的磁转变在Ge替代下从第二阶转变为第一阶。已估算出磁贡献对总热容和熵的影响。利用热容数据，通过绝热温度变化(ΔTad)和等温磁熵变(ΔSM)计算了磁热效应。三种化合物的磁热效应温度依赖性均显示出宽峰。GdMn2Ge2的最大ΔSM和ΔTad值分别为5.9 J/kgK和1.2 K。研究发现GdMn2Ge2的磁阻非常大且为正值，最大值约为22%。在其他两种化合物中，磁阻也主要为正值，仅在Gd有序温度附近出现异常。磁热效应和磁阻的异常特性归因于这些化合物的倾斜磁结构。
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English: Understanding the parameter estimation of softmax gating Gaussian mixture of
experts has remained a long-standing open problem in the literature. It is
mainly due to three fundamental theoretical challenges associated with the
softmax gating function: (i) the identifiability only up to the translation of
parameters; (ii) the intrinsic interaction via partial differential equations
between the softmax gating and the expert functions in the Gaussian density;
(iii) the complex dependence between the numerator and denominator of the
conditional density of softmax gating Gaussian mixture of experts. We resolve
these challenges by proposing novel Voronoi loss functions among parameters and
establishing the convergence rates of maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) for
solving parameter estimation in these models. When the true number of experts
is unknown and over-specified, our findings show a connection between the
convergence rate of the MLE and a solvability problem of a system of polynomial
equations.
Chinese: 理解softmax门控高斯混合专家的参数估计一直是文献中的一个长期未解问题。这主要归因于与softmax门控函数相关的三个基本理论挑战：(i) 参数的可识别性仅限于参数的平移；(ii) softmax门控函数与高斯密度中的专家函数之间的内在相互作用，通过偏微分方程实现；(iii) softmax门控高斯混合专家的条件密度分子和分母之间的复杂依赖关系。我们通过提出参数之间新颖的Voronoi损失函数，并建立这些模型中参数估计的最大似然估计器（MLE）的收敛率来解决这些挑战。当专家的真实数量未知且过度指定时，我们的发现表明MLE的收敛率与一个多项式方程组的可解性问题之间存在联系。
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English: In the present work, we estimate the decays of the $X(5568)$ and $X(5616)$ in
a $B \bar{K}$ and a $B^\ast \bar{K}$ $S$-wave hadronic molecule scenarios,
respectively, which may corresponding to the structure observed by D0
Collaboration. Our estimation indicates both $B\bar{K}$ and $B^\ast \bar{K}$
hadronic molecule decay widths could explain the experimental data in a proper
model parameter range.
Chinese: 在当前工作中，我们分别估计了$X(5568)$和$X(5616)$在$B \bar{K}$和$B^\ast \bar{K}$ S波强子分子情景下的衰变，这些情景可能与D0合作组观察到的结构相对应。我们的估计表明，$B\bar{K}$和$B^\ast \bar{K}$强子分子的衰变宽度可以在适当的模型参数范围内解释实验数据。
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English: Astrometric microlensing can be used to make precise measurements of the
masses of lens stars that are independent of their assumed internal physics.
Such direct mass measurements, obtained purely by observing the gravitational
effects of the stars on external objects, are crucial for validating
theoretical stellar models. Specifically, astrometric microlensing provides a
channel to direct mass measurements of single stars for which so few
measurements exist. To use the astrometric solutions and photometric
measurements of ~1.7 billion stars from Gaia Data Release 2 to predict
microlensing events during the nominal Gaia mission and beyond. This will
enable astronomers to observe the entirety of each event with appropriate
observing resources. The data will allow precise lens mass measurements for
white dwarfs and low-mass main sequence stars helping to constrain stellar
evolutionary models. I search for source-lens pairs in GDR2 that could lead to
events between 25/07/2014 and 25/07/2026. I estimate lens masses using GDR2
photometry and parallaxes, and appropriate model isochrones. Combined with
source and lens parallax measurements from GDR2, this allows the Einstein
radius to be computed for each pair. By considering the paths on the sky, I
calculate the microlensing signals that are to be expected. I present a list of
76 predicted microlensing events. 9 and 5 astrometric events will be caused by
LAWD37 and Stein2051B. 9 events will exhibit detectable photometric and
astrometric signatures. Of the remaining events, ten will exhibit astrometric
signals with amplitudes above 0.5 mas, while the rest are low-amplitude
astrometric events with amplitudes between 0.131 and 0.5 mas. 5 and 2 events
will reach their peaks during 2018 and 2019. 5 of the photometric events have
the potential to evolve into high-magnification events, which may also probe
for planetary companions to the lenses.
Chinese: 天文微透镜效应可以用来对透镜恒星的质量进行精确测量，这种测量不受其假设的内部物理性质的影响。这种纯粹通过观察恒星对外部物体引力效应而获得的直接质量测量，对于验证恒星理论模型至关重要。具体来说，天文微透镜效应为单星直接质量测量提供了一个渠道，而对于这类单星，现有的测量数据非常少。利用来自盖亚数据发布2的约17亿颗恒星的视星差和光度测量数据，来预测在盖亚任务期间及以后的微透镜事件。这将使天文学家能够使用适当的观测资源观察每个事件的全部。这些数据将允许对白矮星和低质量主序星进行精确的透镜质量测量，有助于约束恒星演化模型。我在GDR2中寻找可能导致2014年7月25日至2026年7月25日之间事件的源-透镜对。我使用GDR2的光度测量和视差以及适当的模型等温线来估计透镜质量。结合GDR2中的源和透镜视差测量，这允许计算每对的爱因斯坦半径。通过考虑天空中的路径，我计算了预期的微透镜信号。我列出了76个预测的微透镜事件。9个和5个天文事件将由LAWD37和Stein2051B引起。9个事件将表现出可检测的光度和天文特征。在剩余的事件中，十个将表现出幅度超过0.5角秒的天文信号，而其余的是幅度在0.131到0.5角秒之间的小幅度天文事件。5个和2个事件将在2018年和2019年达到峰值。其中5个光度事件有可能演变成高放大率事件，这也可能探测到透镜的行星伴星。
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English: Discourse information is difficult to represent and annotate. Among the major
frameworks for annotating discourse information, RST, PDTB and SDRT are widely
discussed and used, each having its own theoretical foundation and focus.
Corpora annotated under different frameworks vary considerably. To make better
use of the existing discourse corpora and achieve the possible synergy of
different frameworks, it is worthwhile to investigate the systematic relations
between different frameworks and devise methods of unifying the frameworks.
Although the issue of framework unification has been a topic of discussion for
a long time, there is currently no comprehensive approach which considers
unifying both discourse structure and discourse relations and evaluates the
unified framework intrinsically and extrinsically. We plan to use automatic
means for the unification task and evaluate the result with structural
complexity and downstream tasks. We will also explore the application of the
unified framework in multi-task learning and graphical models.
Chinese: 话语信息的表示和标注非常困难。在标注话语信息的主要框架中，RST、PDTB和SDRT被广泛讨论和使用，各自拥有自己的理论基础和焦点。在不同框架下标注的语料库差异很大。为了更好地利用现有的话语语料库，并实现不同框架间可能产生的协同效应，研究不同框架之间的系统关系并制定统一框架的方法是值得的。尽管框架统一的问题已经讨论了很长时间，但目前还没有一个综合性的方法考虑同时统一话语结构和话语关系，并且从内在和外在两方面评估统一框架。我们计划使用自动手段来完成统一任务，并通过结构复杂性和下游任务来评估结果。我们还将探索统一框架在多任务学习和图模型中的应用。
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English: Geminga pulsar is surrounded by a multi-TeV $\gamma$-ray halo radiated by the
high energy electrons and positrons accelerated by the central pulsar wind
nebula (PWN). The angular profile of the $\gamma$-ray emission reported by HAWC
indicates an anomalously slow diffusion for the cosmic-ray electrons and
positrons in the halo region around Geminga. In the paper we study the possible
mechanism for the origin of the slow diffusion. At first, we consider the
self-generated Alfv\'en waves due to the streaming instability of the electrons
and positrons released by Geminga. However, even considering a very optimistic
scenario for the wave growth, we find this mechanism DOES NOT work to account
for the extremely slow diffusion at the present day if taking the proper motion
of Geminga pulsar into account. The reason is straightforward as the PWN is too
weak to generate enough high energy electrons and positrons to stimulate strong
turbulence at the late time. We then propose an assumption that the strong
turbulence is generated by the shock wave of the parent supernova remnant (SNR)
of Geminga. Geminga may still be inside the SNR, and we find that the SNR can
provide enough energy to generate the slow-diffusion circumstance. The TeV
halos around PSR B0656+14, Vela X, and PSR J1826-1334 may also be explained
under this assumption.
Chinese: 耿星脉冲星被由中心脉冲星风星云（PWN）加速的高能电子和正电子辐射的多TeV $\gamma$-射线光环所包围。HAWC报告的$\gamma$-射线发射角分布表明，耿星脉冲星周围光环区域的宇宙射线电子和正电子扩散异常缓慢。在本文中，我们研究了慢扩散的可能起源机制。首先，我们考虑了耿星释放的电子和正电子由于流不稳定而产生的自生阿尔芬波。然而，即使考虑到非常乐观的波增长情景，如果我们考虑到耿星脉冲星的自运动，我们发现该机制无法解释当今的异常慢扩散。原因很简单，因为PWN太弱，无法产生足够的高能电子和正电子来在后期激发强烈的湍流。然后，我们提出一个假设，即强烈的湍流是由耿星的母体超新星遗迹（SNR）的冲击波产生的。耿星可能仍然位于SNR内部，我们发现SNR可以提供足够的能量来产生慢扩散环境。PSR B0656+14、Vela X和PSR J1826-1334周围的TeV光环也可能在这个假设下得到解释。
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English: We derive the dark energy fluid equation of state $P = -\epsilon = {\rm
const.}$ as an extremum of entropy, subject to the Hamiltonian constraint of
General Relativity. However, we identify perturbations that can render this
extremum an entropy minimum designating a thermodynamic instability and specify
the mathematical condition for this to occur.
Chinese: 我们从广义相对论的哈密顿约束出发，推导出暗能量流体状态方程 $P = -\epsilon = {\rm const.}$ 作为熵的极值。然而，我们识别出某些扰动能使这个极值成为熵最小值，从而指定发生这种情况的数学条件。
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English: A recently developed theory for eliminating decoherence and design
constraints in quantum computers, ``encoded recoupling and decoupling'', is
shown to be fully compatible with a promising proposal for an architecture
enabling scalable ion-trap quantum computation [D. Kielpinski et al., Nature
417, 709 (2002)]. Logical qubits are encoded into pairs of ions. Logic gates
are implemented using the Sorensen-Molmer (SM) scheme applied to pairs of ions
at a time. The encoding offers continuous protection against collective
dephasing. Decoupling pulses, that are also implemented using the SM scheme
directly to the encoded qubits, are capable of further reducing various other
sources of qubit decoherence, such as due to differential dephasing and due to
decohered vibrational modes. The feasibility of using the relatively slow SM
pulses in a decoupling scheme quenching the latter source of decoherence
follows from the observed 1/f spectrum of the vibrational bath.
Chinese: 一种最近发展的用于消除量子计算机中退相干和设计限制的理论，“编码再耦合和解耦”，被证明与一个能够实现可扩展离子阱量子计算架构的富有前景的提案完全兼容 [D. Kielpinski 等人, Nature 417, 709 (2002)]。逻辑量子比特被编码为一对离子。逻辑门使用应用于每次一对离子的 Sorensen-Molmer (SM) 方案来实现。这种编码提供了对集体退相干的持续保护。解耦脉冲也使用 SM 方案直接应用于编码量子比特，能够进一步减少各种其他量子比特退相干来源，例如由于差分退相干和由于退相干的振动模式。使用相对较慢的 SM 脉冲在解耦方案中淬灭后一种退相干来源的可行性，源于观察到的振动浴的 1/f 谱。
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English: The Freud ensemble of random matrices is the unitary invariant ensemble
corresponding to the weight $\exp(-n |x|^{\beta})$, $\beta>0$, on the real
line. We consider the local behaviour of eigenvalues near zero, which exhibits
a transition in $\beta$. If $\beta\ge 1$, it is described by the standard sine
process. Below the critical value $\beta=1$, it is described by a process
depending on the value of $\beta$, and we determine the first two terms of the
large gap probability in it. This so called weak confinement range $0<\beta<1$
corresponds to the Freud weight with the indeterminate moment problem. We also
find the multiplicative constant in the asymptotic expansion of the Freud
multiple integral for $\beta\ge 1$.
Chinese: 弗洛伊德随机场集合是实数线上对应权重 $\exp(-n |x|^{\beta})$，$\beta>0$ 的酉不变集合。我们考虑特征值在零附近的局部行为，其表现出在 $\beta$ 上的转变。如果 $\beta\ge 1$，它由标准正弦过程描述。在临界值 $\beta=1$ 以下，它由一个依赖于 $\beta$ 值的过程描述，我们确定了其中大间隙概率的前两项。这个所谓的弱约束范围 $0<\beta<1$ 对应于具有不定矩问题的弗洛伊德权重。我们还找到了弗洛伊德多重积分在 $\beta\ge 1$ 的渐近展开中的乘法常数。
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English: $\Delta$-spaces have been defined by a natural generalization of a classical
notion of $\Delta$-sets of reals to Tychonoff topological spaces; moreover, the
class $\Delta$ of all $\Delta$-spaces consists precisely of those $X$ for which
the locally convex space $C_p(X)$ is distinguished.
The aim of this article is to better understand the boundaries of the class
$\Delta$, by presenting new examples and counter-examples.
1) We examine when trees considered as topological spaces equipped with the
interval topology belong to $\Delta$. In particular, we prove that no Souslin
tree is a $\Delta$-space. Other main results are connected with the study of 2)
$\Psi$-spaces built on maximal almost disjoint families of countable sets; and
3) Ladder system spaces.
It is consistent with CH that all ladder system spaces on $\omega_1$ are in
$\Delta$. We show that in forcing extension of ZFC obtained by adding one Cohen
real, there is a ladder system space on $\omega_1$ which is not in $\Delta$.
We resolve several open problems posed in the literature.
Chinese: $\Delta$-空间是通过将经典的实数$\Delta$-集的概念自然推广到Tychonoff拓扑空间来定义的；此外，所有$\Delta$-空间的类$\Delta$恰好由那些使得局部凸空间$C_p(X)$是特殊的$X$组成。
本文的目的是通过提出新的例子和反例来更好地理解类$\Delta$的边界。
1) 我们研究当将树作为具有区间拓扑的拓扑空间考虑时，它们何时属于$\Delta$。特别是，我们证明没有Souslin树是$\Delta$-空间。其他主要结果与以下内容相关：2) 建立在最大几乎不相交的可数集族上的$\Psi$-空间的研究；以及3）阶梯系统空间。
与CH（连续性假设）一致的是，所有在$\omega_1$上的阶梯系统空间都在$\Delta$中。我们表明，在通过添加一个Cohen实数得到的ZFC强制扩展中，存在一个不在$\Delta$中的$\omega_1$上的阶梯系统空间。
我们解决了文献中提出的几个未解决问题。
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English: Few-shot learning with large-scale, pre-trained language models is a powerful
way to answer questions about code, e.g., how to complete a given code example,
or even generate code snippets from scratch. The success of these models raises
the question whether they could serve as a basis for building a wide range code
generation tools. Traditionally, such tools are built manually and separately
for each task. Instead, few-shot learning may allow to obtain different tools
from a single pre-trained language model by simply providing a few examples or
a natural language description of the expected tool behavior. This paper
studies to what extent a state-of-the-art, pre-trained language model of code,
Codex, may serve this purpose. We consider three code manipulation and code
generation tasks targeted by a range of traditional tools: (i) code mutation;
(ii) test oracle generation from natural language documentation; and (iii) test
case generation. For each task, we compare few-shot learning to a manually
built tool. Our results show that the model-based tools complement (code
mutation), are on par (test oracle generation), or even outperform their
respective traditionally built tool (test case generation), while imposing far
less effort to develop them. By comparing the effectiveness of different
variants of the model-based tools, we provide insights on how to design an
appropriate input ("prompt") to the model and what influence the size of the
model has. For example, we find that providing a small natural language
description of the code generation task is an easy way to improve predictions.
Overall, we conclude that few-shot language models are surprisingly effective,
yet there is still more work to be done, such as exploring more diverse ways of
prompting and tackling even more involved tasks.
Chinese: 小样本学习与大规模预训练语言模型相结合是一种强大的方法，可以回答关于代码的问题，例如如何完成给定的代码示例，甚至从头生成代码片段。这些模型的成功引发了它们是否可以作为构建一系列代码生成工具的基础的问题。传统上，这类工具是针对每个任务手动和独立构建的。相反，小样本学习可能通过仅提供少量示例或对预期工具行为的自然语言描述，从一个预训练语言模型中获得不同的工具。本文研究了最先进的代码预训练语言模型Codex在多大程度上可以实现这一目的。我们考虑了传统工具针对的三种代码操作和代码生成任务：(i)代码变异；(ii)从自然语言文档生成测试预言机；以及(iii)测试用例生成。对于每个任务，我们将小样本学习与手动构建的工具进行了比较。我们的结果表明，基于模型的工具在代码变异方面补充了传统工具，在测试预言机生成方面与之相当，甚至在测试用例生成方面超越了它们各自的传统工具，而开发这些工具所需的工作量却少得多。通过比较基于模型的不同变体的有效性，我们提供了如何设计合适的模型输入（“提示”）以及模型大小的影响方面的见解。例如，我们发现提供一个小型自然语言描述的代码生成任务是一种简单的方法来提高预测。总的来说，我们得出结论，小样本语言模型出乎意料地有效，但仍有更多工作要做，例如探索更多样化的提示方式以及处理更复杂的任务。
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English: We present analytic solutions to the spatially homogeneous axion field
equation, using a model potential which strongly resembles the $(1-\cos
\theta)$ standard anharmonic potential. We find that the anharmonicity
amplifies early universe axion density fluctuations, but only significantly so
for relatively large initial misalignment angles. Enhancements of $\sim$
(2,3,4,13) result for $\theta_{\rm in}\sim (0.85,0.90,0.95,0.99)\times\pi$. The
large $\theta$ result agrees with Lyth, and so validates his approximations.
Chinese: 我们利用一个与 $(1-\cos\theta)$ 标准非简谐势非常相似的模型势，对空间均匀轴子场方程进行了解析求解。我们发现，非简谐性放大了早期宇宙轴子密度涨落，但这种放大作用仅在相对较大的初始失配角度下才显著。对于 $\theta_{\rm in}\sim (0.85,0.90,0.95,0.99)\times\pi$，结果增强了 $\sim$ (2,3,4,13)。大 $\theta$ 的结果与 Lyth 的理论一致，因此验证了他的近似。
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English: Graphene, as a two-dimensional magneto-optical material, supports
magnetoplasmon polaritons (MPP) when exposed to an applied magnetic field.
Recently, MPP of a single-layer graphene has shown an excellent capability in
the modulation of near-field radiative heat transfer (NFRHT). In this study, we
present a comprehensive theoretical analysis of NFRHT between two multilayered
graphene structures, with a particular focus on the multiple MPP effect. We
reveal the physical mechanism and evolution law of the multiple MPP, and we
demonstrate that the multiple MPP allow one to mediate, enhance, and tune the
NFRHT by appropriately engineering the properties of graphene, the number of
graphene sheets, the intensity of magnetic fields, as well as the geometric
structure of systems. We show that the multiple MPP have a quite significant
distinction relative to the single MPP or multiple surface plasmon polaritons
(SPPs) in terms of modulating and manipulating NFRHT.
Chinese: 作为二维磁光材料，碳纳米管在施加磁场时支持磁等离子体极化激元（MPP）。最近，单层碳纳米管的MPP在调控近场热辐射传输（NFRHT）方面展现出优异的能力。本研究全面分析了多层碳纳米管结构间的近场热辐射传输，重点研究多重MPP效应。我们揭示了多重MPP的物理机制和演化规律，并证明通过合理设计碳纳米管特性、层数、磁场强度及系统几何结构，可实现对近场热辐射传输的调节。研究表明，与单重MPP或多重表面等离子体极化激元（SPPs）相比，多重MPP在调控和操控近场热辐射传输方面具有显著差异。
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English: We consider the problem of whether a given decision model, working with
structured data, has individual fairness. Following the work of Dwork, a model
is individually biased (or unfair) if there is a pair of valid inputs which are
close to each other (according to an appropriate metric) but are treated
differently by the model (different class label, or large difference in
output), and it is unbiased (or fair) if no such pair exists. Our objective is
to construct verifiers for proving individual fairness of a given model, and we
do so by considering appropriate relaxations of the problem. We construct
verifiers which are sound but not complete for linear classifiers, and
kernelized polynomial/radial basis function classifiers. We also report the
experimental results of evaluating our proposed algorithms on publicly
available datasets.
Chinese: 我们考虑了给定的决策模型是否在处理结构化数据时具有个体公平性的问题。遵循Dwork的工作，如果一个模型存在一对有效的输入，它们彼此接近（根据适当的度量标准），但模型对它们的治疗方式不同（不同的类别标签或输出差异很大），则该模型是具有个体偏差（或不公平）的；如果不存在这样的对，则该模型是无偏的（或公平的）。我们的目标是构建验证器，以证明给定模型的个体公平性，我们通过考虑适当的问题放松来实现这一点。我们构建了针对线性分类器和核化多项式/径向基函数分类器的验证器，这些验证器是安全的，但不完整的。我们还报告了在公开数据集上评估我们提出的算法的实验结果。
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English: We present a new definition of influences in product spaces of continuous
distributions. Our definition is geometric, and for monotone sets it is
identical with the measure of the boundary with respect to uniform enlargement.
We prove analogs of the Kahn-Kalai-Linial (KKL) and Talagrand's influence sum
bounds for the new definition. We further prove an analog of a result of
Friedgut showing that sets with small "influence sum" are essentially
determined by a small number of coordinates. In particular, we establish the
following tight analog of the KKL bound: for any set in $\mathbb{R}^n$ of
Gaussian measure $t$, there exists a coordinate $i$ such that the $i$th
geometric influence of the set is at least $ct(1-t)\sqrt{\log n}/n$, where $c$
is a universal constant. This result is then used to obtain an isoperimetric
inequality for the Gaussian measure on $\mathbb{R}^n$ and the class of sets
invariant under transitive permutation group of the coordinates.
Chinese: 我们在连续分布的产品空间中提出了一个新的影响定义。我们的定义是几何的，对于单调集，它与相对于均匀放大的边界测度相同。我们证明了新定义的Kahn-Kalai-Linial (KKL) 和 Talagrand 影响和界限的类似物。我们进一步证明了Friedgut结果的类似物，该结果表明具有小"影响和"的集合基本上由少数坐标决定。特别是，我们建立了KKL界限的一个紧密类似物：对于任何高斯测度为t的$\mathbb{R}^n$中的集合，存在一个坐标i，使得集合的第i个几何影响至少为$ct(1-t)\sqrt{\log n}/n$，其中c是一个通用常数。然后利用该结果获得了$\mathbb{R}^n$上高斯测度以及坐标的传递置换群下不变集合的等周不等式。
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English: By comparing the orbital period distributions of black hole and neutron star
low mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs) in the Ritter-Kolb catalogue we show that there
is statistical evidence for a dearth of black hole systems at short orbital
periods (P_orb < 4h). This could either be due to a true divergence in orbital
period distributions of these two types of system, or to black hole LMXBs being
preferentially hidden from view at short orbital periods. We explore the latter
possibility, by investigating whether black hole LMXBs could be concealed by a
switch to radiatively inefficient accretion at low luminosities. The peak
luminosity and the duration of X-ray binary outbursts are related to the disc
radius and, hence, the orbital period. At short periods, where the peak
outburst luminosity drops close to the threshold for radiatively inefficient
accretion, black hole LMXBs have lower outburst luminosities, shorter outburst
durations and lower X-ray duty cycles than comparable neutron star systems.
These factors can combine to severely reduce the detection probability of short
period black hole LMXBs relative to those containing neutron stars. We estimate
the outburst properties and orbital period distribution of black hole LMXBs
using two models of the transition to radiatively inefficient accretion: an
instantaneous drop in accretion efficiency (eta) to zero, at a fraction (f) of
the Eddington luminosity (L_Edd) and a power-law efficiency decrease, eta
\propto \dot{M}^n, for L < f*L_Edd. We show that a population of black hole
LMXBs at short orbital periods can only be hidden by a sharp drop in
efficiency, either instantaneous or for n >= 3. This could be achieved by a
genuine drop in luminosity or through abrupt spectral changes that shift the
accretion power out of a given X-ray band.
Chinese: 通过比较Ritter-Kolb目录中黑洞和中子星低质量X射线双星（LMXBs）轨道周期分布，我们展示了在短轨道周期（P_orb < 4小时）上黑洞系统存在统计学上的不足。这可能是由于这两种系统在轨道周期分布上的真实差异，或者是因为在短轨道周期上黑洞LMXBs更倾向于隐藏在视线之外。我们探索了后一种可能性，通过研究黑洞LMXBs是否可能通过在低光度下切换到辐射效率较低的吸积模式而被隐藏。X射线双星的峰值亮度和爆发持续时间与圆盘半径有关，因此与轨道周期有关。在短周期上，当峰值爆发亮度接近辐射效率较低的吸积阈值时，黑洞LMXBs的爆发亮度较低，爆发持续时间较短，X射线有效时间较短，相比之下，中子星系统则具有更高的爆发亮度、更长的爆发持续时间和更高的X射线有效时间。这些因素结合起来可以极大地降低短周期黑洞LMXBs相对于包含中子星的系统的探测概率。我们使用两种模型来估计黑洞LMXBs的爆发性质和轨道周期分布：一种是在爱丁顿光度（L_Edd）的某个分数（f）处，吸积效率（η）突然降至零，另一种是当L < f*L_Edd时，吸积效率按幂律衰减，η ∝ ∘M^n。我们表明，只有通过效率的急剧下降，无论是瞬间还是n ≥ 3，才能隐藏短周期黑洞LMXBs的人口。这可能是由于真实的光度下降或通过突然的谱变化将吸积功率移出给定的X射线波段。
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English: Application of the background-field method to the electroweak Standard-Model
yields a gauge-invariant effective action giving rise to simple Ward
identities. We find that in the background-field `t Hooft-Feynman gauge the
resulting vertex functions are exactly those that are obtained using the pinch
technique. Thus, the background-field method provides a general framework that
generalizes the pinch technique directly and uniquely to arbitrary Green
functions and arbitrary orders of perturbation theory. Moreover, the desirable
properties of the pinch-technique vertex functions hold for arbitrary gauge
parameters and have a simple explanation within the background- field method.
Chinese: 将背景场方法应用于标准模型电弱部分的计算，得到的是一个规范不变有效作用量，它导致简单的Ward恒等式。我们发现，在背景场“t'Hooft-Feynman规范下，得到的顶点函数恰好与使用截断技术得到的结果相同。因此，背景场方法提供了一个通用的框架，它直接且唯一地将截断技术推广到任意的格林函数和任意阶的微扰论中。此外，截断技术顶点函数的期望性质对于任意的规范参数都成立，并且在背景场方法中有一个简单的解释。
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English: This paper presents an approach for surgical phase recognition using video
data, aiming to provide a comprehensive understanding of surgical procedures
for automated workflow analysis. The advent of robotic surgery, digitized
operating rooms, and the generation of vast amounts of data have opened doors
for the application of machine learning and computer vision in the analysis of
surgical videos. Among these advancements, Surgical Phase Recognition(SPR)
stands out as an emerging technology that has the potential to recognize and
assess the ongoing surgical scenario, summarize the surgery, evaluate surgical
skills, offer surgical decision support, and facilitate medical training. In
this paper, we analyse and evaluate both frame-based and video clipping-based
phase recognition on thoracic surgery dataset consisting of 11 classes of
phases. Specifically, we utilize ImageNet ViT for image-based classification
and VideoMAE as the baseline model for video-based classification. We show that
Masked Video Distillation(MVD) exhibits superior performance, achieving a top-1
accuracy of 72.9%, compared to 52.31% achieved by ImageNet ViT. These findings
underscore the efficacy of video-based classifiers over their image-based
counterparts in surgical phase recognition tasks.
Chinese: 本文提出了一种利用视频数据识别手术阶段的方法，旨在为自动化工作流程分析提供对手术过程的全面理解。机器人手术、数字化手术室以及大量数据的产生为机器学习和计算机视觉在手术视频分析中的应用打开了大门。在这些进步中，手术阶段识别（SPR）作为一种新兴技术脱颖而出，具有识别和评估正在进行中的手术场景、总结手术过程、评估手术技能、提供手术决策支持以及促进医学培训的潜力。在本文中，我们分析了基于帧和基于视频剪辑的阶段识别在包含11个阶段类别的胸腔手术数据集上的表现。具体来说，我们利用ImageNet ViT进行基于图像的分类，并将VideoMAE作为基于视频分类的基线模型。我们表明，掩码视频蒸馏（MVD）表现出优异的性能，其准确率达到72.9%，而ImageNet ViT的准确率为52.31%。这些发现强调了基于视频的分类器在手术阶段识别任务中相对于基于图像的对应物的有效性。
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English: The Long Term Evolution of UMTS is one of the latest steps in an advancing
series of mobile telecommunications systems. Many articles have already been
published on the LTE subject but these publications have viewed the subject
from particular perspectives. In the present paper, a different approach has
been taken. We are interested in the security features and the cryptographic
algorithms used to ensure confidentiality and integrity of the transmitted
data. A closer look is taken to the two EPS confidentiality and integrity
algorithms based on the block cipher algorithm AES: the confidentiality
algorithm EEA2 and the integrity algorithm EIA2. Furthermore, we focused on the
implementation of both algorithms in C language in respect to the
specifications requirements. We have tested our implementations according to
the testsets given by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)
implementation document. Some examples of the implementation tests are
presented bellow.
Chinese: UMTS的长期演进是移动通信系统不断进步过程中的最新一步。关于LTE的文章已经发表了很多，但这些出版物都是从特定的角度来审视这个主题的。在本文中，我们采取了不同的方法。我们对确保传输数据机密性和完整性的安全特性和加密算法感兴趣。更深入地研究了基于分组密码算法AES的两个EPS机密性和完整性算法：机密性算法EEA2和完整性算法EIA2。此外，我们还关注了这两种算法在C语言中的实现，以及它们对规范要求的符合程度。我们已经根据第三代合作伙伴项目（3GPP）的实施文档中给出的测试集对我们的实现进行了测试。下面将展示一些实现测试的例子。
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English: The possibility of half-metallic antiferromagnetism, a special case of
ferrimagnetism with a compensated magnetization, in the diluted magnetic
semiconductors is highlighted on the basis of the first principles electronic
structure calculation. As typical examples, the electrical and magnetic
properties of II-VI compound semiconductors doped with 3d transition metal ion
pairs--(V, Co) and (Fe, Cr)--are discussed.
Chinese: 在基于第一性原理电子结构计算的基础上，强调了在稀释磁性半导体中半金属反铁磁性的可能性，这是一种具有补偿磁化的铁磁性的特殊情况。作为典型例子，讨论了掺杂3d过渡金属离子对（V, Co）和（Fe, Cr）的II-VI族化合物半导体的电学和磁学性质。
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English: Special Relativity is taught to physics sophomores at Johns Hopkins
University in a series of eight lectures. Lecture 1 covers the principle of
relativity and the derivation of the Lorentz transform. Lecture 2 covers length
contraction and time dilation. Lecture 3 covers Minkowski diagrams,
simultaneous events and causally connected events, as well as velocity
transforms. Lecture 4 covers energy and momentum of particles and introduces
4-vectors. Lecture 5 covers energy and momentum of photons and collision
problems. Lecture 6 covers Doppler effect and aberration. Lecture 7 covers
relativistic dynamics. Optional Lecture 8 covers field transforms. The main
purpose of these notes is to introduce 4-vectors and the matrix notation and to
demonstrate their use in solving standard problems in Special Relativity. The
pre-requisites for the class are calculus-based Classical Mechanics and
Electricity & Magnetism, and Linear Algebra is highly recommended.
Chinese: 狭义相对论在约翰霍普金斯大学通过八次讲座向物理系本科二年级学生授课。第一次讲座涵盖相对性原理和洛伦兹变换的推导。第二次讲座涵盖长度收缩和时间膨胀。第三次讲座涵盖密克威斯图、同时事件和因果关联事件，以及速度变换。第四次讲座涵盖粒子的能量和动量，并介绍四维矢量。第五次讲座涵盖光子的能量和动量及碰撞问题。第六次讲座涵盖多普勒效应和光行差。第七次讲座涵盖相对论动力学。选修的第八次讲座涵盖场变换。这些笔记的主要目的是介绍四维矢量和矩阵符号，并演示它们在求解狭义相对论标准问题中的应用。该课程的前置课程是基于微积分的经典力学和电学与磁学，强烈推荐学习线性代数。
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English: A model universe is analyzed with $N$ protons and electrons where there are
electromagnetic and spin interactions in the Hamiltonian is investigated in the
context of quantum shape kinematics. We have found that quantum shape space
exists for $N\geq 4$ particles and has $2N-7$ functional degrees of freedom in
the case of spin-1/2 particles. The emergence of space is associated with
non-vanishing expectation value $\langle L^2 \rangle$. We have shown that for
odd $N$ space always emerges, and for large even $N$ space almost always
emerges because $\langle L^2 \rangle \neq 0$ for almost all states. In the
limit $N\to\infty$ the density of states that yields $\langle L^2 \rangle=0$
vanishes. Therefore we conclude that the space is almost always emergent in
quantum shape kinematics.
Chinese: 对包含$N$个质子和电子的模型宇宙进行分析，研究了哈密顿量中的电磁和自旋相互作用，并在量子形状动力学背景下进行探讨。我们发现，当粒子数为$N\geq 4$时存在量子形状空间，且对于自旋为1/2的粒子，该空间具有$2N-7$个功能自由度。空间的涌现与非零的$\langle L^2 \rangle$期望值相关。我们证明，当$N$为奇数时空间必然涌现，而当$N$为较大的偶数时几乎必然涌现，因为几乎所有态的$\langle L^2 \rangle\neq 0$。在$N\to\infty$的极限下，导致$\langle L^2 \rangle=0$的态密度消失。因此我们得出结论：在量子形状动力学中，空间几乎总是涌现的。
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English: We show that provided $\log^{50} n/n \leq p \leq 1 - n^{-1/4}\log^9 n$ we can
with high probability find a collection of $\lfloor \delta(G)/2 \rfloor$
edge-disjoint Hamilton cycles in $G \sim G_{n, p}$, plus an additional
edge-disjoint matching of size $\lfloor n/2 \rfloor$ if $\delta(G)$ is odd.
This confirms, for the above range of $p$, a conjecture of Frieze and
Krivelevich.
Chinese: 我们表明，当 $\log^{50} n/n \leq p \leq 1 - n^{-1/4}\log^9 n$ 时，我们可以以高概率在 $G \sim G_{n, p}$ 中找到 $\lfloor \delta(G)/2 \rfloor$ 个边不交的哈密顿回路，如果 $\delta(G)$ 是奇数，则再加上一个大小为 $\lfloor n/2 \rfloor$ 的边不交匹配。这证实了 Frieze 和 Krivelevich 对于上述 $p$ 范围的一个猜想。
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English: Despite a large experimental effort, so far no evidence for flavour-violating
decays of charged leptons such as $l_i\to l_j\gamma$ and $l_i\to l_j l_k l_k$
has been found. The absence of a signal puts very severe constraints on many
extensions of the Standard Model. Here we apply a model independent approach by
studying such decays in the Standard Model effective field theory. Going beyond
leading order in the Standard Model couplings and considering all dimension 6
operators that might lead to lepton-flavour violation, we are able to extract
limits on a large number of Wilson coefficients of such operators. We are also
able to compare the impact of particular searches and find, for example, that
flavour-violating decays of the $Z$-boson $Z\to \mu e$ are much more
constrained from low-energy experiments $\mu\to e \gamma$ than from the limits
of current and future direct searches at high energy.
Chinese: 尽管进行了大量实验研究，迄今为止尚未发现任何关于带电轻子的味违反衰变（如$l_i\to l_j\gamma$和$l_i\to l_j l_k l_k$）的证据。信号缺失给许多标准模型扩展带来了极其严格的限制。在此，我们采用一种模型无关的方法，通过研究标准模型有效场论中的这类衰变来进行分析。通过超越标准模型耦合的一级项，并考虑所有可能导致轻子味违反的维度6算子，我们能够提取出大量此类算子的Wilson系数的限制。我们还能比较不同实验的约束效果，例如发现$Z$玻色子的味违反衰变$Z\to \mu e$受到低能实验$\mu\to e \gamma$的约束远强于当前和未来高能直接搜索的极限。
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English: The recent emergence of NVMe flash devices with Zoned Namespace support, ZNS
SSDs, represents a significant new advancement in flash storage. ZNS SSDs
introduce a new storage abstraction of append-only zones with a set of new I/O
(i.e., append) and management (zone state machine transition) commands. With
the new abstraction and commands, ZNS SSDs offer more control to the host
software stack than a non-zoned SSD for flash management, which is known to be
complex (because of garbage collection, scheduling, block allocation,
parallelism management, overprovisioning). ZNS SSDs are, consequently, gaining
adoption in a variety of applications (e.g., file systems, key-value stores,
and databases), particularly latency-sensitive big-data applications. Despite
this enthusiasm, there has yet to be a systematic characterization of ZNS SSD
performance with its zoned storage model abstractions and I/O operations. This
work addresses this crucial shortcoming. We report on the performance features
of a commercially available ZNS SSD (13 key observations), explain how these
features can be incorporated into publicly available state-of-the-art ZNS
emulators, and recommend guidelines for ZNS SSD application developers. All
artifacts (code and data sets) of this study are publicly available at
https://github.com/stonet-research/NVMeBenchmarks.
Chinese: 支持区命名空间（ZNS）的NVMe闪存设备、ZNS SSD，代表了闪存存储领域的一项重大新进展。ZNS SSD引入了一种新的存储抽象——仅追加区，并附带一组新的I/O（即追加）和管理（区状态机转换）命令。凭借新的抽象和命令，ZNS SSD在闪存管理方面为宿主软件栈提供了比非分区SSD更精细的控制权，而闪存管理已知是复杂的（因为涉及垃圾回收、调度、块分配、并行管理、超配额）。因此，ZNS SSD正在各种应用（例如文件系统、键值存储和数据库）中获得采用，特别是延迟敏感型大数据应用。尽管如此热情高涨，但目前还没有针对ZNS SSD及其分区存储模型抽象和I/O操作进行系统性表征的研究。本工作弥补了这一关键不足。我们报告了一款商用ZNS SSD（13项关键观察结果）的性能特征，解释了这些特征如何被整合到公开可用的最先进ZNS模拟器中，并为ZNS SSD应用开发者提供了指导方针。本研究所有产出物（代码和数据集）均已公开发布在https://github.com/stonet-research/NVMeBenchmarks。
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English: We present encube $-$ a qualitative, quantitative and comparative
visualisation and analysis system, with application to high-resolution,
immersive three-dimensional environments and desktop displays. encube extends
previous comparative visualisation systems by considering: 1) the integration
of comparative visualisation and analysis into a unified system; 2) the
documentation of the discovery process; and 3) an approach that enables
scientists to continue the research process once back at their desktop. Our
solution enables tablets, smartphones or laptops to be used as interaction
units for manipulating, organising, and querying data. We highlight the
modularity of encube, allowing additional functionalities to be included as
required. Additionally, our approach supports a high level of collaboration
within the physical environment. We show how our implementation of encube
operates in a large-scale, hybrid visualisation and supercomputing environment
using the CAVE2 at Monash University, and on a local desktop, making it a
versatile solution. We discuss how our approach can help accelerate the
discovery rate in a variety of research scenarios.
Chinese: 我们呈现了encube $-$ 一个定性、定量和比较性的可视化与分析系统，应用于高分辨率、沉浸式三维环境和桌面显示器。encube通过考虑以下方面扩展了先前的比较性可视化系统：1）将比较性可视化和分析整合到一个统一的系统；2）记录发现过程；3）一种方法，使得科学家回到桌面后仍能继续研究过程。我们的解决方案使平板电脑、智能手机或笔记本电脑能够作为交互单元来操作、组织和查询数据。我们强调了encube的模块化，允许根据需要包含附加功能。此外，我们的方法支持物理环境中高度的协作。我们展示了我们在Monash大学CAVE2的实施中，如何在大型、混合的可视化与超级计算环境中操作encube，以及在本地桌面上操作，使其成为一个多功能的解决方案。我们讨论了我们的方法如何帮助加速各种研究场景中的发现速度。
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English: The effect of vacancy and water adsorption on the electronic structure of
semiconducting 2D trichalcogenide material CrPX$_3$ (X: S, Se) is studied using
state-of-the-art density functional theory (DFT) approach. It is found that
chalcogen vacancies play a minor role on the electronic structure of CrPX$_3$
in the vicinity of the Fermi level leading to the slightly reduced band gap for
these materials, however, inducing strongly localised defect states which are
placed in the energy gap formed by the valence band states. Our DFT
calculations show that the interaction of water molecules with CrPX$_3$,
pristine and defective, can be described as physisorption and the adsorption
energy for H$_2$O is insensitive to the difference between pristine and
chalcogen-defective surface of trichalcogenide material. These results are the
first steps for the theoretical description of the ambient molecules
interaction with 2D semiconducting CrPX$_3$ material, that is important for its
future experimental studies and possible applications.
Chinese: 使用最先进的密度泛函理论（DFT）方法研究了空位和水吸附对半导体2D三硫族化合物材料CrPX$_3$（X: S, Se）电子结构的影响。研究发现，硫族空位在费米能级附近对CrPX$_3$的电子结构作用较小，导致这些材料的带隙略有减小，但会诱导强烈局域化的缺陷态，这些缺陷态位于由价带态形成的能隙中。我们的DFT计算表明，水分子与CrPX$_3$（原始和有缺陷的）的相互作用可以描述为物理吸附，并且H$_2$O的吸附能量对三硫族化合物材料原始表面和硫族缺陷表面的差异不敏感。这些结果是理论描述环境分子与二维半导体CrPX$_3$材料相互作用的第一步，这对于其未来的实验研究和可能的实际应用具有重要意义。
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English: In this paper, A new sixth-order weighted essentially non-oscillatory (WENO)
scheme, refered as the WENO-6, is proposed in the finite volume framework for
the hyperbolic conservation laws. Instead of selecting one stencil for each
cell in the classical WENO scheme [10], two independent stencils are used for
two ends of the considering cell in the current approach. Meanwhile, the
stencils, which are used for the reconstruction of variables at both sides of
interface, are symmetrical. Compared with the classical WENO scheme [10], the
current WENO scheme achieves one order of improvement in accuracy with the same
stencil. The reconstruction procedure is defined by a convex combination of
reconstructed values at cell interface, which are constructed from two
quadratic and two cubic polynomials. The essentially non-oscillatory property
is achieved by the similar weighting methodology as the classical WENO scheme.
A variety of numerical examples are presented to validate the accuracy and
robustness of the current scheme.
Chinese: 在这篇论文中，提出了一种新的六阶加权本质非振荡（WENO）方案，称为WENO-6，该方案在有限体积框架下用于双曲守恒律。与经典WENO方案[10]中为每个单元格选择一个模板不同，当前方法为考虑的单元格两端使用两个独立的模板。同时，用于界面两侧变量重建的模板是对称的。与经典WENO方案[10]相比，当前WENO方案在相同模板下实现了精度的一个阶数提升。重建过程由单元格界面重建值的凸组合定义，这些值由两个二次和两个三次多项式构建。通过类似于经典WENO方案的方法，实现了本质非振荡性质。通过多种数值示例来验证当前方案的精度和鲁棒性。
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English: In this paper, we introduce the idea of decomposing the residuals of
regression with respect to the data instances instead of features. This allows
us to determine the effects of each individual instance on the model and each
other, and in doing so makes for a model-agnostic method of identifying
instances of interest. In doing so, we can also determine the appropriateness
of the model and data in the wider context of a given study. The paper focuses
on the possible applications that such a framework brings to the relatively
unexplored field of instance analysis in the context of Explainable AI tasks.
Chinese: 在这篇论文中，我们提出了根据数据实例而不是特征来分解回归残差的想法。这使得我们能够确定每个单独实例对模型及其彼此的影响，并在这一过程中为识别感兴趣的实例提供了一种模型无关的方法。通过这种方式，我们还可以确定模型和数据在给定研究背景下的适用性。本文重点关注这种框架在可解释人工智能任务背景下对相对未开发的实例分析领域的潜在应用。
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English: It is practically shown that a pair of neutrinos from tau decay can form a
flavor entangled state. With this kind of state we show that the locality
constrains imposed by Bell inequality are violated by the quantum mechanics,
and an experimental test of this effect is feasible within the earth's length
scale. Theoretically, the quantum entanglement of neutrino pairs can be
employed to the use of long distance cryptography distribution in a protocol
similar to the BB84.
Chinese: 实验表明，来自τ衰变的一对中微子可以形成味纠缠态。利用这种状态，我们证明了量子力学违背了贝尔不等式所施加的局域性约束，并且这种效应的实验检验在地球尺度内是可行的。理论上，中微子对的量子纠缠可用于类似BB84协议的长距离密码学分发。
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English: We study dynamics of a classical particle in a one-dimensional potential,
which is composed of two periodic components, that are time-independent, have
equal amplitudes and periodicities. One of them is externally driven by a
random force and thus performs a diffusive-type motion with respect to the
other. We demonstrate that here, under certain conditions, the particle may
move unidirectionally with a constant velocity, despite the fact that the
random force averages out to zero. We show that the physical mechanism
underlying such a phenomenon resembles the work of an escapement-type device in
watches; upon reaching certain level, random fluctuations exercise a locking
function creating the points of irreversibility in particle's trajectories such
that the particle gets uncompensated displacements. Repeated (randomly) in each
cycle, this process ultimately results in a random ballistic-type motion. In
the overdamped limit, we work out simple analytical estimates for the
particle's terminal velocity. Our analytical results are in a very good
agreement with the Monte Carlo data.
Chinese: 我们研究了一个经典粒子在一维势中的动力学，这个势由两个周期性成分组成，它们是时间无关的，具有相等的振幅和周期性。其中之一受到一个随机力的外部驱动，因此相对于另一个粒子表现出扩散类型的运动。我们证明，在一定的条件下，粒子可能以恒定的速度单向移动，尽管随机力的平均值为零。我们表明，这种现象背后的物理机制类似于手表中的摆轮装置的工作；当达到一定水平时，随机波动会发挥锁定功能，在粒子的轨迹中创造不可逆的点，从而使粒子获得不可补偿的位移。在每个周期中重复（随机）进行，这个过程最终导致随机弹道类型运动。在过阻尼极限下，我们为粒子的终端速度找到了简单的解析估计。我们的分析结果与蒙特卡洛数据非常吻合。
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English: Scotogenic models constitute an appealing solution to the generation of
neutrino masses and to the dark matter mystery. In this work we consider a
version of the Scotogenic model that breaks lepton number spontaneously. At
this scope, we extend the particle content of the Scotogenic model with an
additional singlet scalar which acquires a non-zero vacuum expectation value
and breaks a global lepton number symmetry. As a consequence, a massless
Goldstone boson, the majoron, appears in the particle spectrum. We discuss how
the presence of the majoron modifies the phenomenology, both in flavor and dark
matter observables. We focus on the fermionic dark matter candidate and analyze
its relic abundance and prospects for both direct and indirect detection.
Chinese: 斯科托根模型构成了一个有吸引力的解决方案，用于生成中微子质量和解决暗物质之谜。在这项工作中，我们考虑了一种自发破缺轻子数的斯科托根模型。在此范围内，我们通过引入一个额外的单态标量扩展了斯科托根模型的粒子内容，该标量获得非零真空期望值并破缺全局轻子数对称性。因此，在粒子谱中会出现一个无质量的戈登玻色子——马约朗子。我们讨论了马约朗子的存在如何改变现象学，包括味道和暗物质观测。我们重点关注费米子暗物质候选者，并分析其遗迹丰度以及直接和间接探测的前景。
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English: If F is a surface with boundary, then a finitely generated subgroup without
peripheral elements of G = {\pi}_1(F) can be separated from finitely many other
elements of G by a finite index subgroup of G corresponding to a finite cover
F' with the same number of boundary components as F .
Chinese: 如果 F 是一个带有边界的曲面，那么 G = {\pi}_1(F) 的一个有限生成的子群，且没有边缘元素，可以与 G 中的有限多个其他元素分开，通过 G 的一个有限指数子群，对应于一个有限覆盖 F'，其边界组成部分与 F 相同。
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English: It has become standard that, when a SAT solver decides that a CNF $\Gamma$ is
unsatisfiable, it produces a certificate of unsatisfiability in the form of a
refutation of $\Gamma$ in some proof system. The system typically used is DRAT,
which is equivalent to extended resolution (ER) -- for example, until this year
DRAT refutations were required in the annual SAT competition. Recently
[Bogaerts et al.~2023] introduced a new proof system, associated with the tool
VeriPB, which is at least as strong as DRAT and is further able to handle
certain symmetry-breaking techniques. We show that this system simulates the
proof system $G_1$, which allows limited reasoning with QBFs and forms the
first level above ER in a natural hierarchy of proof systems. This hierarchy is
not known to be strict, but nevertheless this is evidence that the system of
[Bogaerts et al. 2023] is plausibly strictly stronger than ER and DRAT. In the
other direction, we show that symmetry-breaking for a single symmetry can be
handled inside ER.
Chinese: 当一个SAT求解器判定CNF $\Gamma$不可满足时，它通常会以某个证明系统中的$\Gamma$反驳形式来生成不可满足性证明。通常使用的系统是DRAT，它等价于扩展合一（ER）——例如，直到今年，SAT年度竞赛都要求提交DRAT反驳。最近[Bogaerts等2023]引入了一个新的证明系统，与工具VeriPB相关联，该系统至少与DRAT一样强大，并且还能处理某些对称破缺技术。我们证明该系统模拟了证明系统$G_1$，后者允许对QBF进行有限推理，并在自然证明系统层次结构中构成了ER之上的第一层级。虽然这个层次结构是否严格尚不明确，但这一证据表明[Bogaerts等2023]提出的系统很可能比ER和DRAT严格更强。另一方面，我们证明单个对称的对称破缺可以在ER内部处理。
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English: Tree-cut width is a graph parameter introduced by Wollan that is an analogue
of treewidth for the immersion order on graphs in the following sense: the
tree-cut width of a graph is functionally equivalent to the largest size of a
wall that can be found in it as an immersion. In this work we propose a variant
of the definition of tree-cut width that is functionally equivalent to the
original one, but for which we can state and prove a tight duality theorem
relating it to naturally defined dual objects: appropriately defined brambles
and tangles. Using this result we also propose a game characterization of
tree-cut width.
Chinese: 树剪宽度是由Wollan提出的一个图参数，它是在图的沉浸序中相对于树宽度的类比。在以下意义上，一个图的树剪宽度是它作为沉浸所能找到的最大墙的大小的一个函数等价物：树剪宽度的概念与一个图作为沉浸所能找到的最大墙的大小是函数等价的。在本工作中，我们提出了一个相对于原始定义的树剪宽度的变体，它与原始定义在功能上是等价的，但对于此我们可以陈述并证明一个紧缩的双边性定理，它与自然定义的对偶对象：适当定义的纠缠和网有关。利用这一结果，我们也提出了一个树剪宽度的游戏表征。
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English: We present SCUBA-2 and SMA follow-up observations of four candidate high
redshift Dusty Star-Forming Galaxies, selected as sources with rising SEDs in
the 250, 350 and 500$\mu$m Herschel SPIRE bands. Previous SMA observations
showed no counterparts to these sources, but in our deeper sub-mm observations
we detect counterparts to all four 500$\mu$m risers, with three resolving into
multiple systems. For these three multiple systems, the SMA 345GHz ($\approx
870\mu$m) observations recover $123 \pm 73\%$, $60 \pm 15\%$ and $19 \pm 4\%$
respectively of the integrated 850$\mu$m flux density from SCUBA-2, indicating
that there may be additional sources below our SMA detection limit making up a
dense, protocluster core. The fourth 500$\mu$m riser was observed at a lower
frequency and so we cannot make a similar comparison. We estimate photometric
redshifts based on FIR/sub-mm colours, finding that 3/4 likely lie at $z \geq
2$. This fits with the interpretation that the 500$\mu$m riser selection
criterion selects both intrinsically red, individual galaxies at $z > 4$, and
multiple systems at more moderate redshifts, artificially reddened by the
effects of blending. We use the SCUBA-2 850$\mu$m maps to investigate the
environments of these 500$\mu$m risers. By constructing cumulative number
counts and estimating photometric redshifts for surrounding SCUBA-2 detections,
we find that one of our 500$\mu$m risers could plausibly reside in a $z \geq 2$
protocluster. We infer that bright 500$\mu$m risers with faint 850$\mu$m flux
densities are typically multiple systems at $z \geq 2$ that may reside in
overdensities of bright sub-mm galaxies.
Chinese: 我们展示了针对四个候选高红移 dusty star-forming 旋涡星系的 SCUBA-2 和 SMA 后续观测结果，这些星系被选为在 250、350 和 500$\mu$m 的 Herschel SPIRE 波段中呈现上升的 SED 光谱。之前的 SMA 观测显示这些源没有对应体，但在我们更深的亚毫米观测中，我们探测到所有四个 500$\mu$m 上升源的对应体，其中三个分解为多个系统。对于这三个多重系统，SMA 345GHz ($\approx 870\mu$m) 观测分别恢复 SCUBA-2 整合 850$\mu$m 流量密度的 $123 \pm 73\%$、$60 \pm 15\%$ 和 $19 \pm 4\%$，表明在我们的 SMA 探测极限之下可能存在其他源，共同构成一个致密的原星系核。第四个 500$\mu$m 上升源在更低频率下被观测，因此我们无法进行类似的比较。我们基于红外/亚毫米颜色估计光度红移，发现 3/4 可能位于 $z \geq 2$。这与 500$\mu$m 上升源选择标准同时选择 $z > 4$ 的内在红、单个星系以及在中等红移处由混合效应造成人为变红的多个系统的解释相符。我们使用 SCUBA-2 850$\mu$m 图像来研究这些 500$\mu$m 上升源的环境。通过构建累积数量计数并估计周围 SCUBA-2 观测的光度红移，我们发现我们一个 500$\mu$m 上升源可能合理地位于 $z \geq 2$ 的原星系中。我们推断具有暗弱 850$\mu$m 流量密度的明亮 500$\mu$m 上升源通常是 $z \geq 2$ 的多重系统，可能位于明亮亚毫米星系的过密区域。
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English: We investigate retrolensing by two photon spheres in a novel black-bounce
spacetime suggested by Lobo et al. which can correspond to a Schwarzschild
black hole, a regular black hole, and a traversable wormhole including an
Ellis-Bronnikov wormhole. In a case, the wormhole has a throat which acts as a
photon sphere and it has another photon sphere outside of the throat. With the
sun as a light source, an observer, and the wormhole are lined up in this
order, sunlight reflected slightly outside of the throat and barely outside and
inside of the outer photon sphere can reach the observer. We show that the
light rays reflected by the outer photon sphere are dominant in retrolensing
light curves in the case.
Chinese: 我们研究了洛博等人提出的创新性黑弹时空中的双光子球体反透镜现象，这种时空可以对应于史瓦西黑洞、普通黑洞以及包含埃利斯-布罗尼科夫虫洞的可穿越虫洞。在这种情况下，虫洞有一个充当光子球的 throat，并且在外部 throat 之外还有一个光子球。以太阳作为光源、观察者和虫洞依次排列，太阳光在 throat 略微外侧和外部光子球的外侧和内侧反射后，可以到达观察者。我们表明，在这种情况下，由外部光子球反射的光线在反透镜光曲线中占主导地位。
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English: We describe a design to implement a two-qubit geometric phase gate, by which
a pair of electrons confined in adjacent quantum dots are entangled. The
entanglement is a result of the Coulomb exchange interaction between the
optically excited exciton-polaritons and the localized spins. This optical
coupling, resembling the electron-electron Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida (RKKY)
inter- actions, offers high speed, high fidelity two-qubit gate operation with
moderate cavity quality factor Q. The errors due to the finite lifetime of the
polaritons can be minimized by optimizing the optical pulse parameters
(duration and energy). The proposed design, using electrostatic quantum dots,
maximizes entanglement and ensures scalability.
Chinese: 我们描述了一种实现双量子比特几何相位的方案，通过该方案，一对被限制在相邻量子点中的电子被纠缠。这种纠缠是由于光激发的激子极化子与局域自旋之间的库仑交换相互作用的结果。这种光耦合类似于电子-电子鲁德曼-基特尔-加西亚-约西达（RKKY）相互作用，它提供了高速、高保真度的双量子比特门操作，并且具有适中的腔体品质因子Q。通过优化光学脉冲参数（持续时间与能量），可以最小化由于激子寿命有限而引起的误差。所提出的方案使用静电量子点，最大化纠缠并确保可扩展性。
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English: Automated detection of voice disorders with computational methods is a recent
research area in the medical domain since it requires a rigorous endoscopy for
the accurate diagnosis. Efficient screening methods are required for the
diagnosis of voice disorders so as to provide timely medical facilities in
minimal resources. Detecting Voice disorder using computational methods is a
challenging problem since audio data is continuous due to which extracting
relevant features and applying machine learning is hard and unreliable. This
paper proposes a Long short term memory model (LSTM) to detect pathological
voice disorders and evaluates its performance in a real 400 testing samples
without any labels. Different feature extraction methods are used to provide
the best set of features before applying LSTM model for classification. The
paper describes the approach and experiments that show promising results with
22% sensitivity, 97% specificity and 56% unweighted average recall.
Chinese: 利用计算方法自动检测嗓音障碍是医学领域的新研究方向，因为它需要严格的内窥镜检查才能进行准确诊断。为在有限资源下及时提供医疗设施，需要高效的嗓音障碍筛查方法。使用计算方法检测嗓音障碍是一个具有挑战性的问题，因为音频数据具有连续性，导致提取相关特征和应用机器学习既困难又不可靠。本文提出了一种长短期记忆模型（LSTM）来检测病理性嗓音障碍，并在无标签的400个真实测试样本中评估其性能。在应用LSTM模型进行分类前，使用了不同的特征提取方法以提供最佳特征集。本文描述了该方法和实验，结果显示出22%的灵敏度、97%的特异性和56%的未加权平均召回率。
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English: Physics informed neural network (PINN) based solution methods for
differential equations have recently shown success in a variety of scientific
computing applications. Several authors have reported difficulties, however,
when using PINNs to solve equations with multiscale features. The objective of
the present work is to illustrate and explain the difficulty of using standard
PINNs for the particular case of divergence-form elliptic partial differential
equations (PDEs) with oscillatory coefficients present in the differential
operator. We show that if the coefficient in the elliptic operator
$a^{\epsilon}(x)$ is of the form $a(x/\epsilon)$ for a 1-periodic coercive
function $a(\cdot)$, then the Frobenius norm of the neural tangent kernel (NTK)
matrix associated to the loss function grows as $1/\epsilon^2$. This implies
that as the separation of scales in the problem increases, training the neural
network with gradient descent based methods to achieve an accurate
approximation of the solution to the PDE becomes increasingly difficult.
Numerical examples illustrate the stiffness of the optimization problem.
Chinese: 基于物理信息神经网络（PINN）的微分方程求解方法在最近的各种科学计算应用中显示出成功。然而，一些作者报告说，在使用PINN求解具有多尺度特征的方程时遇到了困难。本工作的目标是说明并解释使用标准PINN求解具有微分算子中存在振荡系数的特定情况下的发散形式椭圆偏微分方程（PDEs）的困难。我们表明，如果椭圆算子中的系数$a^{\epsilon}(x)$的形式为$a(x/\epsilon)$，对于1周期性的 coercive 函数$a(\cdot)$，那么与损失函数相关的神经切线核（NTK）矩阵的Frobenius范数随着$1/\epsilon^2$增长。这意味着随着问题中尺度分离的增加，使用基于梯度下降的方法训练神经网络以实现对PDE解的准确逼近变得越来越困难。数值示例说明了优化问题的刚性。
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English: Using the exact path integral solution for the damped harmonic oscillator it
is shown that in general there does not exist an exact dissipative Liouville
operator describing the dynamics of the oscillator for arbitrary initial bath
preparations. Exact non-stationary Liouville operators can be found only for
particular preparations. Three physically meaningful examples are examined. An
exact new master equation is derived for thermal initial conditions. Second,
the Liouville operator governing the time-evolution of equilibrium correlations
is obtained. Third, factorizing initial conditions are studied. Additionally,
one can show that there are approximate Liouville operators independent of the
initial preparation describing the long time dynamics under appropriate
conditions. The general form of these approximate master equations is derived
and the coefficients are determined for special cases of the bath spectral
density including the Ohmic, Drude and weak coupling cases. The connection with
earlier work is discussed.
Chinese: 使用谐振子阻尼精确路径积分解，表明在一般情况下，对于任意初始浴准备，不存在描述振荡器动力学的精确耗散Liouville算符。仅对特定准备可以找到精确的非稳态Liouville算符。研究了三个具有物理意义的例子。导出了对于热初始条件的确切新主方程。其次，得到了描述平衡相关性时间演化的Liouville算符。第三，研究了因子化初始条件。此外，可以证明在适当条件下，存在与初始准备无关的近似Liouville算符，描述在长时间内的动力学。这些近似主方程的一般形式被推导，对于特殊情况下的浴谱密度，包括欧姆、德鲁德和弱耦合情况，系数被确定。与早期工作的联系被讨论。
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English: We study the classical dynamics of a completion of pure AdS gravity in 3D,
whose only degrees of freedom are boundary gravitons and long strings. We argue
that the best regime for describing pure gravity is that of "heavy" strings,
for which back-reaction effects on the metric must be taken into account. We
show that once back-reaction is properly accounted for, regular finite-energy
states are produced by heavy strings even in the infinite-tension limit. Such a
process is similar to, but different from, nucleation of space out of a "bubble
of nothing."
Chinese: 我们研究3D纯AdS引力的完备化的经典动力学，其唯一自由度是边界引力子和长弦。我们论证描述纯引力的最佳机制是"重弦"机制，此时必须考虑对度规的反作用效应。我们表明，一旦正确处理反作用效应，重弦即使在无限张力极限下也能产生正规有限能量态。这一过程与从"虚无之泡"中产生空间的成核过程相似，但又有所不同。
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English: Integrated fiducial cross sections for the production of four leptons via the
H to 4l decays (l = e, mu) are measured in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 and 8
TeV. Measurements are performed with data corresponding to integrated
luminosities of 5.1 inverse femtobarns at 7 TeV, and 19.7 inverse femtobarns at
8 TeV, collected with the CMS experiment at the LHC. Differential cross
sections are measured using the 8 TeV data, and are determined as functions of
the transverse momentum and rapidity of the four-lepton system, accompanying
jet multiplicity, transverse momentum of the leading jet, and difference in
rapidity between the Higgs boson candidate and the leading jet. A measurement
of the Z to 4l cross section, and its ratio to the H to 4l cross section is
also performed. All cross sections are measured within a fiducial phase space
defined by the requirements on lepton kinematics and event topology. The
integrated H to 4l fiducial cross section is measured to be 0.56 +0.67-0.44
(stat) +0.21-0.06 (syst) fb at 7 TeV, and 1.11 +0.41-0.35 (stat) +0.14-0.10
(syst) fb at 8 TeV. The measurements are found to be compatible with
theoretical calculations based on the standard model.
Chinese: 在质子-质子碰撞中（碰撞能量为7和8 TeV），通过H衰变产生四个轻子的积分 fiducial 截面被测量（l = e, μ）。测量是在LHC上的CMS实验收集的数据中进行的，这些数据对应的积分亮度分别为在7 TeV时5.1倒飞秒栏，以及在8 TeV时19.7倒飞秒栏。使用8 TeV数据测量了微分截面，并将其作为四个轻子系统的横动量、快速性、伴随的喷注数、最领先喷注的横动量以及希格斯玻色子候选者与最领先喷注之间快速性差的函数来确定。还进行了Z衰变产生四个轻子的截面测量及其与H衰变产生四个轻子的截面之比。所有截面均在由轻子动力学和事件拓扑要求的 fiducial 相空间内进行测量。在7 TeV下测得的积分H衰变产生四个轻子的 fiducial 截面为0.56 +0.67-0.44（统计）+0.21-0.06（系统）fb，在8 TeV下为1.11 +0.41-0.35（统计）+0.14-0.10（系统）fb。测量结果与基于标准模型的理论计算结果一致。
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English: We study a model of random graph where vertices are $n$ i.i.d. uniform random
points on the unit sphere $S^d$ in $\mathbb{R}^{d+1}$, and a pair of vertices
is connected if the Euclidean distance between them is at least $2- \epsilon$.
We are interested in the chromatic number of this graph as $n$ tends to
infinity.
It is not too hard to see that if $\epsilon > 0$ is small and fixed, then the
chromatic number is $d+2$ with high probability. We show that this holds even
if $\epsilon \to 0$ slowly enough. We quantify the rate at which $\epsilon$ can
tend to zero and still have the same chromatic number. The proof depends on
combining topological methods (namely the Lyusternik--Schnirelman--Borsuk
theorem) with geometric probability arguments. The rate we obtain is best
possible, up to a constant factor --- if $\epsilon \to 0$ faster than this, we
show that the graph is $(d+1)$-colorable with high probability.
Chinese: 我们研究一个随机图模型，其中顶点是 $\mathbb{R}^{d+1}$ 中单位球面 $S^d$ 上 $n$ 个 i.i.d. 的均匀随机点，如果两个顶点之间的欧几里得距离至少为 $2- \epsilon$，则它们之间有一条边。我们关注的是当 $n$ 趋于无穷时该图的色数。
不难看出，如果 $\epsilon > 0$ 很小且固定，那么色数以高概率为 $d+2$。我们证明即使 $\epsilon$ 以足够慢的速度趋于零，这一结论仍然成立。我们量化了 $\epsilon$ 可以以多快的速率趋于零而仍然保持相同的色数。该证明依赖于结合拓扑方法（即 Lyusternik--Schnirelman--Borsuk 定理）与几何概率论证。我们得到的速率在常数因子范围内是最优的——如果 $\epsilon$ 以比这更快的速度趋于零，我们证明该图以高概率是 $(d+1)$-可着色的。
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English: Permutation matrices play an important role in understand the structure of
magic squares. In this work, we use a class of symmetric permutation matrices
than can be used to categorize magic squares. Many magic squares with a high
degree of symmetry are studied, including classes that are generalizations of
those categorized by Dudeney in 1917. We show that two classes of such magic
squares are singular and the eigenspectra of such magic squares are highly
structured. Lastly, we prove that natural magic squares of singly-even order of
these classes do note exist.
Chinese: 置换矩阵在理解幻方结构中扮演着重要角色。在这项工作中，我们使用一类对称置换矩阵，可以用来对幻方进行分类。研究了具有高度对称性的许多幻方，包括那些在1917年由Dudeney分类的类的推广。我们表明，这类幻方的两个类别是奇异的，这类幻方的特征谱具有高度结构。最后，我们证明这些类中单偶数阶的自然幻方不存在。
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English: For the large-scale linear discrete ill-posed problem $\min\|Ax-b\|$ or
$Ax=b$ with $b$ contaminated by white noise, the Golub-Kahan bidiagonalization
based LSQR method and its mathematically equivalent CGLS, the Conjugate
Gradient (CG) method applied to $A^TAx=A^Tb$, are most commonly used. They have
intrinsic regularizing effects, where the iteration number $k$ plays the role
of regularization parameter. The long-standing fundamental question is: {\em
Can LSQR and CGLS find 2-norm filtering best possible regularized solutions}?
The author has given definitive answers to this question for severely and
moderately ill-posed problems when the singular values of $A$ are simple. This
paper extends the results to the multiple singular value case, and studies the
approximation accuracy of Krylov subspaces, the quality of low rank
approximations generated by Golub-Kahan bidiagonalization and the convergence
properties of Ritz values. For the two kinds of problems, we prove that LSQR
finds 2-norm filtering best possible regularized solutions at semi-convergence.
Particularly, we consider some important and untouched issues on best, near
best and general rank $k$ approximations to $A$ for the ill-posed problems with
the singular values $\sigma_k=\mathcal{O}(k^{-\alpha})$ with $\alpha>0$, and
the relationships between them and their nonzero singular values. Numerical
experiments confirm our theory. The results on general rank $k$ approximations
and the properties of their nonzero singular values apply to several Krylov
solvers, including LSQR, CGME, MINRES, MR-II, GMRES and RRGMRES.
Chinese: 对于大规模线性离散不适定问题 $\min\|Ax-b\|$ 或 $Ax=b$，其中 $b$ 被白噪声污染，Golub-Kahan 双对角化 LSQR 方法和其数学等价的 CGLS（共轭梯度法应用于 $A^TAx=A^Tb$）是最常用的方法。它们具有内在的正则化效果，其中迭代次数 $k$ 起到正则化参数的作用。一个长期存在的基本问题是：{\em LSQR 和 CGLS 能否找到 2-范数最优滤波正则化解？} 当 $A$ 的奇异值为简单奇异值时，作者已对这个问题的严重和中等不适定情况给出了明确答案。本文将结果扩展到多重奇异值的情况，并研究了 Krylov 子空间的逼近精度、Golub-Kahan 双对角化生成的低秩逼近质量以及 Ritz 值的收敛性。对于这两种问题，我们证明了 LSQR 在半收敛时找到 2-范数最优滤波正则化解。特别地，我们考虑了不适定问题（奇异值 $\sigma_k=\mathcal{O}(k^{-\alpha})$，$\alpha>0$）关于最佳、近最佳和一般秩 $k$ 逼近 $A$ 的一些重要且未被触及的问题，以及它们与其非零奇异值之间的关系。数值实验证实了我们的理论。关于一般秩 $k$ 逼近及其非零奇异值性质的结果适用于多种 Krylov 求解器，包括 LSQR、CGME、MINRES、MR-II、GMRES 和 RRGMRES。
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English: We show that a finite connected quiver Q with no oriented cycles is tame if
and only if for each dimension vector $\mathbf{d}$ and each integral weight
$\theta$ of Q, the moduli space $\mathcal{M}(Q,\mathbf{d})^{ss}_{\theta}$ of
$\theta$-semi-stable $\mathbf{d}$-dimensional representations of Q is just a
projective space. In order to prove this, we show that the tame quivers are
precisely those whose weight spaces of semi-invariants satisfy a certain
log-concavity property. Furthermore, we characterize the tame quivers as being
those quivers Q with the property that for each Schur root $\mathbf{d}$ of Q,
the field of rational invariants $k(rep(Q,\mathbf{d}))^{GL(\mathbf{d})}$ is
isomorphic to $k$ or $k(t)$. Next, we extend this latter description to
canonical algebras. More precisely, we show that a canonical algebra $\Lambda$
is tame if and only if for each generic root $\mathbf{d}$ of $\Lambda$ and each
indecomposable irreducible component C of $rep(\Lambda,\mathbf{d})$, the field
of rational invariants $k(C)^{GL(\mathbf{d})}$ is isomorphic to $k$ or $k(t)$.
Along the way, we establish a general reduction technique for studying fields
of rational invariants on Schur irreducible components of representation
varieties.
Chinese: 我们证明，一个有限连通的没有定向循环的准代数Q是可驯服的，当且仅当对于每个维度向量$\mathbf{d}$和Q的每个整权重$\theta$，Q的$\theta$-半稳定$\mathbf{d}$维表示的模空间$\mathcal{M}(Q,\mathbf{d})^{ss}_{\theta}$仅仅是射影空间。为了证明这一点，我们表明，满足一定凸凹性的准代数Q的权重空间是半不变量的，这些准代数是可驯服的。此外，我们将可驯服的准代数Q定义为满足以下性质的准代数：对于Q的每个Schur根$\mathbf{d}$，Q的$\mathbf{d}$维表示的理数不变域$k(rep(Q,\mathbf{d}))^{GL(\mathbf{d})}$与$k$或$k(t)$同构。接下来，我们将这一描述扩展到规范代数上。更精确地说，我们证明，一个规范代数$\Lambda$是可驯服的，当且仅当对于$\Lambda$的每个泛根$\mathbf{d}$和$rep(\Lambda,\mathbf{d})$的不可分解不可约分量C，$k(C)^{GL(\mathbf{d})}$与$k$或$k(t)$同构。在此过程中，我们建立了一种研究表示空间Schur不可约分量上的理数不变域的场的通用减少技术。
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English: We study existence and uniqueness of the invariant measure for a stochastic
process with degenerate diffusion, whose infinitesimal generator is a linear
subelliptic operator in the whole space R N with coefficients that may be
unbounded. Such a measure together with a Liouville-type theorem will play a
crucial role in two applications: the ergodic problem studied through
stationary problems with vanishing discount and the long time behavior of the
solution to a parabolic Cauchy problem. In both cases, the constants will be
characterized in terms of the invariant measure.
Chinese: 我们研究了一个具有退化扩散的随机过程的固有测度存在性和唯一性，其无穷小生成器在整个空间R N上是一个线性亚椭圆算子，其系数可能是不有界的。这样的测度与一个Liouville型定理一起，将在两个应用中发挥关键作用：通过具有消失折现的平衡问题研究的热力学问题，以及抛物型柯西问题的解的长时间行为。在这两种情况下，常数将通过固有测度来表征。
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English: A colored graph is a directed graph in which nodes or edges have been
assigned colors that are not necessarily unique. Observability problems in such
graphs consider whether an agent observing the colors of edges or nodes
traversed on a path in the graph can determine which node they are at currently
or which nodes were visited earlier in the traversal. Previous research efforts
have identified several different notions of observability as well as the
associated properties of graphs for which those observability properties hold.
This paper unifies the prior work into a common framework with several new
results about relationships between those notions and associated graph
properties. The new framework provides an intuitive way to reason about the
attainable accuracy as a function of lag and time spent observing, and
identifies simple modifications to improve the observability of a given graph.
We show that one form of the graph modification problem is in NP-Complete. The
intuition of the new framework is borne out with numerical experiments. This
work has implications for problems that can be described in terms of an agent
traversing a colored graph, including the reconstruction of hidden states in a
hidden Markov model (HMM).
Chinese: 有色图是一种有向图，其中节点或边被赋予了颜色，这些颜色不一定是唯一的。在这样图中考虑观察性问题，即观察到路径上经过的边的颜色或节点的颜色，代理能否确定当前节点的位置或此前访问过的节点。先前的研究工作已经识别了几种不同的观察性概念，以及那些观察性性质成立的图的关联性质。本文将先前的研究工作统一到一个通用框架中，并提供了关于这些概念和关联图性质之间关系的几个新结果。新的框架提供了一种直观的方式来推理关于滞后和观察时间函数上可达到的准确性的问题，并识别了简单的修改以提高给定图的观察性。我们证明了一类图修改问题是NP-完全的。新框架的直觉通过数值实验得到验证。这项工作对描述为代理在有色图中移动的问题有影响，包括隐马尔可夫模型（HMM）中隐状态的重建。
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English: High-resolution radar sensors are able to resolve multiple detections per
object and therefore provide valuable information for vehicle environment
perception. For instance, multiple detections allow to infer the size of an
object or to more precisely measure the object's motion. Yet, the increased
amount of data raises the demands on tracking modules: measurement models that
are able to process multiple detections for an object are necessary and
measurement-to-object associations become more complex. This paper presents a
new variational radar model for tracking vehicles using radar detections and
demonstrates how this model can be incorporated into a Random-Finite-Set-based
multi-object filter. The measurement model is learned from actual data using
variational Gaussian mixtures and avoids excessive manual engineering. In
combination with the multiobject tracker, the entire process chain from the raw
measurements to the resulting tracks is formulated probabilistically. The
presented approach is evaluated on experimental data and it is demonstrated
that the data-driven measurement model outperforms a manually designed model.
Chinese: 高分辨率雷达传感器能够对单个目标进行多次检测，因此为车辆环境感知提供有价值的信息。例如，多次检测可以推断目标的大小或更精确地测量目标的运动。然而，数据量的增加提高了对跟踪模块的要求：需要能够处理单个目标多次检测的测量模型，而测量与目标的关联变得更加复杂。本文提出了一种新的变分雷达模型，用于利用雷达检测跟踪车辆，并展示了该模型如何融入基于随机有限集的多目标滤波器中。测量模型通过变分高斯混合模型从实际数据中学习，避免了过多的手动设计。结合多目标跟踪器，从原始测量到最终轨迹的整个处理链被概率化表述。该方法在实验数据上进行了评估，并证明了数据驱动的测量模型优于手动设计的模型。
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English: This paper presents an effective algorithm for selecting cluster heads in
mobile ad hoc networks using ant colony optimization. A cluster in an ad hoc
network consists of a cluster head and cluster members which are at one hop
away from the cluster head. The cluster head allocates the resources to its
cluster members. Clustering in MANET is done to reduce the communication
overhead and thereby increase the network performance. A MANET can have many
clusters in it. This paper presents an algorithm which is a combination of the
four main clustering schemes- the ID based clustering, connectivity based,
probability based and the weighted approach. An Ant colony optimization based
approach is used to minimize the number of clusters in MANET. This can also be
considered as a minimum dominating set problem in graph theory. The algorithm
considers various parameters like the number of nodes, the transmission range
etc. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is an effective
methodology for finding out the minimum number of cluster heads.
Chinese: 本文提出了一种基于蚁群优化的移动自组织网络簇头选择的有效算法。自组织网络中的簇由簇头和距离簇头一跳的簇成员组成。簇头为其簇成员分配资源。在移动自组织网络中进行簇划分是为了减少通信开销，从而提高网络性能。移动自组织网络中可以包含多个簇。本文提出了一种结合四种主要簇划分方案的算法——基于ID的簇划分、基于连接性的簇划分、基于概率的簇划分以及加权方法。采用基于蚁群优化的方法来最小化移动自组织网络中的簇数量。这也可以被视为图论中的最小支配集问题。该算法考虑了各种参数，如节点数量、传输范围等。实验结果表明，所提出的算法是一种有效的方法，用于寻找最小数量的簇头。
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English: In this paper, we explore possibilities of resolving the Hubble tension and
$(g-2)_{\mu}$ anomaly simultaneously in a U(1)$_{L_\mu - L_\tau}$ model with
Majoron. We only focus on a case where the Majoron $\phi$ does not exist at the
beginning of the universe and is created by neutrino inverse decay $\nu\nu\to
\phi$ after electron-positron annihilation. In this case, contributions of the
new gauge boson $Z'$ and Majoron $\phi$ to the effective number of neutrino
species $N_{\rm eff}$ can be calculated in separate periods. These contribution
are labelled $N'_{\rm eff}$ for the U(1)$_{L_\mu - L_\tau}$ gauge boson and
$\Delta N_{\rm eff}^\prime$ for the Majoron. The effective number $N_{\rm eff}
= N'_{\rm eff} + \Delta N_{\rm eff}^\prime$ is evaluated by the evolution
equations of the temperatures and the chemical potentials of light particles in
each period.
As a result, we found that the heavier $Z'$ mass $m_{Z^\prime}$ results in
the smaller $N_{\mathrm{eff}}^\prime$ and requires the larger $\Delta
N_{\mathrm{eff}}^\prime$ to resolve the Hubble tension. Therefore, compared to
previous studies, the parameter region where the Hubble tension can be resolved
is slightly shifted toward the larger value of $m_{Z^\prime}$.
Chinese: 在这篇论文中，我们探讨了在U(1)_L_μ-L_τ模型中同时解决哈勃张力($(g-2)_{\mu}$异常)的可能性，并引入Majoron。我们仅关注一种情况，即Majoron $\phi$ 在宇宙开始时不存在，而是在电子-正电子湮灭后通过中微子逆衰变 $\nu\nu\to \phi$ 产生的。在此情况下，新规范玻色子 $Z'$ 和Majoron $\phi$ 对有效中微子物种数 $N_{\rm eff}$ 的贡献可以在不同的时期分别计算。这些贡献分别标记为 $N'_{\rm eff}$ 对于U(1)_L_μ-L_τ规范玻色子和 $\Delta N_{\rm eff}^\prime$ 对于Majoron。有效数 $N_{\rm eff} = N'_{\rm eff} + \Delta N_{\rm eff}^\prime$ 通过每个时期的温度和光子化学势的演化方程进行评估。
结果，我们发现较重的 $Z'$ 质量 $m_{Z^\prime}$ 导致 $N_{\mathrm{eff}}^\prime$ 更小，并且需要更大的 $\Delta N_{\mathrm{eff}}^\prime$ 来解决哈勃张力。因此，相比之前的研究所得出的参数区域，哈勃张力可解区域略微向 $m_{Z^\prime}$ 更大的值偏移。
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English: The purpose of this article is to bring structure to (basic) hypergeometric
biorthogonal systems, in particular to the q-Askey scheme of basic
hypergeometric orthogonal polynomials. We aim to achieve this by looking at the
limits as p->0 of the elliptic hypergeometric biorthogonal functions from
Spiridonov, with parameters which depend in varying ways on p. As a result we
get 38 systems of biorthogonal functions with for each system at least one
explicit measure for the bilinear form. Amongst these we indeed recover the
q-Askey scheme. Each system consists of (basic hypergeometric) rational
functions or polynomials.
Chinese: 本文旨在为（基本）超几何双正交系统建立结构，特别是针对基本超几何正交多项式的q-阿斯凯方案。我们试图通过研究Spiridonov的椭圆超几何双正交函数在p->0时的极限来达成此目标，其参数以不同方式依赖于p。结果我们得到38个双正交函数系统，每个系统至少有一个双线性形式的具体测度。在这些系统中，我们确实恢复了q-阿斯凯方案。每个系统都由（基本超几何）有理函数或多项式组成。
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English: Two novel descriptions of weak {\omega}-categories have been recently
proposed, using type-theoretic ideas. The first one is the dependent type
theory CaTT whose models are {\omega}-categories. The second is a recursive
description of a category of computads together with an adjunction to globular
sets, such that the algebras for the induced monad are again
{\omega}-categories. We compare the two descriptions by showing that there
exits a fully faithful morphism of categories with families from the syntactic
category of CaTT to the opposite of the category of computads, which gives an
equivalence on the subcategory of finite computads. We derive a more direct
connection between the category of models of CaTT and the category of algebras
for the monad on globular sets, induced by the adjunction with computads.
Chinese: 最近提出了两种关于弱ω范畴的新描述，这些描述利用了类型论的思想。第一种是依赖于类型理论的CaTT类型理论，其模型是ω范畴。第二种是对计算范畴类及其与球状集合的伴随的递归描述，使得由此诱导的单子的代数再次是ω范畴。我们通过展示从CaTT的句法范畴到计算范畴的对偶的完全忠实态射来比较这两种描述，这给出了有限计算范畴子范畴上的等价。我们推导出CaTT模型范畴与由计算范畴伴随诱导的球状集合单子的代数范畴之间的一种更直接的联系。
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English: Let G be a finite group, Irr(G) the set of all irreducible complex characters
of G and X \in Irr(G). Let also cod(X) = |G : kerX|/X(1) and cod(G) = {cod(X) |
X \in Irr(G)}. In this note, we show that the simple group PSL(2, q), for a
prime power q > 3, is uniquely determined by the set of its codegree.
Chinese: 设G为一个有限群，Irr(G)为G的所有不可约复特征的集合，X属于Irr(G)。令cod(X)等于|G : kerX|/X(1)，cod(G)等于{cod(X) | X属于Irr(G)}。在本笔记中，我们证明了对于大于3的素数幂q，PSL(2, q)单群可以通过其代码度集合唯一确定。
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English: Human activity recognition aims to recognize the activities of daily living
by utilizing the sensors on different body parts. However, when the labeled
data from a certain body position (i.e. target domain) is missing, how to
leverage the data from other positions (i.e. source domain) to help learn the
activity labels of this position? When there are several source domains
available, it is often difficult to select the most similar source domain to
the target domain. With the selected source domain, we need to perform accurate
knowledge transfer between domains. Existing methods only learn the global
distance between domains while ignoring the local property. In this paper, we
propose a \textit{Stratified Transfer Learning} (STL) framework to perform both
source domain selection and knowledge transfer. STL is based on our proposed
\textit{Stratified} distance to capture the local property of domains. STL
consists of two components: Stratified Domain Selection (STL-SDS) can select
the most similar source domain to the target domain; Stratified Activity
Transfer (STL-SAT) is able to perform accurate knowledge transfer. Extensive
experiments on three public activity recognition datasets demonstrate the
superiority of STL. Furthermore, we extensively investigate the performance of
transfer learning across different degrees of similarities and activity levels
between domains. We also discuss the potential applications of STL in other
fields of pervasive computing for future research.
Chinese: 人体活动识别旨在通过利用不同身体部位的传感器来识别日常生活活动。然而，当来自某个身体位置（即目标域）的标记数据缺失时，如何利用其他位置（即源域）的数据来帮助学习该位置的活动标签？当有多个源域可用时，通常很难选择与目标域最相似的源域。在选择源域后，我们需要在域之间进行准确的知识迁移。现有方法只学习域之间的全局距离，而忽略了局部属性。在本文中，我们提出了一种名为 \textit{分层迁移学习}（STL）的框架，以执行源域选择和知识迁移。STL 基于我们提出的 \textit{分层} 距离来捕捉域的局部属性。STL 由两个组件组成：分层域选择（STL-SDS）可以选出与目标域最相似的源域；分层活动迁移（STL-SAT）能够执行准确的知识迁移。在三个公开活动识别数据集上的大量实验证明了 STL 的优越性。此外，我们还广泛研究了域之间不同相似程度和活动水平下的迁移学习性能。我们还讨论了 STL 在其他泛在计算领域的潜在应用，为未来的研究提供参考。
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English: Exploring MSSM parameter space after the discovery of Higgs Boson with mass
125 GeV naturally demands large top-squark mixing or large trilinear coupling
parameter $A_t$ in particular, so as to avoid excessively heavy squark,
specially for the universal models like CMSSM. We study stability of
electroweak symmetry breaking vacua in possible presence of deeper charge-color
symmetry breaking minima within MSSM. Besides stable vacua, we consider
scenarios characterized by the presence of global CCB minima, with SM like
charge and color conserving vacuum, having stability over cosmologically large
lifetime {(\it long-lived states)}. We allow vacuum expectation values for both
stop as well as sbottom fields, since these belong to the third generation of
sfermions with larger Yukawa couplings that have immediate effect on the
tunneling time. Moreover, for large $\mu$ regions, radiative corrections to
Higgs boson mass from bottom-squark loop is quite significant. Regions of MSSM
parameters space become viable for large $A_t$ and large $\mu$ zones which are
generically excluded via the traditional analytical CCB constraints. For a
large value of $\tan\beta$, safe vacua associated with large values of $|\mu|$
and $|A_t|$ are predominantly long-lived and may be associated with relatively
light stop masses. We also identify low $\mu$ regions associated with
long-lived states. Both the above zones can be friendly to muon $g-2$
constraint. We also impose constraints from ${\rm Br}(B \rightarrow X_s
\gamma)$ and ${\rm Br}(B_s \rightarrow \mu^+ \mu^-)$. We do the analysis for a
moderate and a large $\tan\beta$. Results are compatible with dark matter
related constraints, as expected.
Chinese: 在发现质量为125 GeV的希格斯玻色子之后，自然要求在MSSM参数空间中存在较大的顶夸克混合或较大的三线性耦合参数$A_t$，特别是为了避免过于重的squark，尤其是对于像CMSSM这样的通用模型。我们研究了在MSSM可能存在的更深层次的电荷-颜色对称性破缺最小值的情况下，电弱对称性破缺真空的稳定性。除了稳定的真空之外，我们还考虑了具有全局CCB最小值的情况，这些最小值具有类似于标准模型的电荷和颜色守恒真空，在宇宙学上具有长寿命（长寿命态）。我们允许stop场以及sbottom场的真空期望值，因为这些属于具有较大Yukawa耦合的第三代sfermions，它们对隧穿时间有直接的影响。此外，对于大的$\mu$区域，来自底夸克环的希格斯玻色子质量的辐射修正相当显著。MSSM参数空间中的区域在大的$A_t$和大的$\mu$区域变得可行，这些区域通常通过传统的分析CCB约束被排除。对于大的$\tan\beta$值，与大的$|\mu|$和$|A_t|$值相关联的安全真空主要是长寿命的，并且可能与相对较轻的stop质量相关。我们还确定了与长寿命态相关联的低$\mu$区域。上述两个区域都可能对μ子$g-2$约束友好。我们还对${\rm Br}(B \rightarrow X_s \gamma)$和${\rm Br}(B_s \rightarrow \mu^+ \mu^-)$施加了约束。我们对适中的和大的$\tan\beta$进行了分析。结果与预期的暗物质相关约束相一致。
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English: Nighttime photography encounters escalating challenges in extremely low-light
conditions, primarily attributable to the ultra-low signal-to-noise ratio. For
real-world deployment, a practical solution must not only produce visually
appealing results but also require minimal computation. However, most existing
methods are either focused on improving restoration performance or employ
lightweight models at the cost of quality. This paper proposes a lightweight
network that outperforms existing state-of-the-art (SOTA) methods in low-light
enhancement tasks while minimizing computation. The proposed network
incorporates Siamese Self-Attention Block (SSAB) and Skip-Channel Attention
(SCA) modules, which enhance the model's capacity to aggregate global
information and are well-suited for high-resolution images. Additionally, based
on our analysis of the low-light image restoration process, we propose a
Two-Stage Framework that achieves superior results. Our model can restore a UHD
4K resolution image with minimal computation while keeping SOTA restoration
quality.
Chinese: 夜景摄影在极端低光条件下遇到愈发严峻的挑战，这主要归因于超低的信噪比。在实际应用中，一个实用的解决方案不仅要产生视觉上吸引人的结果，还需要最小化计算量。然而，现有的多数方法要么专注于提升复原性能，要么采用牺牲质量的轻量级模型。本文提出了一种轻量级网络，它在低光增强任务上超越了现有的最先进技术（SOTA），同时最小化了计算。所提出的网络整合了Siamese Self-Attention Block（SSAB）和Skip-Channel Attention（SCA）模块，这些模块增强了模型聚合全局信息的能力，并且非常适合高分辨率图像。此外，基于我们对低光图像复原过程的分析，我们提出了一个两阶段框架，实现了卓越的结果。我们的模型可以在极小的计算量下恢复一张UHD 4K分辨率的图像，同时保持最先进复原的质量。
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English: The dynamics of QCD matter is often described using effective mean field (MF)
models based on Boltzmann-Gibbs (BG) extensive statistics. However, such matter
is normally produced in small packets and in violent collisions where the usual
conditions justifying the use of BG statistics are not fulfilled and the
systems produced are not extensive. This can be accounted for either by
enriching the original dynamics or by replacing the BG statistics by its
nonextensive counterpart described by a nonextensivity parameter $q\neq 1$ (for
$q \to 1$ one returns to the extensive situation). In this work we investigate
the interplay between the effects of dynamics and nonextensivity. Since the
complexity of the nonextensive MF models prevents their simple visualization,
we instead use some simple quasi-particle description of QCD matter in which
the interaction is modelled phenomenologically by some effective fugacities,
$z$. Embedding such a model in a nonextensive environment allows for a
well-defined separation of the dynamics (represented by $z$) and the
nonextensivity (represented by $q$) and a better understanding of their
relationship.
Chinese: 量子色动力学(QCD)物质的动力学通常用基于玻尔兹曼-吉布斯(BG)广延统计的有效平均场(MF)模型来描述。然而，这种物质通常在小包中产生，并在剧烈碰撞中产生，此时通常满足BG统计使用的条件并不成立，产生的系统也不是广延的。这可以通过丰富原始动力学或用非广延参数q≠1（当q→1时，会回到广延情况）描述的非广延统计来解释。在本工作中，我们研究了动力学效应和非广延性之间的相互作用。由于非广延MF模型的复杂性阻碍了其简单可视化，我们转而使用QCD物质的某种简单准粒子描述，其中相互作用由一些有效逸度z进行现象学建模。将此类模型嵌入非广延环境中，可以实现动力学（由z表示）和非广延性（由q表示）的明确分离，从而更好地理解它们之间的关系。
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English: The well-established effective action and effective potential framework from
the quantum field theory domain is adapted and successfully applied to
classical field theories of the Doi and Peliti type for diffusion controlled
reactions. Through a number of benchmark examples, we show that the direct
calculation of the effective potential in fixed space dimension $d=2$ to
one-loop order reduces to a small set of simple elementary functions,
irrespective of the microscopic details of the specific model. Thus the
technique, which allows one to obtain with little additional effort, the
potentials for a wide variety of different models, represents an important
alternative to the standard model dependent diagram-based calculations. The
renormalized effective potential, effective equations of motion and the
associated renormalization group equations are computed in $d=2$ spatial
dimensions for a number of single species field theories of increasing
complexity.
Chinese: 从量子场论领域建立的有效动作和有效势框架被改编并成功应用于控制扩散反应的Doi和Peliti类型的经典场理论。通过一系列基准示例，我们表明，在固定空间维度$d=2$下，对有效势的直接计算到一阶循环级数简化为少数几个简单的基本函数，无论具体模型在微观细节上如何。因此，这项技术使得人们只需付出很少的额外努力，就能获得各种不同模型的势，这代表了对标准模型依赖的图示计算的重要替代方案。对于多种单物种场理论，包括复杂度不断增加的理论，我们在$d=2$的空间维度下计算了归一化有效势、有效运动方程以及相关的重整化群方程。
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English: Hybrid quantum/molecular mechanics models (QM/MM methods) are widely used in
material and molecular simulations when MM models do not provide sufficient
accuracy but pure QM models are computationally prohibitive. Adaptive QM/MM
coupling methods feature on-the-fly classification of atoms during the
simulation, allowing the QM and MM subsystems to be updated as needed. In this
work, we propose such an adaptive QM/MM method for material defect simulations
based on a new residual based it a posteriori error estimator, which provides
both lower and upper bounds for the true error. We validate the analysis and
illustrate the effectiveness of the new scheme on numerical simulations for
material defects.
Chinese: 混合量子/分子力学模型（QM/MM方法）在材料与分子模拟中得到了广泛应用，当MM模型无法提供足够的精度，而纯量子力学模型在计算上又过于耗时的情况下。自适应QM/MM耦合方法在模拟过程中能够即时对原子进行分类，使得量子力学和分子力学子系统可以根据需要更新。在本工作中，我们提出了一种基于新的基于残差的后续误差估计器的自适应QM/MM方法，该方法为真实误差提供了下限和上限。我们通过材料缺陷的数值模拟验证了该分析，并说明了新方案的有效性。
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English: The rapid increase in LLM ubiquity and scale levies unprecedented demands on
computing infrastructure. These demands not only incur large compute and memory
resources but also significant energy, yielding large operational and embodied
carbon emissions. In this work, we present three main observations based on
modeling and traces from the production deployment of two Generative AI
services in a major cloud service provider. First, while GPUs dominate
operational carbon, host processing systems (e.g., CPUs, memory, storage)
dominate embodied carbon. Second, offline, batch inference accounts for a
significant portion (up to 55\%) of serving capacity. Third, there are
different levels of heterogeneity across hardware and workloads for LLM
inference. Based on these observations, we design EcoServe, a carbon-aware
resource provision and scheduling framework for LLM serving systems. It is
based on four principles - Reduce, Reuse, Rightsize, and Recycle (4R). With a
cross-stack ILP formulation and design, we demonstrate that EcoServe can lower
carbon emissions by up to 47\%, compared to performance, energy, and
cost-optimized design points, while maintaining performance targets and SLOs.
Chinese: LLM的普遍性和规模的快速增长对计算基础设施提出了前所未有的要求。这些要求不仅导致大量的计算和内存资源消耗，还造成显著的能源消耗，从而产生巨大的运营和隐含碳排放。在这项工作中，我们基于一家主要云服务提供商中两个生成式AI服务的生产部署建模和跟踪数据，提出了三个主要观察结果。首先，虽然GPU主导了运营碳排放，但主机处理系统（例如CPU、内存、存储）主导了隐含碳排放。其次，离线批处理推理占服务能力的显著比例（高达55%）。第三，LLM推理在硬件和工作负载之间存在不同级别的异构性。基于这些观察结果，我们设计了EcoServe，这是一个面向LLM服务系统的碳感知资源提供和调度框架。它基于四个原则——减少（Reduce）、复用（Reuse）、合理尺寸（Rightsize）和回收（Recycle）（4R）。通过跨栈ILP（集成线性规划）公式化和设计，我们证明EcoServe可以在保持性能目标和服务等级目标（SLOs）的同时，与性能、能源和成本优化的设计点相比，将碳排放降低高达47%。
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English: Spiral wave propagation in period-2 excitable media is often accompanied by
line-defects, the locus of points with period-1 oscillations. Here we
investigate spiral line-defects in cardiac tissue where period-2 behavior has a
known arrhythmogenic role. We find that the number of line defects, which is
constrained to be an odd integer, is three for a freely rotating spiral, with
and without meander, but one for a spiral anchored around a fixed
heterogeneity. We interpret analytically this finding using a simple theory
where spiral wave unstable modes with different numbers of line-defects
correspond to quantized solutions of a Helmholtz equation. Furthermore, the
slow inward rotation of spiral line-defects is described in different regimes.
Chinese: 在周期为2的兴奋介质中，螺旋波传播通常伴随着线缺陷，这些缺陷是周期为1振动的点的轨迹。在这里，我们研究了心脏组织中螺旋线缺陷，其中周期为2的行为已知具有心律失常的作用。我们发现，线缺陷的数量，被限制为奇数，对于自由旋转的螺旋，无论是否有蜿蜒，都是三个，但对于围绕固定异质性锚定的螺旋，则是一个。我们使用一个简单的理论分析这一发现，其中具有不同数量线缺陷的螺旋波不稳定模式对应于亥姆霍兹方程的量子化解。此外，螺旋线缺陷的缓慢内向旋转在不同的区域内被描述。
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English: Although considerable advancements have been attained in self-supervised
depth estimation from monocular videos, most existing methods often treat all
objects in a video as static entities, which however violates the dynamic
nature of real-world scenes and fails to model the geometry and motion of
moving objects. In this paper, we propose a self-supervised method to jointly
learn 3D motion and depth from monocular videos. Our system contains a depth
estimation module to predict depth, and a new decomposed object-wise 3D motion
(DO3D) estimation module to predict ego-motion and 3D object motion. Depth and
motion networks work collaboratively to faithfully model the geometry and
dynamics of real-world scenes, which, in turn, benefits both depth and 3D
motion estimation. Their predictions are further combined to synthesize a novel
video frame for self-supervised training. As a core component of our framework,
DO3D is a new motion disentanglement module that learns to predict camera
ego-motion and instance-aware 3D object motion separately. To alleviate the
difficulties in estimating non-rigid 3D object motions, they are decomposed to
object-wise 6-DoF global transformations and a pixel-wise local 3D motion
deformation field. Qualitative and quantitative experiments are conducted on
three benchmark datasets, including KITTI, Cityscapes, and VKITTI2, where our
model delivers superior performance in all evaluated settings. For the depth
estimation task, our model outperforms all compared research works in the
high-resolution setting, attaining an absolute relative depth error (abs rel)
of 0.099 on the KITTI benchmark. Besides, our optical flow estimation results
(an overall EPE of 7.09 on KITTI) also surpass state-of-the-art methods and
largely improve the estimation of dynamic regions, demonstrating the
effectiveness of our motion model. Our code will be available.
Chinese: 尽管在从单目视频中实现自监督深度估计方面取得了相当大的进步，但大多数现有方法通常将视频中的所有对象视为静态实体，然而这却违反了现实场景的动态性质，并且无法对移动对象的几何和运动进行建模。在本文中，我们提出了一种自监督方法，用于从单目视频中联合学习3D运动和深度。我们的系统包含一个深度估计模块来预测深度，以及一个新的分解对象级3D运动（DO3D）估计模块来预测自运动和3D对象运动。深度和运动网络协同工作，忠实地建模现实场景的几何和动力学，这反过来又有利于深度和3D运动估计。它们的预测进一步结合，以合成一个新的视频帧进行自监督训练。作为我们框架的核心组件，DO3D是一个新的运动解耦模块，它学会分别预测相机的自运动和实例感知的3D对象运动。为了减轻估计非刚性3D对象运动的困难，它们被分解为对象级的6自由度全局变换和像素级的局部3D运动变形场。我们在三个基准数据集上进行了定性和定量实验，包括KITTI、Cityscapes和VKITTI2，我们的模型在所有评估设置中都表现出优异的性能。对于深度估计任务，我们的模型在高清设置中优于所有比较的研究工作，在KITTI基准上达到了0.099的绝对相对深度误差（abs rel）。此外，我们的光流估计结果（在KITTI上的整体EPE为7.09）也超过了最先进的方法，并极大地提高了动态区域的估计，证明了我们的运动模型的有效性。我们的代码将可用。
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English: Extremum seeking control (ESC) and its slope seeking generalization are
applied in a high-fidelity flow simulation framework for reduction of acoustic
noise generated by a NACA0012 airfoil. Two Reynolds numbers are studied for
which different noise generation mechanisms are excited. For a low Reynolds
number flow, the scattering of vortex shedding at the airfoil trailing edge
produces tonal noise while, for a moderate Reynolds number case, boundary layer
instabilities scatter at the trailing edge leading to noise emission at
multiple tones superimposed on a broadband hump. Different control setups are
investigated and they are configured to either find an optimal steady actuator
intensity or an optimal position for a blowing/suction device. Implementation
details are discussed regarding the control modules and design of digital
filters.
Chinese: 极值寻踪控制(ESC)及其斜率寻踪泛化被应用于高保真流场模拟框架，以降低NACA0012翼型产生的气动噪声。该研究考察了两个雷诺数工况，其中不同噪声产生机制被激发。对于低雷诺数流动，翼型尾缘处涡脱落产生纯音噪声；而对于中等雷诺数工况，边界层不稳定性在尾缘处散射，导致在宽带峰值上叠加的多频段噪声被产生。研究调查了不同的控制设置，这些设置被配置为寻找最优稳态作动器强度或最优吹吸装置位置。关于控制模块和数字滤波器设计的实现细节进行了讨论。
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English: The Martian Moons Exploration (MMX) spacecraft is a JAXA mission to Mars and
its moons Phobos and Deimos. MMX will carry the Circum-Martian Dust Monitor
(CMDM) which is a newly developed light-weight ($\mathrm{650\,g}$) large area
($\mathrm{1\,m^2}$) dust impact detector. Cometary meteoroid streams (also
referred to as trails) exist along the orbits of comets, forming fine
structures of the interplanetary dust cloud. The streams consist predominantly
of the largest cometary particles (with sizes of approximately
$\mathrm{100\,\mu m}$ to 1~cm) which are ejected at low speeds and remain very
close to the comet orbit for several revolutions around the Sun. The
Interplanetary Meteoroid Environment for eXploration (IMEX) dust streams in
space model is a new and recently published universal model for cometary
meteoroid streams in the inner Solar System. We use IMEX to study the detection
conditions of cometary dust stream particles with CMDM during the MMX mission
in the time period 2024 to 2028. The model predicts traverses of 12 cometary
meteoroid streams with fluxes of $\mathrm{100\,\mu m}$ and bigger particles of
at least $\mathrm{10^{-3}\,m^{-2}\,day^{-1}}$ during a total time period of
approximately 90~days. The highest flux of $\mathrm{0.15\,m^{-2}\,day^{-1}}$ is
predicted for comet 114P/Wiseman-Skiff in October 2026. With its large
detection area and high sensitivity CMDM will be able to detect cometary
meteoroid streams en route to Phobos. Our simulation results for the Mars
orbital phase of MMX also predict the occurrence of meteor showers in the
Martian atmosphere which may be observable from the Martian surface with
cameras on board landers or rovers. Finally, the IMEX model can be used to
study the impact hazards imposed by meteoroid impacts on to large-area
spacecraft structures that will be particularly necessary for crewed deep space
missions.
Chinese: 火星月球探测（MMX）航天器是日本宇宙航空研究开发机构（JAXA）对火星及其卫星火卫一和火卫二的探测任务。MMX将携带环火星尘埃监测器（CMDM），这是一种新开发的轻质（650克）大面积（1平方米）尘埃撞击探测器。彗星流星体流（也称为尾迹）存在于彗星的轨道上，形成了星际尘埃云的精细结构。这些流主要由最大的彗星颗粒（大小约为100微米到1厘米）组成，它们以低速喷射出来，并在围绕太阳的几圈轨道中非常接近彗星轨道。星际流星体环境探索（IMEX）尘埃流在空间模型是关于内太阳系彗星流星体流的新近发布的通用模型。我们使用IMEX来研究在2024年至2028年期间MMX任务期间CMDM对彗星尘埃流粒子的探测条件。该模型预测在约90天的总时间内，将有12个彗星流星体流穿越，其中至少有100微米和更大颗粒的通量达到$\mathrm{10^{-3}\,m^{-2}\,day^{-1}}$。预计2026年10月彗星114P/Wiseman-Skiff的最高通量为$\mathrm{0.15\,m^{-2}\,day^{-1}}$。凭借其大检测面积和高灵敏度，CMDM将能够探测前往火卫一的彗星流星体流。我们对MMX火星轨道阶段的模拟结果还预测了火星大气中可能通过着陆器或漫游车上的相机观测到的流星雨的发生。最后，IMEX模型可用于研究流星体撞击对大型航天器结构造成的影响危害，这对于载人深空任务尤其必要。
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English: The formalism of nilpotent mechanics is introduced in the Lagrangian and
Hamiltonian form. Systems are described using nilpotent, commuting coordinates
$\eta$. Necessary geometrical notions and elements of generalized differential
$\eta$-calculus are introduced. The so called $s-$geometry, in a special case
when it is orthogonally related to a traceless symmetric form, shows some
resemblances to the symplectic geometry. As an example of an $\eta$-system the
nilpotent oscillator is introduced and its supersymmetrization considered. It
is shown that the $R$-symmetry known for the Graded Superfield Oscillator (GSO)
is present also here for the supersymmetric $\eta$-system. The generalized
Poisson bracket for $(\eta,p)$-variables satisfies modified Leibniz rule and
has nontrivial Jacobiator.
Chinese: 在拉格朗日和哈密顿形式下介绍了幂零力学的形式主义。系统使用幂零、交换坐标 $\eta$ 进行描述。引入了必要的几何概念和广义微分 $\eta$-微积分的元素。当所谓的 $s$-几何在正交相关于无迹对称形式的情况下时，它与辛几何表现出一些相似性。作为 $\eta$-系统的例子，介绍了幂零振荡器并考虑了其超对称化。表明，已知在分级超场振荡器（GSO）中的 $R$-对称性，也存在于超对称 $\eta$-系统中。对于 $(\eta,p)$-变量的广义泊松括号满足修正的莱布尼茨规则，并具有非平凡的雅可比ator。
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English: The problem of particle creation from vacuum in a flat Robertson-Walker
space-time is studied. Two sets of exact solutions for the Klein Gordon
equation are given. Then the canonical method based on Bogoliubov
transformation is applied to calculate the pair creation probability and the
density number of created particles. Some particular cosmological models such
as radiation dominated universe and Milne universe are discussed. For the both
cases the vacuum to vacuum transition probability is calculated and the
imaginary part of the effective action is extracted.
Chinese: 在平坦的Robertson-Walker时空中，研究了从真空产生粒子的理论问题。给出了Klein Gordon方程的两个精确解。然后应用基于Bogoliubov变换的规范方法，计算了粒子对产生的概率和产生粒子的密度数。讨论了辐射主导宇宙和Milne宇宙等特定宇宙学模型。对于这两种情况，计算了真空到真空的跃迁概率，并提取了有效作用虚部。
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English: We develop systematically to all orders the forward scattering description
for retarded amplitudes in field theories at zero temperature. Subsequently,
through the application of the thermal operator, we establish the forward
scattering description at finite temperature. We argue that, beyond providing a
graphical relation between the zero temperature and the finite temperature
amplitudes, this method is calculationally quite useful. As an example, we
derive the important features of the one loop retarded gluon self-energy in the
hard thermal loop approximation from the corresponding properties of the zero
temperature amplitude.
Chinese: 我们系统地发展了零温度下场论中延迟振幅的前向散射描述。随后，通过应用热算子，我们建立了有限温度下的前向散射描述。我们认为，这种方法不仅提供了零温度和有限温度振幅之间的图形关系，而且在计算上非常有用。作为一个例子，我们从零温度振幅的相应性质推导出硬热环近似下单环延迟胶子自能的重要特征。
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English: We develop a comprehensive Renormalization Group (RG) approach to criticality
in open Floquet systems, where dissipation enables the system to reach a
well-defined Floquet steady state of finite entropy, and all observables are
synchronized with the drive. We provide a detailed description of how to
combine Keldysh and Floquet formalisms to account for the critical fluctuations
in the weakly and rapidly driven regime. A key insight is that a reduction to
the time-averaged, static sector, is not possible close to the critical point.
This guides the design of a perturbative dynamic RG approach, which treats the
time-dependent, dynamic sector associated to higher harmonics of the drive, on
an equal footing with the time-averaged sector. Within this framework, we
develop a weak drive expansion scheme, which enables to systematically truncate
the RG flow equations in powers of the inverse drive frequency $\Omega^{-1}$.
This allows us to show how a periodic drive inhibits scale invariance and
critical fluctuations of second order phase transitions in rapidly driven open
systems: Although criticality emerges in the limit $\Omega^{-1}=0$, any finite
drive frequency produces a scale that remains finite all through the phase
transition. This is a universal mechanism that relies on the competition of the
critical fluctuations within the static and dynamic sectors of the problem.
Chinese: 我们开发了一种全面的正则化群（RG）方法来研究开放Floquet系统的临界性，其中耗散使得系统达到一个熵有限的明确Floquet稳态，并且所有可观察量都与驱动同步。我们详细描述了如何将Keldysh和Floquet形式主义结合起来，以解释在弱驱动和快速驱动下的临界涨落。一个关键的洞察是，在临界点附近，不可能将系统简化为时间平均的静态部分。这指导了扰动动态RG方法的构建，该方法将驱动的高次谐波相关的时间相关动态部分与时间平均部分同等对待。在这个框架内，我们开发了一种弱驱动展开方案，该方案能够系统地截断与驱动频率逆的幂次的RG流方程。这使我们能够展示周期性驱动如何抑制快速驱动开放系统中二阶相变的尺度不变性和临界涨落：尽管在极限$\Omega^{-1}=0$时临界性出现，但任何有限的驱动频率都会产生一个在整个相变过程中保持有限的尺度。这是一个依赖于问题静态和动态部分中临界涨落竞争的普适机制。
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English: The SU(5) unification-scale relation h_b=h_tau between the b and tau Yukawa
couplings severely constrains tan beta and m_t (even more so if h_t=h_b= h_tau
holds) in supersymmetric models. We examine the implications of these
constraints for the Higgs sector assuming universal soft breaking terms, and
emphasize that both of these relations impose unique characteristics in terms
of symmetries and of the spectrum. We further study the tan beta near 1
scenario, which is suggested by h_b=h_tau, and, in particular, the loop-
induced mass of the light Higgs boson. We compare the effective potential and
renormalization group methods and stress the two-loop ambiguities in the
calculation of the mass. These and a large enhancement to the loop correction
due to t-scalar left-right mixing considerably weaken the upper bound.
Nevertheless, we find that for this scenario the Higgs boson is probably
lighter than 110 GeV, and typically lighter than 100 GeV. Thus, it is in the
mass range that may be relevant for LEPII. Our numerical results are presented
in a self-contained manner in section V. In separate appendices we discuss the
global symmetries of the Higgs potential, the issue of false (color-breaking)
vacua, two-loop calculations, and the effect of an additional Higgs singlet. We
show that the approximate constraints that are often used to eliminate
color-breaking vacua are not always relevant.
Chinese: SU(5)统一尺度关系h_b=h_tau（即b和tau Yukawa耦合）在超对称模型中严重约束了tan beta和m_t（如果h_t=h_b=h_tau成立，则约束更强）。我们假设存在普适的软破缺项，考察了这些约束对希格斯 sectors 的影响，并强调这两个关系在对称性和谱方面都施加了独特的特征。我们进一步研究了由h_b=h_tau所暗示的tan beta接近1的情况，特别是轻希格斯玻色子的圈诱导质量。我们比较了有效势和重整化群方法，并强调了质量计算中的两圈不确定性。此外，由于t-标量左右混合导致圈修正的显著增强，这些因素大大削弱了上界。然而，我们发现对于这种情况，希格斯玻色子可能比110 GeV轻，并且通常比100 GeV轻。因此，它的质量范围可能与LEPII相关。我们的数值结果在第五节中以自包含的方式呈现。在单独的附录中，我们讨论了希格斯势的全局对称性、假真空（色破缺）问题、两圈计算以及额外希格斯单态的影响。我们表明，通常用于消除色破缺真空的近似约束并不总是相关。
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English: The transverse spin transfer, $D_{TT}$, of $\Lambda$ and $\overline{\Lambda}$
hyperons in $p$+$p$ collisions is expected to be sensitive to the $s$ and
$\bar{s}$ quark transversity distributions in the proton and to the
transversely polarized fragmentation functions. The STAR experiment has
published the first measurement of the transverse spin transfer of $\Lambda$
and $\overline{\Lambda}$ hyperons in transversely polarized $p$+$p$ collisions
at $\sqrt{s}$ = 200 GeV within pseudo-rapidity $|\eta| < 1.2$ and for the
transverse momenta up to 8 GeV/$c$ based on the data taken in 2012. In 2015, a
data sample of $p$+$p$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 200 GeV, about two times
larger than the 2012 data, was collected. This contribution presents the
preliminary results of the transverse spin transfer, $D_{TT}$, of $\Lambda$ and
$\overline{\Lambda}$ hyperon versus transverse momentum and fractional momentum
of the hyperon within a jet, based on 2015 data.
Chinese: 横截面自旋转移，$D_{TT}$，在质子-质子碰撞中$\Lambda$和$\overline{\Lambda}$超子的预期将敏感于质子中的$s$和$\bar{s}$夸克的横截面分布以及横截面极化的碎片函数。STAR实验已经发布了在$\sqrt{s}$ = 200 GeV，横截面伪快度$|\eta| < 1.2$以及横截面动量高达8 GeV/$c$的横截面自旋转移$\Lambda$和$\overline{\Lambda}$超子的首次测量，该测量基于2012年收集的数据。2015年，收集了一个$\sqrt{s}$ = 200 GeV的质子-质子碰撞数据样本，大约是2012年数据的两倍。本贡献展示了基于2015年数据的$\Lambda$和$\overline{\Lambda}$超子的横截面自旋转移$D_{TT}$相对于超子横截面动量和喷注内超子分数动量的初步结果。
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English: The factorization technique for superintegrable Hamiltonian systems is
revisited and applied in order to obtain additional (higher-order) constants of
the motion. In particular, the factorization approach to the classical
anisotropic oscillator on the Euclidean plane is reviewed, and new classical
(super)integrable anisotropic oscillators on the sphere are constructed. The
Tremblay-Turbiner-Winternitz system on the Euclidean plane is also studied from
this viewpoint.
Chinese: 超可积哈密顿系统的分解技术被重新审视并应用于获得额外的（高阶）运动常数。特别是，回顾了欧几里得平面上经典各向异性振子的分解方法，并构建了球面上的新经典（超）可积各向异性振子。从这一观点出发，还研究了欧几里得平面上的Tremblay-Turbiner-Winternitz系统。
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English: The iconic Schr\"odinger's cat state describes a system that may be in a
superposition of two macroscopically distinct states, for example two clearly
separated oscillator coherent states. Quite apart from their role in
understanding the quantum classical boundary, such states have been suggested
as offering a quantum advantage for quantum metrology, quantum communication
and quantum computation. As is well known these applications have to face the
difficulty that the irreversible interaction with an environment causes the
superposition to rapidly evolve to a mixture of the component states in the
case that the environment is not monitored. Here we show that by engineering
the interaction with the environment there exists a large class of systems that
can evolve irreversibly to a cat state. To be precise we show that it is
possible to engineer an irreversible process so that the steady state is close
to a pure Schr\"odinger's cat state by using double well systems and an
environment comprising two-photon (or phonon) absorbers. We also show that it
should be possible to prolong the lifetime of a Schr\"odinger's cat state
exposed to the destructive effects of a conventional single-photon decohering
environment. Our protocol should make it easier to prepare and maintain
Schr\"odinger cat states which would be useful in applications of quantum
metrology and information processing as well as being of interest to those
probing the quantum to classical transition.
Chinese: 标志性的薛定谔猫态描述了一个可能处于两个宏观上不同状态的叠加态，例如两个清晰分离的振荡器相干态。除了它们在理解量子经典边界中的作用之外，这类态已被建议为量子计量学、量子通信和量子计算提供量子优势。众所周知，这些应用必须面对这样一个困难：在与环境的不可逆相互作用下，如果环境未被监测，叠加态会迅速演变为组成态的混合物。在这里，我们表明，通过设计与环境的相互作用，存在大量系统可以不可逆地演变为猫态。确切地说，我们表明，通过使用双阱系统和包含双光子（或声子）吸收体的环境，可以设计一个不可逆过程，使得稳态接近一个纯薛定谔猫态。我们还表明，应该有可能延长暴露于传统单光子去相干环境破坏效应下的薛定谔猫态的寿命。我们的方案应该使制备和维护薛定谔猫态变得更容易，这对于量子计量学和信息处理的应 用以及对于研究量子到经典转变的人们都将是很有用的。
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English: Let $C$ be a smooth projective curve of genus $2$. Following a method by O'
Grady, we construct a semismall desingularization $\tilde{\mathcal{M}}_{Dol}^G$
of the moduli space $\mathcal{M}_{Dol}^G$ of semistable $G$-Higgs bundles of
degree 0 for $G=GL(2,\mathbb{C}), SL(2,\mathbb{C})$. By the decomposition
theorem by Beilinson, Bernstein, Deligne one can write the cohomology of
$\tilde{\mathcal{M}}_{Dol}^G$ as a direct sum of the intersection cohomology of
$\mathcal{M}_{Dol}^G$ plus other summands supported on the singular locus. We
use this splitting to compute the intersection cohomology of
$\mathcal{M}_{Dol}^G$ and prove that the mixed Hodge structure on it is
actually pure, in analogy with what happens to ordinary cohomology in the
smooth case of coprime rank and degree.
Chinese: 设$C$为一个 genus 为2的光滑投射曲线。遵循O'Grady的方法，我们构造了模空间$\mathcal{M}_{Dol}^G$的半小去奇点化$\tilde{\mathcal{M}}_{Dol}^G$，该模空间对应于$G=GL(2,\mathbb{C})$和$SL(2,\mathbb{C})$的0度半稳定$G$-Higgs包。根据Beilinson, Bernstein, Deligne的分解定理，可以将$\tilde{\mathcal{M}}_{Dol}^G$的同调表示为$\mathcal{M}_{Dol}^G$的交同调以及其他支持在奇点集上的和项的直接和。我们利用这种分解来计算$\mathcal{M}_{Dol}^G$的交同调，并证明其混合Hodge结构实际上是纯的，这与光滑情况下的互质秩和度数普通同调发生的情况类似。
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English: Transformer-based methods have achieved remarkable performance in event-based
object detection, owing to the global modeling ability. However, they neglect
the influence of non-event and noisy regions and process them uniformly,
leading to high computational overhead. To mitigate computation cost, some
researchers propose window attention based sparsification strategies to discard
unimportant regions, which sacrifices the global modeling ability and results
in suboptimal performance. To achieve better trade-off between accuracy and
efficiency, we propose Sparse Mamba (SMamba), which performs adaptive
sparsification to reduce computational effort while maintaining global modeling
capability. Specifically, a Spatio-Temporal Continuity Assessment module is
proposed to measure the information content of tokens and discard uninformative
ones by leveraging the spatiotemporal distribution differences between activity
and noise events. Based on the assessment results, an Information-Prioritized
Local Scan strategy is designed to shorten the scan distance between
high-information tokens, facilitating interactions among them in the spatial
dimension. Furthermore, to extend the global interaction from 2D space to 3D
representations, a Global Channel Interaction module is proposed to aggregate
channel information from a global spatial perspective. Results on three
datasets (Gen1, 1Mpx, and eTram) demonstrate that our model outperforms other
methods in both performance and efficiency.
Chinese: 基于Transformer的方法在事件式目标检测中取得了显著的性能，这得益于其全局建模能力。然而，它们忽略了非事件区域和噪声区域的影响，并对其进行统一处理，导致计算开销很高。为了降低计算成本，一些研究人员提出了基于窗口注意力的稀疏化策略来丢弃不重要区域，但这牺牲了全局建模能力，并导致次优性能。为了在准确性和效率之间取得更好的平衡，我们提出了稀疏Mamba（SMamba），它通过自适应稀疏化来减少计算工作量，同时保持全局建模能力。具体来说，我们提出了时空连续性评估模块来衡量token的信息含量，并通过利用活动事件和噪声事件之间的时空分布差异来丢弃无信息量的token。基于评估结果，我们设计了信息优先本地扫描策略，以缩短高信息token之间的扫描距离，从而在空间维度上促进它们之间的交互。此外，为了将全局交互从二维空间扩展到三维表示，我们提出了全局通道交互模块，从全局空间视角聚合通道信息。在三个数据集（Gen1、1Mpx和eTram）上的结果表明，我们的模型在性能和效率方面均优于其他方法。
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English: We systematically investigate the electronic structure and magnetic
properties of two dimensional (2D) MPX$_3$ (M= V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn,
and X = S, Se, Te) transition metal chacogenophosphates to examine their
potential role as single-layer van der Waals materials that exhibit magnetic
order. Our {\em ab initio} calculations predict that most of these single-layer
materials are antiferromagnetic semiconductors. The band gaps of the
antiferromagnetic states decrease as the atomic number of the chalcogen atom
increases (from S to Se, Te), leading in some cases to half-metallic
ferromagnetic states or to non-magnetic metallic states. We find that the phase
transition from antiferromagnetic semiconductor to ferromagnetic half-metal can
be controlled by gating or by strain engineering. The sensitive interdependence
we find between magnetic, structural, and electronic properties establishes the
potential of this 2D materials class for applications in spintronics.
Chinese: 我们系统地研究了二维（2D）MPX$_3$（M= V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn，X = S, Se, Te）过渡金属硫族磷化物的电子结构和磁性质，以检验它们作为具有磁序的单层范德华材料的潜在作用。我们的{\em ab initio}计算预测，这些单层材料中的大多数是反铁磁半导体。随着硫族原子的原子序数增加（从S到Se，Te），反铁磁态的能带隙减小，在某些情况下导致半金属铁磁态或非磁性金属态。我们发现，通过栅极控制或应变工程可以控制从反铁磁半导体到铁磁半金属的相变。我们发现的磁、结构和电子性质之间的敏感相互依赖性，确立了这类二维材料在自旋电子学应用中的潜力。
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English: Rocky planet compositions regulate planetary evolution by affecting core
sizes, mantle properties, and melting behaviours. Yet, quantitative treatments
of this aspect of exoplanet studies remain generally under-explored. We attempt
to constrain the range of potential bulk terrestrial exoplanet compositions in
the solar neighbourhood (<200 pc). We circumscribe probable rocky exoplanet
compositions based on a population analysis of stellar chemical abundances from
the Hypatia and GALAH catalogues. We apply a devolatilization model to simulate
compositions of hypothetical, terrestrial-type exoplanets in the habitable
zones around Sun-like stars, considering elements O, S, Na, Si, Mg, Fe, Ni, Ca,
and Al. We further apply core-mantle differentiation by assuming constant
oxygen fugacity, and model the consequent mantle mineralogy with a Gibbs energy
minimisation algorithm. We report statistics on several compositional
parameters and propose a reference set of (21) representative planet
compositions for using as end-member compositions in imminent modelling and
experimental studies. We find a strong correlation between stellar Fe/Mg and
metallic core sizes, which can vary from 18 to 35 wt%. Furthermore, stellar
Mg/Si gives a first-order indication of mantle mineralogy, with high-Mg/Si
stars leading to weaker, ferropericlase-rich mantles, and low-Mg/Si stars
leading to mechanically stronger mantles. The element Na, which modulates
crustal buoyancy and mantle clinopyroxene fraction, is affected by
devolatilization the most. While we find that planetary mantles mostly consist
of Fe/Mg-silicates, core sizes and relative abundances of common minerals can
nevertheless vary significantly among exoplanets. These differences likely lead
to different evolutionary pathways among rocky exoplanets in the solar
neighbourhood.
Chinese: 岩石行星的组成通过影响核心大小、地幔特性和熔融行为来调节行星演化。然而，关于系外行星研究这一方面的定量处理仍然普遍未得到充分探索。我们试图限制太阳系附近（小于200光年）潜在的大量类地系外行星组成的范围。我们根据Hypatia和GALAH目录中恒星化学丰度的种群分析，界定可能的岩石系外行星组成。我们应用去挥发模型来模拟围绕类似太阳的恒星宜居带中假设的、类地型系外行星的组成，考虑了O、S、Na、Si、Mg、Fe、Ni、Ca和Al等元素。我们进一步通过假设恒定的氧分压来应用核-幔分化，并使用吉布斯自由能最小化算法来模拟随之而来的地幔矿物学。我们报告了几个组成参数的统计数据，并提出了一套（21）代表性行星组成作为即将进行的建模和实验研究的端元组成。我们发现恒星Fe/Mg与金属核心大小之间存在强烈的关联，核心大小可以从18%到35%wt不等。此外，恒星Mg/Si提供了一个关于地幔矿物学的第一级指示，高Mg/Si恒星导致较弱的、富含铁镁橄榄石的地幔，而低Mg/Si恒星导致机械强度更高的地幔。元素Na，它调节地壳浮力和地幔斜方辉石分数，受去挥发影响最大。虽然我们发现行星地幔主要由Fe/Mg硅酸盐组成，但核心大小和常见矿物的相对丰度在系外行星之间仍然可能显著变化。这些差异可能导致太阳系附近岩石系外行星之间不同的演化路径。
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English: Pinch point is a spectral discontinuity found in the neutron diffraction
image of spin ice. Similar spectral singularity is commonly observed in a broad
range of systems that have a close connection with flat bands. We focus on the
electron flat band and its two topologically distinct classes of wavefunction:
the compact localized state (CLS), and the non-contractible loop state (NLS).
We establish their simple mathematical relationship, showing that different
Bloch NLSs can be derived as momentum derivatives of a Bloch CLS, depending on
the approaching direction toward the singular point. This CLS-NLS
correspondence helps visualize the pinch point as an interference pattern among
NLSs through a ``polarizer", which encodes the information about the location
of singular momentum and the experimental techniques like spin-polarized
photoemission spectroscopy. It helps extract topological information knit to
microscopic electronic and magnetic structures.
Chinese: 捏合点是在自旋冰的中子衍射图像中发现的一种光谱不连续性。在具有与平带密切关系的广泛系统中，通常观察到类似的谱奇点。我们专注于电子平带及其两种拓扑上不同的波函数类别：紧致局域态（CLS）和非可收缩环态（NLS）。我们建立了它们简单的数学关系，表明不同的布洛赫NLS可以作为布洛赫CLS的动量导数推导出来，这取决于接近奇点的方向。这种CLS-NLS对应关系有助于将捏合点视为通过“偏振器”在NLS之间的干涉模式，该偏振器编码了奇点动量的位置和实验技术（如自旋极化光电发射光谱）的信息。它有助于提取与微观电子和磁结构编织在一起拓扑信息。
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English: In this article we prove a general result which in particular suggests that,
on a simply connected domain in C, all the derivatives and anti-derivatives of
the generic holomorphic function are unbounded. A similar result holds for the
operator of partial sums of the Taylor expansion with center z at 0, seen as
functions of the center z. We also discuss a universality result of these
operators.
Chinese: 在本文中，我们证明了一个一般性结果，这特别表明，在复平面上的单连通区域中，任意全纯函数的所有导数和反导数都是无界的。类似的结果也适用于以0为中心的z点的泰勒展开的部分和算子，将其视为z的函数。我们还讨论了这些算子的普适性结果。
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English: Background: Magneto- and Electro-encephalography record the electromagnetic
field generated by neural currents with high temporal frequency and good
spatial resolution, and are therefore well suited for source localization in
the time and in the frequency domain. In particular, localization of the
generators of neural oscillations is very important in the study of cognitive
processes in the healthy and in the pathological brain.
New method: We introduce the use of a Bayesian multi-dipole localization
method in the frequency domain. Given the Fourier Transform of the data at one
or multiple frequencies and/or trials, the algorithm approximates numerically
the posterior distribution with Monte Carlo techniques.
Results: We use synthetic data to show that the proposed method behaves well
under a wide range of experimental conditions, including low signal-to-noise
ratios and correlated sources. We use dipole clusters to mimic the effect of
extended sources. In addition, we test the algorithm on real MEG data to
confirm its feasibility.
Comparison with existing method(s): Throughout the whole study, DICS (Dynamic
Imaging of Coherent Sources) is used systematically as a benchmark. The two
methods provide similar general pictures; the posterior distributions of the
Bayesian approach contain much richer information at the price of a higher
computational cost.
Conclusions: The Bayesian method described in this paper represents a
reliable approach for localization of multiple dipoles in the frequency domain.
Chinese: 背景：磁电图和脑电图记录由高时间频率和良好空间分辨率的神经电流产生的电磁场，因此在时间和频率域中进行源定位非常适合。特别是在研究健康和病理大脑中的认知过程时，定位神经振荡的产生者非常重要。
新方法：我们引入了在频率域中使用贝叶斯多偶极子定位方法。给定一个或多个频率和/或试验的数据的傅里叶变换，该算法使用蒙特卡洛技术数值上近似后验分布。
结果：我们使用合成数据来展示所提出的方法在广泛的实验条件下表现良好，包括低信噪比和相关性源。我们使用偶极子簇来模拟扩展源的效果。此外，我们还对真实MEG数据进行了算法测试，以确认其可行性。
与现有方法比较：在整个研究中，DICS（动态成像一致性源）被系统地用作基准。两种方法提供了相似的一般图像；贝叶斯方法的后验分布包含更丰富的信息，但代价是更高的计算成本。
结论：本文中描述的贝叶斯方法代表了一种在频率域中定位多个偶极子的可靠方法。
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English: We present a study to analyze how word use can predict social engagement
behaviors such as replies and retweets in Twitter. We compute psycholinguistic
category scores from word usage, and investigate how people with different
scores exhibited different reply and retweet behaviors on Twitter. We also
found psycholinguistic categories that show significant correlations with such
social engagement behaviors. In addition, we have built predictive models of
replies and retweets from such psycholinguistic category based features. Our
experiments using a real world dataset collected from Twitter validates that
such predictions can be done with reasonable accuracy.
Chinese: 我们提出一项研究，旨在分析词汇使用如何能够预测社交参与行为，例如Twitter上的回复和转发。我们计算了基于词汇使用的心理语言学类别得分，并研究了不同得分的人如何在Twitter上表现出不同的回复和转发行为。我们还发现了与这些社交参与行为表现出显著相关性的心理语言学类别。此外，我们基于这些心理语言学类别特征构建了回复和转发的预测模型。使用Twitter上收集的真实世界数据集进行的实验验证了，基于这些预测可以在合理的准确性下完成。
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English: In this paper, an automatic method is proposed to perform image registration
in visible and infrared pair of video sequences for multiple targets. In
multimodal image analysis like image fusion systems, color and IR sensors are
placed close to each other and capture a same scene simultaneously, but the
videos are not properly aligned by default because of different fields of view,
image capturing information, working principle and other camera specifications.
Because the scenes are usually not planar, alignment needs to be performed
continuously by extracting relevant common information. In this paper, we
approximate the shape of the targets by polygons and use affine transformation
for aligning the two video sequences. After background subtraction, keypoints
on the contour of the foreground blobs are detected using DCE (Discrete Curve
Evolution)technique. These keypoints are then described by the local shape at
each point of the obtained polygon. The keypoints are matched based on the
convexity of polygon's vertices and Euclidean distance between them. Only good
matches for each local shape polygon in a frame, are kept. To achieve a global
affine transformation that maximises the overlapping of infrared and visible
foreground pixels, the matched keypoints of each local shape polygon are stored
temporally in a buffer for a few number of frames. The matrix is evaluated at
each frame using the temporal buffer and the best matrix is selected, based on
an overlapping ratio criterion. Our experimental results demonstrate that this
method can provide highly accurate registered images and that we outperform a
previous related method.
Chinese: 在本文中，提出了一种自动方法，用于对可见光和红外视频序列对进行多目标的图像配准。在多模态图像分析，如图像融合系统中，颜色和红外传感器被放置得非常近，并同时捕捉同一场景，但由于视场、图像捕捉信息、工作原理和其他相机规格的不同，视频默认情况下并未正确对齐。由于场景通常不是平面的，需要通过提取相关共同信息来持续进行对齐。在本文中，我们通过多边形近似目标的形状，并使用仿射变换对两个视频序列进行对齐。在背景减法之后，使用DCE（离散曲线演化）技术检测前景物体的轮廓上的关键点。这些关键点随后由获得的多边形每个点的局部形状来描述。关键点基于多边形顶点的凸性和它们之间的欧几里得距离进行匹配。只保留每帧中每个局部形状多边形的良好匹配。为了实现最大化红外和可见光前景像素重叠的全局仿射变换，将每个局部形状多边形的匹配关键点在缓冲区中临时存储几帧。使用时间缓冲区在每个帧上评估矩阵，并根据重叠率标准选择最佳矩阵。我们的实验结果表明，这种方法可以提供高度精确的配准图像，并且我们的表现优于先前相关的方法。
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English: Multi-agent systems (MAS) have gained relevance in the field of artificial
intelligence by offering tools for modelling complex environments where
autonomous agents interact to achieve common or individual goals. In these
systems, norms emerge as a fundamental component to regulate the behaviour of
agents, promoting cooperation, coordination and conflict resolution. This
article presents a systematic review, following the PRISMA method, on the
emergence of norms in MAS, exploring the main mechanisms and factors that
influence this process. Sociological, structural, emotional and cognitive
aspects that facilitate the creation, propagation and reinforcement of norms
are addressed. The findings highlight the crucial role of social network
topology, as well as the importance of emotions and shared values in the
adoption and maintenance of norms. Furthermore, opportunities are identified
for future research that more explicitly integrates emotional and ethical
dynamics in the design of adaptive normative systems. This work provides a
comprehensive overview of the current state of research on norm emergence in
MAS, serving as a basis for advancing the development of more efficient and
flexible systems in artificial and real-world contexts.
Chinese: 多智能体系统（MAS）在人工智能领域变得重要，因为它提供了建模复杂环境的工具，在这些环境中，自主智能体相互作用以实现共同或个人目标。在这些系统中，规范作为调节智能体行为的基本组成部分出现，促进合作、协调和冲突解决。本文遵循PRISMA方法，对MAS中规范的涌现进行了系统综述，探讨了影响这一过程的主要机制和因素。本文还讨论了促进规范创造、传播和强化的社会学、结构、情感和认知方面。研究发现，社会网络拓扑结构在规范采用和维护中的关键作用，以及情感和共享价值观的重要性。此外，还确定了未来研究的机会，这些研究更明确地将情感和道德动态整合到自适应规范系统的设计中。这项工作对MAS中规范涌现的研究现状提供了全面概述，为在人工智能和现实世界环境中开发更高效和灵活的系统奠定了基础。
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English: Multiferroic materials, known for their multiple tunable orders, present an
exceptional opportunity to manipulate nonlinear optical responses, which are
sensitive to symmetry. In this study, we propose leveraging electric and
magnetic fields to selectively control and switch specific types of
photogalvanic effects in two-dimensional multiferroic breathing kagome
materials. Taking monolayer Nb3I8 as an example, we demonstrate that the shift
current, characterized by the real-space shift of electrons and holes, is
predominantly unaffected by magnetic order. In contrast, injection current,
featured by quantum metric dipole in momentum space, is closely related to
valley polarization which can be controlled by magnetic field. Furthermore,
both photocurrents can be reversed by out-of-plane electric field via the
lattice breathing. Our findings reveal the potential of multiferroic beathing
kagome structures for multifunctional optoelectronic applications and sensors.
Chinese: 多铁性材料因其多种可调序而闻名，为操纵对对称性敏感的非线性光学响应提供了绝佳的机会。在本研究中，我们提出利用电场和磁场来选择性地控制和切换二维多铁性呼吸 Kagome 材料中特定类型的光电化学效应。以单层 Nb3I8 为例，我们证明由电子和空穴在实空间中的位移所表征的位移电流主要不受磁序的影响。相反，注入电流，在动量空间中具有量子测度偶极子，与谷极化密切相关，而谷极化可以通过磁场来控制。此外，通过晶格呼吸，这两种光电流都可以通过垂直于平面的电场来反转。我们的发现揭示了多铁性呼吸 Kagome 结构在多功能光电子应用和传感器中的潜力。
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