AarushSah/scibowl_no_headers · Datasets at Hugging Face

Type stringlengths 0 490	Prompt stringlengths 5 919	Completion stringlengths 1 424
TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer	Identify all of the following four elements that are most commonly used as semiconductor material in integrated circuits: Silicon; Copper; Germanium; Indium.	1, 3 (ACCEPT: SILICON AND GERMANIUM)
TOSS-UP Biology - Multiple Choice	Which of the following provides the best example of a situation in which genetic drift would play a significant role within a population? W) Non-random mating among plants with purple flowers leads to inbreeding and homozygous lethal conditions that prevent seed germination X) In a large population of plants with purple flowers, one individual exhibits white flowers caused by a mutation Y) In a small population of plants with purple flowers, three white-flowered individuals exist. A deer eats two of the three white flowered plants, thus removing them from the population Z) In a small population of plants where some individuals have white and some have purple flowers, bees strongly prefer the purple flowers, thus more seeds are produced from the purple individuals.	Y) IN A SMALL POPULATION OF PLANTS WITH PURPLE FLOWERS, THREE WHITE-FLOWERED INDIVIDUALS EXIST. A DEER EATS TWO OF THE THREE WHITE FLOWERED PLANTS, THUS REMOVING THEM FROM THE POPULATION
TOSS-UP Math - Multiple Choice	Let f(\(x\)) be a polynomial function with real coefficients and at least one real root. Which of the following must be true? W) f(\(x\)) has an even number of non-real complex roots X) f(\(x\)) is of odd degree Y) f(\(x\)) is an even function Z) The graph of f(\(x\)) has a horizontal asymptote	W) f(\(x\)) HAS AN EVEN NUMBER OF NON-REAL COMPLEX ROOTS
TOSS-UP Chemistry - Short Answer	Molten cryolite is used in what industrial process?	HALL-HEROUT PROCESS
TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Multiple Choice	Which of the following clay minerals forms from the weathering of feldspar and is the main component of most porcelain? W) Kaolinite X) Chlorite Y) Saponite Z) Vermiculite	W) KaOLINITE
TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer	What force carrying particle holds quarks together inside of hadrons?	GLUONS
TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer	Chlorophylll is a pigment that chelates what metal center?	MAGNESIUM
TOSS-UP Math - Multiple Choice	Which of the following equations does NOT include the half-line \(y\)\(=\)\(x\), where \(x\) and \(y\) are positive, in its solution set? W) \(x^{y}=y^{x}\) X) cosine of the product \(xy\) equals sine of the product \(xy\) Y) \(x\) natural log of \(y=y\) natural log of \(x\) Z) \(2^{x}+3^{y}=2^{y}+3^{x}\)	X) COSINE OF THE PRODUCT \(xy\) EQUALS SINE OF THE PRODUCT \(xy\)
TOSS-UP Chemistry \(-\) Short Answer	Order the following three ions from smallest to largest in terms of ionic radii: Cl minus; Br minus; O two minus.	3, 1, 2
TOSS-UP Energy \(-\) Multiple Choice	Which of the following policies allows users with renewable energy sources to sell excess electricity generated to the utility grid and receive compensation? W) Renewable Energy Portfolio Standards X) Feed-in Tariff Y) Net Metering Agreement Z) Carbon Cap and Trade	Y) NET METERING AGREEMENT
TOSS-UP Math - Multiple Choice	Given two sets A and B with A union B containing exactly 3 elements, which of the following must be true about sets A and B? W) Each set contains at least 2 elements X) Each set contains at most 2 elements Y) Each set contains at least 3 elements Z) Each set contains at most 3 elements	Z) EACH SET CONTAINS AT MOST 3 ELEMENTS
TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer	What plant-signaling molecule, similar in structure to aspirin, is thought to be produced around infection sites and carried by the phloem throughout the plant?	METHYLSALICYLIC ACID (ACCEPT: METHYL SALICYLATE, WINTERGREEN OIL)
TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer	In the field of electrostatics, integrals of electric field over a closed surface yield electric flux. What is the term for such a closed surface?	GAUSSIAN SURFACE (ACCEPT: GAUSSIAN)
TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer	What is the log base 3 of 729?	6
TOSS-UP Physics - Multiple Choice	Which of the following quarks does NOT have negative charge? W) Charm X) Strange Y) Down Z) Bottom	W) CHARM
## 18 BONUS Physics - Multiple Choice	Which of the following best describes the electromotive force produced in a circuit by a changing flux? W) Ampere's Law X) Faraday's Law Y) Gauss' Law Z) Ohm's Law	X) FARADAY'S LAW
TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Multiple Choice	In a landlocked area with multiple plays and sparse low-lying vegetation, what type of research would best reveal how the local climate has changed over the past several thousand years? W) Palynology X) Scherochronology [sklair-oh-kraw-NAW-lah-jee] Y) Dendoclimatology [den-droh-kye-math-TALL-ahjee] Z) Speleology [speed-ee-AWL-ah-jee]	W) PALYNOLOGY
BONUS Earth and Space - Short Answer	A fictional moon in a faraway galaxy has the same mass and atmospheric composition as the Earth, but its radius is twice as large. To one decimal place, in kelvins per kilometer, what would be the dry adiabatic lapse rate in this moon's atmosphere?	2.5
TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer	Identify all of the following four cellular attachments that can be found in animal cells: Tight junction; Desmosome; Plasmodesmata [plazz-moh-dez-MAH-tah]; Adherens junction.	1, 2, AND 4
BONUS Biology - Short Answer	Identify all of the following three statements that are TRUE regarding E. coli: Gram negative; Forms spores; Rod-shaped.	1 AND 3 (ACCEPT: GRAM NEGATIVE; ROD SHAPED)
TOSS-UP Math - Multiple Choice	Which of the following is the contrapositive of the conditional statement: If p, then q? W) If q, then p X) If not p, then q Y) If not p, then not q Z) If not q, then not p	Z) IF NOT Q, THEN NOT P
BONUS Math - Short Answer	What is the area of a triangle with sides of length 11, 8, and 5?	4\(\backslash\)21
TOSS-UP Chemistry - Short Answer	What is the molecular geometry of SOCl?	TRIGONAL PYRAMIDAL (ACCEPT: TRIPOD; DO NOT ACCEPT: PYRAMIDAL, TETRAHERDAL)
BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer	The lattice enthalpy of a solid cannot be measured directly, but it can be measured through application of Hess's law to a series of physical and chemical changes. What is the term for this closed path of steps?	BORN-HABER CYCLE7) Math - Short Answer If theta is an angle in the third quadrant and the cosine of theta equals negative five-thirteenths, what is the sine of theta?
TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer	Dynein [DYE-nee-in] and kinesin [kin-EE-sin] are proteins that bind to what cytoskeletal features?	MICROTUBULES
TOSS-UP Energy - Multiple Choice	Biogas is comprised primarily of methane and what other gas? W) Carbon dioxide X) Carbon monoxide Y) Nitrogen Z) Oxygen	W) CARBON DIOXIDE
TOSS-UP Chemistry - Short Answer	One of the most important industrial uses of vanadium [vuh-NAY-dee-um] pentoxide is as a catalyst for the production of what acid?	SULFURIC
TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Multiple Choice	What bright features extending from the Sun's photosphere, often loop-shaped, are composed of relatively cool plasma that emits visible light? W) Sunspots X) Flares Y) Prominences Z) Van Allen belts	Y) PROMINENCES
TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer	What is the term for malignant tumors of the connective tissues?	SARCOMAS
BONUS Biology - Multiple Choice	The mechanisms involved in aligning homologous chromosomes in meiosis are also useful for which of the following? W) Repairing nicks X) Repairing single-stranded breaks Y) Repairing double-stranded breaks Z) Repairing point mutations	Y) REPAIRING DOUBLE STANDED BREAKS
TOSS-UP Chemistry - Short Answer	The ideal gas constant is another form of what other constant, but written in energy per unit temperature per mole rather than energy per unit temperature per particle?	BOLTZMANN CONSTANT
BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer	What is the molecular geometry about the nitrogen atoms in hydrazine [HIGH-drah-zeen]?	TRIGONAL PYRAMIDAL (ACCEPT: TRIPOD; DO NOT ACCEPT: PYRAMIDAL, TETRAHERDAL)17) Energy - Short Answer The Department of Energy's advanced reactor research supports new designs for liquid metal-cooled fast reactors. In these new designs, what metal is used to cool the reactor fuel?
## BONUS Energy - Short Answer	What US Environmental Protection Agency regulation mandates that gasoline contain a minimal amount of ethanol or other biofuel?	RENEWABLE FUEL STANDARD PROGRAM
## BONUS Math - Short Answer	What is the standard deviation of the following list of 4 numbers: 3, 3, 9, 17?	SQUARE ROOT OF 3319) Physics - Short Answer In an optical microscope, lenses of plastic and glass direct and focus the light. What is the name of the distance between the specimen being viewed and the front lens of the objective?
TOSS-UP Chemistry - Multiple Choice	Which of the following statements best explains why triethylamine [try-ethil-ah-MEEN] is more basic than ammonia? W) Alkyl groups elevate the energy of nitrogen's nonbonding HOMO X) Alkyl groups lower the energy of nitrogen's nonbonding HOMO Y) Alkyl groups elevate the energy of nitrogen's nonbonding LUMO Z) Alkyl groups lower the energy of nitrogen's nonbonding LUMO	W) ALKYL GROUPS ELEVATE THE ENERGY OF NITROGEN'S NONBONDING HOMO
TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Short Answer	What type of rotating neutron stars are classified into rotation-powered, accretion-powered, and magnetars?	PULSARS
TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer	What is the dot product of \(4\mathbf{i}-6\mathbf{j}\) and \(-3\mathbf{i}+\mathbf{j}\)?	-18
TOSS-UP Physics - Multiple Choice	Which of the following characteristics makes Xenon-135 an effective neutron poison in nuclear reactors? W) Cherenkov radiation from beta decay of Xenon-135 X) Full valence shell Y) High thermal neutron capture cross-section Z) Unstable with half-life of 9.2 hours	Y) HIGH THERMAL NEUTRON CAPTURE CROSS-SECTION
BONUS Physics - Short Answer	What fraction of the speed of light must a person drive in order that incoming 450 terahertz red light would appear to be 540 terahertz green light?	11/61
TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer	What is the sum of the infinite geometric series with first term 1/4 and second term 1/16?	1/3
BONUS Math - Multiple Choice	A regular decagon is inscribed in a circle with radius 8. Which of the following is the length of one of its sides? W) 8 sine of 36\({}^{\circ}\) X) 8 cosine of 36\({}^{\circ}\) Y) 16 sine of 18\({}^{\circ}\) Z) 16 cosine of 18\({}^{\circ}\)	Y) 16 sine of 18\({}^{\circ}\)
TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer	What law of electromagnetism states that the total electric flux through a closed surface is equal to the total electric charge inside the surface divided by the permittivity of free space?	GAUSS'S LAW (ACCEPT: GAUSS'S)
BONUS Physics - Short Answer	When a material transitions into a superconducting state, it actively excludes magnetic fields from its interior. What is the name of this electromagnetic phenomenon?	MEISSNER EFFECT
TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Short Answer	Identify all of the following three minerals that are formed by oxidative weathering: Hematite; Limonite; Goethite.	ALL OF THEM
BONUS Earth and Space - Multiple Choice	As Earth's temperature rises, sea levels will also rise due to the melting of continental ice. Why won't this effect be canceled by increased evaporation of seawater from the oceans? W) The thermohaline [thermo-HAY-line] circulation will slow down X) When ice sheets melt, they release latent heat Y) Saltwater evaporates much more slowly than freshwater Z) The atmosphere is a much smaller water reservoir than the ocean	Z) THE ATMOSPHERE IS A MUCH SMALLER WATER RESERVOIR THAN
TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer	What cytoskeletal component is composed of actin?	MICROFILAMENTS (ACCEPT: CYTOSKEETAL FILAMENTS, THIN FILAMENTS)
BONUS Biology - Multiple Choice	Which of the following is true regarding the differences between New World and Old World monkeys? W) New World monkeys evolved from prosimians, while Old World monkeys evolved from anthropoids X) New World monkeys are all arboreal, while Old World monkeys include some ground- dwelling species Y) New World monkeys lack prehensile tails, while Old World monkeys have prehensile tails Z) New World monkeys have downward pointed noses, while Old World monkeys have flat, spreading noses	X) NEW WORLD MONKEYS ARE ALL ARBOREAL, WHILE OLD WORLD MONKEYS INCLUDE SOME GROUND-DWELLING SPECIES
TOSS-UP Chemistry - Multiple Choice	According to VSEPR theory, which of the following could NOT be the molecular geometry of a compound with a trigonal bipyramidal electron-pair geometry? W) Trigonal bipyramidal [BYE-peer-ah-MID-all] X) Trigonal pyramidal Y) Linear Z) See-saw	X) TRIGONAL PYRAMIDAL
BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer	Consider the reaction A plus B yields C, which is second-order in the reactant A and first-order in the reactant B. If the concentrations of both A and B are doubled, then by what factor is the reaction rate multiplied?	8
TOSS-UP Energy - Multiple Choice	Breader reactors use uranium-238. Based on the abundance of this isotope, which of the following best estimates how many years breeder reactors could operate with the Earth's supply of uranium-238? W) 500 X) 5,000 Y) 5 million Z) 5 billion	Z) 5 BILLION
BONUS Energy - Short Answer	Identify all of the following three statements that are true regarding carbon sequestration practices on farms: Groundcover is used to prevent soil from being washed or blown away; Groundcover is used as protection from the Sun to attract microbes; Livestock are only allowed to graze in one spot for 3-4 days at a time.	1, 2, 3 (ACCEPT: ALL OF THEM)7) Math - Multiple Choice Consider a restaurant menu with nine meals. A table at the restaurant has \(n\) diners, all of whom order different meals. For which of the following values of \(n\) could the table add a diner without changing the number of combinations of meals the table can order?
TOSS-UP Energy - Multiple Choice	Which of the following is a major concern introduced with demand response programs and smart grids in general: W) Increased flow of energy in distribution and power systems. X) Decrease in system reliability due to intermittency of generation of renewable energy sources Y) Increased rates of cost of electricity Z) Hackers can gain access to smart grid control software	Z) Hackers CAN GAIN ACCESS TO SMART GRID CONTROL SOFTWARE
TOSS-UP Chemistry - Multiple Choice	Which of the following alkaline metal hydroxides has the highest solubility in water? W) Magnesium hydroxide X) Calcium hydroxide Y) Strontium hydroxide Z) Barium hydroxide	Z) Barium HYDROXIDE
TOSS-UP Biology - Multiple Choice	A deletion mutation that results in loss of the final 3 nucleotides of an organism's histidine tRNA gene will impair what function of the tRNA? W) Folding into functional tertiary structure X) Codon-anticodon base pairing with mRNA Y) Binding to histidine Z) Transcription of the gene encoding histidine	Y) BINDING TO HISTIDINE
## BONUS Energy - Short Answer	Identify all of the following three statements that are TRUE regarding biodiesel: B20 is commonly used in diesel equipment without modifications; Water is a common biodiesel additive to reduce corrosion; Biodiesel is produced via the Fischer-Tropsch process.	1
## BONUS Physics - Multiple Choice	Two loudspeakers, A and B, are placed 4 meters apart and facing each other. The loudspeakers produce sound at 171 hertz in phase with one another. A microphone is moved with varying speed along a straight line that joins A and B. Which of the following statements is true? W) The microphone detects sound with no amplitude fluctuations as it moves X) The microphone detects sound with amplitude fluctuations that increase as its speed decreases Y) The microphone detects sound with amplitude fluctuations that increase as its speed increases Z) The microphone detects no sound	Y) THE MICROPHONE DETECTS SOUND WITH AMPLITUDE
TOSS-UP Physics - Multiple Choice	According to the equipartition theorem, by what factor of the Boltzmann constant does each translational degree of freedom of an ideal gas contribute to the heat capacity? W) 1/2 X) 1 Y) 2 Z) 3	W) 1/2
BONUS Physics - Short Answer	What particles are thought to interact with standard particles via a force similar in strength to the weak force and are among the leading candidates for the composition of dark matter?	WIMPS (ACCEPT: WEAKLY INTERACTING MASSIVE PARTICLES)
TOSS-UP Biology - Multiple Choice	Helicobacter pylori [HEEL-ik-oh-bak-tur pie-LOR-ee] is associated with which of the following disorders? W) SARS X) Tuberculosis Y) Stomach ulcers Z) Anemia	Y) STOMACH ULCERS
BONUS Biology - Multiple Choice	Vitamin K is important to which of the following processes? W) Metabolism X) Calcium absorption Y) Night vision Z) Blood clotting	Z) BLOOD CLOTTING
TOSS-UP Chemistry - Short Answer	What is the bond order of N\({}{2}\)+?	2.5
BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer	Identify all of the following three statements concerning chemical kinetics that are TRUE: Zero-order rate constants have units of inverse seconds; First-order reactions have half-lives that are dependent on time; Catalysts cannot appear in the rate law for a reaction.	NONE OF THEM
TOSS-UP Physics - Multiple Choice	Taking the acceleration due to gravity to be 10 meters per second squared, how much power, in watts, is required to lift a 2 kilogram mass at a constant speed of 2 meters per second? W) 2 X) 4 Y) 40 Z) 80	Y) 40
TOSS-UP Energy - Multiple Choice	Which of the following would not be considered a balance-of-system component for a stand-alone wind power system? W) Battery X) Circuit breaker Y) Inverter Z) Turbine	Z) TURBINE
TOSS-UP Chemistry - Multiple Choice	Which of the following ions is most similar in ionic radius to the cation Na+? W) K\({}^{+}\) X) Rb\({}^{+}\) Y) Mg\({}^{2+}\) Z) Ca\({}^{2+}\)	Z) Ca\({}^{2+}\)
BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer	Identify all of the following three organic acids that would be more acidic in water than in acetic acid: Chloroacetic acid; Formic acid; Propanoic acid.	1 AND 2 (ACCEPT: CHLOROACETIC ACID AND FORMIC ACID)
TOSS-UP Math - Multiple Choice	Which of the following describes the solutions for the equation \(x\) to the \(x\) power = \(x\) to the \(x+1\) power? W) -1 and 1 X) 0 Y) 1 Z) No solution exists	Y) 1
BONUS Math - Short Answer	What is the sum of the first 6 terms in the geometric sequence with first term 3 and second term 12?	40957) Physics - Multiple ChoiceA disc originally at rest moves through 6 radians as it undergoes a constant angular acceleration about its central axis. If the time taken to accelerate is 2 seconds, what is the magnitude of the acceleration in radians per square second?
TOSS-UP Biology - Multiple Choice	Which of the following lengths of DNA would be least likely to be unwound by a passive helicase? W) ATATAT X) AAATTT Y) TTTGGG Z) GGCGC	Z) GGCGCGC
BONUS Biology - Short Answer	Bacteria use what cellular structure for motility?	FLAGELLUM
TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Short Answer	Identify all of the following three phenomena that are formed by aeolian processes: Yardangs; Ventifacts; Dunes.	ALL OF THEM
BONUS Earth and Space - Short Answer	Identify all of the following three events that occurred during the recombination epoch of the Big Bang: Formation of neutral hydrogen; Neutrino decoupling; Star formation.	1 ONLY
TOSS-UP Energy - Multiple Choice	Lithium cobalt oxide is most commonly used for what component of a lithium-ion battery? W) Electrolyte X) Cathode Y) Enclosure Z) Anode	X) CATHODE
BONUS Energy - Multiple Choice	What country used 100% renewable energy for 75 consecutive days in 2015? W) Lesotho [leh-SOH-toh] X) Costa Rica Y) Norway Z) Sweden	X) COSTA RICA
TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer	The point \((3,-\) is reflected through the \(y\)-axis, with the result then translated 2 units left. What are the coordinates of the final image?	\((-5,-7)\)
BONUS Math - Short Answer	What is the distance between the two points with polar coordinates of \(r=4\) and theta = 60 degrees, and \(r=6\) and theta = 0 degrees?	2\(\sqrt{7}\)13) Biology - Short Answer Identify all of the following three conditions that negatively impact short term memory: 1) Post traumatic stress disorder; 2) Aphasia [ah-FAY-sjah]; 3) Alzheimer's.
TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer	What is the average of the integers from 1 to 21, inclusive?	11
BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer	Identify all of the following three statements that are TRUE concerning crystal field theory: Carbon monoxide is a strong-field ligand; Tetrahedral splitting is larger than octahedral splitting; Square planar compounds can be chiral.	1
TOSS-UP Energy - Multiple Choice	What biological carbon sequestration method uses iron and requires a better understanding of iron cycling in marine systems to determine its long-term impacts? W) Iron geo-reduction X) Iron sequestration Y) Iron filtering Z) Iron fertilization	Z) IRON FERTILIZATION
BONUS Energy - Short Answer	Recent work at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory has linked what metal to the health of the brain, showing that improper oxidation is not only linked to Alzheimer's disease, but also that it modulates spontaneous activity in developing circuits?	COPPER17) Physics - Multiple Choice The current in a cathode ray tube is 10 nanoamps. Which of the following is closest to the number of electrons striking the face of the glass tube each second?
TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Short Answer	Refracting telescopes have a severe limitation in that each wavelength of light is refracted differently, making it impossible to focus on more than one wavelength of light at a time. What is this type of optical aberration called?	CHROMATIC ABERRATION (ALSO ACCEPT: CHROMATIC DISTORITION, SPHEROCHROMATISM)
TOSS-UP Biology - Multiple Choice	Which of the following nucleobases is NOT a pyrimidine [pur-RIM-ih-deen]? W) Guanine [GWAH-neen] X) Cytosine [SYE-toh-seen] Y) Thymine [THIGH-meen] Z) Uracil [YUR-ah-sil]	W) GUANINE
TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer	How much energy, in joules, is in a single kilo-watt hour?	3.6 MILLION (ACCEPT: 3 MILLION 6 HUNDRED THOUSAND)
BONUS Physics - Short Answer	Studies of neutral kaon oscillations resulted in the discovery of what symmetry violation in particle physics?	CP VIOLATION
TOSS-UP Chemistry - Short Answer	Given the percentages by mass of different elements in a compound, identify all of the following three characteristics of the compound that can be uniquely determined:The empirical formula; The molecular formula; The structure	1
TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer	The webbed hand of a human embryo develops into five separate fingers by a process of programmed cell death. What is the term for this process?	APOPTOSIS
TOSS-UP Math - Multiple Choice	Matrices with which of the following pairs of dimensions cannot be multiplied together? W) 3 rows, 2 columns times 2 rows, 3 columns X) 6 rows, 5 columns times 6 rows, 5 columns Y) 1 row, 2 columns times 2 rows, 2 columns Z) 1,000 rows, 2,000 columns times 2,000 rows, 4,000 columns	X) 6 ROWS, 5 COLUMNS TIMES 6 ROWS, 5 COLUMNS
TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Multiple Choice	What layer of the Earth's atmosphere contains approximately 75% of its air mass? W) Troposphere X) Mesosphere Y) Stratosphere Z) Thermosphere	W) TROPSPHERE
TOSS-UP Energy - Short Answer	Uranium pellets that are sealed into fuel rods are composed of what specific uranium compound?	URANIUM DIOXIDE (ACCEPT: URANIUM(IV) OXIDE, URANOUS OXIDE, URANIA; DO NOT ACCEPT: URANIUM OXIDE)
BONUS Energy - Multiple Choice	What technology provides the vast majority of the worldwide grid energy storage capacity? W) Liquid or compressed air X) Lead-acid, nickel-cadmium and sodium-sulfur batteries Y) Hydroelectric pump storage Z) Superconducting magnetic energy storage	Y) HYDROELECTRIC PUMP STORAGE
TOSS-UP Biology - Multiple Choice	Which of the following best describes how oxygen is stored in the muscles? W) Spread throughout X) Bound to hemoglobin Y) Bound to calmodulin Z) Bound to myoglobin	Z) BOUND TO MYOGLOBIN
BONUS Biology - Multiple Choice	Which of the following examples is NOT evidence for evolution from a common ancestor? W) All living things have basic cell processes that are similar and use similar molecules X) Hox genes, or homeotic genes, control vertebrate body plans and are homologous in all vertebrates Y) Even though snakes don't have legs, some snake embryos have limb buds during development similar to other reptile embryos Z) Bats and birds both have wings that are adaptations for flying	Z) BATS AND BIRDS BOTH HAVE WINGS THAT ARE ADAPTATIONS FOR FLYING
TOSS-UP Physics - Multiple Choice	Which of the following is NOT true of laser light? W) It is highly coherent X) It is highly dispersive Y) It is highly monochromatic Z) It is highly directional	X) IT IS HIGHLY DISPERSIVE
TOSS-UP Chemistry - Multiple Choice A molecule with the molecular formula C\({}{5}\)H\({}{12}\) cannot form which of the following structural orientations? W) Straight-chain alkane X) Branched alkane Y) Cycloalkane Z) Normal alkane Answer: Y) CYCLOALKANE Bonus Chemistry - Short Answer	In the balanced equation for the combustion of octane, what are the coefficients for carbon dioxide and water respectively?	16; 1811) Math - Short Answer There are 8 siblings in a family, and when ranked from youngest to oldest, all differ from the next oldest in age by the same number of years. If the youngest is 8 and the oldest is 29, what is the common difference in their ages?
TOSS-UP Biology - Multiple Choice	As the average temperature dropped during the last glacial period, a species of cave bears evolved a layer of thicker fur. What kind of selection is this an example of? W) Speciation X) Disruptive selection Y) Stabilizing selection Z) Directional selection	Z) DIRECTIONAL SELECTION
BONUS Biology - Multiple Choice	What substance composes the frustule [FRUH-stool] of a diatom? W) Silica X) Cellulose Y) Keratin Z) Calcium carbonate	W) SILICA
TOSS-UP Energy - Multiple Choice	Which of the following is the most common usage of syngas? W) Electricity production X) Transportation Y) Water heating Z) Production of ethanol	W) ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION
BONUS Energy - Short Answer	What is the most commonly used process for desulfurizing gas?	CLAUS PROCESS15) Physics - Short AnswerA helicopter uses a main rotor as propulsion and control, but requires a tail rotor to counteract torque. The balance of forces resulting from this configuration is represented best by which of Newton's laws?
BONUS Chemistry - Multiple Choice	Consider both the hydrogenation [high-draw-jen-AY-shun] and the bromination [broh-min-AY-shun] of alkenes using elemental bromine. Which of the following statements concerning these reactions is TRUE? W) Both reactions are syn-additions X) Hydrogenation is a syn-addition, but bromination is an anti-addition Y) Hydrogenation is an anti-addition, but bromination is a syn-addition Z) Both reactions are anti-additions	X) HYDROGENATION IS A SYN-ADDITION, but Bromination IS AN ANTI ADDITION
TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer	What are the critical numbers for the function \(y=3t^{3}-t\)?	1/3, -1/3 (ACCEPT: \(\pm 1/3\))

TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer

Identify all of the following four elements that are most commonly used as semiconductor material in integrated circuits: Silicon; Copper; Germanium; Indium.

1, 3 (ACCEPT: SILICON AND GERMANIUM)

TOSS-UP Biology - Multiple Choice

Which of the following provides the best example of a situation in which genetic drift would play a significant role within a population? W) Non-random mating among plants with purple flowers leads to inbreeding and homozygous lethal conditions that prevent seed germination X) In a large population of plants with purple flowers, one individual exhibits white flowers caused by a mutation Y) In a small population of plants with purple flowers, three white-flowered individuals exist. A deer eats two of the three white flowered plants, thus removing them from the population Z) In a small population of plants where some individuals have white and some have purple flowers, bees strongly prefer the purple flowers, thus more seeds are produced from the purple individuals.

Y) IN A SMALL POPULATION OF PLANTS WITH PURPLE FLOWERS, THREE WHITE-FLOWERED INDIVIDUALS EXIST. A DEER EATS TWO OF THE THREE WHITE FLOWERED PLANTS, THUS REMOVING THEM FROM THE POPULATION

TOSS-UP Math - Multiple Choice

Let f(\(x\)) be a polynomial function with real coefficients and at least one real root. Which of the following must be true? W) f(\(x\)) has an even number of non-real complex roots X) f(\(x\)) is of odd degree Y) f(\(x\)) is an even function Z) The graph of f(\(x\)) has a horizontal asymptote

W) f(\(x\)) HAS AN EVEN NUMBER OF NON-REAL COMPLEX ROOTS

TOSS-UP Chemistry - Short Answer

Molten cryolite is used in what industrial process?

HALL-HEROUT PROCESS

TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Multiple Choice

Which of the following clay minerals forms from the weathering of feldspar and is the main component of most porcelain? W) Kaolinite X) Chlorite Y) Saponite Z) Vermiculite

W) KaOLINITE

TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer

What force carrying particle holds quarks together inside of hadrons?

GLUONS

TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer

Chlorophylll is a pigment that chelates what metal center?

MAGNESIUM

TOSS-UP Math - Multiple Choice

Which of the following equations does NOT include the half-line \(y\)\(=\)\(x\), where \(x\) and \(y\) are positive, in its solution set? W) \(x^{y}=y^{x}\) X) cosine of the product \(xy\) equals sine of the product \(xy\) Y) \(x\) natural log of \(y=y\) natural log of \(x\) Z) \(2^{x}+3^{y}=2^{y}+3^{x}\)

X) COSINE OF THE PRODUCT \(xy\) EQUALS SINE OF THE PRODUCT \(xy\)

TOSS-UP Chemistry \(-\) Short Answer

Order the following three ions from smallest to largest in terms of ionic radii: Cl minus; Br minus; O two minus.

3, 1, 2

TOSS-UP Energy \(-\) Multiple Choice

Which of the following policies allows users with renewable energy sources to sell excess electricity generated to the utility grid and receive compensation? W) Renewable Energy Portfolio Standards X) Feed-in Tariff Y) Net Metering Agreement Z) Carbon Cap and Trade

Y) NET METERING AGREEMENT

TOSS-UP Math - Multiple Choice

Given two sets A and B with A union B containing exactly 3 elements, which of the following must be true about sets A and B? W) Each set contains at least 2 elements X) Each set contains at most 2 elements Y) Each set contains at least 3 elements Z) Each set contains at most 3 elements

Z) EACH SET CONTAINS AT MOST 3 ELEMENTS

TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer

What plant-signaling molecule, similar in structure to aspirin, is thought to be produced around infection sites and carried by the phloem throughout the plant?

METHYLSALICYLIC ACID (ACCEPT: METHYL SALICYLATE, WINTERGREEN OIL)

TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer

In the field of electrostatics, integrals of electric field over a closed surface yield electric flux. What is the term for such a closed surface?

GAUSSIAN SURFACE (ACCEPT: GAUSSIAN)

TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer

What is the log base 3 of 729?

6

TOSS-UP Physics - Multiple Choice

Which of the following quarks does NOT have negative charge? W) Charm X) Strange Y) Down Z) Bottom

W) CHARM

## 18 BONUS Physics - Multiple Choice

Which of the following best describes the electromotive force produced in a circuit by a changing flux? W) Ampere's Law X) Faraday's Law Y) Gauss' Law Z) Ohm's Law

X) FARADAY'S LAW

TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Multiple Choice

In a landlocked area with multiple plays and sparse low-lying vegetation, what type of research would best reveal how the local climate has changed over the past several thousand years? W) Palynology X) Scherochronology [sklair-oh-kraw-NAW-lah-jee] Y) Dendoclimatology [den-droh-kye-math-TALL-ahjee] Z) Speleology [speed-ee-AWL-ah-jee]

W) PALYNOLOGY

BONUS Earth and Space - Short Answer

A fictional moon in a faraway galaxy has the same mass and atmospheric composition as the Earth, but its radius is twice as large. To one decimal place, in kelvins per kilometer, what would be the dry adiabatic lapse rate in this moon's atmosphere?

2.5

TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer

Identify all of the following four cellular attachments that can be found in animal cells: Tight junction; Desmosome; Plasmodesmata [plazz-moh-dez-MAH-tah]; Adherens junction.

1, 2, AND 4

BONUS Biology - Short Answer

Identify all of the following three statements that are TRUE regarding E. coli: Gram negative; Forms spores; Rod-shaped.

1 AND 3 (ACCEPT: GRAM NEGATIVE; ROD SHAPED)

TOSS-UP Math - Multiple Choice

Which of the following is the contrapositive of the conditional statement: If p, then q? W) If q, then p X) If not p, then q Y) If not p, then not q Z) If not q, then not p

Z) IF NOT Q, THEN NOT P

BONUS Math - Short Answer

What is the area of a triangle with sides of length 11, 8, and 5?

4\(\backslash\)21

TOSS-UP Chemistry - Short Answer

What is the molecular geometry of SOCl?

TRIGONAL PYRAMIDAL (ACCEPT: TRIPOD; DO NOT ACCEPT: PYRAMIDAL, TETRAHERDAL)

BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer

The lattice enthalpy of a solid cannot be measured directly, but it can be measured through application of Hess's law to a series of physical and chemical changes. What is the term for this closed path of steps?

BORN-HABER CYCLE7) Math - Short Answer If theta is an angle in the third quadrant and the cosine of theta equals negative five-thirteenths, what is the sine of theta?

TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer

Dynein [DYE-nee-in] and kinesin [kin-EE-sin] are proteins that bind to what cytoskeletal features?

MICROTUBULES

TOSS-UP Energy - Multiple Choice

Biogas is comprised primarily of methane and what other gas? W) Carbon dioxide X) Carbon monoxide Y) Nitrogen Z) Oxygen

W) CARBON DIOXIDE

TOSS-UP Chemistry - Short Answer

One of the most important industrial uses of vanadium [vuh-NAY-dee-um] pentoxide is as a catalyst for the production of what acid?

SULFURIC

TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Multiple Choice

What bright features extending from the Sun's photosphere, often loop-shaped, are composed of relatively cool plasma that emits visible light? W) Sunspots X) Flares Y) Prominences Z) Van Allen belts

Y) PROMINENCES

TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer

What is the term for malignant tumors of the connective tissues?

SARCOMAS

BONUS Biology - Multiple Choice

The mechanisms involved in aligning homologous chromosomes in meiosis are also useful for which of the following? W) Repairing nicks X) Repairing single-stranded breaks Y) Repairing double-stranded breaks Z) Repairing point mutations

Y) REPAIRING DOUBLE STANDED BREAKS

TOSS-UP Chemistry - Short Answer

The ideal gas constant is another form of what other constant, but written in energy per unit temperature per mole rather than energy per unit temperature per particle?

BOLTZMANN CONSTANT

BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer

What is the molecular geometry about the nitrogen atoms in hydrazine [HIGH-drah-zeen]?

TRIGONAL PYRAMIDAL (ACCEPT: TRIPOD; DO NOT ACCEPT: PYRAMIDAL, TETRAHERDAL)17) Energy - Short Answer The Department of Energy's advanced reactor research supports new designs for liquid metal-cooled fast reactors. In these new designs, what metal is used to cool the reactor fuel?

## BONUS Energy - Short Answer

What US Environmental Protection Agency regulation mandates that gasoline contain a minimal amount of ethanol or other biofuel?

RENEWABLE FUEL STANDARD PROGRAM

## BONUS Math - Short Answer

What is the standard deviation of the following list of 4 numbers: 3, 3, 9, 17?

SQUARE ROOT OF 3319) Physics - Short Answer In an optical microscope, lenses of plastic and glass direct and focus the light. What is the name of the distance between the specimen being viewed and the front lens of the objective?

TOSS-UP Chemistry - Multiple Choice

Which of the following statements best explains why triethylamine [try-ethil-ah-MEEN] is more basic than ammonia? W) Alkyl groups elevate the energy of nitrogen's nonbonding HOMO X) Alkyl groups lower the energy of nitrogen's nonbonding HOMO Y) Alkyl groups elevate the energy of nitrogen's nonbonding LUMO Z) Alkyl groups lower the energy of nitrogen's nonbonding LUMO

W) ALKYL GROUPS ELEVATE THE ENERGY OF NITROGEN'S NONBONDING HOMO

TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Short Answer

What type of rotating neutron stars are classified into rotation-powered, accretion-powered, and magnetars?

PULSARS

TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer

What is the dot product of \(4\mathbf{i}-6\mathbf{j}\) and \(-3\mathbf{i}+\mathbf{j}\)?

-18

TOSS-UP Physics - Multiple Choice

Which of the following characteristics makes Xenon-135 an effective neutron poison in nuclear reactors? W) Cherenkov radiation from beta decay of Xenon-135 X) Full valence shell Y) High thermal neutron capture cross-section Z) Unstable with half-life of 9.2 hours

Y) HIGH THERMAL NEUTRON CAPTURE CROSS-SECTION

BONUS Physics - Short Answer

What fraction of the speed of light must a person drive in order that incoming 450 terahertz red light would appear to be 540 terahertz green light?

11/61

TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer

What is the sum of the infinite geometric series with first term 1/4 and second term 1/16?

1/3

BONUS Math - Multiple Choice

A regular decagon is inscribed in a circle with radius 8. Which of the following is the length of one of its sides? W) 8 sine of 36\({}^{\circ}\) X) 8 cosine of 36\({}^{\circ}\) Y) 16 sine of 18\({}^{\circ}\) Z) 16 cosine of 18\({}^{\circ}\)

Y) 16 sine of 18\({}^{\circ}\)

TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer

What law of electromagnetism states that the total electric flux through a closed surface is equal to the total electric charge inside the surface divided by the permittivity of free space?

GAUSS'S LAW (ACCEPT: GAUSS'S)

BONUS Physics - Short Answer

When a material transitions into a superconducting state, it actively excludes magnetic fields from its interior. What is the name of this electromagnetic phenomenon?

MEISSNER EFFECT

TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Short Answer

Identify all of the following three minerals that are formed by oxidative weathering: Hematite; Limonite; Goethite.

ALL OF THEM

BONUS Earth and Space - Multiple Choice

As Earth's temperature rises, sea levels will also rise due to the melting of continental ice. Why won't this effect be canceled by increased evaporation of seawater from the oceans? W) The thermohaline [thermo-HAY-line] circulation will slow down X) When ice sheets melt, they release latent heat Y) Saltwater evaporates much more slowly than freshwater Z) The atmosphere is a much smaller water reservoir than the ocean

Z) THE ATMOSPHERE IS A MUCH SMALLER WATER RESERVOIR THAN

TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer

What cytoskeletal component is composed of actin?

MICROFILAMENTS (ACCEPT: CYTOSKEETAL FILAMENTS, THIN FILAMENTS)

BONUS Biology - Multiple Choice

Which of the following is true regarding the differences between New World and Old World monkeys? W) New World monkeys evolved from prosimians, while Old World monkeys evolved from anthropoids X) New World monkeys are all arboreal, while Old World monkeys include some ground- dwelling species Y) New World monkeys lack prehensile tails, while Old World monkeys have prehensile tails Z) New World monkeys have downward pointed noses, while Old World monkeys have flat, spreading noses

X) NEW WORLD MONKEYS ARE ALL ARBOREAL, WHILE OLD WORLD MONKEYS INCLUDE SOME GROUND-DWELLING SPECIES

TOSS-UP Chemistry - Multiple Choice

According to VSEPR theory, which of the following could NOT be the molecular geometry of a compound with a trigonal bipyramidal electron-pair geometry? W) Trigonal bipyramidal [BYE-peer-ah-MID-all] X) Trigonal pyramidal Y) Linear Z) See-saw

X) TRIGONAL PYRAMIDAL

BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer

Consider the reaction A plus B yields C, which is second-order in the reactant A and first-order in the reactant B. If the concentrations of both A and B are doubled, then by what factor is the reaction rate multiplied?

8

TOSS-UP Energy - Multiple Choice

Breader reactors use uranium-238. Based on the abundance of this isotope, which of the following best estimates how many years breeder reactors could operate with the Earth's supply of uranium-238? W) 500 X) 5,000 Y) 5 million Z) 5 billion

Z) 5 BILLION

BONUS Energy - Short Answer

Identify all of the following three statements that are true regarding carbon sequestration practices on farms: Groundcover is used to prevent soil from being washed or blown away; Groundcover is used as protection from the Sun to attract microbes; Livestock are only allowed to graze in one spot for 3-4 days at a time.

1, 2, 3 (ACCEPT: ALL OF THEM)7) Math - Multiple Choice Consider a restaurant menu with nine meals. A table at the restaurant has \(n\) diners, all of whom order different meals. For which of the following values of \(n\) could the table add a diner without changing the number of combinations of meals the table can order?

TOSS-UP Energy - Multiple Choice

Which of the following is a major concern introduced with demand response programs and smart grids in general: W) Increased flow of energy in distribution and power systems. X) Decrease in system reliability due to intermittency of generation of renewable energy sources Y) Increased rates of cost of electricity Z) Hackers can gain access to smart grid control software

Z) Hackers CAN GAIN ACCESS TO SMART GRID CONTROL SOFTWARE

TOSS-UP Chemistry - Multiple Choice

Which of the following alkaline metal hydroxides has the highest solubility in water? W) Magnesium hydroxide X) Calcium hydroxide Y) Strontium hydroxide Z) Barium hydroxide

Z) Barium HYDROXIDE

TOSS-UP Biology - Multiple Choice

A deletion mutation that results in loss of the final 3 nucleotides of an organism's histidine tRNA gene will impair what function of the tRNA? W) Folding into functional tertiary structure X) Codon-anticodon base pairing with mRNA Y) Binding to histidine Z) Transcription of the gene encoding histidine

Y) BINDING TO HISTIDINE

## BONUS Energy - Short Answer

Identify all of the following three statements that are TRUE regarding biodiesel: B20 is commonly used in diesel equipment without modifications; Water is a common biodiesel additive to reduce corrosion; Biodiesel is produced via the Fischer-Tropsch process.

1

## BONUS Physics - Multiple Choice

Two loudspeakers, A and B, are placed 4 meters apart and facing each other. The loudspeakers produce sound at 171 hertz in phase with one another. A microphone is moved with varying speed along a straight line that joins A and B. Which of the following statements is true? W) The microphone detects sound with no amplitude fluctuations as it moves X) The microphone detects sound with amplitude fluctuations that increase as its speed decreases Y) The microphone detects sound with amplitude fluctuations that increase as its speed increases Z) The microphone detects no sound

Y) THE MICROPHONE DETECTS SOUND WITH AMPLITUDE

TOSS-UP Physics - Multiple Choice

According to the equipartition theorem, by what factor of the Boltzmann constant does each translational degree of freedom of an ideal gas contribute to the heat capacity? W) 1/2 X) 1 Y) 2 Z) 3

W) 1/2

BONUS Physics - Short Answer

What particles are thought to interact with standard particles via a force similar in strength to the weak force and are among the leading candidates for the composition of dark matter?

WIMPS (ACCEPT: WEAKLY INTERACTING MASSIVE PARTICLES)

TOSS-UP Biology - Multiple Choice

Helicobacter pylori [HEEL-ik-oh-bak-tur pie-LOR-ee] is associated with which of the following disorders? W) SARS X) Tuberculosis Y) Stomach ulcers Z) Anemia

Y) STOMACH ULCERS

BONUS Biology - Multiple Choice

Vitamin K is important to which of the following processes? W) Metabolism X) Calcium absorption Y) Night vision Z) Blood clotting

Z) BLOOD CLOTTING

TOSS-UP Chemistry - Short Answer

What is the bond order of N\({}{2}\)+?

2.5

BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer

Identify all of the following three statements concerning chemical kinetics that are TRUE: Zero-order rate constants have units of inverse seconds; First-order reactions have half-lives that are dependent on time; Catalysts cannot appear in the rate law for a reaction.

NONE OF THEM

TOSS-UP Physics - Multiple Choice

Taking the acceleration due to gravity to be 10 meters per second squared, how much power, in watts, is required to lift a 2 kilogram mass at a constant speed of 2 meters per second? W) 2 X) 4 Y) 40 Z) 80

Y) 40

TOSS-UP Energy - Multiple Choice

Which of the following would not be considered a balance-of-system component for a stand-alone wind power system? W) Battery X) Circuit breaker Y) Inverter Z) Turbine

Z) TURBINE

TOSS-UP Chemistry - Multiple Choice

Which of the following ions is most similar in ionic radius to the cation Na+? W) K\({}^{+}\) X) Rb\({}^{+}\) Y) Mg\({}^{2+}\) Z) Ca\({}^{2+}\)

Z) Ca\({}^{2+}\)

BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer

Identify all of the following three organic acids that would be more acidic in water than in acetic acid: Chloroacetic acid; Formic acid; Propanoic acid.

1 AND 2 (ACCEPT: CHLOROACETIC ACID AND FORMIC ACID)

TOSS-UP Math - Multiple Choice

Which of the following describes the solutions for the equation \(x\) to the \(x\) power = \(x\) to the \(x+1\) power? W) -1 and 1 X) 0 Y) 1 Z) No solution exists

Y) 1

BONUS Math - Short Answer

What is the sum of the first 6 terms in the geometric sequence with first term 3 and second term 12?

40957) Physics - Multiple ChoiceA disc originally at rest moves through 6 radians as it undergoes a constant angular acceleration about its central axis. If the time taken to accelerate is 2 seconds, what is the magnitude of the acceleration in radians per square second?

TOSS-UP Biology - Multiple Choice

Which of the following lengths of DNA would be least likely to be unwound by a passive helicase? W) ATATAT X) AAATTT Y) TTTGGG Z) GGCGC

Z) GGCGCGC

BONUS Biology - Short Answer

Bacteria use what cellular structure for motility?

FLAGELLUM

TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Short Answer

Identify all of the following three phenomena that are formed by aeolian processes: Yardangs; Ventifacts; Dunes.

ALL OF THEM

BONUS Earth and Space - Short Answer

Identify all of the following three events that occurred during the recombination epoch of the Big Bang: Formation of neutral hydrogen; Neutrino decoupling; Star formation.

1 ONLY

TOSS-UP Energy - Multiple Choice

Lithium cobalt oxide is most commonly used for what component of a lithium-ion battery? W) Electrolyte X) Cathode Y) Enclosure Z) Anode

X) CATHODE

BONUS Energy - Multiple Choice

What country used 100% renewable energy for 75 consecutive days in 2015? W) Lesotho [leh-SOH-toh] X) Costa Rica Y) Norway Z) Sweden

X) COSTA RICA

TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer

The point \((3,-\) is reflected through the \(y\)-axis, with the result then translated 2 units left. What are the coordinates of the final image?

\((-5,-7)\)

BONUS Math - Short Answer

What is the distance between the two points with polar coordinates of \(r=4\) and theta = 60 degrees, and \(r=6\) and theta = 0 degrees?

2\(\sqrt{7}\)13) Biology - Short Answer Identify all of the following three conditions that negatively impact short term memory: 1) Post traumatic stress disorder; 2) Aphasia [ah-FAY-sjah]; 3) Alzheimer's.

TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer

What is the average of the integers from 1 to 21, inclusive?

11

BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer

Identify all of the following three statements that are TRUE concerning crystal field theory: Carbon monoxide is a strong-field ligand; Tetrahedral splitting is larger than octahedral splitting; Square planar compounds can be chiral.

1

TOSS-UP Energy - Multiple Choice

What biological carbon sequestration method uses iron and requires a better understanding of iron cycling in marine systems to determine its long-term impacts? W) Iron geo-reduction X) Iron sequestration Y) Iron filtering Z) Iron fertilization

Z) IRON FERTILIZATION

BONUS Energy - Short Answer

Recent work at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory has linked what metal to the health of the brain, showing that improper oxidation is not only linked to Alzheimer's disease, but also that it modulates spontaneous activity in developing circuits?

COPPER17) Physics - Multiple Choice The current in a cathode ray tube is 10 nanoamps. Which of the following is closest to the number of electrons striking the face of the glass tube each second?

TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Short Answer

Refracting telescopes have a severe limitation in that each wavelength of light is refracted differently, making it impossible to focus on more than one wavelength of light at a time. What is this type of optical aberration called?

CHROMATIC ABERRATION (ALSO ACCEPT: CHROMATIC DISTORITION, SPHEROCHROMATISM)

TOSS-UP Biology - Multiple Choice

Which of the following nucleobases is NOT a pyrimidine [pur-RIM-ih-deen]? W) Guanine [GWAH-neen] X) Cytosine [SYE-toh-seen] Y) Thymine [THIGH-meen] Z) Uracil [YUR-ah-sil]

W) GUANINE

TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer

How much energy, in joules, is in a single kilo-watt hour?

3.6 MILLION (ACCEPT: 3 MILLION 6 HUNDRED THOUSAND)

BONUS Physics - Short Answer

Studies of neutral kaon oscillations resulted in the discovery of what symmetry violation in particle physics?

CP VIOLATION

TOSS-UP Chemistry - Short Answer

Given the percentages by mass of different elements in a compound, identify all of the following three characteristics of the compound that can be uniquely determined:The empirical formula; The molecular formula; The structure

1

TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer

The webbed hand of a human embryo develops into five separate fingers by a process of programmed cell death. What is the term for this process?

APOPTOSIS

TOSS-UP Math - Multiple Choice

Matrices with which of the following pairs of dimensions cannot be multiplied together? W) 3 rows, 2 columns times 2 rows, 3 columns X) 6 rows, 5 columns times 6 rows, 5 columns Y) 1 row, 2 columns times 2 rows, 2 columns Z) 1,000 rows, 2,000 columns times 2,000 rows, 4,000 columns

X) 6 ROWS, 5 COLUMNS TIMES 6 ROWS, 5 COLUMNS

TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Multiple Choice

What layer of the Earth's atmosphere contains approximately 75% of its air mass? W) Troposphere X) Mesosphere Y) Stratosphere Z) Thermosphere

W) TROPSPHERE

TOSS-UP Energy - Short Answer

Uranium pellets that are sealed into fuel rods are composed of what specific uranium compound?

URANIUM DIOXIDE (ACCEPT: URANIUM(IV) OXIDE, URANOUS OXIDE, URANIA; DO NOT ACCEPT: URANIUM OXIDE)

BONUS Energy - Multiple Choice

What technology provides the vast majority of the worldwide grid energy storage capacity? W) Liquid or compressed air X) Lead-acid, nickel-cadmium and sodium-sulfur batteries Y) Hydroelectric pump storage Z) Superconducting magnetic energy storage

Y) HYDROELECTRIC PUMP STORAGE

TOSS-UP Biology - Multiple Choice

Which of the following best describes how oxygen is stored in the muscles? W) Spread throughout X) Bound to hemoglobin Y) Bound to calmodulin Z) Bound to myoglobin

Z) BOUND TO MYOGLOBIN

BONUS Biology - Multiple Choice

Which of the following examples is NOT evidence for evolution from a common ancestor? W) All living things have basic cell processes that are similar and use similar molecules X) Hox genes, or homeotic genes, control vertebrate body plans and are homologous in all vertebrates Y) Even though snakes don't have legs, some snake embryos have limb buds during development similar to other reptile embryos Z) Bats and birds both have wings that are adaptations for flying

Z) BATS AND BIRDS BOTH HAVE WINGS THAT ARE ADAPTATIONS FOR FLYING

TOSS-UP Physics - Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT true of laser light? W) It is highly coherent X) It is highly dispersive Y) It is highly monochromatic Z) It is highly directional

X) IT IS HIGHLY DISPERSIVE

TOSS-UP Chemistry - Multiple Choice A molecule with the molecular formula C\({}{5}\)H\({}{12}\) cannot form which of the following structural orientations? W) Straight-chain alkane X) Branched alkane Y) Cycloalkane Z) Normal alkane Answer: Y) CYCLOALKANE Bonus Chemistry - Short Answer

In the balanced equation for the combustion of octane, what are the coefficients for carbon dioxide and water respectively?

16; 1811) Math - Short Answer There are 8 siblings in a family, and when ranked from youngest to oldest, all differ from the next oldest in age by the same number of years. If the youngest is 8 and the oldest is 29, what is the common difference in their ages?

TOSS-UP Biology - Multiple Choice

As the average temperature dropped during the last glacial period, a species of cave bears evolved a layer of thicker fur. What kind of selection is this an example of? W) Speciation X) Disruptive selection Y) Stabilizing selection Z) Directional selection

Z) DIRECTIONAL SELECTION

BONUS Biology - Multiple Choice

What substance composes the frustule [FRUH-stool] of a diatom? W) Silica X) Cellulose Y) Keratin Z) Calcium carbonate

W) SILICA

TOSS-UP Energy - Multiple Choice

Which of the following is the most common usage of syngas? W) Electricity production X) Transportation Y) Water heating Z) Production of ethanol

W) ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION

BONUS Energy - Short Answer

What is the most commonly used process for desulfurizing gas?

CLAUS PROCESS15) Physics - Short AnswerA helicopter uses a main rotor as propulsion and control, but requires a tail rotor to counteract torque. The balance of forces resulting from this configuration is represented best by which of Newton's laws?

BONUS Chemistry - Multiple Choice

Consider both the hydrogenation [high-draw-jen-AY-shun] and the bromination [broh-min-AY-shun] of alkenes using elemental bromine. Which of the following statements concerning these reactions is TRUE? W) Both reactions are syn-additions X) Hydrogenation is a syn-addition, but bromination is an anti-addition Y) Hydrogenation is an anti-addition, but bromination is a syn-addition Z) Both reactions are anti-additions

X) HYDROGENATION IS A SYN-ADDITION, but Bromination IS AN ANTI ADDITION

TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer

What are the critical numbers for the function \(y=3t^{3}-t\)?

1/3, -1/3 (ACCEPT: \(\pm 1/3\))