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+In 1848, Frédéric Sorrieu, a French artist, prepared a series of four
+prints visualising his dream of a world made up of ‘democratic
+and social Republics’, as he called them. The first print (Fig. 1) of theseries, shows the peoples of Europe and America – men and women
+of all ages and social classes – marching in a long train, and offering
+homage to the statue of Liberty as they pass by it. As you wouldrecall, artists of the time of the French Revolution personified Liberty
+as a female figure – here you can recognise the torch of Enlightenment
+she bears in one hand and the Charter of the Rights of Man in theother. On the earth in the foreground of the image lie the shattered
+remains of the symbols of absolutist institutions. In Sorrieu’s
+utopian  vision, the peoples of the world are grouped as distinct
+nations, identified through their flags and national costume. Leading
+the procession, way past the statue of Liberty, are the United States
+and Switzerland, which by this time were already nation-states. France,
+The  Rise  of  Nationalism  in  Europe
+Fig. 1 — The Dream of Worldwide Democratic and Social Republics – The Pact Between Nations, a print prepared by
+Frédéric Sorrieu, 1848.
+Chapter I
+The Rise of Nationalism in Europe
+New words
+Absolutist – Literally, a government or
+system of rule that has no restraints onthe power exercised. In history, the term
+refers to a form of monarchical
+government that was centralised,militarised and repressive
+Utopian – A vision of a society that is so
+ideal that it is unlikely to actually exist
+In what way do you think this print (Fig. 1)
+depicts a utopian vision?ActivityIndia and the Contemporary World
+4identifiable by the revolutionary tricolour, has just reached the statue.
+She is followed by the peoples of Germany, bearing the black, redand gold flag. Interestingly, at the time when Sorrieu created this
+image, the German peoples did not yet exist as a united nation – the
+flag they carry is an expression of liberal hopes in 1848 to unify thenumerous German-speaking principalities into a nation-state under
+a democratic constitution. Following the German peoples are the
+peoples of Austria, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, Lombardy,Poland, England, Ireland, Hungary and Russia. From the heavens
+above, Christ, saints and angels gaze upon the scene. They have
+been used by the artist to symbolise fraternity among the nations ofthe world.
+This chapter will deal with many of the issues visualised by Sorrieu
+in Fig. 1. During the nineteenth century, nationalism emerged as aforce which brought about sweeping changes in the political and
+mental world of Europe. The end result of these changes was the
+emergence of the nation-state  in place of the multi-national dynastic
+empires of Europe. The concept and practices of a modern  state, in
+which a centralised power exercised sovereign control over a clearlydefined territory, had been developing over a long period of timein Europe. But a nation-state  was one in which the majority of its
+citizens, and not only its rulers, came to develop a sense of commonidentity and shared history or descent. This commonness did notexist from time immemorial; it was forged through struggles, through
+the actions of leaders and the common people. This chapter will
+look at the diverse processes through which nation-states andnationalism came into being in nineteenth-century Europe.Ernst Renan, ‘What is a Nation?’
+In a lecture delivered at the University of
+Sorbonne in 1882, the French philosopher ErnstRenan (1823-92) outlined his understanding ofwhat makes a nation. The lecture  wassubsequently published as a famous essay entitled‘Qu’est-ce qu’une nation?’ (‘What is a Nation?’).In this essay Renan criticises the notion suggestedby others that a nation is formed by a commonlanguage, race, religion, or territory:
+‘A nation is the culmination of a long past ofendeavours, sacrifice and devotion. A heroic past,great men, glory, that is the social capital uponwhich one bases a national idea. To havecommon glories in the past, to have a commonwill in the present, to have performed great deedstogether, to wish to perform still more, theseare the essential conditions of being a people. Anation is therefore a large-scale solidarity … Itsexistence is a daily plebiscite … A province is its
+inhabitants; if anyone has the right to beconsulted, it is the inhabitant. A nation neverhas any real interest in annexing or holding on toa country against its will. The existence of nationsis a good thing, a necessity even. Their existenceis a guarantee of liberty, which would be lost ifthe world had only one law and only one master.’
+SourceSource A
+Summarise the attributes of a nation, as Renan
+understands them. Why, in his view, are nations
+important?DiscussNew words
+Plebiscite – A direct vote by which all the
+people of a region are asked to accept or reject
+a proposal5
+Nationalism   in   Europe1  The French Revolution and the Idea of the Nation
+The first clear expression of nationalism came with
+the French Revolution in 1789. France, as you
+would remember, was a full-fledged territorial state
+in 1789 under the rule of an absolute monarch.The political and constitutional changes that came
+in the wake of the French Revolution led to the
+transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to abody of French citizens. The revolution proclaimed
+that it was the people who would henceforth
+constitute the nation and shape its destiny.
+From the very beginning, the French revolutionaries
+introduced various measures and practices that
+could create a sense of collective identity amongstthe French people. The ideas of la patrie (the
+fatherland) and le citoyen  (the citizen) emphasised
+the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under aconstitution. A new French flag, the tricolour,   was chosen to replace
+the former royal standard. The Estates General  was elected by the
+body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly. Newhymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated,
+all in the name of the nation. A centralised administrative system
+was put in place and it formulated uniform laws for all citizenswithin its territory. Internal customs duties and dues were abolished
+and a uniform system of weights and measures was adopted.
+Regional dialects were discouraged and French, as it was spokenand written in Paris, became the common language of the nation.
+The revolutionaries further declared that it was the mission and the
+destiny of the French nation to liberate the peoples of Europefrom despotism, in other words to help other peoples of Europe
+to become nations.
+When the news of the events in France reached the different cities
+of Europe, students and other members of educated middle classes
+began setting up Jacobin clubs. Their activities and campaigns
+prepared the way for the French armies which moved into Holland,Belgium, Switzerland and much of Italy in the 1790s. With the
+outbreak of the revolutionary wars, the French armies began to
+carry the idea of nationalism abroad.
+Fig. 2 — The cover of a German almanac
+designed by the journalist Andreas Rebmann in1798.The image of the French Bastille being stormedby the revolutionary crowd has been placednext to a similar fortress meant to represent thebastion of despotic rule in the German provinceof Kassel. Accompanying the illustration is theslogan: ‘The people must seize their ownfreedom!’ Rebmann lived in the  city of Mainzand was  a member of a German Jacobin group.India and the Contemporary World
+6Within the wide swathe of territory that came under his control,
+Napoleon set about introducing many of the reforms that he had
+already introduced in France. Through a return to monarchyNapoleon had, no doubt, destroyed democracy in France, but in
+the administrative field he had incorporated revolutionary principles
+in order to make the whole system more rational and efficient. TheCivil Code of 1804 – usually known as the Napoleonic Code –
+did away with all privileges based on birth, established  equality
+before the law and secured  the right to property. This Code wasexported to the regions under French control. In the Dutch Republic,
+in Switzerland, in Italy and Germany, Napoleon simplified
+administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freedpeasants from serfdom and manorial dues. In the towns too, guild
+restrictions were removed. Transport and communication systems
+were improved. Peasants, artisans, workers and new businessmen
+Fig. 3 —  Europe after the
+Congress of Vienna, 1815.ICELAND