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[ "I don't know for certain, but think about it:\n\nPlants are sedentary. They find a particular kind of environment that suits them well and, for the most part, stay in one place for their whole lives. They don't need to develop systems that allow for locomotion. They don't need to develop complex tissues and organs that make up that system, nor the vessels and oxygen transport mechanism to ensure the cells in the locomotion system stay energized. They don't require much energy since, again, they stay put; they make their own energy, and it's enough to get by on. \n\nMuch of the complexity of animal life revolves around how they tweak the basic mechanics of moving around. Where does it move? How does it move? What does it require in order to move? How much and what kind of energy does it need? Does it regulate its own internal temperature?" ]

[ "Always assumed it was a dry spot where there was no mucous.", "Eugh I get this too! I feel like it's when your nose is TOO empy kinda thing." ]

[ "Have you ever been to the beach and made a sand bridge? You put your arm in a trench and build a tightly packed layer of sand over top. If you carefully remove your hand the sand stays and makes a tunnel/bridge. But if you touch it, it'll fall in on itself.\n\nWell, deep underground there are pockets of water with lots of dirt piled and packed tightly on top of it. The water does a pretty good job of holding up the dirt, like your hand did with the sand. But , sometimes those pockets of water can be drained out over long periods of time or from movements in the earth leaving big bubbles of air. Air is not as good at holding up the dirt, and sometimes the dirt will collapse into the hole like the bridge.\n\nThe issue is very common in Florida because of our natural aquifers, big tunnels of water under the ground. The aquifers drain very easily and if the earth moves around too much, it collapses.\n\nYou'll often see sink holes filled with water but the principle is the same. It's a lot easier to make a water balloon pop if there is a little bit of air at the top. And once the sink hole pops, all the dirt sinks below and the water rushes up to the top.\n\nedit: fixed fishy typo.", "Geologist here. Sinkholes are a byproduct of a geologic term known as karsting. \n\nThe process of karsting starts with a lithology (rock type) that allows for the water table (aquifer) to move through it with ease. This means that the rock (in the case of a skin hole: limestone) must have both porosity and permeability. Porosity of a rock are the tiny empty void spaces between the individual grains or crystals, while the permeability of the rock is the ability for the fluids (in this case water) to flow between the porosity void spaces. Both porosity and permeability are an absolute necessity for an aquifer to exist. Most folks tend to think of aquifers as underground rivers and lakes, but the vast majority of aquifers are nothing more than a giant \"sponge\" that holds the fluids under the lithostatic pressures of the overlying rocks. \n\nHowever, in the case of sinkholes or karst topography, the aquifers are in fact underground river systems! (Formed by the following process)\n\nThe process of sinkhole formation begins with a rainstorm which is absorbed into the ground through an aquifer recharge zone. Because the pH of rainwater can vary from 7.0 to 5.6, the water is in fact an acid which can be corrosive to aquifers. As the rain water enters the recharge zone and enters the water table, it begins to interact with carbonate rocks such as limestone (CaCO3) or dolomite (MgCa(CO3)2). Both of these rock type react violently with acids, something that you can directly test by pouring a small amount of acid on an outcrop.\n\n Anyways.. back to the sinkholes. In the distant past, the acidic rainwater moves through the highly permeable limestones and dolomites and begins to actively dissolve them. This is the first stage of a cave system and the formation of an \"underground river\" cave system. Now mind you.. it isn't actually a river, but more of an labyrinth of endless dark underwater pathways. As geologic time passes, the aquifer and water table will inevitability begin to drop. As this happens, the waterlogged caverns begin to drain, leaving vast pockets under the ground. \n\n(This is where the sinkholes come in). Since water is not compressible, the aquifer was essentially holding up the overburden of the overlying rocks. With the water gone, gravity begins to do its nasty work. Over time, water from more rainwater will begin to percolate through the rocks dissolving and precipitating (Think stalagmites and stalactites in a cave system). The water is once again actively eating away at the rock, making the overlying rock weaker and more prone to cave in. This continues until one day gravities pull is too strong, causing the overlying buildings, roads, sediments, etc to be consumed, effectively falling down into the base of the cave system that started forming a long long time ago. \n\nHope this helps! ✌⛏", "Student Civil Engineer here.\n\nTo put it as if you are actually 5.\n\nImagine there is a road, now underneath that road there is soil. Over time water can erode (takes away) bits of soil. Over a period of time there is now no more soil under the road since the water has eroded it and there is just a big hole. Eventually the road cannot support its own weight and collapses into the empty space.\n\nThis is a sinkhole.\n\nThe reason why i said over time and over a period of time is because these can happen fast (during floods) or very slowly.\n\nA leak in a sewage pipe over years dropping small amounts of water every few minutes can still create a sinkhole.\n\nHope this is helpful.", "Bro let me tell you about sinkholes. There's a whole Nova special on PBS about sinkholes. \n\nThe general gist of sinkholes is that the earth beneath a sinkhole is weak and collapses, creating a void, which results in the earth above caving in.\n\nAs others have mentioned, there are places in Florida where fluid-like solids like sand are affected by the aquifers around it, and the meta-structure that maintained the ground above gives way. There are entire neighborhoods in Florida where the value of their homes have plummeted to next-to-nothing because half the house next door collaped into the pits of hell.\n\nBut the most interesting sinkholes are the ones caused in Louisiana. There is a community next to a salt deposit in Louisiana that has been consumed by sinkholes. Basically, a salt-mining company used water to dissolve a large salt deposit (many miles wide) in Louisiana in order to liquefy the salt and pump it to the surface easily, then evaporate the water and sell the salt. Except, after they had mined a shit-ton of the salt away and created a huge void, they mined too close to the edge of the deposit and caved in many *many* cubic meters of void. They collapsed a bayou and completely ravaged a community, forcing dozens if not hundreds of people to flee their lifelong homes. \n\nSinkholes are gnarly.", "They open up under kids who don't mow the lawn when their parents ask them to. May not be today, may not be tomorrow. But eventually, they come for you.", "Nobody seems to be mentioning plumbing as one of the most common causes.\n\nIf you actually look at pics inside sinkholes in the city, a large portion of them have a city service pipe running through it. The fitting blows or the pipe itself cracks, no one realizes, and slowly over time the water both digs out a huge area of dirt while at the same time collecting the dirt/soil into the pipe and funneling it out of the area. I giant empty hole is created and eventually the road caves in exposing a pipe that's leaking and people think it's the sinkhole that caused the broken water main.", "Sinkholes generally form in karst landscapes. The defining feature of karst in the prevalence of limestone, and usually lots of it. Water in the wild is ever so slightly acidic and limestone actually reacts with acid (the calcium component of limestone). Slowly the water reacts with the limestone and eats away at the stone on top of general erosion that happens when the water makes contact with the stone and physically moves bits of it away. The water seeps down cracks in the stone and settles allowing it to eat away at the stone in a specific place. Over time, enough of it gets eaten away that the structure can no longer support the weight on top of it and it gives in. From the top, it looks like a sink hole.", "Miner here. \n\nThe easiest way to put it, sinkholes happen because there's not enough shit under surface.\n\nThat can be caused by variety of reasons, most of people here just mention the natural reasons, however sinkholes can also happen if there's underground tunnels that are big enough, situated shallow(ly?) enough [tunnels of height around 2m can cause a discontinous deformation(sinkhole is one of them, basically anything that \"breaks\" the ground instead of \"bending\" it) if they're up to around 300meters under the surface, depending on the rocks of course]\n\nSo if there's an old and poorly kept metro, or an old,old mine(they tended to not go as deep because technical reasons), but also all the natural reasons others mentioned.", "Civil Engineer working with for a utility in a major city.\n\nMost of the time, in my experience, a sink hole occurs in my city because there used to be pipe underground of different sizes. These pipes used to filled with water or gas but since we dont use them anymore these pipes are no longer pressurized and eventually the soil collapse the pipe and the surface sinks in. Lets pretend you buried an inflated balloon in the sand. When you deflate the balloon the sand sinks. The pipe is a rigid balloon but not rigid enough to not collapse with the forces of society are on top of it.", "I'm not too surprised that this hasn't been shared but here's a story that had a devastating impact on my family and many others. The sinkhole in Bayou Corne, Louisiana was caused by irresponsible oil companies. \n_URL_0_", "Check YouTube, some good docs there with diagrams etc. I think the short answer is that ground water deposits get drained over-aggressively, creating a space of air." ]

[ "No.\n\nAds are usually provided by a 3rd party company from their servers, not the same server that is delivering the rest of the content on the page, so they can often take longer to load compared to other stuff on the page. \n\nThey are often also image-heavy, which means they take longer to load than text.\n\nThey are also usually inserted into the page using javascript, so that they can load several different ads to different viewers on the same page, or target ads to different users, or track impressions, & c. The script that loads these ads often runs after other content in the page has loaded, so that the page doesn't have to wait on the ads & just display as blank while the ads load (this would lose you a ton of visitors, & make the ads worthless because there'd be no visitors to see them once they do load).", "No. Mobile ads are often slow to load for two reasons.\n\n1) They are loaded from a source different from the server the page itself is hosted on. Your browser has to make a separate request, to a separate computer, for them.\n\n2) The scripts that load them are often ordered in the source code so that they come last. This is intentional, not so that you erroneously click them, but because the site's designers want to prioritize content (and often structure) over non-essential scripts in general.\n\n~~Also: most (not all) banner ads pay on impression, not on click.~~", "they are also typically the biggest chunk of data on the website. if you blocked ads and checked your data usage before and after, itd drop qutie a bit haha so many video ads", "I was on pornhub the other day, and the format for the videos would be the normal grid formation, but after about five seconds the entire top right side of the screen will be replaced with an ad. It is almost as if they scientifically figured out how many seconds it takes for a person to decide what video to watch, and they timed it perfectly so that when I'm trying to press on a video, the ad would pop up. \nNot on mobile btw, but am I just imagining things?" ]

[ "Yes, it would be, but then there would also be a finite amount of aluminum on earth and we would never be able to have more bottles and cans than we do right now. The world is growing and we still have a need for new aluminum. People like airplane manufacturers and NASA need lots of high quality aluminum so they are willing to pay for the good stuff, coke doesn't need anyhting other than tin cans so they likely wont pay a premium for new aluminum and jsut use the recycled stuff." ]

[ "Each awards show has their own thing. You're probably aware of the Oscars and the Emmy, but there are like a hundred others with their own style and categories. \n\nHowever you're not alone in your thinking. Not having a separate comedy category has been a regular criticism of the Oscars.\n\nThey tried to assuage this a bit (and add some flair and promo to the show) by upping the best picture category from 5 films to up to 10, hopefully to allow more diverse films outside of dramas (such as animated, comedy's, and sci-fi films), but this is still pretty new. They changed the voting on it a bit too, but its unknown if this had any effect on the eventual winners.\n\nIn other words... this particular award show does its own thing, just like the others, and this does not seem like something they are particularly interested in.", "Because the Oscars itself are a joke. ... baboomboom chich\n\nNeed to fill a few more lines to make this a long enough answer..\n\nAnd one more sentence ahould do it....", "The Oscars try to present themselves as very classy and proper. No offense to comedies, but they are generally low brow, from your Adam Sandler movies to Seth Rogan movies to Tyler Perry movies. None of those movies are going to go down in history as cinema changing movies." ]

[ "No answer, but that is fucking adorable. I hope you two have a long happy life of being this in love together.", "This is going to sound like a really snide answer, but really isn't...\n\nYou love them.\n\nGo and try to hug the annoying person you don't really dig, it will not last long, probably more like a shoulder check." ]

[ "In principle, 'lobbying' just means 'talking to congressmen'. If you have a good idea for how the nation's laws should be set up, or a stake in those laws, you sit down for lunch and talk to them, help them to understand where you're coming from. Others do the same, and then the politician takes a stance.\n\nIn principle, once a politician has taken a stance, people will choose their favorite champions to advocate for. They'll talk about them, put up a poster on their lawn, or, if they can afford it, a billboard on a highway, or a radio or television ad.\n\nIn practice, our ability to sell ideas through advertising is just way too good. The candidate with the most advertising usually wins the election, so they are forced to pick the ideas that will get them the most money. In part, this is because many of the candidates have the same opinions, and so you'll support the one that 'most famously' holds those opinions. As a result, successful candidates hold a mix of popular and profitable ideas.\n\nIt's hard to say how best we can go about fixing this. It's definitely our own fault - in an ideal world, we'd notice that most of the candidates lived up to our desires, and elect the one with the best education or the best combination of little ideas. In practice, though, no one can name what all of the individual policies of all twelve or so Republican presidential candidates are, let alone those of every politician they're meant to vote for.\n\nOther options have included a cap on campaign spending, which would put more emphasis on the debates rather than fund raising. This is a troubling idea though, because it's not clear where that line should be exactly. Do we ban any billboard larger than 3 feet by 3 feet? Seems extreme. Radio ads? TV ads? They all seem like they should have a place in educating people about a candidate's ideas. A pure dollar spending cap? Does it count against the cap if I build my own sign for a candidate and place it on my property? What if I'm a tenant? Is it legal to put it in my front yard? If that's legal, why can't I rent a highwayside plot and put up a huge sign? If I ban radio ads, what constitutes an ad? Can the radio personality express an opinion? The station's opinion? The station owner's opinion? What if someone rents the station for a week? An hour? A 30 second ad spot?\n\nPreventing people from spending money on political campaigns would require us to draw a lot of awfully specific lines, some which may violate the basic rights of free speech. Preventing people from meeting with congressmen to talk about their problems would be even more troubling. While the current state of lobbying is deeply flawed, there's no clear road to fix it.", "Lobbyism can provide benefits for a society, i.e. it educates/informs/brings awareness to politicians about certain problems that need some improvement. \nFor example, a lobbying group asks the government to change a law that is very outdated and just causes costs for a industry without any customer improvements. \nUnfortunately, lobbying isn't always done merely with good arguments but also presents/donations/promises. \nAnd, lobbying isn't always in the interest of the whole society but a small interest group that just tries to increase their power and income." ]

[ "To give you better timing to get off the step at the end, and to somewhat discourage you from running up them while moving (primarily for children).", "The steps tend to be long, to stand on comfortably, so if they need to also be higher to maintain the same angle of the overall staircase." ]

[ "Are you sure you're not referring to non-dairy creamers? Half and half most certainly needs to refrigerated.", "Milk has to be kept cold because it is not completely sterilized, as that would ruin the taste. It's sterilized enough to prevent bacterial growth for a few weeks if refrigerated.\n\nHalf-and-half creamers can be completely sterilized - you won't notice the ruined taste as you're only putting a little in your coffee. It's sealed sterile, so no bacteria can get in. I bet if you opened one of the creamers and left it out, it would spoil.\n\nAs a note, you can buy fully sterilized milk that can be stored on the shelf for months before opening. It's more popular in Europe than the U.S. It just tastes kind of weird.", "Dairy creamer is sealed, then irradiated to sterilize it. With no oxygen, the any bacteria that survive can't reproduce." ]

[ "Next time you go there, look for a sign. There will be one saying \"For Tobacco Use Only\"\n\nWhile bongs are commonly associated with marijuana, they are also used for tobacco and in that regard are perfectly legal. By saying they're only for tobacco it protects the stores from the drug laws you mention.\n\nSo in order for there to be any legal consequences, people would have to prove that the shop is knowingly selling them for use with marijuana and not tobacco. This is impossible to prove in almost every case." ]

[ "While all buildings are a little different, most use a single boiler and a recirculating hot water system. Hot water circulates in big loops on each floor, driven by small magnetic pumps. This means the water is \"instant-on\". The storage tank is kept warm by the boiler and inflowing water is warmed before it goes into the tank. This provides constant temperature hot water all day.", "Many hotels and large buildings have a boiler system for hot water. Larger buildings would probably have multiple systems that cover a zone. It would simply be a maintenance nightmare to have individual hot water heaters in each room." ]

[ "For the same reason Youtube is allowed to exist. The law determined that these sites cannot reasonably be expected to control uploaded content to such a degree, in other words they cannot be held accountable for copyright infringement *as long as* they comply with DMCA requests and delete videos on demand. This does happen even now, I remember a certain popular account on xvideos/xhamster that got banned multiple times for example. The problem of course is that videos get uploaded faster than they can be taken down.\n\nCommercial porn sites probably have given up on that battle more or less and adapted. Instead, they release \"sample clips\" in order to advertise for their sites of full HD content. Those commonly 5-minute long vids are just small parts of hour long productions that you usually *don't* get to see.", "I think the real question is how do porn sites that require paid membership stay afloat? Surely not many people would be buying subscriptions for the, anymore.", "A vast majority of the free porn sites are owned by [MindGeek](_URL_0_), a company which also owns paid sites like Brazzers, Digital Playground and Reality Kings. The free tube sites are used to advertise their paid sites, having only a selection and clips from their paid videos made freely available. Many people will only ever use the free sites, but others will eventually pay to access the full collection.", "Adding on to what everyone else has said, a subscription is almost always in super HD. You also get bonus content. When I used to be subscribed to one site, they would do live shows, and basically allow the audience to participate and interact with the show through a chatroom, suggesting things that the actresses could do. These live shows could run for over 2 hours. They were pretty interesting, because you also got a glimpse of the production side of the show, in terms of setting up equipment and stuff.", "I know that there must be old people still buying magazines, but who is paying subscription fees to websites. 20 years ago, you could get all the porn you wanted just by looking at the preview section of a website. Today it's probably easier to just watch something on one of the dozens of free sites, than it is to go through the hassle of setting up a subscription.\n\nIs there this a population of weirdly moral porn watchers out there?", "I honestly get a bit miffed at how pervasive the \"only idiots pay for porn\" attitude is. If you like a production of anything, why wouldn't you support it? There are loads of actors and actresses that are really, really great at what they do (yes, pornographic acting is definitely a skill). Of course they deserve to be paid for their work, as any other person with a job would.\n\nPaying for porn is a great way to concretely support things and people you enjoy. Plus, you actually get easy (and definite) access to the films and/or pictures, which is really nice.\n\nIf anything, more people should try paying for porn. Just as you would with any other form of entertainment.", "By people buying it, ads, sponsors, and donations. Personally you haven't experienced good porn until you bought it. It's especially nice when they let you DL your favorites for later.", "The industry is in decline. Tube sites have gutted profits. The content is usually infringing material but it's very hard to control as you would spend all your time sending out DMCA takedowns only to have someone else upload the material. Nowadays it's easier to post your own material as a teaser for your product than try to block everyone else from doing. \n\nPlus it's porn. Most are bootstrapped by individuals who don't have huge backing and copyright cases can run into hundreds of thousands of dollars before resolution and simply aren't worth it. In my experience legal contract issues are dodgy at best, copyright ownership, licenses for usage etc can be unclear or simply ignored. Usually a site owner will learn a painful and valuable lesson before engaging a lawyer to clean things up. \n\nWho pays? It's similar to digital music: sure you can watch movies of questionable quality and hunt out what you want to see. That's great for people with time on their hands. Most people paying are professionals who want better quality movies. Niches that can't easily be found on tubes also tend to be profitable. \n\nA decade or two ago you could post a picture of boobs and make thousands. Profit margins were ridiculous and lots of people became very wealthy with minimal effort. Nowadays the margins, while healthy, are much thinner. Mindgeek and their ilk have consolidated much of the larger industry and can afford to use the tube sites as ad driven businesses and use that immense amount of traffic to drive people to their premium content.", "I am a photographer in the adult industry; I can give some actual industry insight.\n\nFirst off now many major companies and individual models post videos to 'Tube' sites, a large portion of the content you are watching is actually from the producer/model. \n\nThis is something rather recent though, before that there was a rather aggressive rumor in the industry that the Tube sites were actually run by the content producers. A large portion of the content that was being posted to the sites was content that was exclusive to model sites, this is often content that is produced by a major company(or someone who works for a major company) and used by the model exclusively on their site as a subscription draw. Many models believed that the reason their exclusive content was being posted and not taken down was because the producers were trying to diminish their exclusive draw.", "The real reason that I remember seeing when someone asked this previously is that many paying porn customers do it because they have specific fetishes where other free sites have limited content like that.\n\nThe reason the free sites stay afloat is a couple reasons:\n\n* MASSIVE amounts of ads. Turn off adblock or ublock and you'll see.\n\n* Some companies will actually pay to put their sample clips on these sites (maybe 5 minutes of mediocre quality video of a movie that is 45 minutes of HD). Granted I've not paid for porn for a VERY long time, but I do remember when Evil Penis told me *We need to see the rest of this video* and I punched in my credit card number with one hand.", "IMO, the porn industry runs on the male sexual drive/desire and providing content to 'satisfy it'. That entails NEW and FRESH faces and/or content/videos.\n\nSo, if ANY porn site wants paid subscribers, they need to churn out NEW content, with NEW faces regularly to appease their paid subscriber-base. Hence, the constant need for new porn actresses and those lines at the porn-agents in The Valley/Van Nuys/etc., and why most porn actresses' careers span a few years (or even months) at best. \n\nI think this makes their old videos just 'lying around there, doing nothing', and they form deals to put them out on those free websites (like pornhub, eporner, xvideos or whatever). You could sell ad-space there, or earn click-bait money, and IMO, most of the porn-watchers are non-payers so they have a HUGE market to do so. \n\nTL;DR: The free porn is here to stay." ]

[ "It varies from state to state. One reason could be that you didn't earn enough in at least one of two consecutive quarters. Depending on exactly when your season ends, that could screw you. Or just simply not enough hours.\n\n\nNo matter what the reason, I think you're entitled to a hearing. I'm sure that varies as well, but it's worth looking in to.\n\nEDIT: To clarify, I believe this hearing is like an appeal. If you've applied and been denied, it's an opportunity to meet with whomever it would be and plead your case." ]

[ "Perhaps start with this country profile, it has a pretty ELI5 approach and then ask a more specific question.\n[Here's the CIA's Turkey in a nutshell](_URL_0_)" ]

[ "Because animals don't have language. They communicate emotions with sound like angry growls, panicked screams, horny rumbles, and affectionate purrs, but they can't communicate abstract thoughts, form sentences, assign arbitrary names to objects and events, combine terms to make new concepts, etc, which is what we consider language to be.\n\nA Mandarin-speaker and a Finnish-speaker can communicate anger and fear and happiness and affection perfectly well without using language, right? Just by sounds, tones, movements, facial expressions? Well, that's the level on which animals communicate.", "That's because talking is for people and animals communicate in their own special way. Dolphins and whales on the other hand are a different story. They actually have a secret language we haven't cracked yet. It's true", "For most animals, their forms of communication are sufficiently simple that to call it language would be to overstep the definition of the word. In most of these cases, with sufficient study we **have** figured it out. The sufficiently learned do know, for example, what meanings are attached to the various hoots and grunts employed by gorillas, and are capable of imitating them well enough to be understood. An experienced researcher would be able to communicate something like \"There is danger!\" or \"Don't mess with me!\" to a gorilla, and it doesn't take much imagination to see that one's life might depend on being able to understand such messages from them. We also have a very highly tuned sense of mutual communication with dogs, having put several thousand years of work into ensuring the proliferation of genes in them which facilitate such interaction. Dogs understand, for example, the meaning behind the gesture of pointing, and many breeds reciprocate this method of communication. \n\nFor those animals that communicate in a complex enough manner that it might be called a language, such as dolphins, we are simply poorly equipped for the task. We aren't even capable of hearing some of what they say, and even if we could, we are endowed even less with any ability to respond." ]

[ "Nope, because of the magic of asymmetric cryptography. The short version is that the key used to *encrypt* the data is not the same as the one to *decrypt* it.\n\nWhen Alice sends something to Bob, she encrypts it with his *public* key. This is a key that everyone has the right to see and access. Only Bob, who has the only copy of his *private* key, can then decrypt the message. He then sends a reply, encrypting with Alice's public key, and she decrypts with her private key.\n\nThe same sort of thing happens with an SSL transaction (HTTPS). When you connect to a secure site, you know you have the right site because they have a certificate proving they are who they say they are. That certificate is also the public key, so you send the data encrypted with that key, and only that site can decrypt it. The site sets up a special session key to encrypt the rest of the data, so you and the site can continue to talk encrypted without anybody else being able to view the contents of the traffic.", "There are a few different types of encryption.\n\n1) Secret key. You and I agree on an cipher to use. We can have this discussion in public, since the cipher is something that lots of people know and has been well studied. E.g. [AES](_URL_1_). In this case we need to keep the key secret form everyone else. This work well if I want to access files at home while I'm traveling. Secret key ciphers are fast, and secure.\n\n2) [Key exchange](_URL_0_). If you and I want to communicate, but we don't have a shared secret key we can do something sneaky. The math involves exponents:\n\n(A^b)^c = A^bc = (A^c)^b \n\nAnd modular arithmetic, which means divided by a number \"p\" and take the remainder. A clock is mod 12, so 9 + 6 = 15, 15 mod 12 = 3, so 6 hours after 9:00 it's 3:00.\n\nA lot of math can be done modulo anything, but if \"p\" is prime then even more is possible.\n\nX mod p * Y mod p = X*Y mod p\n\nor \n\n(X^a mod p)^b mod p = X^a^b mod p\n\nSo we can publicly agree on A and p, and then each choose one of b and c. (To be difficult to break, most of these numbers are 300 digits (1000 bits) long.)\n\nI send you: A^b mod p\n\nYou send me: A^c mod p\n\nBoth you and I can now calculate: A^bc mod m\n\nBut anyone who was listening in can't figure it out what b or c is so can't figure out what A^bc is, so now you and I have a secret key that we can use as with AES to encrypt our message.\n\nKey exchange is slow, and it doesn't help if the NSA can modify the messages we're sending back and forth (called a man-in-the-middle attack).\n\n3) [Public key](_URL_2_). This take the key exchange a step further and lets me create a public key and a private key. Whatever is encrypted with the public key can only be decrypted with the private key, and whatever is encrypted with the private key can only be decrypted with the public key.\n\nNow, it's obvious why it would be useful to encrypt something with my public key -- so it could be sent to me an only I could decrypt it. This means I can give my public key to everyone so anyone can send private messages to me. In reality, the public key encrypted message will just be a secret key and the actual message will be encrypted with that. Public key encryption is slow, and very easy to make mistakes with.\n\nNow, it doesn't seem to be very useful to encrypt something with my private key, since anyone can decrypt it. However, I can use this to prove that only I could have written the original message. This doesn't keep the message secret, but it does mean I can digitally sign the message. This signing is very powerful, because it can be used so that I can sign a message stating that another public key belongs to someone else. This is what key certification authorities (CAs) do, which means your web browser only needs a few CAs keys and those can be used to verify that a key you get from a web site is really your bank's key.\n\nThere are several ways of doing this. The math gets a bit more complicated, so try reading the article on RSA that I linked to above. If that really doesn't make sense, let me know and I can try to simplify it.", "[Numberphile on youtube has a few videos on it.](_URL_3_)", "There are two parts to this. We have the public-private key strategy that pobody enumerated on. However, this is not sufficient because anyone could post a public key claiming it belongs to someone else, and then read all their communications while forwarding them under the correct key so as to maintain the illusion.\n\nIn order to validate that someone is who they say they are, we have certificates. Certificates (or certs) are the mechanism used to establish what is called a web of trust. This works by your browser software being configured to trust a certain set of public keys, and anyone they trust. A cert will contain the cert of the company that issued it, thus establishing a chain back to a certain entity that is generally trusted within the community. If your browser trusts that entity, it can now validate each cert in the chain.\n\nCrucially, all entities authorizing certificates must be trusted to act in good faith for this to work. There are a variety of controls on the extent to which different levels in the chain can issue certs in order to limit this, but ultimately a web of trust is still somewhat more vulnerable than any other part of the encryption schema. It should also be noted that a leak implicating one of the companies involved as compromising the web of trust would essentially bankrupt that company, with all that implies for how they would react under different circumstances.\n\nExchanging keys directly (off-line) with someone you personally know, on the other hand, does not rely on a web of trust, and there is also nothing preventing you from generating your own form of such a web.", "In addition to what other people have said about asymmetric cryptography, there are also algorithms like [Diffie-Hellman key exchange](_URL_4_). DHKE is a way for two (or occasionally more) computers to generate a random key. After running DHKE, both computers know the random key, but nobody else does - *even people who can watch the network traffic*.\n\nNo matter what method you use to generate a shared key, though, you still need to make sure the computer you shared the key with is actually Phone B, and not the NSA. That's harder, but it's not in the scope of what you asked." ]

[ "At a basic level you can think of temperature as the average molecular energy of a system. Temperature can be measured in different ways, but they all come down to measuring changes in heat energy (molecular motion and jiggling). \n\nIn everyday thermometers, what is measured is how a liquid (originally mercury) expands with temperature, travelling up the bulb. The expansion is due to the atoms in the liquid moving faster and pushing on each other harder. \nIn devices called thermocouples, the temperature affects how well a piece of metal conducts electricity, which can be measured precisely. \nThere are also infrared thermometers, which measure the heat energy in the form of light that objects give off.\n\nIt's important to note that temperature isn't the same thing as energy, but the explanation requires delving into the wonders of thermodynamics, which is a bit too complicated for me to ELI5.", "Temperature measures the average kinetic energy of all the particles in a sample. I.e. the average speed at which all the water molecules in a glass of water are wiggling around -- that's what heat is: nothing but vibration." ]

[ "Getty is huge. They buy images from existing photographers and then aggressively protect copyright. I don't believe they employ their own photographers, but prefer to buy images from others." ]

[ "Just because you CAN make up a loss in one are with a gain in another doesn't justify that loss. You could say \"sure, I throw away every other roll of toilet paper I buy without using it, but I buy toilet paper at half price.\" Well, it would be better still to buy that half-price toilet paper and NOT throw any away. There are a lot of other good reasons to get rid of pennies, but I won't bore you by going into them here.", "It's not really a deficit. A coin (or a bill) isn't money, it's the representation of money. Yes, it costs more than a penny to make a penny, but it lasts for years and years.\n\nThe US Mint isn't in the business of making money. They're in the business of *making money*.", "Technically, new coins enter circulation when banks purchase them from the Federal Reserve.\n\nHowever, the majority of those coins (barring ones that are lost, held by collectors, etc.) will, once worn out, be sold back to the Federal Reserve at face value. Once they are returned, the metals are recycled and cast into new coins.\n\nThe complaint about pennies is that the metals in them cost more than the face value of the coin. But the government will eventually recover those metals and use them to make new coins. The real cost of a coin is not in the value of the metals, but in the actual minting. But that's basically the same cost regardless of denomination.\n\nThe fact that the metals in a penny are worth more than a penny is a major touchstone for some people. I think, to them, it's indicative of waste. I would have no problem if the US changed the makeup of the penny to make the metals cost less (it was already done in 1982 when they moved from solid copper pennies to copper-clad zinc), or changed the size of the penny to reduce the total amount of metal, but it doesn't really make all that much difference.", "Because people operate under the false premise that the government operates like a business, therefore the fact that the penny isn't \"cost effective\" is bad. One of the reasons we have government is to do the necessary things that private businesses won't or can't because they're not cost effective. Unfortunate side effect of this is many government programs \"fail\" to pay for themselves. Yes, a penny costs more than it is worth and so making one is not cost effective, however the benefit is having a currency that is simply divisible into any of its cent denominations. This makes commerce easier, and so is worth the \"inefficient\" production of pennies.", "[CPG Grey explains it pretty well.](_URL_0_)\n\nBasically the function of a currency is to facilitate trade. You don't have to go exchanging 2 bags of sugar for a box of cereal because you have an intermediate currency instead. Having smaller denominations in a currency is necessary because not everything is going to cost a multiple of a dollar. However, the penny doesn't really help here since there isn't really anything you can buy worth exactly a penny, and any larger items can be paid for with any of the other denominations. Particularly in the US where you guys don't have the final price listed on the item, but the price *before* tax, means that it's impossible to count out your change ahead of time. Pennies don't perform their intended function and are just annoying to handle. Add in the fact that they are not cost effective to manufacture, and there is little point to keeping them in circulation." ]

[ "Fascism is an ideology that has three fundamental tenets: Paternalism, Corporatism, and Nationalism. Each fascist movement was unique, but these three basic attributes are shared. One could also add anti-Marxism to it. \n\nPaternalism refers to the hierarchical system of fascist politics. The state is the supreme authority, and this is in the people's interests. Liberty is a secondary concern. An apt analogy is the family: in fascism, the state plays the role of a father figure. Again, liberty is unimportant - much as the liberty of a child who wants to not eat his vegetables or do his homework is unimportant. \n\nCorporatism is more complicated. It has nothing to do with corporations, as known in our society - the word comes from the Latin 'corpus'. It is the view that society can be divided into concrete groups, known as corporations. Another way to view them is as special interest groups. In a fascist society, people would be represented by these corporations. For example, in government, instead of a Congressman from Michigan, there might be a Congressman for Auto Workers. All Auto Workers would belong to a single union, and elect a representative (or have one appointed). In addition, fascism preaches tripartism. In it, society is divided into two sectors - labor and management - with a third sector, the state, reigning supreme, and being responsible for ensuring neither hurts the interests of the state. This is the most complicated aspect of fascism, and I have not come close to covering it here. If you want more detail, I'd be happy to provide it. \n\nThe final component is nationalism - the idea that a person's national identity is the most important aspect of their personal identity. The nation is supreme, and again, the individual is relatively unimportant. An analogy might be the human body. A kidney, or individual, by itself is meaningless - it is only when it exists in conjunction with the other organs that it becomes a body, or nation. \n\nFascism is neither good nor bad, like communism. Some leaders are not seen as positive - Hitler, or Mussolini. Others, more neutrally - Franco. Others still are still regarded positively today by their nations - Peron, or Vargas.", "Fascism was a system of government based on the Roman Empire. It gets its name from the \"fasces\", a symbolic weapon carried by the bodyguards of Roman senators. It was a bundle of rods bound around an axe which symbolized the senators power, as they could be separated and used as punitive weapons, the rods used for beatings and the axe for executions, which the senator could dispense at will.\n\nMussolini and his compatriots believed it was time for Italy to rise to power again and began taking over and revolutionizing the country using the central concepts of strict discipline and self-sacrifice for the betterment of the state. In a fascist country everything is supposed to be used for the betterment of the state from business to services to personal lives.\n\nHitler saw the extraordinary growth and development accomplished by Mussolini under his fascist regime and co-opted the idea for his National Socialist government.\n\nFascism is certainly an effective form of government, evidenced by the rapid growth of both countries from depressed squalor to world-stage superpowers (less so on the part of Italy, but they were still a force to be reckoned with). The trouble lies in a brutal, \"ends justify the means\" mentality which calls for the cleansing of any who are deemed to not be useful to society. There is zero tolerance for \"parasitic\" people such as the handicapped, the sick, the weak, intellectuals, etc. Racism often becomes a factor as there is invariably a group of foreigners who society views as leeching off of the fat of the state without working for its betterment.\n\nFurther information can be found on [Wikipedia](_URL_0_).", "Fascism has to be placed within the historical context in which it first arose, because it's really a reactionary ideological tendency more than a specific political system.\n\nI highly recommend reading Alfredo Rocco's \"The Political Doctrine of Fascism.\"\n\nThe basic takeaway is that everything is subservient to the powers of the state to serve the 'national' interest. Mussolini described a Fascist state as one which \"concentrates, controls, harmonizes and tempers the interests of all social classes, which are thereby protected in equal measure.\" So it therefore rejects anything that could possibly hold back the state from pursuing national greatness/advancement that is the interest of the \"nation\" or the \"people\" (i.e., the interests of all the social classes in common above any individual or faction). Individual liberty, trade unionism, cultural pluralism, democratic political processes, are all just nuisances that keep down the nation-state from realizing its full potential. This had a lot to do with the new problems posed by imperial competition and industrialism and the competing political movements like liberalism, socialism, and democracy. \n\nIf it sounds like what fascism is actually in favor of is vague, that's because it's supposed to be. The term 'fascist' is also overused to dismiss things that are perceived as authoritarian even if they have no real relationship with fascism. Since fascism sought to transcend the right/left or liberal/socialist tension, there can sometimes be rhetorical tendencies in politics that sound sort of similar to what fascist leader in the past have said. This is why people sometimes use the term in seemingly nonsensical contexts like calling Obama a fascist for pursuing universal health care." ]

[ "Honestly it is primarily for historical reasons. There are two factors in play: First, while the US is not and never was a \"Christian nation\", at the time of it's founding religion in American was almost exclusively monotheistic. Even people who would probably be atheists today considered themselves deists: that is, they didn't deny there was a \"god\", they just didn't think it did anything out of the ordinary. So when the founding fathers talked about having free exercise of religion, they mostly meant what you thought about \"god\", not whether you actually believed there was one. So a statement like \"under God\" would have been fairly innocuous to them, since it doesn't actually say anything about what \"God\" is. It could simply mean what Einstein meant when he talked about God as, basically, the orderly force behind natural laws. Not necessarily a personal deity at all.\n\nHowever, the real reason \"under God\" and such came into popularity was when the US started getting involved in a big way in foreign affairs, especially the Cold War. It turned out the US had more/more active Christians than most of the other big countries, especially the USSR which had basically declared itself atheist. So being Christian got identified in the popular culture with being American. So there was a big push to include this new-found \"national religion\" in popular elements of government propaganda like pledges and currency designs. They seized on the characteristic of the founding fathers I mentioned earlier as a justification that the US had always believed in God, without really paying attention to the changing definition and cultural makeup that had occurred since then.\n\nAnd the reason we keep it around today is that it's easier to keep things the way they are than to change them, and there are enough people who still think America is a \"Christian nation\" and enough people who are sort of like the founding fathers in that they don't think the word \"god\" is a big deal that there's not enough popular support to get it changed.", "> What I don't understand is the support or impact a U.S. Code has on national law. \n\nThe US Code IS National Law. It's full name is **Code of Laws of the United States of America**.\n\n > Hence they can put \"In God We Trust\" on the back of dollar bills, add the 10 Commandments to Courthouses, etc.\n\nNot only is this illegal, as caselaw goes, the [ink isn't even dry on this one yet](_URL_1_).\n\nTo my knowledge \"In God We Trust\" is not allowed for anything even close to that line of reasoning. It is allowed because it is considered Ceremonial Deism. A statement, while religious in nature, has become so ingrained as to no longer posses much, if any, religious significance.\n\nMany, including [Justice O'Connor in the Newdow case](_URL_2_) you mentioned consider the pledge Ceremonial Deism. Others would disagree and state that the Pledge should get higher scrutiny as it is an oath you swear rather than just some text on your beer money. Also, that by historical standards, \"under God\" was added relatively recently under circumstances that are considered a bit dubious today.\n\n > Another, although less complex, response was that \"God\" in the Pledge could mean any religion.\n\nBut then what about the polytheistic ones where there IS no \"one God?\"\n\nThe only thing I would add is that refusal to say the Pledge is [protected by the 1st Amendment](_URL_0_).", "I'm pretty sure that courts have ruled that the phrases \"under God\" and \"In God We Trust\" are ambiguous enough that they aren't considered to be establishing any one specific religion, and therefore do not violate the First Amendment. I'm not sure where I read this, but I do recall reading something like that." ]

[ "How do you define \"common spoon?\" At my house, I have metal spoons (likely of different metallic composition) and plastic spoons (again, there are all sorts of different plastics).\n\nUsing a gold spoon allows for standardized testing and, as you stated, to allow for the most neutral taste test possible." ]

[ "Because its a different kind of mustard. Full of different... stuff.\n \nDifferent *mustard stuff*." ]

[ "In terms of political figures like the president, the Secret Service has gotten really good at spotting that sort of behavior, and stopping potential threats long before it's a take a bullet type situation. Not saying it couldn't happen, but it's not usually something an average Joe would do out of the blue without warning, it's pretty much always radicals who are being watched.\n\nIn terms of celebs usually it's a crazy stalker who sends all sorts of e-mails and letters and tweets and whatever, so the private security of celebs know who they're looking for and they get tipped off if some nut job is driving across 12 states to where the celeb they're stalking is preforming a concert and they don't even have tickets. Still easier than the president but also less people care/are crazy enough to do it.\n\nI mean you've got to be crazy to kill the president but at least you can make sense of it like with Booth killing Lincoln. He legitimately believed Lincoln was a tyrant and he was a patriot doing the noble and riotous thing. Compare that to that nutcase who killed John Lennon. I mean NOTHING makes scene about that other than he was just some crazy fuck. No real driving motivation like there is with politics.\n\nWe also have a lot more medications available for people and a much more effective system of spotting crazies in our society and getting them the necessary treatment.", "Given the secret service deploy trained counter-snipers who map out every possible hide in a speech location beforehand and then watch those positions? Pretty fucking hard\n\nAnd celebrities usually do themselves in if you wait long enough", "As much as I hate some celebs I think it's a good thing that no ones going around killing them. John Lennons death was a huge tragedy." ]

[ "Those are parts of plants and trees and trees and plants did evolve." ]

[ "When its too hot you will be hot in jeans. When its too cold you will be too cold in jeans.", "...because they're midrange pants designed to be durable, not comfortable?", "Because cotton isn't a great insulator, but they're to thick to breath well", "Flannel lined denim, bitches. Perfect for cold weather.", "Admittedly a personal anecdote (though I don't think I'm alone here), I don't find jeans significantly different from khakis or corduroys in terms of climate control.\n\nIf it's cold out, it's cold out.", "I've always been impressed with with the wide temperature range where jeans are comfortable: good enough for cold unless they're getting wet and you need ski pants, and when it's hot and dry they can be better than shorts due to the absence of direct sunlight. Of course, people have made fun of me for wearing 90s style jeans, which are apparently baggier than modern style encourages. I'd guess I'm used to having an insulative air gap that you don't have.", "Get better jeans? Sure when it's a blizzard outside they can be cold, but what non-thermal type pant is not?", "I don't find that to be the case at all. Raised in Florida, I did my teen years in the 50s — before the advent of air conditioning — and shorts were unheard of, except as beach attire, and they were cut-off jeans. We wore jeans all the time, everywhere. The only discomfort came when you had to break down and buy a new pair of those stiff, dark blue Levis. No one ever wanted to be seen in public in a pair of those. The way we usually avoided this was to have a \"Jeans Break-in Party\" where everyone would come to the beach wearing their newly purchased jeans and you would wear them all day long, in and out of the salt water. This not only got the excess dye out of them in a hurry, and the salt and sun accelerated the natural bleaching process, but repeatedly getting them wet and having them dry on your body really sort of customized them for your particular shape. That probably had a lot to do with why we felt they fit so comfortably and well.", "Are you wearing skinny jeans?\n\nThe jeans themselves are not really great insulators. The air between you and the fabric is. So if you have no air gap between your skin and the jeans, you will have much more thermal transfer away from your body. This is why it would be cold.\n\nIn the heat, you're sweating, which would be absorbed by the jeans. This will make them chafe more, and also hold more heat until the moisture can evaporate, taking the heat with it. If it's humid out, it will delay the evaporation.\n\nJust an off-the-top-of-my head pair of hypotheses." ]

[ "CFAggie isn't really right, that was the case before fiber internet and massive technological feats. I was once studying to be a network engineer, and I picked a few things up.\n\nThey do it because they're greedy assholes. I know that's doom-and-gloom to the point of being laughable, but that's why. American and most European internet is very developed and chances are only a minuscule percentage of their servers are being used at any given time. Take a look at the places Google Fiber has rolled in, best example being right where I live. The same day Google Fiber was *announced* (not released, announced they were coming) our speeds went up from 5/1 for $50 a month to 300/200 for $50 a month. The internet here no longer goes out randomly, throttles, or has any other issue.\n\nInternet companies (mostly in the USA) will \"buy out\" areas so other internet service providers can't lay down wire and the only ISP in that area can keep speeds and reliability in the shitter for sky-high prices.\n\nIt's just a regressive business practice. Paying more for the same technology." ]

[ "The effect is certainly pretty cool. Essentially what is described is that frequently touched materials can gather lots of microorganisms really easily, just because they're found literally everywhere at extremely high levels. When you touch a doorknob, you transfer the bacteria on your hand to the doorknob.\n\nHowever, the nature of the brass (and other metals including silver, gold and copper) is such that it interferes with the functioning of the bacteria or fungus etc. resulting in the death of the microorganism. It is suspected that the metal interferes with the correct functioning of proteins needed for the survival of these bugs.\n\nAlso, an interesting thing to note is that you reference \"disinfecting\" in your initial question. There is a difference between disinfection and sterilisation; disinfection means that the most harmful microorganisms are killed, but not their spores. This means that there is potential for their survival, for example if they were transferred back to someone's hand from the doorknob. Sterilisation is complete removal of harmful and harmless bacteria and there spores, which is different.\n\nLong winded explanation, I hope that this helps out a little!", "It's a fancy name for a simple concept. Atoms of heavy metals interfere with certain enzymes and proteins -- molecules that cells need to live. In other words, the metal simply poisons the bacteria, mold, etc." ]

[ "A mirror is not a picture. Put your camera in selfie mode and you will see the background in focus, because the camera in your phone is properly focused and the screen on your phone is a real image.\n\nThe image in a mirror, on the other hand, is a virtual image made by reflecting light from the real world to your eyes. The distance to the objects in the scene is unchanged (maybe a little longer by the distance to the mirror and back).", "Bad [paint](_URL_0_) incoming:\n\nWhen you look through a mirror, your eyes are not focused on the surface of the mirror, rather they are focused at a distance \"in\" the mirror. In the diagram, the red line is the path of the reflected light. But what your eye focuses on is along the green line, at what is called a virtual focus. The red lines and the green lines are both the same distances, so your short-sightedness sees it the same as if you were looking at the object the same distance away without a mirror.", "The lenses in your eyes handle focusing the light rays coming in from various directions onto your retina. They cannot handle rays coming from directions too different such as from distant objects. In the case of a mirror the light is reflected retaining the angle at which they arrived, which requires your eyes to be able to focus those angles which they cannot. If it was actually a screen emitting the light itself then the angle would not be retained and you would be able to see it in focus." ]

[ "Hair from the back and side of your own head is used. It's not affected by male pattern baldness. They take individual hairs or groups and place them on your bald areas. \nTo get more complex, this hair is unaffected by DHT which causes MPB hair loss. Older techniques would use awkward looking groups of hair (ie hair plugs) while more modern techniques take smaller follicle groups harvest from a removed strip of scalp or device that takes individual follicle groups directly from the scalp (called Follicular unit extraction, or FUE). [source](_URL_0_)" ]

[ "Lots of people out there live outside of cities, they have water softeners, etc. But still the water is skanky and nasty. So, the britta filter comes to the rescue! It removes sulfer, iron, calcium, nitrates, and other nasty tasting stuff. \n\nIn 3rd world countries they have similar things with silver membranes to kill nasties. Such as the Tata Swach. _URL_0_\n\nThe also have micron filters, UV lamps, and various other gizmos.", "If you want a real water filter you have to go RO, reverse osmosis. These can be installed under you sink or basically anywhere and then piped to your sink. \n\nThey are often 3 or 5 stage filters and will remove almost all the minerals in the water. Some come with a charcoal pre-filter for removing chlorine.\n\nThe nice thing about Brita is that the water is kept cold in your fridge.", "I live in a place with water hardness of dH 32. About half a gram of limescale pr. liter.\n\nThat's a lot of limescale.\n\nSo I use a water filter for the water I put in my espresso machine, and it works pretty well - if I use unfiltered water, I can only use it for three weeks before the water pressure is significantly reduced. With filtered water, I only have to descale it every three months.", "Brita filters and similar products are all examples of activated carbon filters. The carbon has a large surface area and it adsorbs (different from absorb) contaminants. This is due to the activated carbon having negatively charged ions. The surface area by the way is insane, something like hundreds of acres per pound of activated carbon. Activated carbon will remove funny tastes and odors from your water (most likely from your plumbing) chlorine (placed as a residual disinfectant in most municipal water treatment systems), VOCs, and things like sediment. These filters typically have a rating down to the micrometer of what they can filter but get less and less efficient as the filter gets used more. Activated carbon will remove nasties like giardia from the water too which makes carbon filter pumps really popular for hiking and backpacking. Typically a water treatment plant will not rely on carbon filtering alone to disinfect water though as organic compounds and bacteria can thrive in carbon filters. UV and chlorine addition are typical disinfection methods. \n\nCarbon however doesn't remove everything. Salts, minerals, some metals and ARSENIC for example. They're also useless once they're \"spent\" (aka have reached breakthrough)\n\nThe best thing to do is evaluate what you do and don't have in your water and choose solution from there.\n\nAnother option is reverse osmosis or a similar semipermeable membrane.\n\nEdit: \ntldr; to answer OP's question, yes provided the contaminents your water has are ones that can be removed by carbon.\n\nEdit 2: There is alot of misinformation or misunderstandings in the replies. I'll run through and debunk them when I'm not on mobile. BTW, water and wastewater treatment were my concentrations in undergrad. I'm a civil engineer for a living." ]

[ "Speaking personally, animals seem more helpless and innocent. I feel like a human could help themselves in a way that a cat or dog couldn't, hence the animal is in greater need of help.", "When someone says something along these lines, they mean they'd rather help a random animal over a random human. They're not referencing specific people/animals.\n\nAnd the rationale is that animals are more innocent on average than humans." ]

[ "That's funny, my second ones are always way more intense.", "Male here, adding another \"speak for yourself\". The third and fourth and above might be hard... uh... more difficult to achieve, but they are way more intense." ]

[ "To start, holes are only applicable in semiconductors, you don't just apply them to any circuit you feel like. \r\r\rIn metals the outmost electrons are in the conduction band. They are free to move. When you apply an electric field (a voltage) they move due to it. \r\r\rIn semiconductors something different happens. At 0 K (absolute zero) all the electrons are in a valence band. In this band they are not free to move. If you apply an electric field (within reason), they will not budge. At higher temperature or when exposed to light, some of the electrons cross a band gap (or energy gap) to the condition band when they receive energy from heat or light. Once they've done this, they are free to move just like in metals. *But* they left an empty state in the valence band, one that another electron in the valence band could move into without the need for a large energy input. This space is called a hole. \r\r\rWhen you apply an electric field to a semiconductor, the field moves the free electrons in the conduction band, and tries to move the stuck valence electrons the same direction. They can't move, *unless* they are near the missing spot or hole and move into it. The result is we have free electrons moving in the conduction band and stuck electrons moving from their bound spot to another open bound spot in the valence band. It's both electrons moving the same way, but one is a little slower. \r\r\rThe jumping from spot to spot of multiple electrons is a little hard to model. But if instead we just treat the missing spot as a single particle and pretend it's moving the opposite direction as the electrons, it's much easier. Hence we just treat it as a positive qausi-particle called a hole, and model it as something with the electron charge, but positive, moving with slightly less mobility in the opposite direction. This has nothing to do with a proton, we aren't treating it as one. It's a whole new particle and it's charge is the opposite of an electron, which happens to be the same magnitude as a proton but it has nothing to do with one.", "Imagine your circuit is a row of electrons (represented by marbles, say) just sitting in a line. The positive terminal is an empty plate at one end, and the negative terminal is a plate full of electrons.\n\nCurrent is the flow of marbles to the positive plate, one at a time. So you pick up the first marble and put it on the empty plate. Now there's an empty spot between the plate and the second marble. You pick up the second marble and put it in that empty space. Now there's an empty spot between the \"second\" (now first) marble and the \"third\" marble (now second). You pick up the third and put it in the empty spot where the second marble was. Now the empty space is spot #3.\n\nSee how the empty space \"moves\"? That's what a hole is in electronics. It's a space that could hold an electron but isn't, and it moves in an opposite direction to the electrons. Because the atoms are lacking one unit of negative charge, the hole effectively has one unit of positive charge (since the atom would be neutral if it didn't have a missing electron).", "think about it like this, lets say that there is a long line of people. Everyone has a soccer ball, but one person on the far left. The front person can only pass to the person who is missing the ball, so he passes the ball to the left. Now the 2nd person is the one without a ball, or to have a \"hole.\" So the next person in line can pass the ball to the 2nd person, and your hole has then moved from the 2nd to the 3rd place even though the balls have literally been moving from right to left the whole time. That's how I like to think of it at least. Hope this helps!" ]

[ "It's depends on how air tight the room is. You will notice this with doors that are tighter to the carpet and not under cut. Take a door that you can't slam because of this and open a window in that room the air will be forced out the window and the door will close easier. Opening or closing a door rapidly will generate lots of air movement. Without somewhere to go it will be more difficult to close. Undercut doors allow air underneath. Similar to Windows letting air outside. Also to note in commercial buildings many glasses enclosed rooms and others have what's called transfer air duct that as well as allowing air out functionally assist in the same way. Source union sheet metal worker. Duct work.", "OT: Fire Safety doors are required to close under pretty severe draft conditions: that draft from your open window is close to what a burning fire can do, sucking in oxygen as it burns.\n\nConsequently, if your door is a fire door (mine is) the auto-closer is set to 'damn strong' by the installers to meet fire compliance rules. If you know how to fiddle with the adjustments you can try and reduce the strength it has against the wind, but bear in mind you may breach fire safety codes for your property and it will be picked up by a survey at some point.", "When the HVAC is on it creates positive pressure in the building or house.\n\nTo test this knock a baseball sized hole in your wall and put a sheet of paper over it. With the AC on the paper will \"stick\" to the wall because of the lower pressure inside of the wall. With the AC off the paper will just fall to the floor.", "Depends on if other windows or doors are open in your house. Imagine blowing a balloon vs blowing in an open tube. The air has a way out. When my room door slams, I know my window is still open. It's a good alarm.", "Depends on the air pressure. And which direction the door swings. \n\nMushroom barns are negatively pressurized. Meaning when you open a door, it sucks the outside air inside the building, making it harder to close the door (if the door swings open into the building.). If the door swings out, or, away from the building, it will be harder to open, and be easier to shut. \n\nFire codes state that man-doors (regular exterior doors) in commercial buildings, must open out. \n\n\n\nClosing a door in a sealed room will cause it to not fully close. If there isn't enough air to replace what was moved when the door tried to close, the door won't close. \n\nYour average home is a positive pressure system for a couple simple reasons. \n\nPositive air pressure allows hot, dry air to leak out, so cold, damp air can't get in.\n\nIt stops outside contamination from entering the home. \n\n\nIt's all about equalizing the air pressure.", "A door is quite large. Standard air pressure is 10 tonnes per square meter. A door is about 2 square meters, so there is 20 tonnes of force available. A difference of air pressure between both sides of 1% means that the door would be pushed by a force of 200kg. A force of 2kg would be more than enough to move and slam a door." ]

[ "A part of it is about securing future customers through positive association. If you are 5 y.o. and love football, and everytime you watch it on tv a big coca cola logo is burnt into your retinas, then you're more likely to prefer it once you're older and actually have some disposable income. Thats the idea, anyhow...", "For companies like them, they rarely are about gaining customers, they are more about retaining current one's. It's psychological, you enjoy a commercial more if you are already a customer of that brand/product.", "Tax write offs and they don't want to all of a sudden *not* sponsor the World Cup or whatever because that might leave room for Pepsi or Burger King to get in. A change like that could be seen as the company weakening leading to a drop in share value.", "You are wondering why companies that pay incredible amounts of money for promotional opportunities and advertising do so when everybody knows who they are?\n\nHave yo considered that maybe the reason that everybody knows who they are is because they spend so much money on promotional opportunities and advertising?", "As a 22 year old *you* might have your soda preferences set, but many people don't. Additionally, there are many people being born every year. Maybe they already have you as a captive consumer, but what about those people that were born 10 years after you? And the ones that were born 10 years after them?", "Its not about people knowing about the product. Its about people wanting the product. You see a commercial with this perfect looking hamburger and in your head you want that hamburger. You are more likley to go out and eat Mcdonalds now instead of going to Burger King.", "For most companies its about getting sales that come with being present at big events. I was a volunteer at the Paralympics in London 2012. McDonalds sponsored it so they got to build a big restaurant in the middle of the Olympic Park and one in the Athletes Village. Visa sponsored it so if you wanted to buy something I'm a venue you could only use cash or a Visa card. Companies that couldn't do something like that (BP for example) held an exhibition in the park where you could go and see all the wonderful stuff they are doing for the environment (/s).", "Here's my ELI5 way of putting it. Subliminal advertising.\n\nIf you walk into a cafe or a bar or any sort of place that serves beverages, if you have no idea what to drink as it is beside the point of why you're there (lets say its a business meeting and/or you're already engaged in a conversation), the first thing that pops to your head will be a Coke. To ensure that this actually happens is why they invest boatloads of money into it.", "There is a theory in advertising that constant exposure improves your sales...So the goal is not to inform you of their existence, it's to constantly bombard you with their iconography, and to get you to associate their stuff with something you like (e.g the World Cup or the Olympics).", "You're asking \"Why do Coca Cola and McDonalds sponsor the Olympics?\"\n\nNow, without checking, name me three companies who ran regular adverts during the 2012 Olympics.\n\nDoes that answer your question?" ]

[ "A belt with a sensor is placed around the stomach. The sensor can tell how hard something is being pressed against it. The tensing and relaxing of the uterus puts more or less pressure on the sensor, so it can tell what's going on." ]

[ "There essentially isn't one. Within an individual product line from a given manufacturer the numbers may mean something, but mostly they are just the name the manufacturer gave to that video card. It's all about marketing.\n\nThe first number in most cards indicates the \"generation\" of video card they belong to, but this is still just marketing. A higher number doesn't necessarily mean more performance. A high-end GTX 6xx card might outperform a low-end GTX 7xx card, for instance.\n\nBasically, you have to look at the charts. The numbers are made up to sell more video cards, not to be informative in any way." ]

[ "Although I can't understand what you're saying in the explanation, I think I know what your'e talking about. Old TVs emit a very high frequency noise that is constantly on, even with the volume muted. you might be hearing this from the other room.", "A television, like many other electronic devices, uses a bunch of little components such as capacitors and inductors and resistors, etc.\n\nIn the normal operation of a TV (or other similar device), these components will heat up. Now, something to note or remember is that when something heats up, its atoms are vibrating.\n\nWhen items like those capacitors are being used, they are making electricity pulse through a circuit. As the electricity pulses through things like resistors, they temporarily heat up. As these pulses generally occur in constant frequencies, it's possible for the heated up atoms to start resonating (they start to vibrate in sync with one another) and in turn, make a sound.\n\nWhen you hear a TV in another room, what you're hearing is the electronic components in the TV vibrating.\n\nIf you have or were referring to an old [CRT TV](_URL_0_), then it's partly what I said before and also partly due to the fact that CRT TVs have electromagnets in them running with extreme voltages; the high voltages make the circuit components a bit bigger and more prone to heating; the use of electromagnets means that as the TV is putting an image onto the screen, it can also be vibrating metallic components in the TV, creating sound.", "No, you can't hear light if that's what you are asking. What you can hear through is the TV making sound other than with its speakers. \r\r\rOld CRT TV's (the fat ones) make notoriously loud and annoying high pitch noises, that usually only younger people can hear do to the pitch. I can hear a CRT from across a house easily, they can be noisy and drive you crazy once you catch onto it. \r\r\rNewer plasma and LCD are a lot quieter, but they certainly all aren't noise free. The power supply transformer where you plug the power cable in can whine for example. It's not uncommon for LCD TVs or monitors to make noise you can hear from a distance away.", "Power, light, radio, microwaves... What do these all have in common? They can all be measured on a frequency chart. While the sound might be off on a device the power is still running through it... Power in the US runs on 60hz... And it hums. Typically the higher the amperage the louder the hum... That's why you can hear the distribution power lines. There are also other components in electronics that emit sound due to the frequency range they operate. Tubes made sounds... TV tube and the old tubes found in old amps and radios. Humans can only hear a fraction of the frequency range... So a device would need to be operating within that range to be noticed." ]

[ "Yeah, they're not exactly great weapons. They're not as difficult as you'd think to use them, but they're honestly kind of a pain, and certainly aren't as effective as many other weapons.\n\nFrom what I recall of my Asian history though, the reason taht these kinds of weapons exist is because of limited resources. They started out as modified farm tools. A random farmer (especially in Japan) couldn't afford to buy a \"real\" weapon. The nunchaku is basically just a modified flail; not as good as say, an axe, but you can carry it around with you on a daily basis, and it works much better than just being unarmed." ]

[ "\"Single Payer\" means that there is a single entity that handles all of the insurance payments to medical providers. In this case, that payer would be the government. Instead of multiple private insurers that each cover a small portion of the population and each negotiate their own prices for procedures... we would have one big insurer that covers everyone and negotiates in behalf of everyone for lower prices on procedures. This would allow for lower and more fair pricing as well as universal coverage regardless of wealth or pre-existing conditions." ]

[ "> Considering most people at that time and prior loved in mud huts\n\nHA!\n\nHumans had already been farming for 9,500 years, living in cities for most of that, China had been a sprawling empire for 4,500 years, Rome had risen and fallen. \n\nJust because we hadn't built a steam engine yet didn't mean we weren't causing change to the environment on a massive scale, and had been for ages. And one of the biggest ways was with our stomachs - it's likely that human hunting played a major role in the disappearance of all the megafauna species in the new world, starting perhaps 10- to 20,000 years ago.", "If you look at the actual [study](_URL_0_), what it says is that humans have been drastically increasing the extinction rate since 1500 and it's become even worse in the last 100 years. In other words, from 1500 - 1900 it was bad and from 1900 - present it's become really, really bad (about 3 times as many species went extinct between that 1900 and 2016 than between 1500 and 1900. That's about 12 times as much per 100 years).\n\nThe study doesn't say why 1500 was chosen as the cutoff point, but it emphasizes that it is measuring the impact of modern human activity on extinction events. I would speculate that 1500 was chosen because most historians consider sometime around 1500 to be the start of \"modern history\" since that's when we started having large scale travel across the globe and because 1500 is a nice, round number.\n\nHuman activity in 1500 still caused extinctions because humans hunted some animals to extinction and others had their habitats destroyed. Humans may not have had cars or plastics back then, but they knew how to deforest large areas of land for agriculture and had few qualms about hunting anything edible.\n\nHere's the relevant quote from the study:\n\n > Our results indicate that modern vertebrate extinctions that occurred since 1500 and 1900 AD would have taken several millennia to occur if the background rate had prevailed. The total number of vertebrate species that went extinct in the last century would have taken about 800 to 10,000 years to disappear under the background rate of 2 E/MSY (Fig. 2). The particularly high losses in the last several decades accentuate the increasing severity of the modern extinction crisis.", "Why do you think humans were living in mud huts in the 1500s? Have you seen any of the ruins of the Romans, Egyptians, Mayans, or the Qin dynasty? All of those are thousands of years old and things are still standing." ]

[ "There are huge companies out there that you have probably never heard of that make all different components of food and drinks. This includes flavor companies, food coloring companies, salt... pretty much every component on the back of the can was produced by someone else besides the one actually making the drink. So then gatorade has research facilities, pilot plants(kinda like a small scale plant to do trial runs, experiments on a bigger scale) and full scale industrial plants. The researchers figure out the exact formula they want for a product, it gets scaled up once for the pilot plant so they can figure out how to mass produce it and get the engineering kinks worked out and then it goes to full scale production.\n\nAt the plant, they have filtered water that mixes with either a concentrated syrup or powder and then its pumped into cans or bottles. Then CO2 can be added and it is sealed and labeled.", "by independent bottlers, the syrup is sent to them and they add the water or carbonated water'", "Think of it like a fountain pop machine at a convenience store. Just on a much bigger scale." ]

[ "It's an \"application programming interface\". It's a defined set of methods by which you interface with functions and data of a program from another programmer. E.G. google's API would allow me to submit (programmatically) a string as a search and get back a dataset of results that include descriptive text and url.", "Application Programming Interface. If you want to make some computer software (application), and you need to write some code (programming) and yoh want to use my cool code then i can provide you with tools to access features of my code without having full access to my code. So i give you an Interface. \n\n & nbsp;\n\nAs an example if you want location data from Google maps, you can use their maps API. It lets you get your position and a local map, but it doesnt let you see all the inner details of how Google actually gets that data." ]

[ "Social responsibility. In general, Japanese culture has a bit more sense of morality in respect to the original creators. They don't want to hurt the creators. Theres also this sense in Japan of following the order of things just for the sake of the law. A lot of westerners will do things they know they aren't supposed to, if they think they can get away with it. Japanese I think are more likely to take the \"safe\" road. \n\nLots of generalizations here, but I think it mostly holds true." ]

[ "Grey hairs happen because the stem cells which produce the colouring die, so that's probably related." ]

[ "Parody is imitation. Satire is humorous, constructive, social criticism.", "You are a politician who does lots of work on food standards and safety.\n\nA parody show is made about you, featuring a politician who looks a lot like you with exaggerated features, and spends most of his time ranting about burgers being dangerous whilst getting nothing done. A running joke is a policy he makes, that is almost identical to that one you made, but it's deliberately made stupider and sillier than your real policy.\n\nA satire show is made about 'you,' featuring a cast of characters in a government department going through various situations that explore, make light of, and highlight issues with food standards and safety, sometimes taking jabs at policies similar in spirit to ones you've tried to enact in order to highlight the flaws in the policy to the viewer, other times making the audience think \"huh, it really is worrying that they get hamburger meat from such sources.\"" ]

[ "It's not VIA, it's just via, a word. :-)\n\nAnyhow, the answer is simple: most electric lights are actually yellow, so when you look at a lot of lights grouped together from far away, you see mostly yellow light." ]

[ "> and that's definitely not who I would want backing me if I get in an accident.\n\n...except that, unless you were criminally stupid when signing a contract, in this particular case you get to sue them, i.e. get the government involved. Under capitalism, the government is the policeman, not the entire economy.", "That depends which country you are in. For my country, Canada, for health insurance it is handled by government. For car insurance it is mandated by government law that you buy private non-government insurance.", "What you are describing is basically how insurance is handled in most first (and second) world countries in the world. The USA is pretty much the only country in what we usually consider the \"western world\" that has no universal/socialized healthcare. Why is it like that? Well that's a complicated issue. Lobbyists and propaganda have a lot to do with it. The large insurance companies in the US have the government by its balls and aren't ever going to let something like universal healthcare happen. In order to keep the masses believing that this is best they like to spread nonsense propaganda like \"It's communist and communists are scary!\" or \"Do you want some government bureaucrat decide which meds you should get?\"", "Look how unemployment insurance is handled. You pay into it and they make you fight for it when you need it and then pretend like you're asking for a hand out when it's literally your own money." ]

[ "i dont know anything about that specific project, but in general there is an engineer that surveys in the centerline of the tunnel using a theodolite (_URL_0_). you basically move a known point down the tunnel using the previous point along the centerline as a reference. you offset each point from the actual centerline so that you can mark the actual points with a nail along the tunnel wall, out of the way.", "_URL_1_\n\nThis is episode one of a three part fly on the wall documentary called 'The Fifteen Billion Pound Railway' about the current construction of a new underground railway line underneath London. Especially interesting is the 'Eye of the Needle' segment whereby the new tunnel needs to be bored with just an 80cm gap to a neighboring existing tunnel. \n\nEpisodes 2 and 3 are also very good, all on youtube.", "I will start by saying that I have no experience with tunnel construction, but I will hazard an guess based on my experience with navigation. \n\n-You could use an inertial navigation system. That means that you have a gyroscope, a machine that has at its center rings that spin very fast and that are not fixed solidly to their container. Their spin tends to stabilize them, and so when the machine changes direction, the rings stay pointed the way they were going when you turned the gyro on. If you then measure the difference in angle between where the rings are lined up now and where they were when you started, you can tell where the machine is pointed in 3 dimensions. This solves finding direction. To know how far you've gone, you can just measure the length of the tunnel. \n-You could also use a laser or some other tool that keeps a straight line over long distances (taught string? Surveying scopes?) and a device that lets you measure angles to ensure you're going in a straight line and only turning as much as you want to. Again, measure the tunnel to see how far you've gone." ]

[ "Salt water pools still use chlorine, the difference is that the chlorine is produced through electrolysis using the salt as the base material. The advantage is that the salt electrolysis process creates free chlorine ions (the type of chlorine that kills bacteria) and burns off chloramines (the type of chlorine that burns your eyes and smells like strong bleach). As long as they are maintained they will work just as well at killing bacteria, and people tend to find them less irritating, especially if they have sensitive skin. The salt system also has the benefit of \"softening\" the water. They tend to have a higher initial setup cost though, and saltwater is more corrosive than freshwater so you have to keep an eye on the internals and plumbing of the filtration system.", "Salt water pools are also much more damaging to local eco systems, if drained improperly they will destroy vegetation and if sent down storm drains they will wreck havoc on water treatment systems.\n\nThis why many municipalities want to ban them." ]

[ "A driver's license is a state-issued document accepted by state governments certifying your identity and ability to drive. \n\nA passport is a federally-issued document accepted by international governments certifying your identity and travel eligibility and history. \n\nWhereas you can get away with a temporary driver's license printed on a DMV receipt printer, a passport has a LOT of liability tied to it and basically is your country insuring you as \"This person is a Normal Person\" \n\nThe cost comes from the legal backing, as well as whatever background checks they need to run on you", "The process it goes through is why it takes so long normally to get it. You paid extra to have them to complete the process faster. Like 1 day shipping vs 5 day shipping. You pay more for the 1 day. I don't exactly remember the process but I do remember that they do ALOT to ensure your not doing anything shady" ]

[ "It's not extortion... it's protectionist agricultural policy and the agricultural lobby (including [American Farmland Trust](_URL_4_)). Every five years Congress is expected to pass another temporary law regarding agricultural policy known as the [farm bill](_URL_5_). Our current bill, the [Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008](_URL_1_) was passed despite Bush's veto in 2008.\n\nThe pentannual farm bill basically allows short-term control over the policies implemented by previous agricultural legislation dating back to even the Dust Bowl and Great Depression. For the most part, these are aimed at maintaining \"farm income stabilization\" and maintaining stable cheap prices while helping farmers stay afloat, despite intense international competition (see \"protectionism\").\n\nIn particular, the Agricultural Act of 1949 (an example of *permanent* agricultural legislation) implemented something known as the [Milk (now Dairy Product) Price Support Program](_URL_0_), which put into place provisions for a a type of *price support* in which the government agrees to purchase enough milk to reach some set goal so that agricultural processors and vendors reach a target revenue, allowing them to pay comfortable wages for farmers.\n\nThe goal was to allow farmers to be able to make a high income and shield them from sources of volatility (like natural disasters). The original 1949 legislation agreed to keep the prices for milk products between 75-90% [parity](_URL_3_), so that farming would remain profitable and we could rely on our domestic agricultural sector in the future. The [idea behind parity](_URL_7_) in this context dates back to the era before World War I, thanks to the earlier statisticians who recorded data on the prices of agricultural goods and other commodities, and centers on the idea of \"fair\" exchange value:\n > “Parity”, as ap-plied to income from any agricultural commodity for any year, shall be that gross income for such year as the average gross income from such commodity for the preceding 10 calendar years bears to the average gross income from agriculture for such 10 calendar years.\n\nNow, in October 21, 1981, the farm bill known as the [Agricultural and Food Act of 1981](_URL_6_) switched to a system in which Congress began to target specific price levels or rely on expectations for surplus, instead, overriding provisions of the 1949 law. The 2008 Farm Bill was the first to explicitly implement price floors on dairy products rather than merely milk:\n > * For cheddar cheese in blocks, not less than $1.13 per pound;\n* For cheddar cheese in barrels, not less than $1.10 per pound;\n* For butter, not less than $1.05 per pound and;\n* For nonfat dry milk, not less than $0.80 per pound.\n\nNow, the problem is that these price floors turn out to be much lower than those found using the 1949 parity provisions thanks to economic growth. Unfortunately, the 2008 farm bill expires in 3 days, on the 31st, and unless a 2012 farm bill emerges quickly, these price supports will revert and the government will find itself keeping milk at a very high cost, crowding-out consumers.\n\n[This is not the only reason why the farm bill is needed, however.](_URL_2_)" ]

[ "It's kind of like the difference between Cricket and Baseball. There's some similarities, and skills in one will have some transfer-ability, but to really excel at one, it takes focusing on that one game. There are all the little nuances that one game has that others don't. \n\nFor not quite ELI5 level explanations: the current incarnation of Street Fighter focuses very heavily on extremely careful spacing. A major factor is also so-called \"vortex\" characters. Essentially, they attempt to find an attack that allows them to get a knockdown and then can make extremely ambiguous attack setups that lead into more knockdowns, quickly snowballing to a win. Mortal Kombat has many strings of attacks that are \"safe\". Essentially, if the series is blocked, the series is safe if you can block before your opponent can retaliate. As such, the goal is to space yourself so that your opponent will miss if they attempt to hit you with a \"block string\". It's pretty much universally easier to punish someone for missing an attack than for forcing you to block. Several characters with teleporting moves also means that traditional full-screen projectiles are significantly weaker. \n\nThe latest Killer Instinct is kinda like Mortal Kombat in that most characters have relatively safe block strings. However, the mechanics of the KI combo system and the counter system adds a nuance to the game that rewards players that study all the characters in the game carefully. While one player is in a combo, the player being hit has opportunities to \"break\" the combo by inputting an attack of the same strength as the attacker. If the defender guesses wrong, they're locked out from breaking combos for a certain length of time. The attacker can also fake an attack during a combo and, if the defender attempts to break the feint they are locked out as if they pressed the wrong attack. A defender can also perform a \"shadow counter\" at the expense of some of their super meter while blocking. Essentially, it allows the defender to immediately retaliate while blocking. However, you can be hit out of your counter attempt, so attempting to counter a fast hitting, multi hit move often results in getting hit in the face if you time your counter wrong. \n\nI'm not a big fan of it, but Marvel vs Capcom 3 is a game where movement is everything. There are several unblockable setups in the game, and characters move and attack very quickly, so even blockable moves can be difficult to consistently defend against. Each player has 3 characters on his team, though only 1 is controlled at a time for each player. Other characters can be called in as an assist where they will attack with one predetermined move, then jump back off screen. You have various ways to exchange which character you're controlling during the match, and the game doesn't end till all characters on one team are defeated. The game is extraordinarily momentum heavy. For many teams, a single hit can lead to a combo that will KO a character. \n\nTekken Tag Tournament 2 is a 3d fighter. Characters can move on the X, Y, and Z axis. As such, the emphasis is on both proper spacing (like all fighting games) and on mixing up whether an attack hits high or low. While you have 2 characters on a team, you lose the round as soon as one of them is knocked out. \n\nDead or Alive 5 is a 1 on 1 3d fighter, but other than that, I can't tell you much. I've never really played the game, so can't give much more info.\n\nArc System Works games: I'm gonna lump these together. If you hear of a game as an \"anime game\", chances are it was made by Arc System Works. Their games tend to feature characters with extraordinary mobility and overly complicated motion requirements. Apologies to any fans, but quarter circle forward, half-circle back is absolutely stupid as a motion for one move. The games reward aggression and to some degree outright punish passiveness. Characters generally have lots of ways to move around: double jumps, dashing while airborne, etc. To be honest, the games can look kind of chaotic if you don't have someone to explain what's going on. The overall plan is to dart quickly in and out of attack ranges trying to either catch your opponent flat footed or to bait an attack that you can dodge and counter. The newest game and one you're most likely to see is Guilty Gear Xrd. If you're wondering about the name, the previous games were Guilty Gear X and Guilty Gear XX. They were smart enough not to release Guilty Gear XXX. Regardless, the marquee option to the GG series is the \"roman cancel\". At the expense of some of your super meter, you can cancel anything that your character is doing. The character stops whatever animation they're in and instead goes to the Roman Cancel animation which is very short. One of the more common uses you'll see is a character throwing a projectile attack of some sort, then performing a Roman Cancel after the projectile is on screen. This allows the attack to dash in behind the projectile and gain some cover as they approach to attack. \n\nSmash Brothers: I'm going to be super generic here, as each version is pretty significantly different. The major thing to these games is that a character isn't knocked out simply by receiving damage. Instead, the goal is to knock the opposing character to a certain point beyond the edges of the screen. As a character receives more damage, they get knocked farther back by attacks. In general, the game plan is to build up damage on your opponent until you can send them flying with a single good hit. \n\nIf you watch Combo Breaker (a big fighting game tournament) over this Memorial day weekend, you may come across one other weird game: Skullgirls. Like the Arc Systems and Marvel vs Capcom series games, it generally features high mobility characters. However, unlike most other popular games now, the game rewards players for shorter combos with frequent resets. A reset is when an attacker intentionally stops a combo allowing the defender to \"reset\" to a neutral state, then immediately restarting their offense. This gives the defender new opportunities to defend themselves, but good resets are designed to be ambiguous as to how to properly defend against it. \nIf you watch Combo Breaker, you should totally watch this game, it's fun.\n\n\nEDIT: Just as a last note, I just covered the games you're most likely to see when watching a tournament stream plus Skullgirls since 1) I like it and 2) it's featured at a major tournament this weekend. There are a ton of games, and many older games have held onto a following years after it's sequels have come out (I'm looking at you Marvel vs Capcom 2 and Street Fighter Third Strike). Fighting games are like wines. There are a million varieties. Some good, some bad, and everyone has different opinions on which are best. There's nothing wrong with someone liking a pinot grigio over a Bordeaux merlot.", "Not sure about other ones, but Mortal Kombat and Street Fighter have completely different styles and mechanics when it comes to game play. Like a fighting move in Mortal Kombat is a different type of movement on the control than that of SF. SF has \"super moves\" \"ultra moves\" and even other types of things you can do by holding down different buttons at the same time and moving the controls in different order. I think the list of different combos on SF is much more complicated. MK is a little more basic, and the game prides itself on the whole \"fatality\" thing. Also, SF is and will continue to be a 2D game, where it's like cartoon graphics, where as MK is 3D and it's focus is to try and look more realistic. Other than that, both games are created to target the same market of game player." ]

[ "Quite often, its not. Many times you can combine a rebate with incentivised financing and end up much cheaper than your bank.\n\nFor example, my wifes 2012 altima is currently financed at 0.5 percent and we bought it several thousand below invoice due to rebates/dealer incentives. No banks/credit unions were anywhere close at the time. The cheapest was around 4% at the time.\n\nWhere dealerships get you is with all of the add-ons like extended warranties, window etching, undercoats, etc and you will get offered those regardless of whose financing you use.", "Dealerships tend to have higher inception fees through their internal finance manager. Also, keep in mind that a lot of the time dealerships will give you financing through them, when in reality they are getting it from an outside bank and adding points. Hidden fees arent so hidden anymore if you read the contract you are signing thoroughly and asking about evey cent on there.", "I work Internet Sales at a high volume dealership putting out about 400-430 cars a month. There is something called 'putting leg' in your payment that finance can do with the banks they work with to build gross in the deal. For instance, if you are actually approved for a 2.99% rate the dealership can show you a payment with a 9.99% rate and as long as the payment is agreeable most people don't look twice. They can also 'leave room in the payment' for warranties, GAP insurance, service contracts, and the like. The dealership would rather have you finance through their lenders because they get a kickback from the bank in that case. I wouldn't necessarily say it is cheaper in price or payment to finance through your own bank. At least in the case of my dealership we can almost always beat any rate or payment you've been offered if we have to. For all of those customers who are stuck in the day of 'cash is king', we would MUCH rather have you finance. It's different from a 'Buy Here Pay Here' situation because either we're getting a check from you or a check from the lender. If you finance, we will receive the full amount plus some, and your payments to Ally or Chase or Wells Fargo are totally your business.", "I have no knowledge of this i bought my car from the dealership with cash", "There are three situations you should distinguish here, not two:\n\n1. The dealer gets you a loan from some bank they choose.\n2. The dealer gets you a loan from the carmaker's finance company.\n3. Find your own loan.\n\n\"Financing through the dealer\" could mean either #1 or #2, but those two are completely different.\n\nOption #1 is just not good, because the dealer chooses the bank that benefits them the most.\n\nOption #2: most carmakers own a finance company that makes loans for purchases of their own cars. These might only be available on new or CPO cars. These loans are often better than what you can get on your own because carmakers often have promotional offers with excellent loan terms to encourage you to buy a new car. Two examples:\n\n* When I bought my car in 2011, I got a 0.9% APR on a 3 year loan from the manufacturer, which was much better than the rate I could get from my credit union (which was about 2.5%). 0.9% over three years means I pay very, very little interest on this car—something in the order of $250 over the lifetime of an $18k loan.\n* I just checked the VW site, and they're currently offering a 0% APR for a 60 month loan on 2013 models. Clearly they're doing this to help close out the 2013 cars and make space for 2014 models. (Of course, 0% is the best rate, for people with excellent credit; the rate you actually get depends on your credit score.)\n\nOption #3: when you choose your own bank, the banks compete to offer you the best rate, and you are the one who gets to choose, not the dealer.\n\nThe lesson here: avoid option #1. If options #2 and #3 are both available, compare them and pick the best—neither is always better than the other.", "Having sold cars for some time, I would say that it isn't. Our car yard had a better credit rating than the banks, and would consistently offer very cheap finance (5-6%, with specials down to 3% and even 0% for a limited term).\n\nOur car yard would often have stipulations attached to such low offers however. For example, they were fixed term - either 3 or 4 years, and balloon payments were not an option.\n\nHidden fees aren't a thing in Australia anymore. A few years back a law was passed which meant dealer-sold vehicles had to include the total cost of the car when advertising, also known as \"On-road cost\". So it was the actual cost of the vehicle, plus tax, plus stamp duty, plus dealer delivery fees, plus luxury car tax if it was over $57,500, plus registration. Some dealers were pissed at this, but I think it made the business more honest for the consumer.\n\nYou'll also find that car yards often operate New Cars at a loss, receiving rebates from their parent company (Toyota, Holden, Ford etc). This is done in order to generate trade-ins (used cars) from New Car sales, which the car yard then sold on as Used Cars. A car yard has more control over pricing for Used Cars (less restrictions on what a \"reasonable\" cost is for a used car). New Car sales would also bring in clients for Servicing (where the bulk of the profit came from), and Aftercare (tint, gps, rust-proofing etc).\n\nA sale typically went like this for us. Client comes in, test drive, talk shop, haggle on a price, sign for the car. They would then go to aftercare, where they would talk with a specialist sales person who would sell them tint, rust proofing, paint protection etc. They would sign an amended contract for the cost of the car PLUS the additions from aftercare. They would then go to finance if they were financing, and they would sign another amended contract including the finance agreement.\n\nIt is very clever, as they sign for price X (legally binding), then sign for X+Y (also legally binding), and then finally sign for X+Y+X (win for us).", "Dealerships want to make buying a car easier, and you pay for this convenience several ways. First, American consumers believe trading a vehicle in and buying a new one with dealership financing is one transaction. It's really three separate one. You are effectively selling your old vehicle to the dealership with the proceeds (which isn't much) going to lower your purchase price. You get preliminary financing in house, but often times the bank nixes the deal and you need to come back and end up with a higher rate. This frustrates some people, who just want to cancel everything and get their old car back. Problem is, they sold their car and it's probably on another lot and they've signed an agreement to buy the new car. So, they're pretty much screwed. Bottom line, come in with your own financing from a credit union, and sell your old car first. It takes more work, but you'll save a lot of money, and keep the dealership from calling the shots.", "Canada here - 0% financing is often done through the dealership to a bank. I find that dealers always try to upsell the rate as they get cash incentives to do so. However, using an upsold rate sometimes allows for cash incentives because the dealer is able to claim the car as a cash sale. (Manufacturer pays to get the rate to 0%). My answer is that there is no easy way out of it, you need to do your homework to find the best rate and you can't always trust the dealer." ]

[ "There isn't one. It would vary person to person and even to some degree day to day per person.", "Every human is different. Different people metabolize vitamins, minerals and macro-nutrients differently. An observable example is lactose intolerance, which stems from the body not producing enough enzyme to break down lactose - but even within that, there's a huge range of intolerance.", "Because there is not one. Every person has different conditions, disorders, allergies, intolerance, activities that all lead to different nutritional needs. \n\nA top level athlete that is in training may need massive amounts of protein and a calorie intake up to nearly 4000 Calories a day. Someone with iron deficiency may need to eat a lot of red meat. Someone with celiac disease will need to avoid gluten. And there are thousands of other variables." ]

[ "Well, I'm not an umpire but i do regularly watch the footy, so ill have a crack. The ball isn't really considered dead like in American football and generally the rules allow for the game to be a free flowing as possible with limited interruptions in play. It was based around and is relatively similar to Gaelic football and was invented over a hundred years ago. here a few of the main rules so you can better understand the game.\n\nThe basic premise is to kick the ball through the two large goal posts at your attacking end. getting it through the two big posts scores you 6 points, get it between either of the two smaller posts and one of the bigger ones only gets you one point. you have to kick the ball through for it to count. \n\nthere are two methods of disposing the ball within the rules, kicking or handballing. handballing is where they punch the ball out of one hand using the other. failing to properly handball is called a throw and loses you possession of the ball. \n\nIf you catch a ball that has been kicked more than fifteen metres (approx. 45 feet) by anyone from either side, then it is called a \"mark\" and that stops the play. taking a mark earns you a free kick, you cannot be tackled and you can kick the ball without being tackled so long as you don't advance beyond where you took the mark and you kick within the allowed time (not sure how long maybe 30 secs?). handballing, stepping beyond the mark or just running away from the mark continues play and you can be tackled. to run with the ball you need to bounce it at least once every (12?) steps.\n\nyou can tackle opposition players as a means of acquiring the ball. the tackled must not be a trip and must not be above the shoulders. any tackled that is not allowed should end up with the victim (lack of a better word) either getting a free get or they are allowed to advance the ball 50 metres (150ft). they don't get to choose by the way, its awarded contextually by an umpire (as i understand). if the player that is tackled fails to dispose of the ball as a result of a tackle (the ball is trapped under them or they are just not letting go) it is called holding the ball and the tackling player is awarded the ball. if you tackle someone who doesn't have the ball the it is holding the man and free kicks etc.\n\nsometimes when an infringement occurs but the opposition is all ready on their way and the ball gone already, the umpire will call \"advantage paid\" meaning they will not punish the infringer as the infringement resulted in opposition advantage anyway and its not worth stopping play for it. \n\nas i said, these are just a few of the basic rules and im not an umpire, just a fan ( i welcome any corrections btw, just chime in). i hope you understand the game a bit better now :) and ask if you need anything clarified.\nhope you enjoy the game as much as we do down under!\n\n^carn ^^the ^^^bombers!", "/r/afl if you're interested in the sport. There are quite a few Yanks on there already so don't feel like its a Australian only sub." ]

[ "> Why do aeroplanes/airplanes have headlights?\n\nAircraft commonly land at night when it is dark. Being able to see the ground when coming in for a landing is important because they need to touch down at a reasonable speed.\n\nSo not to put too fine a point on it, they are so the pilots can see when it is dark. You know, like with regular car headlights.", "So they can see what's ahead. The lights shine on the runway, making it brighter and easier to see during both take-off and landing. They are called landing lights.", "Ait traffic controller here. \n\nOften lights are attached to retractable landing gear. This helps to identify when landing gear is down at night and during the day. Some lights come on steady, others will flash to make them more visible. \n\nThe lights also help a pilot see and be seen while taxing. \n\nThey don't call them headlights though. \nTaxi lights or landing lights. There are a few other lights on aircraft" ]

[ "The temperature that your body sleeps at is lower than the temperature your body maintains the rest of the day, this is for energy conservation and obviously to let your body rest. Simply put, keeping the temperature in your room lower may help your body to achieve this lower resting temperature. This makes falling asleep and staying asleep easier.", "This is an awesome question op... I have always wondered this!" ]

[ "There are two ways that a product key can be validated. The first way is that the program \"phones home\" to check that the key is valid, and is tied to your account. This type of validation means that the same key can (usually) only be used once.\n\nBut the other way that a key can be validated is if there is some algorithm that generates valid keys, and that can verify that a particular key is valid. For example, maybe keys are generated by taking your email address, appending some fixed string of letters to the end (known to the program, but not to you), and then feeding the resulting string through a hashing algorithm (which is a sort of one-way function that generates a unique-ish \"fingerprint\" of a bit of text or a file). The resulting hash is your product key. \n\nIn this case, it's super easy for the program to verify that a given email address + product key is valid, because it just takes the email, appends the secret string to it, and then hashes that to see if the resulting hash equals the product key you entered. This has the advantage of not requiring an Internet connection to activate the software, but does make it vulnerable to re-used keys. I've seen some companies that make the credit card number used to purchase the product part of this process to discourage sharing of product keys (since you'd also have to share your credit card number)." ]

[ "Generally through the blood stream or the lymphatic vessels. When a contagion attacks a specific organ I.e. Hepatitis, it is because something about those cells allows that particular pathogen to attack/reproduce better than they do in other cells. They don’t move towards that organ specifically, they just keep getting pumped through the bloodstream until they find a good place to start reproducing, or they’re killed by the immune system" ]

[ "Not everyone is equally susceptible to addiction to cigarettes. I can chain smoke for a few weeks and then just stop for a few weeks without it being an issue. I'm not sure why that is true for me but its possible it may be because I was around second hand smoke a lot as a child.", "I smoked cigarettes for about 5 years, probably a little more than half a pack of Newports a day. I started because I noticed that those that smoked had more breaks, all of my buddies smoked, and I had a lot of time to kill (hurry up and wait nature of the army.). I quit smoking the day I finished my contract.\nI have tried to pick it up again here and there, but I just take a puff and throw the rest away. Tastes disgusting, and smells bad to me now. Except black and minds, those smell good.", "It's weird, I have a friend that smokes socially when drinking and will have one if someone offers, but they don't go out their way to buy them daily as far as I can tell. Never understood that.", "I'll weigh in on this.\n\nI've been suffering from axillary hiperhydrosis (overactive armpit sweating) for around 15 years now since I was a young teen. I can only smoke maybe two cigarettes, at night, after I've had some alcohol before bed. This is attributed to the fact that if I just smoke a cigarette for no reason it will aggravate my condition and it's just incredibly uncomfortable; I'll sweat until the \"nicotine high\" fades away maybe 20 minutes later. So because of this, it makes it no more enticing for me to smoke a cigarette during any other common point of the day. Thus, I don't really get \"hooked\" on constant smoking as a normal \"everyday smoker\" would. \n\nEquating in the alcohol factor, this is because it supresses my sweat glands and my overall body activity, so smoking a cigarette can actually be a bit pleasing at the end of the day after a few beers. Thus, just like susceptibility, it's different for every human being. It's a plethora of biological factors.\n\nEDIT: words" ]

[ "Essentially minimum wage increases due to inflation, inflation is the concept that money isn't worth as much as it used to, and therefore you need more of it (imagine your grandpa saying \"back in my day it cost a nickel for a loaf of bread\" bonus points for reading it in an old man voice)\n\nBut what happens is that the cost of everything increases, but the amount of money people have stays the same, meaning that to maintain their standard of living, they need to increase their wage.\n\nBut of course, this means people now have more money, and people will be willing to raise their prices accordingly, causing inflation causing the circle to go round.\n\nIt's what happens when you have a currency that is arbitrary, in the sense that it isn't tied to anything solid, like a resource, ie Gold Standard." ]

[ "Skeletal muscles are the muscles that you use for voluntary movement like your arms, legs, etc. They're made of myocytes, which have a limited ability to divide. Other cells in your body constantly divide, like your skin or the inside of your mouth (these are known as epithelial cells). \n\nWhen a cell is stressed out, as in it receives stress from either hormones, exercise or something rubbing up against it, etc, it'll adapt in order to take more stress. Your muscles can't divide, so they undergo hypertrophy or get bigger. Your skin cells divide more to compensate (hyperplasia) but they also secrete more keratin. \n\nWhy do they have a limited ability to divide? It just comes down to the fact that they're highly specialised. Generally, the less specialised the cell is, the more it can divide. Stem cells, or pluripotent cells are not specialised at all, but they can divide endlessly and become any cell in the body. Myocytes, cardiomyocytes (heart muscle), and neurons are highly specialised cells and have very poor ability to divide. it's why heart attacks are so bad, and why spinal damage doesn't heal properly.", "They get both volume and density, but there's an effective limit on how dense muscle tissue can be since it still needs to move and breathe and heal. There's less of a limit on volume, and it's also more visibly noticeable." ]

[ "Also, food-security. During the world wars food would be a scarce resource. The EU subsidizes farmers in the EU so they can compete with cheap food from outside the EU which was made with a lower wage for the workers.", "This could probably be more accurately answered on [/r/askhistorians](_URL_0_)" ]

[ "Only if he committed the crime across the line.\n\nFor example, if I knock over a Quickie Mart in KS, and then flee to MO I've only committed a crime in KS. If a kidnap a guy in MO and take him to KS now I've committed a crime in both states as well as federally.\n\nIts the cross-border nature of the crime that is important, not where the criminal is located.\n\nIf I knocked over the Quickie Mart in KS *from* MO that'd be federal too. I don't know how I'd manage that though :P" ]

[ "We found replacements for chlorofluorocarbons and drastically cut down the rate at which we released them into the atmosphere. The holes are still there but have stopped growing and are on the path to recovery.", "It's still there, it's just that because it's over Antarctica, we don't hear much about it. It doesn't really affect us directly. It's actually larger than it was when the ozone layer panic came about, and it'll take a lonnnggggg time to heal.", "The world came together and decided to stop producing as much cfcs. This resulted in the hole in the ozone shrinking.\n\nMost consider this problem solved." ]

[ "your eye is full of liquid called the vitreous humour. when you press on your eyes, you're increasing the pressure of that fluid inside the eye; that in turn causes pressure to be applied to the nerves in the back of your eye, on your retina. those nerves get confused and start sending out random signals that you see as cool-ass patterns.", "I LITERALLY just read about this is my anatomy and physiology textbook 10 minutes ago...Basically, the colors you are seeing are false stimuluses that are generated on labeled lines, or the links between your pressure receptors in your eyelids and the part of the brain that is deciphering those stimuli.", "Some archaeologists/anthropologists believe that these images may be the inspiration for geometric cave art.", "The patterns you see when you press on your eyes is because your eyes are sensitive to physical pressure, just like the nerves in the rest of your body, only your brain interprets their signals as light instead of touch. It's kind of like you're seeing what the feeling of pain would be if it was an image.\n\nAs for the floating things, I had always been told that they're debris floating on the surface of your eye in your tears, but I recently learned that that's wrong. They're actually inside your eye! They're little bits of dead eye tissue that have since been replaced by new eye tissue (kind of like dead skin) floating freely inside the jelly-like goop inside your eye!", "The squiggly lines that float in your field of vision are caused by defects in the vitreous humor (the jelly-like goo that fills your eye). They get worse as you age.", "that is damage to your retina...you should probably stop doing that.", "FYI the squiggles you see are called phosphenes \n\n_URL_0_" ]

[ "Saudi Arabia has oil and wants money. \nUSA has money and wants oil. \nIt's pretty much as simple as that.", "Realpolitik.\n\nWhen it all boils down, no one gives a shit about fascism, discrimination, religion, women or homosexuals. If Saudi Arabia can provide a stable ally and friend in the middle east, thats enough to look past all the rest.\n\nTheir benefits (their willingness to cooperate) trumps all the ret" ]

[ "Somethings need to be touched or experienced. They can also do onsite repair and warranty work for value add\n\nValue add is the key. The appeal to niche markets or do something that email and returns isn't quite comfortable\n\nWould you buy a house online?", "They're definitely not doing as well as they were 20 years ago, but there are advantages to brick and mortar stores that keep people coming in. I'm someone who gets a lot of use out of my Prime account but there's still a lot that brings me into traditional stores.\n\nBuying clothes? It's a pain to order something, wait for shipping, and if it doesn't fit, sending it back, waiting for the correct size to come in, etc. Being able to comparison shop, try things on, make sure the fit, style, fabric, etc. are to your liking is a big perk. I'll buy t\\-shirts, socks, and shoes (if I know the brand and fit well, like regular Nike running shoes) online, but it's too much of a hassle to buy most anything else, to me.\n\nBuying something big like a TV? You can't get much of a feel for it on the website \\- picture quality, size, color, etc. Electronics stores know this and take advantage of it \\- in fact, many of them will price their TV's at little to no profit, or even a slight loss on a sale, because they know that the displays will get you in the door. And of course, you might just look at their TV's, find the one you like, and order it online. But since you're already there, you're much more likely to buy one of theirs, since you'll have it right away and they'll maybe throw in a couple of cables or speakers. AND since you're already in the store, there's always the chance you'll remember you need a new laptop case, maybe a PS4 display reminds you that you should pick up God of War, or whatever. Once you're in the store, you're much less likely to leave empty handed.", "It depends on exactly how depending on industry, but physical stores have a few major advantages:\n\n* You can try it out\n* You can try it on\n* You can get it right now\n* Large Goods are challenging to ship\n\nShopping for clothes online is often a concern about how it'll fit and look on your person, which means clothing stores will probably be with us for quite a while.\n\nSome online stores are able to offer same\\-day delivery, but it's usually a feature you pay for & is limited to certain locations and to certain products.\n\nAnd of course, if I'm doing a construction project, buying a dishwasher, or buying costo\\-size bulk to save on per\\-item cost, I'm probably gonna drive and get it myself since enormous goods are expensive as hell to ship. Food and perishable goods are also challenging to ship." ]

[ "your water heater heats water to anywhere from 120 to 180 degrees F. So in order to keep you from burning yourself cold water is mixed with the hot water to make a comfortable temperature. when a toilet is flushed it pulls a few gallons of water. thus, limiting the amount of cold water available to cool the shower.", "there's less cold water to cool the hot water because the water-pressure drops now the toilet is re-filling it flushing tank.\n\nthe pressure on the main waterline is not enough to keep both the shower and the toilet-refill flowing. due to your local layout and your water heater having a pump the rate at which the presure of the cold and hot water decline are not same so temperature of their mix changes." ]

[ "My impression is that most of them are aware that some kind of big, huge, technologically advanced world exists, but they don't know shit about it. \n\nCommonly they are uncontacted because they want to be: being contacted tends to screw them over. (They flee from contact, or hear rumors from neighboring contacted tribes.) Either they have few useful skills and end up in the bottom of the heap of capitalism, or they get massacred by brutal 3rd-world mining and logging companies. \n\nOTOH, they likely have very little idea of the scale or workings of industrial civilization.", "Often, we know just a tiny bit more about the tribe than they know about the outside world. Any contact either way has usually been in the form of a plane passing overhead or ranchers/loggers invading. Cultural relativism has led to a lot of activists trying to keep these tribes separated from the outside world. However, every time that pictures are taken of them, we inadvertently make contact, possibly changing tribal mythology/culture/etc.\n\nYou can check out something like [_URL_0_](http://www._URL_0_/) for more information.", "Many do, because they have been in contact with their neighbors and other tribes/groups in the area. Most uncontacted tribes today are trying very hard to *stay* that way." ]

[ "When anything is above 0 kelvin, it produces thermal radiation as its particles bump around and change energy levels etc. Thermal radiation is electromagnetic radiation. Light is electromagnetic radiation at a very specific range of wavelengths (see the electromagnetic spectrum for more detail). So thermal radiation can be seen IF it is being emitted at the right wavelength. The good news is that most bodies emit thermal radiation over the entire electromagnetic spectrum, roughly following this [graph:](_URL_0_)\n\nAs temperatures increase, The thermal radiation has more energy. This means a higher average frequency (or lower wavelength) for the thermal radiation. Eventually enough of the thermal radiation is in that specific wavelength of the electromagnetic spectrum we call visible light to make it appear to glow (about 700 C, 1300 F). Colder than that and while it emits a small amount of visible light, it isn't enough to make it glow.\n\nThe lowest frequency part of that visible spectrum is red. The highest part of that spectrum is blue. So as it heats up, it changes from glowing red (and mostly a mix of radiation below the visibility), to a mix of red and blue (and some above and below the visibility), to eventually some blue and only a little red (and mostly above the visibility spectrum). \n\nThe mix of red all the way through to blue will eventually look more and more white as it heats up, because it will contain all of the colors of the visible spectrum (which together look white, think reverse prism). Once it gets even hotter, that white color will take on a blueish tinge, then get more and more blue.\n\nFinally it will be almost completely completely blue. So blue - > white - > red - > invisible for how hot- > cold a body is.\n\n\nThis is also why you can \"feel\" hot things at a distance, because your hand is absorbing some of this thermal radiation and heating up, even if the surrounding air is cold.\n\nThe suns electromagnetic radiation is centered at about 500 nm wavelengths (smack dab in line with our \"visible light\"). It makes sense that our eyes developed to be sensitive to the largest concentration of electromagnetic radiation we received. If our sun had been a little colder, chances are our \"visible light spectrum\" would have developed in a higher wavelength, part of what we call infrared light. In case you were wondering why our eyes can only process a certain range of the electromagnetic spectrum.", "More energy makes electrons go farther from nucleus (higher energy levels). When they fall back down, energy leaves them as light. When they have lots of energy, they are very high and constantly vibrating up and down as theres lots of room. Some electrons go up from their nucleus while others go down, absorbing eachothers light like a \"house of mirrors\", so the light gets mixed up into all colors which we see (the red green and blue of) as white.", "So energy can be emitted in many kind of waves usually infrared for room temperature things. We are continuously radiating. Now if something has so much energy in it (heat) it can release even more energy slipping into the visible light spectrum allowing us to see it. The term you could read up on is black body radiation." ]

[ "Because the source of your sore throat is not lying around on the surface of your throat, but within the soft tissue surrounding it. Its like saying that washing your chest with a bar of soap should alleviate a chest cold.", "An antiseptic kills bacteria. But a sore throat is often caused by a viral infection. A virus strongly differs from bacteria, since it is in principle only a piece of DNA (or RNA) and not a living organism like a bacterium. It uses cells as a host to reproduce itself. \n\nIt would be necessary to use antivaral drugs to stop them. The reason why they are not common to be used if you have a sore throat is probably strong side effects and to avoid new drug resistant viruses." ]

[ "First, let's explain what a \"one-way mirror\" is:\n\nIt is not a mirror that only reflects light going in one direction. It is a _partially reflective mirror_ that allows some light of either direction to go through, and reflect some light of either direction.\n\nWhat this means in practice is that depending on relative lighting conditions, it may appear to be a window or a mirror. An example of this would be your house window - on a bright sunny day, you have no trouble looking out. Someone outside, however, may see a reflection. This is because the glass reflects some light, and transmits others. Since the outside is _so_ bright, a large amount of light is reflected back to the observer outside. This overwhelms any light that is transmitted from inside to outside. The indoor observer, on the other hand, as a lot of light transmitted _into_ the window, so any reflected light is drowned out by the transmitted light.\n\nYou will notice the reverse at night, when you have lights turned on and outside is dark. Now the indoor observer will see a lot of reflection, and the outside observer has no trouble peering in.\n\nAlright, so knowing this now, how does the infinity table work? The bright lights within the table makes the inside bright. Some light gets leaked out to your eyes - that's what you see. Other light gets reflected to the bottom mirror, which gets reflected back. Some of _that_ light reaches your eye, but another fraction gets reflected back to the bottom mirror, and so forth. That's why you see many copies - and that's also the reason each reflection gets dimmer and dimmer - some light escapes, and other is absorbed. Only a fraction is reflected each time.\n\nIt has nothing to do with projected images." ]

[ "Credit cards and debit cards, historically, worked with different banking networks and were developed with different mindsets. Credit cards chose to focus on signatures in the early days, while debit cards chose to use PINs.\n\nWith that history, though debit and credit cards have sort of merged into a very similar style of transaction, they still hold onto some of the early designs for how those networks operated. There hasn't really been a need for changing the way credit cards worked, and introducing PINs for those cards would be a very big change that people probably wouldn't be happy with.\n\n---\n\nThere are some more details in an answer to a similar question here: _URL_0_", "PINs are used for debit card transactions. Basically every debit card can also process as a credit card, so when you're making the transaction online it's processing as a credit card." ]

[ "He's keeping time. Each swing of the arm is a \"tic\" in the temp of the piece which all musicians, regardless of instrument need to keep in synch. He can also make larger or smaller movements to indicate changes in volume. And he will cue sections or individuals for specific parts of the piece that highlight that musical voice." ]

[ "They do, and it causes inflation because the money doesn't have any material value behind it.\n\nMoney is just something we use to represent value. Without creating the value, the printed money isn't anything more than paper, which in turn, makes every piece of money less valuable.", "They do, but they can't print \"temporary\" money. The money printed is real money, which can kick off inflation as /u/onyourkneestexaspete said.\n\nMoney has to be a permanent store of value otherwise its worthless. \"Temporary\" money would have no value since its only good for a short time." ]

[ "The premise of your question is basically flawed. We can't eat almost anything. About half of the red berries in existence are poisonous to us but not to birds, for example. The same is true about mushrooms.\n\nAlso, not everything that is edible is food. Uncooked grains are edible, but you would eventually die if that's all you ate. OTOH, if you cook it into bread, you're pretty much good to go.", "Selection bias. All the things humans eat are considered \"food.\" The things that animals can eat that we can't aren't.\n\nWe don't raise them as crops or otherwise pay them much attention. We don't go looking in the wild for new and interesting things that poison us to feed our dogs and see if *they* like it.", "Different animals lack enzymes to process certain foods. This is why many foods we eat are poisonous to dogs.", "Lots of animals have different constitutions. Heck, dogs eat grass. I wouldn't recommend trying that.", "Not a lot of dogs tend to come from tropical environments where chocolate and grapes are common. Meanwhile a dog can eat all kinds of stuff that would kill you or I. \n\nThis is more of a situation where a handful of \"normal\" foods by human standards will adversely affect humans, but ultimately we're a lot more digestively picky that most other animals.", "While we can't eat almost anything as many of the posters have mentioned we can eat many more things than more many other animals out side of dedicated scavengers who have specialized guys and microorganism in their body for dealing with rotting meat/vegetable matter.\n\nSo I say OP isn't totally wrong but just didn't phrase the question right.\n\nTo answer OPs question, it cause we learned to process food and make it edible. You can eat a raw potato but the energy you get from it is minimal compared tonic you cooked it. Also it would not be good on your insides.", "Different species have different physiologies... Dogs can eat raw and rotting meat whereas it would kill or sicken a human." ]

[ "> It seems like people are ready to bitch about how somebody is literally Hitler for collecting food stamps \n\nThis is, unfortunately, the most successful way to *get* the extreme calcification of economies. When you blame the poorest and least powerful people for all the economic problems ('welfare queens') and put the rich on a pedestal ('job creators'), you get people fighting each other and ignoring the big issues. And because people are emotional, they want an enemy that is readily available and will make them feel good after getting some hits in on, not an enemy that appears untouchable and is difficult to have victories against.\n\nThere are identity politics and self-worth issues at play here.", "Who's complacent about it? I see and hear people get worked up about it almost daily. There's not a lot of action, legal or otherwise, that people can do to cause immediate change, and the idea of trying to raise awareness and start a movement gets lost in the labyrinthine clusterfuck of cross-messaging and misdirection which American politics has become. People want change, they don't know how to effect it. I invite you to start offering ideas over criticism. To smugly sit back and cast blame on the \"ignorant masses\" is also a form of complacency.", "The American Dream has convinced people that if you work hard you will be rewarded. This leads people to believe that people who collect food stamps must not have worked hard and are relying on state handouts to support their laziness. They see these people as living off of their hard work.\n\nThe truth is that there _is_ a group of people who live off of other people's work: The rich. They make large sums of money by paying workers less than the value of the products they produce. This process is central to capitalism, which is the dominant economic system in America and the rest of the world. The rich live in luxury while those of us who work hard for a living must survive on wages that are far below what is necessary for us to live a comfortable life.\n\nIt is important for the rich to maintain the idea that they got where they are from hard work because it stops people questioning why there is such a large gap between the rich and the poor. This idea is perpetuated by the American media, political and education systems in order to make sure that the current system carries on working the way they want it too." ]

[ "They're modular and self-assembling. The first structural piece under the rotation head, the lifter module, is more complex than the rest; it includes slides and jacks. The complete assembly process involves anchoring the base and setting up the horizontal arm. Once that's ready, the lifter module jacks up the head and the arm, and the crane lifts a structural segment off a truck and into place. Once the new segment is bolted in, the jacks retract and are bolted onto the new top structural segment. This process is repeated until the crane is as tall as it needs to be.\n\nDisassembly is the same process in reverse, with a caveat. If there is more than one crane involved, they may build around a crane within the building, so long as at least one crane is outside to lift out the pieces. The last crane, however, always has to have enough clear space to disassemble itself in the same process in reverse that it assembled itself with." ]

[ "Its not intended to be consumed as alcohol. Vanilla extract is well known way for minors to get alcohol." ]

[ "this is about as simple as it gets \nfrom: _URL_0_\n\nHow Cocaine Is Made\n\nCocaine\n\nCocaine is a highly addictive stimulative drug that is manufactured from the leaves of the coca plant. It is classified as a central nervous system stimulant, but pharmacologically it is considered an anesthetic. Cocaine is a drug that increases alertness, feelings of well-being, euphoria, energy and feelings of competence and sexuality. Anxiety, paranoia and restlessness are some of the side effects of the drug. It is the most abused major stimulant in America and the second most popular illicit drug used in the USA behind marijuana.\nCocaine and the Coca Plant\n\nCocaine is a naturally occurring alkaloid found in certain varieties of the Erythorxylum genus, or coca plant. Of the 200 species, only 2 contain significant levels of cocaine. The plant can grow in widely varied climates and soil conditions, though the highest cocaine content is found in plants that are grown in higher, cooler climates. Cocaine is harvested from the leaves of the plant which are continuously stripped from the plant. Once stripped, the leaves are typically dried until brittle or transported immediately to an illicit laboratory. If the leaves get wet and begin to rot, they will be unusable.\n\nCocaine is synthesized from the leaves of the coca plant to form a paste. This paste is further synthesized and cut with adulterant substances to make it into street-level cocaine that can be injected, snorted or smoked. To make the paste, there is a process of extracting the cocaine that includes the use of toxic chemicals. There are two main ways that the cocaine paste is made: solvent extraction and acid extraction.\n\nSolvent Extraction of Cocaine Paste\n\nThe first stage is to finely chop the leaves and dust them with lime or carbonate salt along with a small amount of water. Some manufacturers will use a leaf mulcher to complete this process, others will do it by hand. Next kerosine or diesel fuel is then added to the coca leaf and lime/salt mixture and vigorously stirred for up to three days. This removes the cocaine from the leaf into the liquid. Occasionally this is done using a washing machine or cement mixer. Poorer manufacturers will do this by hand.\n\nOnce the cocaine has been extracted, the liquid is heated to remove any wax from the coca leaves, then filtered to separate it from the vegetable matter. There will typically be a large amount of liquid that is then mixed with sulfuric acid and mixed again. The acid converts the cocaine free base to cocaine sulfate. The mixture is allowed to sit to allow the separation of the cocaine sulfate which is then mixed with lime or caustic soda. The addition of these chemicals neutralizes the sulfuric acid and the filtered chemical is a gummy, yellow solid. This paste is dried, packaged and shipped to a further laboratory for further extraction and handling.\n\nAcid Extraction of Cocaine Paste\n\nThe leaves of the coca plant are placed in a pit with diluted sulfuric acid. The leaf and acid mixture is vigorously macerated by workers who will typically stomp the mixture for up to 2 hours. The acid in the pit will convert the cocaine in the leaves to cocaine sulfate, which is removed and then heated to remove the waxy residue. It is then filtered to remove the remaining plant matter. The liquid then has lime or carbonate added to it, and is stirred vigorously, resulting in a curdled coca paste. The curdled mixture is mixed with kerosine and then re-filtered to isolate the paste and further processed with more sulfuric acid.\n\nCoca Paste to Street Cocaine\n\nOnce the coca paste has been extracted and produce, it needs further processing to change it into the product that is ingestable. This is primarily a purification process. The coca paste is dissolved in a small amount of dilute sulfuric acid and potassium permanganate is added. This chemical is a powerful oxidizing agent that reacts with the impurities in the coca paste and changes the color of the coca paste from a yellow-brown color to a colorless or faint white color. The resulting colorless, acidic solution is filtered and treated with ammonia to neutralize the sulfuric acid.\n\nThe cocaine product is further dried to convert it into cocaine hydrochloride. Cocaine hydrochloride is the street product that is a white, crystalline powder with a bitter taste and numbing effect.. Cocaine loses its potency in other forms and it is also less soluble. Cocaine must be water soluble so that it can be injected, otherwise the drug can be in clumps when injected which can lead to cardiac arrest. As cocaine hydrochloride, which is a salt, the drug can be both injected and snorted and is absorbed into the blood-stream easily.\n\nTypically, cocaine hydrochloride is cut with other products before it is sold on the street. Adulterant substances are used to increase the volume of the drug and increase profits for dealers. The substances that cocaine are cut with can include non-toxic items such as talc, bicarbonate soda or glucose to harmful chemicals such as amphetamines and levamisole.\n\nConverting Cocaine to Crack Cocaine\n\nCrack cocaine is the most potent form of cocaine. Crack cocaine produces a very intense high that is often associated with repeated use of the drug and intense energy, hyperactivity, aggression and paranoia.\n\nCrack cocaine is made by converting cocaine hydrochloride into a solid form of freebase cocaine. This is done by cooking cocaine hydrochloride with sodium bicarbonate or ammonia. The result of the cooked cocaine is a jagged chunk of crack cocaine. In this form the drug is typically smoked by heating it in a glass pipe and inhaling the vapor." ]

[ "They have communities, basic communication skills, they understand death, they have sex for fun and rescue creatures that are in danger.", "I believe it is related to the [Encephalization quotient](_URL_0_), though I'm no expert." ]

[ "That's not really how treaties work. Treaties aren't like \"you get to keep all the land you've taken,\" they always specify very exact borders. If Country B truly had no will to fight, they would have given up all of their land (which is basically what an unconditional surrender is). If Country A didn't take advantage of the situation and got a treaty that wasn't as favorable as it could have been, tough shit; they should have thought of that before they signed the treaty.\n\nOf course, they could just break the treaty. There weren't any real international institutions in place to enforce that sort of thing, but you don't really make any friends with a reputation for breaking promises." ]

[ "The position places the body in a way where the damage to the body will be minimized. \n\n_URL_0_\n\nthis is the result of not bracing. Bracing minimized the forces to the body" ]

[ "Brain aneurysms are usually asymptomatic. The only time that they can otherwise be diagnosed is if they grow large enough to start bleeding, which can cause severe headaches, a lot of uncontrolled vomiting, and in other cases, they can compress the surrounding structures and nerves in the brain and cause a dysfunction there.\n\nDoctors can also suspect aneurysms in susceptible individuals. A family history of aneurysms, certain heart defects, connective tissue diseases such as Ehler-Danlos syndrome, or kidney diseases such as Polycystic Kidney Disease also are known to be associated with brain aneurysms.\n\nIn any case, the only way to know is through imaging, which can be done best by MRIs that allow you to see the blood vessels, or other forms of imaging such as a CT with a special dye that marks blood vessels clearly.\n\nThe idea of using platinum coils in an aneurysm is that they loop around several times inside the wall of the aneurysm, and trigger blood clotting in that area. Once the aneurysm clots over completely, there's very little chance of it bursting or bleeding out." ]

[ "Non rechargeable batteries are based on an chemical reaction that is not reversible.\n\nEdit: electrically reversible that is." ]

[ "We have a lot of kids who play soccer, but the vast majority are in recreational leagues, not serious youth development programs like Messi went through. Those are growing along with the domestic league, though - the MLS Academy system just started four or five years ago.", "US television doesn't view soccer as a potential money maker. No one wants to invest in soccer. I think potential soccer stars in the US are recruited to play other sports, because there is more money in it. College basketball sends scouts out to schools to solicit potential players, and I don't think any soccer programs in the US have enough funds to do that. \n\nUnfortunately, it all comes down to ads for beer and cars. If someone could prove that soccer can draw as much attention as football in the US, then they could sell ads, and networks would be motivated to air more soccer. No one wants to invest in the unknown potential of soccer.", "American football, basketball, and baseball are far more prestigious sports to play than soccer at the high school and college levels, and their pro leagues get a lot more attention and a lot more money than the MLS.\n\nSo the best American youth athletes may play soccer along with several other sports when they are children, but if they have the talent to go far in football, basketball, or baseball, they will almost always focus on one of those sports over soccer." ]

[ "Because this is entirely speculative and subjective it's been removed. Try /r/futurewhatif instead, or /r/askreddit instead." ]

[ "The Freedom of Speech does not grant you the right to say whatever you want, whenever you want, it merely prevents the GOVERNMENT from restricting your right to free speech. When it comes to private institutions, they are free to set their own rules regarding things like speech, because you always have the option to not use them. \n\nYou are still allowed to keep your right to free speech, Tumblr is simply denying your ability to use THEIR website to do so.", "Moral answer: Imagine that I own a billboard outside his house. People can pay me to put a message on the billboard. One day, Bob offers me some money to put the message \"The guy who lives here is a stupid jerk!\" on the billboard. \n\nI should be able to say \"no\" (as long as I don't keep Bob's money.) If I put the message on the billboard, then in a sense I'm saying that I agree with it. Bob has the freedom of speech to tell people that I'm a stupid jerk, but he shouldn't be able to force ME to say it. \n\nAlternately, Bob might ask me to put something illegal or otherwise dangerous (like \"Please rob this house!\") on the billboard. If I put it on the billboard, then I'm assuming partial responsibility for it, and it becomes my problem too.\n\nQuasi-legal answer: Freedom of speech is part of the Constitution, which is an agreement between the government of the United States and \"The People.\" The agreement between Tumblr and its users is this: _URL_0_", "Freedom of speech does not allow you to avoid the repercussion to what you say and let you say whatever you want. It prevents the government from persecuting you for saying whatever you want. Private citizens can object to what you say all they want. As can any private institution so long as their rules are made known. \n\nSo you cannot be arrested for saying something racist, but a store can deny you business, a restaurant can kick you out, and Tumblr can block your posting. The same goes for NSFW material.", "Let's say you have a children's amusement park that includes a karaoke machine for them to sing songs.\n\nI show up, and want to sing violent, obscene, sexually explicit songs.\n\nAre you violating my freedom of speech when you kick me out?\n\nThat's exactly what tumblr is doing. They pay the bills for the servers, not you. You might not agree, but if they want to take their ball and go home if they don't think you are playing nice, that is their prerogative.", "Because you're opting to use a corporation's services. If you do not like their restrictions, you can simply not use them for their services.\n\nYou can't 'opt out' of your (federal) government, or choose a competitor." ]

[ "It's usually for a convention, which will run for several days. Some people wear the same costume to multiple conventions, others make a new one for each one.", "I cosplay and can only speak for myself and my cosplay friends.\n\nWe cosplay only for events... conventions, festivals, etc. I normally don't show up at work as Tuxedo Mask. I do know some friends who occasionally wear a colorful wig when walking about.\n\nThe really hardcore cosplayers make at least one new cosplay per con. I usually wear a new one once a year.\n\nWhile I do get a lot of pictures taken of me, I cosplay to find other people at the con who share my liking to the character and the show. It's like when I go to a Warriors game, I wear my Warriors shirt, but I haven't gone as far as painting my body the team colors and wearing viking horns.", "Hardcore cosplayers sometimes travel to multiple events a year, so they don't just wear it once and toss it. Most of the hardcore cosplayers I know actually have multiple costumes, and they wear a different one each day for a 3-day convention, for example.\n\nI would imagine some of them reuse their costume or parts of it for Halloween or whatnot, but they don't wear it on regular days.\n\nIt's mostly made for photos. Dedicated cosplayers will do a professional photo shoot with each of their costumes. But also, they are there to enjoy the convention, and part of that is random people coming up to you to take photos with you. It makes people happy, so its fun to cosplay.", "There are events that you go to. There are dozens of major conventions through the year, many comic book shops have events, when major films debut they often hire cosplayers to attend the event, there are random parties, and there is Halloween. Virtually all cosplayers keep a collection of their costumes to choose from for these different events." ]

[ "This is asked a lot, but here it goes.\n\nNorth Korea would react violently if any force tried to offer aid to those in the camps.\n\nIf North Korea acted violently, there would probably be a war.\n\nIf there were a war, China would be upset. China doesn't want millions of refugees and nuclear radiation at it's borders.", "Germany wasn't invaded because of the concentration camps, they were invaded because they were *trying to take over the world*.", "Imagine a hornet's nest in a fruit tree that straddles a property line with your asshole neighbor. You've argued and even fought for years about who owns the tree to little avail -- you both feel you have claims to the tree, and you both want the fruit. That said, either of you could smack the nest down at any time, but you both know that doing that would cause serious problems for both of you, and it would be on whoever hit it to clean up the mess. So, both of you glare at the nest, and both of you glare at each other, and though the tree keeps blossoming and you both get some of the fruit from the tree, the nest just keeps getting uglier and more annoying each season, and you both wonder just how much fruit you might get if the hornets weren't there.\n\nIncidentally, the fact that the \"tree\" in this little fable has opinions of its own about the nest also tends to get forgotten by the bickering neighbors, who tend to care more about the fruit. Welcome to the existential quandary of a non-superpower.", "You all are also forgetting that NOBODY wants to deal with the massive humanitarian issue that arises when you take over a country with millions of starved people." ]

[ "We actually don't use mercury anymore, we use alcohol. But the simple answer is because as a liquid metal it is conductive, and expands and contracts predictably (importantly, linearly) with temperature changes. Further, unlike water, it's freezing point is low enough there is little change of that happening, and even if it somehow occurred it wouldn't make the thermometer explode as water would.", "People tried water or alcohol, but both those things expand with temperature much more than mercury does, so you needed a giant thermometer. They also evaporate or freeze which is inconvenient.\n\nIIRC most modern thermometers do not use mercury but some other kind of solution, can't remember what it is though.", "Basically because it's a liquid that expands/contracts quickly with temperature. This makes it easy to have a small device that precisely shows a temperature.\n\nWhen the dangers of mercury were discovered, thermometers switched to alcohol, dyed red so that you can see it." ]

[ "They do not. It is a common misconception. They will occasionally *overlap*, in the same way as if you watch a bunch of cars with their blinkers on, but they don't synchronise." ]

[ "If you are thinking of photos then they are called [diffraction spikes](_URL_0_) and are caused by the wires that keep a mirror in place." ]

[ "1024, 1000 is rounded out, u don't say \"hey that burger is 1,99\" you say: \"hey that burger is 2 dollars\"", "There are several usages for it:\n\n- In disk size measurement: Initially it was \"1 megabyte is 1024 kilobytes\", but when they started to get bigger and bigger, suddenly 300 megabytes was actually 314 million bytes and marketing took over and decided that the disk was 314 megabytes.\n\n- In link speed measurement: A download speed of 5 megabytes per second is 40 megabits per second is 40 million bits per second.\n\n- In memory: Now we are back on why you have 1024 bytes in a kilobyte. Memory addressed by the CPU is done in a power of 2: With one address line you can have two addresses, with two address lines you can have four addresses, with three address lines you can have eight addresses, [...], with 10 address lines you can have 1024 addresses, with 11 address lines you can have 2048 addresses, [...] with 16 address lines you can have 65536 addresses, with 17 address lines you can have 131072 addresses, [...] with 20 address lines you can have 1048576 addresses etc.\n\nSo with disk space these days, one gigabyte is 1 000 000 000 bytes, and that is just marketing.\n\nWith link speed, 125 megabytes per second is 1 000 000 000 bits per second, and that is the nature of the design.\n\nAnd with memory, one megabyte is 1 048 576 bytes, and that is due to the fact that the number of addresses is a power of 2." ]

[ "The active component of Viagra is nitric oxide, it has the same hormonal effects on males and females which lead to the sex specific responses. So, an erection for men." ]

[ "Sloths tend to stay in the trees, The only real predators they could have in their environment tend to stick to the forest floor.\n\nThe biggest threat to their species are of course humans though, Several varieties of sloth all over the world have actually gone extinct mostly from human interference or hunting.", "Sloths are rather large and the rainforests where they live have very few large predators. In a tree they are rather difficult to get too and whilst hanging onto a branch with three limbs they can defend themselves with the fourth and those claws are big." ]