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[ "In many psychotic individuals, the wide eyed look is because of their intense anxiety levels. It's more than just the eyes though. In someone psychotically agitated, you'll see facial grimacing and body postures indicating stress or aggression as well.\n\nThe scariest patients are the ones that have a flat affect, meaning they just have a blank stare all the time. Though many of them are lost in their own world and harmless, some are not. They are concerning because i can't judge their propensity towards violence at any given time.\n\nSource: IAMA Psychiatric RN", "People with schizophrenia process the visual world qualitatively differently. Often, they are unable to focus on features, and many do not have stable gaze patterns. For example, they would be unable to follow a cursor with their eyes smoothly; their pupils track objects in a herky jerky pattern. The \"crazy eyes\" are apparent to us because these people are seeing the world differently from 95% of the rest of folks we see.\n\nEdit: Added source of original finding.\nHolzman, Proctor, & Hughes (1973). Eye-tracking patterns in schizophrenia. Science, 181(4095), 179-181.", "I think this might be a better question for /r/askscience. You're going to get a lot of unevidenced, personal opinions on this one.", "I am not sure you could be so certain people are crazy because of their eyes", "> Whenever you meet / see someone with their eyes \"wide open\" all the time - meaning, you can see the whites of their eyes around the entire perimeter of the iris, it's virtually a guarantee that they are severely mentally unstable.\n\nUm, what? I live with a serious mental illness. I've spent enough time in and out of mental hospitals over the last 13 years or so to have seen people far, far crazier than I was when I was highly symptomatic. I went and asked others who know me well and they never noticed a \"crazy look\" in my eyes. They noticed my odd behavior, but never \"crazy eyes\".\n\nI've never noticed a \"crazy look\" in highly symptomatic mentally ill peoples' eyes before. I have a lot of experience in this, mind you. I've seen them quite distracted, sometimes paying more attention to a visual hallucination than to me, but it didn't look crazy; it just looked as though they were paying closer attention to something else.\n\nI've been right up close with some incredibly fucking crazy, highly symptomatic mentally ill people before and I've never noticed this crazy look you mention. I've had very ill schizophrenic room mates in hospitals and I never saw their eyes going crazy.\n\n > The Sandy Hook and Aurora shooters are very obvious recent examples of this, but it occurs frequently enough in the news and in real life that I can't help but notice the pattern. So, what is going on there?\n\nDo you have any examples of this crazy look you speak of that we can look at? Preferably more than just a handful of examples to show that this happens as frequently as you claim? Also, do you know for certain and can you provide information to show that all of the examples of crazy-eyed people have indeed been diagnosed as having a mental illness of some kind?\n\nI'm not denying that highly disturbed people experiencing a traumatic psychological crisis may possibly have a wild look in their eyes, but from the way you've phrased things it appears that you believe all mentally ill people have this crazy-eyed thing going on, which just doesn't fit with my life experience. Ever see footage of people who aren't mentally ill who've just been involved in a life-threatening, very traumatic incident? I've seen those people have crazed eyes.\n\nThe only real explanation I can give is that if a schizophrenic is experiencing visual hallucinations his gaze may be directed towards the hallucination and not the people and things that are actually there in front of him. That sort of thing can happen when you full-on see things that aren't actually there.\n\nPlease let me know if I've misunderstood anything you've written.", "A big part of it has to do with something called [Binocular Disparity](_URL_0_). Which is the difference is the distance seen with each eye, This is very common in people with schizophrenia and shows us that something deeper inside the brain is not using visual cues properly.\n\n(Not so much for 5 yr olds)\n Things we take for granted such as shadows, motion blur, expectation that faces are convex not concave, parallax of known objects (E.g. is it picture of something with the camera really close, Or is it a picture with the camera very far away but zoomed in a shit load)\n\nShadow edge blurring of not quite point source lighting such as the sun (look at the shadow of a small tree, the shadow of the base has a very clean edge. The shadow of the top is pretty clean, You can see the individual leaves. Now look at a giant tree, the canopies shadow is all just a blurred silhouette)\n\nThese all add up (and many many more) to meaning that the relaxed way we look at the world still gives us pretty much all the information we need to know about what and where everything is in front of us with minimum effort, This is far from true for schizophrenics. Bad visual cues or lack of them mean that they may even have trouble keeping their eyes focused at the right distance or Pointing both in the right direction at a close object. Or even recognise a simple object subconsciously meaning mundane things will take them by surprise before they have to consciously realise they are not a threat.", "I forget where but I read the Japanese have a saying like, 'three whites of the eyes' that meant a person showing white on the sides and below the iris is crazy or possessed or something. And if you look at pix of many well known major-crazy killers and such...there it is.", "I have a brother with mild autism and sometimes he gets a strange look when he talks to me. Its not wide-eyed or shifty, but looks as though he's looking through me and not at me.", "> it's virtually a guarantee that they are severely mentally unstable\n\nThis is an awfully incorrect statement. Not only is it not a guarantee, but I doubt there's enough evidence to even consider it as an indication of mental health. Secondly, associating mental disease with violent behavior is a huge myth. Most mentally ill people don't exhibit violent behavior. It's scary for a violent person to be mentally ill because they might not have any control over their violence. But mentally ill people are no more violent than those that are healthy.", "eh....when it comes to these killers, think about the fact that WHEN THEY CAN, the authorities are going to pick and choose what pictures to release. Every now and then the media will get their hands on other pictures, but generally speaking the pics come from LE and their pics are going to show the villain in a bad light.", "As you can gather from the replies, it's a few things, but I think the simplest and best explanation is mania. They're in a hyperactive state.", "We know that a person's eyes can reveal certain types of emotions. For example, your pupils will widen when you look at someone you love. That's why attraction is so hard to hide. I've spent the past few decades observing people's eyes to see if they reveal other secrets as well. One thing stands out. \n\nI have a hypothesis that you can detect in a person's eyes when they have a preference for imagination over direct observation. Let's call that look Crazy Eyes because it can be unsettling to the third-party observer. With Crazy Eyes, I think the brain is accessing the imagination instead of the rational part of the brain, and it causes the eyes to have a sort of glassy, unblinking, dreamy, scary look. At least that's how it looks to me.\n\nI was noticing this again recently as I watched a news program about religious activists who were organizing their lives around a worldview that needs to be imagined because it can't be directly observed. Their eyes had a spooky, dreamy look when they spoke of their plans, as if they were accessing their imaginations instead of whatever part of the brain does math. I'm not saying their worldview is wrong. I'm only saying that objective evidence in support of their worldview can't be directly observed, so imagination necessarily has an important role in their daily lives, and their eyes showed it. They had Crazy Eyes. \n\nSuppose you did a study where you took one group of religious people and one group of skeptics and filmed each of them speaking about whatever is important to them. Then you cropped out everything but the eyes and showed the films to a group of volunteer subjects. Could the volunteers distinguish the skeptics from the believers just by their eyes? I think they could, at least more than chance would predict.\n\nI thought of this topic because the other day while working out in the gym I was having an exceptionally good hypomanic creative flood. It was wonderful. One good idea after another was popping into my head. I stopped to use the restroom, and when I was washing my hands I looked in the mirror and noticed that I had Crazy Eyes. I was so deep in my imagination that my eyes looked different even to me. It was jarring.\n\n_URL_1_", "A lot of the time specific \"looks\" which make you think of someone in a particular way are due to the whites of the eyes and the appearance of the eyes. Humans have more whites to their eyes than any other mammal because it helps us to empathize and to judge mood without having to ask them.\nSo, when a great deal of white to someones' eyes are showing, it usually unnerves other people due to the fact that the \"wide eyed\" look implies that they are shocked, upset, or otherwise \"riled up\" and have a great deal of adrenaline in their systems. Sooo, you percieve these eyes as abnormal or \"crazy\" due to the fact that they show a great deal of anxiety very clearly.", "Wow, I have a customer that comes into my job and he always freaks me out. His eyes are always open really wide. One second he will be smiling and the next second he will be serious and just stare at me. I can never hold eye contact with him cuz I cant read his face and his eyes make me feel like im looking into something evil! Its hard to explain but a few coworkers have felt the same" ]

[ "There are a lot of effects on the human body from being in space. Micro gravity affects your muscles and bones, there are weird particles that pass through your body (including your eyes and brain, which cause [strange flashes](_URL_0_)). It's hard to study the long-term effects of being in space, though, because everyone is a little different. Are your bones deteriorating because of the microgravity, or is it because of genetic predisposition for osteoporosis?\n\nThis is true of any study that attempts to look at long-term effects of something. To account for as many variables as possible the best subjects to use for those studies are twins. Because they're genetically identical, you know that whatever genetic predispositions they have will affect both. So in this case, if they *both* get weaker bones, you know that it's not *just* the microgravity. But if one gets weaker bones and the other doesn't, then you know it's something to do with being in space (or not, as the case may be). \n\nHowever, with astronauts you have another problem: you can't just take a random twin and put them in space. You need a *lot* of specialized training to be an astronaut, obviously. And you can't even just train one. The rigorous training and strictly controlled diet of astronauts are variables that could affect the outcomes of the study. This astronaut has stronger bones than his non-astronaut twin, but is that because of his diet that includes a lot of calcium, or strength training that went into being an astronaut?\n\nConveniently, NASA has one set of twin brothers that are both astronauts! They've both had very similar experiences as part of NASA. One is spending a year on the ISS, the other is staying on the ground but also getting the same diet and exercise regimen - basically as much as they can keep the same with him on the ground. They'll study the differences between the two astronauts to study long-term effects of being in space.\n\nThis is an important study because going to Mars would require longer space missions than we've done in the past. No one has stayed in space that long, really, and we haven't had good opportunities to study them and the effects of that. So they're doing this study to better understand what we need to prepare our astronauts for if we're going to successfully send a team to Mars.", "I'm reading Scott Kelly's book (*Endurance*) now, about his time in space. He's the twin who spent a lot of time in space at the ISS--recently spent a year, previously spent months at a time, including a 6-month stretch some years ago. Mark Kelly is the twin who has stayed on earth. While he's flown 4 space shuttle missions, they were each around a week long only. He's married to Gabby Giffords and brother Scott was in space when Giffords was shot. Anyway, in addition to /u/RhynoD 's great answer, I'll add that there hasn't been a lot of data yet. So far they've seen that Scott has lost bone mass and muscle strength. He got taller in space due to lack of gravity compressing him, but within a few days he went back to same height as Mark. He suffered a lot of issues re-adjusting to gravity when he came back, such as blood pooling in his legs, rashes kind of like bedsores, and some vision problems. Those are the acute differences, and after a period of adjustment they tend to go away. So now they're looking at long-term differences, and that will take time to assess. So those findings are pending over time. For example, being in space increases your risk of cancer. Both twins got prostate cancer at the same young age--mid-40s. But only time will tell if Scott's heart was permanently damaged, or if his bone loss is going to be serious as he gets older, etc." ]

[ "It helps to understand the barter system. \n\nBefore we had money, you would travel to a central trading post a few times a year to get things you couldn't make yourself. You would haul things with you to trade - maybe a stack of animal pelts, or jars of jam, or sacks of wheat flour. You would negotiate with the people at the trading post to get what you needed - six pelts for a sack of salt, two dozen jars of jam for a bolt of cotton cloth. Each person had valuable goods, and they traded that value.\n\nA problem happens when you can't easily trade for what you need. A shoemaker is a very useful guy to have around, but he can't really trade a whole pair of shoes every time he wants to buy a meal. If I was an innkeeper who needed boots, I might make him a deal for credit - we might agree one sturdy pair of boots is worth 30 meals. The Innkeeper might keep a ledger saying who has meals coming to make sure it stays fair.\n\nStill, the Innkeeper's ledger doesn't do the shoemaker much good if his roof is leaking. The shoemaker needs to trade with someone to repair the roof, which is fine if the repairman needs boots. If not, maybe the shoemaker could trade the repairman his credit for 10 meals at the Inn? If he can pass his credit to the repairman, then everybody gets what they want.\n\nThis is a basic kind of money - it's backed by the Innkeeper, who says that the credit is worth a meal. It's worth hanging onto even if you don't plan to eat at the Inn, because you can trade it to other people for goods or services. That way, you can trade with someone even if you don't have anything to trade that they want.\n\nEventually, it doesn't matter if the Innkeeper even provides the meals anymore. People use the credits as markers for trade - 3 credits for a pelt, 2 jars of jam for a credit. Nobody eats at the Inn, so the money is only backed by what people agree it's worth. As long as everyone is free to negotiate, the credit is still worth exactly what people believe it is worth.", "Lets think about this. Every day, millions of people get into metal boxes, accelerate to speeds of 60 miles an hour, and drive toward one another. The only thing that keeps everyone alive? a line of yellow paint. \n\nThe rules of a society have value, they are things that we can rely upon. Given how easily they are actually broken it's shocking that things do not go badly more often.\n\nSo to money. money has value because the government says it does. The government issues debt in exchange for money, and it is the debt of the government that backs the money in circulation. Note that this sounds super fucked up, but it's how it actually works. \n\nBut money works for day to day transactions because people have come to find that the barter system of transactions sucks donkey balls. We need a universal item of exchange that allows us to buy and sell things in a sensible manor. It does not matter what that unit of exchange is, as long as it is scarce, and not easily replicated. \n\nGold worked for a while, but we actually need way more money then we have gold. So someone had an idea why don't we pass 2 laws. The first making it illegal to copy our money. The second outlawing other kinds of money. Then we just make some paper and call it money. At first people thought this was a stupid idea. But it's the law so lets give it a try. It worked, as long as people accept it then money has value no matter what it is \"worth\"\n\nSo to answer your question. Money works because it works, if one day is stops working then it won't work anyone and we'll all be fucked. Because no one wants to be fucked then money is not likely to stop working any time soon.", "It facilitates trade.\n\nI want apples, but have oranges.\n\nYou want oranges, but want bananas.\n\nJim wants bananas and has apples.\n\nNone of us can make a deal we want by dealing one-to-one, we'd all have to be together at the same time and value the fruit identically.\n\nMoney let's us do one-to-one deals and sequentially get the stuff we want.", "Let's say I make beds for a living and you grow apples. \n\nMaybe I want to make some apple pie, but you already have beds in your house so you don't need any more. \n\nOr you want a bed but I'm allergic to apples for some reason and can't eat them. \n\nIn both cases we can't trade but if we had money then we could just buy these goods from each other." ]

[ "Bits of dust stick to the water or float through the air. The dust and water rubs against each other and every time they do, some electrons get passed from one to the other. Then the particles wander off again before the electrons get passed back. This goes on enough, and *tons* of electrons get thrown around until it builds up a very very large negative charge. The result is lightning: the charge gets explosively released. Sometimes this means from one section of cloud to another, or into the ground." ]

[ "I *think* what you are taking about is a test from the book \"Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep\" on which the film \"Blade Runner\" was based.\n\nIf so, the test aims to distinguish humans from androids ('replicants') through their emotional response to questions requiring empathy.\n\n_URL_0_", "I've met a few turtles and they all looooooved beaches and sun. So the answer is yes.", "Let me tell you something about my mother...", "Is this a question to test if I'm a replicant, or a lesbian, Mr. BoffyJ?" ]

[ "A home equity loan is a loan that is based off the difference between the value of the house and the current balance of the primary mortage.\n\nIf you paid $50,000 for a house that's worth $75,000, you can get $25,000 in equity loans. Subsequently, if your house was worth $75K when you bought it and it's now worth $135K because reasons, you can now get that much more in your equity loan.\n\nIn theory, you don't have to wait at all to get a loan. If you sign on the dotted line for the $75K house for a $50K mortgage, you could turn right around that day and get a $25K equity loan. you just have to have the equity in the house to get the loan.", "To take a home equity loan, you need to have a significant enough chunk of equity in the house that you still have enough left in the house beyond what you borrow. \n\nSay you buy a house for $100k and put down the standard 20%. You probably couldn't borrow against that because that 20% is the baseline equity lenders want on a house. If the house rose in value to $150k, then you'd be able to borrow against that gain in equity (plus whatever gains you had by paying down the mortgage). So in reality, it's usually a few years after buying that one has enough equity to borrow against.", "You can think of equity as what would end up in your pocket if you sold your house and paid back your mortgage today. \n\nSuppose you just bought your house yesterday for 200k with a 20% (40k) down payment. If you sold it now, you'd probably get the same price. Now you have 200k, but you need to pay off the rest of your mortgage (160k) and you're left with 40k in your pocket. That's your equity, though in this case it's really just money you already had before you used it to make the down payment. \n\nNow suppose you bought your house 29 years ago for 100k on a 30-year mortgage. There is only 3k left on your mortgage. If you sold your house now for 200k, you'd end up with 197k in your pocket, so your equity in that situation is 197k. Some of that equity came from the fact that you now pretty much own an expensive asset (your house) and some came from the fact that the asset appreciated in value since the time you paid for it. \n\nA home equity loan then is essentially a promise to sell your house and give the proceeds to the bank. In return for making that promise, the bank gives you money now. You don't ultimately *have* to pay the bank back by selling your home. If you won the lottery or something, that money's just as good. However, the reason the bank is willing to loan you the money is because they know that if all else fails, you can sell your house to pay them back." ]

[ "An is used for words that start with a vowel sound.\n\nExamples,\n\nAn owl, an hour, an eight, an apple, an onion.\n\nA is used for all others.", "It has nothing to do with meaning. It has to do with how the word sounds. If a word starts with a vowel sound, you use 'an', otherwise, you use 'a'.\n\nNote this is how the word sounds, not how it's spelled. 'Unicorn' starts with a y sound, so you say 'a unicorn'. The h in 'honor' is silent, so you say 'an honor'." ]

[ "It's usually not noticeable unless you sniff harshly, but one nostril is usually more open and free-flowing than the other. \n\nThe nostril that's closed usually swaps back and forth after several hours throughout the day. When a nostril is more closed, it's swollen, because the blood vessels inside the nose are swollen. \n\nDuring that time, your immune system attacks all the nasty stuff that came into your nose. It's harder to breathe when that happens. But your other nostril is wide open and maximum air comes in. \n\nThis combination of having one closed nostril and one open nostril is a super efficient way for your body to both clean the nasties and breathe full air at the same time. If it was all just 1 nostril, then every few hours you would have difficulty breathing. \n\nAir breathed through the nostrils are combined in the back and flow into both longs. One nostril does not lead into one lung.", "It is assumed that it has something to do with the Nasal Cycle. Having two Nostrils allows more efficiency for your Immune system. Excluding when you have colds, at least one nostril is always open for airflow. Although not as noticeable unless you have a cold, your Immune system has the ability to \"Clean\" up the Nose's air filter while still having the ability to breathe through one nostril.\n\nPerhaps it may also be related to the sense of smell, we have two of our major sensory organs such as eyes and our ears. Having two may better detect/locate smells." ]

[ "I stumpled across this subreddit and saw this and said, what an excellent chance for me to jump in for once.\n\nI am a network Engineer.\n\nBGP is a very, very complex routing protocol that the entire internet pretty much runs on.\n\nI don't know how familiar you are with routing protocols, but there a lot of things involved. Primarily, you have the administrative distance, that dictates which route a router will decided based on the protocol\n\nSO for an example, RIP has one of 120, OSPF of 110, and a static of 10. Internal BGP (routes within your Autonomous System number) have it of 200, and external of 20. The lower the number the lower the cost, and that router will choose that route.\n\nThen there are metrics, which are variables you can sorta play with to get the outcome of your routers routing decisions. In BGP there are many of these, and I can't even begin to go into all them, mainly because I still don't know all them.\n\nSO how is this so complicated?\n\nYou have router A B and C. They are a triangle, simple routing protocols can find routers to each other and even passive routes if active ones fail. But now let's talk the internet.\n\nNow you have to create a sure fire to advertise your routers and etc correctly so that anywhere in the internet knows how to get to you and vice versa. To get to router E, you must take path D, then C, then B. But if router C goes down, take route F, then G, and H. But if router D goes down take Route R, and then S. But if route R goes down take X, and F, etc etc, just turning that triangle into a pentagon creates a headache, no imagine the giant rat fuck nest that is the internet.\n\nThere is no router god that overlooks all this, typically you manage what you know of, and there will be some higher echelon that knows more, and on and on, but you can see where the confusion comes in. \n\nBGP is incredibly powerful, yet extremely fragile, and at times AMAZINGLY DANGEROUS. A man who knows what he's doing, and a man who doesn't know what he's doing, could, potentially take down the internet in some big ass regions of the world. \n\nHope this helps.", "The Internet is made up of lots of bunches of computers, one bunch for each company, university, ISP, etc. The computers within a bunch all know how to find each other because of the information provided by whatever interior gateway protocol (RIP, OSPF, etc) they're using.\nA \"bunch of computers\" belonging to one organization is called an Autonomous System, or AS.\n\nThe problem then becomes: how does a bunch of computers find out about other bunches? (How do ASes discover each other?)\n\nIn a nutshell, that's what BGP does. It allows ASes to announce themselves to the rest of the Internet (\"hey, guys, I'm over here\"), find out what other ASes are part of the Internet (\"looks like Verizon, Apple and MIT are at this party too\"), and find out the \"best\" route to send traffic across to get to any computer in the Internet (\"I should route all traffic to Apple and MIT through Verizon\").\n\nAn interior gateway protocol works out routes within an AS (\"what's the best path from Facebook Server 1 to Facebook Server 2?\"), while BGP works out routes between ASes (\"what's the best path from Facebook to Verizon?\").\n\nBGP's job is essential. Without it, we'd just have a bunch of local networks that didn't know about any of the other networks. Take away BGP without replacing it with a similar protocol, and your home computer doesn't have a clue how to find Facebook or Google or anything outside your ISP's network.\n\nBGP is complex because there are all sorts of details to address when choosing a \"best\" path. If I'm a government agency, maybe I only want to use routes that don't pass through enemy countries. If I'm a company, maybe I don't want to use routes that pass through competitors' networks, or maybe I want to route lots of traffic through whoever charges me the least. Etcetera.", "The BGP routing protocol enables networks to \"advertise\" routes to one another.\n\nEach set of network numbers is part of an Autonomous System, and is assigned to an AS number. BGP, being a BORDER protocol, is concerned with routing *between* Autonomous Systems.. not within them.\n\nA pair of companies, each having their own Autonomous System, may choose to route using BGP. This means they will choose to advertise some of their own networks belonging to their AS, and they *may choose* to listen to advertisements they receive from their counter party, defining gateways which can be used to reach other networks.\n\nWhile simple in an isolated test environment, people who choose to peer for the purpose of \"public routing\" will be subject to receiving enormous numbers of advertisements, and will be responsible for mantaining enormous routing tables.\n\nParties who are trusted to advertise public routes carry the responsibility of not making false advertisements. If they do, some networks might be \"null routed\" (routed to nowhere, or at least nowhere useful), and the internet can break.\n\nedit: FYI, I am a network engineer, and I maintain some public and private routable networks between stock markets and brokerages using BGP. I've tried to keep it basic and still somewhat accurate, but I'd be happy to clarify anything." ]

[ "/r/flooey is partially correct. That is the reason wheels appear to move backwards on film. This effect can be leveraged with a stroboscope [for an odd illusion](_URL_0_) even in real life, by imitating the film effect and only allowing your eyes to see individual 'frames' in time.\n\nHowever, as you probably noticed (and I assume are asking about), this happens in real life as well, under continuous lighting. Excitingly, we don't really know why this happens! There are [two competing theories](_URL_1_) at the moment. One is basically that visual perception actually does act like a camera, and only processes small snapshots at a time.\n\nHowever, later experiments found that this explanation fails in several circumstances. The hypothesis proposed by those researchers is that this effect is instead to do not with snapshotting of the entire visual system, but a kind of ersatz snapshotting to do with propagation delays in the particular subsystem that does motion detection in the brain (Reichardt detectors)." ]

[ "The first arriving units will most often be at the fire before it gets large, so they can relay to the investigators where the fire was and how big it was when they arrived on scene. \nFires will also leave lots of clues as to how fast and hot it burned but also the direction that it came from. There are origin indicators like needle freeze (pine needles that freeze and point in the opposite direction of where the fire came from), charring on trees can tell you a lot depending on how intense the fire was when it burned the tree. Grass can fall back towards the origin in a low intensity fire. There could be no soot on a large rock on the opposite side of where the fire came from. Those are just a few examples. \nAs to finding how the fire started they have to look at the origin of the fire which is why you look for that before you start looking for how. Once at the origin, depending on how the fire was started it could be hard easy or impossible to determine. A hot start, where someone just holds a lighter or similar flaming material to the fuel and then takes the lighter and flees is hard to prove. But often times fires don't durn so hot when they first start, depending on many factors, and there could be evidence left behind as to an ignition source. Most accidental fires you can find out who did it either because they confessed or they weren't trying to get away with it so there are witnesses and more evidence. Also most arsonists don't just start ONE fire, they start many. And once there is a known arsonist working an area reports become more general so you can charge him with more fires knowing that you have some that are definitely him and some probably aren't but can't rule him out for it. \nAnd for big, expensive, deadly or suspected arsonist fires there will be multiple expert investigators. \n\nSource: I'm a fireman that took a couple week long classes on origin and cause determination. Wild land fires aren't really my thing but I'm just relaying what was taught to me. \nEdit: spelling and a parenthesis", "As a random side point I lit fire to my bathroom on accident with a candle. The glass holder got hot and broke, the countertop started burning, and a towel had gotten caught before I realized it. It happened super fast and I panicked while throwing water and wet towels on things. My dad, who is a fire investigator, came home the next morning and 5 seconds in the door asked me what burned (he hadn't seen it just smelled). I tried to tell him but obviously my story didn't match up to the burnt remains. I wasn't lying, I just genuinely couldn't remember cause I was so panicked. Anyway, he was able to give an exact play by play of how it started, what it caught next, etc. \nTl:dr; fire investigators know their crap. \nEdit:typo", "My father is actually a detective who specializes in Fire Investigation. We actually live close to Gatlinburg(within an hour). He helped investigate another fire relativity close(time wise) to the Gat. Fire.\n\nThey solve these cases using a forensics analysis and training acquired through Arson schools. They look for burn spots and patterns that match certain accelerants, path of a fire, and so on. \n\nWitnesses are incredibly helpful as well. For instance there were many hikers up on the mountain that day(chimney tops) and many of them were eager to prove their innocence. They can identify others they passed and verify what they were doing during their hike. A polygraph can be used as well. \n\nThese particular teens played with matches apparently, and as some are citing above got caught in a picture unknowingly. They also apparently posted a Facebook video with a song about \"a mountain on fire\". which was suspicious and got deleted quickly. They also confessed to it as well. \n\nEdit: Apparently the Facebook video is not related and just occurred coincidentally at the same time as the fire. See below.\n\nEdit 2: Thanks guys for all the \"Arson Investigation Failures\" links referencing the 80's and before. Very relevant /s. It's not like all that new science just got thrown out the window. That said, nothing in this world is exact so get used to it.\n\nEdit 3(last): You guys are really focusing on the polygraph..... ok here we go. Like a a hammer doesn't build an entire house by itself, so does a polygraph test not build a full case. It's just a side technique at least around here. That said your random \"hundred\" comments on \"pseudo-science\"( must have looked that up on the Internet) won't change anything on reddit. Go to your local PD and ask about it's use. Go to town meetings. CHANGE IT if you don't like it!! Quit whining on Reddit and the internet.", "[_URL_0_](_URL_0_)\n\nThis article states that another hiker unwittingly got a picture that led to the identification of the two teens. What I'd heard (but don't really have the motivation to go find the specific source of), it that the hiker saw the teens tossing matches, and took the picture of them. Either way, a picture led them to identifying the accused.", "Arson Investigators are very highly trained, and can use detailed chemical and forensic analysis to determine within a good margin of error, exactly where some fires started.\n\nBased on the leftover debris and material near the point of ignition, a good investigator can determine exactly WHAT caused a fire, and even if an accelerant like Gas or Oil was used depending on the type of charring and remains left behind by the flames after they have passed and the ashes that remain.", "There was this huge fire in my home town that burned down over 30 homes in a matter of hours. Investegators found alluminum cans and other trash at the initial site. Seeing as it wasn't in a built up campsite, they could conclude that it was a man made fire in a shoddy fire pit. In this particular case, there was a public instagram photo posted by a group of high schoolers at the exact location of the fire...", "My brother and some of his friends caught half of a mountain on a local island on fire. They sailed over, had a campfire, thought they'd put it out when they left, and a few hours later the whole place was producing a pillar of flame and smoke that you could see for miles.\n\nThey called in to admit that it was probably them. Think they had to do some community service, but the police/fire thanked them for coming forward and admitting it.", "A lot of people have touched on witnesses and cell data but fire investigation is a common practice at all forest fires.\n\nAs a Firefighter Crew Leader my crew will often fight the fire without me because I'm off investigating. Signs such as the burn and smoke pattern on trees and stumps will direct you to the origin location, which can be very precise down to a 1 foot square area. Once at the origin location we are trained to look for sources of ignition, matchbooks, debris from flares, tracks from ATVs, etc. then you can determine the exact time the fire started by using a fire behaviour prediction book and you have a time and place. To find a person responsible after that is often luck but if we do find you, you are responsible for the cost of the fire and we are not cheap.", "In Australia there is a relatively high occurrence of volunteer firefighters who start the fires themselves (by relatively high I mean not uncommon). \nTo find the who they will often monitor calls made to report fires. In a few cases there will be a trend of someone reporting a fire soon after ignition. This trend might see the Person reporting the fire then being on the scene immediately. \nIf you want to read about the forensic investigators down these parts, read this, \n_URL_1_", "We just had a group of kids here in Montana get caught. These kids were caught after they posted pictures on FaceBook. They did not properly put out their fire. Long story short the fire spread and cost $11 million to suppress \n \nHeres a link for you: _URL_2_ \n Sorry the local paper has a few pop ups.", "_URL_3_\n\nThese people admitted that they started it in an interview. I don't think they really meant to. \n\nThere was also video of them walking near the road after the fire started. Someone recording in a a car joked \"that's probably who started the fire.\" I could tell they were being sarcastic because of how many illegal homeless campers live in the woods in that area. But it turned out to be true. \n\nSo, the county put up a fire ban for most of the summer in an effort to combat homeless people. Which was lame, because I like camping and camping without fire isn't as fun.", "Here's an article about how the arsonist responsible for several fires in NC was caught. There was evidence, but mostly the guy was just dumber than a box of hair.\n\n_URL_4_", "Criminology here, and its not always about what actually survives, its the way something was destroyed. The way the fire burned, the epicenter, you can figure out what type of accelerant was used and where.\n\nAfter that, some things survive. Tiretracks often can survive a fire, abit of plastic from the jugs used etc. Those can be kind of hard as they are so vastly mass produced, but if you look at local stores and its a recent one purchased, you can narrow down who all bought that product recently.\n\nWitnesses are HUGE in these kinds of cases, DNA often gets destroyed... But sometimes cigarette butts can survive if those were what started it. ATV's leave very distinct tire treads, they as to normal vehicles, but ATV's especially leave deep and defined prints. Plaster can pick up a lot of wear patterns on those tires, as with normal cars, trucks, etc. Shoe prints can survive a fire, and it is fairly easy to find the epicenter of a fire.\n\nAccelerants burn hotter and faster, so the marks they leave are pretty well defined. It narrows down your search area.", "\"Is this the fire department? Oh, hi, yeah, um, I just saw some kids light a fire and walk away, totes wasn't me though.\"\n\n\"Ok, thank you for calling this in, and may I have your name and a good number to reach you at so we can send you a reward?\"\n\nThat's how my neighbor was caught.", "For this Particular incident, the teens were caught on camera by a photographer that was on the trail throwing lit matches into the woods surrounding the trail, as well as smoke surrounding them from where they started the fire. Those \"kids\" are going to be gone for a long time", "Some teen got charged where I live because she recorded a snapchat of her lighting fireworks causing a massive fire", "I was an intern at Great Smoky Mountains National Park this summer, and my internship was in structural fire. The local authorities of Gatlinburg and the National Park Service have been posting tip lines to ask about people that hiked during the approximated time frame that the fire is thought to have been started during.", "It's my impression that the teens charged in Gatlinburg just happened to be caught in a photograph that someone took (not intentionally of the teens, I believe). In that photo they were seen walking out of the woods with smoke (a lot of smoke) behind them. They were caught because they were wearing the same clothes.\n\nIt blows my mind too. I think in the case it's just dumb luck that someone was there and intentionally or unintentionally too a picture of them.", "They are juveniles so more than likely they bragged about it to their friends, which led the investigators to them. From there it's pretty easy to put the rest of the pieces together.\n\nThis is how most cases are solved - people tell the authorities because the suspect couldn't keep their mouth shut.", "My grandpa did \"arson watch\" in LA as a volunteer. Literally drive through canyons looking for odd parked cars in strange places and take down their info. If a fire starts, you know who to ask", "Assuming they are guilty*\n\nI would not give the teens prison they know now beyond all doubt not to mess with fire 17 people are dead and they have to be feeling terrible. \n\nSo $500 million damage they are now expert consultants on fire tragedy so at $500 per hour each they can pay it off with .5 million hours of community service or rest of there free time in there life or 28.52 years each. They can visit each and every school saying dont mess with fire. Showing pictures of the people they killed.\n\np.s. I am just speculating what could be done besides 60 years in prison.", "This might sound \"conspiratorial\" or whatever, but many public parks and trails have hidden cameras. I found a few in a trail by my home. They are hooked up to solar panels that are located high up in the trees. They place the cameras at entrances and exits of the trails so they know every person went in and out.", "In the case of a wildfire it usually a combination of witness accounts of people in the area and confessions. People who start wildfires aren't the smartest people. \n\nThere is very little forensic evidence used in these situations.", "The photo is more than certainly real because that is the only substantial evidence that the authorities have against the boys, the two were traveling alone on the Chimney Tops trail (seriously the name, no pun intended) without any parents and thought they were alone so they decided to play with some matches. In no way do I believe that they meant for the fire to get as big as it did, but you simply can't ignore the fact that 14 people perished along with hundreds upon hundreds of structures that were destroyed/damaged, but fate be as it may there was a concerned photographer on the trail as well to catch them red handed. In my opinion I believe these kids deserve their punishment. however I also believe that the younger boy shouldn't be charged as an adult like the 17 y/o, because I'm sure the older one influenced the younger ones actions a little.", "My husband has video from a plane he was on flying over the smokey mountains on November 4th. The video shows a fire. It looked like a good size. I know the fires were not reported as starting that early but we thought it was pretty weird.", "I live just a couple of hours from Gatlinburg, their was small amount of smoke in the air for a while, could smell it definitely. The videos that people had of them coming down the Gatlinburg mountains were terrifying.", "Most crimes are solved because the suspect admits they are guilty. They find people who admit to being in the area and question them until they admit it.", "Every phone has two operating systems. One that connects to cellular networks, and one that interfaces with the consumer. Airplane mode may only disable features in the consumer facing operating system, such as Android or iOS, but not in the OS used between the phone and the carrier network. A phone may be giving out a ‘ping’ and you’d never know it. It doesn’t even need to be sending out GPS coordinates — communicating at all with a cell tower could expose you. By comparing the signal strength of your cell phone on multiple cell towers, someone looking for you can approximate your location with triangulation. This requires access to data from your mobile network, which should keep it out of reach for criminals, but carriers can be compelled to provide that data to law-enforcement agencies.\n\nStingrays are also known as cell-site simulators, or IMSI catchers. They mimic cell phone towers and send out signals that can trick your cell phone into replying with your location and data that can be used to identify you. And they’re surprisingly widely used.\nThe American Civil Liberties Union has a map and list of federal agencies known to use cell-site simulators, which includes the FBI, the DEA, the Secret Service, the NSA, the U.S. Army, Navy, Marshals Service, Marine Corps, National Guard, and many more. For obvious reasons, it’s not an exhaustive list.", "Wildfires are actually one of the easier types to trace back to a source. The winds and terrain will basically blow the fire a certain way and you can trace it back to the general area of where it started. After that they rely on witness reports or any other evidence much like any other arson. \n\n\n[This explains](_URL_5_) The behavior and characteristics fairly well.", "In this particular case, from what I've heard, the two suspects were talking about it at their school and people started getting suspicious. \nIt's been all anyone's talked about here in Tennessee lately. It's really sad, I occasionally spend time in that area and it's got some beautiful hikes that are just gone now.", "Ok, fire forensics & stuff aside which is amazing & interesting: it was (in this day & age) most likely found by the boys phone locations at the time & their retreat once they realized the fire was out of control." ]

[ "Usually it leaves them scrambling. I know when John Ritter died they actually had to write that death into \"8 Simple Rules\".", "It depends on the situation, how much the actor has already shot, if it's an ongoing series etc. Ledger hadn't shot many scenes of Dr. Parnassus if I remember right so they put in what he had done then got other actors to do the other bits as a tribute.\n\nWhen John Ritter died he had already taped 3 episodes of the next season of the show he was on, *8 Simple Rules*. They were shown, then on the 4th the writers had his character die and the show became about the remaining characters dealing with his death.", "Every one I can think if they wrote it into the script.\n\nOnly Fools and Horses (British sitcom) had a whole scene at grandad's funeral. It was funny but sad. He was replaced by an Uncle character.\n\nDidn't Finn in Glee have his death written into the scrip?. I actually haven't seen it but I think that is the case.", "When Brandon Lee died on the set of The Crow, they used the footage he had already shot and used body doubles and CGI to fill the remainder of the movie.\n\nAaliyah died during the filming of The Matrix Reloaded, her part was recast and the scenes she had done were shot again using the new actress.", "Oliver Reed died during filming for Gladiator and they had to use cgi to recreate him for his last scenes I believe. At an estimated cost of around $3 million." ]

[ "The volume control on your laptop or speakers essentially controls the loudest volume you can get - anything that tries to be louder can be distorted. But anything quieter than that is possible.\n\nSo what might be happening in the movie is that the radio might start at a quarter of the maximum volume level. When they show him turning the dial, they also increase the sound of the radio to half, or three quarters, or full. So it is getting louder, although it can only get up to a certain point. It wouldn't be possible to get your earbuds to be as loud as a rock concert, for example." ]

[ "Not an expert in the topic but I have some knowledge\n\nDebt isn't necessarily a bad thing as it represents a flow of money. This is why the average lifestyle in America is comfortably more lavish than those of in China. This is made possible because Americans are in better position to take out large loans and pay them back in the future.\n\nIf all the debt were to be wiped out then that would mean banks would lose a very high percentage of income.\n\nHeres where my knowledge stops as my train of thought has been limited to what I know.", "In the United States, a bit more than half of the debt is held by the public, meaning individuals, banks or businesses & corporations or to government programs (such as Social Security).\n\nBut in regards to your question that if hypothetically if the world's debt was owed from country to country and wiped out, there would be major inflation because of the influx of money now available on the world's market.\n\nMore money available might sound like a good thing but it actually undermines the value of it. Almost every government uses fiat money, which means that there's no real value (backed by gold). We believe there's value to it because we put faith in the government that issues it as legal tender." ]

[ "Part of the issue is that like many things in life the difference between something being nice, acceptable, and annoying has to do with how often something happens. If you don't see another car on the road for an hour it can be a relief to see one, a few cars are okay, and a lot of cars results in road range. In the video she got roughly one comment every 5 minutes. If my day was interrupted every 5 minutes by someone wanting my attention I'd find it difficult to get anything done or even be able to think.\n\nAnother aspect is that the comments are mostly seeking attention. Some of them were requests (\"Can I have your number?\") some were comments which are said loudly enough to try and provoke a reaction (\"Nice ass\") and some were instructions (\"Smile\"). When I'm approaching a person, I look at body language, make eye contact, and then talk. Shouting at someone, trying to get their attention when they are busy, or making demands of them all feel unnecessarily aggressive, yet that's precisely what most of these \"compliments\" are. They aren't compliments, they are demands for attention.\n\nThere are other examples I could use -- such as comparing this to harassment by paparazzi, unsolicited phone calls, or stalking. However in some ways it's simpler: US supreme court justice Louis Brandeis argued that there is a human \"right to be let alone\", and this video suggests that with the frequent persistent demands, this right simply doesn't exist for women in many places.", "Part of it has to do with all those comments create a constant push to \"perform\" - to be something for someone other than herself, to stop doing what she is doing (going to her destination, minding her own business) to become involved in an exchange with the person shouting the \"compliments\". It's a demand to be accommodating. \n\n\n\nAnother reason it's considered harassment is the basic impoliteness of it. Unless someone slows down and stops, it should be a reasonable assumption that they have somewhere to get to and aren't out on the street to have a conversation. It seems incredibly *impolite*, at the very least, to try to strike up a conversation with someone who is pretty clearly not interested in starting a conversation with you, and then to demand that the person respond (\"Aw come on, I'm just complimenting you\" in response to a lack of response) seems pretty harassing to me. \n\nFrom a personal point of view - if I'm out on the street, it's because I've got places to get to and errands to run. Being shouted at by strangers that are larger and more aggressive than me is annoying. Being hit on by strangers that are larger and more aggressive than me is annoying and feels invasive. Being shouted at, hit on, and approached by strangers that are larger and more aggressive than me is annoying, invasive and threatening. Having all of that happen on a regular basis creates an atmosphere of feeling unsafe and harassed. \n\nPerhaps it would make more sense to first understand that many women grow up in a world that does not make them feel safe. We get pushed around but are taught not to act out. We are taught not to ever express any personal power - shamed for not being skinny enough, shamed for being too assertive, discouraged from doing things that might give use muscles (or, you know, strength), told over and over and over again that our bodies are not for ourselves but are for everyone else. Within that context, all of the above becomes a much bigger problem.", "Assuming you're a straight guy, just imagine a big dude walks up to you out of nowhere says \"you're real pretty\". You're probably gonna have to explain to him, hey, I'm not into guys. I'm straight. Now let's say he doesn't care about that. He informs you that you are still pretty, even if you are straight, plus you never know maybe you just haven't met the right guy yet. Etc. My guess is, you will not be too comfortable in this situation. Depending on what kind of person you are, you might even deck the guy because that's how uncomfortable and unwanted his \"compliment\" is. Maybe you wouldn't call that harassment, but I'm not sure what other word you could apply there." ]

[ "Soy burgers = soy protein. (dont eat too much soy: hormone mimickers). Texture is naturally kinda 'meaty'. \n\nMyco burgers = mycelium. That's what mushrooms are grown from. They can't call em mushroom burgers, because mushrooms are the fruit the mycelium would produce. The mycelium is just a really fast reproducing cell that grows readily on MANY MANY substrates, usually best at a certain temp and humidity. -We will literally NEVER run out of a cheap protein source because of this invention (lofted mycelium growing- hot air blows up cloud of mycelium, which colonize lofted in host matter, usually in a hot steam environment.. It literally colonizes in a matter of minutes. - voila: mass food - more protein than steak per gram and no fat). \n\nFinding a good mycelium was they key for this to be useful. So, basically, after a lot of trials, they finally found a mycelium which had a texture very similar to a hamburger. (Monsanto funded most of this). \n\nI used to be interested in solving the worlds food problems, until I found out the problem isn't lack of food but rather infrastructure and bureaucracy. \n\nFake shrimp and such is referred to as surimi- basically ground up other fish and stuff.. I've seen some made from vegetable pastes and flavored. Usually not so good.. \n\n;)" ]

[ "Human eyes are way better at detecting moving objects than resting ones. Plus, a change in perspective may present the object in a better contrast/less obscured by other objects.", "I literally hadn't eaten toast or anything that required a toaster since moving into my home just under 2yrs ago. Recently SO and I were craving toast with butter. We both looked through the entire kitchen, same day, different days, and multiple times. Finally unable to find it he got a new toaster. A month later I was taking my blender out to make a smoothie as I do 5-7 times a week and BAM! The toaster is there, in the same cupboard, dead centre, and not blocked by anything. I literally have looked at it 500-600 times since putting it there and actively looked for it but couldn't find it." ]

[ "Actually your entire body produces the oil, but since your face is usually dryer (being in the sun for example) those glands work harder, not to mention think of how much you touch your face throughout the day, transferring more oil. Sometimes, certain foods etc will kick the sebaceous glands into overdrive, that's how acne happens. And acne can indeed happen anywhere - ever seen back acne?" ]

[ "Yeah, a lot of cars have dash cams which record the last 5 minutes, continually recording and saving whilst deleting anything older than 5 minutes old. When an accident occurs, the camera can either automatically detect something has gone wrong and continue recording beyond the 5 minute limit, or can be manually told to do so. This makes it a lot easier if the accident gets into court and it isn't immediately obvious whose \"fault\" the accident was." ]

[ "As long as it doesn't touch the roof of your mouth, you won't get brain freeze." ]

[ "The acids in tomatoes, peppers, and onions take time to break down carbohydrates (beans) and proteins (meat). So overnight the beans and meat absorb more of the delicious spicy flavor.", "The water in the chili is a *solvent,* dissolving various tasty molecules from within the other ingredients, mixing them around, and making them available to your taste buds. This process takes time." ]

[ "Ha, had the speakers on when I played that audio clip and the cat **freaked** out. Apparently that knock knock fools animals into thinking someone's at the front door too.\n\nYour brain determines the location of a sound's source by a few different factors. Namely, distortion differences between each ear, and delay in which ear hears the sound first. Technology has gotten good enough that with proper equipment it can re-create those effects and trick your brain. We usually use the term \"binaural\" as in \"Two ear\" to describe the effect.\n\nOne of the most famous examples of binaurual audio is the \"Virtual haircut\" clip _URL_1_ where they demo a technology designed to create the effect. Lots of ASMR artists and other people do it too, one popular device these days is [a 3Dio twin mic setup such as this](_URL_0_). With two microphones and extremely accurate recreation of the human ear shape (it affects how sound bounces about), you can recreate a whole room's soundscape effectively." ]

[ "Easier, yes, in the sense that the assembly requires less pricise equipment. Not necessarily cheaper, though, because of the material costs.", "Pricing is determined by a few factors, including cost of materials, cost of R & D, economy of scale (meaning that the more of something you make, the cheaper each individual item becomes), and how much people are willing to spend on the item.\n\nIn the case of a TV, the pixel density isn't really the big cost.. the cost of a larger piece of glass to cover the front, more plastic in the back, and more expensive shipping for bigger/heavier items all contribute to the cost of a bigger TV.\n\nThe reason higher-density displays are more expensive is because the manufacturers have to put a lot of money into R & D to figure out how to make those displays, and they usually need new equipment to start building them.\n\nSo bigger TVs do cost more to make, just in materials alone. Then, if you look at a 65\" TV, they probably produce less of those than they do of 50\" TVs, so each 65\" TV is more expensive to manufacture because the manufacturer doesn't get the same economy of scale as they do with the 50\" TV. For example, you might need one piece of equipment that costs $1 million for each size of TV you're producing. So if you spread that cost out over the 1 million 50\" TVs you make, that's $1 per TV. But if you make $100,000 65\" TVs, that one piece of equipment costs you $10 per TV.\n\nSo, big TVs cost more. Then look at marketing. Most people are willing to spend $100 more on a 5\" jump in screen size, so Sony and Samsung can sell bigger TVs for a little bit more, regardless of how much it actually costs them to produce." ]

[ "Yes. Capsaicin (the chemical responsible for the spiciness of peppers), interacts with neurons, not taste receptor (although taste receptors are similar to very specialized neurons) so they would still feel the heat" ]

[ "The notion that voltage and capacity are the same thing is where you've gone wrong. A battery will supply a certain amount of energy (usually measured in milliamp-hours^* ) over it's lifetime. But it will maintain roughly that 1.5V starting voltage for ~90% of that life. Only as it begins to die will the voltage drop. So while it seems to you that the voltage tells you how much capacity is left in the battery, that's not really the case. And what you're defining as \"dead\", let's remember, is just that the voltage has dropped below a useful level for the device you're trying to power.\n\n* - Strictly speaking milliamp-hours aren't units of energy, but it's assumed that current is run over the standard voltage of the battery which in your case is 1.5V. By convention, all battery capacities are measured in this way.", "No, it's not a huge waste. The voltage does not decline linearly with battery capacity; once it starts going down fast, the battery is nearly dead. Also, even if a battery is not totally dead, it may no longer be able to supply the power required to operate a particular device. Some people suggest removing \"dead\" batteries from things that draw a lot of power like flashlights and using them in things that don't use a lot of power like tv remote controls, where they may continue to function for a while -- but who has time for that? Get rechargeable batteries if you care that much.\n\n[edit] Also, a multimeter is not a great tester of batteries. Multimeters only measure open circuit voltage. To measure a battery you should put it under some load.", "The common disposable Alkaline Batteries have a SHARP discharge curve at the end. Most electronics can only function within a vary narrow tolerance so once they hit the start of the drop they are done for fancy gadgets... You may however be able to still use them to the end in a flashlight.\n_URL_0_\n\nUse rechargeable batteries if you are really concerned about waste", "Your multimeter measures voltage, not energy. Think of the voltage as how much you can lift on a good day. A fresh battery can \"lift\" all day long. A tired battery cannot lift very long, but could probably do one lift for show." ]

[ "Imagine you're filling water balloons.\n\nOne of them has a hole that lets out the water about as fast as you are filling it. You could stand there all day and be fine. That's how Kilauea erupts.\n\nThe other one is huge. It is also intact. Eventually, it will burst and soak you. That would be a Yellowstone eruption.\n\n\nObligatory edit:\nThanks /u/arcmokuro for my first gilding. I didn't expect the classic water balloon analogy to blow up like this.", "The Yellowstone super volcano is the world's largest caldera. The last eruption tossed 1,000 cubic kilometers of debris into the air.\n\nOver its life time, the Kilauea volcano has tossed less than 100 cubic meters of debris into the air in its largest of explosions.\n\nThe Yellowstone volcano is put in the highest category of volcanoes, ranked by their explosive potential. Only 40 such explosions are known to have occurred on Earth in the past 132 million years.\n\nExplosions like the most intense of those from the Kilauea volcano happen on average every 18 months.", "Sometimes it's hard to poop, and you have to push hard, and BOOM it comes out all at once. That's Yellowstone. Sometimes pooping is easy, and it comes out in a nice smooth flow. That's Hawaii.", "The volcano system in Hawaii is constantly able to relieve its pressure. Also, the stuff that is in those volcanoes matter. Explosive violent volcanoes have a lot of gases, and the magma is very thick . Hawaii's has thin basalt and not much in the way of gas under pressure(or at least explosive gas. The Sulfur dioxide is toxic, but not explosive)\n\nIt's also smaller than Yellowstone.", "Volcanoes have an explosivity rating called the Volcanoes Explosivity Index or VEI. It ranks volcanoes on a scale of 0-8 for explosive power. Kilauea is a 0 on the index and Yellowstone is an 8. \n _URL_0_", "Size and scale. The Yellowstone Caldera is what's known as a \"supervolcano.\" They have the potential to radically alter the Earth with just one violent, explosive eruption. The volcano is Hawaii isn't explosive. In fact, Kilauea has had a constant flow of magma and has since 1983.", "Hawaii is a normal volcano. It can cause a lot of local damage but will have very little global influence. Yellowstone is a Supervolcano. It is many many times larger than the volcanoes in Hawaii and when it erupts it will have global influence. A Supervolcano eruption has the ability to send the planet into the equivalent of nuclear winter and can even start an Ice age due to the volume of material it pumps into the atmosphere.", "Yellowstone is like a guy who hasn't had a release in years. Kilauea is like a chronic masterbator. Except that Kilauea is a female...sorry Pele.", "> “In the 1960s, while studying the volcanic history of Yellowstone National Park, Bob Christiansen of the United States Geological Survey became puzzled about something: … he couldn’t find the park’s volcano. …\n\n > “By coincidence just at this time NASA decided to test some new high-altitude cameras by taking photographs of Yellowstone, copies of which some thoughtful official passed on to the park authorities on the assumption that they might make a nice blow-up for one of the visitors’ centers. As soon as Christiansen saw the photos he realized why he had failed to spot the [volcano]: virtually the whole park – 2.2 million acres – was [a volcano]. The explosion had left a crater more than forty miles across – much too huge to be perceived from anywhere at ground level. At some time in the past Yellowstone must have blown up with a violence far beyond the scale of anything known to humans.\n\n > “Yellowstone, it turns out, is a supervolcano. It sits on top of an enormous hot spot, a reservoir of molten rock that rises from at least 125 miles down in the Earth. The heat from the hot spot is what powers all of Yellowstone’s vents, geysers, hot springs, and popping mud pots. … Imagine a pile of TNT about the size of Rhode Island and reaching eight miles into the sky, to about the height of the highest cirrus clouds, and you have some idea of what visitors to Yellowstone are shuffling around on top of. …\n\n > “Since its first known eruption 16.5 million years ago, [the Yellowstone volcano] has blown up about a hundred times, but the most recent three eruptions are the ones that get written about. The last eruption was a thousand times greater than that of Mount St. Helens; the one before that was 280 times bigger, and the one before was … at least twenty-five hundred times greater than St. Helens. …\n\n > “The Yellowstone eruption of two million years ago put out enough ash to bury New York State to a depth of sixty-seven feet or California to a depth of twenty. … All of this was hypothetically interesting until 1973, when … geologists did a survey and discovered that a large area of the park had developed an ominous bulge. … The geologists realized that only one thing could cause this – a restless magma chamber. Yellowstone wasn’t the site of an ancient supervolcano; it was the site of an active one. It was also at about this time that they were able to work out that the cycle of Yellowstone’s eruptions averaged one massive blow every 600,000 years. The last one, interestingly enough, was 630,000 years ago. Yellowstone, it appears, is due.”\n\na quote from [A Short History of Nearly Everything by Bill Bryson](_URL_1_)\n\nif you like science but don't like to be overwhelmed, this book is for you.", "A major Yellowstone eruption would be very bad, for sure. Especially in the USA. However, it won't destroy the earth, or even human life. The thing has had three enormous eruptions in the past 2.1 million years, and several smaller ones as well. While they clearly caused local, even regional devastation, they didn't even cause notable mass extinctions.", "so uh I don't want to give any one any ideas, but all these comments on the scale of Yellowstone got me thinking.... What if some one dropped a bomb on yellow stone? what would it take to set it off? Or in other words... How fragile is Yellowstone?", "Can we not do extremely carefully planned explosions to release pressure from Yellowstone?", "I've played Horizon Zero Dawn. Obviously we've already stared project \"Firebreak\" and the public is just unaware of it. Yellowstone will be good for another 3664 years", "There are 3 types of volcanos. Hawaii is a type that is similar to the ones in science fairs. Slow and gooey. Yellowstone is like the cork on a champagne bottle. When it blows it will create a large crater and shoot a lot of ash into the atmosphere. The crater it will create is about 60 miles wide. If you look at Google maps and look southwest of yellowstone you can see a valley that is about sixty miles wide. This is the hotspot moving east as the north american plate is moving west. The valley has been created by past eruptions.", "Basically the area of the Yellowstone caldera is 10 times that of the volcano on Hawaii and Yellowstone has been building up in strength for thousands of years whereas Hawaii regularly lets off steam, so when Yellowstone blows it is going to go BIG!!!\n\nHowever it won't destroy the Earth, it won't even destroy all life on Earth, it will cause a large number of deaths and the extinction of a number of animals, but life will go on.", "Hawaii volcano small and not do much damage yellowstone volcano go boom and north America go boom as well", "Imagine boiling water. It bubbles but doesn't splatter because water isn't viscous (sticky like honey).\n\nNow imagine boiling thick spaghetti sauce. It's so viscous that when a bubble pops spaghetti sauce goes everywhere.\n\nHawaii is like boiling a little bit of water. Yellowstone is like boiling a metric fuckton of spaghetti sauce. Imagine the splatter if it decides to splatter.\n\nIf you want more information look up the difference between lava types IE mafic vs. felsic and the difference between hot-spot volcanoes over oceanic crust vs. continental crust.", "Hawaii is 2500 miles from San Francisco and it's all water. The volcano is unlikely to produce any mega tsunami that would devastate the entire pacific rim.\n\nYellowstone erupting will destroy a large chunk of several states and fuck up the climate of the entire planet.\n\nOne is a major disaster, the other is an extinction level event.", "Hawaii is a hot spot. Not nearly enough pressure is going to be made to cause catastrophic damage. Yellowstone is a Caldera, a supervolcano. Basically a giant pot of magma that's kinda just hanging out waiting for judgement _URL_2_ covers states I believe, underground.", "Kilauea is a volcano, but a relatively tame one. It flows a lot but slowly and non-explosively. Now look at Mt. St. Helen's, which erupted in explosive fashion. It shot ash 15 miles into the air and deposited it across a dozen states. It's bad, but not civilization ending.\n\nNow Yellowstone is a super volcano. This is a class of volcano defined by having eruptions of the highest levels of explosivity. If Yellowstone erupted it would cover most of the U.S. in ash, and would shoot so much ash into the atmosphere that it would drastically affect the climate. The world would have a very difficult time if that happened.", "I think the book by Bill Bryson : 'A short history of nearly everything' sums up yellowstone nicely. From memory yellowstone is a super caldera system that erupts to roughly 600,000 years. All evidences after each eruption points to really bad conditions for life to get on by.\n\nThere's a link below for more info:\n\n_URL_3_\n\nPS By scientists projections we are are already overdue an eruption from yellowstone by 20k years.\n\nSleep tight", "Can we not release some of that pressure by building a vent or something that slowly lets some of the magma out? Like puncture a tyre before it bursts due to excessive pressure", "Because there is a massive volcano under yellowstone that dwarfs thr ones on Hawaii. If it would erupt it would screw over the entire world with the dust and smoke from the eruption", "Can confirm. Born and raised in HI and no one is worried because it's a shield volcano. hell, I been to the big island 3 times and I've seen it erupting all 3 times. Let's off pressure almost daily so no worries.", "Finally, my freshman year geology class is being put to use. So basically the volcano in Hawaii has a different type of magma than the Yellowstone volcano. The Hawaiian volcano has really run and thin magma while the Yellowstone one has super thick magma. The thicker the magma the more pressure can build up. The magma in the Hawaiian volcano is thin enough that the pressure can't build up enough to make an explosion or spew much debris fast enough or over enough area to be a real threat. Debris and the blast wave from volcanoes are much much much more dangerous than the lava flows. The magma in the Yellowstone volcano is thick enough that a ton of pressure can be built up, which, when released, causes a massive explolsion, spews a bunch of debris, and creates a huge blast wave.", "Yellowstone: Eating everything on the menu at Taco Bell, taking a $100 bet on how long you can hold in the inevitable, massive fart.\nHawaii: A slow, oozing zit.", "Okay so using water balloons as an example. Hawaiian volcanos are like a little 4\" water balloon that when it hits you it busts, you get a little wet, but you will dry off and recover. \n\n\nYellowstone in equivalence is your entire state's water supply ready to drop right on your head.", "Crap that magma has to travel through on it's way to the surface changes the chemical composition of it. Mantle rock is made up of stuff that's really liquid when it's melted. These are called Komatiite lavas. We don't have these kinds of lavas make it to the surface of the earth anymore. Ocean rock is a bit more viscous, but it's still very liquid. These are called basaltic/gabbroic lavas. This is the kind of lava we have in Hawaii. \n\nBeyond that you have intermediate and felsic lavas. These are formed when magmas move through continental rock and leech large silicon minerals from the surrounding rock. These gum up the magmas and make them very viscous. Because of the viscosity, these types of volcanic eruptions build up pressure and explode like Mount Saint Hellens or Eyjafjallajokull instead of spray liquid lava like Kilauea. \n\nYellowstone is a huge magma chamber that has been sitting, and leeching large chain silicates from the surrounding rocks for a very long time. If the pressure builds up enough to blow the whole caldera it's going to be comparable to a large meteorite strike.", "For comparison:\n\n* Last erruption of the Kilauea vulcano produced 0.0000001 cubic kilometers of debris.\n* Eyjafjallajökull in its last erruption that crippled air travel across europe produced 0.25 cubic kilometers of ash\n* Yellowstone in its last erruption produced 1000 cubic kilometers\n\nKilauea is smaller compared to Eyjafjallajökull than Eyjafjallajökull is compared to Yellowstone.\n\nIf you take about 4800 large computer screens and say that all the pixels on all those screens together represent the last Yellowstone erruption. Then about one full screen represents that Eyjafjallajökull erruption and one pixel one one screen represents the Kilauea erruption.", "Yellowstone is a super volcano, or caldera Hawaii has just average every day volcano, pkus it relieves pressure regularly.\n\nThats like comparing a pistol to a nuke, yes they are both weapons but not exactly comparable.\n\nWhen Yellowstone goes it will destoy life as we know it, the same as virtually every other caldera blast in earths history. It wont kill all humans in the initial blast, but the total blacking of the sun, and the ash and debris in the air could do away with a good portion of all species.", "Scrolled down pretty far and didn't see this: Whether or not it destroys the Earth (humanity), Yellowstone is in the middle of the continental US. Obviously, even if Kilauea was the same scale as Yellowstone (it's not), similar, large eruptions at both would affect massively more people when it's in the middle of the US vs. a remote island.", "Hawaii = that small pimple on your forehead that never seems to go away, always leaking its gross pus and scabbing up then repeat. \n\nYellowstone is a basketball sized cyst on your back that is made out of scar tissue and doesn't pop, ever. But when it does, it's gonna be nasty.", "The Yellowstone Caldera is a massive volcano that is capable of erupting on a scale that would chage global climate for decades if not centuries. \n\nThe Kilauea Volcano is a regular volcano that people choose to live on.", "Hawaii is in the ocean. Yellowstone is in the middle of the USA. \n\nYellowstone is also a SUPER Volcano with way way more destructive power than any of Hawaii's volcanos.", "I see many people referencing the balloon anology but it isnt quite right and doesn't describe this type of volcanism the same as maybe Mound st . Helens. There are several major factors that differ in comparing another highly destructive volcano to yellowstone. The first is that other examples such as mt st . Helens are driven by plate convergence and subduction. Things like water are trapped with the subducting plate which reduces the melting point of those rocks, which then melt and rise forming the volcanic structures you see. Such structures as those can be describes with the balloon analogy as all of the material and pressure are focused to a single point and a pin, the top of the mountain breaking will lead to big events. In the case of yellowstone however, the driving mechanism is similar to that of hawaii being that it is in the middle of a plate with no subduction. Instead it is likely the result of a mantle plume/hot spot which causes hot material from the mantle to rise and once it reaches the near surface, spread over a large area forming flood basalts. Flood basalts are often what is described in the thousands of kilometers of radius range and what people often mistake as the giant peak of a volcano. It is more like of you put oil into the bottom of a jar filled with water, it would rise in a single thin column and then spread across the whole surface when it hits the top. In this way it is different from the balloon analogy as pressure does not build up constantly, dues to its large area heat is constantly being lost like a heat sync in a computer, and instead of a pin priking it, it is like laying a balloon over a bed of pins which instead of popping it will be able to support much more force applied on top. Yellowstone won't just explode, if it does it will likely only be near the center, the results wont be nearly as bad as people expect, and you shouldn't worry about it too much. \n\nTLDR: Yellowstone isn't like other volcanos or a balloon and it won't explode. It is actually more similar to Hawaii than everyone else here seems to suggest.\n\nSource: Am a geology major and had to do a presentation on mantle plumes after a lot of research.", "Hawaii's volcano(s) is in one spot and is nothing more than an island builder... (it's actually 5 volcanoes, 2 of which are dormant) and it takes thousands of years. The islands move northwest from tectonic plate movement, but the volcano *tube* stays in the same spot.\n\nSide note: The big island is the newest island... which is why it's still active. [There's actually a new island being formed right now](_URL_4_)\n\nHawaii is only a hot spot where some magma flows up in a crack between two plates in the Pacific Ocean. There is little pressure so there really isn't much to explode.\n\nYellowstone, on the other hand, is what is termed a *supervolcano.* It is also a hotspot, but it's bigger, hence, *super.* The only real difference in the two are that there is a pressure building at Yellowstone and it's really big. The idea is that where there to be an eruption, there would be massive amounts of debris and dust thrown into the air in addition to the intense earthquakes. The concern is that this would bring about an ice age of sorts due to the extra debris in the atmosphere.\n\nI wouldn't worry, though, as the human species will have expired long before this volcano is likely to erupt. The last eruptions were 630,000 ya, 1.3 Mya, and 2.1 Mya.", "People think that the Yellowstone supervolcano will \"explode\" (have a massive eruption) because it has had three massive eruptions in the past. \n\n* One was 2.1 million years ago.\n* The second occurred 800,000 years later, 1.3 million years ago. \n* The third happened 636,000 years later, 664,000 years ago.\n\nAs such, given previous intervals, certainly enough time has passed where such an eruption could happen, although the odds of it happening are pretty low.\n\nThe scary factor comes from material published by scientists which have revealed that such an eruption is capable of burying states like Wyoming, Montana, Idaho, and Colorado in three feet of volcanic ash and blanketing the MidWest. The ash cloud from the eruption would spread for thousands of miles across the United States and would damage buildings, smother crops, and shut down power plants. It would be a very bad deal.\n\nAs such, it scares the crap out of people.", "Geology student here.\n\nBasically, two reasons:\n\n1) size; Yellowstone is MASSIVE. If you look at the area of the flood basalts that represent the hot spot's migration since birth, they are several magnitudes larger than the area of basalts created by the hot spot responsible for the Hawaiian islands.\n\n2) composition; The hot spot beneath yellowstone is causing basaltic composition magmas (like those in Hawaii) to intrude into continental crust, which is really the key difference here. As these magmas intrude the crust, they undergo a process called partial crystallization or \"fractionation,\" in which the higher temperature components of the melt seize and settle to the bottom. What's left is granitic composition magma. Granitic magmas erupt MUCH more violently than basaltic magmas because they have a higher viscosity due to enrichment in SiO2.\n\nThink more like Mt. St. Helens, but a hell of a lot bigger.", "Hawaiin volcanoes are to blowing up a normal little water balloon and then letting the air out of the opening, as yellowstone is to blowing up a \"hot water bottle\" (search youtube) until it bursts.\nA little kid can blow up a water balloon. It takes someone with very strong lungs to blow up a hot water bottle and make it burst, if they arent careful the pressure build up could backfire and make their lungs explode.\n\nIt takes longer to blow up a hot water bottle, but when it goes... it really goes.", "I'm actually learning about this. Hawaii's volcano has low silica content so it has fluid magma and lava. This means the duct magma comes from doesn't get clogged up often. Yellowstone is different. It has thick lava and magma, and the duct is very well clogged up. Yellowstone is completely blocked off so there is no escape for pressure and gas in the magma chamber below, and the monster has been growing under the volcano for many years. Hawaii, it releases pressure often so no large explosion. Yellowstone, devastating explosion.", "The Hawaii hotspot has been erupting constantly for about 81 million years - the chain of islands and eroded islands associated with it go all the way to the Aleutian islands \n\n_URL_5_\n\nThe hotspot isn't generally explosive, they just throw out nice thick basaltic lavas, decade after decade. And when they do explode, there aren't many people around and the ash blows out to sea.\n\nYellowstone, has in the past, thrown out a lot of ash and in places from the last large eruption, it's 600 feet deep", "If you shake up a bottle of coke and open it a little bit at a time, you don't get fizzy coke bubbles all over yourself.\nIf you shake it up and open it really fast then it goes everywhere and end up covered in yuck.\nYellowstone is also a bigger bottle of coke than the one in hawaii, and in real life the coke in a volcano is way yuckier than real Coca-Cola.", "As I understand it, Hawaii is a slow leak. Not much in the way of pressure buildup because it’s constantly erupting. Even if that eruption is relatively small. But Yellowstone doesn’t erupt. Hasn’t for thousands of years. And all that pressure is building up. Also Yellowstone has a history of blowing up every few hundred thousand years so scientists think it’s going to inevitably do so again.", "There aren’t many super volcanoes that we know of in the world. Yellowstone is by far the largest though, and if/when it goes, it has the possibility to make humanity extinct. That’s why people worry about it. Imagine the continental divide being gone, most of North America destroyed as we know it, and not seeing the sun for years, therefore no growth. Nuclear winter conditions etc.", "One of them [lets out a small stream of lava in the middle of the Pacific, enough to create a chain of small islands over millions of years.](_URL_6_)\n\nThe other [is in the middle of the continental United states and has regularly caused instant death an area the size of most states, and huge amounts of ash to cover a large chunk of the continent.](_URL_7_)", "Scale. Think of 4th of July. Hawaii is setting off Piccolo Pete fireworks all the time, all night. Pretty much only a risk if someone isnt paying attention and stumbles into it. Yellowstone has been cramming a dumpster full of gunpower muttering \"this gonna be gooood\".", "Umm, maybe it's isolation from the rest of the world? Thousands of miles, the only thing we have to worry about is a bunch a brand new land we have to figure out what to do with. Other than Hawaii being blown up :(", "Yellowstone is a super massive volcano. It would be a mountain but the last time it eruptedmillions of years ago it blew itself up so now it's just a depression in the earth. Hawaii is just a regular volcano that goes off pretty often.", "Two completely different scales. Hawaii was established on a volcanic ring of islands, this isn't their first rodeo, although the damage is alarming. Yellowstone is likely to kill literally everyone if it erupts entirely.", "Hawaii's small eruptions of 200 feet into the air are nothing compared to the possible 20 mile tall pillar of magma that could come from yellowstone if it erupted.", "Hawaii volcanos are shield volcanos sitting over a hotspot. The magma/lava tends to flow and ooze out. Yellowstone sits ontop a supervolcano, where the whole area can blow off", "See here for a map of the ash fall of a previous Yellowstone outburst _URL_8_ and compare this to the size of Hawaii. Yellowstone outburst are very big.", "Same reason people are less worried about a pack of fireworks than they are about a hydrogen bomb.", "Would an eruption of Yellowstone have the power to alter Earth's rotation within our solar system?", "It's simply size. Hawaiian volcanoes are less than a millionth the size of Yellowstone iirc.", "Okay my question is how likely is Yellowstone to erupt... Next 10, 20 years?", "How far would someone theoretically be able to hear the eruption from Yellowstone?", "Because the Yellowstone caldero\\-supervolcano would obliterate half of the United States, maybe???", "Ok, second ELI5: how can we relieve Yellowstone's pressure buikdup?", "What? Hold on, what do you not understand?" ]

[ "When you cut down highly developed forests to replace them with cultivated land you're seriously lowering the amount of CO2 that can be absorbed.\n\nA big tree that is several decades old will take in WAY more CO2 than several seedlings that are planted to replace it. Additionally, all of the undergrowth that is in forests absorbs CO2 but that is all removed for farming.\n\nFurther, a lot of the time what's done is called \"slash and burn\" which means that the forests are chopped down and the debris is cleared away via a controlled fire, once again adding CO2 (and other harmful chemicals) to the atmosphere.\n\nAlso, removing well established plants will significantly increase soil erosion and while that may not directly contribute to global warming, it certainly is detrimental to the environment.", "Ever see an avocado farm?\n\n_URL_1_\n\nOrdered, tight, clean.\n\nCompare that to rainforest:\n\n_URL_0_\n\nYou literally can't see the ground, there's so much vegetation.\n\nDoesn't matter how big the farm you plant is, its oxygen production levels will always be way worse than the rainforest that you destroyed to make it." ]

[ "It's called twin because a long time ago you bought two of them, one for each person in a husband/wife partnership. You only slept together to make babies, you sinners! Then along came the Full which was meant for two people (though no room to move!). Queen was a luxury: they added 6\" in width and 5\" in length to a full so you could damn well sin all night! A king?? You heathens now get the length of a queen but add 16\" to the width. You could have devil-orgies in those things (which is why I sleep in a king)." ]

[ "So, from what I've understood in the past, people who are lactose-intolerant aren't able to break down lactose. Their body doesn't produce enough lactase, which is an enzyme that breaks down lactose. So, depending on how much lactose is taken in, it usually is broken down by bacteria instead in the gut. This causes a bunch of side effects like, nausea, bloating, gas, and stomach cramps." ]

[ "On a helicopter the main rotor blades are the wings, a plane has fixed wings that use the air to resist the torque of the prop that's trying to make the plane roll (this is also why single prop driven planes roll to one side faster than they can to the other)", "Fixed wing single engine planes **do** have to compensate for the counter torque. They can do it with flight controls. \n\nSingle rotor helicopters don't have controls which can compensate for torque on the vertical axis." ]

[ "Caveat - I mess with boats but I'm not expert or pro. In general marine equipment is made with more corrosion resistant materials,such as stainless steel. The A/C on my boat exchanges the heat in the cabin air into water that flows through the other side of the heat pump, so this is an air/water heat pump where most home units are air/air heat pumps.\nAlso some or most marine units are 12 Volt DC power, possibly also 24 volt. I think some few are powered directly off the engine via a 'fan belt'.\n\nThe reefer on my boat is three way power - 120 VAC, 12 VDC, and propane. I suppose this would be possible in A/C but I've ever heard of this.", "Equipment wise, they're all the same, a compressor to circulate refrigerant through heat exchangers, and a fan to circulate the air. \n\nSo the only differences would be the type of refrigerant used, the voltage and current requirements package shape and possibly the resistance to salt water.\n\nFor example this 6000 btu unit looks like a small garbage can, and use 410a as a refrigerant\n_URL_0_" ]

[ "I see two reasons:\n\n1. In most European countries you need a residence permit to open a bank account. In other words, you must live in the country where you want the bank account. Some countries, like Switzerland, allow foreigners to open bank accounts without a permit. However, the banking fees are high for such customers ( > 800$ per year). Unless people have substantial amounts of money ( > 100,000$) the fees will erase their savings. As it happens, many people in Ukraine are not very wealthy.\n\n2. It is difficult. You need to go abroad, speak a foreign language, spend significant amount of time and money. Most don't bother.", "People put money in banks for mainly 2 reasons; \n\n- Safety; cash is turned into a number on some computer (basicly an \"i owe you\"-note). This is generally better protected than say your own sockdrawer.\n\n- Interest; having money in a savings account generally compensates inflation of that money on the account.\n\nTo put money on a bank abroad prevents you from making large cash withdrawals as you need to be there in person (e.g. If i want more than 500 euro's in cash, I need to go to the bank where the account is). \n\nWhat annoys me more is that people withdraw their money from banks when they do poorly. All they do, is cause them to go down faster. Sure you may save some of your money, but you are also insured by the bank to regain X% amount of the money on it if they go under (atleast here you do).", "Think of all the things that may happen to your money if you keep it under the mattress. \n\n*Fire\n\n*Wear and tear\n\n*Accidental theft/theft with prior knowledge of you having money stashed\n\n*Your safety being compromised because so much money is next to you\n\n*Loss\n\nRisk of keeping your money under a mattress is far greater during stable macro financial times. With benefits of interest rates, send your money overseas, and types of insurance that you cant have that covers your mattress." ]

[ "There are several reasons. The salt in the ocean lowers the temperature needed to make it freeze. Currents stop the ice from bonding, and if Ice did freeze, it is less dense and floats. But the main reason is the pressure, especially in deep water. To freeze, water needs to expand. Deep in the ocean, the pressure from the water stops it from being able to expand.", "Ocean salt water can freeze, but the salinity levels very through out the current. Deadly Brinicles or “frost fingers” where surface freezes then sloughs to the bottom in a chain, and continues freezing downward as it reaches the bottom surface, can kill some sea life unaware and sensitive to temperature changes.\n\n_URL_0_\n\nCurrently studying marine-weather changes with global warming, and how it can effect marine-biology as much as our pollution does.", "I am not sure I can ELI5 but there are 2 main reasons. \n\nFirst is that high pressure decreases the temperature water freezes at. Meaning it takes much colder temperatures at higher pressures.\n\nSecond deals with density. Ice is less dense than water which is why it floats.", "As a material water is most dense at 4 degrees Celsius, and expands in both thermal directions. Thermal increase phase shifts water from liquid to a gas at 100 degrees Celsius, and thermal decrease phase shifts water to a solid at 0 degrees Celsius. As a solid, water’s material expansion fixes at ~9% volume displacement.\n\nOne result of this is that solid state h2o floats in liquid state h2o.\n\nWater has a bunch of really unusual properties, very cool material.", "Other comments have touched on this, but your question itself is actually flawed. \n\nDeep in the ocean is not below freezing, because the freezing point is different. Higher pressure means lower freezing point.\n\nSalinity also affects this.", "This is due to the property of water that it reaches its maximum density at around 34 degrees. As water gets cooler than 34 degrees Fahrenheit (33-32 degrees) it is less dense and will be pushed up by denser 34 degree water. Also ice has a lower density than water as well. That's why ice cubes float. So if water deep down did freeze, it would quickly float to the top.", "If you have water, oil and a piece of metal in a glass, water (least dense) will be on top, oil (more dense than water) will be below, and metal - the most dense, on the bottom of the glass. \n\nSame with water. Unlike other substances, when water solidifies (freezes), it's density decreases, hence why in a glass of water ice will always float. So it's not the case of water freezing top to bottom, it's the fact that colder water is always on top, because it's less dense. \n\nWater is the most dense at 4 degrees Celsius, so even kilometres deep, the water is at 4 degrees, again, because of density.", "For why water freezes top to bottom: \n\n1) Dense things sink, less dense things rise. \n\n2) Water is peculiar. One of the few substances that is less dense in solid form than in some liquid. Specifically, water is at its densest at 4 degrees Celsius. Any cooler, and it starts to expand. \n\nBecause of this, if water cools close to freezing, the lowered density forces it to circulate to the surface. This is actually a very important trait water has; without it, sea life couldn't exist in any body of water that freezes.", "It's not below freezing deep in the ocean, it's 0-3 degrees according to wikipedia. \n\nWhy it freezes from top to bottom:\n\nWater is the heaviest at 4 degrees (for salt water it may be a bit different, perhaps that's why it's a bit colder than 4 degrees at the bottom of the ocean). So even if you cool it from the bottom it will just rise because it's warmer than the 4 degree water and mix with warmer water until it's all 4 degrees. That's why it doesn't really freeze from the bottom even if the bottom is cooling the most.\n\nTo freeze from the top it still requires the temperature above the water to be below 0 though. once the water is 4 degrees all over, cooling it from the top will not mix the water, so it can freeze from the top although it's still 4 degrees at the bottom. This requires much less energy than cooling all the water to 0 before any freezing starts, which happens if you try to freeze from the bottom only.\n\n(All degrees are Celsius)", "It does freeze f5om the top, but it doesn't necessarily have to. Even salt water can freeze, but when it does so, at a lower temperature than fresh water, the ice rises to the top, because ice is less dense. Ice crystals can form below the surface, but they will always rise to the top making it seem like only the surface freezes.\n\nYou could hold a bag of water well below the frozen surface of a body of salt water and it would freeze." ]

[ "Normally, They don't. If they actually want to track down someone who is using a proxy, they will be able to; but for something as harmless as pirating(relative to say, hacking a company's system) it is not worth their time and money just to find out who you are.\n\nTorrents from a hotspot are also not easy to trace back to the user, unless they have a way of identifying you(e.g you're at a hotel, and their internet asks for your room number). A lot of hotspot providers would(atleast in theory) attempt to prevent people from torrenting on their networks, otherwise, they do run the risk of being accused of illegal downloads. I'm not too sure of exactly how the copyright law side of things work though.\n\nOff the top of my head, i can remember atleast one case where a guy using mcdonald's internet was arrested for spreading computer viruses, based of the fact that he used his credit card at the store and they had somehow managed to find out exactly which computer was responsible, however, for pirating purposes, its not worth the trouble.", "I'm surprised no one has mentioned the identifier on your personal device (MAC ADDRESS) and the ability to change or \"spoof\" it to something else temporarily." ]

[ "Because politics quickly becomes political. Currently D.C. is extremely Democratic, so Republicans don't want 2 new Democratic Senators. If the situation was reversed it's likely that the sides would quickly flip and Democrats would be blocking the amendment.", "Because they have to want to do it. Understand that the system in place for passing federal laws awards a certain amount of power and influence to each state. There is only so much power to go around, so legislators on all sides are less than willing to let others into the club.\n\nIn terms of how something expires? Well something like this, you don't vote \"no\". You can just fail to show up until the other side runs out of time. They need to get the amendment ratified within a certain time limit (because having it open ended would be a bad idea). So the states are free just to pretend it does not exist until the time limit passes and then, oh well!\n\nA nice amendment might be, once ratified by 10 states, all states are required to vote yes or no within the time limit. That would force other states to take a firm position on something and then defend it. You might see more of this kind of thing pass.\n\nBut in the US power flows from the states to the federal level (it flows up). So it is very difficult to do anything that restricts the power of the states.", "Amendments are difficult to pass (they require 2/3rds Congressional approval and 3/4ths of states to approve) and why would states want to add members to Congress, thus decreasing their legislator's voting power (i.e. 2 votes for a state out of 100 votes in the Senate is more power than 2 votes/state out of 102 votes total). Amendments are notoriously difficult to pass and without much political pressure/incentive there isn't a lot of hope." ]

[ "Tske into consideration the literacy rate.\n\nMost people could not read and had no reason to.\n\nNecessity is the mother of invention, that is a true idiom.\n\nThere wasn't a need for it.\n\nAs was stated, the Chinese invented movable type a few centuries before Europe.\n\nBut we did have related items. The Romans had stamps wood blocks, which it technically the basics of the press. They just didn't need it in mass numbers." ]

[ "Nuclear Winter is not a local effect resulting from an atomic blast, but rather a hypothetical effect from lots of nukes going off. The theory is that the nukes would kick a lot of soot and dust up in to the air, blocking out the sun. The blocking out of the sun would result in lower temperatures since the sun can't heat up as much of the Earth anymore.\n\nSome of the effects are based on similar effects felt when a large volcano goes off. Mt. Pinatubo in the Philippines went off in the early 90's and we only saw a slight drop in temperature (1 degree F).", "No. The concept of nuclear winter is that if a bunch of nukes all went off in a short period of time (like a nuclear war) the amount of dust put into the air would reduce the global temperature because they would block out sunlight.\n\nThe reality is if nuclear winter were to happen it would be the least of our worries as full scale nuclear war would have already broken out.", "_URL_0_\n\nTrinity and Beyond...movie about early atomic bomb development. Should be interesting to you.\n\nWhile these tests did not create \"nuclear winter\", the surface tests did create fallout. It was *mostly* localized and largely the reason that testing moved underground in its later stages before it was banned." ]

[ "How long do you want to take to accelerate? Merging onto the highway in a reasonable time takes far more power than maintaining a constant speed. There are plenty of 1.0 l cars for sale in Europe. They take about 17 +/- seconds to reach 100 kph, but they are very fuel efficient. No one would buy them here in the US because it would be frankly frightening to try to merge onto our freeways in a car that slow.", "German here: u wot m8?\n\nNo seroiusly. Cars aren't only sold at one specific country. And slow cars wont sell no matter what the speed limits are", "Better question: many cars have electronically limited top speed, normally 135-155 mph. Why is it so much higher than most state's maximum speed limit and most people's maximum safe driving speed?", "Manufacturers make cars for sale all over the world. Speed limits vary, and some don't even have speed limits on the freeways (think Autobahn). It would be difficult and a waste of money to install per-country limiters.", "Basically it comes down to passion being more important than logic.\n\nSure it would not be technologically that difficult to engineer a car that is limited to 110kph, or any other arbitrary number chosen. As I recall Japan actually does this, all vehicles have a specified top speed.\n\nThe problem is human. Tell people \"You can never do X\" and a lot of people will do whatever it takes to do X. You can't do 111kph leads to people making it their life's work to do 111. As an example many BMW, Mercedes, Audi vehicles come with a limiter at 250kph. The very first thing a lot of tuners do is remove that limit. \n\nWill you ever drive faster than 250kph? No, and neither will almost anyone that has that modification done. They do it for bragging rights. They do it to say \"But mine does 270kph\".\n\nAs I mentioned Japan. I looked it up. The limit is 190kph, although apparently it is not legal, it is instead by agreement much like the German 250kph agreement. Again though, the very first modification done is to remove the limit. Not because they plan on driving faster, but just for bragging rights, just so they know they can. \n\nSo there it is, because humans will always brag about who is biggest strongest, fastest, dumbest, those limits would be immediately removed.", "An engine with reduced output that could only get your car up to 110 km/h max like you suggest, would have such piss-poor acceleration performance that you could hardly get enough speed to merge onto the freeway or make a safe pass on a two-lane highway.\n\nAlso like has been mentioned multiple times, speed limits are different, or non-existent, in countries other than yours.", "I had a datsun 120y which could merge safely onto the expressway but it's top speed on level road with my foot to the floor was about 105km/h. The speed limit here is 110km/h.", "Some folks mentioned about smaller engines being more efficient-\n\nThey're not, not really. Tiny-engine vehicles tend to get put into small cars that don't require as much energy to move, and they may not be driven all that fast.\n\nWhat you're looking for is a Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) map. What you're gonna see is an engine is most efficient at around 40% of its max HP. Varies a lot... but like that.\n\nNow it depends on what the body is, and honestly it's not well-documented. But a sedan on the highway can require over 30 hp easy. So a 75 hp engine would be needed for efficiency.\n\nExcept on hills, that engine falls significantly out of the sweet spot. It may be more efficient to go with a larger engine.\n\nLarger engines run at partial throttle aren't the liabilities they used to be. Some super-efficient engines out there with like 150hp. You might say \"well then it'd be MUCH more efficient if it were half the size.\" Probably not, though. That would require higher RPM to cruise on the highway- it'll be LESS efficient to use a smaller engine of the same tech and run at higher throttle most of the time.", "If the top speed of your car was the speed limit it would mean more work for your engine. Slower acceleration, more time at high revs which would lead to more strain on the engine and a shorter life span. \n\nAs safety standards increase so does the weight of cars so engines seem like they are much more powerful than before but they are just making up for extra weight." ]

[ "The idea that everyone has a unique fingerprint isnt really scientifically proven. There is a real possibility that you and someone else currently living have identical fingerprints." ]

[ "The people with the guns stop doing what the president says, and they use their guns to do what they want. That's basically how it goes.", "Basically they shoot it. All civilian governments have exactly as much power over their military/police forces as those forces choose to allow them, political power grows out of the barrel of a gun.", "If they stop following orders, those people aren't in control anymore." ]

[ "The lowest level instructions in a computer are the instructions of the CPU architecture. This varies between CPUs but there's two main ones currently: x86 used by Intel and AMD processors, and the one used by ARM processors.\n\nThese instructions usually look something like \"MOV 1, 2\" which might mean to take the number stored in memory location 1 and copy it to memory location 2. Or you might have \"ADD 1, 2, 3\" which adds the two numbers at 1, 2 and puts the result in 3.\n\nWhen you hear about binary being the lowest level in a computer, it's just a binary encoding of these CPU instructions. So MOV might be 001 and ADD is 010, then the memory locations are represented as binary numbers after the type of instruction. When you hear about a 32-bit or 64-bit processor, that's how many bits each CPU instruction is." ]

[ "Spiciness isn't a flavor, it's a reaction to the chemical capsaicin, which irritates any tissue it contacts, not just your tongue. This is also why the area around your lips gets sore while eating wings.", "Your digestive system is not %100 efficient. Sometimes raw food makes it all the way though. Spicy is just more noticeable due to the flaming ass pain." ]

[ "To reward you for making a comment even if no one else does.", "So you have the satisfaction of having a +1 post and another person has the satisfaction of down voting that satisfaction from you.", "When your post gets upvoted, its ranking goes up using what's called a [logarithm](_URL_0_). Basically, the more upvotes a post has, the less each new upvote pushes it up a page in proportion to how many points it already has. Going from 1 point to 2 is as helpful as going from 10 points to 20, or 500 to 1000.\n\nThe thing is, this model breaks down when you get zero points (theoretically a post with zero score should be infinitely low!) so when Reddit calculates how high up the post should appear, it treats a post with 0 points the same as one with 1 point. If you really started at zero points, then the first upvote your post gets would have no effect, since it has to treat 0 points as 1 point anyway! Reddit's current solution is to have you automatically start at 1 point, so as soon as someone sees your post and likes it, they can make it go higher in the rankings by upvoting it. If there was no automatic self-upvote, then people who don't choose to upvote themselves (or don't know they can) would be worse off. Another way to fix that would be to just make it so you can't upvote your own posts at all, but then you would need two upvotes before you start going up in the rankings, making it a little harder to sort out the good posts from the bad ones.\n\nEdit: I think I read that you don't get karma from your self upvotes anyway, so you can't keep making useless posts to get more karma.", "Think of upvotes like a tally of how many people agree with you. You count, too.\n\nEDIT: Agree/like/can relate to/is funny WHATEVER you know what I'm saying.", "So you can still vote for yourself. \nMost people that post want karma and would usually up vote yourself anyways. \nYou can downvote yourself if you want.", "short answer:math.\n\nlong answer:\nwhen choosing hot it takes the number of upvotes, subtracts the number of downvotes, does a bit of math (specificially a logarithm on the absolute value of that) to get an order for it, it adds 1 or negative 1 to it unless 0 then it just leaves it be, and then multiplies that by the number of seconds since reddit was started\n\nthis math has [since been corrected](_URL_1_) but here we have the automatic 1. if it had started as 0, the time would have been multiplied by 0 and nothing would have ever showed up (except in \"new\" view, which is based solely on the timestamp.)\n\nthere may be other areas where a 0 would have really messed with the math, this is just one i'm familiar with.", "Does the presidential candidate go vote for the other guy?" ]

[ "This is to do with, not the display itself, but the layers of diffusers that make up the backlight behind the display\n\nAn LCD TV consists of a backlight and an LCD panel. The backlight's job is to produce an even spread of light across the display. You first have an array of LEDs, but those LEDs are point sources, and you don't want lots of bright dots. So the light has to be spread out. They do this with sheets of plastic etched with fine lines. These lines bend the light and spread it out - but only in one direction. If you only had one of these sheets, you'd have an array of lines, one for each LED. So instead they use many sheets, each sheet with lines at an angle to the one beneath. With enough of them, the light is spread evenly.\n\nIt is these fine lines etched into plastic that produces those rainbows. Each line reflects the light of your lighter when the angle is right. You get a spot of light from each line, which makes a line of light stretching away from the reflection of the lighter. But the lines are close enough that you get interference - as the angle increases, the distance the light has to travel between scratches increases, and you find places where, for one color of light, the distance the light travels is exactly one-half wavelength, so the peaks of the light waves line up with the troughs, and cancel out. When you cancel out one color of light, then you only see the other colors.\n\nThis is the same effect that gives CDs and DVDs their rainbow appearance.\n\nAnd this explanation is way too long." ]

[ "US copyright has a Fair Use clause, which a minor reference like the ones you are mentioning fall under. You don't need to pay royalties for something like mentioning \"I saw something like this on Star Trek once!\" or \"This is like Episode 79 of the Original Series, Turnabout Intruder! They got bodyswapped!\" \n\nAs to when you cross the line of fair use, that's subjective and really you have to use your best judgment. \n\n_URL_0_ has more info.", "It depends on how it's done, but most cases of what you describe would fall under fair use.\n\nFair use is a legal right that allows you to use certain parts of a copyrighted work so long as your use meets certain criteria. One of the biggest distinctions is whether or not you're competing with the copyright owner's market share by using the copyrighted work. A reference to a TV show or video game that shows up in a written book isn't going to provide consumers with a substitute for the actual TV show or video game, so that would generally fall under fair use.\n\nHowever, if you reproduced substantial portions of the actual script for the movie in the book, that would probably not be covered by fair use because the copyright owner could argue that reading this script may serve as a substitute for seeing the movie, and therefore threatens to reduce the owner's ability to profit from their copyrighted work." ]

[ "Before the 1930's the Island of Taiwan was part of the nation of China. During the 1930's China suffered a civil war with many factions, the most prominent of which were the communist party(CPC) and the Government(KMT). This civil war spanned world war 2 and reached a physical conclusion in 1950 when the Communist party physically wrested control of the mainland. The KMT retreated to the Island of Taiwan and has remained there in exile ever since.\n\nThe big issue about sovereignty comes down to the United Nations. As one of the main victorious nations of World War 2, China was granted a seat on the UN permanent security council, alongside the USA, UK, France and USSR. However this seat was granted to the KMT government, not the Communist party of China. So when the KMT were exiled, they still retained the official recognition in the UN as the official government of China.\n\nThe communist party however, having established pretty total control over the entire mainland, considered themselves the rightful leaders of China, including the Island of Taiwan that the exiled KMT government now resided on. The US government was initially disinterested until the Korean war came along, and they realised that they needed a card to play against the communist chinese, so sent the 7th fleet to help protect Taiwan.\n\nThis stalemate continued until 1971 when Communist China was given the UNPSC seat instead of the exiled Taiwanese government under UN resolution 2758. Since then most nations have adopted the attitude that Taiwan is technically officially part of communist China while also treating Taiwan as its own nation in everything but name. As CGP grey once put it, \"The united states sometimes sends aircraft carriers to protect one part of china from another part of china\".\n\nI hope this ELI5 is insightful, the Taiwanese situation is a very complex one from a political and cultural one, and is a major part of 20th century history.", "Taiwan was a part of China before the communist revolution. When the old government started to lose to the revolutionaries they fled to Taiwan and made their last stand there. The communists were not able to fully defeat them and by the time they had gathered enough strength Taiwan had obtained the protection of the West. \n\nSo Taiwan believe that they own all of China because they are the original government. \n\nChina believes the own Taiwan because they believe they own all of the historic territory of China from before the revolution.", "Taiwan has been historically part of the Chinese Empire. When there was the civil war, the losers (the old government) went to Taiwan and set up their government there. As China (the \"new\" communist government version) claims Taiwan, Taiwan also claims all of China, as they were the old government that got booted by the communists in the civil war. Each side claims that the other side is the fake government." ]

[ "People have made it so. Words can be given such power based on how they're used in the culture. I remember when Austin Powers 2 came out (it was called Austin Powers 2: The Spy Who Shagged Me), and that was seen as quite vulgar for British people. In the US, Shagged is a cute word (like using Poop in place of the word Shit). Just remember that it is how it is taken, not how it is intended. You could be using cunt like the Aussies do in friendly conversation (referring to their friends), but someone who isn't used to hearing that can still take offense to it.", "Yarr, ye forgot yer searchin' duties, for ['twas asked by those what came before ye!](_URL_0_)" ]

[ "Human being are designed to eat as much food as they possibly can, because in nature food is a whole lot rarer. We crave salt, fat, and sugar. This is a problem today because we have industrial farming and society. When he had to hunt down all out food ourselves it was a lot harder to eat enough to actually.make us fat. But now that all we have to do is take a trip to the grocery store and pick up a 4 lb bag of M & Ms, it's easy to be fat. We", "Who do you know that can start working out regularly easily?? Cause I gotta jump on that wave...." ]

[ "In the 60s and 70s, the US had a **lot** of fatalities as a result of teenage drunk driving. Waaay more than any other country did.\n\nReally, there were two options available to them: raise the drinking age, or raise the driving age.\n\nI think they made the right choice.", "As someone already said it was because of the drunk driving problem. However it's worth noting that that drop it drunk driving was so staggering with the new limit that it'd be political suicide to try and change it back.", "It was 21 for a long time. Then back in the 1970s, a lot of states lowered it to 18. And the drunk driving deaths immediately shot up. So Congress raised it back up.", "It is, from wikipedia:\n > The National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 (23 U.S.C. § 158) was passed on July 17, 1984 by the United States Congress. It punished every state that allowed persons below 21 years to purchase and publicly possess alcoholic beverages by reducing its annual federal highway apportionment by ten percent.", "It's a reasonable question. After all, U.S. citizens are deemed adult enough to be licensed to drive a vehicle, to vote, or to join the military anddie for their country at 18." ]

[ "Why don't you see your nose? It's within your vision.\n\nYour brain filters out your nose, because it's always there, and likewise, it filters out smells that are \"always there\". \n\nThe phenomenon is called [sensory adaptation](_URL_0_), this is the brain caring less about constant stimuli. Olfactory neurons also fire less frequently.", "You probably just get used to it, so your brain tunes it out as background noise and then you can't smell it anymore." ]

[ "Typically each twin controls a different part of the body. Like the twin girls Brittany and Abigail Hensel. They give the appearance of being one body with two heads, though they have two of each organ above the waist. They have two arms, each controlling one. And from the waist down, they have one body, with each controlling one half. So each controls a leg, for example. There doesn't appear to be any part that both of their brains controls. So they coordinate with each other so that they can walk, but they each have their own body parts they use. In some cases of animals with two heads, only one head \"works\". The other head doesn't seem to have any reactions to stimuli so it's vestigial." ]

[ "Finally a question that being a voice major has equipped me to answer! (Avoiding the proper terms for parts because that's what Google is for):\n\nAir passes from your lungs in between your vocal folds (roughly right behind your Adam's apple, that's a front projection of the mechanism that protects it). They're quite tiny and produce a tiny sound. Cartilage around them can manipulate/stretch them to make them thinner (higher sound) or thicker (lower sound). That small bit of sound that they make while vibrating is amplified by the natural cavities in your head: your throat, your mouth, and your sinuses. The way that you manipulate those cavities (especially the mouth) produces the other qualities to the sound, such as the volume, nasality, and very importantly, sounding like different vowels or voiced consonants. Some consonants are produced with only air (for example, \"s\"). \n\nI would assume the reason why everything we say sounds different from other types of sound is that we train ourselves constantly from an early age to pay attention and sort patterns out of speech sounds versus other types of sound." ]

[ "1. AK-47's distance between the sight and post is very short which makes it so that for longer ranges, it is extremely difficult to line up an accurate shot as you are more likely to be misaligned with your eye to the sights.\n\n2. It uses a relatively low velocity round, meaning it arcs more and spends more time to get to the target, making it deviate more from environmental conditions\n\n3. Its feeding mechanism uses very large and heavy moving parts which reduces accuracy dramatically from recoil.\n\n4. It has a more significant recoil upon firing due to its type of ammunition, making subsequent rounds less accurate.\n\n5. It operates on a lot looser tolerances, while making it more reliable, also reduces its overall accuracy.\n\n6. [Its gun barrel flexes more than other guns during recoil.](_URL_1_) \nCompare that with [this](_URL_2_), Or [this](_URL_0_)\n\n7. The barrel isn't inline with the stock, making recoils want to push the gun upwards.", "they are.....the round the fire, 7.62x39 is however sometimes called the rainbow round because it takes quite an arc after a few hundred meters. This, however doesnt mean the gun wont shoot straight, or you cant make longer shots, you just have to compensate. It probably gets that rep because its available and cheap so often poorly trained people are using it.", "US Special Forces soldiers in Vietnam described it like this:\n\nThe American rifles and ammunition are like supermodels. Pretty, slender and shapely, and great at what they do until you get them wet or dirty.\n\nRussian weapons are like Russian women, tough, dependable, and built to work. You can drop an AK47 in the mud, wipe it off, and it's ready to go back to work.", "It all depends on the rifle and ammo. If you've got a milled receiver and quality parts, you can have an accurate gun. Get a stamped receiver and parts that don't fit as tightly, and you're going to lose accuracy. \n \nAnd then we add the round. If you're using cheap milsurp ammo, you're going to lose accuracy. If you're using good ammo, you'll be more accurate.\n \nOn top of this, if you're firing a lot, the metal expands a bit in the gun, so your accuracy is affected. And if you're firing in rapid succession, then you're losing even more accuracy to recoil.\n \nTry out one of the nice Veprs in 7.62x39 or a good Krebs AK with good ammo versus one of the cheap-o AK-47 models with cheap ammo and you'll see the difference." ]

[ "Memories enter the brain first as short term memory, that is then transformed into a long-term memory. \nThis is evident because the majority of short-term memories that we experience are lost before they ever make it into what we will call \"long-term\" storage. \n\nWhen alcohol is consumed it affects your ability to take short-term memories and transform them into long-term memories. \n\nThis is why you only may remember small bits and pieces of the night, these are the select short-term memories that were allowed to settle into long-term ones without the interruption of alcohol. As the level of alcohol drops, the number of memories that make it into \"long-term' storage increases." ]

[ "Your ears are sensitive through a wide ride of volumes. When it is very quiet, you hear faint noises you are unaccustomed to, which can be disconcerting. Background noise hides those sounds with ones more familiar to you, restoring your comfort level.", "I have had kids in my house for a lot of years, and it is rarely quiet, ever... So, when it is, and i am alone, it is disconcerting, unfamiliar. i do not feel scared, it just doesn't feel right. I usually put some music on and do my thing :)", "I think people have a psychological dislike of silence. Because \"true silence\" is something that is actually hard to achieve. \n\nI recall reading somewhere that there exist some actual, acoustically soundproof rooms, that are so quiet that it's been known to actually make some people extremely uncomfortable if left in there for long periods of time.\n\nI also read an interview with a police interrogator once, who said one of the most powerful \"tricks of the trade\" is to just sit in an interrogation room with a suspect, and not say a word. Eventually, they will start talking, since, in his experience, people hate silence and need to fill the void with their own voice.", "Keeps your imagination from working overtime trying to decipher every weird piece of background noise it picks up. \n\n\"FUCKING DRACULA!!!! Oh wait, no, that's the water heater turning on.\"", "It tricks your brain into thinking you are with friends, which makes you feel like someone is less likely to sneak up on you or otherwise try to hurt you.", "I agree with all the stuff that has been said about background noise being the normal.\n\nBut I think it goes even deeper than that and this deep-seated fear harkens back to the says in when humans lived in the wilderness and when something was too quiet, a predator may have scared off other animals and is stalking you surreptitiously.\n\nYou know, \"clever girl\" and all that stuff too.", "It's not about feel safer, it's the fact that many of us are unaccustomed to silence. We feel awkward, unsafe, and even scared when everything is all quiet. Because when everything is quiet we think more. And nobody wants to think anymore" ]

[ "When the water ends up in the oceans, it slows down the cycling a lot. Water in aquifers (the stores under the ground that we access when we use wells) and water on Earth's surface are the cheapest to use. We have been either polluting these (surface) or using them too fast for new water to filter in. We have also allowed a lot of water to go to the ocean(storm water runoff from developed areas) , rather than slowly go into the aquifers through the ground. So the result is we are using aquifer water faster than they are getting refilled. When that water is depleted, all water will become more expensive. We will still have it, but it will either be salty, polluted, or far from where it needs to be, and all of the fixes for this cost money.\nSorry if this isn't too coherent, I haven't finished my first cup of coffee for the day.", "> the water goes through the sewers and is cleaned and returned to the water supply, right?\n\nProbably not. I'm my city there is no treatment at all, just a pipe 200m (656ft) long that goes into the ocean. Other cities have various levels of treatment before dumping into the ocean or river. I think it's rare for a city to have enough treatment to make the water drinkable again.", "We aren't necessarily \"losing\" freshwater. We are simply using the limited supply we have at a greater rate than nature replenishes it.", "In a typical case, water that is \"cleaned\" by municipal treatment facilities is clean enough to be released back in rivers or the sea. It's not clean enough to be used directly. For example, read [this] (_URL_0_) about how Las Vegas gets its fresh water from Lake Mead, but treated water is not put straight back in to the lake. Instead, it is released in to something called the [Las Vegas Wash], a river / wetland complex where natural processes work on the water over time, and impurities are broken down or filtered out. \n\nWhich is fine if you have created a lake to supply you, but the situation in California is different. Much more fresh water is used than the natural sources can supply. So e.g. the Colorado River has basically stopped flowing by the time it reaches the Arizona/California border, and Lake Mead is largely to blame. The \"water table\" under parts of California is being drained more quickly than it's being replenished, making it harder to find fresh water.", "We have a major problem with this in Florida. As we draw more and more freshwater from the aquifer, the amount of rain and time needed to \"refill\" the aquifer is insufficient. As freshwater levels fall in the aquifer, seawater filters in to fill the space. This process was especially bad in and around the Tampa area, where they finally had to build a desalination plant on Tampa bay in order to meet the needs of the population. As Florida continues to grow, we will continue to see the gradual encroachment of seawater into the aquifer, eventually leaving it completely unuseable.", "If you live somewhere you depend on rainwater filling a tank for water then as long as your tank is big enough and it rains often enough and you don't overuse water you are fine.\nBut throw one thing out, too small a tank, too little rain, too much water used... you got a problem. No problem, just build a real big tank and be careful about useage and it'll rain eventually...\nThen you have some people move in, water useage goes up 600% instantly, you can't afford another tank and it's still not raining.\n\nTake that to the city and everyone on mains supply water is just sharing a big tank. City gets too big, wastes water or it just doesn't rain for ages and the whole city has a supply problem.\n\nThe cycle of water was providing excess water to use in places it was collected, that isn't the case everywhere now. The weather can't provide enough rain in some places.\n\nMore people and industry using more water all the time. There is still more fresh water than needed for all the people, but not necessarily where the people are." ]

[ "A lot of it is because the group tries to make its fans into a \"community\" (Juggalos). Like, fans of a band like, say, the Black Keys, are just people who happen to like the Black Keys. But ICP specifically encourages fans, \"Hey, dress up like us, be like us, be part of something,\" and then the fans encourage each other to do it too. People like that. They like feeling like they're part of a group. It's the same kind of thing with Lady Gaga and her \"Little Monsters,\" just a different type of music.", "ICP seems to be really popular in weird suburbs where there isn't shit else to do except all the things that a true juggalo does (not sure what that means). But Keego Harbor, Pontiac, and Del Ray in Michigan fit that description pretty well.", "They formed a community for societies rejects(or at least people that feel they are). Very little of it actually has to do with their music though.", "Because there are a lot of followers in the world who desperately need something to belong to, no matter how lame.", "They really play off of kids that don't feel like they belong. Sounds noble, and it might be if they didn't saturate their market with so much merchandise." ]

[ "The gist of it is to lift weights and eat a **lot** of food. A program like Stronglifts is great for beginners. \n\nProtein powder isn't magic, it's just a cheap and easy source of protein. Most people find it easier to drink a protein shake than to eat a bunch of steak. It's probably healthier than other sources of protein because of the amino acids it contains, specifically L-cysteine. You should definitely use it.", "You should read the wiki over at /r/fitness \n\nBut in short:\n\n1. Lift heavy weights\n\n2. Eat a lot, specifically protein\n\n3. Sleep a lot\n\n4. Get big" ]

[ "I believe it has something to do with the rate at which heat from your body is transferred to the material. Your body is hotter than both the fabric and the spoon, which are at the same temperature, but the spoon conducts the heat at a faster rate and so you feel it as being colder. Please correct me if I am wrong or missing some details.", "Metal is a good heat conductor. It is able to suck heat from your fingers very well.\n\nMost fabrics are poor heat conductors. They don't do a good job at sucking heat from your fingers. As a side note, this is one reason fabrics are useful in clothing and blankets.", "Ok little Evan, the first thing to realize is that you are actually very warm compared to the rest of the house. Remember when we checked your temperature? Your body is actually at about 98 degrees. That is this many pennies (show pennies) of heat.\n\nThe house is kept at about 70 degrees. We can see that on the thermostat which controls how warm the house is, but only mommies and daddies know how to use this. That is only this many pennies of heat.\n\nIt turns out that everything likes to be at the same temperature as everything else. This is like when we take some hot water and mix it with cold water. You see how we get regular room temperature water?\n\nWell your body is constantly making pennies of heat (add a few to the Evan pile) and constantly losing some to the air and everything you touch (take some away) and this keeps you at that 98 number. \n\nNow when you touch wood or blankets, it is actually at that 70 penny mark from sitting in the room for so long. It is not very good at taking or giving pennies from things so it takes a long time for it to take one penny from you. Metal on the other hand is very good at taking and giving pennies of heat. So that spoon is taking pennies from your body's heat much quicker than the wood. This is why it feels cold. You are actually feeling the heat pennies leave your body.\n\nYou don't have to worry though, because your body actually has millions of pennies of heat and not just 98. So the heat you lose to the spoon is easily made up by your body. If you hold the spoon for awhile though, it no longer feels cold because it is now at the same temperature of your body." ]

[ "Kitties talk among themselves, just like humans. They may not make a sound, but they do communicate ... and follow each other around.\n\nSeriously: you can/should check out [Alley Cat Allies](_URL_0_) for all sorts of info about hungry kitty visitors.", "I think they hang out together and the others smell it on the first one's breath. They are not dumb. They will follow the first one hoping to find salami too.", "Quite likely they followed the scent trail. Smelling other cats plus food without things like decay likely indicates that the first cat got food there and didn't die from the experience.", "Cats flock to where other cats go, they can tell by scent (cats after eating and drinking may urinate and defecate near the area) and their noses are no doubt keen enough to pick up on the smell of food that the other cat may have left on the floor (through saliva, dropping food, cats themselves are clean but they can sure be messy eaters!). A cat's scent isn't that much worse than a dog's, having 80 million receptors versus a dog's of 300 million, humans having around only 5 million.\n\nHumans to that extent have the same behaviour. When you're on vacation in a faraway country, always eat from the market stands where a lot of the natives tend to flock. They know what stand serves good food, while the stands with few to no customers probably serve food of questionable quality." ]

[ "There is essentially no infrastructure to deal with snowfall in southern states because it happens so rarely. Roads are not salted or plowed so they are covered in ice, and nobody has snow tires or much experience driving in snow. It is sort of like how everyone up north has trouble with a little heat wave where it gets over 100 F; nobody has A/C and are not acclimated to heat so it is a problem.", "Why does the Northeast (rightfully) freak out over a category one hurricane?", "People don't have experience driving in snow. Their vehicles are not equipped to safely drive in the snow. The city/state doesn't have plows & gravel/salt to clear the roads and make them safe.", "I'm a Vermonter and was down in New Jersey during a snow storm. Everyone kept slamming on their brakes and skidding all over the place. Also, they weren't leaving space in front of them so whenever someone stopped they all slammed into each other. We could have driven back to Vermont without any problem, but because so many cars on the highway were careening all over the place we had to stop and get a motel room. If you drive slowly, don't slam on your brakes, and leave lots of room between you and the other cars you should be alright. Unless it is really icy, and you are on a hill - then you usually start to slide backwards. Now that's scary.", "Even 3 inches, if left unplowed, is undriveable without special equipment or vehicles. Southern states don't have plows.", "Because they have no experience driving in it and little to no equipment to deal with it." ]

[ "It's a quote from Monty Python and the Holy Grail. The \"strange woman lying in pond\" is the Lady of the Lake from the Arthurian legend.\n\n_URL_0_", "It is talking about the legend of King Authur, whereby the Lady of the Lake bequeathed unto him a sword that proved he was to be the rightful King.\n\nThe peasant is saying that a system of government shouldn't be determined by strange lake spirits and magic swords. If anything it is a jab at monarchy, not democracy.\n\nHe actually talks about implementing a more democratic form of government (with elected representatives).", "Others have pointed out that it's a quote from *Monty Python and the Holy Grail*, and that it is a summary of a part of the legend of King Arthur.\n\nBut the reason you're seeing it more at the moment is because the line was quoted in reference to the current political turmoil in the UK following the \"Brexit\" referendum and the resignation of the Prime Minister. The Conservative Party is now looking for a new leader, who will then be the next Prime Minister, but the leadership contest has been a bit... surprising. In particular, it was assumed that Boris Johnson would get the job. But at the very last moment -- literally minutes before Boris was due to announce his candidacy -- Michael Gove, who until then had always supported Boris, simply announced *his* candidacy and trashed Boris in the process, at which point Boris withdrew. Accusations have been flying back and forth, and it's left people guessing what this will mean for the other candidates (which candidate will Boris's supporters support?).\n\nAs journalists and political commentators are trying to make sense of everything that has happened -- who had what plans and who betrayed whom when -- some of them have suggested that the current process (which, remember, will decide who is going to be the next Prime Minister with the task of negotiating Britain's exit from the EU) is as stupid and chaotic as, well, strange women lying in ponds distributing swords.", "It's a line from Monty Python and the Holy Grail. King Arthur is the main character, and the legend is he was made king when he was chosen to remove Excalibur by the lady of the lake. In the movie, he runs across a character who mocks the monarchy by using modern political sentiments and that line comes out when arthur tries to justify himself.", "It's a quote from the film Monty Python and the Holy Grail, and isn't a comment on democracy at all, but on monarchies. The woman in the pond refers to the lady of the lake from the legend of King Arthur who gives the sword excalibur to Arthur.", "It's a quote from Monty Python and the holy grail.\n\nIn the King Arthur myth, King Arthur recieved his sword from a female water spirit thingy." ]

[ "The condition is called aphthous stomatitis, or commonly, canker sores. They are NOT inflamed tastebuds. Rather, they are small ulcers (areas of inflamed, healing tissue) that are characteristically painful and confined to the mucosa (soft tissue) of the mouth (including surface of the tongue) by definition. There is no cure, but many over-the-counter drugs are sold that can mitigate the pain caused by them.\n\nThis question is by no means explained (moderators, hello?). Rather, the pathogenesis (how it develops) of an aphthous sore is still unknown. I couldn't believe it, but apparently this is an area of relatively active research. [This](_URL_1_) recent review article provides some nice context.\n\n[This question](_URL_0_) has been asked many times before. Doing a quick look-over, answers have been repeatedly unscientific and certainly not in any real laymen-speak.", "In my experience after getting them from eating a lot of Sour Patch Kids, I clean my mouth real well and that helps a bit." ]

[ "Swear words come from things we consider taboo or distasteful. In English-speaking society, we have a lot of taboos surrounding sex, even in this day and age. We also put a very high level of importance on hygiene, so words relating to waste and where they come from are also taboo. \n\nCertain words automatically make your brain think of a subject in a more intense way than others. A colloquial term vs a scientific one. This is true for pretty much anything, even if it isn't a swearword -- sweat vs perspiration, for example. When it's a topic that's taboo, that word becomes a swear. When it isn't, it moves back into innocuous territory.", "They aren't *all* related to those things.\n\nHowever, Western cultures have had a long history of taboo related to bodily functions and sexuality as a whole, which is likely why the words related to these concepts were considered vulgar and some became profanity." ]

[ "They don't...They will sit on plastic eggs. The hen eventually gives up and deserts the nest and will try again...Yeah,the eggs rot if something like a squirrel, or another bird does not eat them before they go bad.\n\n_URL_0_" ]

[ "> isn't employment rate supposed to reflect how many people are voluntarily employed compared to unvoluntarily employed?\n\nIf you consider those who need the money to live but if they didn't wouldn't work as \"involuntarily employed\" and not part of the employment rate, then your employment pool would be near zero and almost everyone working would be involuntarily employed.\n\nThe employment rate is a measure of how many people who are trying to find work can find work. This isn't perfect because maybe if unemployment is high some people stop looking, but it at least weeds out those who could never be employed by available jobs.\n\nIf more people feel they need to work in order to have a comfortable income for their family unit then your labor pool expands. If you make sitting at home more viable for collecting income then your labor pool can be expected to shrink.\n\n > So, by that account, that means that between 1945 and 1960 employment rates were judged by how many first earners were employed. And now, they seem to be judged by how many first as well as second earners are employed. \n\nWomen aren't \"second-earners\", Jesus Christ that is sexist. If you have a woman and a man earning in a family then you just have two earners and perhaps they could get by with one or the other income. Neither needs to be primary and secondary.\n\n > Wouldn't that just mean that the involuntarily unemployed has more, rather than less job opportunities? Wouldn't that reduce the pressure on the labor market?\n\nMore people working means the labor market has more to choose from. But it isn't like you can just double up on the labor market from both sides, squeezing the supply of labor to raise wages to secure labor and also taxing them to support basic income to nonworkers. Prices will skyrocket and foreign investment will plummet.\n\nWe don't even have to do crazy math or speculate about how these tendencies will balance out in the end. There is a basic principle at work: People working creates value. If there are more people in your economy working to create value then there is more value to go around.\n\nWe might argue that one hypothetical economy has everyone employed at low wages and buying products at low prices, vs a second economy where only one person is employed at a ridiculously high wage while everyone else is paid a low wage through taxes, buying products at ridiculously high prices. I would argue that whatever voodoo magic you propose to make the low wage entitlements capable of purchasing the high cost products would never work, but it is difficult to prove that one way or another. What is obvious is that if everyone but the one guy is sitting around not doing work then *shit isn't getting done*." ]

[ "Windows is built for multitasking. The 'Set Priority' feature is intended for managing what processes have a higher priority for resources (CPU) than other processes.\n\nApplications set to normal will go 50-50 on the resources with other running applications (when demanding resources).\n\nIt's better practice to close all resource demanding background applications while using another resource demanding application.\n\nIf your CPU is a bottleneck in gaming, setting the game process to 'High' may help. Though if nothing in the background is demanding a lot of resources while playing, you probably won't notice a difference. Do not use 'Realtime' as it could starve out other critical system processes and stop responding to input.\n\n--------------\n\nSince there is apparently a lot of 5 year olds in this thread:\n\nImagine you have a lego set with a limited number of legos. You want to build 3 separate objects but there aren't enough lego pieces for all 3. So you determine that **1** of the objects will get **High** priority over the other ones and get as many lego pieces it needs (as long as it needs less than the total amount of lego pieces). The other **2** lego objects you decide are **Normal** priority and will split the remaining lego pieces half-and-half. \n\nThe **2 Normal** priority lego objects don't get enough lego pieces to be fully functional, but the **1 High** priority lego object does.\n\nNow, if you didn't have enough lego pieces for even the **1 High** priority lego object, it too would be incomplete and not fully functional.\n\n-----------------\n\n* Lego objects = Applications\n* Your priority determination = Windows\n* Lego pieces = CPU resources", "Think about it this way, your computer is fast enough to do \"X\" calculations per second. Let's call it 100, just for ease of the example here (but obviously it is much more than that). If your computer needs to do more calculations than it has speed for, it has to decide what to put \"on hold\" and what to actually work on.\n\nExample, you have a bunch of things running, and they take the following amount of calculations-per-second.\nComputer's clock 5 (realtime)\nWindows explorer 10 (normal)\nFirefox 15 (normal)\nSteam 30 (normal)\nGrand Theft Auto 50 (normal)\n\nYour clock is set to \"real time\" meaning it will always get enough calculations if it can. This is good, because otherwise your clock would be wrong every time your computer slowed down.\n\nSo if you're playing Grand Theft Auto, the system is demanding 110 calculations, but it only has 100 to go around. So your game will slow down a bit, and so will firefox, and so will windows. But if you had set GTA to \"high\" priority, it would instead give it all the calculations it needs to run fine, and then make windows and firefox run slower, which is fine since you're not using them when playing a video game.", "You really don't need to mess with it at all. Windows does a pretty good job of balancing things already, without messing with settings. If your computer is running slowly, it's probably either because you've got too many things open or because your computer simply can't handle the single program you have open.\n\nIf you must know, what happens in Windows (and most other modern OSs) is that programs take turns using the processor. Setting a program to a higher priority means it gets to cut in line, and setting it lower likewise means it gets skipped if a higher priority process is waiting. Of course, if a higher priority program doesn't need the processor at the moment, then the lower priority programs get to run.\n\nIf you have a certain program that you just want to run in the background and you don't care if it freezes for a while or anything, you can set it to lower priority. However, be very careful setting programs to higher priority because that can cause your whole computer to freeze up if the program freezes. The only process I've ever set to a higher priority was windows explorer itself.", "TLDR: Don't mess with it.\n\nLong version: If you have a CPU-intensive program running in the background, such as Folding @ Home, it is worth pushing it down, so that it doesn't mess with other programs. But most of software like that pushes itself down the priority list, you don't have to do anything.\n\nMost of the time, when laypeople mess with priorities, the result is worse. Heck, I've seen professionals messing with it, with less than ideal results. You have to know really well what you're doing." ]

[ "Not the exact answer you're looking for, but might provide context if you'd like it - _URL_0_" ]

[ "Most of his money would come from Youtube views and advertising. Having as many views as Pewdipie gets would certainly net you a lot of money from Youtube.", "Youtube gets paid by advertisers to show their adverts.\n\nYoutubers can 'monetize' their videos by making them show ads before the vid, or little banner ads at the bottom while they're playing, and based on how long an ad is viewed for Youtube gets paid, and they then pass a slice of that onto the youtubers on a scale called CPM which (bizarrely) is the cost per 1000 views an ad gets. Pewdiepie gets over 70 million views a week. \n\n_If_ the CPM was **one cent** and assume that half his views get invalidated by people using AdBlock, he'd still get $350 per week. \n\nAs it stands however, the CPM is anything between about $1.50 and about $3.30 \n\nSo, that $350 per week I came up with? Yeah, multiply that by anything between 150 and 330. \n\n$4M is quite possible. \n\n**EDIT** \n\nI used one cent as a simple example. **The CPM is NOT ONE CENT, it is at least $1.50 or more**.", "Not trying to be a dick here but why is he so popular, see maybe dozen videos and a few I want my time back from watching them.", "Hey guys,\n\nAdam Buckley gives a pretty good explanation to how much Youtubers can typically expect to make. \nSpoiler alert; not much! \n\n_URL_0_", "well in the last month alone, he has uploaded 54 videos.\n\nlets say on average thats 50 per month, thats 600 videos a year. \n\nthose 54 vids, have got 175.66 million views already (and that proablly a little lower, as numbers wont update every second)\n\nso lets say thats 175million per month, thats 2.1 billion a year! in views! \n\n\n[now this site](_URL_1_) (has crappy pop up ads.. sorry) says he made $400 from 25k views. ($395.28 from 23636 views) \n\n25,000 views = 400 USD ---- 1 view = 0.016 cents (actual is 0.0167236)\n\nhe goes on to explain that differnt youtubers can charge differnet amounts, i would guess pewdiepie can charge lots more then he can. \n\nnow lets combine the fee of 0.016 per view with pewds 175 million a month, or 2.1 billion a year. (lets call it 2billion flat) \n\nmonth = $2.8 million\n\nyear = $33.6 million \n\nnow lets remove 3/4 of that, to allow for people skipping ads, no clicking them, or using adblocker ect. \n\nthats still $8.4million USD... which is more then the suggested $4million." ]

[ "Straight in, stick to the top, two o clock (yes always) until about the second bend in your fingers, if you've hit your knuckles that's way too far. It all generally feels the same to you but it has sort of an interesting texture. So I know perhaps you've always been told to do the \"Come here\" motion but it's actually okay to be a little bit rougher than that, nearly all the nerves are located outside and in the clitoris. So use your dominant hand for entry and place the other hand palm down thumb towards you, gently but firmly across the lower pelvis. Use your two fingers with dominant hand to move entire fore arm in a controlled vibration sort of motion. Check with female on pressure and intensity. Use clitoral stimulation at your discretion. Hope that makes sense!" ]

[ "Because there isn't nothing there.\n\nEvery spectrum is full of random noise from stars, radioactive decay, all sorts of things like that. It's just terrestrial broadcasts are so much stronger that it overwhelms the random noise. This is why when you start reaching the edge of the coverage area for the station you're listening to, it starts getting more and more static-ey and doesn't just go from \"fine\" to \"nothing.\"", "much of it is noise left behind from the big bang\n\n_URL_0_" ]

[ "You can put metal in microwaves, which is a lot come with racks, you just can't put metal with sharp edges/points such as forks and aluminum foil. As for the interior, most microwaves have their interior painted to prevent these issues." ]

[ "There's a couple ways that traffic lights know there are cars there. \n\nThe first (and probably most common) is sensors under the road. They use coils of wire to detect when something magnetic (like the steel in a car) passes overhead. You can actually usually see them if you look at the lanes, there will sometimes be a 4ish by 6ish square that's visible from the surface.\n\nOther traffic lights use cameras to actually detect cars with image recognition, but there are still pretty rare and are generally put in to do double-duty as red-light cameras or traffic monitoring.\n\nThere's a few around that use infrared motion detectors (like motion lights or supermarket doors) but I actually haven't seen any in a while, they might be phased out.\n\nAs far as the boxes on top (and this is a guess) it may be part of a system emergency vehicles use. In some cities, emergency vehicles emit an infrared signal (like a remote control does) straight forward when they have their sirens on which will tell the light to turn that way green and all others red.", "The polygonal (usually) markings on the road at the intersection are electromagnets that detect when a car or bike is on them." ]

[ "Nothing is perfect. Even our bodies, the result of billions of years of evolution from the simplest single-celled life forms, begin to fail after awhile. All of the things that make our body run, our stomachs, hearts, brains, kidneys, will eventually stop working. But the main thing that causes people to age is their own DNA. All DNA has little bits on the end of it called telomeres. Every time DNA is copied (this happens every time cells divide) the telomeres get shorter and shorter. The good thing is that telomeres don't have anything important in them, so it's ok. But after the telomeres are gone, the important parts of the DNA start getting lost. This causes many bodily functions to slowly stop working like they are supposed to, and eventually stop working at all.", "Well, if the question is 'how' do people age, [u/jchitel](_URL_0_) summarized DNA damage and telomeres degradation. But if you are still wondering 'why' the aging process exists in the first place, that's an interesting question too. Because for some organisms, it isn't a problem at all, like [hydra](_URL_1_).\n\nIn biology, instead of saying aging, we use the term [senescence](_URL_2_) but they mean the same thing for this talk. And to be fair, there is still a lot of debate as to why aging exists. But the general idea is it's actually better for (most) species if they grow old and die. To use a metaphor, let's say your school is starting a soccer team and you join. But they only have a few soccer balls, so everyone is competing to use them. If you hog all the balls and practice a bunch, you'll be pretty good and have some fancy footwork, but no one else will get to play and will go do something else. So your team is smaller, but its also dangerous. What if you twist your ankle? Now no one will be able to play in the next game! It makes more sense to share resources, maybe you only get the soccer ball for a day, but you can also share your progress with the next guy who gets the ball. Maybe you discover how to drop kick it straight, and explain it to everyone else at practice. Now if any one guy gets hurt, there will be someone else who can kick it instead. So it's good to pass on information, but sometimes just having a new player join is good all by itself! Maybe Timmy has a pair of goalie gloves that let him catch even wet balls. Now that's pretty handy in a tough game, and there was no way you could do that, even if you played soccer for a long time. It makes sense that you will have a better team if you keep adding new players cause they will do and bring interesting new things...but this means other players have to leave the team.\n\nIt's the same for people aging. Old people have been playing for a long time, and they have a lot to pass on, but its very costly to keep bodies in perfect form. So costly that there would be less people around, and less new people too. If something random happens, it would easier to accidentally wipe out everyone! Its important to have lots of new people too, as interesting genetic things happen when you make a mix of two people, its the main way to make new things happen! And that's beautiful in a way, cause even though it'd be nice to live forever, people pass away to make sure there is enough stuff leftover for their kids (and their grandkids, and **their** kids!), and also so they can change, get better at living and pass that on to the next kids too. Biology is kind of funny like that, it reaches for perfection not by making one indestructible thing, but giving fragile things a way to improve.", "When we are born we have a certain amount of cells, over time those cells replace them self's with copies. So at any given point the oldest cell in our body is about 10 years old. When a cell is copied it uses the previous' cell's information, but it doesn't copy the information perfectly. So over time the copy gets weaker and weaker. As a result, things give out we get wear and tear, so to speak. \n\n**Now the ELI5 version.** We're like a word document being repeatedly photocopied. Except instead of using the original to make the copy we use the newest copy. And if you have ever made a photocopy of a photocopy loads of artefacts start to appear on the paper. over time the artefacts get bigger and the words become harder to read. To the point where the photocopy is useless. Our body's are the same but with our cells. \n\nThat is the reason for ageing. \nThings like wrinkles and senile dementia, are slightly different. Wrinkles are from gravity pulling at down on the muscles, and as the muscle cells replace with weaker cells this pull becomes more apparent. \nI don't know enough on dementia to make any comments, but I did see a post on the front page about \"brains become full\" so that might be a reason. \n\nDisclaimer: I'm an expert or even a scientist, a lot of what I've said i have read in various science papers. If anything I've said is wrong i am sorry", "Like you're 5. Maybe 10. \n\nImagine you print or draw a picture. That original has all the detail and is exactly as it was intended to be. Now copy it. Then copy the copy. Then copy the next copy. Do this over and over and look at your last copy. Over each copy, the imperfections your copier produces will continue to be amplified until you get to a point that it no longer even looks the same. The cells in your body are basically going through this. The copies become increasing crappy, to put it simply. Near the end, they don't even resemble the younger cells, just as a 100000000000th copy won't resemble the original.\n\nFor more tangible things like organs wearing out, or the body as a whole, think of the way other things wear out. A car can't run forever. It develops what we call \"wear and tear\" from every day usage. Sure, proper upkeep will slow the decline, but in the end everything stops working. Tires wear down, engines get clogged up, the interior fades. Eventually something will stop working completely. Some things can be repaired. But when multiple things start failing, the car is probably at the end of usefulness. The same is true with our bodies.\n\nObviously the human body has more complex mechanisms than a car or a copier. But this is ELI5. And that really is the gist of it.\n\nAlthough not strictly for 5 year olds, a really interesting thought is thinking about what life will be like once we implement organ replacement from stem cells/and or we manipulate the genes to slow down or stop replication wear and tear. This is probably all technology we will see within this century or sooner. Perhaps we won't age at all, or will age so slowly that we are likely to die by accidents before age matters." ]

[ "There's more than one way to measure cosmological distances.\n\nOne way is to use what's called the \"lookback distance.\" It's just the distance measured in units of time. If light from an galaxy has been in transit for a billion years, then you can quite accurately say that galaxy is a billion years away. (This is sometimes phrased as a billion *light years* for sake of clarity.)\n\nThe other way to measure distances is to imagine that you could somehow magically stop time and stretch a very long ruler across the distance you're measuring. This is called the *instantaneous proper distance.* It's used much less often, because it's not a *useful* number to calculate. You *can't* stop time or stretch a ruler across those kinds of distances, so the number you get from that kind of calculation is really only a particularly obscure type of trivia.\n\nSo the radius of the observable universe is both about 14 billion years and about 46 billion light-years. Both statements are equally true.\n\nWe know the age of the universe because we can look at the temperature of the sky and see how much it's cooled since the end of the Big Bang, and we can look at the rate of metric expansion and see how it relates to pressure.\n\nAnd you're thinking of metric expansion quite wrongly. It's not that there's a wall out there that's moving away from us. It's that *all distances in the universe* vary with time. Not because things move, but because the *geometry of the universe* is itself a function of time. Right now, it's estimated with quite a high degree of precision that all distances in the universe are increasing at about seventy kilometers per second per megaparsec.", "I'm sorry that I don't know how to answer your question, but I would like to post this here: _URL_0_\n\nSpace Engine, kind of like google Earth, but a map of the entire (known) Universe. I found out about it from r/TIL" ]

[ "That means teachers would go home at 7 or 8pm, school buses would have to contend with commuter traffic, and students would be walking home in the dark most of the time.", "It's because when the times were setup it was to take into account farm jobs, not the modern 9-5 city jobs. That is also why summer vacation in America exists. A lot of the rest of the world does not do this as it is detrimental to learning.", "Because school hours aren't subject to market forces like work hours are." ]

[ "I'll probably get another NO BLATANT SPECULATION response from the wannabe mod we have lurking here, but here's what I've found looking around for you: **Nobody actually 100% knows the scientific reason, but dog experts have been able to put together some good guesses based on what we know about dogs.** Many of them have actually been listed here, but I'll put them all together in one place for you:)\n\nPart one of the theory is that the dog simply feels SO much better once they've been washed. Not only are they clean, they also had to sit still like a good boy/girl for SO LONG while they got cleaned and now they've been set free again!\n\nThe reason why they often roll around or drag their heads on the ground (my dog does this - we call it the \"lawnmower\") could be two reasons. One, they're wet and they want to get dry. Shaking removes a huge amount of the water, but not all of it - Especially in their ears. It probably feels weird and they're trying to get it the heck out! The other reason is that they likely don't like smelling like \"not a dog\" (with all the shampoo). Dogs rely on their sense of smell WAY more than we do. And all that shampoo is probably very distracting! Rolling around may likely be them trying to get their smell back to neutral.\n\nAnd of course, if you associate games or fun activities with post-bathtime (my dogs LOVE being dried off with a towel), that likely makes them really excited too!:D\n\nEDIT: Sources: _URL_0_\n_URL_1_\n\nI can find more if these aren't good enough for the people posting snark rather than real answers.", "A bath is a time when dogs get much attention and get touched and scrubbed all over. A dog can become emotionally overwhelmed from this extreme attention. \n\nAlso, the situation of getting soaked to the skin is unusual for the dog, perhaps stressful, because their undercoat is an important protection to them. To get this undercoat wet \"against their will\" so to speak, while being restrained, can make them stress.\n\nThese things can combine to overexcite the dog. To discharge this overexcitement, the dog may go apeshit - running, shaking water off, frenzied actions.\nIn short, blowing off steam.", "This thread is just chock full of quirky personal anecdotes and guesses.", "Maybe it's a mix of not liking the scent the shampoo left on them, so the dog tries to get it off by frantically rubbing itself over everything. \n\nI used to own ferrets, and after their baths, they would try to stimulate their musk glands because they didn't smell like they thought they should. They would run around and go crazy as well. Either way, it's very entertaining.", "we used to play a game with my dog after she took a bath where we'd chase her around trying to throw a towel over her, which she LOVED. so every time she takes a bath now she gets so psyched at the end to run around and generally freak the fuck out.", "i think it's because they're cold. my dog used to go bat-shit crazy after baths, rubbing himself all over the rugs in my loft and running frantically from one end to to the other. my mom was visiting once and suggested i try blow-drying him. he now comes right to me as soon as he sees the blow dryer after a bath and sits calmly until i'm done making him warm and fluffy. seems like his happy normal self after - no crazy dog antics.", "For my dogs it was because they knew that as soon as they were dry they were now allowed on the bed, on the furniture and up in laps.", "It might have something to do with them losing their distinct smell after washing. My dog would often attempt to roll in gross stuff immediately following a bath. But it is most likely because they are just happy to be free from the personal hell that is getting a bath.", "We don't know for certain, but a good theory is that they are trying to dry themselves off (wet=cold and uncomfortable) along with replace their natural scent (rubbing themselves on and rolling around in their environment: floor, furniture, etc)", "My best guess is that there's water in their ears. My dog used to be super meek and mellow while he was in the bath, and then as soon as you let him out he acted like he lost his mind, running around in crazy eights and rolling around and shaking furiously whenever he stopped. He would also rub his ears on the carpet.\n\nMy best guess is the running is to get airflow in the ear canal." ]

[ "Warsaw was under Nazi rule. People didn't like that, especially the Jews living in the ghetto. People were purposely starved, killed in the streets. The Polish Underground State was formed - a resistance paramilitary which was made of several groups that wanted to liberate Poland (and save Jews). \n\nSome folks with radios learned that the Red Army was coming. And the Reds hate the Nazis. And the Polish Resistance thought \"Hey! If we fight the Nazis from within - and the Reds help out - we'll totally fuck the Nazi shit up!\" \n\nThe Resistance started fighting - but the Red Army never came to help them. Those dudes camped outside the city. The Poles fought the Nazis for two months, much of the city was in ashes, and Churchill was all like \"HEY STALIN, COME HELP OUR POLISH ALLIES!\" and Stalin was kinda like, \"I don't want to risk my dudes quite yet..\"\n\nThat's the Warsaw Uprising.", "The Warsaw Uprising was a bloody battle in World War II, between Nazi forces and Polish resistance. The Polish resistance, fighting to expel the Nazis from Warsaw and establish their own sovereignty, took up arms and attempted to fight.\n\nThe uprising was supposed to be timed for the advance of the Red Army to the east. As they approached the border though, the Red Army stopped short, leaving the resistance to defend themselves without little help. While Winston Churchill lobbied for support of the Resistance, there was no help from the Soviets, and there was little help beyond some supply drops from Americans. Many believe that Stalin purposefully left the resistance to be stranded and crushed so that his own puppet regime could take power in Poland.\n\nWithin a little while, Most of Warsaw was destroyed, with some estimates saying that up to 85% of the city was destroyed by a combo of the earlier war damage and by Nazi forces systematically going block by block, leveling everything. Hundreds of thousands of Polish were executed, and almost 20,000 Resistance members died.", "Thanks for the answers guys they were very insightful.", "if you're interested, this book is one of the definitive source on the Warsaw Uprising, and a fantastic (if sometimes ponderous) read:\n\n_URL_0_" ]

[ "This is a really good question, you should probably chuck it over onto /r/AskHistorians, they'd be more likely to have an actual, factual answer.\n\nEDIT: Someone has already asked it over there, the best answer last year came from /u/rosemary85 and goes as follows:\n > No. The Latin words for numbers are fairly similar to those in modern Romance languages (unus, duo, tres, quattuor, quinque, sex, septem, octo, novem, decem, etc).\nThe Latin for 94 is quattuor et nonaginta, literally \"four and ninety\", or alternatively nonaginta et quattuor.\nThe exceptions are that the Latin for 18 and 19 are duodeviginti and undeviginti, literally \"twenty minus two\" and \"twenty minus one\". But as you can see, this has nothing at all to do with how the numerals were written.\nI should perhaps note that the Romans very often wrote IIII and VIIII rather than IV and IX for \"four\" and \"nine\", XXXX rather than XL for \"forty\", etc. I don't have statistics at my fingertips, but I believe the IIII/XXXX forms were actually more common than the IV/XL forms that are preferred nowadays.\n\n[See here for the rest of the comments.](_URL_0_)" ]

[ "Both of these concepts deal with traits within a population changing over time. With natural selection, one trait is more advantageous, so organisms with that trait survive and reproduce more effectively, resulting in more organisms with that trait. Genetic drift is when a trait becomes more common within a population due to luck. \n\nFor example, pretend we have a group of humans and some of them possess a genetic code that gives them green hair. If green hair is considered attractive, then those with the trait will be able to mate more and have more children. This is a benefit resulting from the trait being preferred. This means that nature selects positively for this trait and it is supported by natural selection. \n\nOn the other hand, let's again pretend that there's a trait for green hair but nobody finds it particularly attractive or unattractive. Logically, there's no reason why it should become particularly popular or unpopular. However, one day, a bunch of brown-haired people gather for a meeting in a building that catches on fire and they all die, while the green-haired people outside are unharmed. This event makes green hair more prominent within the population but it wasn't a direct result of any properties related to green hair. Since this was green hair becoming more common as a result of random events, this would be considered an example of genetic drift.\n\nTL;DR: Natural selection means the trait itself is beneficial, making it more popular. Genetic drift is when a trait just happens to become more popular, even though there's nothing advantageous about the trait." ]

[ "Because they have increased stroke volume. Their hearts are strengthened so that they are able to move more blood with each pump, so their hearts don't need to pump as many times.", "You have an empty pool and you need to fill it with water. The bigger the bucket you can carry, the less trips you will need to make to fill it up.", "You don't even have to be a pro to experience this. I ride my bike a fair amount and have had nurses freak out when they take my pulse. It's always kinda funny but also scary that a health care professional in Colorado isn't more used to seeing this.", "A couple reasons:\n\n* Good cardiovascular conditioning will lower your heart rate as your heart pumps blood more efficiently. I lost weight and took up cycling over the past few years, and my heart rate is down about 15 bpm.\n* People with exceptional cardiovascular genetics tend to make good athletes. Cyclist Miguel Indurain had a resting heart rate of 28, one of the lowest ever observed in a healthy human." ]

[ "Pirate Bay's existence is NOT the result of a want for piracy. This is the misconception that has the industry execs spending HUGE amounts of time and money trying to control the symptom of a much larger issue.\n\n People, like water, follow the path of least resistance. If the resistance becomes too much, we make a new path. Napster, Limewire, Bearshare, were all birthed as an affront to the system that made you spend $22.99 on a CD that had two songs on it you wanted to hear. Want to hear good indie bands? Tough shit. You get to chug the corporate swill and be happy to pay for it. Filesharing allowed people to get select songs from select albums quickly and conveniently. No more slogging through Best Buy.\n\n \"But Lobsterbib, surely the attraction to pirated music was driven by how free it was?\" Nope. iTunes is proof that cost of music isn't the deciding factor in piracy. Convenience is king. People will pay for anything so long as they can get it instantly. Ticketmaster thrives on this fact alone. We'd pay the Devil himself if it meant we could get Emma Watson delivered.\n\n If the industry could spend the same effort on combining their IPs into a singular venue that peeps could pay for and receive instantly, Piratebay would see its traffic PLUMMET. Wanna see crime drop? Legalize and regulate drugs. Want to see piracy drop? Make it easier to get content for fuck sake.\n\n The other night I wanted to show my GF The Neverending Story. Turns out, no one is streaming it. All the video stores have closed so I'd have to drive all the way to Wal-Hitler to buy a $9.99 DVD in 4:3 ratio. Great way to spend an evening, amirite? I would PAY to see the movie if it were there! Get off your asses and let me give you my money!\n\n So, until the elephant in the room is addressed, don't be surprised that it's pirating every episode of 30 Rock while you try to smash its wireless router.", "I love how the government spends so much time to seize it, and then another one pops up an hour later.", "So can anyone give us the rundown of what happened?", "why are the feds repeatedly using the same strategy that has been proven to be futile? It takes them thousands of times longer to remove the site than it does for one person to upload it again.\n\nare they just retarded, or is this a small piece of an elaborate scheme to undermine piracy that we are unaware of? what the fuck is going on? i want answers. i don't care if they're grounded in reason or pulled out of your ass, just give me answers.", "ELI5: I thought the switch over to magnet links was supposed to work around the legality problems with torrent files and prevent another shutdown/seizure.", "What does it mean when the feds 'seized' the site? How does one remove something from the internet? What does it mean to shut down a domain?\n\nSorry for the incessant questions", "Here in the uk, tpb is blocked. However, with this closing and rebirth of the site under a different url, providers do not block the new one.\n\nClosing the domain has the exact opposite effect.", "Can someone just give me a rundown of what pirate bay is? I gather it's a site that governments don't like. But what's it doing and why do people start it back up so quickly?", "Here's an Eli5 request: I understand people can download a current Pirate Bay site mirror to a flash drive, but how are the mirrors all able to update with new content? \n\nSo if you have someone submitting a torrent for CuteCats.mp4 on .am, for example, how are all the other mirrors updated with this new torrent data? Is there one central server?", "You think the government would do something a little better with their time. Like the war on drug.... oh wait.", "I want to know why we're all rooting for TPB? Is it just because we like free stuff or what?", "A little bit of a meta question, but what's up with all these 'megathreads' popping up lately? Are these necessary / requested? Not hating on the idea, I just find it a little peculiar.", "Why was the government now able to seize the site?", "For the people not getting the hydra logo. The swedish government seized _URL_0_ and _URL_1_. Refering to greek mythology, cut of one head, two new appear. In this case, 4.", "If the pirate bay domain got seized why does .se redirect to one of the other domains? Wouldn't they need to code something into the html page of the page on server that .se directs to? If it was seized by some sort of authority why would they allow it to redirect?\n\nWhy was it such a big deal to stop it being in .se? Because they are lax on copyright? Wouldn't russia be a better domain?", "This is all fun and games, but I can't access Pirate Bay in Portugal, my Internet company has blocked it. Anyway around this?\n\nEDIT: it*", "The porn industry did it before anyone else: Make your content free and easy to access, and people will come in HUGE numbers, which you can capitalize on with ad revenue. Sell ad spots on your sites in a real-time, auction-style system which ensures fair market value for ad spots, and you make a fortune.\n\nThe moment major movie and TV studios get this, will be the moment they save themselves from oblivion. At this rate, movies are so terrible for the most part that most people can't justify paying for them, anyway.\n\nTelevision is going the way of the dodo as well. 95% of TV shows are absolutely terrible. Most TV stations only exist because people are forced to subscribe to them in order to get the channels they actually want. If cable companies allowed everyone to choose channels 1 at a time, I believe at least 75% of TV stations would go bankrupt in a heartbeat. \n\nNetworks like HBO understand their customer base. Create decent, high quality programming that isn't constantly interrupted by the same 3 commercials which are very obviously aimed at specific, easily-identified demographics (denture cleaners, life insurance, stair elevator/escalator chair thingies advertised during The Price Is Right, for example), and people will love you for it and pay a premium for your service. \n\nFor everything else, like the ridiculous reality shows that plague the airwaves, just take all that crap and put it on a site like pornhub for non-adult content, make it free, and sell the ads. \n\nThis is the only way you'll ever truly negate the demand for piracy.", "At this point the take down attempts are just advertising, bringing a bunch of new users to the pirate-bay.\n\nAll that the anti-piracy efforts seem to do is provide an evolutionary pressure to become really resilient.\n\nIt also has produced a niche-industry that makes money fighting piracy, so wiping out piracy really isn't in their interest.\n\nGoing after the users isn't really an option, since that strengthens/causes the Pirate Party.\n\nPiracy probably could have been avoided as a mass phenomenon, if we had a fairer society, that doesn’t teach people the lesson that *ruthless & merciless wins the race*.\n\nThe financial sharks that screwed over so many talented but naive programmers in the dot-com-bubble at the turn of the millennium, did their share to produce the robin-hood/rebel mentality.\n\nI think Piracy is a net positive, because it produces the pressure for improvements in business-practices as well as innovation.\n\nIn the face of overwhelmingly powerful corporations it seems to be that causing chaos and disorder is the only voice loud enough to heard.\n\nFor me Piracy still has to kill DRM and Geo-blocking, then it can go away.", "How was TPB originally set up? Was it one dude with a lot of content or was it a group effort? Basically I guess how was filesharing and pirating discovered? I need a history.", "The big thing in this event isn't that they siezed the \"_URL_2_\" domain. The big thing is that they siezed A domain that isn't doing anything more illegal than google is. It could have been any domain really, but they did start the beginning of internet censorship in Sweden, which is a problem.", "A couple questions I haven't seen here:\n\n* How do people buy domains from different countries? Do they live there?\n\n* Who is doing this? Random people who like pirating or a staff? \n\n* Do they get paid? Ad revenue?\n\n* If anyone can download the website and upload it to a server? Why are there only official sites and not a bunch of useless copies?", "I'm kinda tech savy, but I don't under stand the word \"seized\" in this context.\n\nWhy is there a redirect to _URL_3_ even after _URL_4_ got seized? I'd understand that they grabbed permissions of the domain name and therefore no redirect could happen, but this seems not to be the case.", "How much does it cost to launch a satellite? Can they host the site legally in space?\n\nWhat happens if they don't use a domain and everyone visits an IP address? What sort of legal action can occur against the IP address?", "Instead of spending all this money tracking down/seizing property/domains etc why don't the feds just give that money to the music/film industry and we all are happy.", "Kinda related to the topic of the pirate bay, but I was using it and happened to come across an album I like, by Kanye. So I downloaded the torrent and get a letter the next day from our ISP (Verizon) saying to cease and desist. Did they send me the letter because I have been doing it too often or because Kanye's record label Def Jams is the one monitoring me. I thought it was Def Jams because I have been guilty of getting other albums yet no cease and desist letter.", "ELI5: Why can't they touch the load balancer and transit-routers instead? How are those being \"hidden\"?\n\nI get they could get more, but wouldnt that be a much bigger hit than any domain or VM \"seizures\"? Isn't that hardware that would need to be replaced?", "I love the token Time Warner pop up I get as soon as I click on torrent files in Pirate Bay - Good try boys", "What can I do as a layman, to help the PiratBay stay alive?", "People will pirate if:\n\n1) piracy is the only way to obtain the goods. Examples would be TV shows or games not available in your country.\n\n2) they simply cannot afford to pay. Examples would be poor countries where the media industry set the price too high. $60 for a game is fine in Europe, but not in Afghanistan.\n\n3) pirate sites beat legal sites in quality, availability and comfort. If I know I can find what I'm looking for on a pirate site in good quality, why would I bother to go check multiple legal sites with multiple clients, yadda yadda..\n\n4) prices across the board are too high on legal sites. This one is tricky, since what people perceive as a \"fair\" price depends on many factors.", "So I understand magnet links greatly aid in reducing size of the site and thus making it easier to transfer, and magnet links are downloaded through P2P.\n\nBut where are the files themselves hosted? For example, if I want to download Album X, where are the mp3s actually stored? What if no one is connected to you via p2p because its a very low popularity album? And how does this all translate to a .torrent file?\n\nNot very good with networking, I only really understand what p2p is due to some games having p2p online servers.", "No one is talking about media consumption being ruled by major corporate networks and that small media companies need a way to level the playing field: Putting their movies in 720p on torrent, and offering 1080/4k for $3.99 directly from their own website.\n\n/only movies I'm talking about in this example.", "Question, if a site was made that simply stated the current pirate bay URL, would it be able to be taken down? Seems like they wouldn't be breaking any laws and it would provide a constant clear path to the site.", "This goes to show that the people rule the world. No leader or government can ever stop us. It's now at the internet age the people take back the world. It's a very exciting time to be living.", "As far as my understanding goes, it's illegal to seed torrents, but not necessarily to download torrents. Something about protecting people who download things, unaware they're getting pirated stuff. Is there any truth to that?", "What's a torrent? I get that PirateBay helps you \"torrent\" stuff for free, but I don't understand exactly how that's different from streaming a show on Hulu or something.", "Kind of a general question but can they ever wipe out Pirate bay completely...assuming the people behind Pirate bay never give up on the website?", "Why are they not registered on the namecoin system yet? Seems like a convenient method for those who care enough.", "Why aren't any of these type of sites just hosted on a Native American reservation in the U.S.?", "What is pirate bay and why does reddit love it so much?" ]

[ "You like pink crayons a lot. There is this place where you can get free pink crayons, but you have to deal with ads and possibly malware. Also the pink crayons are low quality and the place may not have the specific type or model of pink crayon you are looking for. Now there is this other place where if you pay a bit you get the newest, best pink crayons that you choose as soon as they come out without ever dealing with ads or any other hassle. To some its worth paying for, for others the free place works.", "They've been around for 10 years so it's pretty much impossible that they aren't making money. There are two things to note about their business model...\n\n* Running sites like that incurs a lot of fixed costs (servers and bandwidth) but once you've paid for it, it isn't actually costing you much per user. You have 50 servers and a 10 gigabit internet connection, say, so getting 50,000 free users per hour doesn't really cost you much more than getting 500 paid users.\n* Therefor, it works a bit like the spam model. Even if only 1% of people will pay for premium access or buy an advertised product or install malware, that's actually fine given that you can reach millions of users." ]

[ "so essentially making money from letting requires a large amount of time and/or starting capital?", "You're making the assumption that the market price of the house today (which is presumably where you got the mortgage repayment figures from) is the price for which the landlord bought it.\n\nAs a resident of the UK you're no doubt aware of the fact that in most parts of the country house prices have increased faster than inflation every year for the past two decades or more. In other words, even if your landlord bought the house only five years ago he'd have paid probably only 80% of its current market value. If he bought it ten years or more ago it would have cost him less than half of what it's currently worth. His mortgage would therefore be much much smaller.", "Why are you assuming your landlord has a mortgage on the property? If (s)he owns it outright, your £750 pounds is a nice income on that property. If not, it cuts the cost of the mortgage in half, and becomes profitable later on.", "your landlord probably isn't paying anywhere near that or they simply act as a manager for the property to someone who owns many properties", "Either the landlord owes nothing on the house (paid of the mortgage, or inherited the house), or he purchased the house years ago at a much lower cost.\n\nDebt is a hedge against inflation. It's entirely possibly he's paying his 1997 mortgage with your 2014 rent money.", "my mortgage is $600ish. my property tax is 400ish. my target price for renting out is $1500. =profit" ]

[ "Just because it's \"widescreen\" doesn't mean that it's the same exact aspect ratio as your TV. A movie with black bars on the top and bottom was filmed in an aspect ration that's even wider than your widescreen TV.\n\n\nLook [here](_URL_1_). Most widescreen TV's are 16:9 (the third from the bottom on that page), and many movies are filmed in 2.39:1 (the one on the very bottom). Clearly, you cannot shrink the bottom one to fit on a 16:9 screen without having bars at the top and bottom with no picture. Well, you can if you can tolerate a distorted, squished picture. Another option is to use [Pan and Scan](_URL_0_), which gets rid of the black bars at the expense of cutting off the sides of the picture." ]

[ "When you make an outbound call, the calling system gives the phone system the caller ID information. The reason this can be (legitimately) different from the actual call is for example a business that has both direct lines to each extension and a main line. An employee calling out would show up with the main line as their caller ID so that if the person calls back they get the main number (this way you’re not giving out the direct number unless you needed to). \n\nThe spammers take advantage of this system to spoof a number in the caller ID. \n\nThe phone company could counter this by comparing the caller ID info with a number you legitimately own, but they get a lot of money for all these spam calls and they’re not incentivized enough to change how they do things." ]

[ "This is just one example. \n\nMore grazing animals means less vegetation for other animals to use as a home or shelter from prey.\n\nThey also took vegetation away from the river banks causing more erosion. (The roots held the soil in place)\n\nThe reintroduction of wolves stopped that and kept the grazing animal population in check, allowing the vegetation to grow back.", "There was a short video that came out a year or two ago on this very topic. You can see *[How wolves change rivers](_URL_1_)*, only four minutes long or so.\n\nEssentially, the absence of the large predator allowed large grazing animal populations to boom, and because the herds had to eat, they ended up stripping the area of most of the vegetation. This in turn impacted the number and variety of small animals, birds, and insects the area could support.\n\nThe loss of so much vegetation also increased soil runoff into creeks, which impacted the fish and aquatic insects. And of course, the loss of soil changes (again) the plants that can grow.\n\nThe wolves ate some deer, but more importantly they were able to influence behavior of the deer and force them to move from area to area, allowing areas to regenerate between seasons of being partially de-nuded. As different zones of the park were able to have a break from the constant pressure of the deer, the overall ecological health of each area improved :). Healthier plants, and a wider variety of plants supported a greater diversity of other animals and insects, and improved soil retention (reduced erosion). The reduced erosion meant waterways could support more life as they were no longer full of mud and dust. Good times all around.\n\nTourism may also have spiked, especially in the first few years after the re-introduction; and you will find very few people suggesting boosting the local economy of towns around the parks is a bad thing. As long as visits are not so numerous as to create over-trafficking problems to the area that cash-flow is a plus for the region :).\n\nThe idea is related to the [Keystone Species Theory](_URL_0_). Beavers and Prairie Dogs and humans among many other species fall into this category along with wolves." ]

[ "Planning and decision making for motor movement happens in the [premotor cortex](_URL_0_). To see where it is, find a spot on the top of your head that's about three inches back from your hairline. This is the section in your brain that makes the decisions about lifting limbs and looking at the ceiling. It takes in information from many parts of the brain including the senses, the emotional centers, and long term planning structures before making a decision. When it decides, it sends a command to the [Motor Cortex](_URL_1_) which is just a bit closer to the back of the head. The Motor Cortex is a doer. It takes the big decision made by the Pre-Motor Cortex and figures out how to implement it. \"Move your leg!\" says the PMC, and the MC calculates what muscles in what order need to be fired. If it's a movement that's been done to the point of being automatic (like walking or tying shoelaces) then the MC relies some on the Cerebellum to coordinate, as the Cerebellum stores all those highly practiced movements." ]

[ "\"President\" is a term that is often based on the law of the place where the company is created. For example in the United States, most states require that a corporation have a person with the title President. That title carries with it some legal obligations that tie the individual to the actions of the company.\n\nMost jurisdictions don't define or require anyone to hold the title \"Chief Executive Officer\". \n\nDepending on the size of the entity, the President and the CEO may be the same person. Large entities may be comprised of several smaller companies, each with a legally required \"President\", who may report to the CEO at the top of the organizational structure.\n\nSome companies may separate the two titles for internal organizational reasons, for historical reasons, or because someone thinks it's clever.\n\nIt is rare for a company to have a CEO who reports to a President. CEO has become the de facto title for \"the highest level of the executive ladder\", but that's arbitrary and fashion could change.", "CEO is higher. Usually the head of the board of directors.\n\nPresident is often the (slightly) more hands-on leader of a division or office.\n\nAs an example the firm I work for has a CEO and a board of directors who are rarely seen, then beneath them are the division presidents - one for each of five state groupings we have. Beneath them are the vice presidents, then the office leaders, then the department managers, then the supervisors and finally the everyday employees.\n\nHow the leadership is structured will depend on the firm, but the CEO will usually be of a higher rank than the president. In very small firms though, it's not uncommon for the owner to call themselves \"CEO and President\", which basically means they take on both roles." ]

[ "The short answer is that at the chemical level biology is very complicated. We tend to think of all sickness and injury the same way we think of, say, a bullet wound---a single, distinct harm that directly interferes with how something in the body works in a simple way. \n\nBut that's not how all harms work. Nicotine and other carcinogens can cause damage in many ways and at many levels. They can harm cells, different parts of DNA, and different things in different parts of the body. And these harms might not happen every time, or from every puff, depending on random chance. \n\nAnd even when they do cause harm, it might not be enough. Maybe person A has a stronger immune system then person B. Or maybe person B happens to be genetically more vulnerable to cancer than person A. Or maybe person A ends up getting cancer in a cell that happens to get killed the next day by a bacteria, while person B gets it in a cell that survives long enough to grow. \n\nThere are so many variables between exposure to the toxic substance and the expression of some linked disease that even when the negative health effects are clear---as with smoking---it is almost never going to be the case that everyone will get the same injuries, or even any injury at all." ]

[ "The phenomenon of being more easily amused falls under Emotional Lability which means emotional changeability or instability. You're probably more likely to cry too. In extreme cases, this is a medical condition, see _URL_0_ but in regular life, it's just that the parts of your brain which keep you on an even keel aren't working quite so well.", "Because your brain is basking in dopamine. When we get pretty damn tired, our body tries to regulate all the chemicals it may produce - including dopamine and serotonin - and you will generally get a little bit of that tasty business which will make you feel a little goofy and euphoric. Sometimes, I'm sure you've noticed, if you stay awake through this you'll get a little bit of a second wind, too!", "Follow-up question: why are some people (like me) pretty much unfazed by anything? Like, when I watch a movie I mostly just . . . watch. I don't cry, I don't laugh, etc, almost never\n\nAaand . . . if it's wrong, can it be \"corrected\"?\n\nSorry for the not really disinterested question", "I once read about how our brain, when we are in a drowsy state of mind makes us react (in terms of reaction time) the same as we would when drunk. Thus making it a bad idea to drive in that situation. \nIf that is the case, reacting to funny and sad things like you would when drunk is a possibility too. \n\nBtw in germany the word for drowsy is \"schlaftrunken\" which is literal translated to \"sleep drunk\" as in drunk from sleep.", "I get grumpy easy and snap a lot if I'm really tired. I thought this was the case with most people. \n\nI've actually never heard of what OP described.", "I've also had boners sometimes when I'm tired or sleepy, is that similar?", "Is this normal? I'm the complete opposite. When I'm tired everything pisses me off. I can go from normal to pure rage in seconds.", "I had no idea this was a thing. When I was in high school, I pulled an all nighter and before I finally went to bed, I remember laughing so hard at a pillow. I guess the concept coupled with the funny sounding name amused me.", "Neurologically, when you are tired, your frontal lobe has less control over your brain. The frontal lobe is what makes humans human. It is our internal censor as well as our sentry, regulating how we process what we experience in the world (other brain structures contribute, but the frontal lobe is almost like the master switch). When you are tired, your frontal lobe loosens up a bit, loosening both what you say and think, as well as how the rest of your brain processes input. Individuals with frontal lobe damage often have similar experiences. I wrote my master's thesis on psychosurgery, lobotomy in particular, and it was common for patients who had undergone psychosurgery to find humor (and express it) in inappropriate or random situations.", "I know of that as being \"a little punchy\", not sure where the expression came from tho...always thought that it resulted from too much focus on something for too long but fatigue is part of it too. Too much time in the recording studio, especially when waiting around for someone else to do their work, is usually when I can think of it happening to me. Stupid stuff just seems much funnier than it should and what would usually get a mild chuckle will make me laugh so hard that tears come to my eyes. It's almost like a spasm that I can't control. Someone says something silly and then something else gets piled on and I'm convulsing with laughter and can't stop!\nNever thought of it as a problem, doesn't happen very often and those posting that OP should \"see a doctor\" are probably on the autism spectrum if I were to hazzard a guess. No offense intended to my Aspie homies, some of my best friends etc etc.....", "Lowered Executive function due to fatigue; It's like being drunk or having ADHD. Your organization parts of your brain isn't working as well as well as your intent would like it.", "Not to sound overly simplistic, but maybe you just get surprised by stuff more easily when you're too tired to pay as much attention.\n\nHumor is all about unexpected things, right? If you're not paying attention to things, you're not waiting for the results that you think will happen, and whatever happens is unexpected, which can make it funny.", "Because the more tired you are, the dumber you are. The dumber you are, the more you will laugh at unfunny things. The same reason Adam Sandler movies seemed funny when you were younger. Because you were dumber.", "Its called \"being in the moment\". You've let go of labels and most thoughts which literally torment you all day long. In this moment your attention is in this very moment and not on some imaginary future which hasn't happened yet, or some long forgotten past where you've been hurt or done wrong. Its an amazing place to be and its the basis of meditation. \nEckheart Tolle the author of \"the power of now\" said, to feel like this all the time you probably need to take acid but you can achieve this state of being just by separating yourself from your thoughts and realizing that your thoughts are simply, not you. Real life experience for most people however is done through their mind, they don't really see that beautiful tree, their mind just labels it as a \"tree\" and instantly moves back into thinking mode. And we treat people like this too. That guy isn't some amazing being miraculous in every aspect but a \"boring accountant i have nothing in common with\". Most drugs take you into this \"no mind\" state that's why we become a million times more sociable, good listeners, less fearful and just have fun. Drugs however have come downs and are not a permanent solution.", "ITT drug salesmen.\n\nIt happens because your brain isn't operating as rapidly as normal, and so the interplay between expectation and reality which makes up the basis of humor is more drawn out. You'll spend longer with an incorrect expectation, and when you grasp what the reality is, you'll find it funnier since you'll be like \"woah! I can't believe I actually thought that ______! hahahahhahahahahah!\"", "Why is it, that when I get really tired, I can't use commas correctly?", "Its not something i really looked in to, but I think one big part of it that is that fact that you are tired and you cannot think things through fast enough. What makes things funny is the surprise, the unexpected twist etc.\nIf you are tired and do not have the energy to analyze things as they happen you cannot predict what will happen and this things are almost always a surprise.\n\nThis is certainly one one part of why that happens but you will have to wait for someone with knowledge of what happens with the brain as our energy levels decrease and how whose things effect how we process humor", "why do i do productive things, dance, and sing at the top of my lungs when I am without sleep for over 24 hours, but if I am well rested I don't feel like talking to anyone, fuck dancing, singing can go fuck itself, and all I feel like doing is rotting away while playing video games?", "Short-term sleep deprivation actually acts as an antidepressant, and levels of certain neurotransmitters (like serotonin) that make you feel good are increased after sleep deprivation. Serotonin is the same brain chemical targeted by SSRI antidepressants like Prozac. \n\n_URL_1_", "Interestingly, sleep deprivation eases depression (obviously not a long term treatment though). _URL_2_" ]

[ "Electric currents aren't like Austin from middle school, they don't come out, wander around, bug people, and then go back home. \n\nElectricity flows from negatively charged objects, to positively charged objects, until the system is neutral. That's all there is to it. If electricity flows from one location, that means that location has a negative charge, and the electricity *doesn't want to go back*. It wants to find the most positively charged location, and make it balanced. \n\nIf the most positively charged location available is the ground, then it will happily go through you to the ground. If it is an anode, then it will do that too (which is why it's dangerous to work on electronics with two hands).", "You don't need to be grounded to be shocked. You can be shocked by 120v to ground or you can be shocked by 120v to -120v (phase to phase) without being grounded, for example.", "Electricity moves from negative to positive. If you arent a possible path from the negative to positive you wont get shocked." ]

[ "Plaque isn't just one bactera it is what is known as a biofilm. Layers and layers of diferent bactera and their extracellular matrixs. Pretty much any bactera can eventually form biofilms. Everyone has bactera on and in their bodies called their natural flora. Your natural flora bactera grow into the plaque on your teeth.", "Bacteria are everywhere. In your mouth, on your skin, inside your body, on your food, in the air... everywhere" ]

[ "In addition to what's already been said about the actual technological differences, one major difference is working conditions.\n\nHard Disks are produced and sealed in clean factories to ensure there is no contamination. They are encased in thick unbend-able metal. From the day you start using it, you can't bend it, get it dirty, scratch it, or really abuse it in any way. The parts inside that rigid case are precisely machined to fit together and be aligned perfectly, and because you can't stick your fingers in there, they stay that way. Precision engineering.\n\nMeanwhile DVDs and other similar disks are made from cheap soft easily scratched, easily bent plastic. In use they get coated with your filthy greasy fingerprints. They'll get scratched when you handle them, when your kids put them in the player they'll get jam and cat hair over them. You bend and distort them each time you remove them from the case, and you can put them in a huge variety of players of varying quality.\n\nSo while the hard disk can afford to store one bit of data in an incredibly tiny spot on the disk because it knows it will have the precision to address it exactly, safe from damage, dirt, and distortion, the DVD has to keep its bits of data in larger lumps so it can still be seen through your filthy fingerprints and coffee stains on your bent and scratched disk. It also keeps some parts of the disk to store checksum information (a bit like backups) to make up for those bits it still can't read.", "Continued technology improvements. When the DVD was invented it was considered impressively high-capacity. But it's limited by the requirement that discs be reproduced by physically molding plastic -- each \"bit\" of data is an actual pit in the plastic, detected by a laser shining on it. [Diagram here.](_URL_0_)\n\nThe tiny size of bits on a modern hard drive goes way below what you can reliably make that way." ]

[ "Maybe it's not racism or discrimination in the traditional sense, but I've heard anecdotally that whites in Sub-Saharan Africa are more likely to be targeted by robbers because they stand out it's presumed that they have money.", "A fair amount, depending on the country. Zimbabwe (Under Mugabe) for example, seized all white farmers' lands for fairly racist reasons, which, ironically, completely devastated their economy, and caused a massive starvation problem." ]

[ "Companies that have to choose between Airbus or Boeing still consist of people (who can be manipulated through commercials), and they can sadly often do so with bias even though they're supposed to run the numbers and make an informed decision.", "brand recognition. They want you to *value* that your flying on a Boeing airplane, so that name has extra value when they try to sell their planes to the airline.", "Because Boeing is a publicly traded company. Marketing affects public opinion and stock prices.", "The same reason Coke makes commercials, branding. Even folks that buy planes are susceptible the effects of slick advertising.", "There's an argument that Coca Cola doesn't need advertisement because it's so popular. But the fact is, it's popular because of the constant advertisement. \n\nImagine advertisements as a reminder - if coca cola didn't advertise, you'd be constantly reminded to drink Pepsi, and in time, the only thing you would hear are reminders about pepsi. Eventually the concept of coca cola will vanish from the collective consciousness." ]

[ "This is actually one of the major issues with American football. The padding protects from the blunt hit and spreads out the impact so you aren't taking a lot of force to a particular place on your body, but your body is still being shoved really hard as a whole. This means the force is spread out and absorbed a bit so your skeleton isn't taking such a direct impact, but since a body at rest tends to stay at rest, when you get hit, your organs like to stay where they are as your skeleton is forced to move and they bang around inside their cage.", "Your ribs are fairly flexible, and that elasticity helps prevent the more serious injuries related to broken ribs (namely punctured lungs, which can be life threatening). The ribs do protect the major organs in your rib cage, and without those ribs, those bruised lungs would have been far more severe. Bruised lungs are much less severe than broken ribs, so the elasticity helps to protect despite what you might think." ]

[ "I think my dentist was counting money while my hygienist was scraping my teeth.", "Scraping off the plaque build up. And it is usually the dental hygienist not the actual dentist.", "Most of the time they're looking at how much plaque is on or around your teeth. In other instances they're determining texture of the top layer of enamel. Both of these factor into the health of your teeth and help with diagnosing any problems you may have.", "They are removing what is called calculus (sometimes also tartar, or \"teeth stone\"), which is a hardened form of plaque. It's bad for your gums and can cause gum bleeding.", "If the hygienist is doing it, he/she is removing plaque and tartar buildup. If the dentist is doing it he/she either is not bothered enough to hire a hygienist :p, or is checking for cavities after your cleaning. The metal 'pick\" is to explore all the little grooves and surfaces of the teeth to make sure there are no 'holes' or tiny pits which the instrument sticks into when poked at which could signify decay." ]

[ "It's because servers where traditionally named according to the services they provide. So a world wide web server had www., a file transfer protocol server had ftp., et caetera. We stopped having to type it because nowadays, the www._URL_0_ and _URL_0_ URLs both refer to the same server (URL is like a set of coordinates on a map that is given to your web browser to go and find the web site). Some sites don't, and so typing either form might yield different results.\n\nMost browsers also add the www. in automatically, to stop any problems that might occur.", "Back when giant lizards roamed the earth, there were many different ways to access the internet, all of them text based. A site's name would give you a clue as to what program you needed to use...gopher, lynx, ftp, telnet, etc.\n\nWhen the World Wide Web came along, www was used to let you know you were going to need a web browser and a machine capable of displaying graphics. Eventually, almost all sites were www, and the other sites fell into obscurity. The www is a holdover from that distant era." ]

[ "\"Imaginary\" is a bad word for them because they definitely exist, they're just part of the complex plane.\n\nImagine the number line, which contains all \"real\" numbers going off left and right into infinity. Left is negative, right is positive. Take a step to the right and you're at 1, a step to the left and you're at -1. Now imagine you take a step *forward* instead of left or right. Or you take a step backwards. You're going *somewhere*, you're going to a number - a number that definitely \"exists\" but it's not on this line that contains all \"real\" numbers. So when you take one step forward, it's not in the 1 direction, it's in the i direction. A step backwards is in the -i direction. Two steps is 2i, then 3i, etc. You have another number line that stretches forward and backward to infinity, which is the \"imaginary\" number line. When you put them together, you get the complex plane: that is, if you take three steps to the right and four steps forward, your position can't be described just by the real or imaginary number line, it's at 3+4i.\n\nYou can do this again with the \"up/down\" direction and create another number line that isn't real *or* imaginary numbers, that goes into three dimensions. Those are *quaternions* - units of numbers that are further into complex dimentions. The new line is marked with j, then k...and you can just keep going into more and more dimensions.\n\n[Relevant Numberphile](_URL_0_)\n\nEDIT: A word, and I'm bad at math.", "I feel like the answers that have been given are missing something. Just talking about the complex plane misses the point, since then you're just talking about higher-dimensional real numbers; just saying they involve the square root of -1 doesn't tell you why we care about having a square root of -1.\n\nThe motivation for complex numbers comes from polynomials. If I write an equation like\n\nx^5 + 3x^4 - 7x^3 + 20x^2 + 2x + 1 = 0\n\nthen it's quite natural to ask about values of x that solve this equation. The trouble is, in the general case, such as with\n\nx^2 + 1 = 0\n\nthere won't necessarily be any solutions. So what do we do? Well, let's just *make up* a solution. Suppose there is a number, call it i, such that i^2 = -1. Note that there are no *real* numbers for which this is true. Doing this, setting x = i in the above equation solves it... but that's not all. We said i was just like any other number, so we can add, subtract, multiply, and divide with it. The only special thing is that i^2 = -1.\n\nThe reason we don't just dismiss this as arbitrary is that not only is the above equation solved, but now *all equations* of the form\n\na0 + a1 * x + a2 * x^2 + ... + an * x^n = 0\n\nhave a solution. In fact, they have exactly n solutions (modulo multiplicity), and we got this just by saying i^2 = -1.\n\nThis just one of the many ways that complex numbers (which is a real number + an imaginary number) are a natural generalization of the real numbers. As it turns out, they can also be a useful tool for engineers/physicists because of this.\n\nSo, to answer the question, it isn't so much that there is a \"difference\" between imaginary and real numbers, rather that imaginary numbers are a *natural extension* of real numbers.", "Since nobody's gone into it the way I had it explained to me, I'll just toss another post into the mix. It helps to have some context in terms of what various types of numbers are, and why we care about them.\n\nWe started off with the most obvious numbers: the numbers you count with. 1, 2, 3, 4, ... We call these the **natural numbers**\n\nWe came up with the concept of zero, and realized that we could give every number an *additive inverse* (basically, a negative). This gave us **the integers**: ..., -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ..., and allowed us to define subtraction.\n\nThen we realized that there was another concept not covered by these; fractions! Say we have three people and two pizzas; no integer will split them evenly among us. So we have the **rational numbers** (which are a ratio of two integers): 1/2, 365/48, -7727/78, etc.\n\nBut then we came across another problem; the number √2 definitely exists; if you have a square with a side length of one, this is the length of your diagonal. But it's not a natural number, integer, or rational number. The numbers which 'fill in the blanks' in this manner are the **real numbers**.\n\nSo, similar to how we realized that we could 'unlock' subtraction by defining negative integers, we decided to see what happens if you take the square root of a negative number, and we defined an **imaginary unit** i = √(-1).\n\n**Complex numbers** are a number with a **real part** and an **imaginary part**, such as 1 + 3i, or 27 - 4i. It turns out that including the concept of a negative square root is actually consistent with everything we already knew - in fact, we can learn a lot about real numbers by exploring properties of complex ones!", "The real numbers are all the numbers you grew up working with - 1,2,3,4, 4.5, 1/3, 1.2345, -27, 3.1415... and so on.\n\nWhen you limit yourself to the real numbers, the square root of -1 is undefined - there's just no possible number it can be.\n\nTo get around this, mathematicians defined **i** as the square root of -1. Giving you `i * i = -1`. Imaginary numbers are any real number multiplied by **i** : i, 2i, 3i, 4i, 4.5i, i/3, 1.2345\\*i, -27i, 3.1415...\\*i and so on.\n\nThen you also have the *complex numbers* which are made up of *both* real & imaginary parts - things like `(2.5 + 3i)`. Really, anything of the form `(a + bi)` where a & b are real numbers." ]