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[ "Traditionally Aaron is pronounced 'air-on'. It derives from the Hebrew 'Aharon'. Thus, the double a is from the loss of the 'breathy' second a. 'Aaliyah' is spelt with two as presumably to show the long a sound in the Arabic original.", "Many names or words with double letters or silent letters are just artifacts of a time when we either did pronounce the letters (knight was keh-nixt or keh-nicht, light was lixt), or have dropped letters from the word that used to be pronounced (plough became plow, but used to be pronounced like plug).\n\nThere are a ton of other reasons that a silent letter might pop up; letters that were **added for really no good reason** (the \"u\" in neighbour/honour in UK spelling), **to clarify an origin or meaning** (the s in isle was added to look like the Latin insula, and then later put in island for the same reason), **consonant clusters might just be pronounced differently in your region so they appear silent** (azma instead of asthma, or Chrissmus instead of Christmas) , **a letter may exist just to show it's a version of another word** (the n in damn reflects it's actually the shortened damnation, the g in phlegm reflects phlegmatic), and some other reasons as well." ]

[ "The best information we have is from games that have been discontinued and then years later there is a project to restore the development of the game or movie in order to make a new release. And the archiving process varies wildly between companies and projects. You should think that it is enough just to make a zip file of all your source files and write it to a tape. However there is still a lot of external dependencies like compilers, libraries, tools and such. So even with the source files you may not have the same versions of the external dependencies and it would take a bit of work to be able to start development again. We even have studios archiving different versions of different source files so they do not actually work together without modifications. Digital archeology can be frustrating.", "It depends on the company and its policies.\n\n > Is it as simple as a .zip file on a server somewhere?\n\nPerhaps, especially for older titles.\n\nFor modern software, almost always a Git (or other version control) repository is used, which keeps a history of changes during development, allows many simultaneous changes to be made independent of each other, and keeps track of releases. There is usually a central server where the master repository lives, either on a physical server (likely many servers) on company property, hosted by a hosting provider like AWS, or on a dedicated cloud service like GitHub. When the project is discontinued, the repository might be set to read-only, allowing the code to be seen but not changed.", "Version control software is used to control the history of all code source files. \n\nThese are typically backed by a database engine.\n\nYou can take backups of the database, and typically store it as a GZipped TAR-ball (tar collapsing the directory structure and gzip doing compression).\n\nIf you wanted to restore, you would need to restore the database, and then the version control software to interpret it.", "That really depends on the company and its practices.\n\nSome might archive it properly on a server with back up copies.\n\nSome might just have a CD master file and that's it.\n\nEarly days of gaming, lots of stuff wasn't really archived well because... Why? The idea of re-releasing or remastering games wasn't a thing, so lots of companies didn't take good steps to archive their work." ]

[ "In terms of \"how much of a virus do you need\" - we don't really know, in most cases. Some viruses, such as influenza or adenoviruses, only require 10 particles to cause infection. It depends on how the virus infects (it is harder to get infect through the skin than it is to be taken in as someone breathes, for example). \n\nFor \"why does x person get infected over y person\" - it relies on a couple of different factors, all of which are different depending on the virus and the individual person being infected:\n\n1. If you've been exposed to the virus before, your body will have built up what is known as \"immunological memory\" - it has immune cells stored away from the last infection, which can prevent a second infection from building up (so effectively that you may not even know you have had a repeat infection!) \n2. How contagious the virus is. Some viruses are heavy, and when in the air, can't spread well, so don't infect many people. In contrast, the most contagious virus - measles - is an extremely light particle, and can float in a room for hours after it an infected individual has been there. The letter R is used to mark how many people an infected person will infect - for measles, every person infected will infect 17 others, on average. So if the virus is extremely contagious, a lot of people are likely to get it. If not, then only an unlucky few will.\n3. Personal immunity. Just like everyone has different DNA, we all have cells and receptors for things in the body to bind to. This is really diverse, even between family members. Some people have receptors for one virus or bacterium to bind to, but others do not. This is why, even between siblings and parents, some people get sick from a certain pathogen, but others don't. In essence, it can come down to luck.\n4. Health. A healthy individual may have a better functioning immune system, allowing a more rapid and effective assault on a viral infection. Others who are \"immunocompromised\" (such as AIDS sufferers) or more elderly don't have this same functionality, so cannot so easily get rid of an infection. This is why people so often get secondary illnesses in hospitals (as well as the fact that there are many sick people concentrated in a small area) - they are already unwell, and don't have the capacity to fight off further infection. \n5. Personal hygiene. One of the single biggest factors for preventing viral infection (which most effectively spreads through bodily fluids released from a cough/sneeze) is washing your hands. If someone with the flu touches the button to open the train door, then you touch that some button, and then your mouth/nose/eyes/opening... you see where this is going. \n\nWhen you think that a cough can release hundreds of thousands of these particles, and a sneeze millions, you can see how this could be common! But our immune system has a number of very effective techniques to prevent viruses from entry in the first place (the skin, mucous, chemicals in bodily fluids), and prevents a huge number of foreign pathogens infecting us every day.", "1 virion is all it takes to make you ill.\nThere's a few factors at play in whether someone contracts a viral infection. Your immune response is obviously a big one. If you've encountered the virus before then you've already got the tools to deal with it again. Another interesting aspect is the fact that someone else's immune system can stop you getting ill. It's called Herd Immunity. Basically someone else's immune system beats the infection before it gets anywhere near you. Viruses are also obligate intracellular parasites. This means they need to get into a cell quickly or they \"die\". You might just get lucky that no virions made it up your nose in time. Hope this helps", "Cold and Flu aren't the same thing. A factoid I learned recently was quite interesting: there's about 200 different cold viruses that you catch repeatedly through your life, and you're immune for about three years after catching any one of them. 200 variants is plenty to keep catching them over and over again." ]

[ "The U.S. is heavily forested and has Canada (another forested country) as a neighbor. Wood is cheap, abundant, and can easily be molded/shaped. \nHowever, you do get more concrete structures in certain areas like hurricane/tornado zones.\n\nEdit: It's also cheaper to repair, replace, and build on to.", "In the UK almost no houses are built of concrete, ours are built of brick or stone. Just after the end of WWII a lot of buildings were pre-fabricated concrete but they have since had the concrete removed in favour of brick (in my area anyway)", "Doesn't answer the question, but almost all structure in Japan (outside of large modern buildings) are entirely made of wood and constructed without nails.\n\nJapan is pretty rich in trees and very not in iron, and because of the proximity to the ocean, they knew they would have to repair buildings often to keep rot damage at bay. Almost all of the construction is done with advanced joinery in a way that all buildings could be easily deconstructed in sections and replaced, because wood is so easy to replace and is easily renewable.", "Concrete building is very labour intensive. If a country has an expansive labour cost, it is a less attractive (economically) construction method.", "Because you didn't read the three little pigs when you were younger to understand that straw and wood are inferior?" ]

[ "An extradition agreement is a policy signed by two countries that basically declares that each country is not a legal \"safe haven\" from each other. For instance, if you're wanted in the US, and you flee to the UK, the police in the UK can arrest you and ship you back to the US to stand trial. Most extradition treaties have a clause where one country can revoke extradition if they believe that the suspect's human rights are being violated (in this instance, the UK could demand the return of someone they extradited to the US if they have a legitimate concern that the prisoner is being tortured).\n\nThe extradition treaty that was proposed between Hong Kong and China was essentially one-way, so the government of China could issue a warrant against anyone in Hong Kong (but Hong Kong couldn't issue a warrant against someone in China), and there was no provision protecting the human rights of the extradited prisoners. Basically, if the extradition treaty had been agreed to and signed, China could have started just forcing the Hong Kong government to send people from Hong Kong to China and 'disappear' them without consequence." ]

[ "It's because of light refracting through the heated air just above the surface of the road.\n\nRefraction causes light (as well as other things like sound and waves) to bend when they move from one material to another. The heated air is different enough from the cooler air above it (due to density and heat expansion, etc) that the light refracts. It looks wavy like water because the way the light is being refracted changes as the boundary of the hot layer shifts due to wind and heating and stuff.", "Ok nobody is explaining like you're five.\n\nTake a straw and stick it in a glass of water. Now look from the side. See how the straw looks like it's cut in half and the lower half is at a different angle?\n\nImagine the air as layers and layers of water and with each layer, the straw looks more and more bent.\n\nBy the time it reaches your eyes, the straw has completely curved around to the point where now you see the end of the straw instead of the side.\n\nThat's what's happening. Light, like the straw, gets \"bent\" when it moves between two different densities. Air that's been heated by the pavement has a different density than regular air, just like water has a different density than room air. Light from the sky is getting \"bent\" by the hot air from the pavement until it completely curves back up into your eyes. So you see the sky instead of the road.\n\nNow go the fuck to your room, you filthy disgusting little rugrat. Don't make me get the belt.", "I don't know if you remember back to high school physics, but if you've learned about Total Internal Reflection it's a bit easier to picture. The cold, dense air is the glass/plastic block, and the layer of hot, less dense air above the road is the air outside the glass block. If the light hits the boundary at a shallow enough angle, it doesn't refract through but reflects internally. So it appears as if there is a reflective patch in the distance, which our mind interprets as water.", "Light bends as it goes through a different material. The warmer air near the ground acts like a different material, so it bends a little bit. So you're seeing a little bit of the sky on the road, not water - but it looks like water. \n\nI have a 6 year old and I just tried this explanation on him. He got it, so hopefully it's enough for a 5 yo too.", "The \"water\" you are seeing is not water but it is the sky. The light from the sky usually\nhits you in straight lines, but when there is a lot of heat (like over a long stretch of asphalt) the light is being bent ever so slightly ever inch of the way it takes to get to you. Over a long enough stretch, like a long straight road, that light from the sky will curve enough to hit your eyeballs in a small patch. The light that is farther away curves too much and goes over you, the light that is closer doesn't curve enough so you end up with what appears to be a small patch that curves the perfect amount and looks like a puddle.\n\nif you need proof that heat bends light, just stare at the space above a cooking grill... the heat will make the air seem wavy... its the same principal only different geometry.", "It’s because of a phenomenon called total internal reflection that happens when light goes from denser medium to rarer medium.\n\nRoad is hot and so is the air immediately above the road. So it’s rarified by the heat. However the air above that is cooler and thus the light rays coming from cooler and denser air above into the hotter and rarer air close to the road (or sand in case of desert) gets totally reflected back without undergoing any refraction if it’s coming at a particular angle called the critical angle. If there actually were to be water, the light rays would have gotten reflected in a similar fashion which gives you a similar appearance. \n\nSame phenomenon occurs inside the optic fiber cable that carries your internet signal or in home decor items that optic fibers.", "If you've ever looked through a drinking glass, you'll see sort of a bent reflection of objects around it. This is because the light bouncing off the objects in the scene, upon hitting the glass, is *refracted.* The higher density of the glass (compared to the air) makes it so light can't move through it in quite the same way, so the light curves with the glass in order to keep moving.\n\nSimilarly, varying densities of air will bend light too. Since road surfaces are often hot during the day, the air right above them gets hot and its density changes. However, since the air is constantly moving around due to wind etc, the patterns of bent light also move around, producing that rippling effect that looks like water.", "When light moves through stuff like glass or water or air, it’s path is deflected a bit. It’s path is deflected more or less depending on the density of the material, and it’s composition. As the light gets closer to the road, the air it’s moving through gets hotter and less dense, so light from the sky that would normally just hit the road is deflected into your eyes and it looks like water reflecting the sky.", "scalled a mirrage, hot air beneath cold, the hot air is less dense and so has a lower refractive index that causes the light passigng through it to bend upwards, this causes the sky to be reflected in the surface," ]

[ "Depth perception is achievable because of our two eyes. If we had one eye, depth perception would fail. You can try it home, take a basket and a ball and throw the ball into the basket. Then close one eye and try again.\n\n\n\n\nNow the science - > our two eyes are a bit seperated and look at the 'focus' from different angles. Now, diagrammatically you can draw a triangle from this. The two corners of the base would be our eyes, the top vertex would be the point of focus. Given basic trigonometric theorems we can calculate the height of the triangle. Right? The same goes on in our brain. It's quite fascinating how our brain calculates it in the background.\n\n\nBut this only happens if we have both our eyes. For people like Nick Fury or Odin, things are a bit tough. They would lack natural dept perception and need special treatment and measures to build it. One way is to lie down and try to touch the roof with a ball.\n\n\n\nAs far as our camera is concerned, the bookeh effect came after the 2 camera system was introduced." ]

[ "A rough outline. There are a lot of factors that may change this process for different app types, companies, etc. But this should give a general idea.\n\n- The developers upload a build of the app to the developer website. \n- An automated system scans looking for viruses, obvious errors or violations to the terms and conditions. \n- A person will review the app and make any notes, if relevant (this step will happen for new apps, but not all updates). \n\nGoogle is a lot more lax on the last step and even new apps may not have a physical person look at it." ]

[ "There are many multiple things but the simplest way to explain it would be with exposure time. That's the time the film or light sensors collect light. Since most cameras are digital lets stick to to that.\n\nSo for however long the exposure time is the sensors collect the information that will determine the color of the pixel. But if something moves quickly then multiple different colors will be collected and in that way cause the blur.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nThat's the simplest way to explain it. Then there is things like focus and more complex parts which I'm not as good in so at its basic think of it that the pixels on the photo are open and collecting light for a brief moment and if there is too much movement they will capture several different points of data instead of what you were expecting." ]

[ "What exactly do you mean? I'm german, if you elaborate I can maybe help you" ]

[ "There will be a small proximity sensor that when it detects the inside of your ear will start a command to play music, the opposite will happen when you take them out. \n\nSomeone can correct me if I am wrong but I think that's the answer." ]

[ "Sweet corn and dent corn are two different species of corn. Dent corn is a hard kernel that is used only as a grain, meant to be processed before being consumed by humans (Doritos, Corn Flakes, and high fructose corn syrup). It is almost pure starch with a little fiber. Sweet corn is corn we eat as kernels of corn \n\n\nThere are two distinct parts to a kernel of sweet corn. The fruit and the fiber. Our bodies cans break down the fiber, but does fine with the fruit. The outer fibrous hull is what ends up in our fecal matter.", "Corn has a non-digestible outer hull. The inner part is digestible. \n\nThere are different types of corn used for different things and processed differently. \n\nSweet corn is a variety that was developed for sugar content. So the inner part of the kernel is a lot of sugars vice starches. When you eat it the inner part is digested, but the outer part is not. It will generally pass through in the form it left your mouth. The more you chewed it, the less whole the hull will be out the other end. But all the nutrients were digested. It may look plump and full but that is not \"corn\" inside the hull. \n\nDent corn and flint corn are both generally used in other processes. \"Field\" corn is processed into things like cornmeal and corn flours. Some of these remove the hull and other parts that are not truly digestible or that will make the flour go rancid. But if you buy whole grain cornmeal, it contains the whole kernel including the hull. It is ground up though so it is not noticeable that it did not digest fully. It is treated as any other bulking or non digestible fiber you eat. \n\nPopcorn is a type of flint corn that is higher in starches than normal and \"pops\". The popping process will break down the hull quite a bit, but they again just pass through as fiber, but not noticeably. \n\nAnother type of corn product made from dent corn is hominy. It has a bunch of other names, but it is basically nixtamalized corn. The corn kernel are soaked in a solution of lye. The lye chemically breaks down the connection between the corn internal parts and the hull. It also changes some of the protein and starch structure and makes the corn more nutritious. If you eat the corn after this process it is hominy. If you dry it and ground it coarsely and and then boil it in some water you get grits. If you finely grind it into a four you Masa which you can use to make corn tortillas, tamales, and a bunch of other central and south american dishes. \n\nYou can cook the dent corn and let it dry after cooking. Then grind it into a medium coarse flour and that is used for a lot of other south american dishes such as Arepas and other cornmeal type breads in Columbia, venezuela, and other south american country's cuisines. \n\n\nAll forms of corn are digestable, some more than others. But all of them that have the hull included will have the fiber from the hull be non-digestible. Its just in most of the flours and meals it is so finely ground you will not notice the post usage remnants that you may notice with sweet corn. I really only talked about the products that are mostly whole corn. Corn is also used for a lot of other products and foodstuffs. But each of those is only a specific part that is isolated. Corn starch, corn oil, corn sugars, etc." ]

[ "Some animals developed as carnivores and therefore are not adapted to eating the chemicals that many plants produced, for example chocolate contains theobromine which is a plant based chemical similar to that of caffeine, however it can bind to the adenosine receptors and alter the oxygen levels and blood flow. In humans the amount of theobromine required to do this is massive, but a much smaller amount is could be fatal to cats or dogs. _URL_0_" ]

[ "My guess is that because when you're using a straw the fluid gets directly into your throat. Your throat can't really taste something,but your tongue does." ]

[ "Electrons need that amount of space to make complete waves. Think of a kid spinning in a room, of the kid doesn't have enough space he'll just keep hitting the walls and get upset. Do YOU want upset electron kids?", "Even the protons and neutrons in the nucleus are made of much smaller things still. But the way I understand it is that this ‘space’ around the nucleus is actually taken up by the wave function of the electrons in ‘orbit’ around the nucleus. This probabilistic wave function extends down to the nucleus itself. Been a while since I took physics, though...", "At the subatomic scale seeing things in terms of every day scale ideas like size, location and empty space is not really useful.\n\nThings don't really work the same way they do in the world you are used to at that scale.\n\nWe like to think of stuff like electrons as small spheres that orbit around the nucleus like satellites orbit the earth, but that is at best a metaphor that helps visualize some things but is completely wrong with others.\n\nThere isn't really a good metaphor that works for all aspects of what is going on and you are just left with a bunch of math to explain why things do the things they do.\n\nYou get really counterintuitive and easy to misunderstand ideas like wave-particle duality, probability clouds and energy states, but in the end it just resolves to mean that the atom is only empty if you make the mistake of looking at electrons the ways they really don't actually work in real life.\n\nThe atoms are about as compact as they can get with electrons around them." ]

[ "I call this badboy the background highway. \n\nSo each bank will have a clearing department that will verify the payment was made. If a bank doesn't receive confirmation then the funds will be seen as unpaid and will remain as such until you compete a trace or recall from the bank where the money was being sent from. \n\nYou can have all the fake proof in the world that money was sent out. But until that trace is complete and verified. They will proceed as though no money has been sent. This is to stop people from opening accounts. And having funds automatically withdrawn when there is no money in the account. \n\nAs for the fake bank. You might be able to get some wiggle room if the amount was low enough. But also keep on mind you would need a routing number transit number and account number that all check out when the bank goes to verify the funds. \n\nIf you really want to get away with some fraud. Cheque fraud is still the easiest thing since it relies on the person at the bank which usually has the least amount of experience. A teller." ]

[ "Any twisting force. When you use force to twist open a bottle or a jar, that is torque. If the jar is stuck and you have to try really hard, that is a lot of torque. If it loose and slides easily, that is only a little bit of torque. Torque is often used to describe cars. It is the same kind of twisting force. It is how hard the car can twist the wheel to get it to spin. Some cars can open a bottle that has already been loosened. Some can open a stuck pickle jar. I hope this analogy didn't make it more confusing.", "In physics, force is a push or pull on an object. A force can cause an object to accelerate, slow down, remain in place, or change shape. types of forces are tension, gravity, elastic, etc. \n\nIn physics, torque is the tendency of a force to turn or twist. If a force is used to begin to spin an object, or to stop an object from spinning, a torque is made. \n\nFulcrum is the axis of rotation or point of support on which a lever turns in raising or moving something. Think of a see saw - the fulcrum is in the middle. \n\nthe math is distance times force\n\nIf a force is allowed to act through a distance, it is doing mechanical work. Similarly, if torque is allowed to act through a rotational distance, it is doing work. Power is the work per unit time. \n\nso that is the basic adult explanation\n\nfor kiddies:\n\ntorque are all around you every day. A few objects which experience torque are hinged doors, see-saws, wrenches, and more complex motors (vacuum cleaners and computer printers, dishwashers and so many more). \n\nSimple Explained Examples:\n\nIn any object experiencing torque, there is a pivot point, which on the see-saw is the balance-point, and which in the wrench and bolt combination is the bolt. In each case, there is also a place where force is being applied. \n\nOn the seesaw, it is the seats, each holding a child of differing weight.\n\nSeesaws are a good example of torque. Many people have had the experience of someone sitting on one end of the seesaw and another person sitting on the other end; and one person is heavier than the other. \n\nthe see saw balances on the Pivot or fulcrum which is the fixed point about which an object (the wood on the see saw) rotates. each side of the see saw is called the lever arm. When you sit down on one side of this lever, you apply force which causes the other side to move up as you go down. \n\nIn the seesaw, the pivot ( centre point) is the bar that supports the seesaw. And the seesaw itself is a lever.\n\nWhen two children are roughly the same weight and they are each sitting on the ends of the seesaw at the equal distance from the center(pivot), the seesaw will be balanced ( net torque=0 ) because they're exerting equal and oppositely directed forces (gravitational force, or weight). \n(the math is: FxD = FxD)\n\nHowever, sometimes children may encounter the situation that one kid is significantly heavier than the other sitting on one end of the seesaw in which causes the seesaw unbalanced.\n\nIn order to balance the seesaw, the heavier child will have to move closer to the center to achieve equilibrium.\n\nthis is very useful in many applications. for example. I want to move a giant bolder that weights 500 pounds. Im only 100 pounds and cannot move such a giant bolder. using the seesaw example, I created a pivot point and get a metal pole. One side of the pole I put under the rock. The other side of the pole I push down. The rock should move but it doesnt....Why? because I am at an equal distance on one side of the pole as the rock on the other side of the pole from the center or pivot point. In order for that rock to move, the rock is heavier than me so I move my center point closer to the rock. On the other end, Im farther away from the center point, so it only takes me a small amount of force pushing down, while a huge amount of force on the other end can lift the rock.", "Torque is a force applied at a distance that causes a rotation. \n\nGo try to take a lug nut off your car with a socket on a straight handle. Its hard right? Now use a socket wrench. Much easier.\n\nWrenches use the phenomena known as torque. You apply a force at a distance away from the center of rotation. If you use the same force but increase the distance, you get more torque. This is why longer wrenches can be much more effective if you have the room to use them, they can provide more torque for the the same force.", "When you are closing a door and pushing it,wasn't it supposed to just move straight generally(I am assuming you are pushing it at it's centre of mass)?But it doesn't because a part of it is hinged so when you are pushing it i.e. applying force, you find it rotates about this hinged part ,so the push because it is around the hinge makes it rotates and the push here is torque." ]

[ "If your talking about old radios it would probably be something along the lines of you found the signal and when you took your hand away it changed the wavelength because it wasn’t passing through your hand maybe 🤷‍♂️\n\nIf it’s happening with anything newer and like 20 yr old it’s just broken" ]

[ "Witness protection is a service to protect people who testify at great personal risk to themselves, such as against a mob boss with far reaching connections. The US Marshals Service heads it up and would relocate you and give you a new identity (license, SSN, etc).\n\nA vast majority of the people in the program are criminals themselves, having turned against somebody in their crime organizations.", "Listen to this episode on this podcast: [_URL_0_](_URL_0_)" ]

[ "That's probably tempered glass, which means that it has a lot of internal stresses which \"pull\" it together strongly. That makes it more durable, but if it breaks, the stresses are released at once and it shatters entirely rather than just cracking like normal glass.\n\nI assume that the countertop had been nicked during regular use at some point. Not enough to break the thing outright, but enough to form a \"seed\" from which a crack could explode from when thermal expansion had worked it over enough to make it cascade through the glass.", "If you read down in the comments of that post, there’s some really good information in there that would answer your question. Happy hunting!" ]

[ "Not sure why this is biology, but I can answer the question.\n\nIn traditional, old school archeology, they don't *really* know where to dig. \n\nBasically it works like this:\n\n1. Archeologist comes up with a theory. Let's say they think a particular society was, say, undergoing the process of urbanization at a particular time.\n1. If this was occurring, they then theorize that if the society was urbanizing, they would expect to see large settlements along the river.\n1. Thus they dig along the river and find exactly what they're looking for.\n1. Thus they conclude they were right. \n\nThe problem is that they didn't dig anywhere else, so this raises huge problems of confirmation and sampling bias. Of course it's impossible to just excavate everywhere, so there's no way around it.\n\nNow, there are a lot of cool new tools using sonar that can really help guide excavations. In that case, they are able to use sonar and 3d mapping to guide the exploration and tell them where to dig. This is becoming much more popular and prevalent as the field moves forward.", "The first archeology was done be a german in the 1800s who was interested in the Iliad. There was a local legend that a particular hill was the site of the ancient city of Troy, so he got a crew and dug into the hill. He found the ruins of an ancient city. \n\nFor a century archeologists basically went around the world digging where locals said an ancient site was buried. \n\nOther people dig in the ground. Lots of sites are found in Europe when construction workers are digging foundations for buildings. Archaeologists then excavate the site. A farmer in china plowing his field found a lost tomb of an ancient emperor\n\nAdditionally Archaeologists just dig in likely areas. Carter dug in the valley of kings for a decade before he found king tut's tomb\n\nIn modern day we have satellite photos to find locations. Old walls are not visible from the ground but often affect vegetation. Satellite photos can show straight lines caused by underground walls and they then dig there", "Not a general reply, but in certain Near Eastern contexts (very common in the Levant), major settlements from before the Greek period are obvious to the naked eye. People built houses and other walls primarily with mud brick, which is prone to erosion and collapse. When a mud brick house collapses due to erosion, destruction, or intentional leveling for new constitution, it traps everything that was in the house. It also raises the ground by something like half a meter. Sites that were occupied often over thousands of years grow to be artificial hills called tells. These things are all over the Levant. Most people looking at one of these sites would think it's a very odd hill. An archaeologist familiar with the phenomenon has no trouble identifying them as tells.\n\nThen to narrow down within these sites they'll use sonar and surface surveys (literally picking up loose pottery sherds) to guess at where major architecture (palaces, temples, fortifications, etc) is." ]

[ "A term of service isn't a contract. It's just an agreement and one whose primarily function is to absolve platforms of responsibility. So if you go on their platform and violate their terms of service and do something illegal, they can point to it and say, \"They knew they weren't supposed to do that, we do did *our* job.\"\n\nAdditionally, while they can choose to ban whoever they want from their platform, having a ToS reduces the amount of headache and backlash as it can service as the basis for the ban that everyone agrees to when they join.\n\nLastly, it can be used as a basis for establishing who is authorized to access and use the service. If you violate the ToS then an argument could be made that you were acting as an unauthorized user making your access or use of the site illegal. Laws still apply to minors.", "At least in the USA, a minor can sign a binding contract, but they must have the option of pulling out at any time. It is called a voidable contract when someone who is legally incompetent (minors and the mentally ill). If a minor reaches the age of adulthood without voiding the contract, it's considered to be as if they had signed it while an adult, and it is no longer voidable.", "So from what I understood, in the UK, you can legally sign for yourself and understand your responsibilities from when you are 13 or 14 but I'll need to clarify" ]

[ "Top and bottom are relative. Consider where the most powerful empires are and have been, and where most of the people live and have lived, and that people tend to want to be ‘above’ rather than ‘below’, then you get the orientation we are used to: North as ‘top’ and South as ‘bottom’. But there is no ‘real’ top or bottom: it’s just a social convention.", "Technically the view that the south is up is just as valid as the view that the north is up. However, its easier if everyone follows the same concention, and at the time when the convention was slowly solidified, the people on the northern half were in charge.", "In ancient China the emperor lived in the north of the country, so because of that north was portrayed as being at the top of the world and above all of his subjects", "There is no *right* way to view the Earth. It just happens to be this way.\n\nUpper Egypt is south, lower Egypt is north. Ancient Egyptians had their map *reversed*." ]

[ "The white just means light is being scattered in all different directions. Foamy water = lots of bubbles which make the light scatter. Similar to why snow is also white, or ground up glass vs a window, etc..", "It's white in the same way as snow is \"white\". It doesn't have any actual pigment in it but all the tiny bubbles ((or snow flakes)) reflects and distort light in a way so it looks white." ]

[ "There are three radio systems: AM, FM, and Digital. They work differently, in detail, but they have a few common characteristics. For example, let's discuss AM.\n\nAn AM station might transmits with a channel assigned at 1MHz. The ITU regulates radio frequency assignments world wide, through the FCC in the US, and this is one of their standard AM channels.\n\nThis 1MHz carrier wave has a high amplitude to send a \"high\" point in the audio waveform and a low amplitude to send a \"low\" point in the audio signal. Since sound is at about 1KHz, each sound wave is sent as varying amplitude across about 1000 carrier wavetops. Those 1000 points are sufficient to reflect a quite complicated sound wave.\n\nRadio stations have different frequencies assigned to them, as previously noted, and the radio receiver \"tunes\" to only one at a time.", "What humans perceive as sound ranges in frequency from approx 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz (20 kHz). This is a fairly narrow spectrum as far as radio frequencies are concerned.\n\nAM radio typically limits audio frequencies to under 5kHz (which is why sound quality is poor). AM radio spectrum is from 300kHz to 1.7 MHz. If you have a channel separation of 50kHz, then you can \"fit\" 1400/50 (approx 30) AM radio channels in what is designated as the AM radio spectrum.\n\nFM runs at higher frequency (88MHz - 108MHz) and higher channel separation of 200KHz (better audio quality) allowing nearly 100 channels of FM radio. \n\nThese frequency allocations are man made and determined (in the US) by the FCC (it is not governed by physics). It is possible to use radio frequencies all the way into the hundreds of GHz range. (100+ million kHz) So if you wanted to, you can pack a LOT of audio radio channels. (tens of thousands)\n\nAnd these are \"old school\" analog modulation techniques. Modern digital modulation techniques allow for even better data transmission rates." ]

[ "This is a chemical process. To understand it you have to first understand a bit about the chemical structures that makes elastic stretchy.\n\nAll polymer plastics consist of long molecule chains. Think really really long pieces of string that get all tangled up with each other. The way they get tangled depends on the chain lengths and kind. (Think ropes with knots in them versus normal string). Elastics have a bunch of the chains loosely bound together most of the time, so when you pull they get bound together more tightly and resist.\n\nThere are two major pathways for polymer degradation: thermal and oxidative. (This is a gross simplification, but close enough for a reddit comment).\n\nIn thermal degradation, the elastic can crystalize and become more regular. Rather than being loosely bound together, the chains become tightly packed and get harder to stretch. They may break instead.\n\nIn oxidative degradation, exposure to oxygen, ozone (from fluorescent lights usually), or UV light causes the chains to chemically degrade. They may get shorter (and so not bind well with other chains), or they might “cross link” where they form chemical bonds to neighboring chains so they can’t slip past other chains. In both cases, the elastic properties will change and become more brittle and less springy.\n\nThis is very simplified, but I hope it makes sense." ]

[ "Found another more precise answer\n\nNowadays, most professional composers resort to AdRev or similar services to protect their copyright. Don’t let this discourage you. AdRev system allows the composers to easily clear the claims and even to whitelist entire YouTube channels to prevent any future claims\n\nSource: SafeMusicList" ]

[ "The body needs to hold his temperature at round about 36°C.\nSo if you heat up due to beeing in the sun, the body needs energy to get the heat out. (Just like a fridge which need energy in form of electricity to transfer heat to the outside)" ]

[ "* Countries owe each other money. \n* If country A doesn't pay country B, then it's really up to country B to decide how to respond.\n* They might:\n * Go to war.\n * Apply economic sanctions.\n * Prevent travel to/from country A.\n * Complain to country C.\n * An unlimited number of other things.", "Almost all international debt is not to a country. It's to an international investor, like the World Bank or some bank. If you don't pay your debt, nobody will loan you money, and your economy will collapse and your people will overthrow your government." ]

[ "I don't think what you've stated is quite accurate.\n\nWhat you'll actually see in sentencing guidelines, in my experience, is \"*up to* X years in prison AND *up to* $X,XXX fine.\" The distinction between and and or is important because the sentence is actually any combination of those things, depending on the facts. And the distinction of \"up to\" is important because, like with sale prices, that doesn't mean that's what you're gonna get. Basically, there's infinity choices instead of two choices. \n\nThe reason for this is to allow a broad range of sentence possibilities that still gives guidelines to judges. This is because two crimes that are technically the same offense might not deserve the same punishment, but there has to be a rule about what punishment will be, or otherwise basically why have any rules about it... judges can just say \"one dollar\" or \"8 million years\" for any crime.\n\nWith the very large ranges, that allows for a crime that is an assault to be a $500 fine if it's, you know, a high school kid tripping another high school kid, or to carry significant time in prison *and* a significant fine if it was a more dangerous, scarier assault that still is classified as the same \"crime.\"", "* Part of the reason is that the laws become outdated so the fines were at one point suitable for the crime. \n* Another part of the reason is that often people will plea out and get a much lower sentence but it still gives the judge a chance to impose a harsh sentence if warranted." ]

[ "Animals are often assymetrical. You don't pick up on it as often, mainly because you are not familiar enough to spot the imperfections. Humans are around other humans so much, and have evolved to interpret their facial expressions and moods that they are really really great at spotting when something is not the way you think it should be.\nWe are not nearly as adept at sizing up and noticing details about other creatures at first glance.", "What animals are you looking at that are uniformly symmetrical?" ]

[ "Because the body is trying to maintain an even temperature which means in high temperatures it becomes increasingly difficult to shed excess heat created by the human body.", "Don't think of heat as a \"setting\" it is a constant flow (or flux as we call it in heat transfer) of energy. HEAT is a byproduct of stored energy. The longer something is exposed to a flux of energy, the more energy it stores, generating more and more heat (ie, gets warmer). If you take a marshmellow to roast, it doesn't reach the fires heat the second it touches the flame, it needs to spend time absorbing the energy to achieve higher temperatures. \n\nNow that we understand how heat is just an indication of energy, we can comprehend regulating temperature (or energy levels). \"Cold air\" does not exist, the air that we call cold is simply air that is NOT hot, it contains little energy. Cold is simply the absence of heat. This is what air conditioning units do to cool enclosed environments. It is simply working to remove energy from the system thus lowering the temperature (yes it blows \"cool\" air, and does this by blowing air over a supercooled refrigerant this sucking heat from the air resulting in \"cold air\"). Keep in mind that heat (higher energy levels) will ALWAYS AND ONLY transfer to colder (lower energy levels) environments. When it's cold outside and you open the door, you're not \"letting the cold in\" you're \"letting the heat OUT\".\n\nThe human body is simply a self regulating AC unit. And if the ambient (or surrounding) environment is higher in energy, your body works much harder to shed your energy to the environment. So our bodies regulate at 98.6 (96.7? I'm not sure on the exact temp so don't hate me) but 90F feels much more uncomfortable because our bodies have to work overtime shedding excess energy to similar levels of energy.", "The inside of your body is a lot hotter than your skin. Same reason you get cold if you get a saline IV when the saline is room temperature and it would feel cold in your hand." ]

[ "Eli5: Expansion can be thought of as caused by a weak force gently pulling things apart. Gravity is a force that pulls objects together.\n\nGravity gets weaker as you head away from the mass creating it. Expansion gets stronger as you put more distance between you and another point.\n\nWhere gravity is really weak, far from any mass the expansion is significant. This means neighboring galaxies will drift apart.\n\nHowever close to the Galaxy, the gravity pulling all the stars together is stronger and so it isn't pulled apart", "Take the whole universe and put a big grid over it. Now, every year expand each rectangle 0.00001%. That's about how universe expansion works. The universe isn't itself expanding fast, but the edges are as you add up a ton of small expansion effects. The gravity of the milky way can adapt to the small amount of expansion within the galaxy, so it looks relatively unchanged. It's important to distinguish between the speed *two individual points* in the universe are moving apart and how fast the universe itself is internally expanding.", "The Milky Way isn't expanding at all. On the scale of galaxies and even galaxy clusters, gravity is much stronger than the expansion of the universe, so everything stays together. It's only on *really* massive scales that we see expansion happening." ]

[ "Usually it's so they can control the flow of traffic to and from their server so the site doesn't crash from too many connections at the same time.", "Generally landing pages like that either have some other kind of information on them, or they have ads on them. Impressions on the ads matter for these sites for their revenue." ]

[ "Bleach oxidizes the melanin molecule - it actually bleaches the color that is inside of the hair strand it self. The peroxide opens the cuticle and allows the bleach to enter the inner parts of the hair strand, and this reaction takes place.\n\nWith other types: semi and Demi permanent color, depending on the type (and quality) the color usually uses some type of developer, which opens the outer layer of the hair strand, and allows the color to enter the hair.. usually the color molecules are larger so they don’t stick around as long as permanent hair color does. Red tends to be the smallest, and washes out the quickest, even in permanent hair color. \n\nI am literally pulling this from my hair school days 15 years ago.. someone please correct anything I missed.", "Bleach doesn't wash off because it goes into your hair and actually changes the inside, dye (semi permanent) washes off because it only coats the outside layer of hair" ]

[ "Good economy means more tax income, more tax income means better infrastructure, better government services like education, healthcare or welfare programs. Better infrastrucutre and services leads in turn to even better economy. More taxes also means than tax rate can be lowered without hurting infrastructure and services.\n\nGood economy means less poverty, less poverty means less diseases, less crime. Vast majority of crime is committed for economic reasons. Less diseases and crime in turn leads to even better economy.\n\nGood economy means more jobs. More jobs means that your value is now higher since there are more job opening and less candidates for those jobs.\n\nGood economy means that your property is valued more, since there are more people who can afford property.\n\n\nIt's quite mind boggling to me that average adult middle class American cannot understand such basic concepts and says that he hasn't noticed any differences." ]

[ "A calorie is the amount of energy required to heat 1 gram of water 1 degree C. A Calorie (food calorie or kcal) is 1000 calories. \n\nTo measure the calories in a certain food, a scientific experiment is performed such as burning the food and measuring how much a certain amount of water is heated up." ]

[ "[You're supposed to declare that you're transporting it.](_URL_0_)\n\nWhy would you even want to though? Why not just do the bank account thing and not worry about the possibility of all that cash going missing somewhere?", "> What does it entail and how does one declare your money?\n\n[There is a form for doing this.](_URL_1_) Fill out the form and file it with the customs officer in charge of the port of entry. This can occur either prior or at the time of your entry.\n\n > Is this some weird tax thing I have to pay a fee for?\n\nNo.\n\n > Should I consider biting the bullet and just transferring my money from my home country to my US account?\n\nYes, of course. Why would you bother with the hassle and risk of carrying money on your person of that amount when you could just do a bank transfer? Even if you didn't have an account already set up this should have been your first plan.", "Transfer the money. Carry much, much less cash. Customs officers need minimal justification to confiscate cash, and while you may eventually get it back, it could take a long time. Transfer the cash to whatever US institution you planned to deposit it into when you arrive.", "It means the same as declaring other customs: \"I have some good I'm required to tell you about\". Larges sums of physical money is included in that. Generally they hand you a form on the plane and they hand that to the custom officer that you'll walk by going in to the country. \n\nWhy on earth would you carry 15 thousand dollars in your suitcase or hand luggage however? What are you going to do if you loose it, go back home?\n\nTransfer the money and you don't have to declare anything.", "Governments like to know that money isn't proceeds from crime. Each major nation (that cares about it) has systems in place to track large cash movement for patterns.\n\nWhen you're bringing in outside cash, they don't have any clue if it's clean or not. Thus, you have to declare the cash.\n\nIn addition to declaring the actual cash, you may be asked to prove its legitimacy if the border agent inquires. The more you are over that 10k barrier, the more likely you'll need to do this.\n\nTransfering money with an EFT has the same declaration requirements. Note that if you're on an extended trip, the border agent will also want to know that you have the funds to support yourself for the duration of your trip, so they may want to see proof of the money you have access to.", "Why not bring 10k and transfer remaining 5k?" ]

[ "Sex produces serotonin among other things. Ergo more serotonin leads to more contentedness resulting in less desire for sex as a means to boost serotonin." ]

[ "Keep in mind I'm not at all a lawyer, but an adult who has recently had to learn to navigate healthcare on my own.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nAs an adult for these purposes, HIPAA now gives you the right to decide who gets access to your medical information outside of your care team. You could, for example, ask to speak to your doctor alone, and ask that the details of your discussion not be shared with your parents(or anyone else, for that matter). Most of the time, privacy will now be the default, and you will have to sign papers if you want your parents(or others) to have access to your records or to speak to the doctor on your behalf.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nThere are some exceptions:\n\n\\- If someone else pays for your health insurance(probably your parents), they will receive summaries of any treatment you receive and the associated costs. e.g. if you get an MRI, the owner of your insurance will be notified that you got an MRI for $3,000 , but will not be given the images without your consent. \n\n\\-Medical professionals involved in your care can generally freely share information as necessary to coordinate and plan your care. e.g. your doctor can send a prescription to your pharmacist, or share test results with a specialist doctor for further review.\n\n\\-If you check into a hospital, most will offer basic info to people who ask for you by name. e.g. \"Is John Doe here?\" \"Yes, John Doe is here and is in stable condition\". You can usually opt-out of this if you need to." ]

[ "There are at least two different types of bug sprays:\n\nRepellents: These work by keeping bugs away. Typically they use a smell that bugs really dislike. Others, such as DEET, which repels primarily Mosquitoes (But also repels other biting insects), will block the receptors that Mosquitoes use to track down their prey. This basically makes them blind while around someone who's using it, but it does not kill the Mosquito.\n\nInsecticides: These are toxins that poison the insect. The most common and quick reacting ones are neurotoxins such as pyrethrin. They basically cause all of the nerve cells in the insects body to fire at once, paralyzing them and causing rapid organ failure and a quick death.", "My former biology teacher said it worked by clogging the holes underneath the body (of a roach) where they breathe and suffocates them.\n\nBut he said a lot of weird shit, so I don't put much faith in what he said.\n\nJust judging by the scent, poison seems more plausible.", "Most bug sprays these days use a pyrethrin-based active ingredient. Pyrethrin is a neurotoxin to most insects. That's why when you spray them, they'll die in very dramatic death throes as their nervous system goes into crazy shock & then shuts down.", "[deet](_URL_0_) is a common active ingredient in bug repellants. It works by blocking many insects ability to smell certain chemicals found in sweat, it has also been found that some insects really dislike the smell.", "Depends exactly upon the particular spray, but normally they use an insecticide which blocks biological process in the bug and kills it as a result. _URL_1_" ]

[ "From what I know from where I work, the business puts a certain amount of product in an amazon distribution centre so they are ready to be shipped upon ordering. We get notices that our inventory are getting low at amazon and we have to send more to the distribution centre.", "Efficient isnt the issue here. They have logistics chains that have been designed for 20 years to do just this type of activity. They work on being efficient.\n\nThe question isn't efficiency, they've got that. It's doing it *profitably*, which Amazon doesn't really do, their margins on retail like this is basically nothing, with costs like this needed to gain efficiency being a major factor.\n\nAnyone could setup a system to do one/two day shipping with enough capital and resources (of course which amazon has). But to do so profitably is the problem.", "They have distribution warehouses with common goods all over the country, and when something has to travel a long distance they have contracts with airlines to use cargo space." ]

[ "It's not the same distance though. The reflected light had to travel from the distant object, to the mirror, then back into the eyes. Thus to focus on something in a mirror, you have to adjust your eyes for the total distance traveled.\n\nThis differs from a painting, in that with the painting, the object you're focusing on is indeed a set distance away. However, regardless of the angle you view the painting, the picture remains the same. The painting is not reflecting distant objects but rather the object of focus itself.\n\nNow, you can focus on the mirror itself, at which point you usually notice scratches, smudges, and other imperfections in the mirror. But focusing your eyes as such puts the reflected objects out of focus just as focusing on something close up puts further objects out of focus." ]

[ "Read or Read Write. Disks that are read only cannot be rewritten to, but Read Write ones can be reused even after burning to the first time. \n\n(Not sure on the + vs - though, so I won’t pretend to know about that off the top of my head.)" ]

[ "They're called mares. It means \"sea,\" but these are actually more like patches of the surface that had melted and re-hardened in the distant past.", "They're called maria. They're large, flat basaltic lava planes from from when the moon was geologically active and had volcanoes." ]

[ "Firefighter since 2008 here.\n\nMost places don't burn to the ground with nothing but ashes left.\n\nFinding the origin consists of viewing how far along things burn and understanding a fires normal path. Fire burns up and out, with a goal of getting more air to feed itself. In this way there is often a V where the about lowest point in the fire damage has some of the most thorough burning done to it is the likely spot where a fire had started. Then you look at what was in that area that may have been able to start a fire, like a candle, or a hair straightener, or electrical wiring, space heater, etc.\n\nThat's the simplified version of how it's done. Many get more complicated than this, but that and some experience in looking at fires is the normal method of finding the origin most of the time." ]

[ "They work on multiple episodes at the same time, and the they work probably at least 50 hours a week to meet the dead line, and sometimes they don't, so the episode will take a dive in quality.\n\nEdit: to the pay question, animators get paid like garbage. Also for other shows like dr.stone, that was in production probably half a year before it aired, so they had a long long time to get it polished.", "Expensively. Big teams, including at least traditionally child labour and exported labour, not sure if they still do that now. The animation industry is absolutely horrible to work in though. There are so many people who want to get into it that pay is minimal. This lets you hire pretty large teams of temporary workers, a bit like the video game industry, who you then get rid of once you don't need them anymore.\n\nThere are plenty of examples of anime where the team and budget just isn't big enough to pump out one episode a week though, and quality really suffers cos of it. These days, a lot of studios use 3D animation to cut down on workload too. Kinda sucks, but its understandable.", "South park is famously written and animated in a week - they make use of computer animation and a very simple graphical style to animate very, very quickly.\n\nA traditional Disney or Ghibli movie on the other hand takes huge amounts of time to make - very detailed animation takes a long time to draw (even with computer assistance), but they can have multiple films in production at any one time to allow a regular release schedule, and we accept a longer wait between features because of the length, complexity and detail that make them up.\n\nIn the middle you have continuing shows like one piece, which use the best elements from both systems.\nSo the animation is done in such a way as to make it as quick and efficient as possible - simpler cell shading and more basic designs and art for example, and making full use of computers to automate as much of the process as possible. So an episode can be produced as quickly as possible.\nTo keep the continuous schedule, they can also be producing multiple episodes at a time, so a full show doesn't need readied between air dates" ]

[ "Technological- T-Mobile will gain a lot of “midband” spectrum— airwaves that carry data not as far but can carry a ton of it. This will allow them to bolster their LTE network and build a relatively high capacity 5G network with ease.\n\nEconomical- 4 carriers down to 3 is bound to increase prices for customers in the long term. Look at Canadian cell prices, they have 3 major carriers.\n\nService quality should improve a bit, but it won’t happen overnight.", "Probably. The combined company will be able to deploy 5^th Gen technology in a much larger area than the two separate companies could deploy two separate 5G networks.\n\nWill having 3 cell companies rather than 3 lead to higher cost? Probably. Sprint in particular was experimenting with lots of cost-shaving plans. There is little likelihood this will continue. Sure, Dish Network will be in the mobile phone space, but they weren't much of a cable competitor in comparison to DirecTV." ]

[ "Do you mean \"directory\" or \"repository\"?\n\nA \"directory\" is basically a Windows folder. It's part of a filename, and it's used to group related files together.\n\nA \"database\" is an actual file, which contains data organized in a structured way.\n\nA \"repository\" is a Git term; a Git repository is basically a Git folder for all of your code, and it keeps track of when that code or file was put into the repository (a \"commit\") and by who.\n\nWhat this is saying is that if you regularly add your database to a repository, it's difficult to lose because one of the functions of Git is to be able to revert back to older commits to a given repository; you can turn back the clock and restore your code to exactly as it was at that time... and if you have a database in that repository, the database is restored as well." ]

[ "There is not one but a few different models for the continets. Some of them are just for classification. Some are used to differentiate what is one landmass and what is another. I thing the most common models used are the geopolitical and historic political one. These differentiate between what you could roughly call cultures.", "Continents are just names we give to large areas.\n\nSome continent divisions have real meaning in terms of geology and wildlife and travel. But we name continents for historical reasons. Europe and Asia are not separate continents in any natural sense, they're just different areas our culture has chosen to name. Some other cultures have different sets of continents, and different numbers of continents." ]

[ "Easiest way to describe it is this.\n\nThink of all the money that people are spending per month on their student loans. Many are spending hundreds per month to pay off their loans. \n\nAll those debts disapearing would be a big boost to the economy. People that are paying off their student loans are generally young, and all are working. \n\nForgiving those debts would mean an entire generation of people that now have enough money to buy a house or buy a car.\n\nIts money that would get spent basically right away. And money changing hands means more economic activity.", "How would you do it? Would the government pay them off for the students? Or would the government simply cancel the loans?\n\nIn the former, it would basically be the same as printing money. You'd get a huge inflationary effect that would destabilize the markets for a while. The stock markets would jump up and down for a bit, but things would eventually settle out and things would be okay. \n\nIf the government simply cancelled the loans, this would probably be far more catastrophic. It would be almost the opposite as the above scenario, since it would be the equivalent of removing money from the economy, and it would cause a deflationary effect. Banks build plans that run a decade or more into the future based upon loans. They can buy and sell and trade the loans as though they were currency. If you just \"cancelled\" them, this would have the same effect as just stealing money from them. Simply cancelling the loans would cause a huge degree of market instability as the banks would have to scramble to try and remain solvent. Many would certainly collapse, which would send ripples throughout the economy." ]

[ "And another good question that I have asked in the past, that has since gone unanswered: Is there some reason to suspect that this \"mirror universe\" is fundamentally different to the CPT-inversion, or is it that the mirror universe is another fancy name for the CPT-inversion?" ]

[ "For me it does different things. It's not just reading or writing, because I find it difficult to read I require a good memory when things are explained. Because of this I can imagine and almost design something in my head with a CAD like 360° view. Not sure if everyone is the same\n\nHere's the different types \n\n\"Primary dyslexia: This is the most common type of dyslexia, and is a dysfunction of, rather than damage to, the left side of the brain (cerebral cortex) and does not change with age. There is variability in the severity of the disability for Individuals with this type of dyslexia, and most who receive an appropriate educational intervention will be academically successful throughout their lives. Unfortunately there are others who continue to struggle significantly with reading, writing and spelling throughout their adult lives. Primary dyslexia is passed in family lines through genes (hereditary) or through new genetic mutations and it is found more often in boys than in girls.\n\nSecondary or developmental dyslexia: This type of dyslexia is caused by problems with brain development during the early stages of fetal development. Developmental dyslexia diminishes as the child matures. It is also more common in boys.\n\nTrauma dyslexia: This type of dyslexia usually occurs after some form of brain trauma or injury to the area of the brain that controls reading and writing. It is rarely seen in today's school-age population.\"\n\n\n_URL_1_\n\n\n\nFrom what I understand its still an on going study but some research shows that it's to do with the different matters that the brain is made up of. That people with dyslexia often have a different make up to nondyslexic people. \n\nThis website explains more\n_URL_0_\n\n\n\nSorry for the long post (mainly copy and paste) \n\nI love being dyslexic, I think I see the world differently. I would never change it", "Sort of, your brain interprets the image wrong to fit what it thinks is a better match something you may already know, you see the interpretation not the actual , so new words and images can be confusing.. i drove by a sign that said \" folklife museum\" and for 3 yrs would swear it said \"forklift museum\" fork lifts where something I had heard of, and I actually saw those words that weren't there", "I do assessments for dyslexia. The testing involves evaluating an individual’s ability to manipulate and differentiate phonemes (sounds). Very little of it actually has to do with visualization of letter shapes or visual input." ]

[ "It is probabilistic. So if an atom has a half life of 1 second, this does not mean that in 1 second that atom will now be a half atom. Instead, it means that on average, that atom will decay within its 1s half life 50% of the time." ]

[ "As warm air rises, the water vapour remains invisible until the air cools enough for it to condense into water droplets. The altitude where that happens marks the bottom of thecloud." ]

[ "Power lifters focus on functional movements- the actual motions used to lift, push, and pull heavy items- to maximize the performance of the relevant muscles. Body builders focus on maximizing the size/appearance of many muscles that are superficially visible, but may not be relevant to the functional motion of lifting heavy. Body builders have to work hard to get their body fat so low, and often do so only for competitions before reverting back to a healthier percentage, while power lifters don't bother.", "Basically, bodybuilders are \"fake strong\" in that they look super strong, and can do specific, fairly useless exercises well, briefly. But they are hyper prone to injury and dont have stamina because they're actually starving themselves into a low body fat state. \n\nStrongmen only care about actual performance, not looks, and it turns out this is optimized at a way, way higher body fat %.", "Strong men dont have smaller muscles, they are often as jacked if not more jacked than bodybuilder. They just have more fat than body builders because their job isnt to look good", "Fat is an energy store and can be used to repair damaged muscles which happens fairly often. A very tiny fat proportion like in bodybuilders isn't healthy.", "They don't have smaller muscles (in the cases where they are being used for lifting), they just have less definition because of the fat. A body builder makes every muscle bigger, but you're not using every muscle to pick something up. A body builder also tries to get to as low a percentage of body fat so you can see the muscles.", "More calories for their muscles to use. When it's showtime for body builders they're leaning out and on super strict cutting diets." ]

[ "In eggs the baby uses the yolk for nutrients. In placental animals the mother provides nutrition through the umbilical cord." ]

[ "Plucked hairs dont get thicker, its just that the tip of the hair is now blunt from being cut that it appears thicker.\n\nAnd no, the root is embedded in the skin." ]

[ "First off, it's the Colorado River. But yeah, it's like that because there's so much water and it flows so quickly. It was flowing fast in the same place for a very long time, and the ground underneath is very carveable. Other rivers are either closer to the sea and spread out (so they aren't concentrated enough to carve), or weaker water sources without the power to do so.", "Weather patterns (how much rainfalldoes an area get to \"cut\" into the stone), age of the river, different type of river beds comprised of different rocks erod at different intervals (softer rock erods faster), geographic location (even tectonic plates shifting during earthquakes can help form rivers)" ]

[ "It falls down. Then it goes up. Then it falls down. Then it goes up. Then it falls down. Then it goes up. Then it falls down. Then it goes up. Then it falls down. Then it goes up. Then it falls down. Then it goes up. Then it falls down. Then it stops." ]

[ "Don't have a pet which eats large amounts of meat in its diet, reduce your meat consumption, reduce your car mileage and airmiles; are steps you can make on a personal level to be more green.", "have less kids. if you were to have one fewer kid than expected, you can about 50 metric tons of carbon a year. its also one of the best things you can do to reduce your carbon footprint. doing less air travel and eating less meat also helps significantly\n\nhowever, none of these things will really matter if not everyone does it ):/" ]

[ "Market cap, short for market capitalization is the total value of the company, based on what people are willing to pay for the shares. To put it another way, it’s the price of a share multiplied by the total number of shares that exist in the company. \n\nThe S & P is a list of 500 really large companies. \n\nTaken literally, that statement therefore means that the total value of Beyond Meat is a quarter of the value of those 500 huge companies all added together.\n\nHOWEVER\n\nThat’s not what was said. \n[This CNBC article](_URL_0_) for example says that Beyond Meat is worth more than 25% of those companies. In other words, it’s around the 375th largest company on that list. \n\nThis is obviously a big deal for that company, and I’m not going to buy any shares, but I don’t see why it’s “ridiculous”. The share price of a company is based partly on its actual sales and assets, but also on its potential. People are guessing that it will make it really big. This is a gamble, but not completely out of the question." ]

[ "It's our atmosphere. Here is my favorite [effect](_URL_0_). Light reflects of water and other particles depending on density and angle.", "If you're referring to sunshafts, these come from gaps in clouds causing certain parts of the sky to have sunlight and other parts not to. Sunlight is really bright, and the air scatters some of it, so the parts that are illuminated look brighter than the parts without. This creates what look like beams coming from the sun." ]

[ "The simple answer is that it's not as bright when it's about to set and especially while it's setting. The reason it's not as bright is that the light from the sun is going through more of the Earth's atmosphere and so more of the light is being scattered by the air." ]

[ "Nearsightedness is largely a disease of urbanization and industrialization. populations like the Inuit went from like 0% nearsighted to like 50% nearsightedness in one generation due to urbanization. So our ancestors likely did not have that vision issue. But presbyopia, which is difficulty seeing near, starts around age 40 no matter the population, in most people." ]

[ "Myopia is caused by an elongated eyeball or an over-curved cornea or lens. Basically, the geometry of the lens in relation to the retina is wrong.\n\nSquinting can alter this geometry, \"squishing\" the cornea and lens into a shape that better focuses the incoming light on the retina." ]

[ "Your thoughts and behaviors come from the patterns of neurons in your brain, like a very *very* complicated series of if/then triggers: IF you are hungry and IF you see bread and IF you smell bread THEN you should pick up the bread and eat it.\n\nThis happens as neurons fire and trigger neighboring neurons in unique patterns. Your empty stomach releases chemical signals that act on receptors in a special group of neurons. Those neurons fire and send their own electrical signals through your brain. Meanwhile, your eyes are sending signals to the neurons that help you recognize what you're looking at. They send a signal out that says \"bread\". This \"bread recognized\" signal hits the \"what is food?\" neurons which fires off. That signal and the \"I'm hungry\" signals meet in another part that only fires if \"food is seen\" and \"I'm hungry\" signals hit it together. That sends off *another* signal and I hope you can see where it's going.\n\nIn humans, most of those patterns are learned. Over and over as a baby you see bread and your eyes send that unique pattern to your brain, which creates a unique pattern of neurons firing. Over and over that pattern shoots out through your brain and triggers a bunch of things. At the same time, your parents are feeding you the bread so among all of the random noise those two unique patterns bounce back and forth - see bread, eat food, see bread, eat food. They strengthen each other so they stick out above the noise, and your brain prunes the other, weaker signals so that there's less noise and eventually that pattern of neurons firing together locks in: when \"bread\" fires, \"food\" will also fire, because that's the pattern that you made.\n\nYour DNA is already perfectly capable of coding incredibly complex instructions to build the rest of your body. There is very intricate machinery inside of you that your cells build based on your DNA. And that includes some basic patterns in your brain, like \"when carbon dioxide levels are high in the blood, send a signal to the lungs to breathe harder\".\n\nHundreds of millions of years ago, mutations in DNA arose that led to simple nerve cells clumping together, and over time the mutations in DNA caused animals to build brains. More mutations led to specific patterns of cells in the brain, and the patterns that were beneficial for survival (like, \"you should breathe\") were passed on. Some of them became very complex, so that animals could be born with patterns already set in the brains that cause behavior like successful hunting for food. Among those patterns was a desire in humans to eat energy-rich carbohydrates.\n\nHumans are born without a lot of instincts and are pretty helpless as babies because 1) the emergence of families and groups meant babies *could* be helpless and still survive with care from adults, 2) language allowed information to be passed to new generations without the need to put it into our DNA, 3) increased availability of nutrition from cooking our food meant we could afford big, smart, flexible, but also very hungry brains, that 4) are already almost too big to fit out of the birth canal so if we stayed in the womb any longer to build the patterns before birth we wouldn't fit at all." ]

[ "Their main tactic is really just making it difficult to sign up for a WhatsApp account.\n\nTo sign up for WhatsApp, you need to put in a real cellphone number. They have a way of telling a real phone number from a \"virtual\" one (using VoIP), and block any attempts to sign up with one. By doing this the barrier to entry is high enough that scammers don't bother with WhatsApp and just use platforms that are easier to access." ]

[ "The body works hard all the time to keep your body at the right temperature. Most important to keep warm is the core of your body—internal organs and brains. If you’re in a situation where it’s cold and your body starts to get cold, it will constrict the blood vessels at your extremities—hands and feet, arms and legs—so that there is less blood flow to the extremities. That way, the body works to keep your core warm while sacrificing the warmth of your extremities. It doesn’t have to keep warming up blood that has flowed near the extremities. The reason the extremities make your blood colder is that a lot of that blood is nearer the surface and is not as insulated." ]

[ "Basically it's all manipulated by adding stuff. For wine/whiskey/beer etc the ingredients used from the amount and type of sugar, type of grapes, hops, barley, acids, artificial flavorings, etc. How long it aged in casks, type of wood, etc. \n\nBlack coffee is an exception, it's the most complex beverage. No one understands it exactly how the various flavors notes happen. But the parameters are terrior aka type of soil including what nutrients are available, elevation, sun or shade, how its processes after harvesting ie wet process or dry natural or honey process. Then the roasting, how long its roasted for how fast the temp changes, etc etc, and finally the method of preparation ie grind size, water temp, extraction.\n\nFor flavored coffees, it's all artificial flavoring." ]

[ "Water is absorbed by the small intestine, and the water inside what you eat gets also absorbed there. Then, the solid matter goes through your large intestine, where the proteins, vitamins and minerals are absorbed." ]

[ "Usually this happens when your sinuses are blocked in some way. As you ascend, the air pressure decreases in your sinuses. When you start to come back down, it starts to rise and gets trapped in your sinuses causing pressure and eye watering \"omg am I having a stroke\" levels of pain. \nYou can avoid this by using a decongestant spray before flying." ]

[ "Say there are 100 stocks in Apple. If you buy one, you own 1% of the company. Then say Apple makes a new iPhone that is insanely popular. They double their profit this year. That means the company is worth twice as much as when you bought it. It also means that 1% of the company is worth twice as much as when you bought it. Someone else would be willing to give you twice as much money as when you first bought it for this reason.\n\nSo the value comes from owning a growing business. If the business doubles in size because they have doubled sales, the value of each stock also doubles. But if the value of the business drops, so does the value of each stock.", "Shares represent partial ownership of a company. If you multiplied a stock price by the # of shares that exist for a company, you end up with the total value of that company. \n\nInstead of private ownership, like Joe Blow who owns a TV store, when Joe's company gets large he might want to \"go public\" and sell small fractions of the company as \"shares\". Let's say there are 1 million shares of a company and you own 250,000 shares. You own 25% of the company.\n\nSome shares also pay dividends, which is essentially a form of profit sharing among the share holders." ]

[ "If you take a bottle of water, remove the cap, and then tip it upside down the water will flow out in a gurgle. Every so often the flow will stop and air will get sucked up into the bottle, then the water flows again. This happens because of pressure inside the bottle versus outside.\n\nIf you poke a hole in the upper part of the water bottle, this stops. That's because one hole lets air in while the other lets water out.\n\nThat's what's happening in your car. If you only open one window, air is forced into the car due to the speed, but that builds up pressure until the air forces its way out, and then the outside air is forced in again. That back-and-forth in pressure is what you are hearing/feeling.\n\nIf you open a second window at the back of the vehicle, the air flows in one window and out the other, like the hole in the water bottle.", "Everyone says having two windows open cancels this effect, but my SUV does this ONLY when the two back windows are down and the front windows are up. Can anyone elaborate?", "What you're hearing is rapid fluctuations in the air pressure in the cabin of the car. The cause of this is typically when you have two windows open on opposite sides of the car, and often if they are at different amounts open but not needfully so. The air flowing in, and out, at speed, is at different paces at each window, affecting each other. \n\n\nYou know when you open and pour juice how if you don't have it open enough, or don't have an air hole the liquid glugs when you pour it? Think of it a bit like that.", "It mostly happens on cars made this decade? I don't recall this happening in old cars without AC so window open all the time. I had two mid 2000 cars that also didn't have this effect. But all cars made after 2010 seem to have it.", "It’s a super low frequency in the several hertz range. Think of when you blow air over a bottle, the sound it makes... now take the cavity of the car and the air going past is like you blowing on the bottle, but instead of hearing a tone, you’re “hearing” or rather sensing a very low frequency.", "As /u/AndiRM said, it's resonance, you car is acting like when you blow across the mouth of a bottle in just the right way. I.e., your car has become a giant (very low frequency) whistle. Opening another window will usually eliminate the effect." ]

[ "Tl;Dr: they are the same but allow slightly different maximum sizes for hard drive partitions.\n\nFull spiel: all memory is kept in paired bits of hexadecimal code. This code is the arranged into a grid, or table. A part of this table is the address table/lookup table (there are a few other names for this table too). This table is usually kept at the very beginning of the entire partition (section of hard drive), and sometimes at the end too.\n\nFAT32 - FAT stands for file allocation table (remember the address table?), the 32 simple means that data is stored in 32 bit chunks. This is the most common by today's standards and FAT was developed originally for Windows systems, but is in common use in many, many systems today. Files are allowed to be a max of 4gb in size and smaller files have a minimum size (called cluster size in FAT) of about 16kb. The maximum partition size of FAT32 is 8gb.\n\nNTFS - NT files system is Windows newer default system for memory allocation. It supports security permissions (file permissions, read and write or write protection), change journals (records of actions performed), shadow backups, encryption, quota limits and a few other things I will gloss over. There is no file size limit and no partition limit (at least not realistic ones). Where this file system lacks is in compatibility, very few systems other than windows can read and write to NTFS drives. Xbox one can, but earlier Xbox models cannot, PlayStations cannot, macs cannot; with Linux your mileage may vary. \n\nExFAT - extend FAT is another Windows designed system, it is build with size in mind. As with NTFS, it has large limits on its file and partition sizes. ExFAT is much more compatible than NTFS, macs offer read and wrote support, many Linux systems have add ons to read and write to it. It's only really big disadvantage is a lack of support for journaling, or logging changes to the state of the drive. All told, this is probably *my* preferred format, for now." ]

[ "They aren't. It's literally math.\n\nIf you burn more calories than you consume, you lose weight, regardless of the composition of your diet, period. It's been proven repeatedly and is an extremely basic concept.\n\n(ex., [_URL_0_](_URL_0_))\n\nThe only \"mystery\" is that TDEE differs from person-to-person. If you're gaining fat, it's because your estimate of how many calories your body is burning day-to-day is wrong, and you're eating above it. That's it.\n\nAny stupid shit you see about \"WELL WHAT MATTERS IS THE QUALITY OF THE FOOD NOT THE QUANTITY LOL\" is people who don't understand that foods considered \"higher quality\" are also less calorically dense and result in a lower caloric intake. Every study *controlled for caloric intake* and comparing macronutrient ratios reports the same.\n\nAny stupid shit you see about \"reducing calorie intake might not actually help you lose weight!!!\" is referring to hormonal shifts that cause people to have higher appetites when their ghrelin/leptin/etc responds to the change in intake, or trying to touch on social aspects of it, and are *not calorie controlled studies,* it does not mean that reduced caloric intake doesn't actually reduce body fat over extended periods of time. I promise if I lock you in a fucking room and only feed you three baked skinless chicken breasts and a cup of broccoli with each every day, you will lose weight regardless of what your hormones are doing, because you will be eating under your TDEE/BMR.\n\nAny stupid shit you see about \"starvation mode\" is people who don't understand how resilient the human body is and applying their poor understanding of an emergency physiological fat retention process that doesn't happen for a *long* period of legitimate starvation to \"lol I cut my calories by 250\" and thinking it's why people aren't usually seeing weight loss after two weeks, despite one pound of fat being roughly equivalent to a 3500 calorie energy store. (The actual number is anywhere between 3400-3700, 3500 is just a safe bet.)\n\nJust count your calories and don't give in to the increased desire to eat more when you do. It's not a mystery.", "Also, your metabolism adapts to be more efficient with less food. Not survival mode, just adapts. Plus, your body is smaller, which generally requires less energy to function. Hormonal levels tend to shift with weightloss if you cut too far, but research shows these are subdued when the high quality protein and veggies and whole foods are what is being consumed. But overall, it is a calorie deficit" ]

[ "This is called \"subitizing\" and is actually really cool. Basically, they're two different processes. Counting is a very manual deliberate and conscious process. Subitizing is based on your brain's object tracking systems--how many moving objects you can keep track of at once. Even if the objects aren't moving, your brain is using that same process of \"these are things I want to focus on and keep track of\". \n\nYou can also increase the number of objects you can immediately identify with training. Video games are one good way, but 6 is probably the upper limit" ]

[ "There is a small sensor built into the device that detects movement - similar to the one on your phone that detects tilt.\n\nThe system is then setup so that when the sensor detects some movement, the motors offset it by moving in the opposite way.\n\nObviously there is a limit to this, as the motors can only move so much in any one direction, to counteract this the system is designed to detect different types of movement and react accordingly - so short, sharp movements can be counteracted completely, while long movements (such as panning a camera) can be detected and dealt with appropriately - such as countering vertical movement but not horizontal, or just smoothing out the bumps in the movement.\nIf you were to drop a stabilised device, it can often go as far as to detect it had been dropped, and park all of the moving components in a safe way so add to limit damage." ]

[ "It depends what you mean by hacking. But there are various ways that someone can do it. For example, it's very easy to send an email which appears to come from, well, whoever you want. So I could send you (and millions of other people, cos I buy a list of email addresses) an email which appears to come from Amazon, saying that there's a problem with your account and you need to click < this > link to login and reset your password. Only the link doesn't lead to the real Amazon website, but to a fake copy of their login page that I made. So when you log in, you've now typed your password into a web page that I control. I now have your Amazon password, so I can log into the real site, change your shipping address, and buy stuff. This fake-website thing is called phishing.\n\nHere's another method. Imagine you're Amazon (the real one this time). The first page of your website asks people to log in, so they type their username and password into the boxes. Let's say you type in uuu and ppp. To find out whether those details are correct, the web site checks its database of usernames and passwords. The basic logic of the database query would be \"count all the entries where the username is uuu and the password is ppp\". If the number of matches is precisely 1, then the system knows who you are, and regards you as having logged in.\n\nNow, imagine that, instead of typing in ppp as your password, you type \"ppp, or 2+2=4\". As before, Amazon takes the username and password from the boxes you typed, passes those values to the database, and uses them to complete a query. The query now looks like \"count all the entries where the username is uuu and the password is ppp, or 2+2=4\". And you know what? Even if the username and password are wrong, the number of matches is 1, because 2 + 2 does indeed equal 4. So the system regards you as having successfully logged in!\n\nThis is called a database injection attack, because you're injecting new commands into the database query. It's why you're not allowed to include \"+\" symbols in your passwords. (OK so it's a bit more complex than that, but this is ELI5. You get the idea.)\n\nNow, imagine what happens if, as the password, someone types \"ppp, and please show me the database of usernames and passwords\". Yup, the hacker now has the whole database. Just because the programmer who wrote the login system didn't understand something called input sanitization, which means checking that people don't include valid database commands as part of their username or password.", "it works by studying the system and identifying weak points, then find a scheme where you exploit the weak points for your goal.\n\nSay i would phone your grandmother, convince her i'm you, and arrange circumstances that let her pay for something she would do for you, say new sneakers. i would exploit the weak points of elderly people who don't hear that well, usually don't know their grandchildren well, have bad memory which they know, get surprised and excited easily when called, feel social pressure to help family, and may have money laying around they don't know what to do with it. That would be basically \"hacking your family\"." ]

[ "Simple songs, with basic, repetitive passages are very easy to listen to - without any preparation you can easily pick out the full compliment of instruments and follow along. So a song immediately sounds good and exciting.\nThe problem is that such a song is pretty simple, so once you have listened to it a few times you have easily memorised it and it gets a bit boring.\n\nThe opposite end of the scale is a song with many layers of music and instrumentation - when you initially listen you will only pick up on the obvious instruments on the surface, which on their own sounds relatively poor. On repeated listens, once you have learned the obvious parts, you start to notice the additional layers hidden below - so the guitar is bland on its own, but when you add in a secondary melody from a less obvious instrument, they work together to create an overall better sound. It just takes multiple listens to allow your brain to notice all of the different layers and how they interact, as everything at once is too overwhelming.\nBecause the song is more complex, it takes more listens to understand it musically, but this extra complexity also means that it is more interesting, and there is more to gain from repeated listening and finding new details and interactions in the future.\n\nS lot of this is subconscious of course - all we know is that AC/DC songs are lots and fun, but perhaps not as interesting long term as some weird Radiohead song... (Though your choice in band references may vary for obvious reason)", "No idea if that is it, but here's an hypothesis among others.\n\nWhen we listen to a song we listen to different sectors of it. I guess most people focus on the singer first. Then bass/guitar, then drums.\n\nIf you listen a song with a bad ass singer you like it instantly, as long as the melody echoes within you.\nAfter a few listen you know the lines and know what to expect so your brain scans further and listen to the other instruments. And while not being necessarily bad, they don't kick ass like the voice and maybe you lose interest because it's not complexe enough in relations to your tastes. By complexe I don't mean hard to play or technical, just well written enough to entertain your brain.\n\n\nNow take a song with OK voice track. Down the line you scan further and realise that's not it. The guitar is actually pretty sick. Deeper and you catch the bass and your realize there's a subtle harmonic note here you had not heard.\nOh, and the drum, that moment before the last voice line hits hard in the feels and you had not heard it first time.\n\n\nThat's my personal take on it. I think we can't catch everything and some of them just unveil their secret along the way and our brain likes that, it's entertaining in the long term.\n\n\nI also think mood and personal emotions have a huge impact. Events of your life can taint a music for life.\n\nI still think of my first teenage love when I listen to the song we liked. I still remember my trip to London when I listen to the right playlist.\n\nBoth nice examples, but you can taint a music with sad and bad moments too.\nThough it's out of scope of what you asked. But, isn't it interesting?\n\nI'd love to read down there what people know of that more scientifically speaking." ]

[ "A federated state and a province are interchangeable terms. They have more specific names in some places, e.g. oblasts, emirates, etc. In much of the world the term state is usually used to refer to sovereign states unless directly talking about the US.", "There isn't really a set answer. Every country gives different levels of power to its lower governments. You can't compare Canadian provinces to US States any better than you can compare them to Dutch provinces." ]

[ "They're 2 yr colleges and you either get an Associates degree and transfer or stop after that or skip that degree and transfer to a state college or university. You can also go for certain certificates. \n\n\nThey get more government funding than other schools so tuition is a fraction of what it can be vs. a 4 yr college. No, the community does gather money, the state does that with our taxes.", "Community colleges are inexpensive local schools which generally admit anyone. They're also considerably less prestigious and don't offer a full range of degree options. But you can take most of your classes and then transfer to a bigger school for your final year." ]

[ "Lasers are produced by exciting atoms or molecules and stimulating them to produce light. The major difference between normal light sources and lasers is coherence. Which is essentially how similar two waves are.\n\nWaves have two properties that are important here, the wavelength (colour of light ) and the phase which is essentially where in the wave the start is. I.e does it start as a peak, a low point or somewhere in between.\n\nA normal lightbulb emits light which is not very coherent, there are many different wavelengths of light and most of the waves are not in phase with any other. Lasers however produce light all of the same colour and as a result of how that light is produced it will also mostly be in phase with each other. This property means that the light is temporally coherent." ]

[ "A traditional physical zoom actually does refocus the camera lens and it makes the same quality picture regardless if you are at 1x or 4x zoom.\n\nDigital zoom is *not* actual zoom. It basically just crops the picture you have and zooms in on it like you can do with MS Paint. \n\nSo the more you zoom in digitally, the less picture quality you have." ]

[ "you know what, it really isn’t. I’m getting close to 50 and in the last couple of years i’ve taught myself fairly passable German from the Internet, I’ve recently learned how to sail and repair a sailboat, i learned how to rebuild my car’s brakes, and also how to fix many parts of a specific type of vintage watch. 10 years ago I couldn’t raise plants for shit, now i have a cool garden and know a lot about landscape plants. I am not the world’s greatest crack shot but I learned how to shoot a pistol. I learned how to tile a kitchen wall, how to clip a horse’s coat, the list goes on. Learning new stuff is my favorite hobby— and this is not unusual for old folx, there are lots of constant learners like me out there. \n\nI think the thing is: very young children *have nothing else to do*. Wouldn’t you learn faster if you had no job, your food was made and fed to you, your clothes were bought and given to you, you were driven everywhere and never had to look after anyone else? i’d hope so. Learning is kids’ ONE JOB. compared to them, for sure it *appears* as if older folks can’t learn. but that’s like saying birds can’t fly, just because rockets exist. \n\nI bet the people who say “aw i can’t learn, I’m too old” were never so great at learning even when they were young.", "Speaking only from experience, my adult brain is filled with stress and worry which isn't at all helpful when trying to learn something new." ]

[ "Two different neurotransmitters which signal in different way. Noradrenaline doesn’t have a direct action on the heart. Instead it increases vascular tone. Also, adrenaline has a methyl group on it!" ]

[ "Now if you can **hear** your pulse in your ear, mention that to your doctor. It's not typically worth an appointment on its own, but they'll want to know." ]

[ "The bios isn't just stored on disk. It's stored in a special kind of memory that retains its data even when the power goes off. This memory requires special instructions to update, and it's usually updated one word at a time, rather than in blocks via direct memory controllers.\n\nSince the operation isn't \"undo\"able, there is a lot of checking that you have the right data and all the data is ready before the operation starts.", "The BIOS resides on a separate chip that runs on a slower clock and has less bandwidth overall. An EEPROM chip can only write one entry at the time -unlike a flash chip that writes in blocks not only for speed, but also to reduce costs and be more affordable-. Moreover, rewriting the BIOS is a critical process and has to be done carefully, so all data has to be checked before continuing." ]

[ "Dominant trait doesn't mean common. It just means that it tends to express itself whenever it is present.\n\nOn an anthropological level, if 6-fingered people were more highly preferred that 5-fingered ones, then the vast majority of the population would have it, but apparently humanity didn't find it a desirable trait.\n\nEdit: Used 'than' instead of 'then'. It's been fixed.", "One reason is the 6th finger seldom grows in a useful manner and is often extraneous. Have more than 5 fingers (for people) is called polydactylism and there are many types. You're envisioning a fully-functional Ulner Polydactyly, but other forms are not nearly as useful/not useful at all. \n\n_URL_0_", "I very often see people get confused about three different aspects of a trait (or allele if we're talking about a single gene) that are not inherently connected to each other.\n\n1. The first is what we call the inheritance system for a trait. This can include things like a trait being dominant or recessive, though many traits show other patterns too. In the case of the trait you mention, six fingers are dominant over five, meaning you only need to inherit one copy of this gene from one of your parents to have six fingers.\n2. Another aspect is a trait's *current* frequency in the population (not to be confused with its predicted future frequency). This can range anywhere from being unique to a single individual to being present in all individuals (what we call \"fixed\"). A trait's frequency will naturally fluctuate over time just due to random chance, and if you wait long enough traits can and do become either lost forever or fixed just by chance too. However, a trait's frequency in a population can also be influenced by natural selection, which leads us to\n3. The final aspect to consider is the selective benefit a trait gives to the individuals that have it. Basically, what effect (positive or negative) does this trait have on the reproductive success of individuals, *relative to other equivalent traits*. Generally speaking, we expect that beneficial traits will spread (i.e., increase in frequency), since their owners have higher reproductive success, and that detrimental traits will decrease in frequency over time. However, this isn't guaranteed; if the difference in success between two traits is pretty minimal, then random chance will still be the main factor that determines how their population frequencies change.\n\nSo the point here is that all three of these categories are independent. For example, you can have a recent mutation that is recessive, starts out at a low frequency, and is highly beneficial. In this same scenario, if there are only two options then the other trait is dominant and present at high frequency, but is detrimental relative to the new mutation. A trait can fit into any possible combination of these three aspects at any given time. So in the case of the six-fingered trait you ask about, we can say that this trait has a dominant inheritance system (at least over the most common five-fingered trait), that it is currently at low frequency in the population, and while we don't know inherently if it has a benefit or penalty to reproductive success, I would guess that it probably is fairly neutral. This likely means that the frequency of six-fingered people more or less fluctuates randomly, though I could be wrong about that since I'm not sure exactly what the reality is with respect to natural selection for this trait.", "Dwarfism is a dominant trait too. Having 1 allele makes you a dwarf and 2 makes you dead. It's not expressed often because very few people have it.", "Just because a trait is dominant does not mean a person will pass that trait on to their children. In general, people have 2 copies of each gene, one that is inherited each of your parents. A person who has 6 fingers might actually-- and most likely -- have two versions of the \"finger\" gene, the 6-finger variant and the 5-finger variant. When that person has a child, there is only a 50/50 chance of passing on the 6-finger variant to their child- meaning there is still a 50% chance the child inherits a a 5-finger gene from the parent that has 6 fingers.\n\nAlso, having 6 fingers does not provide any real competitive advantage, and having 5 fingers does not offer any disadvantage in terms of reproduction. Therefore, people with 6 fingers have children and pass on their genes at a similar rate as people with 5 fingers. So with the huge numbers of people in the world, that overall proportion of people with 6 fingers versus people with 5 fingers doesn't change enough for you to notice a difference.", "Probably when sixers started popping up, they got ghosted because medieval people were kinda pricks", "Polydactyl is very prevalent in the Amish community due to the diminished mixing of alleles from outside of their culture.", "This confused me when I first learned genetics too, but it's pretty simple. Don't think about organisms, think about genes. If say 1% of the genes in a population are \"abnormal\", and these genes are redistributed at random to form the next generation, 1% of the genes in the next generation will also be \"abnormal\" -- no change in gene abundance.\n\nNow, if the trait is dominant, a larger percentage of the population in every generation will show the trait than if it were recessive (about 1% vs .01%), but dominance doesn't change the gene count, so the trait doesn't become more common over time.\n\nOf course, if the trait is advantageous or detrimental in some way, the selection *won't* be random, but that's another story.\n\n\"Focus on the gene\" is a good way to make sense of a lot of evolution. Try this on for size: \"organisms are just the machines genes build to make copies of themselves.\"", "It's actually easier to breed out a dominant trait than a recessive one ... because one can see every instance that it's carried. A recessive trait, however, can lurk in a gene pool and pop up randomly ... without destroying the entire family where it is found, it's difficult to get rid of.", "My cousin was born with an extra thumb on one hand. She had to get it removed when she was still a baby because she started using it exclusively instead of her normal thumb.", "Also, there isn't just one gene involved in the number of fingers you have. Some of these genes are in fact recessive.", "Dominant vs. recessive has nothing to do with the actual frequency of the allele. There are many alleles that are dominant, and cause serious problems, but are very uncommon. My genetics professor used to ask a question to the class about this topic about once per week, and the majority of the class would it get wrong every single time. \n\nThe frequency of an allele does not affect whether the trait is inherited by a recessive or dominant pattern.", "My grandpa, my uncle, my cousin and my cousins son were all born with 6 fingers (talk about dominant gene) but the doctors all recommended having the sixth finger taken off (they all had an extra thumb on the side of their thumb) and so they all live with five now.", "My dad was born with extra fingers but they were removed when he was a baby. He has little scars now on the outside of each hand, and sometimes complains that his missing fingers are itchy. I guess it's like phantom limb pain.", "Woah? I guess I’m the rare case of having 10 fingers!", "Dominant and recessive does not mean it's \"dominant\" in the population. \n\nIn short: Genes code for proteins. Proteins does things in your body. They are building blocks, they are performing tasks, they can be part of greater structures... \n\nWe have two editions of each gene. These can be slightly different from eachother but *essentially* code for the same thing. Animals having two sets of genes and the difference between the two genes is one of, if not THE greatest, driving forces in evolution. \n\nA \"dominant\" gene means ONE edition of the gene (out of your two) is enough to produce the protein to give the effect in the appearance of the animal, in this case having 6 fingers. So if you get one edition of this gene from either your mother or father, you will get 6 fingers. \n\nThe gene is however extremely rare in the population. It is being selected away, or it's a very new mutation of the gene, I'm not sure. But it is rare nonetheless. \n\nLet's take eye color as another example. One gene for dark eyes is enough to produce enough of the protein that in the end makes your eyes go dark. Yet, in some populations it has been rare with brown/dark eyes. It's simply depending on how rare the gene is in the population.", "Six fingers offer no selective advantage or disadvantage to survival or selection so both versions survive and reproduce at the same rate. Since genes dont appear or dissapear from nothing in population, each generation will have same proportion of traits. If its dominant it will be more common than recessive, but it will still be a fixed proportion.\n\nImagine you have 1000 couples (two of them are six-five finger pairs with one dominant six finger alele). If they all have four kids each (to check all mendel probabilities) there would be 4000 kids. Of them 3992 would have normal parents (998 couples) and would have five fingers. 8 kids from those 2 mixed couples would be split evenly, four with five and four with six. So in total there would be 4 out of 4000 people in children generation that started from 2 out of 2000 people. Gene ratios stay the same, no matter the dominance. If both traits are equally useful and reproduction is random then nothing changes.", "Dominant and recessive traits are not the only factors in how an allele (version of a gene) expresses itself as a phenotype (what we actually see) there is also the factor of how well an allele breeds true call the penetration of an allele. with polydactyly while dominant is not very penetrative into the population, as the gene does not have the right interactions with a lot of other genes in the growth of the hand. You don't very often produce a fully functioning extra finger, instead you get multiple fingernails or other less functional hands in the expression of the Gene and therefore it was selected against", "I would think that it would be far easier to sexually select against this trait because it is dominant. If the phenotype expresses every time, prospective mates can see it and choose to not mate. Recessive would allow unexpressed carriers, which would result in less effective sexual selection against the trait.", "To get expressed it's not only dominance of a gene which helps. \n\n\nThere is  term defined as **Penetrance** in genetics which means to what degree a Dominant or homozygous recessive trait gets expressed in a [population. It](_URL_1_) depends on Genetic Factors and Environment.", "its simple the sixth finger was determined during the mass expansion of the auto industry that a sixth finger was bad, and usefulness, when one has six fingers you cant flip the other driver off, no middle finger.", "It just means that people with 6 fingers are highly likely to have offspring that also have 6 fingers, not that most people are lilely to have 6 fingers, unless they have the trait.\n\nEdited for confusion", "Dominant genetically, but it must have been such a hindrance that fingered people could not reproduce. \n\nAlso...I understand that 10 fingers is more common than 6 but I might live around a bunch of freaks.", "That must be why that town in Brazil has a freaky number of 6 fingered offspring. Pics! \n\n_URL_2_" ]

[ "When more movies were shot on film, they used to use blue more commonly. This process is called \"keying\" and it involved a chemical treatment to the film to remove that specific color.\n\nThe green you see today is called \"Digi Green\", and it's color matched to the small green filters inside camera sensors to give as clear and vibrant of a green as possible to aid in the digital removal of that green.\n\nBut depending on the real elements in the scene, they may use Digi Blue, or the older colors called Chroma Blue and Chroma Green - which were color matched to the color filters in the film emulsion.\n\nToday, since all these effects are digital, you can also \" key \" out by any color, a range of color, or even by brightness.", "Green and blue are both used. Generally they want to use colors that don't show up that often in nature/clothing so that the programs they use to insert digital effects only place those effects where they are wanted.", "Other colours can be - and are - used sometimes. \n\nThe shade of green on a green screen is chosen because it's easier to remove completely from a shot and replaced with an alternate image. If they used a more commonly occurring colour - say, blue for example, there's a chance the colour is present in clothing or skin tones or other prop devices. \n\nBy using a colour that isn't present elsewhere they avoid the unintended deletion of other items when the green is removed.", "Here is an excellent video made by a video expert on the subject, it’s really simple to understand but is really precise at the same time\n_URL_0_", "ANY color can be used, but they don't just edit the background out, they edit out anything in that or a similar color. Thus, they need to use a color not likely to show up anywhere else in the scene and that shade of green is pretty rarely used, so it's the chosen color a lot. \n\n\nSometime, hillariously, someone happens to wear a shirt to close to the background color and they become see through. Happens on yourtube and twitch quite a lot as the people aren't always so careful to check the colors of their clothes. \n\n\nSee this video for when a meterologist misjudges of colors of her dress. \n\n\n [_URL_1_](_URL_1_)", "It's not. They use blue screens.\n\n\"Green is the go-to because it doesn't match any natural skin tone or hair color, meaning no part of an actor will be edited out through chroma key. When a green costume or prop is essential, a blue screen is often substituted.\" -google", "Digital cameras have twice as many green individual sensor compared to red and blue. Therefore it is easier to key out the green and leave the red and blue sensor information intact." ]

[ "It is actions that openly go against the crown/state, similar but not quite the same as to what would be considered treasonous." ]

[ "They use the signal strength of your phone between multiple phone masts and that helps them narrow bit down. Its also instant you don't need to keep someone on then line", "Every phone pings to it's nearest tower while on call, they'll select 3 towers in shape of triangle , by using mathematical formula they'll find distance between tower and caller device then they'll search in area where tower is near that's why it's not much accurate but we can find device within range of 600m nearby" ]

[ "National debt is just like any other debt. When you want to spend more money than you have, you borrow it. Same goes for governments.\n\nWhy do investors/banks want to lend you money? Because they think you will pay the money back with interest. The more likely you are to pay, = the safer the debt, the lower the interest rate. Just like a bank might run a credit report on a customer, investors have ratings for government debt.\n\nThe very safest debt pays the least interest, but investors still what to loan money to safe borrowers because it balances the risk exposure in their debt portfolio. Often investors mix risky stock investments with safer government debt investments to balance their portfolio.\n\nCountries like the US and UK are extremely safe. The US has never defaulted on its debt, ever, and so it can pay the least interest while countries that have debt problems, like Venezuela, pay a much higher interest rate if they pay you back at all. There is mixed bag with the Euro. Some Euro countries, like Germany, are super reliable but they also use the same currency as Greece, which has had some recent default problems. That makes it hard to isolate the risk in euro debts.\n\nWhile all these countries owe a lot of money, it's not clear that paying the loans off is a good idea. It would be horrible news to all the investors, and retirement funds, that use this debt as a risk hedge. If retirements plans became a more risky investment, that would be **very bad**. In this way, a government having a lot of debt that it can afford to pay off at market rates, actually is good for the national economy.\n\nThe problem is that the borrowing is done by politicians, and they are sometimes short-sighted ignoramuses that do stupid stuff. That's not good for the national economy.", "Most sovereign debt is owed to the people of the country, either directly or through financial institutions. If you have a savings account at a bank, you have at least some stake in the sovereign debt of your country (and probably a few other prominent countries like the US) because the bank is putting some of your money into them.\n\nA reasonable level of government debt is good, even necessary, for a country. Lots of people want to save money. They can shove it under their mattress, but it's better if that money is doing *something* as it waits to be spent. You can invest that money (and many do), but that carries a risk that your investment can lose value. Government debt is a middle way between the two. You give your retirement fund to the government. The government puts it to work. You take it back 30 years later. There's essentially no risk, your savings are protected (unlike money under a mattress), and the money is still doing something while you wait. \n\nIt's important to ensure that government debt does not run out of control or that the government never defaults on its debt for silly reasons (see: the US \"debt ceiling\"), but it would be equally disastrous to insist that the government carry no debt. That would be removing its ability to provide an important service to the people of the country." ]

[ "Chemical engineering. First they figure out which chemical(s) in the thing contribute to the flavour/aroma, then they synthesize those same chemicals in a lab from other materials. Voila" ]

[ "Microsurgery, using a microscope and very thin stitch material." ]

[ "Nothing happens. It is simply gas escaping from your joints. A man cracked his joints for 50 years and nothing happened." ]

[ "It’s the general idea, but much weaker, bigger, and less obvious, but the general idea of a current underwater is correct." ]

[ "Before you see the bolt strike, smaller \"feeder\" lines are either working up from the ground, or down from above. The first of these lines to reach a path to the ground becomes the basis for the bolt. \n\nYou can see it here: \n\n_URL_0_", "It doesn't always go for the nearest spot. It randomly jumps around the air looking for the path of least resistance, hence why lightning is so zig-zaggy and not a laser beam. [go to about the 4:50 mark in this video. ](_URL_1_) You see how each lightning bolt starts out as many little tendrils searching outward towards the round. Once one reaches the ground, all of the charge dumps through that path and the other tendrils go away. That path is often a shorter one, as the random nature of the lightning's movement makes the shorter path more likely to find the ground, but it is never the absolute shortest path either, or else it would be a straight line.", "The same way a toddler can sneak in to the kitchen to eat cookies, path of least resistance." ]

[ "In 1893, science fiction author H.G. Wells wrote \"Man of the Year Million\", where described humans becoming the stereotypical \"grey alien\". In 1901 he reused this description in First_Men_in_the_Moon. It's also the general description of the Martian evildoers in The_War_of_the_Worlds.\n\nWells was so popular, and influential, that the \"grey\" description became the norm in science fiction." ]

[ "To address the first half of your question: The gut microbiome describes the plethora of bacteria that live in your gut but do not harm you. In fact, many of them help you! (For example, you get almost all of your Vitamin K because bacteria in your gut produce it for you) The microbiome also helps prevent nasty bugs that cause illness from taking root: there simply isn't enough room! \n\nThe microbiome is still being studied, so honestly no one is really for sure yet which bugs are most beneficial. There are a lot of theories that the microbiome affects your overall lifetime health and things such as obesity. These are being studied, but we can't yet point to specific bacteria and say \"this one helps prevent obesity.\" This is an area that will likely explode with new discoveries in the next decade or so!\n\nNow, in terms of dehydration, I do not know of any specific effects. I did a cursory glace through medical journals and couldn't find anything. But I would not at all be surprised if it does impact the microbiome. So far, we have found that things such as childhood diet, bouts of diarrhea, and antibiotic use can all can impact the microbiome." ]