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[ "The force of the coaster as it accelerates and decelerates very rapidly applies force to your internal organs, but they are held in place by some internal membranes that have some elasticity. Your stomach resembles an expandable bag so it tends to have more movement and elasticity. So the effects of the rapid speed changes have a more pronounced effect on the parts of the stomach that aren’t really securely attached to anything and that is what you feel.", "_URL_16_\n\n_URL_13_\n\n_URL_2_\n\n_URL_7_\n\n_URL_8_\n\n_URL_12_\n\n_URL_6_\n\n_URL_3_\n\n_URL_10_\n\n_URL_11_\n\n_URL_9_\n\n_URL_15_\n\n_URL_0_\n\n_URL_1_\n\n_URL_4_\n\n_URL_14_\n\n_URL_5_", "Does this feeling go away in zero gravity space?", "So why do we experience it someone's when falling or flying in some video games?", "Try tossing a half-full water bottle into the air and watch the water carefully. You'll notice that when the bottle starts to slow down, the water keeps going a little longer and splashes against the top of the bottle as it comes back down. That's basically what's happening to your insides. All the fluids and soft tissue inside you have a little extra wiggle room, so they don't change direction at the same time or the same speed as the rest of your body", "Alright, I have to ask because I don't see it listed. I get this feeling in my skull and stomach. Am I feeling my brain sloshing around? I also tense up and get severe pounding headaches on rollercoasters so my wife thinks I'm a real killjoy because she loves them.", "Never understood this , I’ve never felt anything in or near my stomach, it’s more like that feeling when you rub the head of your member with some force.", "My stomach? \n\nELI5 why it happens to my *balls.*", "Ok I have a follow-up question — why is it that some people (me) feel sick riding rollercoasters and other people love them? I honestly feel like my internal organs are ricocheting off my skeleton when I ride one." ]

[ "Different batteries have different voltages. And you don't want to try recharging a non-rechargeable cell.\n\nRechargable batteries generally have a voltage of 1.2 volts, compared to heavy duty or alkaline cells with 1.5. If you were to put a rechargable battery in parralell with an alkaline cell, the alkaline cell would discharge through the rechargable one, overcharging, overheating it and probably damaging it.\n\nBatteries also have different capacities - so putting a cheap heavy duty in series with a fresh alkaline or rechargeable cell, or a partialy discharged cell with a fresh one, when the low capacity cell discharges the cells that still had capacity would force charge through the dead cell, charging it backwards. This will cause the discharged cell to leak.", "Til you shouldn't mix batteries. \n\nWhat am I supposed to do when my remote dies but I only have 1 new AA battery left!?", "So batteries are full of electricity that they want to give to the thing you put the batteries in. Electricity moves through metal but it only moves in a circuit, a continuous loop. That's why there is a little bit of metal on both ends of where you put a battery in. The battery is metal all the way through so the electricity can come out one end, go all the way through the device (Which makes the device go!), and then come back into the battery at the other end.\n\nHowever, we lose a little bit of electricity when it goes around the circuit. Some of it kind of, rubs off, wears out. Like tires on a car, or your shoes when you've have them for a long time. Batteries run out too, because their charge of electricity wears out.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nNow when there's one battery putting electricity into a circuit, it just goes and goes until it gets worn out. But batteries can be different, and there can be problems when you mix them together. Some batteries are stronger- they put out more electricity, than other ones. They have a higher \"voltage\". When you use more than one battery, they all have to be part of the circuit that the electricity goes through. So the electricity goes through all of the batteries and then through the device. But if one battery is stronger than another battery, it will push its electricity too fast for the weaker battery to keep up with. The weaker battery won't be able to push its electricity out faster than its coming in. It will fill up with too much electricity and break. A few different things can happen when a battery breaks, it could get too hot and melt the parts around it, or it could break open and get bad burning liquid everywhere. This might hurt the device or even you.\n\nEven with the same kind of batteries, they can get weaker or stronger based on how worn out they are. So you can have the same problem if use multiple batteries from the exact same box, but one has been used for a long time already, and one has never been used before. The older worn out one might not be able to keep up with the new one, and it can break. So this is why it's recommended to use only all new batteries that are all the same when you need to switch out old ones. So they'll all be just as strong and fresh as each other, and can all work together on the same circuit.", "If you think two batteries being two people in one large hamster wheel. The runners have energy and they run to turn the wheel. \n\n & #x200B;\n\nThe most effective way would be for both runners to have the same speed and same stamina. They will turn the wheel at the same speed and tire together. If both runners can run at the same speed, but one has been running for ages and is tired, the fit runner will be limited by the tired runner and could injure the tired runner. In this case, one battery has energy but the other doesn't, the one with more energy will discharge to the one with less, possibly causing damage to one or both batteries. The comedy picture is the slower runner falling down and spinning round with the wheel, whilst the fitter runner works really hard to power the wheel and move the tired runner round and round. He's not running efficiently now, and will tire quickly, possibly overheat from the exhaustion.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nThe same happens when you have one runner who is a lot faster than the other. The faster runner is trying to force the wheel up to his speed but the slower one is slowing him down, even if both have loads of stamina. Again, this can deplete the energy of both runners quickly and possibly cause damage.", "People here are giving really bad answers / entirely wrong answers.\n\nBatteries develop internal resistance over time. A battery that is nearly dead has a lot of internal resistance due to the chemicals not wanting to freely give up electrons as easily.\n\nImagine you’re an electron running on smooth pavement. Boom. You suddenly hit a different material like sand or water. You’re going to use up a lot of energy to go through that material and in the process generate a lot of heat / get sweatier.\n\nBatteries have thermal limits. Exceeding the thermal limit may cause batteries to leak / explode / generate hydrogen (highly flammable) / short circuit.\n\nYou want to keep the batteries nearly identical so you don’t have that sudden change in flow.\n\n- > An electric heater / stove works on the same principle. You have really fast moving electrons suddenly trying to flow through heavy resistance. The byproduct is heat. So an electric heater / stove is essentially an electron resistance machine.", "All of this is especially true with cells that can discharge very quickly, or don’t have a safe self discharge characteristic. \n\nNiMH when overcharged will reasonably safely turn the extra charge into heat without releasing their entire stored capacity. They just get warm. \n\nLithium cells on the other hand do not have a “safe self discharge”, and may become unstable and fizz pop big fire, as they release their entire charge quickly through an internal short. That internal short happens because chemistry, and is supplied with high current because that’s something the rest of the cell is good at, because chemistry. \n- > The strengths of lithium cells make the consequences of their weaknesses worse.\n\nFor the same chemical reasons, Lithium based cells are also capable of supplying huge currents before their internal resistance limits them, so charge imbalance between healthy cells is a much bigger problem. The cell with a higher charge can dump it more quickly into the cell with lower charge, possibly vaporizing the wire in between.\n\nThe above is also coupled with lithium based cells simply holding more energy, which in case of failure is more to be suddenly released.\n\nBut lithium cells hold more energy in a smaller cell and can deliver it faster and we really want that. So we have to manage them. That’s why lithium batteries require a battery manager circuit, which is often built in and takes care of all these worries for you. The exception is hobby r/c batteries which are not managed and you can do very stupid things with.", "A battery is like a pipe which lets water flow through it. The water is the electricity, and it needs to flow round the circuit to power things.\n\nAs it gets used more, the pipe gets crusty (becomes dead) and restricts the flow (voltage).\n\nEventually you end up with a very restricted flow (low voltage).\n\nIf you then couple it with a brand-new battery with a really powerful flow (full voltage), then it will present an obstacle.\n\nIn our water-pipe analogy, you can see that the big flow through a huge pipe hitting something of a very restricted flow in a crusted-up pipe will cause a lot of resistance and pressure. Generally, in battery terms, that means electrical resistance and therefore heat.\n\nIf you have a lot of all-new / freshly-charged batteries and one really-dead battery, for instance, you could well take that dead battery past its safe temperature range. Especially with things like NiCd or NiMH." ]

[ "Probably because many spiders are venemous, and so, like snakes, people evolved to fear them.\n\nThere aren't very many creatures common throughout the world which can poison us, spiders and snakes are the only ones which come to mind really." ]

[ "Because these aren't all the Ricks and Mortys these are all of them on the central finite curve. What rules govern which universes are and are not included aren't mentioned but it can be assumed there are some because it is finite, not infinite. Also, we don't know they all are the the same age, maybe some of them are thousands of years old but halted their aging, maybe Morty at this age is perfect for Rick's work so he doesn't let him get any older. Thats a stretch of course but you could make a bunch of similar points like that. It's all about that finite curve." ]

[ "Capital gains are when an investor sells a stock for a profit. \n\nDividends are typically when the corporation has made so much money that they would like to reward the investors. So the company gives them cash every three months or so." ]

[ "insulin can do that. Your body releases insulin (technically a hormone) to help process carbs in the food you eat. That can be one reason why people feel sleepy after they eat a big pile of pasta, for example. If a diabetic patient gets too much insulin in a post-meal injection, it can “fog” them so much that it could be fatal. If you’re asking because you struggle with brain fog, one thing you might try is eating more but smaller meals to minimize the amount of insulin your body secretes at any given time when you eat. Also not eating a bazillion carbs in any one sitting.\n\nThis is just one of many, many causes of brain fog." ]

[ "Pretty much all your trash has to be washed and clean or it \"won't go through the recycling machines.\" That and China and all the other countries that were buying our trash have stopped so there is no market for most recyclables anymore.", "When you bring in bottles you are getting a refund on the deposit made while buying the item. If they don't charge a deposit then they have no financial incentive to take it." ]

[ "Scientists have done studies on this, surprisingly. And as it turns out the opposite is often true, but with some particulars on the details. The study done was involving coffee, and scientists found that the average human gait oscillates the coffee in an average mug at exactly the right (or wrong, depending on how you look at it) cadence to cause a spill in approximately 3 steps. The thing that they found most people do wrong is try to get from point 'A' to point 'B' quickly which causes excess oscillation and speeds up the point at which the coffee will spill. Additionally, You should focus on your cup and not your feet. Doing so slows your pace, dampens the oscillation frequency and will help prevent spillage.\n\nEdit: I'm adding in this portion because I forgot that this was ELI5 and not AskReddit.\n\nLiquid splashes back and forth with each step, when you walk quickly it splashes more and causes it to build momentum back and forth like a skateboarder on a half pipe. Focusing on the glass has been shown to cause you to slow down so that the momentum doesn't build up to much, and your coffee doesnt spill.", "Your for used on not spilling the glass, instead of walking properly, which is more important for holding the glad right. You body is good at the basic movement of grabbing the glass, and holding on until you put it down. It's a bit trickier to walk. Focus on the landscape that you're moving through with your eyes helps your walking." ]

[ "Smell and taste warn both people and animals what is poisonous and what is not. There are some things which are hard to identify as poisonous because they have no telltale smell, taste, or appearance, but most things warn off people and animals.\n\nThe aversion to the smell and taste of poisonous objects is driven by evolution, since only those who found poisonous objects awful in taste or smell would survive to pass on their genetic traits.\n\nThe natural instinct to detect poisons in humans has decreased precisely because humans learned to communicate and pass down their knowledge. While decreased, vestiges of this instinct is still obvious. The smell and taste of rotten food is awful to us. Our taste buds developing the ability to taste bitterness is also a consequence of this evolution.", "-Evolution. The animals which ate bad stuff died. Only the ones with mutations survived. Humans are smart to talk to each other. So we didn't have to evolve, just needed to avoid the stuff that killed a fellow caveperson." ]

[ "When the nerve going to one eye is stimulated, somewhere along the way that same nerve stimulates the nerve of the opposite eye. So essentially both nerves for each eye are stimulated at the same time when your brain decides to look a certain way.", "I can answer the first part. There's a pathway of nerves that control our eyes that cross the midline of the brainstem in various areas. The right and left eyes are connected by this pathway and it is responsible for reflexes that control the lateral and medial (to the side and to the middle) muscles of our eyes. This keeps the eyes moving in the same directions. (For more info search Edinger Westphal Nucleus and superior colliculus)\nI'm not sure about crossing the eyes. I'm sure it's extra work for the brain to process the images, so that's probably why it causes headaches after extended periods.\n\nI'm also 3 jack and cokes in though..." ]

[ "The question is: who does the indicting? The President has plenary power over the executive branch. He would be the boss of anyone who would be tasked with indicting him for a crime. It wouldn't make any sense.\n\nWho is the President *not* the boss of? Congress. That's why the clear course of action to control the head of the Executive branch is impeachment, not having a subservient member of the Executive prosecute his own boss.\n\n(The President is not the boss of the Supreme Court either, but the Supreme Court does not have the power to set its own course of action; only Congress can do that)", "The very short story is that he is in a position to block a guilty verdict. He can fire the prosecutor or pardon himself. The justice department doesn't prusue charges where there is little or no chance of a guilty verdict. This isn't a rule but more common sense to not waste resources that could be better used elsewhere.", "This is based on an opinion from the Office of Legal Council (OLC), which is that it would make it too difficult to do his job. They think this could be unconstitutional. You can read about it here if you want to wade through a 40 page pdf: \n\n_URL_0_\n\nIt is just an opinion, although it is one written from some high-ranking lawyers. I don't really follow the logic of it, but I guess that's why I'm not a high-ranking lawyer. \n\nAnyway, the OLC's job is to figure out legal stuff for the Justice Department. It would take an actual court case in front of the Supreme Court to tell us if they were right or not. But since the Justice Department would be running the prosecution, and they think they'd lose, they won't start such a case.", "It is an actual set rule, that's why Nixon resigned and then was pardoned by Ford for \"any crimes he may have committed\" during the time he held office.\nBasically, it would be super difficult to ever actually charge someone who was recently president, because resignation and pardon from your vice president is really easy and completely legal.", "ELI5: Because that would be like using an employee trying to put their boss in timeout. Its not likely to happen. It would be like asking the manager to fire the boss.\n\nIts not a tradition, but a rule. That rule can be changed either by the employee or by the rule maker.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nNot ELI5: A sitting President cannot be indicted because it conflicts with the Separation of Powers envisioned by the first three Articles of the Constitution. Separation of Powers says that there are three branches of government, each performing checks and balances on the other two branches. The President is the head of the executive branch of government and is granted the power to carry out--or \"execute\"--the [laws](_URL_6_) passed by Congress.\n\nTo execute the laws, the executive branch relies on the expertise of departments and administrative agencies (e.g. \"Department of Defense\" or \"the Environmental Protection Agency\"). At the highest levels of the executive branch you have \"the Cabinet\" or department heads like the Attorney General who is the head of the Department of Justice and the Secretary of Defense who is the head of the Department of Defense. The AG and other department heads serve \"at the pleasure of the President,\" meaning the President may generally hire and fire them as he pleases, for whatever reason. More broadly, the collection of executive departments, offices, bureaus, and agencies are known as \"the administration\" (as in \"the Trump/Obama/Bush administration did X...\"). Congress has passed on *a little tiny bit* of their constitutional rule-making authority to these agencies because not all Congresspeople are experts in the subjects of every law they pass. \"Laws\" in the administration context are known as \"Rules\" or \"[Regulations](_URL_6_)\" or \"[Guidelines](_URL_6_)\". So, the administration sits in between Congress and the President-- parts of the administration **both make and execute laws** (and in some cases also perform judicial functions too. Talk about power!).\n\nThe Federal Bureau of Investigation brings criminal charges against government officials, public organizations, and private individuals. In short, it is the prosecutor of [federal criminal laws](_URL_6_). The Federal Bureau of Investigation is a bureau within of the [Department of Justice](_URL_6_) (DOJ). Also within the DOJ, the Office of Legal Counsel (OLC) used some of its congressionally delegated rule-making power to make some rules governing the internal operations of the DOJ in *very limited* circumstances--when considering whether the DOJ can criminally charge (i.e. \"indict\") the President for wrongdoing. [These rules basically said](_URL_6_): \"we think the Constitution says we can't use our prosecution powers to indict our boss, Mr. President. That's neither wise nor permissible. Its not wise because he can fire the manager, Mr. AG. So Mr. AG won't charge the boss because he doesn't want to get fired. Its not permissible because *that would be using the criminal justice system as the vehicle or the method to remove the President* when the Constitution ***EXPLICITLY*** says the President can ***ONLY*** be removed by Congress through impeachment, not through the criminal justice system.\"\n\nIn essence, the OLC made a rule that it couldn't do something that Congress *may* have told it to do. It made this rule because it interpreted (judicial function!) such an act would be an improper exercise of its law enforcement power. It reached this conclusion be reasoning that what it would have to do--criminally charge the President--is ultimately Congress's job to do.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nE: cleaning up words because I'm tired.", "Allowing a president to be indicted would put the power of elections in the hands of a single prosecutor. Kind of an upset of power when millions vote for him/her. \n\nOften/always there is political mud slinging. Founders were genius when they recognized this. \n\nSo it goes to elected leaders to impeach him for those crimes. Now its the whole elected body instead of one prosecutor. \n\nIf hes impeached the prosecutor can still prosecute him. \n\nThe rule is from the C as interpreted by scotus.\n\nEdit:\n > \"The President, Vice President and all civil Officers of the United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors.\" Art. 2 Sect 4\n\nedit2\n\n > Article I, section 3, clause 7 provides: \"Judgment in cases of Impeachment: shall not extend further than to removal from Office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of trust or profit under the United States; but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgement and punishment, according to Law,''", "What would happen if they straight up, red-handed murdered someone?" ]

[ "The numbers indicate Diopters of correction for your prescription lenses. A Diopter (D) indicates that the focal length of the lens is at 1/D meters. The higher the Diopter value, the thicker the lens will be to bend light better.\n\nIf you are nearsighted, the Diopter values of your lenses should be negative to correct for your nearsightedness (focused too closely). For simplicity, let's say your prescription is -3.0 D to cancel out the 3.0 D of your eye. 3.0 D means your nearsightedness puts things at 1/3 meters in focus (about a foot) without glasses.\n\nCalculating equivalent visual acuity is a bit trickier and involves ratios. The thing with optical focus is that the ratio of the distance an object is to the focus determines how blurry it is. With your eyes focused at 1/3 meters, something at 6 meter (20 ft, the distance of the eye chart) gives you a ratio of 6 / (1/3) = 6 x 3 = 18. For someone focused at 20 feet, the equivalent blurriness is the ratio multiplied by 20: 20 x 18 = ~400 ft, indicating 20/400 vision. This holds true for nearsightedness but farsightedness is more complicated.", "You are correct; the numbers correspond to a measurement called the \"diopter,\" which is simply the reciprocal of the focal length. That is, your 3.5 diopter lens will cause a beam of light to converge 1/3.5, or 0.28, meters behind the lens.\n\nA positive diopter means that your lens corrects farsightedness, causing the light entering your eye to focus to a point more rapidly." ]

[ "Typically 4wd has locking differentials that send even power to all four wheels. AWD sends power to specific wheels typically with front or rear bias depending on car, and then all or none of the power to appropriate wheels based on available traction when conditions require it.", "Ok so this is my first ELI5 answer, here it goes: \n\n- Both send power to the 4 wheels\n\nAWD: The computer sends the power to the 4 wheels automatically as needed, it focuses more on better handling of the car. You cant activate or deactivate it.\n\n\n4wd: You have a selector to where you can decide if you use only 2wd or 4wd and usually you can lock the 4wd so you get 50% of power on the front wheels and 50% on the rear wheels. It focuses more on driving on muddy, rocky, or \"light off road\". Consider it a soft version of a 4X4\n\nBonus:\n\n4x4: Kinda like the 4wd except you have some special gears, that produce an insane amount of torque, so you can go off road heavy.\n\n\nSorry for my English, not my first language." ]

[ "The evolutionary advantage of \"contagious vomit\" is that in a group of people if someone got sick from something, it was likely others would to. So...first person eats something poisonous or that has gone bad and makes you ill, then others wold get it out of their system _early_, rather than wait until genuine symptoms produced their own vomit.\n\nIt's _likely_ that this reaction was advantageous and increased likelihood of surviving as a trait - it would certainly prevent certain kinds of toxic materials from taking out an entire village if getting it out of your stomach early increased likelihood of survival.", "It is a reflex, because previously people would share the same meal from the same hunt if something was wrong with the animal or plant and one person threw up chances are everyone’s poisoned - so your body gags as a reflex", "It's part of survival instinct. Usually you throw up if there was something wrong in the food you ate. Since you most likely consumed what the person next to you ate, you will want to vomit on seeing them vomit, as a precaution." ]

[ "Breaking up a tech company is when a government forces a company to devide what it does into separate business.\n\nSo for eg, if you have a tech company that has 80% of search share, 80% of mobile share, 80% of online video share, then you may be concerned that the power they have over so many integrated spaces, will harm competition. And decide that they should be broken up.\n\nYou would then force them to have _URL_1_, mobile os and _URL_0_ be separate businesses. That way the power they hold in each can't help control other businesses.\n\nEdit: words to make more sense" ]

[ "In the UK, we don't have hot weather infrastructure. Our houses are designed to keep heat in. The only place we have air conditioning is in cars. Plus the humidity is likely to be higher in the UK.\n\nCountries that experience heat regularly have different building structures, air conditioning in some countries. Sometimes change in societal habits, such as not working at the hottest part of the day.", "2 things: \n1) As other people mention, you just get used to it. \n2) Humidity. High temperatures feel a lot higher with high humidity. High humidity means your sweat mechanism doesn't work as effectively.", "I live in France, but I’m Spanish, from the south actually. I can tell you that I’m having the wort time ever at 36 degrees, because this country is not prepared for heat. Otherwise, in my city in Spain 35 is the usual, so I don’t have problems there in summer.", "This heat right now isn't really too bad. It's really dry and therefore your body can compensate pretty well when you sweat. I'm in Germany and it's getting to nearly 40c right now, but I had worse experience with 30c and humidity. \n\nBut then again, people panic all the time with everything they're not used to. Besides the obvious physical conditions such heat brings, your brain and mind play a large role in it too. It's like a lot of other things, the less you think or worry about it, the less you care. The media doesn't really help either, they literally inject the thought of this \"horrible heatwave\" into people's minds. \n\nI remember two years ago I was in Italy during a heat wave. It was up to 40c AND really humid. That was truly terrible, as soon as you stepped out of the door you were already sweating like a waterfall.", "Because in the UK 30c is not normal and thus your body is not used to that kind of heat. If you were to live in the Sahara or the middle of Africa or middle east where temperatures can get up to 50+ then you would get used to those temperatures and going back to the UK when its 30c would feel cold. \n\nThis process of getting used to a climate is called \"acclimatise\" and is something all humans do and for any climate. It also happens if you were to move somewhere located much higher from sea level where the air is thinner. In that case your body would produce more red bloodcells to compansate for the lack of air. If you then were to move back you would lose these extra red bloodcells since they are no longer needed.", "In addition to just getting used to it, places where extreme temperatures are more common will be more prepared for it. People living in an area that is often very hot will be more likely to have air conditioning, will have appropriate clothes, and will be more used to having to protect against things like heat stroke.\n\nThe same is true on the other end: Places where extreme cold is more common are more likely to have lots of snow plows and people will have warmer wardrobes. That's why some places keep functioning despite huge blizzards, while others shut down after a light dusting of snow." ]

[ "Some greases soften up when warmed up.\n\nThink of candle wax. If it was all over a plate cold water would make it harder", "Part of it has to do with how things dissolve.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nA general rule of thumb in chemistry is that if you dissolve something in warm water, more of it will dissolve than if you dissolve the same thing in cold water. Basically, the solubility of things in water increases as the water temperature increases. This has to do with the ways the molecules of water behave at higher temperatures and their interactions with the molecules of the grime of the dirty dishes." ]

[ "Because if they stood on 0 feet they would fall?" ]

[ "Generally speaking, a syndrome is a collection of symptoms that are related to each other through some common cause, and a disease is a single cause of some illness, but there's a huge area of overlap in using the two terms. For example, AIDS is syndrome (in fact that's what the S in AIDS stands for) because it's a collection of many possible symptoms and opportunistic infections caused by the HIV virus. Measles on the other hand, is a disease, because it's one single virus that does specific things and has specific symptoms." ]

[ "Because the body of animals has evolved over millions of years for survival in the wild. And animals have only been domesticated within the last 30,000 years.\n\nSo even though it’s higher quality food, and is constantly available, and they don’t need to hunt, and they don’t need to survive a harsh winter outside - their body’s behave as if they do.\n\nReplace pets with humans and due largely to the same mechanism you have probably the strongest explanation for the current obesity crisis in the western world.\n\nSadly this is not true of my dog who needs to be coaxed to eat every day - she would NOT do well in the wild - So think yourselves lucky it’s not the opposite any time you resent the glorious over eating of your pets haha.", "For the same reason we still crave fatty, sugary foods even though we (at least some of us) have nearly unlimited access to healthy foods. We evolved to stuff ourselves full of as many calories as possible because during our evolutionary past as hunters and gatherers, we never knew when our next meal was coming. Now in modern times, for many (but certainly not all) people on this planet, that's not a problem anymore, but that need is still deeply hardwired into our brains. Likewise, our pets are descended from wild animals that were also foragers or hunters. Like us, in the wild, they needed to get as many calories as possible, because you never know when that next prey animal is coming along, and you might need to go days without food. Now, our pets, just like us, have modern luxuries, and they don't have to hunt or forage for food because we give it to them, but that primal part of their brain still tells them that their survival means eating as much and as often as possible." ]

[ "I believe Japan still relies heavily on physical sales for their revenue. So the cleanest way to support a Japanese anime is, unfortunately, to actually purchase the DVDs. There may be officially licensed sites but they could be hard to find or access. Generally if the site you are going to is \"mainstream\" like Viki, Cartoon Network, Netflix etc, they pay a royalty or license fee to the anime production company for the right to stream their anime. \n\nAny site that appears unlicensed probably pays the production company nothing - essentially it is pirated content." ]

[ "When you speak normally your vocal cords vibrate at a certain speed or frequency this is usually the same when you are breathing air.\nHelium is a much lighter gas than air, which is why balloons filled with it float so well. When it passes over your vocal cords they vibrate faster which makes the voice sound squeaky because of the frequency of the movement of the vocal cords.\n\nYes it will make a little girl or boy sound squeakier but as children's voices are naturally more high pitched, the effect will be less pronounced so you might not notice it as much.\n\n*Putting my fun police hat on now; it can be very dangerous to breathe in helium and other gases, so whilst funny it's not recommended, particularly for children, as they might suffocate and no one wants that.*\n\nEdit: Autoincorrect\n\nEdit 2: Safety" ]

[ "We could, and there are a few examples of where we have, but the main reason is the same one driving pretty much all decisions that are made - cost. It is much, much, much cheaper to build traditional style buildings and just pump resources into and through them and out the other side than it is to build the kinds of buildings you are talking about. At the moment, there is just no real incentive to, although there is plenty of reason. Ultimately, we’ve had the tech to address sustainability issues for decades, but the political and economic will hasn’t been there to actually develop and implement it. Going somewhere like Mars forces us to do so.", "A liter of potable water on Mars costs in excess of a million dollars. A liter of potable water on Earth costs less than a penny. Its like asking why DeBeers treats diamonds differently than a beach treats sand." ]

[ "The flapping motion itself is generally used to build or maintain height. However, with the angle and shape of a birds wings, a bird can adjust its tilt slightly while flapping or gliding to build forward momentum. The forward momentum builds as the bird tilts forward, and will accumulate as the bird flies through the air. Birds can adjust the angle of their wings to flap with a combination of upwards and forward momentum.", "How does a propeller make a plane go forward, when the propeller only goes around and around? It does so by having the blades at an angle.\n\nIt is the same with a bird. When using the wings to push it forward, it twists its wings so they push the air backwards as well as down, and pushing the air backwards pushes the bird forwards.\n\nLastly, some birds do mainly use the beat of their wings to lift the bird up. Then they glide forwards on fixed wings, before flapping again to lift them up again.", "Because the wings of a bird are not moving only up and down. It's a more complex motion.\n\nI would compare it to a less exaggerated butterfly swimming stroke.\n\n & #x200B;\n\n[_URL_2_](_URL_1_)\n\n & #x200B;\n\nEdit. Link to an article, from which the gif is.\n\n [_URL_0_](_URL_0_)" ]

[ "Every water tastes different.\n\nBut if you're referring to water and ice made from the same surce, you taste differently those 2 things because one is colder than the other, also during cristallizzation water traps gasses that would be expelled while in liquid form, which contributes to taste", "No expert, but I always thought ice tasted kind of funky if it was left absorbing the smells of the freezer for a bit." ]

[ "> how did people learn two or more languages without growing up around the respective native speakers?\n\nTypically they or their parents hired a tutor. \n\nThose that couldn't afford to hire a tutor and didn't grow up around the native speakers of multiple languages typically didn't learn multiple languages, with the exception of theologians and academics who would often learn a second language as part of their education.", "You mean, how people learned the languages originally, when there were no bilingual translators around? Like when Columbus landed in Hispaniola? I think people simply explained a lot of things with sign language, me, you, banana, coconut and so on. More complex or abstract concepts propably took a long time to get across. Like, explaining the government of Spain to a tribal native Caribbean propably took a long time." ]

[ "The sun rises in East & set in West & travel over the equator\n\nIf you know which way north you can use this information to determine if you are in northern hemisphere (Sun will be to the south) or southern hemisphere (Sun in north)\n\nIf you use a sextant you can measure the exact angles of sun from horizons triangulate your exact position (within a few hundred square feet) on earth on a chart" ]

[ "Phonetically different words have different sounds as each other or the same sounds in a different order. It has very little to do with anything but phonology or orthography or lexis.\n\nSometimes this is said that because words are orthographically the same (spelt the same, like sewer (one who sews) and sewer (long pipe for poo)) but said differently (sow-er vs sue-er)." ]

[ "Barcodes are actually just a font what represent the numbers that are normally printed just below it. The most common type of barcode in North America is the UPC (Universal Product Code) that is owned and managed by GS1. GS1 officially licenses barcodes for products for sale, using a system where the first N numbers of the code represent the manufacturer of the product, and the rest represent the product from the manufacturer.\n\nBy sticking to this system, and making sure that their barcodes use the correct manufacturer number, they can know they wont be overlapping with another manufacturer.\n\nManufacturers can also pay more to get a shorter manufacturer code, so that they can have more digits left over to have more products.", "Barcodes also don't necessarily have to refer back to any sort of master list, or anything. Many are just used for internal tracking, so they don't NEED to all be unique. For example, one company offers an office furniture tracking system platform (software and hardware). Every one of their customers could all have barcodes/UPCs that start with 0-00000-00001-0 and go up from there, and it wouldn't matter. The code itself doesn't have any information in it. It's just an identifier to a specific item in a database.", "The barcode is just a representation of the number written under. On the bottle in front of me it is a 13 digits number, meaning 10,000,000,000,000 unique barcodes.", "Short answer: They are not.\n\nBarcode is just a way to encode data, and what data you encode is up to you. There are some global systems that allow you to identify a country and manufacturer of products though.\n\nBut even them usually just refer to product type/batch, not every individual product (so for example all bottles of coke from one shift in one plant will get same barcode).\n\n & #x200B;\n\nPS. For coca cola one batch can be milions of cans. But the batching happens, that's why sometimes the barcodes \"don't scan\" when the new batch of products come into a store. \n\nSometimes there's a promotion, that would get a new barcode.\n\nOften different retailers (big ones like Target, Wallmart), will get their own barcode for a given product.\n\nDifferent sizes of items will obviously also get different barcodes.", "[short talk on barcodes](_URL_0_) if you're interested in how they work", "On a side note, did you know that the bar code reader, actually read the blank spaces, rather than the black lines?", "They’re just numbers represented by lines, just like Braille is numbers and letters represented by dots. \n\n\nFun story about bar codes. At work our prints/copies are tracked and limited to a certain number per month and are tied to our badges that we scan at the copy machine using a barcode reader. \n\n\nWell, I used an app or website to decode the barcode (and type of barcode) and saw that it was just my employee ID with some leading zeroes. As luck would have it our employee ID is also our phone extension, which has a nice published list we can all access. Obviously I used a barcode generator and created several barcodes using employee IDs for coworkers I don’t really care for. Worked like a charm. I don’t think I’d ever come close to hitting my copy limit before, it was just kinda fun to work it out.", "There a really good video that covers barcodes/how they’re used:\n\n_URL_1_", "Fun fact: the lady who invented the barcode or some aspect of it donated $1,000 every single week in the donation basket at my church growing up.", "It’s really simple barcodes is basically a language. The spaces between lines and the type of line is all repressing different numbers. \n\nThe first half of a classic barcode usually is the number of a the company who make the product. So Coca-Cola barcodes will all have the same first half. The second half is the product code. That will be unique so, a Coca Cola cherry can will have a different second half to a Coca Cola cherry 2 litre bottle. \n\nCompanies can apply to a central barcode organisation to resister themselves and get a new barcode. They also send them new product numbers when they release new things. \n\nYou can actually learn the barcode language, not that you’d need to as the barcode number is usually printed below. \n\nThere is a great podcast on it from stuff you should know if you want to know more check it out.", "/u/MrOctantis summed up most of the barcode details nicely, but I just wanted to make it known that each company has it's own set of barcodes.\n\nBarcodes are used in the same way that employee identification is used within a business. You could work at Target with an employee number of 201 and then turn around to work at Taco Bell and get the same employee ID number.\n\nThe same is true with barcodes. Each company has it's own set of barcodes to track the quantity of goods they have sold and have restocked. These barcodes are completely separate from other companies and manufacturers, so overlap and limited availability of barcodes isn't an issue.", "Barcodes operates as an alphabet, so they don't need to be unique. When you scan it, it just needs to display a item number/name, that a system can read from its stockhold index, and from here you get the price, or any other information needed.", "A barcode is typically 2 parts. The first half of the number is the manufacturer number, and the second half is the product number.\n\nSo for example, if you look at the back of various Frito Lay chips, their barcodes all start with 028400.\n\nThe important thing is that two companies don't get the same manufacturer number. So any company that wants to use a barcode, has to get a license from the barcode people, GS1, and they give you that company a unique manufacturer number. They make sure nobody else already got it, or gets it in the future.\n\nThen the last 6 digits can be used for every different product your company makes. Except actually, it's only the last 5 digits. \n\nThe very last digit is a 'checksum'. Basically, it's a way of checking whether the barcode is legit, by doing some math to all the other numbers. When this math is done correctly, the final digit can only be one specific number out of 10 possibilites (0 through 9). If it is any other number, we know that the barcode number is either fake or incorrectly typed in. \n\nSo with 5 numbers to work with, that means the last digits can be anything from 00000 to 99999... meaning you can make up to 100,000 unique products in your company before you run out of numbers.\n\nWhat if that might actually be a problem?\n\nWell there are other barcode standards, lots of them. In America we use a standard that is 12 digits, but there are other standards that are 13, 14, or even more.", "They're not necessarily unique. Barcodes are regularly recycled and duplicated.\n\nI work for a company that delivers parcels, and all of our parcels are tracked internally based on a barcode. The barcode is essential just a way of representing the parcels \"unique\" id, but it has a maximum length due to legacy reasons. What this means is after around 3-4 months of orders, we run out of barcodes and old ones are reused. Usually this isn't a problem, because parcels should have been delivered long before 3-4 months is reached, but it does mean that if you track your parcel a few months later, it might not exist anymore.\n\nOther companies will probably be using exactly the same barcodes as we are - but for different purposes. It doesn't really matter if another company uses an identical barcode, because the context in which they're used are different and they'll never cross paths. I would imagine in a retail setting there must be some rules around how barcodes are distributed but I have no idea about that.\n\nThis is one of the reasons why alternative 2D barcode systems such as QR codes are taking off - they allow you to encode much more data in to the space, to avoid duplication/reuse.", "It's tough to conceive of *just how efficient our number system is*. Especially if you incorporate letters into the number scheme. \n\n3 is a rough approximation of pi. But it's bad. You'd waste an entire bucket of paint on a beach ball. But just adding 1 digit brings that waste down to 1/10th of a bucket. \n\n3.1 = 1/10 of a bucket. \n\n3.14 = a nice coat of paint. \n\n3.141 = paint is too thin, kinda see though.\n\n3.1415 = there's paint?\n\n3.14159 = down to the single molecule thickness if that. \n\nIt takes a very small number of digits to represent huge things. How many grains of sand are there on Earth? \n\nseven quintillion, five hundred quadrillion grains. As a number: 7,500,000,000,000,000,000. That's every single grain of sand on Earth. ( [Estimated] (_URL_2_) )\n\nBar codes don't need many digits at all to cover every product ever made. The current system of letting manufacturers decide their product numbers is extremely wasteful, letting at least 90% of the available number space be inaccessible and it doesn't matter because that's only 1 more digit.", "Since you’re all experts, what is the deal with “Amazon” barcodes?\n\nThey re-barcode most products and my Pantry Check home inventory app cannot read them." ]

[ "I'm not sure which method YouTube uses. But one common method of measuring ad displays is looking at how often an ad image is displayed.\n\nWhen you see an ad on a website, it means the image for that ad has been downloaded to your computer to display it in your browser. This download can be tracked on the server where the ad has been hosted.\n\nWhen you block ads, you prevent the displaying and thus downloading of the ad image. Which means it never gets counted as a displayed ad." ]

[ "It really should be called **runaway global warming**, to tell the truth. But to answer your question - \n\nApprox 20 years ago the weather was like a fair dice (1.2.3.4.5.6) So there was always an equal chance of any temperature, rainfall, humidity, snowfall etc etc ; and approx 1 in 3 chance of an extreme weather event \n\nBut Climatologists agree that the dice has become loaded within these 20 years (1.1.3.4.6.6) . The chances of throwing extreme events has doubled (approx) so in any calendar year you should expect at least one fucked up weather event in your location\n\nThis is difficult for climate deniers to understand but global warming can cause instability which can cause extreme cold (eg USA/Canada last winter)" ]

[ "Same reason any other animal including humans tend to walk in a row when going across difficult or dangerous terrain: they're following a path. \n\nThe path is often less obvious than the ones followed by, say, elephants in a jungle, but it's there and the penguins know* where it is and that following it is easier than going any other way. \n\n*) For some definition of knowledge.", "I'm only taking an educated guess but I'd assume it's because they're unstable upright and they can reduce the effects of the strength of the wind when walking single file, cutting through it like a knife, while bracing themselves against one another." ]

[ "Horses in their native environment generally spent a lot of time walking on harder, more arid terrain, which over time would harden and shape the hoof into form, sort of like a callous. Nowadays, however, horses tend not to move around nearly as much per day and do so in wetter environments and softer terrain. As a result, their hooves tend to remain softer and more prone to injury. Horseshoes came about as a means to protect their hooves in these conditions." ]

[ "Most people do shrink as they get older and their bodies degenerate.\n\nThe very little old people you're thinking of were short to begin with and shrivel up more." ]

[ "If you're not able to power up the ECM to get it with a reader then I believe the insurance companies ballpark it off your driving and service history" ]

[ "The same components it not identical comments. A sports car and every day car can have the same components but they are not identical.\n\nIf I am not mistaken it is the membrane that is the most important part. You need one that is symmetrical and vibrate the same in all frequency so the manufacturing tolerances is low in both the material and how it it is mounted. It need to be mounted in some frame that do not vibrate the incorrect way.\n\nThe magnets need to be identical in both ear and the coil need to be wrapped the correct way. Those part is likely simple to manufacture then the membrane and the other part of headphone. So the tolerances for the cheep and the expensive part is different.\n\n\nSmall difference in the plastic part can have a effect on the sound and there is wear on the mould when they are used. So you need mould that is manufactured with high accuracy and it changed relative often and that cost money.\n\nA good comparison is LEGO and other brick that look the same. If you have used both they look identical but when you put then together LEGO will stick together all the time but the copies often used worse mould more times so the plastic part might be a few thousands of a millimeter off and then they do not stick together. \n\nLego used mould that is made with higher accuracy and used a comparable short time. It make the product more expensive but all part work and stick together. I have had the misfortune to glue a robot of LEGO like brand together because the 5 years old that had got it could not play with it because it just fell apart. The part look identical but the are not.", "It's the quality and construction of the drivers that affect the audio quality.\n\nIdeally you want your drivers to move linearly, up and down, right the in middle.\n\nPoorly designed and manufactured drivers aren't well supported so they may not move perfectly up/down or they might not move perfectly in the center.\n\nAny deviation causes distortion which will degrade the sound quality. The worse the drivers, the more distortion is introduced and therefore the more affected the sound quality." ]

[ "The hooves of a horse are made of the same material as fingernails. It wears down easily on roads with tightly packed dirt and on stone. Tamed horses which are ridden or used as beasts of burden also tend to move around a good deal more than those in the wild, so the wear on their hooves is a serious problem even if they only travel on naturally occurring materials. Horseshoe helps prevent the wearing down of the hoof and extends the productive lifespan of the horse.", "To keep hooves from splitting or wearing unevenly. They’re often necessary for horses that work on hard or rough surfaces." ]

[ "Dynamic range. Your eye can resolve a candle a mile away at night, or the sun shining on white walls at noon, basically at the same time.\n\nPhone cameras are more limited, and tend to adjust for the brightest object in the field of view. That tends to darken everything else relative to your eyesight.", "The eye is not a camera, not at all.\n\nThe sense cells in the eye have a combined \"how bright is it\" sense, which is used to control the iris, the eye's aperture. However, each individual sense cell has its own gain sensitivity.\n\nThe camera in your phone probably doesn't even have a variable aperture. Instead is has an overall gain control that it uses to adapt to overall scene brightness. That leaves bright regions over exposed and dark regions under exposed.", "We got a few things that cause this.\n\n• Our camera doesn't quite zoom in on the moon as much as our eyes do. \n\nCamera lenses zoom in different amounts, this \"zoomability\" can be described by the 'focal length' of a lens. When you see some number followed by \"mm\" in a lens description, that's the focal length, e.g. \"35 mm lens\". \n\nThe bigger the number, the more it zooms. So a 50mm is pretty normal looking, 600mm zooms in a lot, and a 10mm sort of \"zooms out\" and gives you a wider field of view than our eyes normally can. \n\nYour phone camera is only something like 35mm, or 28mm. It is \"zoomed out\" a bit. And the further away something is, the more exaggerated this 'zooming out' effect looks.\n\n• Your camera overexposes the photo.\n\nExposure describes how bright or how dark the photo looks. Our eyes adjust to different levels of brightness almost instantly. Like what Gene is referring to.. if you look at that white wall at noon, your irises rapidly shrink to let in less light. Then you can see stuff like the texture on the wall once they adjust. Then if you look into a dark tunnel, your irises adjust again, they quickly open up to let in more light, and maybe after a second you can see the walls of that tunnel.\n\nYour camera tries to do automatic exposure adjustments, but sometimes it's not smart about it. \n\nIf it sees the moon in the night sky, it says \"ok, 95% of this scene is really dark, and 5% is really bright. Obviously it's more important to make sure 95% of the photo can be seen clearly, so I'll try to brighten everything up.\" ... it doesn't realize that the part you're interested in, the moon, is already really bright, and if anything the phone camera should be letting in LESS light.\n\nTo some extent you can fix this by having a phone camera where you can manually control the exposure settings.\n\nUnfortunately, you still have the first problem... instead of a tiny red dot, now it's a tiny dark red dot. You still can't see any cool details, on most phone cameras.\n\n• Your phone autofocus may be off. \n\nMost phones are pretty good about this but you mentioned a blurred red dot... it may be your phone accidentally focused on something close, and this can make faraway stuff a little blurry. \n\n• Your own hand movement can cause blurring.\n\nFor most photos, the slight natural movement of your hands is no problem. Phones do all sorts of smart tricks to fix this like take a quick series of photos and pick the sharpest one, without you even knowing it. \n\nBut if you're photographing something far away or with really small details, having your hands shift a tiny bit during the photo might cause those crucial details to look blurry. It's better if your camera or phone can be propped against something solid that doesn't move (a tripod, or even just resting against a wall or tree or something)." ]

[ "\"Sick\" is your body taking drastic measures to fight off germs. Fevers, for example, are cause by your immune system intentionally raising your body temperature, slowing down germ growth so your body can eliminate them. Coughing, sneezing, vomiting, etc, is your body's way of trying to expel stuff from your body before they cause more harm." ]

[ "Well-regulated is the point of contention in the US Constitution.\n\nThe debate is whether it means “well trained and proficient” or “controlled by legislation”.\n\nThe argument for “well trained and proficient” stems from English language references from the 1700s. Historically, a well-regulated military was one that was trained and disciplined. Hence why the standing Continental and British armies were called “Regulars”. The idea that a militia be “well-regulated” (ie. well trained/proficient) is so they may be called upon in times of need. The reasoning behind this was that with increased gun ownership, the owners would be proficient enough to use firearms in a militia with little to no extra training.\n\nThe argument for “legislatively controlled” is a more modern take on “well-regulated” that uses modern English terminology to explain the plain language of the Amendment. Some scholars argue that individual state security was a reason for the Amendment in the first place and that militias no longer have a place in their the US. Regulation in modern English is more in line with legislative operations, not with the regularization (standardization) of military forces, regular and non-regular.\n\nSo, to answer your question: “Well-Regulated Militia” isn’t ignored. It’s a point of contention between originalists and revisionists.", "Because when it was written, the 'militia' was every able-bodied male capable of taking up arms to defend the state/nation.\n\nThe 'well-regulated' was a term used to describe something kept in good working order. By these definitions, a well regulated militia was the populace being armed and supplied well enough to fight off any hostile threat to their sovereignty.\n\nAnd read it \"...the right of the people...\" is written in Amendments 1, 2, 4 and 10. This means these right apply to the entire citizenry of the United States." ]

[ "Every cell in your body isn't replaced every 7 years. That's an incredibly prevalent and popular myth. A great amount of your body (e.g., muscles, heart, lung, nerves) never regenerate and the cells you have at around puberty are all the cells you'll ever have.\n\nI guess I'll have to answer your question by posing another question: why would tattoos go away? It's permant ink just sitting there in your tissue. Nothing is taking it out. Skin does replace itself, but why would that cause tattoos to go away? Where would the ink go?" ]

[ "All wounds leave scars to some degree, though they may not always be visible. In short, small scrapes and cuts with a smaller area of trauma will usually not leave a noticable scar. Bigger and deeper wounds scar more due to the healing process and our bodies trying to heal them as quickly as possible.\n\nTo go into more detail, scars are made from collagen (which our body makes many different types of). When a scar is first forming, fibroblasts migrate from nearby undamaged tissue and lay down collagen. Our body can quickly produce this type of collagen when trying to speed up the healing process. The collagen usually ends up being aligned in one direction (different than the usual \"basket-weave\" texture of our skin), which is the main cause of visible scars, as the resulting tissue is smoother and looks different. As the healing process continues, this quick-forming collagen is degraded and replaced by a slow-growing collagen which is much stronger and protects the wound better. This collagen is one of the reasons our scars fade over time.\n\nThe reason smaller wounds tend to scar less (and why doctors stitch to keep wounds as small as possible) is because the smaller the wound, the less collagen and healing time is necessary. Stitches help pull the wound edges closer together and speed up healing. But we don't usually get stitches unless the wound is big and/or deep. Stitches only tend to be used when doctors think that the underlying structures are at risk of damage, or that healing will take so long that there would be risk of infection. This is why the wound may be cleaned first before stitching.\n\nI hope this was clear and answered your question!\n\n\nEdit: spelling and words" ]

[ "Extremely. Exercises causes “muscle gains” by damaging the muscle fibers (technically the microscopic action and myosin filaments which are what cause muscle contraction). The main period of time that that damage is fixed is during sleep. No sleep, no large scale repairs. When the damage is fixed, either more fibers are made (hyperplasia) or the fibers get bigger because more actin and myosin chains are made (hypertrophy). \n\nIt’s kind of like how a large scale highway repairs and roadwork is typically done at night, when there are less people on the road. The workers are more productive and can make more progress at night, with less traffic. During the day, with thousands of people driving by, the workers have significantly reduced productivity. Muscle repair is similar. You have reduced energy demands at night, which means more energy can go to fixing muscles. You also aren’t really using the muscles during sleep which allows for repair to occur. Muscles will start getting repaired during the day, just not nearly at the level as during sleep. (Also sleep is just good for you in general. No sleep will literally kill you, either acutely or through an increased risk in heart failure, metabolic disorders, stroke, and motor vehicle accidents)." ]

[ "I'm from Belgium. I've just to taken the train to make my daily connection Brussels-Antwerp. On a normal day, it's 45 min. Today it took me 1h45 min., because of trains cancelled or running slowly. \nSo don't worry mate! It's the same in mainland Europe!\n\nEdit: grammar I could fix by myself", "They are prob built to endure that type of heat thanks to the chances of it occuring in that specific region" ]

[ "It's just an extra large dose of chlorine to kill anything with a massive blast, and then you use a lower dose as \"maintenance\" to stop anything new from infecting the water." ]

[ "Well, the moon has two very abundant things, sunshine, and cold. It would be very easy to set up a bunch of solar panels, then use the electricity from that to boil the water, then use the cold outside to condense that steam back into distilled water, which would be safe for drinking. \nOtherwise, it might be technically safe, but would taste terrible. It's got four billion years of dust dissolved in it, doesn't it?" ]

[ "Changes in temperature cause the air to expand or contract in volume, changing the density and therefore altering how light passes through it. When bent by this transition between densities the light will produce a wavering effect above sources of heat (why you get a mirage, or see the heat effect from objects) and this bending of light means light is diverted from its normal path. As a result there are some areas which get less light, or a shadow." ]

[ "A) Usually a witness to a crime is a little more aware of the person comitting the crime than 95% of the faces they see just walking around on the street. \n\nB) Sketch artists are pretty good at their job and interpreting what people say, it's also not just a 1-and-done drawing, they draw what they think the witness means, show it to them and get corrections, etc. \n\nC) The ones who sketch artists work with are the ones who remember the faces of the accused. If they question you and you say \"I really don't remember what they looked like other than being maybe 6' male, white, and skinny....but I don't remember his hair color, or length or anything\", they probably aren't going to sit down and try to get a sketch with you. \n\nD) Sketch artists know the kinds of questions to ask to help improve the likeness of the image. \"That face doesn't quite look like I remember\"....\"Do you remember their nose being bigger or smaller than the sketch? Longer or shorter?\"....etc. \n\nE) Sketches aren't perfect but are usually close-enough to help find the individual in question. You might not be able to tell a sketch artist the exact nose shape or anything of a celebrity, but given some time you could probably work through to an image that looks extremely similar to some celebrity you know.", "A lot of it is down to careful questioning and experience by the artist like asking was the nose wider then this etc." ]

[ "In physics, there are a bunch of equations that include universal constants. For example, E = mc^(2). c is the speed of light. It's the same everywhere. But the specific number it is depends on what units you're using. If you're using meters per second, it's about 300,000,000. If you're using miles per hour it's about 670,000,000.\n\nSo some physicists said, \"Hey it would be great if we could make a system of units where all those constants are equal to 1\". And it turns out that's possible to do.\n\nThe Planck units are what you get when you do that. The Planck length specifically is sqrt(ħG/c^(3)), where ħ is the reduced Planck constant, G is the gravitational constant and c is the speed of light.\n\nSome people think the Planck length is the \"pixel size\" of the universe. Whether that's true or not isn't known." ]

[ "Horses living that \"all organic\" lifestyle are basically walking on their toenails for shoes. Their toenails are worn down naturally when hiking around the woods. \n\nHowever, if they take a bad step or just have rough day, their hooves can crack or split. Imagine having a split fingernail and having to put no less than 400lbs on it all day every day. Shit sucks yo. \n\nSpeaking of which, you're probably mashing literal shit in that wound too, which leads to infections which leads to a pile of bad. \n\nSteel Horseshoes take the brunt of sharp and rough surfaces, and tie the hoof together so it never splits. The flipside is that the hoof/toenail doesn't wear naturally anymore, so the horse's people have to trim the hoof down manually on a regular basis.", "Horses (especially in the past) worked and carried loads that put a lot of weight on their bodies. This sort of labor meant that the hooves could get damaged/cracked/generally worn faster than it would in the wild. The horseshoe helps keep that from happening by putting a layer of metal between the hoof and the ground." ]

[ "Exec's sell stock on publicly available schedules. They announce to the public they're going to sell X shares of stock in 3 months. It's not private info anymore", "Insider trading is buying stocks knowing information not available to the public. Cheating in a way. Being given stock doesn't count as insider trading.\n\nInsider trading would be buying stock for a company in advance of some sort of announcement because you knew that early.\n\nAn example would be buying stocks of a company that's days away from being FDA approved for some sort of miracle drug." ]

[ "They don't! Sort of. But they kind of act like they do.\n\nAlright, back to Newton's laws. Force = mass X acceleration. So if you want accelerate a heavier object, you need a bigger force.\n\nEinstein found that energy and mass have an equivalence via the famous E = mc\\^2 (energy = mass X speed of light squared). He also found that nothing travels faster than light. It turns out if you're close to the speed of light (like 99% the speed of light), it you have to put in an insane amount of energy to go just a little faster (say 99.1%), and *even more* to go slightly faster than that (say 99.2%). To actually *get* to the speed of light is infinite energy.\n\nThe way people understood this at first was to think \"hey, when things go fast, it's harder to make them go faster than it would normally be? What could cause that? Oh hey! They could be heavier!!!\". So they said that you have this \"relativistic mass\" that gets bigger when the object is moving faster. They did this all so Force = Mass X Acceleration is still true.\n\nHowever you can also just say Force = Mass X Acceleration is just wrong, and that really the equation is incomplete. This became a more popular view recently. It also means that the formula for kinetic energy, 1/2 mass X speed squared, is wrong. Then the mass is always the same, no matter the speed.\n\nThe reason you can have these two totally different views is because of Einstein's discovery that mass and energy are equivalent. Physicists prefer mostly the second view for pedagogical reasons when teaching physics." ]

[ "A lot of band songs these days are pretty fast. That one-two is half the speed of the one-two-three-four, so denotes one and three rather than one and two, and is a helpful run-up into the song. having two bars to prepare instead of one means that people are much more likely to come in on time. \n\nIt's also probably a style thing. Bands have been using that so long that it's become a bit of a flair that makes the performance cooler.", "The counting is for synchronization: you want the band start not only at the same time, but also with the same speed.\nA \"One two three four\" would get the same starting time pretty accurate, but for accurate speed you need more time to adjust your own internal speed reference(when you listen to these cues).\n\nYou could count that phrase twice, and it would work, but it is not that stylish. A \"one, (pause), two, (pause), one two three four\" still works pretty well.\nYou can even leave out the \"four\" which gives also more room when you do a recording and want to cut the cues later.\n\nYou could also cues with \"and-a five six sev-en eight\". depends just allot on style.\n\nif the speed is already established, a \"sev-en eight\" may also be enough.", "* It's mostly just an artistic choice.\n* It *does* give the rest of the band slightly more time to feel out the beat and get ready to play at the same speed but it's not necessary for a well rehearsed band.\n* Some musical groups can start songs using as little as half a beat, commonly donated by the word \"and\".", "It depends on the time signature of the song, and the tempo of the song. For faster paced songs some bands will go \"One, THREE, then One, Two, Three, Four at the faster pace\". Other songs will be a simple \"One, Two, Three, Four,\" or \"One, Two, Three\"." ]

[ "The machine constantly listens for the trigger word. Once it hears that, it records the next few seconds of sound and sends them over the Internet to a server, for analysis and response.", "I actually know the guy who \"invented\" Alexa. \n\nThere is a dedicated chip on the device that listens and only rembers one or two words at a time. It forgets everything it's heard just after hearing it. If it hears the word \"Alexa\", it wakes up and starts recording everything that's said for a few second. \n\nIt can't understand any word other than \"Alexa\" and \"Stop\". So it takes all the raw audio and uploads it to a much bigger computer in \"the cloud\". The bigger cloud computer has a machine learning algorithm that gets trained by people to recognize certain sounds as text words. \n\nThese text words are then run through a seperate *intent recognition* machine learning algorithm. Which kicks off specific *functions* that exact can execute." ]

[ "3:1 and 7:2 are fractional odds. Multiply that number by your stake, and that's how much you'll profit if they win. So 3:1 means multiply your stake by 3, 7:2 means multiply your stake by 7/2 which is of course 3.5\n\nA bet of $100 for the Lakers would profit $300, plus you get your bet back, so if the Lakers win the chip then your $100 ticket would pay you $400. If the Clippers win it, a $100 ticket would pay $450 ($100 times 3.5 plus $100)\n\nThe Pirates being -115 against the Cards means you have to bet $115 on the Pirates in order to win $100. You can work out the multiplier by dividing 100 by 115 - it's 0.87. So like my above example, if you bet $100 on the Pirates and they win, your ticket will pay $187 - 0.87 times your bet, plus your bet.\n\nYou'll also see odds written like +150 - that means bet $100, win $150. In American style odds if the number starts with a minus sign, the multiplier is 100/odds - if it starts with a plus sign, the multiplier is odds/100\n\nEasy peasy! I bet in the time I've been writing this, your post has already been removed for either not being flaired or you not searching :)" ]

[ "In some states you pay an additional fee (included in the price) when buying recyclable containers. When you return them the fee is supposed to be refunded." ]

[ "Yes. If you remove blue light from white light you get yellow light, which is a mixture of green and red light... at least from an anatomical perspective." ]

[ "They don't. There are simply more of them flying around , at any one time, due to the increased buoyancy (of warm air rising)" ]

[ "The excessive heat causes the tracks to expand, which can make switches sticky. The trains need to slow down for safety.", "Most things shrink and expands when it gets cold and hot respectively. This also includes the steel rails that the trans run on. You may not see this expansion in for example your bike frame or your car but when you have a single piece of steel having been wielded together for miles and miles the expansion when it is hot is massive. All the stresses will become so great that in hot weather the rail will be able to push the sleepers and the ballast out of the way in order to take up the slack in extra corners. When this happens it is obvious that any train can not drive over it without derailing. This is mostly a problem in places with a huge difference in temperature through the seasons. In winter the issue is that the rails shrinks so much that it snaps in two which will also derail trains. So they make sure to only maintain the rails in spring and autumn when the temperature of the rail is a happy medium so that it will not shrink too much in the winter and not expand too much in summer. However if the temperature becomes too high or too low then they have to drive slow so that the driver have time to stop the train if they spot any damage on the rails in front of them or they have to cancel the train and call in service crews to fix the rails." ]

[ "Some people feel comfort from eating and, in times of stress, develop a kind of addiction where they must constantly eat to stay comfortable and happy.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nOn the other hand, some people see themselves as overweight and will do everything they can to not eat, or just vomit up the food (bulimia).\n\n & #x200B;\n\nThese are obviously extreme examples and I am nowhere near qualified to go into more detail, but essentially it works like an addiction to help the victim feel more comfortable.", "My experience, but I did because of digs from friends and family about my weight. Little things like “you’re looking a bit more chubby these days” from my grandma made me feel awful about myself and I intentionally would not eat with the goal of pleasing those around me. Looking in the mirror I still didn’t feel like I was as thin as my peers (although looking back I definitely was) and I just starved myself until I felt I was good enough." ]

[ "People familiar with the game can generally figure out the pitch fairly easily, as long as they have a proper view at it. It just takes experience to do so. There are TONs of pitches for baseball fans and players. They see pitches all day, every day, for years and years since they were little kids. They know whats going on.\n\nThat being said, there's really only 3 main types of pitches. Fastballs, Curveballs (aka breaking balls), and changeups.\n\nThese three are pretty easy to distinguish from each other. Fastballs, are fast and usually fairly straight. Curveballs (a few varieties) curve or break in the air, and changeups are generally a variation of a fastball that is slower." ]

[ "Venmo deposited basically by using your debit card in reverse. Those transactions happen nearly instantaneously. The paypal transfers are done through ACH (basically an electronic check) and since those are done in a few daily batches rather than through a card processing network, there's a day or two delay in those being processed and settled.", "Basically, trust. Or varying levels of it. \n\n\nLet's say you're buying a house from me. I don't know you. I have no reason to trust you. It's impractical for you to hand me a briefcase full of $250,000 at the same time I physically hand you the deed. You need to write me a check or some promise that your bank will give me the money soon. I don't want to hand over the deed until I get the money, but you don't want to give me the money until you get the deed. So we're at an impasse. \n\n\nEnter brokers, or escrow services. These are third parties that don't trust either of us. I give them the deed. You give them the money. Once they verify that both sides have done their half of the trade, then they swap them and give them back to us simultaneously. (In a real estate escrow, there's actually more than just two parties involved, like mortgage companies, and it's even more complicated. But same general concept.) \n\n\nBank to bank transfers like checks or wire transfers typically work the same way through various methods. Checks and electronic transfers go through a mechanism (at least in the US) called an Automated Clearing House, or ACH. Due to long-standing technical limitations, no clear owner, and an unwillingness to invest in new technologies because of it, ACH's still have a 24-72 hour wait period before the transfers complete. Any kind of transfer built on top of ACH will have a similar delay. \n\n\nCredit card companies, however, have other means. They can often act as their own escrow or ACH. They can dispense the money to the target vendor immediately and know they have means of making you pay up later. They temporarily undertake the risk on the vendor's behalf, so they're able to pay out immediately, before waiting to make sure they get your money first. \n\n\nMost debit cards are backed by one of the major credit card companies' payments networks and work the same way, like Visa or Mastercard, which is why they carry their logo. They can dispense the money immediately, knowing they can make your bank pay up later. But in order to do this they charge a fee, and a lot of companies don't want to pay it, so they instead fall back to using ACH transfers, which are basically free but take longer. \n\n\nVenmo is built on top of the debit card and credit card network. PayPal transfers are (usually) built on top of ACH. It's all about who you trust, what kind of deals you've cut, and how much you're willing to pay in fees to use it.", "PayPal owns Venmo. Doesn’t answer your question but thought it was interesting you used those 2 apps as examples." ]

[ "Upvoting for \"trust me, I know\"\n\n\nCW: suicide\n\n\nAlso, here's what Google has to say on the etymology of that phrase, \"A person standing on a pail or bucket with their head in a slip noose would kick the bucket so as to commit suicide. The OED, however, says this is mainly speculative; The OED describes as more plausible the archaic use of \"bucket\" as a beam from which a pig is hung by its feet prior to being slaughtered.\"\n\n\nBasically it's derived from hanging in one way or another, which often results in or is immediately followed by death." ]

[ "This is really cool one and none of the answers so far seem to cover it. youre talking about paradoxical effect of stimulants. But it's not really paradoxical. \n\n\"Focus\" is a thing part of our brain does. It's a function that a particular region is responsible for. One way you can think of the brain is as a team made up of many individual players. Each has their role and comes up with their own ideas and suggests them to the mind as to what to work on or think about. \n\nIf it's a football team, you can think of the players in different positions. ADHD can be thought of as a team where the coach is asleep and unable to get the team organized to make a specific designed play—and although the team as a whole may be full of energy and running around all over, they aren't going to be able to move the ball forward. \n\nADHD medications are stimulants but seem to calm down the brain because there is a partof the brain that is *underactive* in people with ADHD who's job is to **calm down and coordinate** the other parts. Think of this as the \"coach\". We're bringing coffee for the team, but the coach is the only one who really likes coffee and is the only one asleep. The stimulant affects the entire brain—but preferentially targets the coach. It also happens to be that the coach is just below the level of alertness needed to do his job in people with ADHD. In other people, the coach is already awake, and more stimulants just amp up the whole team.", "Part of ADHD is normal activities dont release dopamine, meaning you'll seek stimulation that does. By taking a stimulant like adderall or ritalin, the idea is that by correcting the imbalance, you'll be able to focus\n\n\nIf you dont have ADHD... well you're taking an amphetamine aka speed", "I have no medical degree, but extensive experience with this since I was diagnosed ADHD as a kid...the reason that's been told to me time and time again is that it pretty much overloads the brain, and it does the equivalent of a \"soft reset\"" ]

[ "Because there are mathematical formulas that allow you to calculate to any number of decimal places if you have the time and computing power. \nOne very inefficient one is\n\nπ = 4 x (1 - 1/3 + 1/5 - 1/7 .......... )\n\nThere is no theoretical reason why you can't calculate out to trillions and trillions of terms of this. The actual formulas used are much more efficient, each extra term added gets towards π much quicker than this one does." ]

[ "It wasn't Nixon who wanted it so much as a few key people. His Republican party wanted information on the Democrats--things they were planning--for the next election. But Nixon knew about it and tried to cover it up." ]

[ "It's unconventional which means it has a social stigma to it.\n\nYou will also get a better quality of sleep if you're in a dark environment and that can be tricky to achieve once the sun has come up.\n\nBut assuming you can get a good quality of sleep then there's no real difference." ]

[ "A lot of it is theory combined with practical experimentation. We can look at the surface materials of stars and speculate about what must be happening inside to explain what we see, and we also experimented with fusion in things like bombs to verify the theories.\n\nWith all that we can be pretty sure of what is going on even if we can't see it directly." ]

[ "It slows down your breathing and that then slows your heart back down. \n\nAlso, your nose helps warm and moisten the air so it doesn’t damage your lungs.", "It helps you regulate your breathing rate. \n\nI'm a runner and I used to get out of breath after like 500m. I never understood how people could possibly run long distances because my lungs gave out way before anything else got tired. Finally a friend of mine who played hockey told me this and it was a TOTAL game changer. I was still only able to run about 1km, but from that point I was fighting either mental fatigue or leg muscles. I eventually trained up to running half-marathons.\n\nI still probably couldn't run much more than 500m if I was only breathing through my mouth like I used to do", "In martial arts it's safer to inhale through the nose because it gives your jaw more stability and better to exhale through your mouth because explosive moves are stronger this way and if you get hit somewhere your upper body, you don't risk to get punched while inhaling.", "Dune taught me to breathe in through my mouth and out through my nose to recapture precious water.", "Not sure about when exercising but in general that's a good way to breathe. Nose has all those sticky hairs to reduce the amount of physical particles that end up in your lungs. I'm not sure about out through mouth but I was taught that as a kid in karate, too.", "Believe it or not, you only use a small percentage of the oxygen you breath in. By breathing in through the nose you bring air in slowly and at the same time your lungs are filling with CO2 to expel. By expelling the air through your mouth, you get rid of more CO2 faster. Usually when you start to feel out of breath it's not because you lack oxygen but you have too much CO2 to expel. So essentially, it regulates your oxygen intake and CO2 output more efficiently so you can last longer." ]

[ "So, part of the issue is that while the primary reason the Civil War was fought was slavery, the deeper reason is that slavery formed the fundamental basis of the South's economy, and without that, their economy would completely collapse. They were so reliant on slavery to function that without it, they couldn't compete with the North's factories. It wasn't just that the rich slave owners wanted to keep their way of life, but that getting rid of slavery would economically ruin the South, and well... there's strong evidence that indeed, it did. \n\n\nAdd this to existing racism, that made people willing to fight to maintain a world view where they got to view themselves as poor, sure, but still better than the slaves, and you got a lot of people willing to fight to maintain their way of life.", "The South said \"Hey, they're my slaves BUT they help your southern economy too\", \"so you should help me keep them, I mean us, help us keep them.\" The southerners were like \"Okay.\"", "The decision to seceed was made by the political leadership of the southern states. Many of those leaders were weathly slaveholders themselves, so the views and concerns of slaveholders was over-represented among the decision makers." ]

[ "Because it dehydrates you. I forget what it’s called but liquid likes to be stable so it goes from high concentration to low concentration and when the salt absorbs water in your body it can’t go anywhere else except leave you. \n\nI could be absolutely wrong so if someone knows better than I do please correct me!", "When you consume a lot of salt it gets absorbed in your intestines and goes into your blood. All of the salt will pull water out of cells in your body and flood the space between your cells and leak into your blood vessels. That much extra water makes your heart have to work much harder to pump all that fluid around, and this can lead to heart failure.", "Salt is only bad for about 15% of the population. Everyone else unless you ear it like candy you're not going to have any problems at all according to a 2016 study endorsed by the FDA.\n\nPrevious studies failed to control for generic predisposition and were testing people already at risk skewing the results." ]

[ "Solar panels are two layers of semiconductors, one laced with a substance with fewer electrons (+) and one laced with a substance with more electrons (-). When light passes through the layers, it knocks an electron lose, causing it to jump up from the negative side to the positive side, and another electron from the wire jumps in to fill the gap. It takes energy to force the electrons to go the opposite way, however, meaning that the easiest route for the newly freed electron is through the wire.\n\nInterestingly, LED bulbs are the exact same thing, only you force electricity to go through it the other way and it glows. You can even make solar panels glow this way, although it tends to damage them. And, unfortunately, that glow is in the Near-IR spectrum, so it's invisible to the naked eye, but some common cameras can see it anyway.", "The 'face' of a solar panel is composed of many tiny photovoltaic cells (which are BASICALLY tiny silicone filters that separate the photons (light particles) of the sunlight). There's 2 layers of this sheet of cells, the top layer has phosphorous added to it to increase the amount of electrons, which gives a positive type charge to that layer, the bottom layer gets boron, which reduces the electrons and creates a negative charge, so this creates an electric field between the 2 layers due to magnetism, and when a photon of light hits that solar panel, it pushes electrons out of that field and thus creates a limitless source of power as long as it has sunlight.\n\nPretty ingenious invention.\n\nSorry, kinda hard to actually r/explainlikeimfive x)." ]

[ "The word \"or\" can have two different meanings:\n\n\"Inclusive Or\": This is saying \"X or Y\" and meaning \"X is good, but Y is good too\". An example in a sentence is \"I'd like to get pizza or sushi, but not tacos\". \n\n\"Exclusive Or\": This is saying \"X or Y\" and meaning \"If you pick X, you can't have Y\". An example in a sentence is \"Are you voting for Amy or Bill for class president?\" \n\nBoth inclusive or and exclusive or can be useful when doing logic and programming, so it's sometimes important to specify which one you're talking about. Inclusive or is usually considered the default in those realms. When people want to use exclusive or they'll sometimes write it as \"xor\"." ]

[ "Diamonds stay valuable because the Debeers company stockpiles them and keeps an artificial scarcity on them at a global scale. Inherited diamonds do not lower value much because of population growth. This means that there are more people in \"need\" of diamonds every generation than those that become available due to older generations dying.", "The thing is, they don't. Diamonds are far more plentiful than we think and, realistically, are intrinsically worthless. The demand is falsified through clever marketing and the only people who really make money selling diamonds are stores. If you ever try to resell a diamond, no one will give you much for them. The only exception being REALLY large diamonds, rare colors and clarities, and diamonds included in high end jewelry made by well known makers but even then the true value lies in the precious metals and the time put into creating it. That, and the name of the jewelry maker, not the diamonds themselves.", "Market value. Diamonds aren’t actually rare. But they have been marketed as though they are for a long time. Diamonds actually weren’t as expensive as other precious gems even a couple hundred years ago. Their value was artificially inflated, partially by marketing schemes/advertisement campaigns, including the engagement ring industry, which propped them up as *the* right choice. Those who produce and sell diamonds have a vested interest in maintaining that artificially inflated value, so they aren’t going to sell them for less." ]

[ "Physical therapy: physical therapy is a collection of exercises and practices that can strengthen and heal your body in order to reduce pain and recover from injury\n\nTalk therapy: a collection of therapeutic techniques that can help patients learn to cope with problems, overcome emotional pain, and understand life, relationships, and people better\n\nMassage therapy: a set of physical techniques that have demonstrated ability to help with stress and other psychosomatic problems", "I’m assuming you’re specifically talking about psychological intervention. There are many different forms of therapy. The most common one is CBT (cognitive behavioral therapy) where the goal is to actually change the way that you think and act. For instance, if you have a phobia of dogs, CBT can be used to train yourself to calm down when near them. It can teach you how to cope with stress, depression, and methods to do so. Talk therapy helps by allowing you to verbalize what’s going on. This can not only force you into introspection, but a therapist can help you recognize patterns in your thinking and behavior and how you can use those to your advantage in a multitude of situations. CBT typically is lumped with talk therapy, however there are many other forms of therapy out there that work differently for different people!" ]

[ "You need to build the stuff that gets us there. Whether that’s research, or the shuttles and rovers and stuff that go out there, somebody’s doing it.", "Money never really leaves an economy. It's just directed at the things we think are valuable. The other commenters are correct that money spent on space exploration goes to the people who design spacecraft and the machines that they use to build them. It's possible that you're pursuing a hunch that space exploration is just \"sending money into space\". The better way to think about it is that we're sending *time* into space. \n\nImagine a government bill that pledged $1 billion per year to encourage the art of juggling. This would cause a lot more people to want to be jugglers. We'd probably end up with high-performance juggling equipment and whole university programs dedicated to the theory and practice of juggling. In the end, we'd all see a lot of very good juggling, and all those jugglers would get paid their salaries and lead happy lives with their families. But don't make the mistake of thinking that the juggling bill *supports* these people; it only directs them. In the absence of the juggling bill, most of them would have studied something different and got paid a salary for doing that instead. Would that \"something different\" have improved society as much as the juggling? Hard to say. \n\nSpace exploration is similar. Lots of smart people currently work in it. Some would no doubt continue even in the absence of government funding, but many would do something else with their lives. What we're really sending into space is the collective effort of those people. The amount the government pays them is a good measure of how much that effort is worth. It's what it costs to have them work in space exploration and not in some other industry. \n\nIn conclusion, space exploration is not free, but the best way to measure its cost is in the time people spend on it. Therefore, reasonable people can disagree about whether the cost is too high, but that's a different issue entirely.", "As entertaining as the thought is, money spent on space exploration isn't physically placed in the rocket and blasted to space. Aside from technical advancements and research benefits indirectly sourced from space exploration efforts the money goes to pay employee wages (who presumably spend the money buying food and paying rent and going to the movies), buying materials, manufacturing costs, electricity bill payments, and other expensive things that someone has to make for space exploration." ]

[ "Metal ores are pretty much just rocks which have higher than usual concentrations of certain elements. They still require a lot of processing after mining in order to extract the element(s) of interest. \n\nMineral crystals of the sort that people go looking for as collectibles often form in cavities in the rock or ground - these can be from gas bubbles which didn’t quite escape the rock when it was molten, or cavities which exist in the soil due to tree roots breaking up the ground. Anyway, a cavity lends itself well to the unobstructed growth of crystals as water leaches through and deposits stuff that was dissolved in the water. The lack of obstruction to growth means crystal faced can develop well. \n\nIf an area is uplifted in general then weathering and erosion will wear away the top layers and things inside will gradually get exposed. Uplift may occur due to long term tectonic forces - most obviously in mountain belts, but also just sections of the upper crust not associated with mountains, or blocks of crust like the horsts in [horst and graben structures](_URL_0_) are effectively uplifted compared to the surroundings and so experience more weathering. [Post-glacial rebound](_URL_1_) is another factor which can causes uplift. Then there are cliff faces which experience a fair amount of weathering just from being exposed - fossil hunters often go to such areas after storms to see what new things have been uncovered. \n\nOne last thing to mention is any place that has winters cold enough to freeze the ground might experience the seemingly magical appearance of rocks welling up from beneath the surface. This is so common in the eastern U.S. that they became known as “New England potatoes” by the farmers there. \n\nRocks are better conductors of heat than soil, so the rock conducts heat away from the warmer soil beneath it. That colder soil under the rock then freezes before other dirt at the same depth.\n\nRemember that when water freezes it expands. So, when the water in the soil under the rock freezes, it expands and pushes the rock up a little.\n\nWhen the ground thaws a space is left under the stone which fills with dirt, so the stone rests a little higher. Over a period of time this repeated freezing, expanding, upward push, and filling underneath eventually shoves the rock to the surface.", "I don’t think they “creep”. The principal of superposition tells us stuff closer to the surface is newer than things deeper in the ground. \n\nThe only thing that I think could affect this at all quickly are certain plate tectonics pushing material upwards like mountains etc." ]

[ "It really depending on the tpye of therapy. For example, I am working with CBT, Cognitive Behaviour Therapy at the minute, which key principles revolve around changing your current thought patterns without focusing on the past (too much). Other therapy or counselling techniques, such as exposure therapy involve exposing someone to th source of anxiety in a safe setting to diminish the anxiety it causes over time.\n\nCognitive Behaviour Therapy involves changing your thought patterns and behaviour linked to those thought patterns. So you look at the SITUATION, FEELINGS, THOUGHTS and BEHAVIOUR. The basic principals are you look a situation, say you are invited to a party, this makes you feel anxious, nervous or depressed. Your thoughts might be, I was invited out of pity, I don't have anything to wear, I'm not as pretty as everyone else who will be there, I'm the only single one. So you make the decision to not go. So as a result you feel better, more relaxed. This means next time you are invited somewhere you are less likely to go because you didn't last time and you felt better because of it. So this creates a negative feedback loop. You conclude, I feel better when I dont socialise. CBT aims to challenge and alter this thought pattern. You challenge you own thoughts. \n\n'I was invited out of pity' - Is this likely, would my friends have invited me if they didn't want me there?\n\n'I don't have anything to wear' Maybe I should look at what I do have, do so have time time/money to buy something else/ could I borrow something.\n\n'I'm the only single one' - Why does this bother me? Do I feel I should be in a relationship by now? If so, why? Because of my age? Or comparing myself to my friends?\n\nFrom all of these thoughts I might still decide not to go, but the aim is to work towards diminishing intensity of the negative emotion. So my anxiety might have been a 80% but now I have worked through my thoughts it has lost some of its power now it might be at 40%, and I might feel a little happy that I was invited and included. CBT is primarily about looking at the thought you are having about a particular situation. NOT the feelings, feelings will happen no matter what, it's the thought you focus on. And slowly start to try and pick out the facts. \n\nIf the thought is 'I was only invited out of pity, no one wants me to go', this can leads to other thoughts, \n'No one likes me'\n'They will have a better time if I'm not there'\n'Even if I go noone will talk to me'\nNONE of these are facts, they are just thoughts that are shaped by a core belief you have about yourself. For example if you suffer from depression, one of your core beliefs might be I'm useless, or noone likes me they all just pretend. \n\nCBT overtime aims to challenge these core beliefs by changing your thought pattern, by trying to differentiate between facts and negative thoughts. There is other elements as well such as focusing on the present using mindfulness and meditation techniques but I don't want to ramble forever.", "Ideally to cope with the underlying cause. Otherwise to learn how to deal with the consequences. Know that many psychological conditions can't be fixed at all anyways with therapy and then it always boils down \"how do I live with it\"." ]

[ "I don't know that there's an ELI5 for this, but it's because there is different lighting that changes the features and accents of your face." ]

[ "Air also cools as it expands. Because the higher you go the less air is above your position the more the air at that level expands and there is a point that the cooling of expansion is greater than the heat retained in the air as it rises.", "It's because the air is less dense as you get further from the surface. Further from Earth means less the gravity means less compacted air.\n\nTo think about it another way, eventually, the 'atmosphere' becomes more outer space than air.\n\nEdit: Almost forgot, there is a 'temperature inversion' where the atmosphere starts warming up because it's above the ozone later so the sun warms it a lot. But the it starts getting colder again as it REALLY starts to thin out into the nothingness of space.\nWeather & Climate classes go into this a lot and it is very interesting." ]

[ "Dinosaurs are living beings, all living beings have DNA, and down syndrome is a disease that results from having 47 chromosomes in your cells rather than the normal 46. Given that this is an error during mitosis and cell division, I don't see why dinosaurs couldn't also have these kind of diseases.", "Well it’s completely possible that dinosaurs were born with physical or cognitive impairments. Just like animals today. \nSurvival is a different story. Like the runts of the litter these impaired Dino’s probably died early in their adolescence." ]

[ "Fitted is a snugger, more form-fitting cut but it's still just buying a size off the rack that is closest to what fits you.\n\nA tailored suit is as you described, completely custom to your body's exact dimensions.", "“Tailored” usually means “made from scratch”. “Fitted” usually means “altered”. YMMV depending on the store.", "Tailored and fitted suits are the same thing. They are custom made to your specifications or measurements.\n\nWhat you're probably thinking is a suit advertised as \"tailor fit\" or some variation of that (such as slim fit, or fitted look), which is a style of how the suit is made. General fit suits are a little roomy so that they can accommodate more sizes of people, a \"tailor fit\" suit tends to be less forgiving and a bit \"tighter\" or more snug look and feel, its good if it fits your body, and bad if it doesn't. A more slim person may want a suit that is marketed and cut as slim fit or tailor fit to conform better to their body.\n\nHowever for all of these, these definitions are not ironclad...\n\nEdit: Should also add sometimes suits are considered \"fitted\" if you buy and off the shelf suit, then have it altered to your body. But again these terms aren't entirely always used in the same manner, as fitted suit can also mean a custom tailored suit", "There is a lot of overlap in definitions. Usually, both tailored and fitted describe mass-produced, off the rack suits that have been altered to fit your measurements. I have also seen tailored used to describe handmade suits sewn from an existing pattern to fit your measurements. The third and, most expensive option is a bespoke suit. It is a hand made suit sewn to fit you and incorporating your individual preferences. It is not made from an existing pattern." ]

[ "You'll find ancient cities that were abandoned for various reasons. Things that remain above ground for too long are exposed to things that often destroy them like weather, sun, animals, and people. However, wind and rain will often bring dirt, burying what's left of the old city. Things that survive long enough to be buried are a bit more protected as there's not much underground to cause the artifacts to degrade." ]

[ "The driver does. There is a mechanism for opening and closing the doors from outside the bus, it’s just not intended for and not advertised to the general public and may be secured.", "Different buses does this differently. The doors are usually pneumatic and can be pushed open or closed when there is no air supply. The driver can then lock the door shut using a padlock. Newer buses also tends to have a button to open and close the doors on the outside. This button is often hidden and/or locked. Another option on some buses is for the driver to exit through an emergency exit that uses more standard mechanical locks that can be operated from the outside. But in general bus companies is not worried about being able to secure their buses. Most buses are stored in a secure lot when not in use. And it is hard to make it worth stealing a bus as it is pretty hard to firstly get away from the police investigators and then sell it. And locks is not that useful when you have lots of breakable windows either. And in the rare case that a bus is stolen or vandalized the bus company will just replace it with a spare and send the repair bill to the insurance company. A lot more buses gets broken or misplaced by accident then as a result of not being properly locked.", "I can answer that since I've seen the bus drivers of my uni line open them.\n\nThere is a button and a keyhole under the bodywork (the part of the bus that points down, the horizontal part, floor) near the door, you press it and it opens." ]

[ "Can't speak for others but when I do it I catch it in my mouth. That is I use the back of my tongue to block off my throat so stuff actually gets caught in my mouth instead falling straight into my throat" ]

[ "Due to a mix of tradition and senate rules, the senate majority leader is the one who decides what is placed on the senates calendar" ]

[ "I can think of three possible interpretations for your question:\n\n1. People trying to figure out the details of software, especially games.\n2. People trying to find trends or details in statistics.\n3. \"Mining\" cryptocurrencies.\n\n\n___\n\nAssuming the first one, \"data mining\" means finding out hidden or unreleased information that is not visible to normal users. It is a hobby for some people.\n\nFor example, someone might \"data-mine\" the actual odds the computer is using when it \"rolls the dice\" to give out a random prize. Or they may reveal a new quest that players can't start yet, by finding where the dialogue between characters is stored.\n\n____\n\nThe second interpretation involves getting a lot of data -- like sales and staffing for a company -- and trying to look for something interesting and useful to the company.\n\nFinding those interesting trends and results is typically a paid job.\n\n___\n\nThe last unlikely option, with crypto-currencies like Bitcoin, is much harder to explain. In short, it means tasking a computer with a hard somewhat-pointless puzzle to prove that you did it, to get internet-points.", "Usually data mining is a thing coming with large quantity of data.\n\nWhen you do real statistics you postulate a thesis that you prove or disprove, but when you have lots of data you can use certain techniques to find patterns and correlations that hint at things being connected. A lot of market analysis is based on that. Users generate huge quantities of data on websites which google or some other service collects. But that data is way too much to be looked at by people, so they use algorithms to sift and sort through that data and finding connections, figuring out from your user data what kind of book you would enjoy next or how long your current relation ship might last.\n\nIt is very complex and long winded process with less than perfect results, that is why it is called mining, you have to do a lot of digging to find a nugget somewhere.", "\"Data mining\" is finding patterns in massive quantities of data, with the help of (many) computers. For example, if you had the medical data for every single person from 2000 to now, a pattern you could find is that specific lifestyles lead to a higher risk of some disease.\n\nIt could also refer to using data to train artificial intelligence. Basically, artificial intelligence is created by fine tuning mathematical models to behave most efficiently, most optimally, most like a human, etc given specific input. For example, to teach an AI to drive car you need to show it lots of data on situations encountered on the road *and* the \"correct\" course of action in each case so it can build its mathematical models.\n\nOften data mining is referred to in a negative way. This is because the data is usually collected from average people, and the data can be extremely invasive of one's privacy, such as recordings of you driving down the road (including your house workplace, family and friends as they walk by your car, etc) for the car AI example. Companies also often don't provide a way to have this data removed, and often don't clearly inform users that this data is being collected in the first place." ]

[ "Your heart beats to pump oxygenated blood to your body as needed. When you are at rest your heart beats slowly. When you are active your heart beats faster and harder to pump more blood faster through your body. \n\nYour lungs provide the oxygen so when you are active you breathe faster and deeper to take in more oxygen" ]

[ "An \"option deal\" is presumably referring to stock options. A stock option deal gives someone the ability (but not the obligation) to buy or sell a stock at a given price on a given future date.\n\nSo for example if you think a particular stock is going to decrease in value in the future you could enter into an option deal to sell the stock at the current price at some later point. When the stock goes down you can buy the required stock at the lower price and sell it at the agreed on higher price, making money on the difference. If the price doesn't go down though you don't have to do anything.\n\nWhen someone has \"mortgaged their house on a bad option deal\" they have put up their house as collateral for a loan (the mortgage). If they don't pay back the loan then their house is forfeit to defray the debt. The implication of the option deal being \"bad\" is that it isn't going to make the purchaser money and they paid for a useless ability." ]

[ "Disclaimer, im not an TV expert by any means so someone else may be able to correct me on some places, but i believe this is how things work in a nutshell\n\nThe signal is like using Morse code at a fixed frequency, or if we want to use sound, a pitch. Let say we can only hear 1 pitch, how can we speak to each other? well, along that pitch, we can use a simple \"yes sound/no sound\" by alternating the pitch and silence, we can communicate thorough Morse code.If another person enters the conversation, we would have them use a different pitch, so if i was communicating in E, we can get a second person to communicage in G, and you can switch between the two pitches to focus on each source. This is what different channels do, they pick a different frequency, and you can tell your TV which frequency to listen to. The only difference between morse code and tv signals are by using 2 different intensities (loud, soft) to represent 1's and 0's for the TV.\n\nTo ensure your TV is replaying things correctly, the information from the source is broken up in section, which match the frame rate of the TV. Your TV listens for the start of each packet, then the information for each row of pixels on your TV, then it gets the audio for the TV and whatever other information after." ]

[ "Assuming we're talking about a flamingo that has two legs, because otherwise you're just being a jerk to the cripple flamingos.\n\nWe can't know for sure, due to the poor communication skills of flamingos, but it is believed that it conserves energy by keeping them warm - it both keeps feet out of cold water and keeps it tucked in with the warm body." ]

[ "Yes and no. \n\nThe amount of energy released by a nuclear weapon far outstrips the kinetic energy it had by flying at 1000mph. This really muddies any measurement you might make about the movement of the plume.\n\nWill you get a 1000mph flamethrower that carves out a wide swath of death and destruction? No.\n\nWill the body of the mushroom cloud continue with any momentum? No. The kinetic energy will be dispersed very quickly. \n\nYes, technically, that kinetic energy is preserved, but it gets drowned out by the insane amount of heat released and scattered." ]

[ "> \tis it absorbed and then radiated as a lower energy photon?\n\nThat is called \"reflection\". If it is just absorbed it isn't flying around as light anymore so it isn't scattered.\n\n > \tOr is it reflected off of the molecule with the same energy?\n\nThat would be a perfect mirror and likely can only exist in imagination.", "You must differentiate between individual photons and macroscopic rays of light.\n\nAs someone else mentioned, a photon can get absorbed and scattered off in a random direction without losing energy. This is called Rayleigh scattering. \n\nBut Rayleigh scattering does not explain mirrors or prisms, because those don't reflect or diffract light randomly.", "Scattered and radiated with the same energy is called Rayleigh scattering...most common. Some probability of scattering off with a different energy because vibrational states of the molecule can add or subtract energy from the incident photon (Raman scattering)", "Light gets scattered off liquids and solid by refraction (e.g. sand, clouds) - light bending at interfaces. For molecules and very small particles see kvlk's answer" ]

[ "Everyone has a neutral mood. It's like your brain has a thermostat and it's set to a certain level. Something good happens, mood goes up, something bad happens, mood goes down, but it always slowly returns to the same neutral point.\n\nBipolar is basically a broken thermostat. Good and bad things still make your mood go up and down, but the neutral point changes.", "A disorder where the person goes through two different states. Mania and depressive. When in the mania state the person can act recklessly and/or over confident. In the depressive state the person will become depressed and have the typical symptoms of depression such as feeling low or numb, changes in appetite, trouble with sleep, lost interest in activities they enjoyed, or even though of suicide. One medication I know that can be used to treat bipolar disorder is lithium. (I DON'T have bipolar disorder but I am into psychology)", "To add on to everyone else, there are also two types of bipolar disorder: bipolar I and bipolar II. In bipolar I, the person has manic and depressive episodes, although it can technically be diagnosed even if there has never been a depressive episode. All it takes is one manic episode for a diagnosis. \n\nBipolar II involve hypomanic and depressive episodes. It’s basically a lower level of mania that doesn’t last for as long (at least 7 days for bipolar I, at least 4 days for bipolar II).", "Imagine you have two states, one is being severely depressed to where you can't do anything. The other is the being so hyperactive(not necessarily happy as mania implies) you want to do anything and everything, and will neglect essential tasks like sleep because you are doing so many things at once or your brain simply can't shut down.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nThen, imagine a pendulum that swings back and forth slowly between the two." ]

[ "The physical therapy is generally working to strengthen other muscles and tendons around the site of the injury so that they can take load off of the muscles/tendons/etc that are damaged by overuse. Also this helps you make the motion in a more balanced way even after it heals, hopefully preventing a recurrance." ]

[ "Laughing is not talking. Talking is just pushing air through your throat, it's a soft and controlled thing.\n\nLaughing means that you are contracting your abdomen a lot to produce bursts of laugh. It hurts because it's the equivalent of doing a lot of crunches. Contracting your muscles in that way, in rapid, erratic succession, will hurt." ]

[ "Depends on the gas composition. H2S gas is deadly at very low concentrations. In humans It will irritate the mucous membranes and lungs at around 20-200 ppm. It shuts down the respiratory system at around 500 ppm. This depends on the size of the person. Smaller people will be affected at lower concentrations. Basically, all the humans and livestock would just drop dead. \n\nSulphur dioxide SO2 in the air would react with water to form sulphuric acid H2SO4. Unfortunately again it would react with the mucous membranes or any other water source on the body resulting in acid burns. It is about half as lethal as H2S. There would be more coughing and choking before they dropped. \n\nBoth gases will react with water forming sulphuric acid which will acid burn vegetation. \n\n(Edit: Obligatory apologies for format since on mobile)" ]

[ "Current through a wire makes a magnetic field. If you take your right hand and point in the direction the current flows, then stick your thumb out, the magnetic field is in the direction of your thumb. \n\nNow imagine you have a coil of wire. Curl your finger and twist, this is the direction of current. The magnetic field is in the direction of your thumb still. \n\nNow turn it around. Current flows the opposite way through the wire. The magnetic field is in the opposite direction. \n\nNow imagine, attached to one end of the coil is a paper cone, attached to a suspension that lets it move, and there's a permanent magnet behind the coil. As current flows one way, it pulls the cone towards the magnet. As it flows the other way, the cone is pushed away from it.\n\nThat's how a moving coil speaker works. The audio signal is a current, driven by the amplifier, which pushes and pulls the coil. As it moves it compresses and decompresses air in front of it, making a sound, or pressure wave. \n\nAlmost all earpbuds, headphones, and speakers work with moving coils. The disadvantage is that they're big and heavy." ]

[ "Basically because a lavatory does not have a bathtub or a shower stall. Only a wash basin and toilet.", "It's more Latin based. It means \"a room to wash\". I don't know why it's called that on airplanes, though." ]

[ "Most territories were settled by war or a straight up swindle. Then there was the infamous land rush (some say grab.) That's where you get your square states.", "Not exactly answering the question but an interesting fact - Not all land borders are fully agreed on. In fact if you were to look on Google Maps in different countries the land borders would be different. A good example of this is between China and India in which \n\n'If you look at Arunachal Pradesh, one of India’s 29 states, from the Indian version of the website you will see the border that its government believes to be correct. View the same region from within China and it appears as \"South Tibet\" under Chinese control.' - Telegraph newspaper\n\nThis is more common than you would think - worth taking a look for yourself.", "Even Canada and US dispute borders sometimes. So basically it is agreed upon by both/all countries.", "A combination of historical documents that establish the borders in the past and many wars and diplomatic disputes (some still on going) over where those borders lie. Most of those arguments rely on inaccurate surveying of the past. In the middle east, a lot of their borders were determined by France and the UK after the end of WW1. Nowadays they have sand dune like barriers erected along the borders. I.S. actually started tearing those barriers down in areas they controlled." ]