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README.md

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+---
+base_model: lightonai/alfred-40b-1023
+datasets:
+- OpenAssistant/oasst1
+- ehartford/dolphin
+- tau/sled
+- tiiuae/falcon-refinedweb
+inference: false
+language:
+- en
+- fr
+- de
+- es
+- it
+license: apache-2.0
+model_creator: LightOn AI
+model_name: Alfred 40B 1023
+model_type: falcon
+prompt_template: '<start_system>You are Alfred, a helpful assistant trained by LightOn.
+  Knowledge cutoff: November 2022. Current date: 16 November, 2023<end_message><start_user>{prompt}<end_message><start_assistant>
+
+  '
+quantized_by: TheBloke
+tags:
+- falcon-40b
+- long-context
+- falcon
+- NTK-YaRN
+thumbnail: images/alfred-40b-1023.png
+---
+<!-- markdownlint-disable MD041 -->
+
+<!-- header start -->
+<!-- 200823 -->
+<div style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto">
+<img src="https://i.imgur.com/EBdldam.jpg" alt="TheBlokeAI" style="width: 100%; min-width: 400px; display: block; margin: auto;">
+</div>
+<div style="display: flex; justify-content: space-between; width: 100%;">
+    <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; align-items: flex-start;">
+        <p style="margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0em;"><a href="https://discord.gg/theblokeai">Chat & support: TheBloke's Discord server</a></p>
+    </div>
+    <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; align-items: flex-end;">
+        <p style="margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0em;"><a href="https://www.patreon.com/TheBlokeAI">Want to contribute? TheBloke's Patreon page</a></p>
+    </div>
+</div>
+<div style="text-align:center; margin-top: 0em; margin-bottom: 0em"><p style="margin-top: 0.25em; margin-bottom: 0em;">TheBloke's LLM work is generously supported by a grant from <a href="https://a16z.com">andreessen horowitz (a16z)</a></p></div>
+<hr style="margin-top: 1.0em; margin-bottom: 1.0em;">
+<!-- header end -->
+
+# Alfred 40B 1023 - GGUF
+- Model creator: [LightOn AI](https://huggingface.co/lightonai)
+- Original model: [Alfred 40B 1023](https://huggingface.co/lightonai/alfred-40b-1023)
+
+<!-- description start -->
+## Description
+
+This repo contains GGUF format model files for [LightOn AI's Alfred 40B 1023](https://huggingface.co/lightonai/alfred-40b-1023).
+
+These files were quantised using hardware kindly provided by [Massed Compute](https://massedcompute.com/).
+
+<!-- description end -->
+<!-- README_GGUF.md-about-gguf start -->
+### About GGUF
+
+GGUF is a new format introduced by the llama.cpp team on August 21st 2023. It is a replacement for GGML, which is no longer supported by llama.cpp.
+
+Here is an incomplete list of clients and libraries that are known to support GGUF:
+
+* [llama.cpp](https://github.com/ggerganov/llama.cpp). The source project for GGUF. Offers a CLI and a server option.
+* [text-generation-webui](https://github.com/oobabooga/text-generation-webui), the most widely used web UI, with many features and powerful extensions. Supports GPU acceleration.
+* [KoboldCpp](https://github.com/LostRuins/koboldcpp), a fully featured web UI, with GPU accel across all platforms and GPU architectures. Especially good for story telling.
+* [LM Studio](https://lmstudio.ai/), an easy-to-use and powerful local GUI for Windows and macOS (Silicon), with GPU acceleration.
+* [LoLLMS Web UI](https://github.com/ParisNeo/lollms-webui), a great web UI with many interesting and unique features, including a full model library for easy model selection.
+* [Faraday.dev](https://faraday.dev/), an attractive and easy to use character-based chat GUI for Windows and macOS (both Silicon and Intel), with GPU acceleration.
+* [ctransformers](https://github.com/marella/ctransformers), a Python library with GPU accel, LangChain support, and OpenAI-compatible AI server.
+* [llama-cpp-python](https://github.com/abetlen/llama-cpp-python), a Python library with GPU accel, LangChain support, and OpenAI-compatible API server.
+* [candle](https://github.com/huggingface/candle), a Rust ML framework with a focus on performance, including GPU support, and ease of use.
+
+<!-- README_GGUF.md-about-gguf end -->
+<!-- repositories-available start -->
+## Repositories available
+
+* [AWQ model(s) for GPU inference.](https://huggingface.co/TheBloke/alfred-40B-1023-AWQ)
+* [GPTQ models for GPU inference, with multiple quantisation parameter options.](https://huggingface.co/TheBloke/alfred-40B-1023-GPTQ)
+* [2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 8-bit GGUF models for CPU+GPU inference](https://huggingface.co/TheBloke/alfred-40B-1023-GGUF)
+* [LightOn AI's original unquantised fp16 model in pytorch format, for GPU inference and for further conversions](https://huggingface.co/lightonai/alfred-40b-1023)
+<!-- repositories-available end -->
+
+<!-- prompt-template start -->
+## Prompt template: Alfred
+
+```
+<start_system>You are Alfred, a helpful assistant trained by LightOn. Knowledge cutoff: November 2022. Current date: 16 November, 2023<end_message><start_user>{prompt}<end_message><start_assistant>
+
+```
+
+<!-- prompt-template end -->
+
+
+<!-- compatibility_gguf start -->
+## Compatibility
+
+These quantised GGUFv2 files are compatible with llama.cpp from August 27th onwards, as of commit [d0cee0d](https://github.com/ggerganov/llama.cpp/commit/d0cee0d36d5be95a0d9088b674dbb27354107221)
+
+They are also compatible with many third party UIs and libraries - please see the list at the top of this README.
+
+## Explanation of quantisation methods
+
+<details>
+  <summary>Click to see details</summary>
+
+The new methods available are:
+
+* GGML_TYPE_Q2_K - "type-1" 2-bit quantization in super-blocks containing 16 blocks, each block having 16 weight. Block scales and mins are quantized with 4 bits. This ends up effectively using 2.5625 bits per weight (bpw)
+* GGML_TYPE_Q3_K - "type-0" 3-bit quantization in super-blocks containing 16 blocks, each block having 16 weights. Scales are quantized with 6 bits. This end up using 3.4375 bpw.
+* GGML_TYPE_Q4_K - "type-1" 4-bit quantization in super-blocks containing 8 blocks, each block having 32 weights. Scales and mins are quantized with 6 bits. This ends up using 4.5 bpw.
+* GGML_TYPE_Q5_K - "type-1" 5-bit quantization. Same super-block structure as GGML_TYPE_Q4_K resulting in 5.5 bpw
+* GGML_TYPE_Q6_K - "type-0" 6-bit quantization. Super-blocks with 16 blocks, each block having 16 weights. Scales are quantized with 8 bits. This ends up using 6.5625 bpw
+
+Refer to the Provided Files table below to see what files use which methods, and how.
+</details>
+<!-- compatibility_gguf end -->
+
+<!-- README_GGUF.md-provided-files start -->
+## Provided files
+
+| Name | Quant method | Bits | Size | Max RAM required | Use case |
+| ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ----- |
+| [alfred-40b-1023.Q2_K.gguf](https://huggingface.co/TheBloke/alfred-40B-1023-GGUF/blob/main/alfred-40b-1023.Q2_K.gguf) | Q2_K | 2 | 17.40 GB| 19.90 GB | smallest, significant quality loss - not recommended for most purposes |
+| [alfred-40b-1023.Q3_K_S.gguf](https://huggingface.co/TheBloke/alfred-40B-1023-GGUF/blob/main/alfred-40b-1023.Q3_K_S.gguf) | Q3_K_S | 3 | 18.32 GB| 20.82 GB | very small, high quality loss |
+| [alfred-40b-1023.Q3_K_M.gguf](https://huggingface.co/TheBloke/alfred-40B-1023-GGUF/blob/main/alfred-40b-1023.Q3_K_M.gguf) | Q3_K_M | 3 | 20.06 GB| 22.56 GB | very small, high quality loss |
+| [alfred-40b-1023.Q3_K_L.gguf](https://huggingface.co/TheBloke/alfred-40B-1023-GGUF/blob/main/alfred-40b-1023.Q3_K_L.gguf) | Q3_K_L | 3 | 21.60 GB| 24.10 GB | small, substantial quality loss |
+| [alfred-40b-1023.Q4_0.gguf](https://huggingface.co/TheBloke/alfred-40B-1023-GGUF/blob/main/alfred-40b-1023.Q4_0.gguf) | Q4_0 | 4 | 23.81 GB| 26.31 GB | legacy; small, very high quality loss - prefer using Q3_K_M |
+| [alfred-40b-1023.Q4_K_S.gguf](https://huggingface.co/TheBloke/alfred-40B-1023-GGUF/blob/main/alfred-40b-1023.Q4_K_S.gguf) | Q4_K_S | 4 | 23.81 GB| 26.31 GB | small, greater quality loss |
+| [alfred-40b-1023.Q4_K_M.gguf](https://huggingface.co/TheBloke/alfred-40B-1023-GGUF/blob/main/alfred-40b-1023.Q4_K_M.gguf) | Q4_K_M | 4 | 25.45 GB| 27.95 GB | medium, balanced quality - recommended |
+| [alfred-40b-1023.Q5_0.gguf](https://huggingface.co/TheBloke/alfred-40B-1023-GGUF/blob/main/alfred-40b-1023.Q5_0.gguf) | Q5_0 | 5 | 28.97 GB| 31.47 GB | legacy; medium, balanced quality - prefer using Q4_K_M |
+| [alfred-40b-1023.Q5_K_S.gguf](https://huggingface.co/TheBloke/alfred-40B-1023-GGUF/blob/main/alfred-40b-1023.Q5_K_S.gguf) | Q5_K_S | 5 | 28.97 GB| 31.47 GB | large, low quality loss - recommended |
+| [alfred-40b-1023.Q5_K_M.gguf](https://huggingface.co/TheBloke/alfred-40B-1023-GGUF/blob/main/alfred-40b-1023.Q5_K_M.gguf) | Q5_K_M | 5 | 30.64 GB| 33.14 GB | large, very low quality loss - recommended |
+| [alfred-40b-1023.Q6_K.gguf](https://huggingface.co/TheBloke/alfred-40B-1023-GGUF/blob/main/alfred-40b-1023.Q6_K.gguf) | Q6_K | 6 | 34.46 GB| 36.96 GB | very large, extremely low quality loss |
+| [alfred-40b-1023.Q8_0.gguf](https://huggingface.co/TheBloke/alfred-40B-1023-GGUF/blob/main/alfred-40b-1023.Q8_0.gguf) | Q8_0 | 8 | 44.46 GB| 46.96 GB | very large, extremely low quality loss - not recommended |
+
+**Note**: the above RAM figures assume no GPU offloading. If layers are offloaded to the GPU, this will reduce RAM usage and use VRAM instead.
+
+
+
+<!-- README_GGUF.md-provided-files end -->
+
+<!-- README_GGUF.md-how-to-download start -->
+## How to download GGUF files
+
+**Note for manual downloaders:** You almost never want to clone the entire repo! Multiple different quantisation formats are provided, and most users only want to pick and download a single file.
+
+The following clients/libraries will automatically download models for you, providing a list of available models to choose from:
+
+* LM Studio
+* LoLLMS Web UI
+* Faraday.dev
+
+### In `text-generation-webui`
+
+Under Download Model, you can enter the model repo: TheBloke/alfred-40B-1023-GGUF and below it, a specific filename to download, such as: alfred-40b-1023.Q4_K_M.gguf.
+
+Then click Download.
+
+### On the command line, including multiple files at once
+
+I recommend using the `huggingface-hub` Python library:
+
+```shell
+pip3 install huggingface-hub
+```
+
+Then you can download any individual model file to the current directory, at high speed, with a command like this:
+
+```shell
+huggingface-cli download TheBloke/alfred-40B-1023-GGUF alfred-40b-1023.Q4_K_M.gguf --local-dir . --local-dir-use-symlinks False
+```
+
+<details>
+  <summary>More advanced huggingface-cli download usage</summary>
+
+You can also download multiple files at once with a pattern:
+
+```shell
+huggingface-cli download TheBloke/alfred-40B-1023-GGUF --local-dir . --local-dir-use-symlinks False --include='*Q4_K*gguf'
+```
+
+For more documentation on downloading with `huggingface-cli`, please see: [HF -> Hub Python Library -> Download files -> Download from the CLI](https://huggingface.co/docs/huggingface_hub/guides/download#download-from-the-cli).
+
+To accelerate downloads on fast connections (1Gbit/s or higher), install `hf_transfer`:
+
+```shell
+pip3 install hf_transfer
+```
+
+And set environment variable `HF_HUB_ENABLE_HF_TRANSFER` to `1`:
+
+```shell
+HF_HUB_ENABLE_HF_TRANSFER=1 huggingface-cli download TheBloke/alfred-40B-1023-GGUF alfred-40b-1023.Q4_K_M.gguf --local-dir . --local-dir-use-symlinks False
+```
+
+Windows Command Line users: You can set the environment variable by running `set HF_HUB_ENABLE_HF_TRANSFER=1` before the download command.
+</details>
+<!-- README_GGUF.md-how-to-download end -->
+
+<!-- README_GGUF.md-how-to-run start -->
+## Example `llama.cpp` command
+
+Make sure you are using `llama.cpp` from commit [d0cee0d](https://github.com/ggerganov/llama.cpp/commit/d0cee0d36d5be95a0d9088b674dbb27354107221) or later.
+
+```shell
+./main -ngl 32 -m alfred-40b-1023.Q4_K_M.gguf --color -c 2048 --temp 0.7 --repeat_penalty 1.1 -n -1 -p "<start_system>You are Alfred, a helpful assistant trained by LightOn. Knowledge cutoff: November 2022. Current date: 16 November, 2023<end_message><start_user>{prompt}<end_message><start_assistant>"
+```
+
+Change `-ngl 32` to the number of layers to offload to GPU. Remove it if you don't have GPU acceleration.
+
+Change `-c 2048` to the desired sequence length. For extended sequence models - eg 8K, 16K, 32K - the necessary RoPE scaling parameters are read from the GGUF file and set by llama.cpp automatically.
+
+If you want to have a chat-style conversation, replace the `-p <PROMPT>` argument with `-i -ins`
+
+For other parameters and how to use them, please refer to [the llama.cpp documentation](https://github.com/ggerganov/llama.cpp/blob/master/examples/main/README.md)
+
+## How to run in `text-generation-webui`
+
+Further instructions can be found in the text-generation-webui documentation, here: [text-generation-webui/docs/04 ‐ Model Tab.md](https://github.com/oobabooga/text-generation-webui/blob/main/docs/04%20%E2%80%90%20Model%20Tab.md#llamacpp).
+
+## How to run from Python code
+
+You can use GGUF models from Python using the [llama-cpp-python](https://github.com/abetlen/llama-cpp-python) or [ctransformers](https://github.com/marella/ctransformers) libraries.
+
+### How to load this model in Python code, using ctransformers
+
+#### First install the package
+
+Run one of the following commands, according to your system:
+
+```shell
+# Base ctransformers with no GPU acceleration
+pip install ctransformers
+# Or with CUDA GPU acceleration
+pip install ctransformers[cuda]
+# Or with AMD ROCm GPU acceleration (Linux only)
+CT_HIPBLAS=1 pip install ctransformers --no-binary ctransformers
+# Or with Metal GPU acceleration for macOS systems only
+CT_METAL=1 pip install ctransformers --no-binary ctransformers
+```
+
+#### Simple ctransformers example code
+
+```python
+from ctransformers import AutoModelForCausalLM
+
+# Set gpu_layers to the number of layers to offload to GPU. Set to 0 if no GPU acceleration is available on your system.
+llm = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("TheBloke/alfred-40B-1023-GGUF", model_file="alfred-40b-1023.Q4_K_M.gguf", model_type="falcon", gpu_layers=50)
+
+print(llm("AI is going to"))
+```
+
+## How to use with LangChain
+
+Here are guides on using llama-cpp-python and ctransformers with LangChain:
+
+* [LangChain + llama-cpp-python](https://python.langchain.com/docs/integrations/llms/llamacpp)
+* [LangChain + ctransformers](https://python.langchain.com/docs/integrations/providers/ctransformers)
+
+<!-- README_GGUF.md-how-to-run end -->
+
+<!-- footer start -->
+<!-- 200823 -->
+## Discord
+
+For further support, and discussions on these models and AI in general, join us at:
+
+[TheBloke AI's Discord server](https://discord.gg/theblokeai)
+
+## Thanks, and how to contribute
+
+Thanks to the [chirper.ai](https://chirper.ai) team!
+
+Thanks to Clay from [gpus.llm-utils.org](llm-utils)!
+
+I've had a lot of people ask if they can contribute. I enjoy providing models and helping people, and would love to be able to spend even more time doing it, as well as expanding into new projects like fine tuning/training.
+
+If you're able and willing to contribute it will be most gratefully received and will help me to keep providing more models, and to start work on new AI projects.
+
+Donaters will get priority support on any and all AI/LLM/model questions and requests, access to a private Discord room, plus other benefits.
+
+* Patreon: https://patreon.com/TheBlokeAI
+* Ko-Fi: https://ko-fi.com/TheBlokeAI
+
+**Special thanks to**: Aemon Algiz.
+
+**Patreon special mentions**: Brandon Frisco, LangChain4j, Spiking Neurons AB, transmissions 11, Joseph William Delisle, Nitin Borwankar, Willem Michiel, Michael Dempsey, vamX, Jeffrey Morgan, zynix, jjj, Omer Bin Jawed, Sean Connelly, jinyuan sun, Jeromy Smith, Shadi, Pawan Osman, Chadd, Elijah Stavena, Illia Dulskyi, Sebastain Graf, Stephen Murray, terasurfer, Edmond Seymore, Celu Ramasamy, Mandus, Alex, biorpg, Ajan Kanaga, Clay Pascal, Raven Klaugh, 阿明, K, ya boyyy, usrbinkat, Alicia Loh, John Villwock, ReadyPlayerEmma, Chris Smitley, Cap'n Zoog, fincy, GodLy, S_X, sidney chen, Cory Kujawski, OG, Mano Prime, AzureBlack, Pieter, Kalila, Spencer Kim, Tom X Nguyen, Stanislav Ovsiannikov, Michael Levine, Andrey, Trailburnt, Vadim, Enrico Ros, Talal Aujan, Brandon Phillips, Jack West, Eugene Pentland, Michael Davis, Will Dee, webtim, Jonathan Leane, Alps Aficionado, Rooh Singh, Tiffany J. Kim, theTransient, Luke @flexchar, Elle, Caitlyn Gatomon, Ari Malik, subjectnull, Johann-Peter Hartmann, Trenton Dambrowitz, Imad Khwaja, Asp the Wyvern, Emad Mostaque, Rainer Wilmers, Alexandros Triantafyllidis, Nicholas, Pedro Madruga, SuperWojo, Harry Royden McLaughlin, James Bentley, Olakabola, David Ziegler, Ai Maven, Jeff Scroggin, Nikolai Manek, Deo Leter, Matthew Berman, Fen Risland, Ken Nordquist, Manuel Alberto Morcote, Luke Pendergrass, TL, Fred von Graf, Randy H, Dan Guido, NimbleBox.ai, Vitor Caleffi, Gabriel Tamborski, knownsqashed, Lone Striker, Erik Bjäreholt, John Detwiler, Leonard Tan, Iucharbius
+
+
+Thank you to all my generous patrons and donaters!
+
+And thank you again to a16z for their generous grant.
+
+<!-- footer end -->
+
+<!-- original-model-card start -->
+# Original model card: LightOn AI's Alfred 40B 1023
+
+# Model Card for Alfred-40B-1023
+
+![a witty and elegant butler with a falcon on his shoulder, smile, flat illustration, simple shapes, colorful, lo-fi aesthetics](images/alfred-40b-1023.png)
+
+`Alfred-40B-1023` is a finetuned version of [Falcon-40B](https://huggingface.co/tiiuae/falcon-40b), with an **extended context length of 8192 tokens**.
+Finetuning was performed in October 2023. `Alfred-40B-1023` is made available under the Apache 2.0 License.
+
+## Model Details
+
+### Model Description
+
+- **Developed by:** [LightOn](https://www.lighton.ai/)
+    * [Oskar Hallström](https://huggingface.co/ohallstrom) (project lead, training & modeling, internal long context data, evaluation)
+    * [Amélie Chatelain](https://huggingface.co/ameliechatelain) (internal data & long context data, data generation)
+    * [Clément Thiriet](https://huggingface.co/cthiriet) (data infrastructure, data generation, evaluation)
+    * [Julien Séailles](https://huggingface.co/Jseailleslighton) (data generation)
+    * [Adrien Cavaillès](https://huggingface.co/adcavail) (data generation)
+    * [Axel Marmet](https://huggingface.co/WeightsnWizardry)* (training 2K baseline)
+
+`*` work done while at LightOn
+- **Model type:** Causal decoder-only;
+- **Language(s) (NLP):** English, German, Spanish, French (and limited capabilities in Italian, Portuguese, Polish, Dutch, Romanian, Czech, Swedish);
+- **License:** Apache 2.0 license.
+- **Finetuned from model:** [Falcon-40B](https://huggingface.co/tiiuae/falcon-40b)
+- **Training date:** October 2023 (`1023`).
+
+## Uses
+
+### Direct Use
+
+`Alfred-40B-1023` can be used as a chat model or as an instruct model.
+
+For both instruct and chat mode, the model has been trained with chat tokens `<start_system>`, `<start_user>`, `<start_assistant>`, and `<end_message>`. These can be integrated into the prompt in the follwoing way:
+```
+<start_system>You are Alfred, a helpful assistant trained by LightOn. Knowledge cutoff: November 2022. Current date: 16 November, 2023<end_message><start_user>{user query}<end_message><start_assistant>
+```
+
+The stop word `<end_message>` should be used.
+
+### Out-of-Scope Use
+
+Production use without adequate assessment of risks and mitigation; any use cases which may be considered irresponsible or harmful.
+
+## Bias, Risks, and Limitations
+
+`Alfred-40B-1023` is a finetune of Falcon-40B. As such, it is trained mostly on English, German, Spanish, French, with limited capabilities also in Italian, Portuguese, Polish, Dutch, Romanian, Czech, Swedish. It will not generalize appropriately to other languages. Furthermore, as it is trained on a large-scale corpora representative of the web, it will carry the stereotypes and biases commonly encountered online.
+
+### Recommendations
+
+We recommend users of `Alfred-40B-1023` to implement appropriate guardrails and precautions in any production use.
+
+## How to Get Started with the Model
+
+Use the code below to get started with the model.
+
+```
+from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForCausalLM
+import transformers
+import torch
+
+model = "lightonai/alfred-40b-1023"
+tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("lightonai/alfred-0923-tokenizer")
+
+pipeline = transformers.pipeline(
+    "text-generation",
+    model=model,
+    tokenizer=tokenizer,
+    torch_dtype=torch.bfloat16,
+    trust_remote_code=True,
+    device_map="auto",
+)
+
+sequences = pipeline(
+   "<start_system>You are Alfred, a helpful assistant trained by LightOn. Knowledge cutoff: November 2022. Current date: 16 November, 2023<end_message><start_user>Write me an email to my boss, explaining how the company could benefit by using LightOns platform for Large Language Models, Paradigm.<end_message><start_assistant>",
+    max_length=1000,
+    do_sample=True,
+    top_k=3,
+    num_return_sequences=1,
+    eos_token_id=tokenizer.eos_token_id,
+)
+for seq in sequences:
+    print(f"Result: {seq['generated_text']}")
+```
+
+## Training Details
+
+### Training Data
+
+Alfred-40B-1023 was trained on a mixture of publicly available and in-house curated datasets. The training data is composed of 50 % short context tasks, 45 % long context tasks and 5 % RefinedWeb.
+
+| **Short context sources** |
+|--------------------|
+| [oasst1](https://huggingface.co/datasets/OpenAssistant/oasst1) |
+| [dolphin](https://huggingface.co/ehartford/dolphin) |
+| [openai-critiques](https://openaipublic.blob.core.windows.net/critiques/README.md) |
+| internal |
+`internal` is a collection of synthetic and human-generated datasets created by Ligthon, tailored towards the use cases of our clients.
+
+| **Long context sources** |
+|--------------------|
+| [sled](https://huggingface.co/datasets/tau/sled) |
+| internal-long-context |
+
+`internal-long-context` is a collection of synthetic datasets generated by LightOn, tailored towards the use cases of our clients.
+
+During training, we apply regular language modeling loss for a partition of the prompts in the long context data.
+
+| **Pretraining objective source** |
+|--------------------|
+| [RefinedWeb](https://huggingface.co/datasets/tiiuae/falcon-refinedweb) |
+
+### Training Procedure
+
+`Alfred-40B-1023` was trained on 128 A100 40GB GPUs, using a 3D parallelism strategy (TP=8, PP=2, DP=8) combined with ZeRO. Alfred has been trained through supervised finetuning on 100 megatokens, with a learning rate decayed with a cosine schedule.
+
+#### Preprocessing
+
+All datasets have been filtered, up or downsampled, and adapted to our chat token format.
+
+#### Context length extension
+
+We extend the context length to 8K with a custom method that we name NTK-YaRN. As guessable from its name, our extension method draws inspiration from NTK-aware interpolation and YaRN.
+
+During our context length extension efforts, we experimented with various methods suitable for RoPE embeddings. These include vanilla [positional interpolation](https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.15595), [NTK-aware interpolation](https://www.reddit.com/r/LocalLLaMA/comments/14lz7j5/ntkaware_scaled_rope_allows_llama_models_to_have/), [NTK-by-parts](https://github.com/jquesnelle/scaled-rope/pull/1), and lastly [YaRN](https://arxiv.org/abs/2309.00071).
+
+YaRN looked very promising when applied at test-time, however finetuning with YaRN was not successful in our experiments. When extending the context length at training-time, NTK-aware interpolation was the most successful out of the already existing methods. Some of our results from trying different long context extension methods are shared in the Evaluation section below. We acknowledge that the same parameter values as proposed in the YaRN-paper have been used in our YaRN experiments, and that these potentially could have other optimal values for our particular setup.
+
+##### NTK-YaRN
+
+Similarly to NTK-aware interpolation (`NTK`), NTK-YaRN involves increasing the base of the RoPE embeddings. In the original implementation of NTK-aware interpolation the new base `b'` is adapted according to the following formula:
+
+$$ b' = b \times s^{\frac{|D|}{|D|-2}} $$
+
+where `b` is the original base, `s` the scaling factor of the context length, and `|D|` the model's head dimension.
+
+However, we find (similar to other actors) that increasing the base slightly more is even better. The value of `b'` could probably be optimized even further, but for these experiments we have settled with the following value:
+
+$$ b' = b \times (s+1)^{\frac{|D|}{|D|-2}} $$
+
+In the following parts of this model card, context length extension with this extended scaling of the base is referred to as `NTK-Margin`. For `NTK-YaRN`, the extended scaling of the base is combined with the modification of the computation of the attention weights made in YaRN, where the query and key matrices are scaled by the factor `m`.
+
+$$ m = 1 + 0.1 \times \log(s) $$
+
+Scaling the query and key matrices this way substantially reduces the initial grad norm when applying a context length extension method in our training runs.
+
+To cite NTK-YaRN, please refer to the model bibtex in the bottom of this model card.
+
+## Evaluation
+
+### Context length extension strategies
+#### Training losses
+
+After experimenting on a 7B scale, we finally run a selected partition of the extension methods on a 40B scale. In the figure below, we display the resulting training losses when training a 40B model with the different extension methods, ceteris paribus.
+
+![Training loss curves for extension methods](images/training-loss-curves.png "Training loss curves for extension methods")
+
+Initially, YaRN has the lowest training loss, which can be seen as a reflection of the fact that YaRN was the most successful extension method at test time. However all the other methods surpasse YaRN in terms of training loss already after a handful of megatokens. Comparing NTK-Margin vs NTK-YaRN, we can note that the scaling of Q and K matrices makes the training loss lower in the beginning, however NTK-YaRN's advantage over NTK-Margin decreases as the training goes on. Comparing NTK-Margin with NTK in turn, it seems like the larger value of the base in NTK-Margin gives an initial boost in training loss, however this advantage decreases as training goes on.
+
+#### Performance on Long Context Benchmarks
+We evaluate the context length extension methods on an own benchmark, consisting of four tasks.
+
+* [Key-value retrieval UUID](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2307.03172.pdf)
+* [Coarse-grained Topic Retrieval](https://lmsys.org/blog/2023-06-29-longchat/)
+* [Fine-grained Line Retrieval](https://lmsys.org/blog/2023-06-29-longchat/)
+* [Multi document retrieval data](https://nlp.stanford.edu/data/nfliu/lost-in-the-middle/nq-open-contriever-msmarco-retrieved-documents.jsonl.gz)
+
+For each task, we have created 3 subtasks - one for each of the three context lengths 2K, 4K and 8K. In total, we thus have 12 subtasks.
+
+In order to get an aggregated score that values each subtask equally, we normalize the scores for each subtask and then calculate the mean of the normalized scores for each extension method.
+
+![Aggregated scores on long context benchmarks](images/lc_benchmarks.png "Aggregated scores on long context benchmarks")
+
+On these benchmarks, YaRN clearly lags behind. NTK-YaRN is the winning method, however NTK-Margin is so close that more extensive research is needed to verify that NTK-YaRN really is superior to NTK-Margin, especially when trained for longer.
+
+### Comparison to 2K baseline
+
+In order to track any potential degradation on 2K context tasks due to the context length extension, we compare our 8K model against a 2K model trained in a similar setup for 100 megatokens. When training the 2K baseline, we don't include any long context data.
+
+We conduct the comparison by evaluating the models on a selection of tasks from EleutherAI harness, as well as ranking model outputs internally.
+
+![Evaluation of 2K vs 8K version of alfred-40b-2023](images/2k_vs_8k.png "Evaluation of 2K vs 8K version of alfred-40b-2023")
+
+Notably, our 8K model not only performs on par with our 2K model on most of our EleutherAI harness tasks, in fact it outperforms the 2K model on a majority of the tasks. Reading comprehension is the only subcategory for which our 8K model is outperformed by the 2K model.
+
+We recognize that there is a discrepancy between performance on classical NLP benchmarks and how humans perceive the model quality. When model outputs (limited to 2K context lengths) are ranked by LightOn employees internally, the 2K and 8K have strikingly similar performance. However, a few rare failure modes have been noted for the 8K version, which are not seen when using the 2K model. These failure modes are likely to be fixable with better composition of the long context data.
+
+
+## Compute Infrastructure
+
+### Hardware
+
+Alfred-40B-1023 was trained on AWS SageMaker, on 128 A100 40GB GPUs in P4d instances.
+
+### Software
+
+Alfred-40B-1023 was trained with a custom codebase. Training leverages a 3D parallelism approach combined with ZeRO, as well as high-performance kernels such as FlashAttention.
+
+## Model Card Contact
+
+Please open a Community Discussion for any support request related to using Alfred with HuggingFace transformers.
+
+For any other inquiry: contact@lighton.ai
+
+## Citation
+
+If you find the model useful in your work, please use the following bibtex when citing.
+```
+@article{alfred-40b-1023,
+  title={Alfred-40B-1023},
+  author={Hallström, Oskar and Chatelain, Amélie and Thiriet, Clément and Séailles, Julien and Cavaillès, Adrien and Marmet, Axel},
+  year={2023}
+}
+```
+
+<!-- original-model-card end -->