initial commit

README.md

@@ -1,3 +1,86 @@
----
-license: apache-2.0
----
+---
+license: cc-by-nc-4.0
+language:
+- en
+pipeline_tag: image-text-to-text
+---
+
+
+# Model description
+We are excited to announce the continuation and rebranding of our **BLIP series** into **XGen-MM**, to be better aligned with Salesforce's unified XGen initiative for large foundation models! This rebranding marks a significant step in our ongoing development of cutting-edge multimodal technologies.
+
+`XGen-MM` is a series of the latest foundational Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) developed by Salesforce AI Research. This series advances upon the successful designs of the `BLIP` series, incorporating fundamental enhancements that ensure a more robust and superior foundation. These models have been trained at scale on high-quality image caption datasets and interleaved image-text data. 
+
+In the v1.1 (08/2024) release, we present a series of XGen-MM models including:
+- Base model `xgen-mm-phi3-mini-base-r-v1.1`
+- Single-image instruct model `xgen-mm-phi3-mini-instruct-r-v1.1`
+- Multi-image instruct model `xgen-mm-phi3-mini-instruct-multi-r-v1.1`
+- DPO instruct model `xgen-mm-phi3-mini-instruct-dpo-r-v1.1`
+
+In addition to the models, we are also releasing a series of datasets for multi-modal pre-training, including:
+- [MINT-1T: Scaling Open-Source Multimodal Data by 10x: A Multimodal Dataset with One Trillion Tokens](https://arxiv.org/abs/2406.11271)
+- BLIP3-OCR-200M: a dataset with dense OCR annotations.
+- BLIP3-GROUNDING-50M: a dataset for enhancing the ability to ground semantic concepts in images.
+- BLIP3-KALE-300M (stay tuned): a large-scale curated high-quality caption dataset. 
+
+# Data
+
+
+# Results
+
+### Base model (without instruction tuning)
+
+### Instruct model
+
+### DPO model
+
+
+# How to use
+
+Please check out our [inference notebook](demo.ipynb) for example code to use our model. We also provide example script for [batch inference](batch_inference.ipynb).
+
+# Reproducibility: 
+
+Our evaluation is implemented based on [open-compass/VLMEvalKit](https://github.com/open-compass/VLMEvalKit). We will create a PR to that repo to support XGen-MM evaluation.
+
+
+# Bias, Risks, Limitations, and Ethical Considerations
+The main data sources are from the internet, including webpages, 
+image stock sites, and curated datasets released by the research community. We have excluded certain data, such as LAION, due to known CSAM concerns.
+The model may be subject to bias from the original data source, as well as bias from LLMs and commercial APIs. 
+We strongly recommend users assess safety and fairness before applying to downstream applications. 
+
+
+# License
+
+Our code and weights are released under the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial 4.0 [LICENSE](LICENSE.txt). Please fill out a form at [here](https://forms.gle/ffPc9oZC2ZGeJ1N68) to consult the commercial use of model weights.
+
+# Code acknowledgement
+Our training code is based on [OpenFlamingo: An open-source framework for training large multimodal models.](https://github.com/mlfoundations/open_flamingo), and part of our data preprocessing code is adapted from [LLaVA](https://github.com/haotian-liu/LLaVA).
+Our evaluation code is based on [VLMEvalKit: Open-source evaluation toolkit of large vision-language models (LVLMs)](https://github.com/open-compass/VLMEvalKit).
+
+We thank the authors for their open-source implementations.
+
+
+# Citation
+```
+@misc{xgen_mm_phi3_mini,
+    title={xgen-mm-phi3-mini-instruct Model Card},
+    url={https://huggingface.co/Salesforce/xgen-mm-phi3-mini-instruct-r-v1},
+    author={Salesforce AI Research},
+    month={May},
+    year={2024}
+}
+```
+
+# Troubleshoot
+
+1. If you missed any packages, please consider the following
+
+```
+pip install torch==2.2.1 torchvision==0.17.1 torchaudio==2.2.1 --index-url https://download.pytorch.org/whl/cu121
+pip install open_clip_torch==2.24.0
+pip install einops
+pip install einops-exts
+pip install transformers==4.41.1
+```

added_tokens.json

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+{
+  "<pad>": 32011,
+  "<|assistant|>": 32001,
+  "<|endoftext|>": 32000,
+  "<|end|>": 32007,
+  "<|placeholder1|>": 32002,
+  "<|placeholder2|>": 32003,
+  "<|placeholder3|>": 32004,
+  "<|placeholder4|>": 32005,
+  "<|placeholder5|>": 32008,
+  "<|placeholder6|>": 32009,
+  "<|system|>": 32006,
+  "<|user|>": 32010
+}

config.json

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+{
+  "architectures": [
+    "XGenMMModelForConditionalGeneration"
+  ],
+  "auto_map": {
+    "AutoConfig": "configuration_xgenmm.XGenMMConfig",
+    "AutoModelForVision2Seq": "modeling_xgenmm.XGenMMModelForConditionalGeneration"
+  },
+  "model_type": "xgenmm",
+  "text_config": {
+    "initial_tokenizer_len": 32012,
+    "model_type": "phi3",
+    "sliding_window": 2047,
+    "torch_dtype": "bfloat16"
+  },
+  "torch_dtype": "float32",
+  "transformers_version": "4.41.1",
+  "vision_encoder_config": {
+    "anyres_patch_sampling": true,
+    "image_aspect_ratio": "anyres",
+    "model_type": "xgenmm_vision_encoder"
+  },
+  "vision_tokenizer_config": {
+    "model_type": "xgenmm_vision_tokenizer"
+  }
+}

configuration_xgenmm.py

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+from transformers import PretrainedConfig
+from transformers import logging
+from transformers import CONFIG_MAPPING
+
+logger = logging.get_logger(__name__)
+
+class XGenMMVisionEncoderConfig(PretrainedConfig):
+    model_type = "xgenmm_vision_encoder"
+    
+    def __init__(self, 
+                 model_name: str = 'google/siglip-so400m-patch14-384',
+                 **kwargs):
+        self.model_name = model_name
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+    
+
+class XGenMMVisionTokenizerConfig(PretrainedConfig):
+    model_type = "xgenmm_vision_tokenizer"
+    
+    def __init__(self, 
+                 vis_feature_dim: int = 1152,
+                 lang_embedding_dim: int = 3072,
+                 num_vis_tokens: int = 128,
+                 image_aspect_ratio: str = 'none',
+                **kwargs):
+        self.vis_feature_dim = vis_feature_dim
+        self.lang_embedding_dim = lang_embedding_dim
+        self.num_vis_tokens = num_vis_tokens
+        self.image_aspect_ratio = image_aspect_ratio
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+        
+        
+class XGenMMConfig(PretrainedConfig):
+    model_type = "xgenmm"
+    
+    def __init__(self, 
+                 vision_encoder_config: dict = None,
+                 vision_tokenizer_config: dict = None,
+                 text_config: dict = None,
+                 **kwargs):
+        
+        if vision_encoder_config is None:
+            vision_encoder_config = {'image_aspect_ratio': 'anyres', 'anyres_patch_sampling': True}
+            logger.info("vision_encoder_config is None. initializing the XGenMMVisionEncoderConfig with default values.")
+
+        if vision_tokenizer_config is None:
+            vision_tokenizer_config = {}
+            logger.info("vision_tokenizer_config is None. Initializing the XGenMMVisionTokenizerConfig with default values.")
+
+        if text_config is None:
+            text_config = {
+                'initial_tokenizer_len':32012,
+                'pad_token_id':32011, 
+                'bos_token_id':1, 
+                'eos_token_id':32000,
+                'vocab_size': 32064,
+                'hidden_size': 3072,
+                'intermediate_size': 8192,
+                'num_hidden_layers': 32,
+                'num_attention_heads': 32,
+                'num_key_value_heads': 32,
+                'resid_pdrop': 0.0,
+                'embd_pdrop': 0.0,
+                'attention_dropout': 0.0,
+                'hidden_act': 'silu',
+                'max_position_embeddings': 4096,
+                'original_max_position_embeddings': 4096,
+                'initializer_range': 0.02,
+                'rms_norm_eps': 1e-05,
+                'use_cache': True,
+                'rope_theta': 10000.0,
+                'rope_scaling': None,
+                'sliding_window': 2047,
+                'return_dict': True,
+                'output_hidden_states': False,
+                'output_attentions': False,
+                'torchscript': False,
+                'torch_dtype': 'bfloat16',
+                'use_bfloat16': False,
+                'tf_legacy_loss': False,
+                'pruned_heads': {},
+                'tie_word_embeddings': False,
+                'chunk_size_feed_forward': 0,
+                'is_encoder_decoder': False,
+                'is_decoder': False,
+                'cross_attention_hidden_size': None,
+                'add_cross_attention': False,
+                'tie_encoder_decoder': False,
+                'max_length': 20,
+                'min_length': 0,
+                'do_sample': False,
+                'early_stopping': False,
+                'num_beams': 1,
+                'num_beam_groups': 1,
+                'diversity_penalty': 0.0,
+                'temperature': 1.0,
+                'top_k': 50,
+                'top_p': 1.0,
+                'typical_p': 1.0,
+                'repetition_penalty': 1.0,
+                'length_penalty': 1.0,
+                'no_repeat_ngram_size': 0,
+                'encoder_no_repeat_ngram_size': 0,
+                'bad_words_ids': None,
+                'num_return_sequences': 1,
+                'output_scores': False,
+                'return_dict_in_generate': False,
+                'forced_bos_token_id': None,
+                'forced_eos_token_id': None,
+                'remove_invalid_values': False,
+                'exponential_decay_length_penalty': None,
+                'suppress_tokens': None,
+                'begin_suppress_tokens': None,
+                'finetuning_task': None,
+                'id2label': {0: 'LABEL_0', 1: 'LABEL_1'},
+                'label2id': {'LABEL_0': 0, 'LABEL_1': 1},
+                'tokenizer_class': None,
+                'prefix': None,
+                'bos_token_id': 1,
+                'pad_token_id': 32000,
+                'eos_token_id': 32000,
+                'sep_token_id': None,
+                'decoder_start_token_id': None,
+                'task_specific_params': None,
+                'problem_type': None,
+                'model_type': 'phi3'
+                }
+            logger.info("text_config is None. Initializing the text config with default values (`Phi3Config`).")
+        
+        self.vision_encoder_config = XGenMMVisionEncoderConfig(**vision_encoder_config)
+        
+        self.vision_tokenizer_config = XGenMMVisionTokenizerConfig(**vision_tokenizer_config)
+        
+        text_model_type = text_config["model_type"] if "model_type" in text_config else "phi3"
+        self.text_config = CONFIG_MAPPING[text_model_type](**text_config)
+        
+        for key in ['initial_tokenizer_len', 'pad_token_id']:
+            if key not in self.text_config.to_dict():
+                raise ValueError(f"The key `{key}` is missing in the text_config.")
+            
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+        
+    @classmethod
+    def from_vision_encoder_vision_tokenizer_text_configs(
+        cls,
+        vision_encoder_config: XGenMMVisionEncoderConfig,
+        vision_tokenizer_config: XGenMMVisionTokenizerConfig,
+        text_config: PretrainedConfig,
+        **kwargs):
+        
+        return cls(
+            vision_encoder_config=vision_encoder_config.to_dict(),
+            vision_tokenizer_config=vision_tokenizer_config.to_dict(),
+            text_config=text_config.to_dict(),
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+        

generation_config.json

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+{
+  "_from_model_config": true,
+  "bos_token_id": 1,
+  "eos_token_id": 32000,
+  "pad_token_id": 32000,
+  "transformers_version": "4.41.1"
+}

image_processing_blip_3.py

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+import random
+from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, Sequence, Tuple, Union
+import torchvision.transforms.functional as F
+from torchvision.transforms import Normalize, Compose, RandomResizedCrop, InterpolationMode, ToTensor, Resize, \
+    CenterCrop, ColorJitter, Grayscale
+import numbers
+import torch    
+import ast
+import math
+import numpy as np
+from PIL import Image
+from transformers.image_processing_utils import BaseImageProcessor, BatchFeature
+from transformers.image_utils import ImageInput
+from transformers.utils import TensorType
+
+from utils import expand2square
+
+    
+class Blip3ImageProcessor(BaseImageProcessor):
+    
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        do_resize: bool = True,
+        resize_mode: str = "squash",
+        interpolation_mode: str = "bicubic",
+        size: Union[Tuple[int, int], List[int]] = None,
+        image_mean: Optional[Union[float, List[float]]] = None,
+        image_std: Optional[Union[float, List[float]]] = None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+        self.do_resize = do_resize
+        self.resize_mode = resize_mode
+        self.interpolation_mode = interpolation_mode
+        self.size = size if size is not None else (384, 384)
+        self.grids = None
+
+        self.image_mean = image_mean if image_mean is not None else [0.5, 0.5, 0.5]
+        self.image_std = image_std if image_std is not None else [0.5, 0.5, 0.5]
+            
+    
+    @classmethod
+    def resize(cls, image_size, resize_mode, interpolation='bicubic', fill_color=0):
+        interpolation_mode = InterpolationMode.BILINEAR if interpolation == 'bilinear' else InterpolationMode.BICUBIC
+        if resize_mode == 'longest':
+            transforms = [
+                ResizeKeepRatio(image_size, interpolation=interpolation_mode, longest=1),
+                CenterCropOrPad(image_size, fill=fill_color)
+            ]
+        elif resize_mode == 'squash':
+            if isinstance(image_size, int):
+                image_size = (image_size, image_size)
+            transforms = [
+                Resize(image_size, interpolation=interpolation_mode),
+            ]
+        else:
+            assert resize_mode == 'shortest'
+            if not isinstance(image_size, (tuple, list)):
+                image_size = (image_size, image_size)
+            if image_size[0] == image_size[1]:
+                # simple case, use torchvision built-in Resize w/ shortest edge mode (scalar size arg)
+                transforms = [
+                    Resize(image_size[0], interpolation=interpolation_mode)
+                ]
+            else:
+                # resize shortest edge to matching target dim for non-square target
+                transforms = [ResizeKeepRatio(image_size)]
+            transforms += [CenterCrop(image_size)]
+        return transforms
+    
+    @classmethod
+    def convert_rgb(cls, image):
+        return image.convert("RGB")
+            
+
+    def _preprocess(self, 
+                   images: ImageInput
+                   ) -> torch.Tensor:
+        transforms = self.resize(self.size,  self.resize_mode, self.interpolation_mode)
+        transforms.extend([
+            self.convert_rgb,
+            ToTensor(),
+            Normalize(mean=self.image_mean, std=self.image_std)
+        ])
+        composed_transforms = Compose(transforms)
+        images_tensor = composed_transforms(images)
+        return images_tensor           
+    
+    def preprocess(self, 
+                   images: ImageInput, 
+                   return_tensors: Optional[Union[str, TensorType]] = None,
+                   **kwargs) -> BatchFeature:
+        if 'image_aspect_ratio' in kwargs:
+            image_aspect_ratio = kwargs['image_aspect_ratio']
+        else:
+            image_aspect_ratio = 'none'
+        new_images = []
+        if image_aspect_ratio == 'pad':
+            for image in images:
+                image = expand2square(image, tuple(int(x*255) for x in self.image_mean))
+                image = self._preprocess(image)
+                new_images.append(image)
+        elif image_aspect_ratio == 'anyres':
+            for image in images:
+                image = process_anyres_image(image, self._preprocess, self.size,
+                                             self.grids)
+                new_images.append(image)
+        else:
+            for image in images:
+                image = self._preprocess(image)
+                new_images.append(image)
+        
+        if all(x.shape == new_images[0].shape for x in new_images):
+            new_images = torch.stack(new_images, dim=0)
+        if image_aspect_ratio == 'anyres':
+            new_images = BatchFeature(data={"pixel_values": new_images}, tensor_type=return_tensors)
+        else:
+            new_images = BatchFeature(data={"pixel_values": new_images.unsqueeze(1).unsqueeze(0)}, tensor_type=return_tensors)
+            
+        return new_images
+
+    
+class ResizeKeepRatio:
+    """ Resize and Keep Ratio
+
+    Copy & paste from `timm`
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+            self,
+            size,
+            longest=0.,
+            interpolation=InterpolationMode.BICUBIC,
+            random_scale_prob=0.,
+            random_scale_range=(0.85, 1.05),
+            random_aspect_prob=0.,
+            random_aspect_range=(0.9, 1.11)
+    ):
+        if isinstance(size, (list, tuple)):
+            self.size = tuple(size)
+        else:
+            self.size = (size, size)
+        self.interpolation = interpolation
+        self.longest = float(longest)  # [0, 1] where 0 == shortest edge, 1 == longest
+        self.random_scale_prob = random_scale_prob
+        self.random_scale_range = random_scale_range
+        self.random_aspect_prob = random_aspect_prob
+        self.random_aspect_range = random_aspect_range
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def get_params(
+            img,
+            target_size,
+            longest,
+            random_scale_prob=0.,
+            random_scale_range=(0.85, 1.05),
+            random_aspect_prob=0.,
+            random_aspect_range=(0.9, 1.11)
+    ):
+        """Get parameters
+        """
+        source_size = img.size[::-1]  # h, w
+        h, w = source_size
+        target_h, target_w = target_size
+        ratio_h = h / target_h
+        ratio_w = w / target_w
+        ratio = max(ratio_h, ratio_w) * longest + min(ratio_h, ratio_w) * (1. - longest)
+        if random_scale_prob > 0 and random.random() < random_scale_prob:
+            ratio_factor = random.uniform(random_scale_range[0], random_scale_range[1])
+            ratio_factor = (ratio_factor, ratio_factor)
+        else:
+            ratio_factor = (1., 1.)
+        if random_aspect_prob > 0 and random.random() < random_aspect_prob:
+            aspect_factor = random.uniform(random_aspect_range[0], random_aspect_range[1])
+            ratio_factor = (ratio_factor[0] / aspect_factor, ratio_factor[1] * aspect_factor)
+        size = [round(x * f / ratio) for x, f in zip(source_size, ratio_factor)]
+        return size
+
+    def __call__(self, img):
+        """
+        Args:
+            img (PIL Image): Image to be cropped and resized.
+
+        Returns:
+            PIL Image: Resized, padded to at least target size, possibly cropped to exactly target size
+        """
+        size = self.get_params(
+            img, self.size, self.longest,
+            self.random_scale_prob, self.random_scale_range,
+            self.random_aspect_prob, self.random_aspect_range
+        )
+        img = F.resize(img, size, self.interpolation)
+        return img
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        format_string = self.__class__.__name__ + '(size={0}'.format(self.size)
+        format_string += f', interpolation={self.interpolation})'
+        format_string += f', longest={self.longest:.3f})'
+        return format_string
+
+def _setup_size(size, error_msg):
+    if isinstance(size, numbers.Number):
+        return int(size), int(size)
+
+    if isinstance(size, Sequence) and len(size) == 1:
+        return size[0], size[0]
+
+    if len(size) != 2:
+        raise ValueError(error_msg)
+
+    return size
+
+def center_crop_or_pad(img: torch.Tensor, output_size: List[int], fill=0) -> torch.Tensor:
+    """Center crops and/or pads the given image.
+    If the image is torch Tensor, it is expected
+    to have [..., H, W] shape, where ... means an arbitrary number of leading dimensions.
+    If image size is smaller than output size along any edge, image is padded with 0 and then center cropped.
+
+    Args:
+        img (PIL Image or Tensor): Image to be cropped.
+        output_size (sequence or int): (height, width) of the crop box. If int or sequence with single int,
+            it is used for both directions.
+        fill (int, Tuple[int]): Padding color
+
+    Returns:
+        PIL Image or Tensor: Cropped image.
+    """
+    if isinstance(output_size, numbers.Number):
+        output_size = (int(output_size), int(output_size))
+    elif isinstance(output_size, (tuple, list)) and len(output_size) == 1:
+        output_size = (output_size[0], output_size[0])
+
+    _, image_height, image_width = F.get_dimensions(img)
+    crop_height, crop_width = output_size
+
+    if crop_width > image_width or crop_height > image_height:
+        padding_ltrb = [
+            (crop_width - image_width) // 2 if crop_width > image_width else 0,
+            (crop_height - image_height) // 2 if crop_height > image_height else 0,
+            (crop_width - image_width + 1) // 2 if crop_width > image_width else 0,
+            (crop_height - image_height + 1) // 2 if crop_height > image_height else 0,
+        ]
+        img = F.pad(img, padding_ltrb, fill=fill)
+        _, image_height, image_width = F.get_dimensions(img)
+        if crop_width == image_width and crop_height == image_height:
+            return img
+
+    crop_top = int(round((image_height - crop_height) / 2.0))
+    crop_left = int(round((image_width - crop_width) / 2.0))
+    return F.crop(img, crop_top, crop_left, crop_height, crop_width)
+    
+class CenterCropOrPad(torch.nn.Module):
+    """Crops the given image at the center.
+    If the image is torch Tensor, it is expected
+    to have [..., H, W] shape, where ... means an arbitrary number of leading dimensions.
+    If image size is smaller than output size along any edge, image is padded with 0 and then center cropped.
+
+    Args:
+        size (sequence or int): Desired output size of the crop. If size is an
+            int instead of sequence like (h, w), a square crop (size, size) is
+            made. If provided a sequence of length 1, it will be interpreted as (size[0], size[0]).
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, size, fill=0):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.size = _setup_size(size, error_msg="Please provide only two dimensions (h, w) for size.")
+        self.fill = fill
+
+    def forward(self, img):
+        """
+        Args:
+            img (PIL Image or Tensor): Image to be cropped.
+
+        Returns:
+            PIL Image or Tensor: Cropped image.
+        """
+        return center_crop_or_pad(img, self.size, fill=self.fill)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"{self.__class__.__name__}(size={self.size})"
+    
+def process_anyres_image(image, processor, processor_size, grid_pinpoints):
+    """
+    Process an image with variable resolutions.
+
+    Args:
+        image (PIL.Image.Image): The input image to be processed.
+        processor: The image processor object.
+        processor_size (tuple, list): The size of the image processor.
+        grid_pinpoints (str): A string representation of a list of possible resolutions.
+
+    Returns:
+        torch.Tensor: A tensor containing the processed image patches.
+    """
+    # FIXME: determine grid_pinpoints from image sizes.
+    if type(grid_pinpoints) is list:
+        possible_resolutions = grid_pinpoints
+    else:
+        possible_resolutions = ast.literal_eval(grid_pinpoints)
+    best_resolution = select_best_resolution(image.size, possible_resolutions)
+    image_padded = resize_and_pad_image(image, best_resolution)
+
+    # processor_size = processor.transforms[0].size
+    patches = divide_to_patches(image_padded, processor_size[0])
+
+    image_original_resize = image.resize((processor_size[0], processor_size[0]))
+
+    image_patches = [image_original_resize] + patches
+    image_patches = [processor(image_patch)
+                     for image_patch in image_patches]
+    return torch.stack(image_patches, dim=0)    
+
+
+def select_best_resolution(original_size, possible_resolutions):
+    """
+    Selects the best resolution from a list of possible resolutions based on the original size.
+
+    Args:
+        original_size (tuple): The original size of the image in the format (width, height).
+        possible_resolutions (list): A list of possible resolutions in the format [(width1, height1), (width2, height2), ...].
+
+    Returns:
+        tuple: The best fit resolution in the format (width, height).
+    """
+    original_width, original_height = original_size
+    best_fit = None
+    max_effective_resolution = 0
+    min_wasted_resolution = float('inf')
+
+    for width, height in possible_resolutions:
+        scale = min(width / original_width, height / original_height)
+        downscaled_width, downscaled_height = int(original_width * scale), int(original_height * scale)
+        effective_resolution = min(downscaled_width * downscaled_height, original_width * original_height)
+        wasted_resolution = (width * height) - effective_resolution
+
+        if effective_resolution > max_effective_resolution or (effective_resolution == max_effective_resolution and wasted_resolution < min_wasted_resolution):
+            max_effective_resolution = effective_resolution
+            min_wasted_resolution = wasted_resolution
+            best_fit = (width, height)
+
+    return best_fit
+
+def resize_and_pad_image(image, target_resolution):
+    """
+    Resize and pad an image to a target resolution while maintaining aspect ratio.
+
+    Args:
+        image (PIL.Image.Image): The input image.
+        target_resolution (tuple): The target resolution (width, height) of the image.
+
+    Returns:
+        PIL.Image.Image: The resized and padded image.
+    """
+    original_width, original_height = image.size
+    target_width, target_height = target_resolution
+
+    scale_w = target_width / original_width
+    scale_h = target_height / original_height
+
+    if scale_w < scale_h:
+        new_width = target_width
+        new_height = min(math.ceil(original_height * scale_w), target_height)
+    else:
+        new_height = target_height
+        new_width = min(math.ceil(original_width * scale_h), target_width)
+
+    # Resize the image
+    resized_image = image.resize((new_width, new_height))
+
+    new_image = Image.new('RGB', (target_width, target_height), (0, 0, 0))
+    paste_x = (target_width - new_width) // 2
+    paste_y = (target_height - new_height) // 2
+    new_image.paste(resized_image, (paste_x, paste_y))
+
+    return new_image
+
+def divide_to_patches(image, patch_size):
+    """
+    Divides an image into patches of a specified size.
+
+    Args:
+        image (PIL.Image.Image): The input image.
+        patch_size (int): The size of each patch.
+
+    Returns:
+        list: A list of PIL.Image.Image objects representing the patches.
+    """
+    patches = []
+    width, height = image.size
+    for i in range(0, height, patch_size):
+        for j in range(0, width, patch_size):
+            box = (j, i, j + patch_size, i + patch_size)
+            patch = image.crop(box)
+            patches.append(patch)
+
+    return patches

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+}

modeling_xgenmm.py

@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+from transformers import PreTrainedModel, AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoModel
+import torch
+import open_clip
+from typing import List, Optional, Tuple, Union
+from utils import check_embedding_fns
+from vlm import PerceiverResampler, XGenMMPerceiver
+from configuration_xgenmm import XGenMMVisionEncoderConfig, XGenMMVisionTokenizerConfig, XGenMMConfig
+
+class XGenMMVisionEncoder(PreTrainedModel):
+    main_input_name = "pixel_values"
+    config_class = XGenMMVisionEncoderConfig
+    
+    def __init__(self, config: XGenMMVisionEncoderConfig):
+        super().__init__(config)
+        if config.model_name != 'google/siglip-so400m-patch14-384':
+            raise ValueError(f"Unsupported model {config.model_name}. New vision models will be added soon.")
+        self.model = AutoModel.from_pretrained(config.model_name)
+        
+    def forward(self, pixel_values: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
+        # assert pixel_values.ndim == 4, f"Expected 4D tensor (bs, c, h, w), got {pixel_values.ndim}"
+        return self.model.encode_image(pixel_values)
+        
+
+# vision tokenizer        
+class XGenMMVisionTokenizer(PreTrainedModel):
+    config_class = XGenMMVisionTokenizerConfig
+    def __init__(self, config: XGenMMVisionTokenizerConfig):
+        super().__init__(config)
+        self.model = PerceiverResampler(
+            dim=config.vis_feature_dim,
+            dim_inner=config.lang_embedding_dim,
+            num_latents=config.num_vis_tokens,
+        )
+        
+    def forward(self, 
+                vision_features: torch.Tensor, 
+                vision_attn_masks: torch.Tensor):
+        return self.model(vision_features, vision_attn_masks)
+    
+# XGenMM model
+class XGenMMModelForConditionalGeneration(PreTrainedModel):
+    config_class = XGenMMConfig
+    
+    def __init__(self, config: XGenMMConfig):
+        super().__init__(config)
+        
+        # vision encoder initialization
+        vision_encoder = AutoModel.from_pretrained(config.vision_encoder_config.model_name).vision_model
+        
+        # language model initialization    
+        language_model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_config(config.text_config)
+        check_embedding_fns(language_model)
+        # Update _tied_weights_keys using the base model used.
+        if language_model._tied_weights_keys is not None:
+            self._tied_weights_keys = [f"language_model.{k}" for k in language_model._tied_weights_keys]
+        
+        # vision tokenizer initialization
+        if config.vision_tokenizer_config.lang_embedding_dim != language_model.get_input_embeddings().weight.shape[1]:
+            overwrite = language_model.get_input_embeddings().weight.shape[1]
+            config.vision_tokenizer_config.lang_embedding_dim = overwrite
+            print(f"Warning: The language embedding dimension in the vision tokenizer config is different from the language model's embedding dimension. Overwriting the language embedding dimension in the vision tokenizer config to {overwrite}.")
+            
+        vision_tokenizer = XGenMMVisionTokenizer(config.vision_tokenizer_config).model
+
+        self.vlm = XGenMMPerceiver(
+            vision_encoder=vision_encoder,
+            vision_tokenizer=vision_tokenizer,
+            lang_model=language_model,
+            initial_tokenizer_len = config.text_config.initial_tokenizer_len,
+            pad_token_id = config.text_config.pad_token_id,
+            image_aspect_ratio = config.vision_encoder_config.image_aspect_ratio,
+        )
+        # Initialize weights and apply final processing
+        self.post_init()
+        
+    @torch.no_grad()
+    def generate(
+        self,
+        pixel_values: torch.FloatTensor,
+        input_ids: Optional[torch.LongTensor] = None,
+        attention_mask: Optional[torch.LongTensor] = None,
+        **generate_kwargs,
+        ) -> torch.LongTensor:
+        self.vlm = self.vlm.eval()
+        return self.vlm.generate(
+            vision_x = pixel_values, 
+            lang_x = input_ids, 
+            attention_mask = attention_mask, 
+            **generate_kwargs)
+        
+    def update_special_tokens(self, tokenizer):
+        tokenizer.add_special_tokens(
+            {"additional_special_tokens": list(self.vlm.special_tokens.values())}
+        )
+        self.vlm.lang_model.config.vocab_size = len(tokenizer)
+        self.vlm.set_special_token_ids(
+            {
+                v: tokenizer.convert_tokens_to_ids(v) for v in self.vlm.special_tokens.values()
+            }
+        )
+        return tokenizer
+        

preprocessor_config.json

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+{
+  "auto_map": {
+    "AutoImageProcessor": "image_processing_blip_3.Blip3ImageProcessor"
+  },
+  "do_resize": true,
+  "grids": null,
+  "image_mean": [
+    0.5,
+    0.5,
+    0.5
+  ],
+  "image_processor_type": "Blip3ImageProcessor",
+  "image_std": [
+    0.5,
+    0.5,
+    0.5
+  ],
+  "interpolation_mode": "bicubic",
+  "resize_mode": "squash",
+  "size": [
+    384,
+    384
+  ]
+}

special_tokens_map.json

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+{
+  "bos_token": {
+    "content": "<s>",
+    "lstrip": false,
+    "normalized": false,
+    "rstrip": false,
+    "single_word": false
+  },
+  "eos_token": {
+    "content": "<|endoftext|>",
+    "lstrip": false,
+    "normalized": false,
+    "rstrip": false,
+    "single_word": false
+  },
+  "pad_token": {
+    "content": "<pad>",
+    "lstrip": false,
+    "normalized": false,
+    "rstrip": false,
+    "single_word": false
+  },
+  "unk_token": {
+    "content": "<unk>",
+    "lstrip": false,
+    "normalized": false,
+    "rstrip": false,
+    "single_word": false
+  }
+}

test_samples/few_shots.json

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+{
+    "example_1": {
+        "image_path": "./test_samples/images/COCO_val2014_000000486568.jpg",
+        "instruction": "A short description of this image in one sentence:",
+        "output": "A man in a suit holding something in his office."
+    },
+    "example_2": {
+        "image_path": "./test_samples/images/COCO_val2014_000000176466.jpg",
+        "instruction": "A short description of this image in one sentence:",
+        "output": "The young girl is standing by the fire hydrant in curlers."
+    },
+    "example_3": {
+        "image_path": "./test_samples/images/COCO_val2014_000000392640.jpg",
+        "instruction": "A short description of this image in one sentence:",
+        "output": "A man with a skateboard that is jumping in the air."
+    },
+    "example_4": {
+        "image_path": "./test_samples/images/COCO_val2014_000000267408.jpg",
+        "instruction": "A short description of this image in one sentence:",
+        "output": "A few people looking at a television that's next to a laptop."
+    }
+}

test_samples/zero_shot.json

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+{
+    "image_path": "./test_samples/images/000adfe5b817011c.jpg",
+    "instruction": "Please provide a short description of this image:"
+}

tokenizer_config.json

@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+{
+  "add_bos_token": false,
+  "add_eos_token": false,
+  "added_tokens_decoder": {
+    "0": {
+      "content": "<unk>",
+      "lstrip": false,
+      "normalized": false,
+      "rstrip": false,
+      "single_word": false,
+      "special": true
+    },
+    "1": {
+      "content": "<s>",
+      "lstrip": false,
+      "normalized": false,
+      "rstrip": false,
+      "single_word": false,
+      "special": true
+    },
+    "2": {
+      "content": "</s>",
+      "lstrip": false,
+      "normalized": false,
+      "rstrip": true,
+      "single_word": false,
+      "special": false
+    },
+    "32000": {
+      "content": "<|endoftext|>",
+      "lstrip": false,
+      "normalized": false,
+      "rstrip": false,
+      "single_word": false,
+      "special": true
+    },
+    "32001": {
+      "content": "<|assistant|>",
+      "lstrip": false,
+      "normalized": false,
+      "rstrip": true,
+      "single_word": false,
+      "special": true
+    },
+    "32002": {
+      "content": "<|placeholder1|>",
+      "lstrip": false,
+      "normalized": false,
+      "rstrip": true,
+      "single_word": false,
+      "special": true
+    },
+    "32003": {
+      "content": "<|placeholder2|>",
+      "lstrip": false,
+      "normalized": false,
+      "rstrip": true,
+      "single_word": false,
+      "special": true
+    },
+    "32004": {
+      "content": "<|placeholder3|>",
+      "lstrip": false,
+      "normalized": false,
+      "rstrip": true,
+      "single_word": false,
+      "special": true
+    },
+    "32005": {
+      "content": "<|placeholder4|>",
+      "lstrip": false,
+      "normalized": false,
+      "rstrip": true,
+      "single_word": false,
+      "special": true
+    },
+    "32006": {
+      "content": "<|system|>",
+      "lstrip": false,
+      "normalized": false,
+      "rstrip": true,
+      "single_word": false,
+      "special": true
+    },
+    "32007": {
+      "content": "<|end|>",
+      "lstrip": false,
+      "normalized": false,
+      "rstrip": true,
+      "single_word": false,
+      "special": true
+    },
+    "32008": {
+      "content": "<|placeholder5|>",
+      "lstrip": false,
+      "normalized": false,
+      "rstrip": true,
+      "single_word": false,
+      "special": true
+    },
+    "32009": {
+      "content": "<|placeholder6|>",
+      "lstrip": false,
+      "normalized": false,
+      "rstrip": true,
+      "single_word": false,
+      "special": true
+    },
+    "32010": {
+      "content": "<|user|>",
+      "lstrip": false,
+      "normalized": false,
+      "rstrip": true,
+      "single_word": false,
+      "special": true
+    },
+    "32011": {
+      "content": "<pad>",
+      "lstrip": false,
+      "normalized": false,
+      "rstrip": false,
+      "single_word": false,
+      "special": true
+    }
+  },
+  "bos_token": "<s>",
+  "chat_template": "{% for message in messages %}{% if message['role'] == 'system' %}{{'<|system|>\n' + message['content'] + '<|end|>\n'}}{% elif message['role'] == 'user' %}{{'<|user|>\n' + message['content'] + '<|end|>\n'}}{% elif message['role'] == 'assistant' %}{{'<|assistant|>\n' + message['content'] + '<|end|>\n'}}{% endif %}{% endfor %}{% if add_generation_prompt %}{{ '<|assistant|>\n' }}{% else %}{{ eos_token }}{% endif %}",
+  "clean_up_tokenization_spaces": false,
+  "eos_token": "<|endoftext|>",
+  "legacy": false,
+  "model_max_length": 4096,
+  "pad_token": "<pad>",
+  "padding_side": "left",
+  "sp_model_kwargs": {},
+  "tokenizer_class": "LlamaTokenizer",
+  "unk_token": "<unk>",
+  "use_default_system_prompt": false
+}

utils.py

@@ -0,0 +1,383 @@
+import torch
+import ast
+import math
+from PIL import Image
+from packaging.version import Version
+
+def has_fn(model, fn_name):
+    """Check if model has a function fn_name"""
+    return callable(getattr(model, fn_name, None))
+
+def exists(val):
+    return val is not None
+
+def num_params(module, filter_to_trainable=False):
+    """Returns the number of parameters in the module, or optionally only the trainable parameters"""
+    if filter_to_trainable:
+        return sum(p.numel() for p in module.parameters() if p.requires_grad)
+    else:
+        return sum(p.numel() for p in module.parameters())
+
+def hasattr_recursive(obj, att):
+    """
+    Check if obj has nested attribute
+    Example: hasattr_recursive(obj, 'a.b.c') is equivalent to hasattr(obj, 'a') and hasattr(obj.a, 'b') and hasattr(obj.a.b, 'c')
+    """
+    if att == "":
+        return True
+    i = att.find(".")
+    if i < 0:
+        return hasattr(obj, att)
+    else:
+        try:
+            return hasattr_recursive(getattr(obj, att[:i]), att[i + 1 :])
+        except:
+            return False    
+
+def getattr_recursive(obj, att):
+    """
+    Return nested attribute of obj
+    Example: getattr_recursive(obj, 'a.b.c') is equivalent to obj.a.b.c
+    """
+    if att == "":
+        return obj
+    i = att.find(".")
+    if i < 0:
+        return getattr(obj, att)
+    else:
+        return getattr_recursive(getattr(obj, att[:i]), att[i + 1 :])
+
+
+def setattr_recursive(obj, att, val):
+    """
+    Set nested attribute of obj
+    Example: setattr_recursive(obj, 'a.b.c', val) is equivalent to obj.a.b.c = val
+    """
+    if "." in att:
+        obj = getattr_recursive(obj, ".".join(att.split(".")[:-1]))
+    setattr(obj, att.split(".")[-1], val)    
+    
+    
+def stack_with_padding(list_of_tensors, padding_value=0, padding_side="right"):
+    """
+    Stack a list of tensors with padding on one side
+    Args:
+        list_of_tensors (list[torch.Tensor]): List of tensors to stack
+        padding_value (int, optional): Value to pad with. Defaults to 0.
+        padding_side (str, optional): Side to pad on. Defaults to "right".
+    Returns:
+        torch.Tensor: Stacked tensors
+    """
+    max_tokens = max(tensor.size(0) for tensor in list_of_tensors)
+    padded_tensors = []
+    for tensor in list_of_tensors:
+        num_tokens = tensor.size(0)
+        if len(tensor.size()) == 1:
+            padding = torch.full(
+                (max_tokens - num_tokens,),
+                padding_value,
+                dtype=tensor.dtype,
+                device=tensor.device,
+            )
+        else:
+            padding = torch.full(
+                (max_tokens - num_tokens, tensor.size(1)),
+                padding_value,
+                dtype=tensor.dtype,
+                device=tensor.device,
+            )
+        padded_tensor = (
+            torch.cat((tensor, padding), dim=0)
+            if padding_side == "right"
+            else torch.cat((padding, tensor), dim=0)
+        )
+        padded_tensors.append(padded_tensor)
+    return torch.stack(padded_tensors)
+    
+    
+def check_embedding_fns(lang_model):
+    """Checks for and attempts to set {get/set}_{input/output}_embeddings functions to the model"""
+    if not has_fn(lang_model, "get_input_embeddings"):
+        if hasattr_recursive(lang_model, "transformer.wte"):  # MPT
+            lang_model.get_input_embeddings = lambda: lang_model.transformer.wte
+        elif hasattr_recursive(lang_model, "model.decoder.embed_tokens"):  # OPT
+            lang_model.get_input_embeddings = lambda: lang_model.decoder.embed_tokens
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "We require the language encoder to have a get_input_embeddings method but we couldn't determine the name of the input embeddings attribute. Please supply this manually in factory.py."
+            )
+
+    if not has_fn(lang_model, "set_input_embeddings"):
+        if hasattr_recursive(lang_model, "transformer.wte"):  # MPT
+            lang_model.set_input_embeddings = lambda x: setattr_recursive(
+                lang_model, "transformer.wte", x
+            )
+        elif hasattr_recursive(lang_model, "model.decoder.embed_tokens"):  # OPT
+            lang_model.set_input_embeddings = lambda x: setattr_recursive(
+                lang_model, "model.decoder.embed_tokens", x
+            )
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "We require the language encoder to have a set_input_embeddings method but we couldn't determine the name of the input embeddings attribute. Please supply this manually in factory.py."
+            )
+
+    if not has_fn(lang_model, "get_output_embeddings"):
+        if hasattr_recursive(lang_model, "lm_head"):
+            lang_model.get_output_embeddings = lambda: lang_model.lm_head
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "We require the language encoder to have a get_output_embeddings method but we couldn't determine the name of the output embeddings attribute. Please supply this manually in factory.py."
+            )
+
+    if not has_fn(lang_model, "set_output_embeddings"):
+        if hasattr_recursive(lang_model, "lm_head"):
+            lang_model.set_output_embeddings = lambda x: setattr_recursive(
+                lang_model, "lm_head", x
+            )
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "We require the language encoder to have a set_output_embeddings method but we couldn't determine the name of the output embeddings attribute. Please supply this manually in factory.py."
+            )
+
+
+def has_fn(model, fn_name):
+    """Check if model has a function fn_name"""
+    return callable(getattr(model, fn_name, None))
+
+
+# Adopted from https://github.com/haotian-liu/LLaVA. Below is the original copyright:
+#
+#    Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+#    you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+#    You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#        http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+#    Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+#    distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+#    WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+#    See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+#    limitations under the License.
+
+def unpad_image(tensor, original_size, keep_original_shape=False):
+    """
+    Unpads a PyTorch tensor of a padded and resized image.
+
+    Args:
+    tensor (torch.Tensor): The image tensor, assumed to be in CxHxW format.
+    original_size (tuple): The original size of the image (height, width).
+
+    Returns:
+    torch.Tensor: The unpadded image tensor.
+    """
+    original_width, original_height = original_size
+    current_height, current_width = tensor.shape[1:]
+
+    original_aspect_ratio = original_width / original_height
+    current_aspect_ratio = current_width / current_height
+
+    if original_aspect_ratio > current_aspect_ratio:
+        scale_factor = current_width / original_width
+        new_height = int(original_height * scale_factor)
+        padding = (current_height - new_height) // 2
+        if keep_original_shape:
+            attention_mask = torch.ones((current_height, current_width), device=tensor.device)
+            attention_mask[:padding, :] = 0
+            attention_mask[current_height - padding:, :] = 0
+            return tensor, attention_mask
+        else:
+            unpadded_tensor = tensor[:, padding:current_height - padding, :]
+            return unpadded_tensor, None
+    else:
+        scale_factor = current_height / original_height
+        new_width = int(original_width * scale_factor)
+        padding = (current_width - new_width) // 2
+        if keep_original_shape:
+            attention_mask = torch.ones((current_height, current_width), device=tensor.device)
+            attention_mask[:, :padding] = 0
+            attention_mask[:, current_width - padding:] = 0
+            return tensor, attention_mask
+        else:
+            unpadded_tensor = tensor[:, :, padding:current_width - padding]
+            return unpadded_tensor, None
+
+
+def select_best_resolution(original_size, possible_resolutions):
+    """
+    Selects the best resolution from a list of possible resolutions based on the original size.
+
+    Args:
+        original_size (tuple): The original size of the image in the format (width, height).
+        possible_resolutions (list): A list of possible resolutions in the format [(width1, height1), (width2, height2), ...].
+
+    Returns:
+        tuple: The best fit resolution in the format (width, height).
+    """
+    original_width, original_height = original_size
+    best_fit = None
+    max_effective_resolution = 0
+    min_wasted_resolution = float('inf')
+
+    for width, height in possible_resolutions:
+        scale = min(width / original_width, height / original_height)
+        downscaled_width, downscaled_height = int(original_width * scale), int(original_height * scale)
+        effective_resolution = min(downscaled_width * downscaled_height, original_width * original_height)
+        wasted_resolution = (width * height) - effective_resolution
+
+        if effective_resolution > max_effective_resolution or (effective_resolution == max_effective_resolution and wasted_resolution < min_wasted_resolution):
+            max_effective_resolution = effective_resolution
+            min_wasted_resolution = wasted_resolution
+            best_fit = (width, height)
+
+    return best_fit
+
+
+def resize_and_pad_image(image, target_resolution):
+    """
+    Resize and pad an image to a target resolution while maintaining aspect ratio.
+
+    Args:
+        image (PIL.Image.Image): The input image.
+        target_resolution (tuple): The target resolution (width, height) of the image.
+
+    Returns:
+        PIL.Image.Image: The resized and padded image.
+    """
+    original_width, original_height = image.size
+    target_width, target_height = target_resolution
+
+    scale_w = target_width / original_width
+    scale_h = target_height / original_height
+
+    if scale_w < scale_h:
+        new_width = target_width
+        new_height = min(math.ceil(original_height * scale_w), target_height)
+    else:
+        new_height = target_height
+        new_width = min(math.ceil(original_width * scale_h), target_width)
+
+    # Resize the image
+    resized_image = image.resize((new_width, new_height))
+
+    new_image = Image.new('RGB', (target_width, target_height), (0, 0, 0))
+    paste_x = (target_width - new_width) // 2
+    paste_y = (target_height - new_height) // 2
+    new_image.paste(resized_image, (paste_x, paste_y))
+
+    return new_image
+
+
+def divide_to_patches(image, patch_size):
+    """
+    Divides an image into patches of a specified size.
+
+    Args:
+        image (PIL.Image.Image): The input image.
+        patch_size (int): The size of each patch.
+
+    Returns:
+        list: A list of PIL.Image.Image objects representing the patches.
+    """
+    patches = []
+    width, height = image.size
+    for i in range(0, height, patch_size):
+        for j in range(0, width, patch_size):
+            box = (j, i, j + patch_size, i + patch_size)
+            patch = image.crop(box)
+            patches.append(patch)
+
+    return patches
+
+
+def get_anyres_image_grid_shape(image_size, grid_pinpoints, patch_size):
+    """
+    Calculate the shape of the image patch grid after the preprocessing for images of any resolution.
+
+    Args:
+        image_size (tuple): The size of the input image in the format (width, height).
+        grid_pinpoints (str): A string representation of a list of possible resolutions.
+        patch_size (int): The size of each image patch.
+
+    Returns:
+        tuple: The shape of the image patch grid in the format (width, height).
+    """
+    if type(grid_pinpoints) is list:
+        possible_resolutions = grid_pinpoints
+    else:
+        possible_resolutions = ast.literal_eval(grid_pinpoints)
+    width, height = select_best_resolution(image_size, possible_resolutions)
+    return width // patch_size, height // patch_size
+
+
+def process_anyres_image(image, processor, grid_pinpoints):
+    """
+    Process an image with variable resolutions.
+
+    Args:
+        image (PIL.Image.Image): The input image to be processed.
+        processor: The image processor object.
+        grid_pinpoints (str): A string representation of a list of possible resolutions.
+
+    Returns:
+        torch.Tensor: A tensor containing the processed image patches.
+    """
+    # FIXME: determine grid_pinpoints from image sizes.
+    if type(grid_pinpoints) is list:
+        possible_resolutions = grid_pinpoints
+    else:
+        possible_resolutions = ast.literal_eval(grid_pinpoints)
+    best_resolution = select_best_resolution(image.size, possible_resolutions)
+    image_padded = resize_and_pad_image(image, best_resolution)
+
+    processor_size = processor.transforms[0].size
+    patches = divide_to_patches(image_padded, processor_size[0])
+
+    image_original_resize = image.resize((processor_size[0], processor_size[0]))
+
+    image_patches = [image_original_resize] + patches
+    image_patches = [processor(image_patch)
+                     for image_patch in image_patches]
+    return torch.stack(image_patches, dim=0)
+
+
+def expand2square(pil_img, background_color):
+    width, height = pil_img.size
+    if width == height:
+        return pil_img
+    elif width > height:
+        result = Image.new(pil_img.mode, (width, width), background_color)
+        result.paste(pil_img, (0, (width - height) // 2))
+        return result
+    else:
+        result = Image.new(pil_img.mode, (height, height), background_color)
+        result.paste(pil_img, ((height - width) // 2, 0))
+        return result
+    
+
+def process_images(images, image_processor, model_cfg):
+    image_aspect_ratio = getattr(model_cfg, "image_aspect_ratio", None)
+    new_images = []
+    if image_aspect_ratio == 'pad':
+        for image in images:
+            image = expand2square(image, tuple(int(x*255) for x in image_processor.transforms[-1].mean))
+            image = image_processor(image)
+            new_images.append(image)
+    elif image_aspect_ratio in ["anyres", "anyres-legacy"]:
+        base_img_size = image_processor.transforms[0].size[0]
+        for image in images:
+            image = process_anyres_image(image, image_processor, [[base_img_size,base_img_size*2],
+                                                                  [base_img_size*2,base_img_size],
+                                                                  [base_img_size*2,base_img_size*2],
+                                                                  [base_img_size*3,base_img_size],
+                                                                  [base_img_size,base_img_size*3]])
+
+            # Debug any res inference by only using 672x672.
+            # image = process_anyres_image(image, image_processor, [[base_img_size*2,base_img_size*2]])
+            new_images.append(image)
+    else:
+        return image_processor(images)
+    if all(x.shape == new_images[0].shape for x in new_images):
+        new_images = torch.stack(new_images, dim=0)
+    return new_images
+
+

vlm.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1314 @@
+
+import torch
+from torch import einsum, nn
+from einops import rearrange, repeat
+from einops_exts import rearrange_many
+from einops import rearrange
+from typing import List, Optional, Tuple, Union
+import torch.nn.functional as F
+from transformers.modeling_outputs import CausalLMOutputWithPast
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from transformers import CLIPVisionModel
+from transformers.models.siglip.modeling_siglip import SiglipVisionTransformer
+
+import transformers
+from packaging.version import Version
+
+from utils import num_params, getattr_recursive, stack_with_padding, get_anyres_image_grid_shape, unpad_image
+
+
+class VisionTokenizer(nn.Module):
+    def __init__(self, dim_media, num_tokens_per_media):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.dim_media = dim_media
+        self.num_tokens_per_media = num_tokens_per_media
+        
+class PerceiverAttention(nn.Module):
+    def __init__(self, *, dim, dim_head=64, heads=8):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.scale = dim_head**-0.5
+        self.heads = heads
+        inner_dim = dim_head * heads
+
+        self.norm_media = nn.LayerNorm(dim)
+        self.norm_latents = nn.LayerNorm(dim)
+
+        self.to_q = nn.Linear(dim, inner_dim, bias=False)
+        self.to_kv = nn.Linear(dim, inner_dim * 2, bias=False)
+        self.to_out = nn.Linear(inner_dim, dim, bias=False)
+
+    def forward(self, x, latents, vision_attn_masks=None):
+        """
+        Args:
+            x (torch.Tensor): image features
+                shape (b, T, n1, D)
+            latent (torch.Tensor): latent features
+                shape (b, T, n2, D)
+        """
+        x = self.norm_media(x)
+        latents = self.norm_latents(latents)
+
+        h = self.heads
+
+        q = self.to_q(latents)
+        kv_input = torch.cat((x, latents), dim=-2) # TODO: Change the shape of vision attention mask according to this.
+        if vision_attn_masks is not None:
+            vision_attn_masks = torch.cat((vision_attn_masks, 
+                                            torch.ones((latents.shape[0], latents.shape[-2]), dtype=latents.dtype, device=latents.device)),
+                                            dim=-1)
+        k, v = self.to_kv(kv_input).chunk(2, dim=-1)
+        q, k, v = rearrange_many((q, k, v), "b t n (h d) -> b h t n d", h=h)
+        q = q * self.scale
+
+        # attention
+        sim = einsum("... i d, ... j d  -> ... i j", q, k)
+        # Apply vision attention mask here.
+        # Reference: https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/generated/torch.nn.functional.scaled_dot_product_attention.html#torch.nn.functional.scaled_dot_product_attention
+        if vision_attn_masks is not None:
+            attn_bias = torch.zeros((q.size(0), 1, 1, q.size(-2), k.size(-2)), dtype=q.dtype, device=q.device)
+            vision_attn_masks = repeat(vision_attn_masks, 'b n -> b 1 1 l n', l=q.size(-2))
+            attn_bias.masked_fill_(vision_attn_masks.logical_not(), float("-inf"))
+            sim += attn_bias
+
+        sim = sim - sim.amax(dim=-1, keepdim=True).detach()
+        attn = sim.softmax(dim=-1)
+        
+
+        out = einsum("... i j, ... j d -> ... i d", attn, v)
+        out = rearrange(out, "b h t n d -> b t n (h d)", h=h)
+        return self.to_out(out)       
+
+
+def FeedForward(dim, mult=4):
+    inner_dim = int(dim * mult)
+    return nn.Sequential(
+        nn.LayerNorm(dim),
+        nn.Linear(dim, inner_dim, bias=False),
+        nn.GELU(),
+        nn.Linear(inner_dim, dim, bias=False),
+    )
+            
+
+class PerceiverResampler(VisionTokenizer):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        dim,
+        dim_inner=None,
+        depth=6,
+        dim_head=96,
+        heads=16,
+        num_latents=128,
+        max_num_media=None,
+        max_num_frames=None,
+        ff_mult=4,
+    ):
+        """
+        Perceiver module which takes in image features and outputs image tokens.
+        Args:
+            dim (int): dimension of the incoming image features
+            dim_inner (int, optional): final dimension to project the incoming image features to;
+                also the final dimension of the outputted features. If None, no projection is used, and dim_inner = dim.
+            depth (int, optional): number of layers. Defaults to 6.
+            dim_head (int, optional): dimension of each head. Defaults to 64.
+            heads (int, optional): number of heads. Defaults to 8.
+            num_latents (int, optional): number of latent tokens to use in the Perceiver;
+                also corresponds to number of tokens per sequence to output. Defaults to 64.
+            max_num_media (int, optional): maximum number of media per sequence to input into the Perceiver
+                and keep positional embeddings for. If None, no positional embeddings are used.
+            max_num_frames (int, optional): maximum number of frames to input into the Perceiver
+                and keep positional embeddings for. If None, no positional embeddings are used.
+            ff_mult (int, optional): dimension multiplier for the feedforward network. Defaults to 4.
+        """
+        if dim_inner is not None:
+            projection = nn.Linear(dim, dim_inner)
+        else:
+            projection = None
+            dim_inner = dim
+        super().__init__(dim_media=dim, num_tokens_per_media=num_latents)
+        self.projection = projection
+        self.latents = nn.Parameter(torch.randn(num_latents, dim))
+
+        # positional embeddings
+        self.frame_embs = (
+            nn.Parameter(torch.randn(max_num_frames, dim))
+            if exists(max_num_frames)
+            else None
+        )
+        self.media_time_embs = (
+            nn.Parameter(torch.randn(max_num_media, 1, dim))
+            if exists(max_num_media)
+            else None
+        )
+
+        self.layers = nn.ModuleList([])
+        for _ in range(depth):
+            self.layers.append(
+                nn.ModuleList(
+                    [
+                        PerceiverAttention(
+                            dim=dim, dim_head=dim_head, heads=heads
+                        ),
+                        FeedForward(dim=dim, mult=ff_mult),
+                    ]
+                )
+            )
+
+        self.norm = nn.LayerNorm(dim)
+
+    def forward(self, x, vision_attn_masks=None):
+        """
+        Args:
+            x (torch.Tensor): image features
+                shape (b, T, F, v, D)
+            vision_attn_masks (torch.Tensor): attention masks for padded visiont tokens (i.e., x)
+                shape (b, v)
+        Returns:
+            shape (b, T, n, D) where n is self.num_latents
+        """
+        b, T, F, v = x.shape[:4]
+
+        # frame and media time embeddings
+        if exists(self.frame_embs):
+            frame_embs = repeat(self.frame_embs[:F], "F d -> b T F v d", b=b, T=T, v=v)
+            x = x + frame_embs
+        x = rearrange(
+            x, "b T F v d -> b T (F v) d"
+        )  # flatten the frame and spatial dimensions
+        if exists(self.media_time_embs):
+            x = x + self.media_time_embs[:T]
+
+        # blocks
+        latents = self.latents
+        latents = repeat(latents, "n d -> b T n d", b=b, T=T)
+        for attn, ff in self.layers:
+            latents = attn(x, latents, vision_attn_masks) + latents
+            latents = ff(latents) + latents
+        
+        if exists(self.projection):
+            return self.projection(self.norm(latents)) 
+        else:
+            return self.norm(latents)
+
+
+class DecoupledEmbedding(nn.Embedding):
+    # Derived from https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/_modules/torch/nn/modules/sparse.html#Embedding
+    """
+    Implements a decoupling of parameters to allow freezing (or not) a subset of the embeddings. In practise, the
+    regular `weight` can be trained or frozen (i.e. `partially_freeze=True`), and if `num_additional_embeddings` > 0,
+    then it will create `num_additional_embeddings` additional parameters that are always trained. If
+    `num_additional_embeddings=0`, then the module defaults back to the regular behavior of `nn.Embedding`.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        max_original_id: int,
+        num_additional_embeddings: int = 0,
+        _weight: torch.Tensor = None,
+        num_original_embeddings: int = None,
+        embedding_dim: int = None,
+        partially_freeze=True,
+        device=None,
+        dtype=None,
+        pad_token_id=None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        Args:
+            max_original_id (`int`):
+                The largest token id that should be embedded using the regular embedding (regular `weight`).
+                This is usually len(tokenizer) - 1 before additional tokens are added.
+                Note that this may not equal self.weight.shape[0]
+            num_additional_embeddings (`int`):
+                Number of additional tokens to initialize an Embedding matrix for (`additional_weight`).
+            _weight (`torch.Tensor`, *optional*, defaults to `None`): The regular weight tensor.
+                If provided, this sets the `num_original_embeddings` and `embedding_dim` parameters.
+            num_original_embeddings (`int`):
+                self.weight.shape[0]
+            embedding_dim (`int`):
+                The size of each embedding vector
+            partially_freeze: (`bool`, *optional*, defaults to `True`):
+                If `True`, the regular `weight` will be frozen. `additional_weight` is never frozen.
+            padding_idx (`int`, *optional*):
+                The padding index (needs to be less than num_embeddings)
+
+        Note: there are a lot of other parameters to initialize a standard `nn.Embedding` such as `padding_idx`,
+        `max_norm` or `norm_type`. We are not supporting these.
+        """
+        # validate args
+        if pad_token_id is not None and pad_token_id > max_original_id:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"pad_token_id must be <= max_original_id. Got {pad_token_id} and {max_original_id}."
+                + "If the original tokenizer does not have a pad_token_id, use pad_token_id=None."
+            )
+        if _weight is not None:
+            assert (num_original_embeddings is None) or (
+                _weight.shape[0] == num_original_embeddings
+            ), f"num_original_embeddings={num_original_embeddings} but _weight.shape[0]={_weight.shape[0]}"
+            assert (embedding_dim is None) or (
+                _weight.shape[1] == embedding_dim
+            ), f"embedding_dim={embedding_dim} but _weight.shape[1]={_weight.shape[1]}"
+            num_original_embeddings = _weight.shape[0]
+            embedding_dim = _weight.shape[1]
+        else:
+            assert (
+                num_original_embeddings is not None
+            ), "num_original_embeddings must be provided if _weight is not provided"
+            assert (
+                embedding_dim is not None
+            ), "embedding_dim must be provided if _weight is not provided"
+
+        super().__init__(
+            num_embeddings=num_original_embeddings,
+            embedding_dim=embedding_dim,
+            device=device,
+            dtype=dtype,
+            padding_idx=pad_token_id,
+            _weight=_weight,
+        )
+        self.max_original_id = max_original_id
+        self.padding_idx = pad_token_id
+        self.num_additional_embeddings = num_additional_embeddings
+        if self.num_additional_embeddings > 0:
+            self.additional_embedding = nn.Embedding(
+                num_embeddings=self.num_additional_embeddings,
+                embedding_dim=embedding_dim,
+                device=device,
+                dtype=dtype,
+            )
+        self.set_requires_grad(
+            require_regular_grad=not partially_freeze, require_additional_grad=True
+        )
+
+    def set_requires_grad(self, require_regular_grad, require_additional_grad):
+        """
+        Helper function to separately set the requires_grad flag for the regular weight and the additional weight.
+        """
+        self.weight.requires_grad_(require_regular_grad)
+        self.additional_embedding.requires_grad_(require_additional_grad)
+
+    def forward(self, input_ids):
+        """
+        we have 2 embeddings, with different indices - one pretrained self.weight and another
+        self.additional_embedding.weight that is being trained.
+
+        in order to make a lookup of the input ids, we:
+        1. find out the indices of the entries belonging to the 2nd embedding
+        2. extract those values while subtracting the size of the first embedding (num_embeddings), since the 2nd
+        embedding starts from 0 and not num_embeddings
+        3. perform the 2nd embedding lookup
+        4. now we handle the 1st embedding, we overwrite indices belonging to the 2nd embedding with a padding index
+        5. perform the 1st embedding lookup
+        6. now we overwrite the values in the 1st embedding lookup with the values of the 2nd embedding lookup
+
+        note: for the 1st embedding lookup we could have looked up only the low indices and not do the padding, but
+        then we have to create a new tensor and populate it with 2 tensors that are spread out across various indices -
+        i.e. not a simple concat - I haven't benchmarked the complex case if it's any faster, given that seqlens are
+        usually relatively short it's probably not faster or if faster not by much - but might be a good idea to
+        measure.
+
+        """
+        if self.num_additional_embeddings == 0:
+            return F.embedding(input_ids, self.weight)
+
+        # Clone so that we don't modify the original input_ids later on
+        input_ids = input_ids.clone()
+        additional_vocab_indices = torch.where(input_ids > self.max_original_id)
+        input_ids_additional_vocab = input_ids[additional_vocab_indices]
+        additional_embeddings = self.additional_embedding(
+            input_ids_additional_vocab - self.max_original_id - 1
+        )
+
+        # for successful lookup replace input_ids with 0, the results of these will be discarded anyway
+        input_ids[additional_vocab_indices] = 0
+        full_vector = F.embedding(input_ids, self.weight)
+
+        # overwrite the records with high indices
+        full_vector[additional_vocab_indices] = additional_embeddings
+
+        return full_vector
+
+    def extra_repr(self) -> str:
+        return "num_original_embeddings={}, num_additional_embeddings={}, embedding_dim={}, partially_freeze={}".format(
+            self.max_original_id + 1,
+            self.num_additional_embeddings,
+            self.embedding_dim,
+            (not self.weight.requires_grad),
+        )
+
+
+class DecoupledLinear(nn.Linear):
+    # Derived from https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/_modules/torch/nn/modules/linear.html#Linear
+    """
+    Implements a decoupling of parameters to allow freezing (or not) a subset of the parameters. In practise, the
+    regular `weight` can be trained or frozen (i.e. `partially_freeze=True`), and if `additional_out_features` > 0,
+    then it will create `additional_out_features * in_features` additional parameters that are always trained. If
+    `additional_out_features=0`, then the module defaults back to the regular behavior of `nn.Linear`.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        max_original_id: int,
+        additional_out_features: int = 0,
+        _weight: torch.Tensor = None,
+        _bias: torch.Tensor = None,
+        in_features: int = None,
+        original_out_features: int = None,
+        bias: bool = True,
+        partially_freeze: bool = True,
+        device=None,
+        dtype=None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        Args:
+            max_original_id (`int`): The largest token id that should be extracted from the regular weight.
+                This is usually len(tokenizer) - 1 before additional tokens are added.
+                Note that this may not equal original_out_features - 1
+            _weight: torch.Tensor, *optional*, defaults to `None`. The regular weight tensor.
+                If provided, this sets the `in_features` and `original_out_features` parameters.
+            _bias: torch.Tensor, *optional*, defaults to `None`. The regular bias tensor.
+            in_features: int. Input hidden size.
+            original_out_features: int. Original out_features of the language model's get_output_embeddings() function.
+            additional_out_features: int. Number of additional trainable dimensions.
+            bias: bool. Whether to include a bias term.
+            partially_freeze: bool, *optional*, defaults to `True`): If `True`, the regular `weight` will be frozen.
+        """
+        # argument validation
+        if _weight is not None:
+            assert (_weight.shape[0] == original_out_features) or (
+                original_out_features is None
+            ), f"original_out_features={original_out_features} but _weight.shape[0]={_weight.shape[0]}"
+            assert (_weight.shape[1] == in_features) or (
+                in_features is None
+            ), f"in_features={in_features} but _weight.shape[1]={_weight.shape[1]}"
+            in_features = _weight.shape[1]
+            original_out_features = _weight.shape[0]
+        else:
+            assert (
+                in_features is not None
+            ), "in_features must be provided if _weight is not provided"
+            assert (
+                original_out_features is not None
+            ), "original_out_features must be provided if _weight is not provided"
+
+        if _bias is not None:
+            assert bias is True, "bias must be True if _bias is provided"
+
+        # initialize original linear
+        super().__init__(
+            in_features, 
+            original_out_features,
+            bias, 
+            device, 
+            dtype)
+        
+        # set weight and bias manually
+        if _weight is not None:
+            self.weight = nn.Parameter(_weight)
+        if _bias is not None:
+            self.bias = nn.Parameter(_bias)
+            
+        self.in_features = in_features
+        self.original_out_features = original_out_features
+        self.max_original_id = max_original_id
+
+        # initialize additional linear
+        self.additional_out_features = additional_out_features
+        self.has_bias = bias
+        if additional_out_features > 0:
+            self.additional_fc = nn.Linear(
+                in_features=in_features,
+                out_features=additional_out_features,
+                bias=self.has_bias,
+                device=device,
+                dtype=dtype,
+            )
+        self.set_requires_grad(
+            require_regular_grad=not partially_freeze, require_additional_grad=True
+        )
+
+    def set_requires_grad(self, require_regular_grad, require_additional_grad):
+        """
+        Helper function to separately set the requires_grad flag for the regular weight and the additional weight.
+        """
+        self.weight.requires_grad_(require_regular_grad)
+        if self.has_bias:
+            self.bias.requires_grad_(require_regular_grad)
+        self.additional_fc.requires_grad_(require_additional_grad)
+
+    def forward(self, input: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
+        output = F.linear(input, self.weight, self.bias)
+        output = output[..., : self.max_original_id + 1]
+
+        if self.additional_out_features > 0:
+            additional_features = F.linear(
+                input, self.additional_fc.weight, self.additional_fc.bias
+            )
+            output = torch.cat((output, additional_features), -1)
+        return output
+
+    def extra_repr(self) -> str:
+        """Overwriting `nn.Linear.extra_repr` to include new parameters."""
+        return "in_features={}, out_features={}, additional_out_features={}, bias={}, partially_freeze={}".format(
+            self.in_features,
+            self.max_original_id + 1,
+            self.additional_out_features,
+            self.bias is not None,
+            (not self.weight.requires_grad or not self.bias.requires_grad),
+        )
+
+class VLM(nn.Module):
+    """
+    Generic vision-language model (VLM) class.
+    A VLM consists of four components:
+        1. A vision encoder that extracts features from pixels, e.g. CLIP
+            input: (B, T_img, F, C, H, W)
+            output: (B, T_img, F, v, d)
+        2. A vision tokenizer that converts these features to visual token-like embeddings, e.g. Perceiver, or a linear projection head
+            input: (B, T_img, F, v, d)
+            output: (B, T_img, n, d)
+        3. A fusion method that allows the language model to attend to these tokens, e.g. cross-attention, or placing the tokens directly in the language model's input sequence
+        4. A language model
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        vision_encoder: nn.Module,
+        vision_tokenizer: nn.Module,
+        lang_model: nn.Module,
+        initial_tokenizer_len: int,
+        pad_token_id: int,
+        gradient_checkpointing: bool = False,
+    ):
+        """
+        Args:
+            vision_encoder (nn.Module): e.g. CLIP
+            vision_tokenizer (nn.Module): e.g. PerceiverResampler
+            lang_model (nn.Module): e.g. MPT
+            initial_tokenizer_len (int): size of the original tokenizer vocab
+            pad_token_id (int): id of the pad token
+            gradient_checkpointing (bool, optional): Whether to use gradient checkpointing. Defaults to False.
+        """
+        super().__init__()
+
+        # save dimension information
+        self.lang_embedding_dim = lang_model.get_input_embeddings().weight.shape[1]
+        if hasattr(lang_model.config, "d_model"):
+            self.lang_hidden_dim = lang_model.config.d_model  # mpt uses d_model
+        else:
+            self.lang_hidden_dim = lang_model.config.hidden_size
+        self.vis_embedding_dim = vision_tokenizer.dim_media
+        self.num_tokens_per_vis = vision_tokenizer.num_tokens_per_media
+
+        # core components
+        self.vision_encoder = vision_encoder
+        self.vision_tokenizer = vision_tokenizer
+        self.lang_model = lang_model
+
+        # lm embeddings
+        self.pad_token_id = pad_token_id
+        self.initial_tokenizer_len = initial_tokenizer_len
+        input_embeds = DecoupledEmbedding(
+            max_original_id=initial_tokenizer_len - 1,
+            num_additional_embeddings=len(self.special_tokens),
+            _weight=self.lang_model.get_input_embeddings().weight,
+            pad_token_id=self.pad_token_id,
+        )
+        if hasattr(input_embeds, "additional_embedding"):
+            input_embeds.additional_embedding.weight.data.normal_(
+                mean=0.0,
+                std=self.lang_model.config.initializer_range
+                if hasattr(self.lang_model.config, "initializer_range")
+                else 0.02,
+            )
+        self.lang_model.set_input_embeddings(input_embeds)
+
+        out_embeds = DecoupledLinear(
+            max_original_id=initial_tokenizer_len - 1,
+            additional_out_features=len(self.special_tokens),
+            _weight=self.lang_model.get_output_embeddings().weight,
+            _bias=self.lang_model.get_output_embeddings().bias if hasattr(self.lang_model.get_output_embeddings(), "bias") else None,
+        )
+        if hasattr(out_embeds, "additional_fc"):
+            out_embeds.additional_fc.weight.data.normal_(
+                mean=0.0,
+                std=self.lang_model.config.initializer_range
+                if hasattr(self.lang_model.config, "initializer_range")
+                else 0.02,
+            )
+        self.lang_model.set_output_embeddings(out_embeds)
+
+        # gradient checkpointing
+        self.vision_tokenizer._use_gradient_checkpointing = gradient_checkpointing
+
+    def forward(
+        self,
+        vision_x: Optional[torch.Tensor],
+        lang_x: torch.Tensor,
+        attention_mask: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None,
+        labels: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None,
+        past_key_values: Optional[
+            List[Union[torch.Tensor, Tuple[torch.Tensor]]]
+        ] = None,
+        past_media_locations: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None,
+        past_vision_tokens: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None,
+        use_cache: Optional[bool] = False,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        """
+        Args:
+            vision_x: Vision input
+                shape (B, T_img, F, C, H, W) with F=1
+                only F = 1 is supported (single-frame videos)
+                if T_img > the number of media tokens in the corresponding input_ids (lang_x),
+                only the first number of media tokens in lang_x are used
+            lang_x: Language input ids, with media tokens denoting where
+                visual media should be inserted.
+                shape (B, T_txt)
+            attention_mask: Attention mask. Defaults to None.
+            labels: Labels. Defaults to None.
+                shape (B, T_txt)
+            past_key_values (Tuple[torch.Tensor]], optional): Past key value pairs for each of the T_txt previous tokens in the language model. Defaults to None.
+                list of length = number of decoder layers in the LM
+                exact implementation depends on LM, see Hugging Face docs
+            past_media_locations (torch.Tensor, optional): boolean mask denoting which of the previous T_txt tokens were media tokens. Defaults to None.
+                shape (B, T_txt)
+            past_vision_tokens (torch.Tensor, optional): Previous vision tokens. Defaults to None.
+            use_cache (Optional[bool], optional): Whether to use cache. Defaults to False.
+                If True, includes key_values, media_locations, and vision_tokens in the output.
+        """
+        assert not (past_vision_tokens is None) ^ (
+            past_media_locations is None
+        ), "past_vision_tokens and past_media_locations must both be None or both be not None"
+
+        # convert pixels to vision tokens
+        if vision_x is not None:
+            vision_features = self._encode_vision_x(vision_x=vision_x)
+            vision_tokens = self.vision_tokenizer(vision_features)
+        else:
+            vision_tokens = None
+
+        # fuse the vision and language tokens
+        new_inputs = self._prepare_inputs_for_forward(
+            vision_tokens=vision_tokens,
+            lang_x=lang_x,
+            attention_mask=attention_mask,
+            labels=labels,
+            past_key_values=past_key_values,
+            past_media_locations=past_media_locations,
+            padding_side="right",
+            past_vision_tokens=past_vision_tokens,
+        )
+        output = self.lang_model(
+            **new_inputs,
+            use_cache=use_cache,
+            past_key_values=past_key_values,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+        # postprocessing may be needed, e.g. to remove extra tokens from logits that were inserted into the language stream
+        # or to add the past_vision_tokens and past_media_locations to the output
+        output = self._postprocess_outputs_from_forward(
+            output=output,
+            lang_x=lang_x,
+            vision_tokens=vision_tokens,
+            use_cache=use_cache,
+            past_vision_tokens=past_vision_tokens,
+            past_media_locations=past_media_locations,
+        )
+
+        # postforward hooks
+        self._post_forward_hook()
+        return output
+
+    def _encode_vision_x_anyres(self, samples, device):
+        assert self.anyres_grids is not None
+        image_raw = samples["image"] # list of patch list in of shape [1, N_patch, C, H, W]
+        image_sizes = samples["image_size"]
+
+        # Image_raw can be a list of list of patches, when a `samples` has multiple images.
+        if isinstance(image_raw[0], list):
+            images = [x.squeeze(0) for sample_img in image_raw for x in sample_img]
+            image_sizes = [s for sample_sizes in image_sizes for s in sample_sizes]
+        else:
+            # assert isinstance(image_raw[0], torch.Tensor), f"Unkown image type: {image_raw[0]}"
+            # concate list of patches into one big patch for any res encoding.
+            images = [x.squeeze(0) for x in image_raw] # [N_patch, C, H, W]
+        image = torch.cat(images, dim=0) # [\sum{B}{N_patch_i}, C, H, W]
+        image = image.to(device)
+
+        with torch.no_grad():
+            if self.vision_encoder.__class__.__name__ == "TimmModel":
+                image_embeds = self.vision_encoder.trunk.forward_features(image)
+            elif self.vision_encoder.__class__.__name__ in ['CLIPVisionModel', 'SiglipVisionTransformer']:
+                image_embeds = self.vision_encoder(image).last_hidden_state
+            else:
+                image_embeds = self.vision_encoder(image)[1]  # OpenCLIP returns tuples
+
+        if isinstance(self.vision_encoder, CLIPVisionModel) or isinstance(self.vision_encoder, SiglipVisionTransformer):
+            base_img_size = self.vision_encoder.config.image_size
+        else:
+            base_img_size = self.vision_encoder.image_size[0]
+        
+        if self.vision_encoder.__class__.__name__ == "TimmModel":
+            grid_size = self.vision_encoder.trunk.patch_embed.grid_size
+        elif self.vision_encoder.__class__.__name__ in ['CLIPVisionModel', 'SiglipVisionTransformer']:
+            grid_size_base = self.vision_encoder.config.image_size // self.vision_encoder.config.patch_size
+            grid_size = (grid_size_base, grid_size_base)
+        else:
+            grid_size = self.vision_encoder.grid_size
+        height, width = grid_size
+        
+        if not image_embeds.shape[1] == height * width:
+            assert image_embeds.shape[1] == height * width + 1 # For vision encoders that has [CLS] token.
+            image_embeds = image_embeds[:, 1:, :] # Drop the cls token for each patch.
+        n_vis_token_per_patch = image_embeds.shape[1]
+
+        # Split encoded patches and merge patch features
+        # 1. Get the raw sizes from samples, and split the image embeds [\sum_{B}(N_patch_i), N_tok(16*16), C]
+        split_sizes = [image.shape[0] for image in images]
+        image_embeds = torch.split(image_embeds, split_sizes, dim=0)
+        # 2. For each image (consist of a list of patches), merge the patches spatially (of shape [C, n_patch_height, n_patch_width])
+        new_image_embeds = []
+        patch_attn_masks = []
+        max_n_img_token = -1
+        for idx, patch_embeds in enumerate(image_embeds):
+            if patch_embeds.shape[0] > 1:
+                # 3. Flatten the patch features and get [C, n_patch_height * (n_patch_width+1)]
+                base_patch_embeds = patch_embeds[0] # TODO: prepend the CLS token for th base patch embeds (of the resized entire image).
+                patch_embeds = patch_embeds[1:]
+                
+                assert height * width == base_patch_embeds.shape[0]
+    
+                num_patch_width, num_patch_height = get_anyres_image_grid_shape(image_sizes[idx], 
+                                                                                self.anyres_grids, 
+                                                                                base_img_size) # Hardcoded grid_pinpoints.
+                patch_embeds = patch_embeds.view(num_patch_height, num_patch_width, height, width, -1)
+
+                patch_embeds = patch_embeds.permute(4, 0, 2, 1, 3).contiguous()
+                patch_embeds = patch_embeds.flatten(1, 2).flatten(2, 3)
+                patch_embeds, patch_attn_mask = unpad_image(patch_embeds, image_sizes[idx], self.anyres_patch_sampling)
+                if hasattr(self, 'image_newline'):
+                    patch_embeds = torch.cat((
+                            patch_embeds,
+                            self.image_newline[:, None, None].expand(*patch_embeds.shape[:-1], 1)
+                        ), dim=-1)
+                if self.anyres_patch_sampling:
+                    patch_embeds = patch_embeds.view(-1, num_patch_height, num_patch_width, height*width)
+                    patch_embeds = patch_embeds.flatten(1, 2).permute(1, 2, 0)
+                    assert patch_attn_mask is not None
+                    patch_attn_mask = patch_attn_mask.view(num_patch_height, num_patch_width, height*width)
+                    patch_attn_mask = patch_attn_mask.flatten(0, 1)
+                    patch_embeds = torch.cat((base_patch_embeds.unsqueeze(0), patch_embeds), dim=0)
+                    patch_attn_mask = torch.cat((torch.ones(n_vis_token_per_patch, device=patch_embeds.device).unsqueeze(0), patch_attn_mask), dim=0)
+                else:
+                    patch_embeds = patch_embeds.flatten(1, 2).transpose(0, 1)
+                    patch_embeds = torch.cat((base_patch_embeds, patch_embeds), dim=0)
+            else:
+                patch_embeds = patch_embeds[0].unsqueeze(0) if self.anyres_patch_sampling else patch_embeds[0]
+                patch_attn_mask = torch.ones(n_vis_token_per_patch, device=patch_embeds.device).unsqueeze(0) if self.anyres_patch_sampling else None
+                if hasattr(self, 'image_newline'):
+                    patch_embeds = torch.cat((
+                            patch_embeds,
+                            self.image_newline[None]
+                        ), dim=0)
+            if not self.anyres_patch_sampling:
+                max_n_img_token = max(patch_embeds.shape[0], max_n_img_token)
+
+            new_image_embeds.append(patch_embeds)
+            patch_attn_masks.append(patch_attn_mask)
+        
+        if self.anyres_patch_sampling:
+            # Return individual patches for independent token downsampling.
+            return new_image_embeds, patch_attn_masks
+
+        # 4. Pad and concat the list of image_embeds [N_tok_i, C] together into a batch. Also modify the query attention mask.
+        image_embeds = []
+        image_atts = []
+        for image_embed in new_image_embeds:
+            n_img_token = image_embed.shape[0]
+            img_attn = torch.ones((max_n_img_token), dtype=torch.long, device=image_embed.device)
+            if n_img_token < max_n_img_token:
+                padded_embed = torch.zeros((max_n_img_token, image_embed.shape[-1]), dtype=image_embed.dtype, device=image_embed.device)
+                padded_embed[:n_img_token, :] = image_embed
+                img_attn[n_img_token:] = 0 # Mask out the padded entries.
+            else:
+                padded_embed = image_embed
+            image_embeds.append(padded_embed)
+            image_atts.append(img_attn)
+        image_embeds = torch.stack(image_embeds, dim=0) # Shape [B, N_tok_longest, C_dim]
+        image_atts = torch.stack(image_atts, dim=0) # Shape [B, N_tok_longest, C_dim]
+        # TODO: reshape image_embeds and image_atts to "b T F v d"
+        image_embeds = image_embeds[:, None, None, :, :]
+        # image_atts = image_atts[:, None, None, :, :]
+
+        return image_embeds, image_atts
+
+    def _encode_vision_x(self, vision_x: torch.Tensor):
+        """
+        Compute media tokens from vision input by passing it through vision encoder and conditioning language model.
+        Args:
+            vision_x: Vision input
+                shape (B, T_img, F, C, H, W)
+                Images in the same chunk are collated along T_img, and frames are collated along F
+                Currently only F=1 is supported (single-frame videos)
+
+        rearrange code based on https://github.com/dhansmair/flamingo-mini
+        """
+        assert vision_x.ndim == 6, "vision_x should be of shape (b, T_img, F, C, H, W)"
+        b, T, F = vision_x.shape[:3]
+        
+        vision_x = rearrange(vision_x, "b T F c h w -> (b T F) c h w")
+        with torch.no_grad():
+            if self.vision_encoder.__class__.__name__ == "TimmModel":
+                vision_x = self.vision_encoder.trunk.forward_features(vision_x)
+            elif self.vision_encoder.__class__.__name__ in ['CLIPVisionModel', 'SiglipVisionTransformer']:
+                vision_x = self.vision_encoder(vision_x).last_hidden_state
+            else:
+                vision_x = self.vision_encoder(vision_x)[1]  # OpenCLIP returns tuples
+        vision_x = rearrange(vision_x, "(b T F) v d -> b T F v d", b=b, T=T, F=F)
+        return vision_x
+
+    def _concat_vision_cache(
+        self, lang_x, vision_tokens, past_vision_tokens, past_media_locations, use_cache
+    ):
+        """
+        Helper function to include the past vision tokens and past media locations in the output.
+        """
+        if use_cache:
+            if past_media_locations is not None and past_vision_tokens is not None:
+                if vision_tokens is not None:
+                    updated_vision_tokens = torch.cat(
+                        [
+                            past_vision_tokens,
+                            vision_tokens,
+                        ],
+                        dim=1,
+                    )
+                else:
+                    updated_vision_tokens = past_vision_tokens
+                updated_media_locations = torch.cat(
+                    [
+                        past_media_locations,
+                        lang_x == self.media_token_id,
+                    ],
+                    dim=1,
+                )
+            else:
+                updated_vision_tokens = vision_tokens
+                updated_media_locations = lang_x == self.media_token_id
+
+        else:
+            updated_vision_tokens = None
+            updated_media_locations = None
+
+        return updated_vision_tokens, updated_media_locations
+
+    def generate(
+        self,
+        vision_x: torch.Tensor,
+        lang_x: torch.Tensor,
+        attention_mask: torch.Tensor = None,
+        past_key_values: Optional[
+            List[Union[torch.Tensor, Tuple[torch.Tensor]]]
+        ] = None,
+        past_media_locations: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None,
+        past_vision_tokens: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        """
+        Generate text conditioned on vision and language inputs.
+        Args:
+            vision_x (torch.Tensor): Vision input
+                shape (B, T_img, F, C, H, W)
+                see documentation for forward
+            lang_x (torch.Tensor): Language input
+                shape (B, T_txt)
+            attention_mask (torch.Tensor, optional): Attention mask. Defaults to None.
+            **kwargs: see generate documentation in Hugging Face CausalLM models.
+        Returns:
+            torch.Tensor: lang_x with generated tokens appended to it
+        """
+        num_beams = kwargs.pop("num_beams", 1)
+
+        # convert pixels to vision tokens
+        if vision_x is not None:
+            vision_features = self._encode_vision_x(vision_x=vision_x)
+            vision_tokens = self.vision_tokenizer(vision_features)
+        else:
+            vision_tokens = None
+
+        # fuse the vision and language tokens
+        # for xattn, vision_x and media_location are repeat_interleaved s.t.
+        # the total batch size is B * num_beams
+        new_inputs = self._prepare_inputs_for_forward(
+            vision_tokens=vision_tokens,
+            lang_x=lang_x,
+            attention_mask=attention_mask,
+            past_key_values=past_key_values,
+            past_media_locations=past_media_locations,
+            past_vision_tokens=past_vision_tokens,
+            padding_side="left",
+            num_beams=num_beams,
+        )
+        output = self.lang_model.generate(
+            **new_inputs,
+            past_key_values=past_key_values,
+            num_beams=num_beams,
+            use_cache=True,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+        self._post_forward_hook()
+        return output
+
+    @property
+    def num_trainable_params(self):
+        """Print the number of trainable parameters"""
+        return num_params(self, filter_to_trainable=True)
+
+    def set_trainable(self):
+        """
+        Freeze appropriate parameters in the model.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def group_params_by_weight_decay(self):
+        """
+        Return a tuple of (params to optimize w/ weight decay, params to optimize w/o weight decay)
+        """
+        params_with_wd, params_without_wd = [], []
+        for n, p in self.named_parameters():
+            if p.requires_grad:    
+                if self._should_apply_weight_decay(n):
+                    params_with_wd.append(p)
+                else:
+                    params_without_wd.append(p)
+        return params_with_wd, params_without_wd
+
+    def _should_apply_weight_decay(self, parameter_name):
+        """
+        Return whether weight decay should be applied to a parameter.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    @property
+    def special_tokens(self):
+        """
+        Returns a dict mapping from the attribute name of a special token to its string format,
+         e.g. "media_token": "<image>"
+        """
+        assert (
+            "media_token" in self._special_tokens
+        ), "VLMs need to request that the tokenizer add a media_token and call set_special_token_ids to set self.media_token_id"
+        return self._special_tokens
+
+    @property
+    def special_token_ids(self):
+        """
+        Returns a list of the special token ids
+        """
+        return [getattr(self, f"{att_name}_id") for att_name in self.special_tokens]
+
+    def set_special_token_ids(self, string_to_ids):
+        """
+        Args:
+            string_to_ids (dict): mapping from token string to id
+        """
+        assert set(self.special_tokens.values()).issubset(set(string_to_ids.keys()))
+        for att_name, token_str in self.special_tokens.items():
+            token_id = string_to_ids[token_str]
+            setattr(self, f"{att_name}_id", token_id)
+            setattr(self.lang_model, f"{att_name}_id", token_id)
+
+    def init_gradient_checkpointing(self):
+        from torch.distributed.algorithms._checkpoint.checkpoint_wrapper import (
+            checkpoint_wrapper,
+            CheckpointWrapper,
+            CheckpointImpl,
+            apply_activation_checkpointing,
+        )
+        from functools import partial
+
+        non_reentrant_wrapper = partial(
+            checkpoint_wrapper,
+            checkpoint_impl=CheckpointImpl.NO_REENTRANT,
+        )
+        apply_activation_checkpointing(
+            self,
+            checkpoint_wrapper_fn=non_reentrant_wrapper,
+            check_fn=lambda m: getattr(m, "_use_gradient_checkpointing", False)
+            and not isinstance(m, CheckpointWrapper),
+        )
+
+@dataclass
+class VLMOutputWithPast(CausalLMOutputWithPast):
+    """
+    VLMOutputWithPast is a wrapper around CausalLMOutputWithPast that adds the following attributes:
+        past_media_locations: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None,
+        past_vision_tokens: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None,
+    """
+
+    past_media_locations: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None
+    past_vision_tokens: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None
+
+
+def exists(val):
+    return val is not None
+
+
+def FeedForward(dim, mult=4):
+    inner_dim = int(dim * mult)
+    return nn.Sequential(
+        nn.LayerNorm(dim),
+        nn.Linear(dim, inner_dim, bias=False),
+        nn.GELU(),
+        nn.Linear(inner_dim, dim, bias=False),
+    )    
+        
+class VLMWithLanguageStream(VLM):
+    """
+    VLM that fuses modalities by inserting vision tokens directly into the language stream.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        vision_encoder: nn.Module,
+        vision_tokenizer: nn.Module,
+        lang_model: nn.Module,
+        initial_tokenizer_len: int,
+        pad_token_id: int,
+        decoder_layers_attr_name: str = None,
+        gradient_checkpointing: bool = False,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(
+            vision_encoder=vision_encoder,
+            vision_tokenizer=vision_tokenizer,
+            lang_model=lang_model,
+            initial_tokenizer_len=initial_tokenizer_len,
+            pad_token_id=pad_token_id,
+            gradient_checkpointing=gradient_checkpointing,
+        )
+        self.decoder_layers_attr_name = decoder_layers_attr_name
+        if decoder_layers_attr_name is not None:
+            for block in getattr_recursive(self.lang_model, self.decoder_layers_attr_name):
+                block._use_gradient_checkpointing = gradient_checkpointing
+
+    def _prepare_inputs_for_forward(
+        self,
+        vision_tokens: torch.Tensor,
+        lang_x: torch.Tensor,
+        attention_mask: torch.Tensor,
+        labels: torch.Tensor = None,
+        past_key_values=None,
+        vision_attention_mask: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None,
+        past_media_locations: torch.Tensor = None,
+        past_vision_tokens: torch.Tensor = None,
+        padding_side: str = "left",
+        num_beams: int = 1,
+    ):
+        """
+        Insert the vision tokens directly into the language stream/
+        This requires us to modify the input_ids, attention_mask, and labels.
+        """
+        if past_key_values is not None:
+            past_len = past_key_values[0][0].shape[2]
+            assert attention_mask.shape[1] == past_len + lang_x.shape[1], (
+                "Attention_mask must be as long as the entire past len (including image tokens) and current input IDs. "
+                + "Check that you've expanded the attention mask to account for past image tokens."
+            )
+        
+        if vision_tokens is None:
+            return {
+                "input_ids": lang_x,
+                "attention_mask": attention_mask,
+                "labels": labels,
+            }
+
+        # get the language embeddings
+        lang_embeds = self.lang_model.get_input_embeddings()(lang_x)
+
+        # build up the multimodal embeddings
+        B = lang_x.shape[0]
+        has_labels = labels is not None
+        multimodal_embeds = []
+        multimodal_attention_mask = []
+        multimodal_labels = [] if has_labels else None
+        for i in range(B):
+            # get index of <image> tokens in lang_x[i]
+            image_token_idxs = torch.where(lang_x[i] == self.media_token_id)[0]
+
+            if len(image_token_idxs) == 0:
+                multimodal_embeds.append(lang_embeds[i].clone())
+                multimodal_attention_mask.append(attention_mask[i].clone())
+                if has_labels:
+                    multimodal_labels.append(labels[i].clone())
+                continue
+
+            # loop through the image_token_idxs and insert the vision tokens
+            new_embed = lang_embeds[i].clone()
+            new_attention_mask = (
+                attention_mask[i].clone() if attention_mask is not None else None
+            )
+            if has_labels:
+                new_label = labels[i].clone()
+            print(vision_tokens.shape)
+            for img_num, img_idx in enumerate(image_token_idxs):
+                new_embed = torch.cat(
+                    (
+                        new_embed[:img_idx],
+                        vision_tokens[i][img_num],
+                        new_embed[img_idx + self.num_tokens_per_vis :],
+                    ),
+                    dim=0,
+                )
+                new_attention_mask = torch.cat(
+                    (
+                        new_attention_mask[:img_idx],
+                        torch.ones(self.num_tokens_per_vis, dtype=torch.long).to(
+                            attention_mask.device
+                        ),
+                        new_attention_mask[img_idx + self.num_tokens_per_vis :],
+                    ),
+                    dim=0,
+                )
+                if has_labels:
+                    new_label = torch.cat(
+                        (
+                            new_label[:img_idx],
+                            torch.ones(self.num_tokens_per_vis, dtype=torch.long).to(
+                                labels.device
+                            )
+                            * -100,
+                            new_label[img_idx + self.num_tokens_per_vis :],
+                        ),
+                        dim=0,
+                    )
+            multimodal_embeds.append(new_embed)
+            multimodal_attention_mask.append(new_attention_mask)
+            if has_labels:
+                multimodal_labels.append(new_label)
+
+        # stack
+        multimodal_embeds = stack_with_padding(
+            multimodal_embeds,
+            padding_value=self.pad_token_id,
+            padding_side=padding_side,
+        )
+        multimodal_attention_mask = stack_with_padding(
+            multimodal_attention_mask,
+            padding_value=0,
+            padding_side=padding_side,
+        )
+        if has_labels:
+            multimodal_labels = stack_with_padding(
+                multimodal_labels,
+                padding_value=-100,
+                padding_side=padding_side,
+            )
+
+        return {
+            "inputs_embeds": multimodal_embeds,
+            "attention_mask": multimodal_attention_mask,
+            "labels": multimodal_labels,
+        }
+
+    def _postprocess_outputs_from_forward(
+        self,
+        output: CausalLMOutputWithPast,
+        lang_x: torch.Tensor,
+        vision_tokens: torch.Tensor,
+        past_vision_tokens: torch.Tensor,
+        past_media_locations: torch.Tensor,
+        use_cache: bool = False,
+    ):
+        # Include the past vision tokens and past media locations in the output
+        updated_vision_tokens, updated_media_locations = self._concat_vision_cache(
+            lang_x=lang_x,
+            vision_tokens=vision_tokens,
+            past_vision_tokens=past_vision_tokens,
+            past_media_locations=past_media_locations,
+            use_cache=use_cache,
+        )
+
+        # return logits that are the same shape as the original input_ids
+        logits = output.logits
+        batch_logits = []
+        B, T_txt = lang_x.shape
+        for i in range(B):
+            sequence_logits = []
+            logits_j = 0
+            for j in range(T_txt):
+                if lang_x[i, j] != self.media_token_id:
+                    sequence_logits.append(logits[i, logits_j])
+                    logits_j += 1
+                else:
+                    # append the logit for the first image token, then skip over the rest
+                    # note: the model actually learns to predict <im_patch>, not <image>
+                    sequence_logits.append(logits[i, logits_j])
+                    logits_j += self.num_tokens_per_vis
+            sequence_logits = torch.stack(sequence_logits, dim=0)  # (B, vocab_size)
+            batch_logits.append(sequence_logits)
+
+        batch_logits = torch.stack(batch_logits, dim=0)  # (B, T_txt, vocab_size)
+        # The final logits shape should be the same as the original input_ids shape
+        assert batch_logits.shape[:2] == (B, T_txt)
+
+        # assemble the output
+        output = VLMOutputWithPast(
+            loss=output.loss,
+            logits=batch_logits,
+            past_key_values=output.past_key_values,
+            hidden_states=output.hidden_states,
+            attentions=output.attentions,
+            past_media_locations=updated_media_locations,
+            past_vision_tokens=updated_vision_tokens,
+        )
+
+        return output
+
+    def _post_forward_hook(self):
+        pass
+
+
+    @property
+    def num_params_per_module(self):
+        """Print the number of parameters per module in the model"""
+        return "\n".join(
+            [
+                f"Vision encoder: {num_params(self.vision_encoder):,} parameters",
+                f"Vision tokenizer: {num_params(self.vision_tokenizer):,} parameters",
+                f"Language model: {num_params(self.lang_model):,} parameters",
+            ]
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def num_trainable_params_per_module(self):
+        """Print the number of trainable parameters per module in the model"""
+        return "\n".join(
+            [
+                f"Vision encoder: {num_params(self.vision_encoder, filter_to_trainable=True):,} trainable parameters",
+                f"Vision tokenizer: {num_params(self.vision_tokenizer, filter_to_trainable=True):,} trainable parameters",
+                f"Language model: {num_params(self.lang_model, filter_to_trainable=True):,} trainable parameters",
+            ]
+        )
+        
+        
+class XGenMMPerceiver(VLMWithLanguageStream):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        vision_encoder: nn.Module,
+        vision_tokenizer: nn.Module,
+        lang_model: nn.Module,
+        initial_tokenizer_len: int,
+        pad_token_id: int,
+        decoder_layers_attr_name: str = None,
+        gradient_checkpointing: bool = False,
+        image_aspect_ratio: str = 'none',
+    ):
+        """
+        Args:
+            vision_encoder (nn.Module): HF CLIPModel
+            lang_encoder (nn.Module): HF causal language model
+            vis_feature_dim (int): final dimension of the visual features outputted by the vision_encoder
+            initial_tokenizer_len (int): size of the tokenizer vocab
+            padding_token_id (int): id of the padding token. None if no padding token; then a padding token
+                will be inserted into self.special_tokens, which factory.py fills after creating new tokens
+            decoder_layers_attr_name (str, optional): name of the decoder layers attribute. Defaults to None.
+            gradient_checkpointing (bool, optional): whether to use gradient checkpointing. Defaults to False.
+        """
+        self._special_tokens = {
+            "media_token": "<image>",
+            "image_placeholder_token": "<image placeholder>",
+            "end_of_trunk_token": "<|endofchunk|>",
+        }
+        lang_embedding_dim = lang_model.get_input_embeddings().weight.shape[1]
+        super().__init__(
+            vision_encoder=vision_encoder,
+            vision_tokenizer=vision_tokenizer,
+            lang_model=lang_model,
+            initial_tokenizer_len=initial_tokenizer_len,
+            gradient_checkpointing=gradient_checkpointing,
+            decoder_layers_attr_name=decoder_layers_attr_name,
+            pad_token_id=pad_token_id,
+        )
+        self.image_aspect_ratio = image_aspect_ratio
+
+    def set_trainable(self):
+        """
+        Unfreeze everything except the vision_encoder
+        """
+        self.requires_grad_(True)
+        self.vision_encoder.requires_grad_(False)
+
+    def _should_apply_weight_decay(self, parameter_name):
+        """
+        Kosmos applies 0.01 weight deacy to everything
+        """
+        return True
+    
+    def generate(
+        self,
+        vision_x: torch.Tensor,
+        lang_x: torch.Tensor,
+        image_size: Optional[Tuple] = None,
+        attention_mask: torch.Tensor = None,
+        past_key_values: Optional[
+            List[Union[torch.Tensor, Tuple[torch.Tensor]]]
+        ] = None,
+        past_media_locations: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None,
+        past_vision_tokens: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        """
+        Generate text conditioned on vision and language inputs.
+        Args:
+            vision_x (torch.Tensor): Vision input
+                shape (B, T_img, F, C, H, W)
+                see documentation for forward
+            lang_x (torch.Tensor): Language input
+                shape (B, T_txt)
+            attention_mask (torch.Tensor, optional): Attention mask. Defaults to None.
+            **kwargs: see generate documentation in Hugging Face CausalLM models.
+        Returns:
+            torch.Tensor: lang_x with generated tokens appended to it
+        """
+        num_beams = kwargs.pop("num_beams", 1)
+
+        # convert pixels to vision tokens
+        vision_attention_mask = None
+        if vision_x is not None:
+            vision_features = self._encode_vision_x(vision_x=vision_x)
+            vision_tokens = self.vision_tokenizer(vision_features)
+        else:
+            vision_tokens = None
+
+        # fuse the vision and language tokens
+        # for xattn, vision_x and media_location are repeat_interleaved s.t.
+        # the total batch size is B * num_beams
+        new_inputs = self._prepare_inputs_for_forward(
+            vision_tokens=vision_tokens,
+            lang_x=lang_x,
+            attention_mask=attention_mask,
+            vision_attention_mask=vision_attention_mask,
+            past_key_values=past_key_values,
+            past_media_locations=past_media_locations,
+            past_vision_tokens=past_vision_tokens,
+            padding_side="left",
+            num_beams=num_beams,
+        )
+        if past_key_values is not None:
+            output = self.lang_model.generate(
+                **new_inputs,
+                past_key_values=past_key_values,
+                num_beams=num_beams,
+                use_cache=True,
+                **kwargs,
+            )
+        else:
+            output = self.lang_model.generate(
+                **new_inputs,
+                num_beams=num_beams,
+                use_cache=True,
+                **kwargs,
+            )
+        self._post_forward_hook()
+        return output