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bd167243e17c4b08aa8f2a3ac880b71a | What are alternative names in english for this dog breed? | normal | [
"bd167243e17c4b08aa8f2a3ac880b71a"
] | dogs | Bull Terriers can be both independent and stubborn and for this reason are not considered suitable for an inexperienced dog owner. A Bull Terrier has an even temperament and is amenable to discipline. Although obstinate, the breed is described by the Bull Terrier Club as particularly good with people. Early socialisation will ensure that the dog will get along with other dogs and animals. Their personality is described as courageous, full of spirit, with a fun-loving attitude, a children-loving dog and a perfect family member. Although the breed has been a target of breed-specific legislation, a 2008 study in Germany did not find that Bull Terriers had any significant temperament difference from Golden Retrievers in overall temperament researches. | [
"n/a"
] | [
"n/a"
] |
bd167243e17c4b08aa8f2a3ac880b71a | What are alternative names in english for this dog breed? | normal | [
"bd167243e17c4b08aa8f2a3ac880b71a"
] | dogs | Bulldog, also known as the British Bulldog or English Bulldog, is a medium-sized dog breed. It is a muscular, hefty dog with a wrinkled face and a distinctive pushed-in nose. The Kennel Club (UK), the American Kennel Club (US), and the United Kennel Club (US) oversee breeding records. Bulldogs are popular pets; they were the fifth most popular purebreed in the US in 2017 according to the American Kennel Club. Dog breedBulldogMale English BulldogOther namesEnglish Bulldog,British BulldogOriginEnglandTraitsWeight. This article is about the English Bulldog. For other uses, see Bulldog (disambiguation).See also: French Bulldog, American Bulldog, and Old English Bulldog. | [
"n/a"
] | [
"n/a"
] |
bd167243e17c4b08aa8f2a3ac880b71a | What are alternative names in english for this dog breed? | normal | [
"bd167243e17c4b08aa8f2a3ac880b71a"
] | dogs | Caucasian Shepherd Dog. The Caucasian Shepherd Dog (Georgian: კავკასიური ნაგაზი; Russian: Кавказская овчарка, romanized: Kavkazskaya ovčarka; Azerbaijani: Qafqaz Çoban iti) is a large livestock guardian dog breed from the Caucasus Mountains, commonly bred in the mountainous regions of Transcaucasia, especially in Georgia. | [
"n/a"
] | [
"n/a"
] |
bd167243e17c4b08aa8f2a3ac880b71a | What are alternative names in english for this dog breed? | normal | [
"bd167243e17c4b08aa8f2a3ac880b71a"
] | dogs | For other uses, see Greyhound (disambiguation). Dog breed used in dog racing. The Greyhound is a breed of dog, a sighthound which has been bred for coursing game and greyhound racing. This article is about the breed of dog. For other uses, see Greyhound (disambiguation). Dog breed used in dog racing. It is also referred to as an English Greyhound. | [
"English Greyhound."
] | [
"English Greyhound."
] |
bd167243e17c4b08aa8f2a3ac880b71a | What are alternative names in english for this dog breed? | normal | [
"bd167243e17c4b08aa8f2a3ac880b71a"
] | dogs | Havanese (a bichon type dog) is the national dog of Cuba, developed from the now extinct Blanquito de la Habana ('little white dog of Havana'). The Blanquito descended from the also now-extinct Bichón Tenerife. It is believed that the Blanquito was eventually cross-bred with other bichon types, including the poodle, to create what is now known as the Havanese. Sometimes referred to as 'Havana Silk Dogs', this was originally another name for the Blanquito de la Habana. | [
"'Havana Silk Dogs',",
"Blanquito de la Habana|Bichón Tenerife.|\"Havana Silk Dogs\","
] | [
"'Havana Silk Dogs',",
"Blanquito de la Habana|Bichón Tenerife.|\"Havana Silk Dogs\","
] |
bd167243e17c4b08aa8f2a3ac880b71a | What are alternative names in english for this dog breed? | normal | [
"bd167243e17c4b08aa8f2a3ac880b71a"
] | dogs | In George Jesse's Researches into the History of the British Dog from 1866, the early 17th-century poet and writer Gervase Markham is quoted referring to the beagle as small enough to sit on a man's hand and to the: little small mitten-beagle, which may be companion for a ladies kirtle, and in the field will run as cunningly as any hound whatere, only their musick is very small like reeds. Standards for the Pocket Beagle were drawn up as late as 1901; these genetic lines are now extinct, although modern breeders have attempted to recreate the variety. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the first mention of the beagle by name in English literature dates from c. 1475 in The Squire of Low Degree. Another rare disease in the breed is neonatal cerebellar cortical degeneration. Affected puppies are slow, have lower co-ordination, fall more often and don't have a normal gait. It has an estimated carrier rate of 5% and affected rate of 0.1%. | [
"n/a"
] | [
"n/a"
] |
bd167243e17c4b08aa8f2a3ac880b71a | What are alternative names in english for this dog breed? | normal | [
"bd167243e17c4b08aa8f2a3ac880b71a"
] | dogs | The American Bulldog is a large breed of utility dog descended from the now-extinct Old English Bulldog. They are now used on animal farms, dog sports, and for showing. American Bulldogs are known to drool more than other breeds of dog. An American Bulldog does not trust anyone at first sight and must learn from its master what is a threat and what is not, and a dog of this breed must learn when to be territorial and when everything is okay.In this facet its temperament is similar to other longer established and better-known utility breeds used for livestock guarding, like the Rottweiler, itself a German type of 'bulldog'; another name for the breed being 'Rottweiler Metzgerhund,' or 'butcher's dog from Rottweil'. | [
"n/a"
] | [
"n/a"
] |
bd167243e17c4b08aa8f2a3ac880b71a | What are alternative names in english for this dog breed? | normal | [
"bd167243e17c4b08aa8f2a3ac880b71a"
] | dogs | The Australian Cattle Dog (ACD), or simply Cattle Dog, is a breed of herding dog originally developed in Australia for droving cattle over long distances across rough terrain. It has either brown or black hair distributed fairly evenly through a white coat, which gives the appearance of a 'red' or 'blue' dog. A breed of herding dog originally developed in Australia for droving cattle. A breed of herding dog originally developed in Australia for droving cattle. As with dogs from other working breeds, the Australian Cattle Dog is energetic and intelligent with an independent streak. It responds well to structured training, particularly if it is interesting and challenging. It was originally bred to herd by biting, and is known to nip running children. | [
"Cattle Dog,"
] | [
"Cattle Dog,"
] |
bd167243e17c4b08aa8f2a3ac880b71a | What are alternative names in english for this dog breed? | normal | [
"bd167243e17c4b08aa8f2a3ac880b71a"
] | dogs | The Australian Kelpie, or simply Kelpie, is an Australian sheep dog successful at mustering and droving with little or no guidance. dark brown, dogs – hence the name collie, which has the same root as coal. (The official collie breeds were not formed until about 10 or 15 years after the Kelpie was established as a breed, and the first recognised Border Collie was not brought to Australia until after the Federation in 1901.) Some collies were imported to Australia for stock work in the early 19th century, and were bred with other types of dogs – usually with an eye to working sheep without direct supervision. The second 'Kelpie' was '(King's) Kelpie', another black and tan bitch out of 'Kelpie' by 'Caesar', a pup from two sheepdogs imported from Scotland. | [
"Australian Kelpie,|Kelpie,",
"Kelpie,"
] | [
"Australian Kelpie,|Kelpie,",
"Kelpie,"
] |
bd167243e17c4b08aa8f2a3ac880b71a | What are alternative names in english for this dog breed? | normal | [
"bd167243e17c4b08aa8f2a3ac880b71a"
] | dogs | The Australian Shepherd, often known simply as the 'Aussie', is a medium-sized breed of dog that was, despite its name, developed on ranches in the United States during the 19th century. There is disagreement regarding the exact history of the breed prior to its arrival in the United States, and thus no official consensus on the origin of its name or association with Australia. Like other herding breeds, these dogs excel at many dog sports, especially herding, dog agility, frisbee, and flyball. Herding instincts and trainability can be measured at noncompetitive instinct tests. Aussies that exhibit basic herding instincts can be trained to compete in ASCA stock dog trials or AKC herding events. | [
"\"Aussie\",",
"'Aussie',"
] | [
"\"Aussie\",",
"'Aussie',"
] |
bd167243e17c4b08aa8f2a3ac880b71a | What are alternative names in english for this dog breed? | normal | [
"bd167243e17c4b08aa8f2a3ac880b71a"
] | dogs | The Basenji is a breed of hunting dog. The word basɛ́nzi itself is the plural form of mosɛ́nzi. In Swahili, another Bantu language, from East Africa, mbwa shenzi translates to 'wild dog'. Another local name is m’bwa m’kube m’bwa wamwitu, or 'dog that jumps up and down', a reference to their tendency to jump straight up to spot their quarry. | [
"n/a"
] | [
"n/a"
] |
bd167243e17c4b08aa8f2a3ac880b71a | What are alternative names in english for this dog breed? | normal | [
"bd167243e17c4b08aa8f2a3ac880b71a"
] | dogs | The Bernese Mountain Dog (German: Berner Sennenhund) is a large-sized breed of dog, one of the four breeds of Sennenhund-type dogs from the Swiss Alps. This breed was originally kept as a general farm dog. The four breeds of Sennenhund, with the original breed name, followed by the most popular English version of the breed name: Like the other Sennenhund, the Bernese mountain dog is a large, heavy dog with a distinctive tri-colored coat, black with white chest and rust colored markings above eyes, sides of mouth, front of legs, andount around the white chest. The four breeds of Sennenhund, with the original breed name, followed by the most popular English version of the breed name: Like the other Sennenhund, the Bernese mountain dog is a large, heavy dog with a distinctive tri-colored coat, black with white chest and rust colored markings above eyes, sides of mouth, front of legs, andount around the white chest. | [
"n/a"
] | [
"n/a"
] |
bd167243e17c4b08aa8f2a3ac880b71a | What are alternative names in english for this dog breed? | normal | [
"bd167243e17c4b08aa8f2a3ac880b71a"
] | dogs | The Border Collie is a working and herding dog breed developed in the Scottish borders for herding livestock, especially sheep. It was specifically bred for intelligence and obedience. The name for the breed came from its probable place of origin along the Anglo-Scottish border. Mention of the 'collie' or 'colley' type first appeared toward the end of the 19th century, although the word 'collie' is older than this and has its origin in the Scots language. Other enthusiasts oppose the use of border collies as show dogs, for fear that breeding for appearance will lead to a decline in the breed's working dog traits. Few handlers of working Border Collies participate in conformation shows, as working dogs are bred to a performance standard rather than appearance standard. | [
"n/a"
] | [
"n/a"
] |
bd167243e17c4b08aa8f2a3ac880b71a | What are alternative names in english for this dog breed? | normal | [
"bd167243e17c4b08aa8f2a3ac880b71a"
] | dogs | The Canadian Eskimo Dog is an Arctic breed of working dog. Other names include qimmiq or qimmit (Inuit language word for 'dog'). The Greenland Dog is genetically identical. | [
"qimmiq|qimmit"
] | [
"qimmiq|qimmit"
] |
bd167243e17c4b08aa8f2a3ac880b71a | What are alternative names in english for this dog breed? | normal | [
"bd167243e17c4b08aa8f2a3ac880b71a"
] | dogs | The Great Dane is a German breed of domestic dog known for its large size.The record holder for the tallest dog ever is a Great Dane called Zeus (died September 2014; aged 5), who measured 111.8 cm (44.0 in) from paw to shoulder. The Great Dane is a German breed of domestic dog known for its large size.The record holder for the tallest dog ever is a Great Dane called Zeus (died September 2014; aged 5), who measured 111.8 cm (44.0 in) from paw to shoulder. The tallest living dog is another Dane named Freddy, measuring 103.5 cm (40.7 in). In the middle of the 16th century, the nobility in many countries of Europe imported strong, long-legged dogs from England, which were descended from crossbreeds between English Mastiffs and Irish Wolfhounds. They were dog hybrids in different sizes and phenotypes with no formal breed. The name simply meant 'English dog'. | [
"'English dog'."
] | [
"'English dog'."
] |
bd167243e17c4b08aa8f2a3ac880b71a | What are alternative names in english for this dog breed? | normal | [
"bd167243e17c4b08aa8f2a3ac880b71a"
] | dogs | The Old English Sheepdog (OES) is a large breed of dog that emerged in England from early types of herding dog. Obsolete names for the breed include Shepherd's Dog and bob-tailed sheep-dog. Obsolete names for the breed include Shepherd's Dog and bob-tailed sheep-dog. The American Kennel Club adds that the breed has 'a clownish energy' and 'may try to herd people or other objects.' | [
"Shepherd's Dog|bob-tailed sheep-dog."
] | [
"Shepherd's Dog|bob-tailed sheep-dog."
] |
bd167243e17c4b08aa8f2a3ac880b71a | What are alternative names in english for this dog breed? | normal | [
"bd167243e17c4b08aa8f2a3ac880b71a"
] | dogs | The Pekingese (also spelled Pekinese) is a breed of toy dog, originating in China. Another breed, the Shih Tzu, has its English name derive from the same source as this breed's Chinese name which translates to 'lion dog'. | [
"n/a"
] | [
"n/a"
] |
bd167243e17c4b08aa8f2a3ac880b71a | What are alternative names in english for this dog breed? | normal | [
"bd167243e17c4b08aa8f2a3ac880b71a"
] | dogs | The Pointer, often called the English Pointer, is a medium to large-sized breed of dog, developed in England as a gun dog. It is one of several pointing breeds. 'Unloved English pointer 'could become extinct' as breed is sent to the doghouse by social media stars' – via www.telegraph.co.uk. Dog breedPointerA liver and white PointerOther namesEnglish PointerOriginEnglandClassification / standardsFCI. One of the earliest dogs to exert influence on the breed in the US was a dog imported from England in 1876 – 'Sensation'. He is well known as the dog on the emblem of the Westminster Kennel Club. | [
"English Pointer,"
] | [
"English Pointer,"
] |
bd167243e17c4b08aa8f2a3ac880b71a | What are alternative names in english for this dog breed? | normal | [
"bd167243e17c4b08aa8f2a3ac880b71a"
] | dogs | The Rough Collie (also known as the Long-Haired Collie) is a long-coated dog breed of medium to large size that, in its original form, was a type of collie used and bred for herding sheep in Scotland. Originating in the 1800s, Dog breedRough CollieSable and white Rough CollieOther namesCollie, Scottish Collie, Long-Haired Collie, English Collie, 'Lassie' dogOriginUnited Kingdom (Scotland)TraitsWeight. The Rough Collie (also known as the Long-Haired Collie) is a long-coated dog breed of medium to large size that, in its original form, was a type of collie used and bred for herding sheep in Scotland. Originating in the 1800s, Dog breedRough CollieSable and white Rough CollieOther namesCollie, Scottish Collie, Long-Haired Collie, English Collie, 'Lassie' dogOriginUnited Kingdom (Scotland)TraitsWeight. Rough Collies were first exhibited in 1860 at the Birmingham, England dog show, in the generic class 'Scotch Sheep-Dogs'. | [
"Long-Haired Collie)",
"Long-Haired Collie)|namesCollie, Scottish Collie, Long-Haired Collie, English Collie,",
"Long-Haired Collie)|CollieSable|namesCollie, Scottish Collie, Long-Haired Collie, English Collie, 'Lassie'"
] | [
"Long-Haired Collie)",
"Long-Haired Collie)|namesCollie, Scottish Collie, Long-Haired Collie, English Collie,",
"Long-Haired Collie)|CollieSable|namesCollie, Scottish Collie, Long-Haired Collie, English Collie, 'Lassie'"
] |
bd167243e17c4b08aa8f2a3ac880b71a | What are alternative names in english for this dog breed? | normal | [
"bd167243e17c4b08aa8f2a3ac880b71a"
] | dogs | The Shetland Sheepdog, often known as the Sheltie, is a breed of herding dog that originated in the Shetland Islands of Scotland. The original name was Shetland Collie, but this caused controversy among the Rough Collie breeders of the time, so the breed's name was formally changed. This hard-working small dog is intelligent, vocal, excitable and willing to please. They are incredibly loyal to their owners to the point where they are often referred to as 'shadows' due to their attachment to family. This breed was formally recognized by The Kennel Club (UK) in 1909. The year 1909 marked the initial recognition of the Sheltie by the English Kennel Club, with the first registered Sheltie being a female called Badenock Rose. | [
"Sheltie,|Shetland Collie,"
] | [
"Sheltie,|Shetland Collie,"
] |
bd167243e17c4b08aa8f2a3ac880b71a | What are alternative names in english for this dog breed? | normal | [
"bd167243e17c4b08aa8f2a3ac880b71a"
] | dogs | The Shikoku (四国犬, Shikoku-ken, alternative names: Kōchi-ken 高知犬) is a Japanese breed of dog from Shikoku island that is similar to a Shiba Inu. The Shikoku (四国犬, Shikoku-ken, alternative names: Kōchi-ken 高知犬) is a Japanese breed of dog from Shikoku island that is similar to a Shiba Inu. The Shikoku was recently added as recognized breed of the American Kennel Club as an AKC FSS (Foundation Stock Service) standard, it is recognized by the Japan Kennel Club, an organization recognized by AKC as an official foreign registry (AKC recognizes the Shiba Inu, however). The Shikoku is also in the Canadian Kennel Club Hound group and the United Kennel Club, awaiting full recognition. The Shikoku belongs to the Shika-inus, the medium-sized dogs. Other medium-sized dogs are the Kai Ken, the Ainu Ken and the Kishu Inu. It also served as the partial ancestor to the Tosa after it was crossed with European breeds such as the Great Dane, Old English Bulldog, English Mastiff, St. Bernard (dog) and others. | [
"n/a"
] | [
"n/a"
] |
bd167243e17c4b08aa8f2a3ac880b71a | What are alternative names in english for this dog breed? | normal | [
"bd167243e17c4b08aa8f2a3ac880b71a"
] | dogs | The St. Bernard or St Bernard (UK: /ˈbɜːnəd/, US: /bərˈnɑːrd/) is a breed of very large working dog from the western Alps in Italy and Switzerland. They were originally bred for rescue by the hospice of the Great St Bernard Pass on the Italian-Swiss border. The hospice, built by and named after Italian monk Bernard of Menthon, acquired its first dogs between 1660 and 1670. The breed has become famous through tales of alpine rescues, as well as for its enormous size. Another famous dog was Rutor, the faithful companion of the Italian priest Pierre Chanoux, who was named after the peak Tête du Rutor located above the Little St Bernard pass. The name 'St. Bernard' originates from the Great St. Bernard Hospice, a traveler's hospice on the often treacherous Great St. Bernard Pass in the Western Alps, between Switzerland and Italy. The pass, the lodge, and the dogs are named for Bernard of Menthon, the 11th century Italian monk who established the station. | [
"n/a"
] | [
"n/a"
] |
bd167243e17c4b08aa8f2a3ac880b71a | What are alternative names in english for this dog breed? | normal | [
"bd167243e17c4b08aa8f2a3ac880b71a"
] | dogs | The Whippet (also English Whippet or Snap Dog) is a dog breed of medium size. They are a sighthound breed that originated in England, where they descended from Greyhounds. Whippets today still strongly resemble a smaller Greyhound. Part of the Hound group, Whippets have relatively few health problems other than arrhythmia. Whippets also participate in dog sports such as lure coursing, agility, and flyball. The name is derived from an early 17th-century word, now obsolete, meaning 'to move briskly'. For other uses, see Whippet (disambiguation). | [
"English Whippet or Snap Dog)",
"English Whippet|Snap Dog)"
] | [
"English Whippet or Snap Dog)",
"English Whippet|Snap Dog)"
] |
bd167243e17c4b08aa8f2a3ac880b71a | What are alternative names in english for this dog breed? | normal | [
"bd167243e17c4b08aa8f2a3ac880b71a"
] | dogs | The term Boxl, also written Buxn or Buchsen in the Bavarian dialect, means 'short (leather) trousers' or 'underwear'. The very similar-sounding term Boxerl, also from the Bavarian dialect, is an endearing term for Boxer. More in line with historical facts, Brace states that there exist many other theories to explain the origin of the breed name, from which he favors the one claiming the smaller Bullenbeisser (Brabanter) were also known as 'Boxl' and that Boxer is just a corruption of that word. | [
"Buxn|Buchsen|Boxerl,|Bullenbeisser",
"Boxl,|Buxn|Buchsen|Boxerl,",
"Boxl,"
] | [
"Buxn|Buchsen|Boxerl,|Bullenbeisser",
"Boxl,|Buxn|Buchsen|Boxerl,",
"Boxl,"
] |
bd167243e17c4b08aa8f2a3ac880b71a | What are alternative names in english for this dog breed? | normal | [
"bd167243e17c4b08aa8f2a3ac880b71a"
] | dogs | There are certain exceptions to this average level of canine intelligence; a French Bulldog named Princess Jacqueline which died in 1934 was claimed to be able to speak 20 words, in appropriate situations. The small Bulldog type gradually became thought of as a breed, and received a name, the Bouledogue Francais. This Francization of the English name is also a contraction of the words boule (ball) and dogue (mastiff or molosser). The French Bulldog, like many other companion dog breeds, requires close contact with humans. If left alone for more than a few hours, they may experience separation anxiety. This is especially true when they are young, but persists into adulthood. | [
"n/a"
] | [
"n/a"
] |
bd167243e17c4b08aa8f2a3ac880b71a | What are alternative names in english for this dog breed? | normal | [
"bd167243e17c4b08aa8f2a3ac880b71a"
] | dogs | This breed's first written accounts in England date back to 55 BC when Caesar noted them during his invasions. Many were sent to Italy and in the Roman Empire they became fighting dogs. AKC recognition occurred in 1885.The Alaunt is likely to have been another genetic predecessor to the English Mastiff. The greatest weight ever recorded for a dog, 343 pounds (155.6 kg), was that of an English Mastiff. Many were sent to Italy and in the Roman Empire they became fighting dogs. AKC recognition occurred in 1885.The Alaunt is likely to have been another genetic predecessor to the English Mastiff. | [
"n/a"
] | [
"n/a"
] |
82639fc9c2ae430fbd3ab079c78e6c82 | What era did the rocks form in this national park? | normal | [
"82639fc9c2ae430fbd3ab079c78e6c82"
] | national_parks | Carlsbad Caverns National Park preserves a portion of the Capitan Reef-one of the best-preserved, exposed Permian-age fossil reefs in the world. Water, geologic forces, climactic changes, and vast spans of time have produced and changed the fossil reef and its spectacular caves, a process that continues to the present day. | [
"Permian-age fossil reefs",
"Permian-age"
] | [
"Permian-age fossil reefs",
"Permian-age"
] |
82639fc9c2ae430fbd3ab079c78e6c82 | What era did the rocks form in this national park? | normal | [
"82639fc9c2ae430fbd3ab079c78e6c82"
] | national_parks | Death Valley’s rocks, structure and landforms offer a wealth of information about what the area may have looked like in the past. It is apparent that there has not always been a valley here. Death Valley’s oldest rocks, formed at least 1.7 billion years ago, are so severely altered that their history is almost undecipherable. Rocks dating from 500 million years ago, however, paint a clearer picture. The limestones and sandstones found in the Funeral and Panamint Mountains indicate that this area was the site of a warm, shallow sea throughout most of the Paleozoic Era (542 - 251 million years ago.) | [
"least 1.7 billion years ago,|500 million years ago,|Paleozoic Era",
"Paleozoic Era",
"least 1.7 billion years ago, are so severely altered that their history is almost undecipherable. Rocks dating from 500 million years ago,|1.7 billion years ago, are so severely altered that their history is almost undecipherable. Rocks dating from 500"
] | [
"least 1.7 billion years ago,|500 million years ago,|Paleozoic Era",
"Paleozoic Era",
"least 1.7 billion years ago, are so severely altered that their history is almost undecipherable. Rocks dating from 500 million years ago,|1.7 billion years ago, are so severely altered that their history is almost undecipherable. Rocks dating from 500"
] |
82639fc9c2ae430fbd3ab079c78e6c82 | What era did the rocks form in this national park? | normal | [
"82639fc9c2ae430fbd3ab079c78e6c82"
] | national_parks | Even as the uplift of the Alaska Range continues, weathering and erosion are constantly working to tear it down. Weather and water, in the form of wind, rain, frost, streams, rivers and glaciers, have the power to turn mountains into molehills. In brief, weathering crumbles rocks and minerals apart into smaller pieces. | [
"n/a"
] | [
"n/a"
] |
82639fc9c2ae430fbd3ab079c78e6c82 | What era did the rocks form in this national park? | normal | [
"82639fc9c2ae430fbd3ab079c78e6c82"
] | national_parks | From literature searches, consultations with geologists, and interpretations of scientific data, we compiled the numeric ages of rocks exposed in Grand Canyon National Park. Our age compilation provides information about the age of Grand Canyon rocks in a form meaningful to interpreters, park managers, and visitors. The primary outcome of this project is that the ages given for Grand Canyon rocks are more consistent in interpretive media, park documents, and popular GCA publications. While the compilation is our primary product, the interpretive publications based on this work provide additional information about how geologists tell time and why these dates are important. With this broader perspective, the age of Grand Canyon rocks becomes more meaningful. Furthermore, providing a consistent set of reliable ages adds to the credibility of geologic interpretation. | [
"n/a"
] | [
"n/a"
] |
82639fc9c2ae430fbd3ab079c78e6c82 | What era did the rocks form in this national park? | normal | [
"82639fc9c2ae430fbd3ab079c78e6c82"
] | national_parks | Geologic Formations. The most famous feature of the park, Devils Tower, is a geologic oddity of epic proportions. We share the story of the Tower's formation on our website. Sedimentary Rocks. Long before molten rock pushed up to form the Tower, other rocks were forming from different origins. Sand and silt left behind by ancient rivers and shallow seas were buried and compacted. Gypsum deposits formed as water evaporated. Creatures big and small - from dinosaurs to clams - left their marks. Today, the stunning cliffs of red and yellow siltstone and sandstone, interbedded with gray shale or limestone and white gypsum, created a multi-colored landscape dominated by rolling fields and dark green forests. Geologic Formations - Devils Tower National Monument (U.S. National Park Service) | [
"n/a"
] | [
"n/a"
] |
82639fc9c2ae430fbd3ab079c78e6c82 | What era did the rocks form in this national park? | normal | [
"82639fc9c2ae430fbd3ab079c78e6c82"
] | national_parks | Geology Quicklinks. Smaller lakes still covered the valley floor, including two broad lakes in the northeastern side of the valley. Large amounts of sediment from the volcanic San Juan Mountains continued to wash down into these lakes, along with some sand from the Sangre de Cristo Mountains. Dramatic natural climate change later significantly reduced these lakes, leaving behind the sand sheet. Remnants of these lakes are still found today, in the form of sabkha wetlands. While smaller individual dune ridges show changes over 138 years, larger dune forms have remained fairly constant. Thus, either the Great Sand Dunes grew and changed very slowly and uniformly over vast time - or they formed relatively quickly during an era of extreme drought, and are now relatively stable. William Henry Jackson - 1873Kris Illenberger - 2011. | [
"n/a"
] | [
"n/a"
] |
82639fc9c2ae430fbd3ab079c78e6c82 | What era did the rocks form in this national park? | normal | [
"82639fc9c2ae430fbd3ab079c78e6c82"
] | national_parks | Grand Canyon is the result of a distinct and ordered combination of geologic events. The story begins almost two billion years ago with the formation of the igneous and metamorphic rocks of the inner gorge. Above these old rocks lie layer upon layer of sedimentary rock, each telling a unique part of the environmental history of the Grand Canyon region. The story of uplift certainly begins with plate tectonics and very likely a mountain building episode called the Laramide Orogeny. The Laramide Orogeny began about 70 million years ago during the Mesozoic Era, and lasted until about 40 million years ago in the Cenozoic Era. Numerous normal faults cut across Grand Canyon. Normal faults form in response to extensional tectonics or in other words when a region is being slowly pulled apart, eventually resulting in a landscape such as Nevada’s basin and range. | [
"Mesozoic Era,",
"70 million years ago during the Mesozoic Era, and lasted until about 40 million years ago",
"Mesozoic Era,|Cenozoic Era."
] | [
"Mesozoic Era,",
"70 million years ago during the Mesozoic Era, and lasted until about 40 million years ago",
"Mesozoic Era,|Cenozoic Era."
] |
82639fc9c2ae430fbd3ab079c78e6c82 | What era did the rocks form in this national park? | normal | [
"82639fc9c2ae430fbd3ab079c78e6c82"
] | national_parks | Most of the rocks in Great Smoky Mountains National Park are sedimentary and were formed by accumulations of clay, silt, sand, gravel, and minor amounts of calcium carbonate in flat-lying layers. The oldest sedimentary rocks were formed during the Proterozoic Era some 800-545 million years ago. Vast amounts of unconsolidated clay, silt, sand, and pebbles were washed down into lowland basins from adjacent highlands. Rocks of the old highlands were over one billion years old, and were similar to the ancient granite and gneiss found in the southeastern parts of the park. These early sites of ocean bottom deposition were formed along the ancient margin of the North American continent as an older and larger supercontinent broke apart. | [
"Proterozoic Era"
] | [
"Proterozoic Era"
] |
82639fc9c2ae430fbd3ab079c78e6c82 | What era did the rocks form in this national park? | normal | [
"82639fc9c2ae430fbd3ab079c78e6c82"
] | national_parks | Rocks and relative age. recognized that in many places one can tell the comparative ages of. small rock fragments and were deposited as nearly horizontal layers of. Creation of the Teton Landscape: The Geologic Story of Grand Teton National Park (Enormous Time and Dynamic Earth) | [
"n/a"
] | [
"n/a"
] |
82639fc9c2ae430fbd3ab079c78e6c82 | What era did the rocks form in this national park? | normal | [
"82639fc9c2ae430fbd3ab079c78e6c82"
] | national_parks | The ammonoids are a well-known group of cephalopods that evolved in the middle Paleozoic Era and survived to the very end of the Mesozoic Era, approximately 66 million years ago. The shells of ammonoids can be either coiled or straight in shape, but the coiled form is more common in Permian rocks. | [
"n/a"
] | [
"n/a"
] |
82639fc9c2ae430fbd3ab079c78e6c82 | What era did the rocks form in this national park? | normal | [
"82639fc9c2ae430fbd3ab079c78e6c82"
] | national_parks | The geologic forces of heat, pressure, deposition, uplift and erosion have combined with millions of years of time to create the spectacular setting for the carving of Mount Rushmore. The rocks which form and surround the memorial are part of the “crystalline core” of the Black Hills, the oldest rocks in South Dakota and among the oldest in the western United States. | [
"n/a"
] | [
"n/a"
] |
82639fc9c2ae430fbd3ab079c78e6c82 | What era did the rocks form in this national park? | normal | [
"82639fc9c2ae430fbd3ab079c78e6c82"
] | national_parks | The geologic story of Yosemite National Park can be considered in two parts: (1) deposition and deformation of the metamorphic rocks and emplacement of the granitic rocks during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic; and (2) later uplift, erosion, and glaciation of the rocks during the Cenozoic to form today's landscape. | [
"Paleozoic|Mesozoic;",
"Paleozoic and Mesozoic;"
] | [
"Paleozoic|Mesozoic;",
"Paleozoic and Mesozoic;"
] |
82639fc9c2ae430fbd3ab079c78e6c82 | What era did the rocks form in this national park? | normal | [
"82639fc9c2ae430fbd3ab079c78e6c82"
] | national_parks | The majority of the rocks forming the mountains of the Peace Park are the result of the deposition of sediments into an ancient inland sea that existed over 1600 million years ago during the middle Proterozoic Era. The ancient Belt Sea covered parts of present-day eastern Washington, northern Idaho, western Montana, and nearby areas in Canada. During the period of active deposition over 18,000 feet (5500 m) of sediment eroded from nearby highlands and were carried into the sea. Accumulation of sediment subsequently resulted in downwarping of the sea floor. Also, over time and as environmental conditions varied, a variety of different materials were eroded and washed into the Belt Sea. | [
"middle Proterozoic Era.",
"Proterozoic",
"Proterozoic Era."
] | [
"middle Proterozoic Era.",
"Proterozoic",
"Proterozoic Era."
] |
82639fc9c2ae430fbd3ab079c78e6c82 | What era did the rocks form in this national park? | normal | [
"82639fc9c2ae430fbd3ab079c78e6c82"
] | national_parks | The next chapter in Earth's history corresponds to the Mesozoic Era, or 'middle life' -- 285 to 70 million years ago. Read 'pages' 956-987 and discover that dinosaurs lived and died, birds evolved from reptiles, and the first primitive mammals appeared. The mesas on the North Rim of Black Canyon along Highway 92 in Curecanti reveal exposures of rocks deposited during the Mesozoic. But the best place to find thse layers is along the shore of Blue Mesa Reservoir. | [
"Mesozoic Era,",
"Mesozoic."
] | [
"Mesozoic Era,",
"Mesozoic."
] |
82639fc9c2ae430fbd3ab079c78e6c82 | What era did the rocks form in this national park? | normal | [
"82639fc9c2ae430fbd3ab079c78e6c82"
] | national_parks | The oldest rocks in South Dakota’s Black Hills are Precambrian-era igneous and metamorphic rocks, which formed under heat and pressure nearly 2 billion years ago. During the Mississippian time period, between 345 and 360 million years ago, a shallow sea covered the area. The sea advanced and receded several times. Sediment and calcium carbonate shells accumulated at the bottom of the sea, and over time, were compressed to form the Pahasapa Limestone (regionally known as the Madison Formation). The shells that formed the limestone came from ancient marine animals such as brachiopods. Fossils from Mississippian time are visible in the cave today. | [
"Precambrian-era"
] | [
"Precambrian-era"
] |
82639fc9c2ae430fbd3ab079c78e6c82 | What era did the rocks form in this national park? | normal | [
"82639fc9c2ae430fbd3ab079c78e6c82"
] | national_parks | The overlooks along the South Rim Drive offer excellent panoramic views of the canyon, and a chance for close examination of the Precambrian rocks that form the canyon walls. You might especially enjoy viewing the rocks along the Oak Flat Trail or the walk out to Rock Point. | [
"Precambrian"
] | [
"Precambrian"
] |
82639fc9c2ae430fbd3ab079c78e6c82 | What era did the rocks form in this national park? | normal | [
"82639fc9c2ae430fbd3ab079c78e6c82"
] | national_parks | The park's oldest rocks were produced when plate movements subjected sea sediments to intense pressure and heat. The resulting metamorphic rocks (schist and gneiss) are estimated to be 1.8 billion years old. Later, large intrusions of hot magma finally cooled about 1.4 billion years ago to form a core of crystalline igneous rock (mostly granite). Paleozoic Era. During the long Paleozoic Era, the park area frequently submerged, lifted up and eroded. Geologic Activity - Rocky Mountain National Park (U.S. National Park Service) | [
"Paleozoic Era.",
"Paleozoic Era,"
] | [
"Paleozoic Era.",
"Paleozoic Era,"
] |
82639fc9c2ae430fbd3ab079c78e6c82 | What era did the rocks form in this national park? | normal | [
"82639fc9c2ae430fbd3ab079c78e6c82"
] | national_parks | This analogy highlights the relative length of each geologic time period. Spread your arms wide. With the span of your arms representing all geologic time, look at one hand; your fingertips represent the formation of Earth and the beginning of geologic time. Now look at your other hand; the Cambrian Period begins in the wrist area of this hand, and the Permian extinction is at the other end of the palm. The Cenozoic Era is in a fingerprint, and with a single stroke of a nail file, you eradicate human history (McPhee 1998). From the American Geosciences Institute comes Big Idea 2: Earth is 4.6 Billion Years Old. Watch Earth form, and learn about Earth's history and the events of deep time. See what processes shaped the Earth we know today. Fossils Through Geologic Time. Fossils are found in the rocks, museum collections, and cultural contexts of more than 260 National Park Service areas and span every period of geologic time from billion-year-old stromatolites to Ice Age mammals that lived a few thousand years ago. Visit the parks that preserve fossils from each major time period. Geologic Time - Geology (U.S. National Park Service) | [
"n/a"
] | [
"n/a"
] |
82639fc9c2ae430fbd3ab079c78e6c82 | What era did the rocks form in this national park? | normal | [
"82639fc9c2ae430fbd3ab079c78e6c82"
] | national_parks | Three “Granite Gorges” expose crystalline rocks formed during the early-to-middle Proterozoic Era (late Precambrian). Originally deposited as sediments and lava flows, these rocks were intensely metamorphosed about 1,750 million years ago. | [
"early-to-middle Proterozoic Era (late Precambrian).",
"Proterozoic Era (late Precambrian)."
] | [
"early-to-middle Proterozoic Era (late Precambrian).",
"Proterozoic Era (late Precambrian)."
] |
82639fc9c2ae430fbd3ab079c78e6c82 | What era did the rocks form in this national park? | normal | [
"82639fc9c2ae430fbd3ab079c78e6c82"
] | national_parks | differed in position and outline from the areas of Paleozoic deposition. (fig. 12). The oldest rocks were deposited in a trough that extended. from near the city of Chihuahua, Mexico, northward into Hudspeth County, | [
"Paleozoic"
] | [
"Paleozoic"
] |
786d559c6c98488a930dfbc7f5e05410 | What rock types are there at this national park and what era did they form? | structure | [
"82639fc9c2ae430fbd3ab079c78e6c82"
] | national_parks | As more and more of these sediments were deposited, they were eventually cemented together and changed into layers of rock over nine miles thick. Today these rocks are known as the Ocoee Supergroup and are subdivided into many smaller divisions of differing rock types. The different rock types reflect the range of climatic and topographic conditions that existed during their formation. The younger rocks of sedimentary origin formed during the Paleozoic Era, 450 to about 545 million years ago. These consist of compacted and cemented sand, silt, and clay deposited in an ancient shallow marine continental margin that existed in what is now the Appalachian region. Burrows and trails of worms, as well as small shells of crustaceans that lived in this shallow water along the ancient continental edge, are found in sandstone and shale in the northwestern part of the park. Fossils found in limestone rocks in Cades Cove are about 450 million years old. | [
"[{\"rock_types\": \"sedimentary \", \"era_formed\": \"Paleozoic\"}]"
] | [
"[{\"rock_types\": \"sedimentary \", \"era_formed\": \"Paleozoic\"}]"
] |
786d559c6c98488a930dfbc7f5e05410 | What rock types are there at this national park and what era did they form? | structure | [
"82639fc9c2ae430fbd3ab079c78e6c82"
] | national_parks | Carlsbad Caverns National Park preserves a portion of the Capitan Reef-one of the best-preserved, exposed Permian-age fossil reefs in the world. Water, geologic forces, climactic changes, and vast spans of time have produced and changed the fossil reef and its spectacular caves, a process that continues to the present day. | [
"[{\"rock_types\": \"fossil reefs\", \"era_formed\": \"Permian\"}]"
] | [
"[{\"rock_types\": \"fossil reefs\", \"era_formed\": \"Permian\"}]",
"[{\"rock_types\": \"n/a\", \"era_formed\": \"n/a\"}]"
] |
786d559c6c98488a930dfbc7f5e05410 | What rock types are there at this national park and what era did they form? | structure | [
"82639fc9c2ae430fbd3ab079c78e6c82"
] | national_parks | Dry Tortugas National Park is near the southwestern edge of the Florida Platform. This broad, flat, carbonate platform is only partially exposed above sea level as the Florida peninsula. The submerged portion of the platform extends to water depths of about 300 feet (90 meters). Beyond this point, the sea floor drops abruptly to more than 10,000 feet (3,000 meters). The Florida Platform has been accumulating sediments since the Atlantic Ocean basin began to form almost 200 million years ago. Carbonate rocks such as limestone and dolomite more than 15,000 feet (5,000 meters) thick make up the platform and underlie Dry Tortugas National Park. These rocks continue to form as the calcareous shells and skeletons of dead sea life are deposited on submerged areas of the platform. | [
"[{\"rock_types\": \"limestone \", \"era_formed\": \"n/a\"}, {\"rock_types\": \"dolomite \", \"era_formed\": \"n/a\"}]"
] | [
"[{\"rock_types\": \"limestone \", \"era_formed\": \"n/a\"}, {\"rock_types\": \"dolomite \", \"era_formed\": \"n/a\"}]",
"[{\"rock_types\": \" sediments\", \"era_formed\": \"n/a\"}]",
"[{\"rock_types\": \"limestone\", \"era_formed\": \"n/a\"}]"
] |
786d559c6c98488a930dfbc7f5e05410 | What rock types are there at this national park and what era did they form? | structure | [
"82639fc9c2ae430fbd3ab079c78e6c82"
] | national_parks | Even in this desert climate, water is the erosional agent most responsible for the carving of the landscape. The pull of gravity, in the form of rock falls or rock creep, plays a major role in the shaping of the cliff lines. Flash floods are an indication of geology in action, moving sediment downstream. What is eroded from the park ends up being deposited elsewhere. Wind is a minor agent of erosion here. | [
"[{\"rock_types\": \"n/a\", \"era_formed\": \"n/a\"}]"
] | [
"[{\"rock_types\": \"n/a\", \"era_formed\": \"n/a\"}]"
] |
786d559c6c98488a930dfbc7f5e05410 | What rock types are there at this national park and what era did they form? | structure | [
"82639fc9c2ae430fbd3ab079c78e6c82"
] | national_parks | However, the rivers aren't the only force of erosion. Summer thunderstorms bring heavy rains that scour the landscape. Some layers erode more easily than others. As softer rock dissolves away, layers of harder rock form exposed shelves, giving the canyon walls their stair-step appearance. Occasionally, a slab of harder rock will protect a weaker layer under it, creating balanced rocks and towers. Great examples of this are visible in Monument Basin at Island in the Sky and the Land of Standing Rocks in The Maze. | [
"[{\"rock_types\": \"n/a\", \"era_formed\": \"n/a\"}]"
] | [
"[{\"rock_types\": \"Island in the Sky\", \"era_formed\": \"n/a\"}]",
"[{\"rock_types\": \"n/a\", \"era_formed\": \"n/a\"}]"
] |
786d559c6c98488a930dfbc7f5e05410 | What rock types are there at this national park and what era did they form? | structure | [
"82639fc9c2ae430fbd3ab079c78e6c82"
] | national_parks | Most of the rocks in Zion National Park are sedimentary rocks –made of bits and pieces of older rocks that have been weathered, eroded, and deposited in layers. These rock layers hold stories of ancient environments and inhabitants very different from those found in Zion today. In this distant past, Zion and the Colorado Plateau were near sea level, and were even in a different place on the globe—close to the equator. The rock layers found in Zion today were deposited between approximately 110 –270 million years ago –only in recent geologic time have they been uplifted and eroded to form the scenery of Zion National Park. | [
"[{\"rock_types\": \"sedimentary\", \"era_formed\": \"n/a\"}]"
] | [
"[{\"rock_types\": \"sedimentary\", \"era_formed\": \"n/a\"}]",
"[{\"rock_types\": \"sedimentary rocks \", \"era_formed\": \"n/a\"}]"
] |
786d559c6c98488a930dfbc7f5e05410 | What rock types are there at this national park and what era did they form? | structure | [
"82639fc9c2ae430fbd3ab079c78e6c82"
] | national_parks | Origin of the Rocks. There are two main types of rock at Mount Rushmore, very old granite and much older metamorphic rocks. The metamorphic rocks we now see began as sediments at the bottom of a shallow sea during the Precambrian period - sometime between 1.6 and 2.5 billion years ago. Dates this old are very difficult to determine precisely, mainly because they pre-date all life on the earth. What is now western South Dakota was then near the edge of a sea. Because there was no plant life to hold the forces of erosion in check, erosive forces acted much faster during the Precambrian. Vast quantities of sand and clay were washed down into the sea. | [
"[{\"rock_types\": \"granite\", \"era_formed\": \"n/a\"}]"
] | [
"[{\"rock_types\": \"granite\", \"era_formed\": \"n/a\"}, {\"rock_types\": \"metamorphic \", \"era_formed\": \"Precambrian\"}]",
"[{\"rock_types\": \"granite\", \"era_formed\": \"n/a\"}]",
"[{\"rock_types\": \"metamorphic\", \"era_formed\": \"n/a\"}, {\"rock_types\": \"sediments \", \"era_formed\": \"Precambrian period\"}]",
"[{\"rock_types\": \"granite\", \"era_formed\": \"n/a\"}, {\"rock_types\": \"metamorphic\", \"era_formed\": \"Precambrian \"}]",
"[{\"rock_types\": \"metamorphic \", \"era_formed\": \"Precambrian\"}, {\"rock_types\": \"granite \", \"era_formed\": \"n/a\"}]",
"[{\"rock_types\": \"old granite\", \"era_formed\": \"Precambrian period\"}]"
] |
786d559c6c98488a930dfbc7f5e05410 | What rock types are there at this national park and what era did they form? | structure | [
"82639fc9c2ae430fbd3ab079c78e6c82"
] | national_parks | Scientists have studied rock deposits along course of the present day Colorado River. By looking at the type of sediments the deposits contain, scientists determine whether or not the rocks were deposited by the river. Rocks deposited by the river are younger than the river, as the river needed to be around to deposit them. Rocks not deposited by the river are older than the river because the river was not yet there to drop them. | [
"[{\"rock_types\": \"n/a\", \"era_formed\": \"n/a\"}]"
] | [
"[{\"rock_types\": \"sediments\", \"era_formed\": \"n/a\"}]",
"[{\"rock_types\": \"n/a\", \"era_formed\": \"n/a\"}]"
] |
786d559c6c98488a930dfbc7f5e05410 | What rock types are there at this national park and what era did they form? | structure | [
"82639fc9c2ae430fbd3ab079c78e6c82"
] | national_parks | Sedimentary sandstones and shales, deposited by seas during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras (approximately 540 million to 66 million years ago) can be seen in the Gallatin Range and Mount Everts. Sedimentary rocks in Yellowstone tend to erode more easily than the Precambrian rocks. Weathering breaks down earth materials from large sizes to small particles, and happens in place. The freeze/thaw action of ice is one type of weathering common in Yellowstone. Agents of erosion— wind, water, ice, and waves—move weathered materials from one place to another. | [
"[{\"rock_types\": \"Sedimentary sandstones\", \"era_formed\": [\"Paleozoic and Mesozoic\", \"Paleozoic and Mesozoic \"]}, {\"rock_types\": \"shales\", \"era_formed\": [\"Paleozoic and Mesozoic\", \"Paleozoic and Mesozoic \"]}]"
] | [
"[{\"rock_types\": \"Sedimentary sandstones\", \"era_formed\": \"Paleozoic and Mesozoic\"}, {\"rock_types\": \"shales\", \"era_formed\": \"Paleozoic and Mesozoic\"}]",
"[{\"rock_types\": \"Sedimentary\", \"era_formed\": \"Paleozoic and Mesozoic\"}, {\"rock_types\": \"Precambrian\", \"era_formed\": \"n/a\"}]",
"[{\"rock_types\": \"Sedimentary sandstones\", \"era_formed\": \"Paleozoic and Mesozoic \"}]",
"[{\"rock_types\": \"sandstones\", \"era_formed\": \"Paleozoic and Mesozoic\"}, {\"rock_types\": \"shales\", \"era_formed\": \"Paleozoic and Mesozoic \"}]"
] |
786d559c6c98488a930dfbc7f5e05410 | What rock types are there at this national park and what era did they form? | structure | [
"82639fc9c2ae430fbd3ab079c78e6c82"
] | national_parks | Step Seven: Each team will present to the class why they came to their conclusion of rock type for their Park. They will have less then two minutes to present. Vocabulary. Igneous Rocks: form when hot, liquid rock, or magma, cools. When this magma slowly cools underground, it forms intrusive igneous rock. Magma that quickly cools aboveground becomes extrusive igneous rock. | [
"[{\"rock_types\": \"n/a\", \"era_formed\": \"n/a\"}]"
] | [
"[{\"rock_types\": \"Igneous\", \"era_formed\": \"n/a\"}]",
"[{\"rock_types\": \"Igneous \", \"era_formed\": \"n/a\"}]",
"[{\"rock_types\": \"Igneous Rocks\", \"era_formed\": \"n/a\"}]",
"[{\"rock_types\": \"n/a\", \"era_formed\": \"n/a\"}]"
] |
786d559c6c98488a930dfbc7f5e05410 | What rock types are there at this national park and what era did they form? | structure | [
"82639fc9c2ae430fbd3ab079c78e6c82"
] | national_parks | The bedrock of Kenai Fjords National Park was carried north by the action of the tectonic plates. It was heated and pressed into a new form. In certain places, it was also broken. The fractures in the rock filled swiftly with jets of superheated water from deep in the Earth. The water carried dissolved minerals such as iron, silica, arsenic, and gold. These precipitated out, forming white and brown streaks across the darker bedrock. | [
"[{\"rock_types\": \"n/a\", \"era_formed\": \"n/a\"}]"
] | [
"[{\"rock_types\": \"n/a\", \"era_formed\": \"n/a\"}]"
] |
786d559c6c98488a930dfbc7f5e05410 | What rock types are there at this national park and what era did they form? | structure | [
"82639fc9c2ae430fbd3ab079c78e6c82"
] | national_parks | The environmental processes such as climate change, fire regime, weather, and geological processes that shaped the Colorado Plateau are recorded in rock formations, which are the storytellers of the region’s history. Canyons carved out by the Colorado River and its tributaries expose rock layers deposited on top of each other over time; the youngest rocks at the top and the oldest at the bottom. These rock layers reveal fossils and traces of past life forms, principally from the Mesozoic Era, 248 to 65 million years ago. Fossils preserved in the rocks of Glen Canyon NRA are evidence of the life and changes that occurred during the Mesozoic Era and add to our understanding of biodiversity and evolutionary history. Natural erosion, flash floods which accelerate erosion, illegal collection, and vandalism threaten the paleontological resources of this region. | [
"[{\"rock_types\": \"n/a\", \"era_formed\": [\"Mesozoic\", \"Mesozoic Era\"]}]"
] | [
"[{\"rock_types\": \"n/a\", \"era_formed\": \"Mesozoic\"}]",
"[{\"rock_types\": \"n/a\", \"era_formed\": \"Mesozoic Era\"}]"
] |
786d559c6c98488a930dfbc7f5e05410 | What rock types are there at this national park and what era did they form? | structure | [
"82639fc9c2ae430fbd3ab079c78e6c82"
] | national_parks | The geologic story of Yosemite National Park can be considered in two parts: (1) deposition and deformation of the metamorphic rocks and emplacement of the granitic rocks during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic; and (2) later uplift, erosion, and glaciation of the rocks during the Cenozoic to form today's landscape. | [
"[{\"rock_types\": \"granitic\", \"era_formed\": [\"Mesozoic\", \"Paleozoic \", \"Paleozoic and Mesozoic\"]}]"
] | [
"[{\"rock_types\": \"metamorphic\", \"era_formed\": \"Paleozoic and Mesozoic\"}, {\"rock_types\": \"granitic\", \"era_formed\": \"Paleozoic and Mesozoic\"}]",
"[{\"rock_types\": \"granitic rocks\", \"era_formed\": \"Paleozoic and Mesozoic\"}]",
"[{\"rock_types\": \"granitic\", \"era_formed\": \"Paleozoic \"}, {\"rock_types\": \"granitic\", \"era_formed\": \"Mesozoic\"}, {\"rock_types\": \"n/a\", \"era_formed\": \"Cenozoic\"}]"
] |
786d559c6c98488a930dfbc7f5e05410 | What rock types are there at this national park and what era did they form? | structure | [
"82639fc9c2ae430fbd3ab079c78e6c82"
] | national_parks | The most famous feature of the park, Devils Tower, is a geologic oddity of epic proportions. We share the story of the Tower's formation on our website. Long before molten rock pushed up to form the Tower, other rocks were forming from different origins. Sand and silt left behind by ancient rivers and shallow seas were buried and compacted. Gypsum deposits formed as water evaporated. Creatures big and small - from dinosaurs to clams - left their marks. Today, the stunning cliffs of red and yellow siltstone and sandstone, interbedded with gray shale or limestone and white gypsum, created a multi-colored landscape dominated by rolling fields and dark green forests. | [
"[{\"rock_types\": \"sandstone\", \"era_formed\": \"n/a\"}, {\"rock_types\": \"limestone\", \"era_formed\": \"n/a\"}]"
] | [
"[{\"rock_types\": \"Gypsum\", \"era_formed\": \"n/a\"}, {\"rock_types\": \"red and yellow siltstone\", \"era_formed\": \"n/a\"}, {\"rock_types\": \"sandstone\", \"era_formed\": \"n/a\"}, {\"rock_types\": \"gray shale\", \"era_formed\": \"n/a\"}, {\"rock_types\": \"limestone\", \"era_formed\": \"n/a\"}]",
"[{\"rock_types\": \"siltstone\", \"era_formed\": \"n/a\"}, {\"rock_types\": \"sandstone\", \"era_formed\": \"n/a\"}, {\"rock_types\": \"shale \", \"era_formed\": \"n/a\"}, {\"rock_types\": \"limestone \", \"era_formed\": \"n/a\"}, {\"rock_types\": \"gypsum\", \"era_formed\": \"n/a\"}]",
"[{\"rock_types\": \"limestone\", \"era_formed\": \"n/a\"}]"
] |
786d559c6c98488a930dfbc7f5e05410 | What rock types are there at this national park and what era did they form? | structure | [
"82639fc9c2ae430fbd3ab079c78e6c82"
] | national_parks | The next chapter in Earth's history corresponds to the Mesozoic Era, or 'middle life' -- 285 to 70 million years ago. Read 'pages' 956-987 and discover that dinosaurs lived and died, birds evolved from reptiles, and the first primitive mammals appeared. The mesas on the North Rim of Black Canyon along Highway 92 in Curecanti reveal exposures of rocks deposited during the Mesozoic. But the best place to find thse layers is along the shore of Blue Mesa Reservoir. | [
"[{\"rock_types\": \"n/a\", \"era_formed\": [\"Mesozoic\", \"Mesozoic Era,\"]}]"
] | [
"[{\"rock_types\": \"n/a\", \"era_formed\": \"Mesozoic\"}]",
"[{\"rock_types\": \"n/a\", \"era_formed\": \"Mesozoic Era,\"}]",
"[{\"rock_types\": \"n/a\", \"era_formed\": \"n/a\"}]"
] |
786d559c6c98488a930dfbc7f5e05410 | What rock types are there at this national park and what era did they form? | structure | [
"82639fc9c2ae430fbd3ab079c78e6c82"
] | national_parks | The park's oldest rocks were produced when plate movements subjected sea sediments to intense pressure and heat. The resulting metamorphic rocks (schist and gneiss) are estimated to be 1.8 billion years old. Later, large intrusions of hot magma finally cooled about 1.4 billion years ago to form a core of crystalline igneous rock (mostly granite). Paleozoic Era. During the long Paleozoic Era, the park area frequently submerged, lifted up and eroded. | [
"[{\"rock_types\": \"schist\", \"era_formed\": [\"Paleozoic Era\", \"Paleozoic Era. \"]}]"
] | [
"[{\"rock_types\": \"metamorphic | igneous\", \"era_formed\": \"Paleozoic\"}, {\"rock_types\": \" igneous\", \"era_formed\": \"Paleozoic\"}]",
"[{\"rock_types\": \"schist \", \"era_formed\": \"1.8 billion years old\"}, {\"rock_types\": \"gneiss\", \"era_formed\": \"1.8 billion years old\"}, {\"rock_types\": \"granite\", \"era_formed\": \"Paleozoic \"}]",
"[{\"rock_types\": \"schist\", \"era_formed\": \"Paleozoic Era. \"}]",
"[{\"rock_types\": \"schist\", \"era_formed\": \"Paleozoic Era\"}]",
"[{\"rock_types\": \"metamorphic| igneous\", \"era_formed\": \"n/a\"}, {\"rock_types\": \"n/a\", \"era_formed\": \"Paleozoic \"}]",
"[{\"rock_types\": \"schist\", \"era_formed\": \"n/a\"}, {\"rock_types\": \"gneiss\", \"era_formed\": \"n/a\"}, {\"rock_types\": \"granite\", \"era_formed\": \"n/a\"}]"
] |
786d559c6c98488a930dfbc7f5e05410 | What rock types are there at this national park and what era did they form? | structure | [
"82639fc9c2ae430fbd3ab079c78e6c82"
] | national_parks | The tallest dunes in North America make a dramatic contrast with the alpine peaks of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains. The full story of their formation is still being discovered. NPS/Patrick Myers. The story of how the Great Sand Dunes were formed is continually evolving, as new research discoveries occur each year. Below is a basic summary of what most geologists currently understand to be the broad series of events that took place in the formation of these massive dunes. | [
"[{\"rock_types\": \"n/a\", \"era_formed\": \"n/a\"}]"
] | [
"[{\"rock_types\": \"n/a\", \"era_formed\": \"n/a\"}]"
] |
786d559c6c98488a930dfbc7f5e05410 | What rock types are there at this national park and what era did they form? | structure | [
"82639fc9c2ae430fbd3ab079c78e6c82"
] | national_parks | Three major types of rocks make up Earth’s crust. Igneous rocks are formed when molten rock solidifies. Igneous rocks can be plutonic or volcanic. Plutonic rocks, such as granite, form when magma cools slowly in the depths of the earth. Volcanic rocks, such as basalt, rhyolite, and andesite form when lava cools rapidly on the surface. | [
"[{\"rock_types\": \"granite\", \"era_formed\": \"n/a\"}]"
] | [
"[{\"rock_types\": \"granite\", \"era_formed\": \"n/a\"}, {\"rock_types\": \"basalt\", \"era_formed\": \"n/a\"}, {\"rock_types\": \"rhyolite\", \"era_formed\": \"n/a\"}, {\"rock_types\": \"andesite\", \"era_formed\": \"n/a\"}]",
"[{\"rock_types\": \"granite\", \"era_formed\": \"n/a\"}]",
"[{\"rock_types\": \"Plutonic\", \"era_formed\": \"n/a\"}, {\"rock_types\": \"Volcanic\", \"era_formed\": \"n/a\"}]"
] |
786d559c6c98488a930dfbc7f5e05410 | What rock types are there at this national park and what era did they form? | structure | [
"82639fc9c2ae430fbd3ab079c78e6c82"
] | national_parks | Time passed and the sea began to slowly recede to the west as land was pushed up. This uplift was due to movement occurring far beneath the Earth’s surface. Scientists have discovered that the Earth’s crust is composed of inter-connected sections, or plates. Death Valley lies near the boundary between two of these plates. As the plates slowly move in relation to each other, compressional forces gradually fold, warp and fracture the brittle crust. This widespread rock deformation and faulting occurred through most of the Mesozoic Era (251 - 65.5 million years ago.) While the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada formed, active mountain building alternated with times when erosion prevailed, working to breaking down the mountains that had formed. | [
"[{\"rock_types\": \"n/a\", \"era_formed\": [\"Mesozoic \", \"Mesozoic Era\"]}]"
] | [
"[{\"rock_types\": \"n/a\", \"era_formed\": \"Mesozoic \"}]",
"[{\"rock_types\": \"n/a\", \"era_formed\": \"Mesozoic Era\"}]",
"[{\"rock_types\": \"n/a\", \"era_formed\": \"n/a\"}]"
] |
786d559c6c98488a930dfbc7f5e05410 | What rock types are there at this national park and what era did they form? | structure | [
"82639fc9c2ae430fbd3ab079c78e6c82"
] | national_parks | While most of the rock in the Peace Park is metasedimentary in nature, late in the Proterozoic some igneous rock flowed as lava onto the sea floor. Some of that igneous material forced itself between layers of limestone forming sills at an even later time. Today the igneous materials are evident as pillow lava formations (black basalt) in the Granite Park area, and as the Purcell Sill that runs through the Siyeh Limestone. A dark band of igneous rock (diorite) about 100 feet (30 m) thick, the heat of the intrusion recrystallized the surrounding limestone into white metaporphic marble.The Purcell Sill can be seen on Mt. Siyeh and Mt. Cleveland in Glacier, and Mt. Blakiston near Red Rock Canyon in Waterton. | [
"[{\"rock_types\": \"igneous\", \"era_formed\": [\"Proterozoic\", \"Proterozoic \"]}, {\"rock_types\": \"black basalt\", \"era_formed\": \"n/a\"}]"
] | [
"[{\"rock_types\": \"igneous\", \"era_formed\": \"Proterozoic\"}, {\"rock_types\": \"metasedimentary \", \"era_formed\": \"Today\"}]",
"[{\"rock_types\": \"igneous\", \"era_formed\": \"Proterozoic \"}, {\"rock_types\": \"black basalt\", \"era_formed\": \"n/a\"}, {\"rock_types\": \"Siyeh Limestone\", \"era_formed\": \"n/a\"}, {\"rock_types\": \"diorite\", \"era_formed\": \"n/a\"}, {\"rock_types\": \"white metaporphic marble\", \"era_formed\": \"n/a\"}, {\"rock_types\": \"Purcell Sill\", \"era_formed\": \"n/a\"}]",
"[{\"rock_types\": \"Siyeh Limestone\", \"era_formed\": \"Proterozoic \"}]",
"[{\"rock_types\": \"metasedimentary\", \"era_formed\": \"n/a\"}, {\"rock_types\": \"igneous\", \"era_formed\": \"Proterozoic\"}, {\"rock_types\": \"metaporphic\", \"era_formed\": \"n/a\"}]",
"[{\"rock_types\": \"black basalt\", \"era_formed\": \"Proterozoic\"}]",
"[{\"rock_types\": \"limestone \", \"era_formed\": \"n/a\"}, {\"rock_types\": \"black basalt\", \"era_formed\": \"n/a\"}]"
] |