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[ { "docid": "102858#0", "text": "In biology, cell theory is the historic scientific theory, now universally accepted, that living organisms are made up of cells, that they are the basic structural/organizational unit of all organisms, and that all cells come from pre-existing cells. Cells are the basic unit of structure in all organisms and also the basic unit of reproduction. With continual improvements made to microscopes over time, magnification technology advanced enough to discover cells in the 17th century. This discovery is largely attributed to Robert Hooke, and began the scientific study of cells, also known as cell biology. Over a century later, many debates about cells began amongst scientists. Most of these debates involved the nature of cellular regeneration, and the idea of cells as a fundamental unit of life. Cell theory was eventually formulated in 1839. This is usually credited to Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann. However, many other scientists like Rudolf Virchow contributed to the theory. It was an important step in the movement away from spontaneous generation.", "title": "Cell theory" } ]

[ { "docid": "7955325#28", "text": "The discovery of insulin at the University of Toronto in 1921 is considered among the most significant events in the history of medicine. The stem cell was discovered at the university in 1963, forming the basis for bone marrow transplantation and all subsequent research on adult and embryonic stem cells. This was the first of many findings at Toronto relating to stem cells, including the identification of pancreatic and retinal stem cells. The cancer stem cell was first identified in 1997 by Toronto researchers, who have since found stem cell associations in leukemia, brain tumors and colorectal cancer. Medical inventions developed at Toronto include the glycaemic index, the infant cereal Pablum, the use of protective hypothermia in open heart surgery and the first artificial cardiac pacemaker. The first successful single-lung transplant was performed at Toronto in 1981, followed by the first nerve transplant in 1988, and the first double-lung transplant in 1989. Researchers identified the maturation promoting factor that regulates cell division, and discovered the T-cell receptor, which triggers responses of the immune system. The university is credited with isolating the genes that cause Fanconi anemia, cystic fibrosis and early-onset Alzheimer's disease, among numerous other diseases. Between 1914 and 1972, the university operated the Connaught Medical Research Laboratories, now part of the pharmaceutical corporation Sanofi-Aventis. Among the research conducted at the laboratory was the development of gel electrophoresis.", "title": "University of Toronto" }, { "docid": "2486212#0", "text": "In neuroscience, Golgi cells are inhibitory interneurons found within the granular layer of the cerebellum. They were first identified as inhibitory by Eccles \"et al.\" in 1964.\nIt was also the first example of an inhibitory feed back network, where the inhibitory interneuron was identified anatomically.\nThese cells synapse onto the dendrite of granule cells and unipolar brush cells. They receive excitatory input from mossy fibres, also synapsing on granule cells, and parallel fibers, which are long granule cell axons. Thereby this circuitry allows for feed-forward and feed-back inhibition of granule cells.", "title": "Golgi cell" }, { "docid": "102858#7", "text": "Anton van Leeuwenhoek is another scientist who saw these cells soon after Hooke did. He made use of a microscope containing improved lenses that could magnify objects almost 300-fold, or 270x. Under these microscopes, Leeuwenhoek found motile objects. In a letter to The Royal Society on October 9, 1676, he states that motility is a quality of life therefore these were living organisms. Over time, he wrote many more papers in which described many specific forms of microorganisms. Leeuwenhoek named these “animalcules,” which included protozoa and other unicellular organisms, like bacteria. Though he did not have much formal education, he was able to identify the first accurate description of red blood cells and discovered bacteria after gaining interest in the sense of taste that resulted in Leeuwenhoek to observe the tongue of an ox, then leading him to study \"pepper water\" in 1676. He also found for the first time the sperm cells of animals and humans. Once discovering these types of cells, Leeuwenhoek saw that the fertilization process requires the sperm cell to enter the egg cell. This put an end to the previous theory of spontaneous generation. After reading letters by Leeuwenhoek, Hooke was the first to confirm his observations that were thought to be unlikely by other contemporaries.", "title": "Cell theory" }, { "docid": "26981243#1", "text": "Alexander Friedenstein and his colleagues first identified osteoprogenitor cells in multiple mammalian tissues, before any genetic or morphological criteria were put in place for bone marrow or connective tissues. Osteoprogenitor cells can be identified by their associations with existing bone or cartilage structures, or their placement in the embryo, as the sites for osteogenesis and chondrogenesis are now known.", "title": "Osteochondroprogenitor cell" }, { "docid": "391313#12", "text": "Cell, developmental, and reproductive biology have been a central part of the MBL's programs since the 1890s. Important discoveries in these fields at the MBL reach back to 1899, when Jacques Loeb demonstrated artificial parthenogenesis in sea urchin eggs; to 1905, when Edwin Grant Conklin first identified egg cytoplasmic regions that are programmed to form certain tissues or organs; to 1916, when Frank Rattray Lillie identified circulating hormones that influence sexual differentiation (Lillie, 1944). In the MBL's first two decades, cytologists Edmund Beecher Wilson, Nettie Stevens and others made connections between the chromosomes and Mendelian heredity, while Wilson's colleague at both the MBL and Columbia University, Thomas Hunt Morgan, launched the field of experimental genetics (Pauly, 2000:158). Keith R. Porter, considered by many to be a founder of modern cell biology due to his pioneering work on the fine structure of cells, including the discovery of microtubules, carried out research at the MBL starting in 1937 and directed the laboratory from 1975-77 (Barlow et al., 1993: 95-115).", "title": "Marine Biological Laboratory" }, { "docid": "322460#34", "text": "Cell theory led biologists to re-envision individual organisms as interdependent assemblages of individual cells. Scientists in the rising field of cytology, armed with increasingly powerful microscopes and new staining methods, soon found that even single cells were far more complex than the homogeneous fluid-filled chambers described by earlier microscopists. Robert Brown had described the nucleus in 1831, and by the end of the 19th century cytologists identified many of the key cell components: chromosomes, centrosomes mitochondria, chloroplasts, and other structures made visible through staining. Between 1874 and 1884 Walther Flemming described the discrete stages of mitosis, showing that they were not artifacts of staining but occurred in living cells, and moreover, that chromosomes doubled in number just before the cell divided and a daughter cell was produced. Much of the research on cell reproduction came together in August Weismann's theory of heredity: he identified the nucleus (in particular chromosomes) as the hereditary material, proposed the distinction between somatic cells and germ cells (arguing that chromosome number must be halved for germ cells, a precursor to the concept of meiosis), and adopted Hugo de Vries's theory of pangenes. Weismannism was extremely influential, especially in the new field of experimental embryology.", "title": "History of biology" }, { "docid": "1004484#5", "text": "The cells were first observed by Karl Wilhelm von Kupffer in 1876. The scientist called them \"Sternzellen\" (star cells or hepatic stellate cell) but thought, inaccurately, that they were an integral part of the endothelium of the liver blood vessels and that they originated from it. In 1898, after several years of research, Tadeusz Browicz identified them, correctly, as macrophages.", "title": "Kupffer cell" }, { "docid": "17557516#2", "text": "Rudd is credited with having had a major impact on the understanding of the intracellular signals that control T-cell immunity. Rudd was the first to discover that intracellular protein kinases interact with surface receptors to generate an intracellular protein-tyrosine phosphorylation cascade, by identifying the interaction of T-cell co-receptors CD4 (also the receptor for the human immunodeficiency virus, HIV-1) and CD8 on T-cells with protein-tyrosine kinase p56lck. His discovery provided the first example of a role for members of the proto-oncogene pp60src kinase family in normal cell signaling. Other receptors were later found to use src-related kinases to regulate cell growth. In terms of immunology, the CD4- and CD8-p56lck complexes are now widely accepted as the initiators of the T cell activation, leading to the recruitment of a second tyrosine kinase ZAP-70 that control the ability of T-cells to respond to foreign pathogens, foreign transplants and cancer cell neo-antigens.", "title": "Christopher E. Rudd" }, { "docid": "3733488#31", "text": "William Grove produced the first fuel cell in 1839. He based his experiment on the fact that sending an electric current through water splits the water into its component parts of hydrogen and oxygen. So, Grove tried reversing the reaction—combining hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity and water. Eventually the term \"fuel cell\" was coined in 1889 by Ludwig Mond and Charles Langer, who attempted to build the first practical device using air and industrial coal gas. He also introduced a powerful battery at the annual meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1839. Grove's first cell consisted of zinc in diluted sulfuric acid and platinum in concentrated nitric acid, separated by a porous pot. The cell was able to generate about 12 amperes of current at about 1.8 volts. This cell had nearly double the voltage of the first Daniell cell. Grove's nitric acid cell was the favourite battery of the early American telegraph (1840–1860), because it offered strong current output.", "title": "History of electrochemistry" }, { "docid": "32500875#0", "text": "Dopaminergic cell groups are collections of neurons in the central nervous system that synthesize the neurotransmitter dopamine. In the 1960s, dopamine neurons were first identified and named by Annica Dahlström and , who used histochemical fluorescence. The subsequent discovery of genes encoding enzymes that synthesize dopamine, and transporters that incorporate dopamine into synaptic vesicles or reclaim it after synaptic release, enabled scientists to identify dopaminergic neurons by labeling gene or protein expression that is specific to these neurons.", "title": "Dopaminergic cell groups" }, { "docid": "102858#10", "text": "Credit for developing cell theory is usually given to two scientists: Theodor Schwann and Matthias Jakob Schleiden. While Rudolf Virchow contributed to the theory, he is not as credited for his attributions toward it. In 1839, Schleiden suggested that every structural part of a plant was made up of cells or the result of cells. He also suggested that cells were made by a crystallization process either within other cells or from the outside. However, this was not an original idea of Schleiden. He claimed this theory as his own, though Barthelemy Dumortier had stated it years before him. This crystallization process is no longer accepted with modern cell theory. In 1839, Theodor Schwann states that along with plants, animals are composed of cells or the product of cells in their structures. This was a major advancement in the field of biology since little was known about animal structure up to this point compared to plants. From these conclusions about plants and animals, two of the three tenets of cell theory were postulated.", "title": "Cell theory" } ]

[ { "docid": "1057785#0", "text": "Digestive enzymes are a group of enzymes that break down polymeric macromolecules into their smaller building blocks, in order to facilitate their absorption by the body. Digestive enzymes are found in the digestive tracts of animals (including humans) and in the traps of carnivorous plants, where they aid in the digestion of food, as well as inside cells, especially in their lysosomes, where they function to maintain cellular survival. Digestive enzymes of diverse specificities are found in the saliva secreted by the salivary glands, in the secretions of cells lining", "title": "Digestive enzyme" } ]

[ { "docid": "455186#6", "text": "The planarian has very simple organ systems. The digestive system consists of a mouth, pharynx, and a gastrovascular cavity. The mouth is located in the center of the underside of the body. Digestive enzymes are secreted from the mouth to begin external digestion. The pharynx connects the mouth to the gastrovascular cavity. This structure branches throughout the body allowing nutrients from food to reach all extremities. Planaria eat living or dead small animals that they suck up with their muscular mouths. Food passes from the mouth through the pharynx into the intestines where it is digested by the cells lining the intestines. Then its nutrients diffuse to the rest of the planaria.", "title": "Planarian" }, { "docid": "2541868#0", "text": "Extracellular digestion is a process in which saprobionts feed by secreting enzymes through the cell membrane onto the food. The enzymes catalyze the digestion of the food into molecules small enough to be taken up by passive diffusion, transport, or phagocytosis. Since digestion occurs outside the cell, it is said to be extracellular. It takes place either in the lumen of the digestive system, in a gastric cavity or other digestive organ, or completely outside the body.", "title": "Extracellular digestion" }, { "docid": "2541868#19", "text": "Most molluscs have a complete digestive system with a separate mouth and anus. The mouth leads into a short esophagus which leads to a stomach. Associated with the stomach are one or more digestive glands or digestive caeca. Digestive enzymes are secreted into the lumen of these glands. Additional extracellular digestion takes place in the stomach. In cephalopods, digestion is entirely extracellular. In the most other mollusks, the terminal stages of digestion are completed intracellularly, within the tissue of the digestive glands. The absorbed nutrients enter the circulatory system for distribution throughout the body or are stored in the digestive glands for later use. Undigested waste pass through an intestine and out through the anus. Other aspects of food collection and processing have already been discussed where appropriate for each group.", "title": "Extracellular digestion" }, { "docid": "43198#10", "text": "The digestive tract begins slightly behind the head, the mouth lying on the underside a little way from the frontmost point of the body. Here, prey can be mechanically dismembered by the mandibles with their covering of fine toothlets. Two salivary glands discharge via a common conductor into the subsequent \"throat\", which makes up the first part of the front intestine. The saliva that they produce contains mucus and hydrolytic enzymes, which initiate in and outside the mouth digestion. Historically, the salivary glands probably evolved from the waste-elimination organs known as nephridia, which are found homologously in the other body segments. The throat itself is very muscular, serving to absorb the partially liquified food and to pump it, via the oesophagus, which forms the rear part of the front intestine, into the central intestine. Unlike the front intestine, this is not lined with a cuticula but instead consists only of a single layer of epithelial tissue, which does not exhibit conspicuous indentation as is found in other animals. On entering the central intestine, food particles are coated with a mucus-based peritrophic membrane, which serves to protect the lining of the intestine from damage by sharp-edged particles. The intestinal epithelium secretes further digestive enzymes and absorbs the released nutrients, although the majority of digestion has already taken place externally or in the mouth. Indigestible remnants arrive in the rear intestine, or rectum, which is once again lined with a cuticula and which opens at the anus, located on the underside near to the rear end.", "title": "Onychophora" }, { "docid": "164912#5", "text": "One example of glycoproteins found in the body is mucins, which are secreted in the mucus of the respiratory and digestive tracts. The sugars when attached to mucins give them considerable water-holding capacity and also make them resistant to proteolysis by digestive enzymes.", "title": "Glycoprotein" }, { "docid": "572635#4", "text": "There are also enzymes (enterocyte digestive enzyme) on the surface for digestion. Villus capillaries collect amino acids and simple sugars taken up by the villi into the blood stream. Villus lacteals (lymph capillary) collect absorbed chylomicrons, which are lipoproteins composed of triglycerides, cholesterol and amphipathic proteins, and are taken to the rest of the body through the lymph fluid.", "title": "Intestinal villus" }, { "docid": "33469088#2", "text": "Where there is a failure to produce, release, or convert trypsinogen—an inactive enzyme precursor or zymogen—muscle fibres are not properly digested and are therefore released in the feces. Trypsinogen is produced in the pancreas and released into the alimentary canal where it is converted to the active enzyme trypsin.\nInflammation of the pancreas, or pancreatitis can therefore precipitate this condition, as can cystic fibrosis which also affects the production of digestive enzymes.", "title": "Creatorrhea" }, { "docid": "42193218#1", "text": "Chewing, in which food is mixed with saliva, begins the mechanical process of digestion. This produces a bolus which can be swallowed down the esophagus to enter the stomach. Here it is mixed with gastric acid until it passes into the duodenum where it is mixed with a number of enzymes produced by the pancreas. Saliva also contains a catalytic enzyme called amylase which starts to act on food in the mouth. Another digestive enzyme called lingual lipase is secreted by some of the lingual papillae on the tongue and also from serous glands in the main salivary glands. Digestion is helped by the chewing of food carried out by the muscles of mastication, by the teeth, and also by the contractions of peristalsis, and segmentation. Gastric acid, and the production of mucus in the stomach, are essential for the continuation of digestion.", "title": "Human digestive system" }, { "docid": "42193218#28", "text": "The pylorus, the lowest section of the stomach which attaches to the duodenum via the pyloric canal, contains countless glands which secrete digestive enzymes including gastrin. After an hour or two, a thick semi-liquid called chyme is produced. When the pyloric sphincter, or valve opens, chyme enters the duodenum where it mixes further with digestive enzymes from the pancreas, and then passes through the small intestine, where digestion continues. When the chyme is fully digested, it is absorbed into the blood. 95% of absorption of nutrients occurs in the small intestine. Water and minerals are reabsorbed back into the blood in the colon of the large intestine, where the environment is slightly acidic. Some vitamins, such as biotin and vitamin K produced by bacteria in the gut flora of the colon are also absorbed.", "title": "Human digestive system" } ]

[ { "docid": "4329#49", "text": "The World Backgammon Association (WBA) has been holding the biggest backgammon Tour of the circuit since 2007, the \"European Backgammon Tour\" (EBGT). In 2011, the WBA collaborated with the online backgammon provider Play65 for the 2011 season of the European Backgammon Tour and with \"Betfair\" in 2012. The 2013 season of the European Backgammon Tour featured 11 stops and 19 qualified players competing for 19,000 € in a Grand Finale in Lefkosa, Northern Cyprus. WBA also staged the \"US Open\" and other events around the globe. WBA has contributed to a high-stakes event called \"Crowns Cup\" broadcast on several TV-channels.", "title": "Backgammon" } ]

[ { "docid": "4329#48", "text": "By the 21st century, the largest international tournaments had established the basis of a tour for top professional players. Major tournaments are held yearly worldwide. PartyGaming sponsored the first World Series of Backgammon in 2006 from Cannes and later the 'Backgammon Million' tournament held in the Bahamas in January 2007 with a prize pool of one million dollars, the largest for any tournament to date. In 2008, the World Series of Backgammon ran the world's largest international events in London, the UK Masters, the biggest tournament ever held in the UK with 128 international class players; the Nordic Open, which instantly became the largest in the world with around 500 players in all flights and 153 in the Championship, and Cannes, which hosted the Riviera Cup, the traditional follow-up tournament to the World Championships. Cannes also hosted the WSOB Championship, the WSOB finale, which saw 16 players play three-point shootout matches for €160,000. The event was recorded for television in Europe airing on Eurosport.", "title": "Backgammon" }, { "docid": "23627627#3", "text": "Beginning in the mid-1960s, the popularity of Backgammon surged, in part due to the charisma of Prince Alexis Obolensky, who was known as “The Father of Modern Backgammon”. \"Obe\", as he was called by friends, co-founded the International Backgammon Association which published a set of official rules. He also established the World Backgammon Club of Manhattan, devised a backgammon tournament system in 1963, then organized the first major international Backgammon tournament in March, 1964 which attracted royalty, celebrities and the paparazzi. The game became a huge fad and was played on college campuses, in discothèques and at country clubs; stockbrokers and bankers began playing at conservative men's clubs. Cigarette, liquor and car companies began to sponsor tournaments and Hugh Hefner held backgammon parties at the Playboy Mansion.", "title": "Tim Holland (backgammon)" }, { "docid": "4329#77", "text": "The popularity of backgammon surged in the mid-1960s, in part due to the charisma of Prince Alexis Obolensky who became known as \"The Father of Modern Backgammon\". \"Obe\", as he was called by friends, co-founded the International Backgammon Association, which published a set of official rules. He also established the World Backgammon Club of Manhattan, devised a backgammon tournament system in 1963, then organized the first major international backgammon tournament in March, 1964, which attracted royalty, celebrities and the press. The game became a huge fad and was played on college campuses, in discothèques and at country clubs; stockbrokers and bankers began playing at conservative men's clubs. People young and old all across the country dusted off their boards and checkers. Cigarette, liquor and car companies began to sponsor tournaments and Hugh Hefner held backgammon parties at the Playboy Mansion. Backgammon clubs were formed and tournaments were held, resulting in a World Championship promoted in Las Vegas in 1967.", "title": "Backgammon" }, { "docid": "24107135#12", "text": "In October 2011 World Series of Backgammon announced a partnership with the largest online gaming operator in the world, Bwin.com, for online backgammon creating bwin.com/wsob to provide an online tour with a lower buy-in to attract all levels of players. The new tour mimics the major live tournaments run by WSOB and includes a series of events, a points race and the WSOB Championship. The WSOB Champion wins the coveted Gold Cube® and an official backgammon board made by Geoffrey Parker Games and worth apparently €2400.", "title": "World Series of Backgammon" }, { "docid": "24107135#0", "text": "World Series of Backgammon (WSOB) is a major televised live tour. The television shows capture the match action, jeopardy and background around some of the world’s largest backgammon tournaments, and have broadcast throughout Europe on Eurosport 1 and 2 whilst being distributed worldwide by ESPN International.", "title": "World Series of Backgammon" }, { "docid": "292314#6", "text": "The first contemporary ex-gay ministry, Love in Action, was formed in 1973. Three years later, with other ex-gay organizations, it formed Exodus International, the largest ex-gay organization and the largest organization under the Exodus Global Alliance. In June 2013, the Exodus board decided to cease operations, with president Alan Chambers apologizing for the pain and hurt the group had caused and saying that he no longer believed sexual orientation could be changed. Chambers apologized for what he identified as regrettable techniques, and the narrow message of a cure and marriage rather than a relationship with Christ for all. Shortly after, Chambers and his wife started Speak.Love., an organisation for promoting conversations on sexual orientation for all. In September 2014, Speak.Love. was merged into Chambers' personal website. Exodus Global Alliance, however, no longer affiliated with Exodus International, has continued operations.", "title": "Ex-gay movement" }, { "docid": "24107135#4", "text": "Season II, 2008, expanded to events in London - the UK Masters saw a 128 draw in the main event, the largest backgammon event held in the UK for 30 years; the world's largest event, the Nordic Open joined the WSOB tour for the first time and saw the Championship field increase from 78 to 153 players and finally on the 08 tour, WSOB Cannes, which recorded 155 Championship players, second only to the World Championships. The television series expanded to 15 hours and saw superstar poker and backgammon player Gus Hansen join John Clark in the commentary box. New Yorker Jessie Cantrell hosted with further contributions from experts Sander Lylloff, Falafel Natanzon and Morten Holm.", "title": "World Series of Backgammon" }, { "docid": "6576#40", "text": "The most prominent organization of Browns fans is the \"Browns Backers Worldwide\" (BBW). The organization has approximately 305,000 members and Browns Backers clubs can be found in every major city in the United States, and in a number of military bases throughout the world, with the largest club being in Phoenix, Arizona. In addition, the organization has a sizable foreign presence in places as far away as Egypt, Australia, Japan, Sri Lanka, and McMurdo Station in Antarctica. According to The Official Fan Club of the Cleveland Browns, the two largest international fan clubs are in Alon Shvut, West Bank and Niagara, Canada, with Alon Shvut having 129 members and Niagara having 310.", "title": "Cleveland Browns" }, { "docid": "6048539#0", "text": "The International Jugglers' Association or IJA is the world's oldest and largest nonprofit circus organization, and is open to members worldwide. It was founded in the United States in 1947, with the goal of providing, \"an organization for jugglers that would provide meetings at regular intervals in an atmosphere of mutual friendship.\" Though its focus lies on juggling, its programs also support other circus disciplines.", "title": "International Jugglers' Association" } ]

[ { "docid": "240931#15", "text": "By March 2004, sales of the \".hack\" games exceeded 1.73 million, with 780,000 copies sold in Japan. Critics gave the series mixed reviews. \".hack//Infection\" received the most positive reviews of the series; critics were intrigued by the games' unique premise. Jeremy Dunham of IGN was impressed by the game's commitment to preserve the illusion of online and praised the character designs and the inclusion of the Japanese voice track, but criticized the camera manipulation and the game's shortness and lack of difficulty. A \"Game Informer\" reviewer praised the way it captures the sense of community that a real MMORPG offers.", "title": ".hack (video game series)" } ]

[ { "docid": "2392479#30", "text": "The series has received a lukewarm reception, but positive sales figures. CyberConnect2 announced that sales of the \".hack\" games exceeded 2.8 million combining both the first \".hack\" series and the \".hack//G.U.\" series. Patrick Gann of RPGFan recognized the development team's efforts to address the problems of the first \".hack\" series, succeeding in some respects and failing in others. Like the first series, \".hack//G.U.\" goes to great lengths to preserve the illusion of playing an online game, through in-game message boards and news reports, and Gann found that these elements gave more depth to the future world he was experiencing. He found fault in the formulaic progression between dungeon, checking email to find the next dungeon, but the battle mechanics were a marked improvement over the original series. Although the graphics were \"spectacular\", Gann criticized the limited and repetitive dungeon designs.", "title": ".hack//G.U." }, { "docid": "2392479#38", "text": "A novel series written by Tatsuya Hamazaki and illustrated by Yuzuka Morita of the same name retells the story of the games with slight modifications, such as depicting Epitaphs as weapons instead of physical Avatars and a further exploration Haseo's background who gains a new armor. It is composed of a total of four volumes published by Kadokawa Shoten between April 1, 2007 and August 1, 2008. Tokyopop published the novels in North America between February 10, 2009 and April 26, 2011. Cyberconnect2 also produced \".hack//G.U. Trilogy\", a computer animated film adaptation of the games that takes numerous liberties with the story. The film was first screened in Japan in a Tokyo theater in December 2007. Bandai Visual later released it in DVD and Blu-ray format on March 25, 2008. In May 2011, Bandai Entertainment announced that they licensed the film for an English release but only with Japanese audio accompanied by English subtitles on August 18, 2009. Following the closure of Bandai Entertainment, Funimation announced at SDCC 2013, that they have acquired 4 .hack title including G.U. trilogy. \nThe games' sequel is \".hack//Link\", a PlayStation Portable game that takes place three years in the future with a new version of \"The World\".", "title": ".hack//G.U." }, { "docid": "2392479#33", "text": "\".hack//G.U. Game Music O.S.T.\" and \".hack//G.U. Game Music O.S.T. 2\" are the soundtracks for the \".hack//G.U.\" games. The former contains 62 compositions from \"Rebirth\" while the latter contains 58 compositions from \"Reminisce\" and \"Redemption\". Both soundtracks come with a third disc with special features, such as game trailers, desktop wallpapers, and voice clips. Chikayo Fukuda composed the music for the series, as well as for the previous set of \".hack\" games. Singer Mitani Tomoyo contributed for the three games by singing each of their main themes. Patrick Gann of RPGFan commended Fukuda's more mature sound, noting a greater emphasis on vocal tracks than before. He praised the use of piano as a key instrument and found this soundtrack to be more memorable overall. Gann also appreciated the wide variety of styles from \"silly character themes\" and \"rock-hard battle themes\" to \"beautiful piano solos\".", "title": ".hack//G.U." }, { "docid": "2392479#2", "text": "Critical reception to the games has been lukewarm with reviewers commenting on how the developers dealt with the issues regarding the previous \".hack\" games and the execution of the storyline across the three titles. The first game got higher scores, critics praised the addition of new gameplay features while parts from the story have been labeled as fillers. A remastered trilogy, \".hack//G.U. Last Recode\", was released for the PlayStation 4 and Microsoft Windows. It was released in Japan on November 1, 2017 and was released in North America and Europe on November 3, 2017, making it the first time the \"//G.U.\" series was released in Europe.", "title": ".hack//G.U." }, { "docid": "1834899#17", "text": "\"Zork I\"s sales surprised Infocom by rising, not falling, over time; many dealers sold the game as an essential accessory to those purchasing new computers, including the DEC Rainbow, TI Professional, and others that most people did not see as game machines. It was the best-selling game of 1982, with 32,000 copies sold by the first half of that year; almost 100,000 copies in 1983; more than 150,000 copies in 1984, comprising more than 20% of Infocom's sales that year; and a total of 378,987 copies by 1986. \"InfoWorld\" reported in April 1984 that \"Zork I\" \"has returned to the top of the sales charts two years after its release\". Based on sales and market-share data, \"Video\" listed it fifth on the magazine's list of best selling video games in both February and March 1985, and \"II Computing\" listed \"Zork I\" fourth on the magazine's overall list of top Apple II software as of October–November 1985, and first on the games list.", "title": "Zork I" }, { "docid": "1697158#5", "text": "SSI sold 27,110 copies of \"Dungeon Hack\". \"Computer Gaming World\"s Scorpia in 1994 liked the game's flexibility and inclusion of all \"AD&D\" 2nd Edition character classes, and found that \"a 10-15 level dungeon is probably the best\". She concluded that \"in spite of some weak points, \"Dungeon Hack\" delivers what it promises: the chance to create your own, specially-designed, hack-n-slash paradise\". The game got 3 out of 5 stars in \"Dragon\".", "title": "Dungeon Hack" }, { "docid": "51708172#2", "text": "Around July 2016, account names and passwords for about 200 million Yahoo! accounts were presented for sale on the darknet market site, \"TheRealDeal\". The seller, known as \"Peace_of_Mind\" or simply \"Peace\", stated in confidential interviews with \"Vice\" and \"Wired\", that he had had the data for some time and had been selling it privately since about late 2015. Peace has previously been connected to sales of similar private information data from other hacks including that from the 2012 LinkedIn hack. Peace stated the data likely dates back to 2012, and security experts believed it may have been parts of other data hacks at that time; while some of the sample accounts were still active, they lacked necessary information to fully login properly, reflecting their age. Experts believe that Peace is only a broker of the information that hackers obtain and sell through him. Yahoo! stated they were aware of the data and were evaluating it, cautioning users about the situation but did not reset account passwords at that time.", "title": "Yahoo! data breaches" }, { "docid": "265408#9", "text": "\"The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy\" was very successful. It sold 59,000 copies in 1984—in second place among Infocom games after \"Zork I\"—and with 166,000 copies it was the company's best-selling title in 1985, more than twice as many as \"Wishbringer\". Based on sales and market-share data, \"Video\" magazine listed the game fourth on its list of best selling video games in February 1985, and third on the best seller list in March 1985, with \"II Computing\" listing it sixth on the magazine's list of top Apple II games as of October–November 1985. Its sales had surpassed 250,000 copies by November 1989. \"Hitchhiker\" ultimately sold 400,000 copies, and was one of the best-selling titles of its time.", "title": "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (video game)" }, { "docid": "41959688#0", "text": "Winfield Toll Bridge, also known as the Ross Booth Memorial Bridge, is a historic three-span cantilever Warren Truss bridge located at Winfield and Red House, Putnam County, West Virginia. It was built in 1955, and spans the Kanawha River, carrying West Virginia Route 34. The cantilever through-truss consists of two anchor spans each 245 feet in length and the main span 462 feet in length between pier center lines. The main span consists of two 128 feet, 4 inch, cantilever arms and a 205 feet, 4 inch, suspended span.", "title": "Winfield Toll Bridge" } ]

[ { "docid": "297151#0", "text": "The Kingdom of Romania () was a constitutional monarchy at the crossroads of Eastern and Southeastern Europe which existed from 1881, when prince Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen was crowned as King Carol I of Romania, until 1947, when King Michael I of Romania abdicated and the Parliament proclaimed Romania a republic.", "title": "Kingdom of Romania" }, { "docid": "297157#11", "text": "By 1947, Romania remained the only monarchy in the Eastern Bloc. On 30 December that year, Michael was at his palace in Sinaia when Groza and Gheorghiu-Dej summoned him back to Bucharest. They presented him with a pretyped instrument of abdication and demanded that he sign it. With pro-Communist troops surrounding his palace and his telephone lines cut, Michael was forced to sign the document. Hours later, Parliament abolished the monarchy and proclaimed Romania a People's Republic. In February 1948, the Communists forced what remained of the Social Democrats to merge with them to form the Romanian Workers' Party. However, the few remaining independent-minded Socialists were soon pushed out, and the merged party was the PCR with a new name. Meanwhile, most non-Communist politicians had either been imprisoned or fled into exile.", "title": "Socialist Republic of Romania" }, { "docid": "297151#1", "text": "From 1859 to 1877, Romania evolved from a personal union of two vassal principalities (Moldavia and Wallachia) under a single prince to an autonomous principality with a Hohenzollern monarchy. The country gained its independence from the Ottoman Empire during the 1877–1878 Russo-Turkish War (known locally as the Romanian War of Independence), when it also received Northern Dobruja in exchange for the southern part of Bessarabia. The kingdom’s territory during the reign of King Carol I, between 14 March (O.S.) 1881 and 27 September (O.S.) 1914 is sometimes referred as the Romanian Old Kingdom, to distinguish it from ″Greater Romania″, which included the provinces that became part of the state after World War I (Bessarabia, Bukovina and Transylvania). With the exception of the southern halves of Bukovina and Transylvania, these territories were ceded to neighboring countries in 1940, under the pressure of Nazi Germany or the Soviet Union. Following a disastrous World War II campaign on the side of the Axis powers and name change (Legionary Romania), Romania joined the Allies in 1944, recovering Northern Transylvania. The influence of the neighboring Soviet Union and the policies followed by Communist-dominated coalition governments ultimately led to the abolition of the monarchy, with Romania becoming a People's Republic on the last day of 1947.", "title": "Kingdom of Romania" } ]

[ { "docid": "2069669#52", "text": "In a July 2013 survey about a potential restoration of monarchy in Romania, 19% of respondents gave Margareta as their favorite, while 29.9% supported her father. 48.1% said they did not know or did not answer.\nIn December 2017, on the backdrop of the increased capital of trust in the Royal House of Romania, re-emerging with the death of King Michael, the executive chairman of the ruling Social Democratic Party Nicolae Bădălau said that one could organize a referendum on the transition to the monarchical ruling form, arguing that \"it is not a bad thing, considering that the countries that have the monarchs are developed countries\", being a project of the future. At the same time, the leader of the coalition party and the president of the Senate of Romania, Călin Popescu Tăriceanu, reinforced this idea, claiming that he is a convinced monarchist and \"Constitutional monarchy has the advantage of placing the monarch over political games, case: the president, instead of being an arbitrator, prefers to be a player. \"", "title": "Margareta of Romania" }, { "docid": "297151#25", "text": "The resulting \"Greater Romania\" did not survive World War II. Until 1938, Romania's governments maintained the form, if not always the substance, of a liberal constitutional monarchy. The National Liberal Party, dominant in the years immediately after World War I, became increasingly clientelist and nationalist, and in 1927 was supplanted in power by the National Peasants' Party. Between 1930 and 1940 there were over 25 separate governments; on several occasions in the last few years before World War II, the rivalry between the fascist Iron Guard and other political groupings approached the level of a civil war.", "title": "Kingdom of Romania" }, { "docid": "297149#2", "text": "The unsuccessful Tudor Vladimirescu's rebellion in 1821 was followed by the Revolutions of 1848 in Moldavia, Wallachia, and Transylvania which sought complete independence for the first two and national emancipation in the third. These goals were unfulfilled, but were the basis of the subsequent revolutions.\nThe Great Powers did not support the Romanian elites' expressed desire to unite in a single state, forcing Romania to proceed alone against the Turks. The electors in both Moldavia and Wallachia chose the same person – Alexandru Ioan Cuza – as prince (\"Domnitor\" in Romanian). Thus, Romania was created as a personal union, albeit a Romania that didn't include Transylvania, where Romanian nationalism inevitably ran up against Hungarian nationalism. For some time yet, Austria-Hungary, especially under the Dual Monarchy of 1867, would keep the Hungarians firmly in control, even though in Transylvania Romanians constituted an absolute majority.", "title": "National awakening of Romania" }, { "docid": "206246#19", "text": "In a referendum in Brazil in 1993, voters rejected an attempt to restore the country's monarchy. Unsuccessful efforts to restore the monarchies of some of the Balkan states in the former Eastern Bloc continue. Former King Michael of Romania and Prince Alexander of Serbia have been allowed to return, gained some popularity, played largely apolitical public roles, but never came close to being restored to their ancestral thrones. However, in Bulgaria, Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, who was deposed from the Bulgarian throne in 1946, was elected and recently served as the Prime Minister of his country from 2001 to 2005. The only formerly socialist country to have held a referendum on the monarchy was Albania where the claimant to his father's throne, the self-styled Leka I, lost by a huge margin.", "title": "Abolition of monarchy" }, { "docid": "154671#25", "text": "During the Easter Rising in Dublin in 1916, some republican leaders, including Patrick Pearse and Joseph Plunkett, contemplated giving the throne of an independent Ireland to Prince Joachim of Prussia. While they were not in favour of a monarchy in itself, Pearse and Plunkett thought that if the rising were successful and Germany won the First World War, they would insist on an independent Ireland being a monarchy with a German prince as king, in the same way as Romania and Bulgaria. The fact that Joachim did not speak English was also considered an advantage, as he might be more disposed to learning and promoting the use of the Irish language. In his memoirs, Desmond FitzGerald wrote:\nErnest Blythe recalls that in January 1915 he heard Plunkett and Thomas MacDonagh express support for the idea at an Irish Volunteers meeting. No objections were made by anyone and Bulmer Hobson was among the attendees. Blythe himself said he found the idea \"immensely attractive\".", "title": "Monarchy of Ireland" }, { "docid": "1231298#3", "text": "The 1866 Constitution of Romania proclaimed constitutional monarchy as Romania's form of government, on the basis of national sovereignty and the separation of powers. Legislative power was to be exercised by the new Prince (Carol I of Romania) and a bi-cameral parliament, with an Assembly of Deputies and a Senate.", "title": "Senate of Romania" }, { "docid": "38780105#6", "text": "He also insisted, despite his leading position in the federal faction of the Romanian aristocracy and as Governor of Bukovina, that all citizens had the right to freely exercise their own religion and culture, and to have their mother tongue recognized, but always under the auspices of the Habsburg monarchy and the leadership of the Emperor. After the Kingdom of Romania was founded in 1881, Alexander proved to be a resolute opponent of the growing number of proponents for a connection of the Bucovina with Romania. In his opening speech as governor given in German language in the Bukovina Parliament on July 22, 1884, he called on all parliamentarians, to proceed unanimously in upholding provincial autonomy within the concept of an Austrian state. He also campaigned for the legal recognition of the German, Romanian and Ruthenian languages, stressing that the German language was the common bond of all the peoples in the monarchy. These have evolved historically and factually as the only official language, and is therefore to be ruled by them. He was considered an early pioneer of the idea of a United Europe of Nations.", "title": "Alexander Wassilko von Serecki" } ]

[ { "docid": "1667346#0", "text": "Dom Pérignon (; ) is a brand of vintage Champagne produced by the Champagne house Moët & Chandon and serves as that house's prestige champagne. It is named after Dom Pérignon, a Benedictine monk who was an important quality pioneer for Champagne wine but who, contrary to popular myths, did not discover the champagne method for making sparkling wines.", "title": "Dom Pérignon" } ]

[ { "docid": "2246480#2", "text": "Residents say that this avenue is the most expensive in the world, more so than the Champs-Élysées in Paris, because of the millions of bottles of champagne stored in the kilometres of chalk cellars beneath it.", "title": "Avenue de Champagne" }, { "docid": "59509649#0", "text": "Alexander Amosu (born 21 June 1975) is a British/Nigerian luxury designer and entrepreneur. He was named by Guinness World Records for creating the world's most expensive suit. His 240,000 Pounds Diamond Encrusted BlackBerry Curve 8900 is ranked the world’s most expensive blackberry. He is also credited with producing the worlds's most expensive champagne. He has created exclusive luxury phone designs for Motorola, BlackBerry, Apple and Samsung.", "title": "Alexander Amosu" }, { "docid": "482510#4", "text": "\"Cuvée du Centenaire\" (\"Centennial Edition\") was first released in limited quantities in 1927 to commemorate the 100th anniversary. It is made with up to 25-year-old fine cognacs and is consumed neat. It is more expensive, at about US$145 per bottle.The \"Cuvée Spéciale Cent Cinquantenaire\" (\"Special Sesquicentennial Edition\") was created in 1977 to honor the 150th anniversary of the brand, and is currently the most expensive variety of Grand Marnier. It is made with up to 50-year-old cognacs in frosted glass bottles featuring hand-painted Art Nouveau decorations. In 2005 it was marketed with the slogan \"Hard to find, impossible to pronounce, and prohibitively expensive.\"Cuvée Louis-Alexandre Marnier-Lapostolle is a special selection of cognacs taken from the best known districts (Grande Champagne, Petite Champagne, Borderies, Fins Bois and Bons Bois) and aged at length in oak casks. It is only available in duty-free shops in Canada and France and liquor stores in Quebec, Canada, and the Netherlands.", "title": "Grand Marnier" }, { "docid": "223504#17", "text": "Until 2005, three tiny parcels of ungrafted Pinot noir that escaped phylloxera were used to produce Bollinger Vieilles Vignes Françaises, one of the rarest and most expensive Champagnes available. In 2004, one of the parcels, Croix Rouge in Bouzy, finally succumbed to phylloxera and was replanted with grafted rootstock.", "title": "Phylloxera" }, { "docid": "143177#18", "text": "Blending is the hallmark of Champagne wine, with most Champagnes being the assembled product of several vineyards and vintages. In Champagne there are over 19,000 vineyard owners, only 5,000 of which are owned by Champagne producers. The rest sell their grapes to the various Champagne houses, \"negociants\" and co-operatives. The grapes, most commonly Chardonnay, Pinot noir and Pinot meunier, are used to make several base wines that are assembled together to make Champagne. Each grape adds its own unique imprint to the result. Chardonnay is prized for its finesse and aging ability. Pinot noir adds body and fruit while Pinot meunier contributes substantially to the aroma, adding fruit and floral notes. The majority of Champagnes produced are non-vintage (or rather, multi-vintage) blends. Vintage Champagne, often a house's most prestigious and expensive wine, is also produced, but only in years when the producers feel that the grapes have the complexity and richness to warrant it.", "title": "Sparkling wine" }, { "docid": "3460750#44", "text": "On 17 November 2010, the local government of the Åland Islands announced that most of the bottles were to be auctioned off. A bottle of nearly 200-year-old Veuve Clicquot broke the record for the most expensive champagne ever sold. In 2011, a bidder paid €30,000 for one of them found in the Baltic Sea.", "title": "Veuve Clicquot" }, { "docid": "53754#27", "text": "Most of the Champagne produced today is \"Non-vintage\", meaning that it is a blended product of grapes from multiple vintages. Most of the base will be from a single year vintage with producers blending anywhere from 10–15% (even as high as 40%) of wine from older vintages. If the conditions of a particular vintage are favourable, some producers will make a vintage wine that must be composed of 100% of the grapes from that vintage year. Under Champagne wine regulations, houses that make both vintage and non-vintage wines are allowed to use no more than 80% of the total vintage's harvest for the production of vintage Champagne. This allows at least 20% of the harvest from each vintage to be reserved for use in non-vintage Champagne. This ensures a consistent style that consumers can expect from non-vintage Champagne that does not alter too radically depending on the quality of the vintage. In less than ideal vintages, some producers will produce a wine from only that single vintage and still label it as non-vintage rather than as \"vintage\" since the wine will be of lesser quality and the producers have little desire to reserve the wine for future blending.", "title": "Champagne" }, { "docid": "50532103#9", "text": "The champagne brand was established in 2012. It is listed in several international hotel chains. Since 2015 Champagne Papis gained a large demand in the Asian market. The renowned wine magazine Falstaff evaluated the quality of the champagne, in the course of a blind tasting by a professional jury, and honored it with 90 points. In a further explanation the magazine categorized Champagne Papis as “Excellent champagne, among the best of the year”. Currently the sorts Champagne Papis brut “black edition” and Champagne Papis rosé are available in the market.", "title": "Papis Loveday" }, { "docid": "53754#7", "text": "The Champagne winemaking community, under the auspices of the (CIVC), has developed a comprehensive set of rules and regulations for all wine produced in the region to protect its economic interests. They include codification of the most suitable growing places; the most suitable grape types (most Champagne is a blend of up to three grape varieties, though other varieties are allowed); and a lengthy set of requirements specifying most aspects of viticulture. This includes pruning, vineyard yield, the degree of pressing, and the time that wine must remain on its lees before bottling. It can also limit the release of Champagne to market to maintain prices. Only when a wine meets these requirements may it be labelled Champagne. The rules agreed upon by the CIVC are submitted for the final approval of the (formerly the \"\", INAO).", "title": "Champagne" }, { "docid": "20718139#17", "text": "Throughout most of the 19th century Champagne was made sweet. The taste was pleasing to most wine drinkers and the added sugar helped winemakers to cover up flaws in the wine or poor quality from less desirable grapes. Champagne houses would use the dosage to tailor the sweetness to whatever style was in fashion in a particular market. The Russians preferred the sweetest level with as much as 250–330 grams of sugar added. Scandinavia was next at around 200 grams followed by France at 165 grams, Germany with slightly more, and the United States preferring between 110–165 grams. The English preferred the driest style at 22–66 grams of sugar. Gradually tastes developed to favor less sweetness and higher overall quality in the Champagne. The first slightly dry Champagne to emerged was labeled \"demi-sec\" or \"half dry\". The success of those wines prompted the introduction of \"sec\" or \"dry\" wines. Other producers made wines with even less sugar and began to call these wines \"extra dry\". In 1846, the Champagne house Perrier-Jouët introduced a wine that was made without any added sugar. This style was initially ill-received with critics calling this wine too severe, or brute-like. But over the next generation, this \"brut\" style with significantly less sugar than wines labeled \"extra dry\" became the fashion for Champagne and today is the modern style that the majority of Champagne is made in.", "title": "History of Champagne" }, { "docid": "1667346#4", "text": "Until the 1943 vintage, Dom Pérignon was produced from regular vintage Moët & Chandon Champagne that was transferred to the special 18th century-style bottles after extended cellaring. It was, thus, effectively an \"\"oenothèque\"\" release of Moët & Chandon Vintage Champagne in a different bottle. From the 1947 vintage, Dom Pérignon has been produced separately from the start.", "title": "Dom Pérignon" }, { "docid": "1667346#1", "text": "Dom Pérignon (1638–1715) was a monk and cellar master at the Benedictine abbey in Hautvillers. He pioneered a number of winemaking techniques around 1670—being the first to blend grapes in such a way as to improve the quality of wines, balance one element with another in order to make a better whole, and deal with a number of their imperfections; perfecting the art of producing clear white wines from black grapes by clever manipulation of the presses; enhancing the tendency of Champagne wines to retain their natural sugar in order to naturally induce secondary fermentation in the spring; being a master at deciding when to bottle these wines in order to capture the bubble. He also introduced corks (instead of wood), which were fastened to bottles with hemp string soaked in oil in order to keep the wines fresh and sparkling, and used thicker glass in order to strengthen the bottles (which were prone to explode at that time). The development of sparkling wines as the main style of production in Champagne occurred progressively in the 19th century, more than a century after Dom Pérignon's death.", "title": "Dom Pérignon" } ]

[ { "docid": "380741#2", "text": "\"Pysanka\" is often taken to mean any type of decorated egg, but it specifically refers to an egg created by the written-wax batik method and utilizing traditional folk motifs and designs. Several other types of decorated eggs are seen in Ukrainian tradition, and these vary throughout the regions of Ukraine.", "title": "Pysanka" }, { "docid": "380741#0", "text": "A pysanka (, plural: \"pysanky\") is a Ukrainian Easter egg, decorated with traditional Ukrainian folk designs using a wax-resist method. The word \"pysanka\" comes from the verb \"pysaty\", \"to write\" or \"to in scribe\", as the designs are not painted on, but written (inscribed) with beeswax.", "title": "Pysanka" }, { "docid": "57352628#14", "text": "Pysanka is a symbol of the sun; life, his immortality; love and beauty; spring renewal; the good, happiness, joy. Every ornamental motif has a certain sacral meaning. They all together shape the painted prayer about consent and peace between people. In the Christian culture of Ukrainians, pysanka has become a symbol of resurrection. There is a Ukrainian saying: \"As long as people paint pysanky, there will be love in the world\".", "title": "Symbols of Ukrainian people" } ]

[ { "docid": "380741#28", "text": "Pysanky are typically made to be given to family members and respected outsiders. To give a pysanka is to give a symbolic gift of life, which is why the egg must remain whole. Furthermore, the design, a combination of the motifs and colors on a traditional folk pysanka, has a deep, symbolic meaning. Traditionally, a pysanka given with its symbolic meaning in mind, be it wishes of protection, fecundity, or love. Typically, pysanky were displayed prominently in a public room of the house.", "title": "Pysanka" }, { "docid": "380741#56", "text": "Scevomorphic designs are the second-largest group of designs, and are representations of man-made agricultural objects. These symbols are very common, as Ukraine was a highly agricultural society, and drew many of its positive images from field and farm. Some of these symbols are actually related to agriculture; others have older meanings, but were renamed in more recent times based on their appearance.", "title": "Pysanka" }, { "docid": "380741#64", "text": "Birds were almost always shown in full profile, stylized, but with characteristic features of the species. Partial representations of some birds––mostly domestic fowl––are often seen on pysanky. Bird parts (eyes, feet, beaks, combs, feathers) are said carry the same meaning as the entire bird. Thus hen's feet represent fertility and the rooster's comb signifies masculinity.", "title": "Pysanka" }, { "docid": "380741#67", "text": "Another ancient symbol is that of the змія or serpent, the ancient god of water and earth. The serpent could be depicted in several ways: as an \"S\" or sigma, as a curl or spiral, or as a wave. When depicted as a sigma, the zmiya often wears a crown. Depictions of the serpent can be found on Neolithic Trypillian pottery. The serpent symbol on a \"pysanka\" is said to bring protection from catastrophe. Spirals were particularly strong talismans, as an evil spirit, upon entering the house, would be drawn into the spiral and trapped there.", "title": "Pysanka" }, { "docid": "380741#36", "text": "Geometric symbols used quite commonly on pysanky today. The triangle is said to symbolize the Holy Trinity; in ancient times it symbolized other trinities: the elements of air, fire and water, the family (man, woman and child) or the cycle of life (birth, life, and death). Diamonds, a type of quadrilateral, are sometimes said to symbolize knowledge. Curls/spirals are ancient symbols of the Zmiya/Serpent, and are said to have a meaning of defense or protection. The spiral is said to be protective against the \"нечиста сила\"; an evil spirit which happens to enter a house will be drawn into the spiral and trapped there. Dots, which can represent seeds, stars or cuckoo birds’ eggs (a symbol of spring), are popularly said to be the tears of the blessed Virgin. Hearts are also sometimes seen, and, as in other cultures, they represent love.", "title": "Pysanka" }, { "docid": "380741#63", "text": "Birds were considered the harbingers of spring, thus they were a commonplace pysanka motif. Birds of all kinds are the messengers of the sun and heaven. Birds are always shown perched, at rest, never flying (except for swallows and, in more recent times, white doves carrying letters). Roosters are symbols of masculinity, or the coming of dawn, and hens represent fertility.", "title": "Pysanka" }, { "docid": "380741#61", "text": "Horses were popular ornaments because they symbolized strength and endurance, as well as wealth and prosperity. They also had a second meaning as a sun symbol: in some versions of pagan mythology, the sun was drawn across the sky by the steeds of Dazhboh, the sun god. Similarly, deer designs were fairly common as they were intended to bring prosperity and long life; in other versions of the myth, it was the stag who carried the sun across the sky on his antlers. Rams are symbols of leadership, strength, dignity, and perseverance.", "title": "Pysanka" } ]

[ { "docid": "16270701#13", "text": "Several solutions have been proposed to explain the calm weather on Uranus. One proposed explanation for this dearth of cloud features is that Uranus's internal heat appears markedly lower than that of the other giant planets; in astronomical terms, it has a low internal thermal flux. Why Uranus's heat flux is so low is still not understood. Neptune, which is Uranus's near twin in size and composition, radiates 2.61 times as much energy into space as it receives from the Sun. Uranus, by contrast, radiates hardly any excess heat at all. The total power radiated by Uranus in the far infrared (i.e. heat) part of the spectrum is times the solar energy absorbed in its atmosphere. In fact, Uranus's heat flux is only  W/m², which is lower than the internal heat flux of Earth of about 0.075 W/m². The lowest temperature recorded in Uranus's tropopause is 49 K (−224 °C), making Uranus the coldest planet in the Solar System, colder than Neptune.", "title": "Climate of Uranus" } ]

[ { "docid": "44475#27", "text": "Uranus's internal heat appears markedly lower than that of the other giant planets; in astronomical terms, it has a low thermal flux. Why Uranus's internal temperature is so low is still not understood. Neptune, which is Uranus's near twin in size and composition, radiates 2.61 times as much energy into space as it receives from the Sun, but Uranus radiates hardly any excess heat at all. The total power radiated by Uranus in the far infrared (i.e. heat) part of the spectrum is times the solar energy absorbed in its atmosphere. Uranus's heat flux is only , which is lower than the internal heat flux of Earth of about . The lowest temperature recorded in Uranus's tropopause is , making Uranus the coldest planet in the Solar System.", "title": "Uranus" }, { "docid": "44475#31", "text": "The troposphere is the lowest and densest part of the atmosphere and is characterised by a decrease in temperature with altitude. The temperature falls from about at the base of the nominal troposphere at −300 km to at 50 km. The temperatures in the coldest upper region of the troposphere (the tropopause) actually vary in the range between depending on planetary latitude. The tropopause region is responsible for the vast majority of Uranus's thermal far infrared emissions, thus determining its effective temperature of .", "title": "Uranus" }, { "docid": "19003265#35", "text": "Neptune's more varied weather when compared to Uranus is due in part to its higher internal heating. Although Neptune lies over 50% farther from the Sun than Uranus, and receives only 40% its amount of sunlight, the two planets' surface temperatures are roughly equal. The upper regions of Neptune's troposphere reach a low temperature of . At a depth where the atmospheric pressure equals , the temperature is . Deeper inside the layers of gas, the temperature rises steadily. As with Uranus, the source of this heating is unknown, but the discrepancy is larger: Uranus only radiates 1.1 times as much energy as it receives from the Sun; whereas Neptune radiates about 2.61 times as much energy as it receives from the Sun. Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun, yet its internal energy is sufficient to drive the fastest planetary winds seen in the Solar System. Depending on the thermal properties of its interior, the heat left over from Neptune's formation may be sufficient to explain its current heat flow, though it is more difficult to simultaneously explain Uranus's lack of internal heat while preserving the apparent similarity between the two planets.", "title": "Neptune" }, { "docid": "13062770#0", "text": "The atmosphere of Uranus is composed primarily of hydrogen and helium. At depth it is significantly enriched in volatiles (dubbed \"ices\") such as water, ammonia and methane. The opposite is true for the upper atmosphere, which contains very few gases heavier than hydrogen and helium due to its low temperature. Uranus's atmosphere is the coldest of all the planets, with its temperature reaching as low as 49 K.", "title": "Atmosphere of Uranus" }, { "docid": "44475#34", "text": "The outermost layer of the Uranian atmosphere is the thermosphere and corona, which has a uniform temperature around 800 to 850 K. The heat sources necessary to sustain such a high level are not understood, as neither the solar UV nor the auroral activity can provide the necessary energy to maintain these temperatures. The weak cooling efficiency due to the lack of hydrocarbons in the stratosphere above 0.1 mBar pressure level may contribute too. In addition to molecular hydrogen, the thermosphere-corona contains many free hydrogen atoms. Their small mass and high temperatures explain why the corona extends as far as , or two Uranian radii, from its surface. This extended corona is a unique feature of Uranus. Its effects include a drag on small particles orbiting Uranus, causing a general depletion of dust in the Uranian rings. The Uranian thermosphere, together with the upper part of the stratosphere, corresponds to the ionosphere of Uranus. Observations show that the ionosphere occupies altitudes from . The Uranian ionosphere is denser than that of either Saturn or Neptune, which may arise from the low concentration of hydrocarbons in the stratosphere. The ionosphere is mainly sustained by solar UV radiation and its density depends on the solar activity. Auroral activity is insignificant as compared to Jupiter and Saturn.", "title": "Uranus" }, { "docid": "44475#39", "text": "At ultraviolet and visible wavelengths, Uranus's atmosphere is bland in comparison to the other giant planets, even to Neptune, which it otherwise closely resembles. When \"Voyager 2\" flew by Uranus in 1986, it observed a total of ten cloud features across the entire planet. One proposed explanation for this dearth of features is that Uranus's internal heat appears markedly lower than that of the other giant planets. The lowest temperature recorded in Uranus's tropopause is , making Uranus the coldest planet in the Solar System.", "title": "Uranus" }, { "docid": "51353697#1", "text": "Uranus – seventh planet from the Sun. It has the third-largest planetary radius and fourth-largest planetary mass in the Solar System. Uranus is similar in composition to Neptune, and both have different bulk chemical composition from that of the larger gas giants Jupiter and Saturn. For this reason, scientists often classify Uranus and Neptune as \"ice giants\" to distinguish them from the gas giants. Uranus's atmosphere is similar to Jupiter's and Saturn's in its primary composition of hydrogen and helium, but it contains more \"ices\" such as water, ammonia, and methane, along with traces of other hydrocarbons. It is the coldest planetary atmosphere in the Solar System, with a minimum temperature of , and has a complex, layered cloud structure with water thought to make up the lowest clouds and methane the uppermost layer of clouds. The interior of Uranus is mainly composed of ice and rock.\nHistory of Uranus", "title": "Outline of Uranus" }, { "docid": "44475#0", "text": "Uranus (from the Latin name \"Ūranus\" for the Greek god Οὐρανός) is the seventh planet from the Sun. It has the third-largest planetary radius and fourth-largest planetary mass in the Solar System. Uranus is similar in composition to Neptune, and both have bulk chemical compositions which differ from that of the larger gas giants Jupiter and Saturn. For this reason, scientists often classify Uranus and Neptune as \"ice giants\" to distinguish them from the gas giants. Uranus' atmosphere is similar to Jupiter's and Saturn's in its primary composition of hydrogen and helium, but it contains more \"ices\" such as water, ammonia, and methane, along with traces of other hydrocarbons. It is the coldest planetary atmosphere in the Solar System, with a minimum temperature of , and has a complex, layered cloud structure with water thought to make up the lowest clouds and methane the uppermost layer of clouds. The interior of Uranus is mainly composed of ices and rock.", "title": "Uranus" }, { "docid": "13062770#4", "text": "Although there is no well-defined solid surface within Uranus's interior, the outermost part of Uranus's gaseous envelope (the region accessible to remote sensing) is called its atmosphere. Remote sensing capability extends down to roughly 300 km below the 1 bar level, with a corresponding pressure around 100 bar and temperature of 320 K.", "title": "Atmosphere of Uranus" } ]

[ { "docid": "7214400#0", "text": "Genoa is a town in Eastern Gippsland, Victoria, Australia. It is close to the New South Wales border where the Princes Highway crosses the Genoa River. The town is an important access point to the Croajingolong National Park. At the 2006 census, Genoa and the surrounding area had a population of 304.", "title": "Genoa, Victoria" }, { "docid": "47332321#6", "text": "The Saint George's flag (i.e. the flag depicting the saint) remained the main flag of Genoa at least until the 1280s. The flag now known as the \"St. George's Cross\" seems to have replaced it as Genoa's main flag at some point during the 14th century. The \"Book of Knowledge of All Kingdoms\" (c. 1385) shows it, inscribed with the word \"iustiçia\", and described as:\nThe city of Genoa covers an area of between the Ligurian Sea and the Apennine Mountains. The city stretches along the coast for about from the neighbourhood of Voltri to Nervi, and for from the coast to the north along the valleys Polcevera and Bisagno. The territory of Genoa is popularly divided into 5 main zones: the centre, the west, the east, the Polcevera and the Bisagno Valley.", "title": "Genoa" } ]

[ { "docid": "30872779#33", "text": "Genoa CFC has the bulk of its fans in Liguria, however they are also popular in Piedmont and the Aosta Valley. The seafaring traditions of the Genoese and the presence of Genoese communities in distant countries did much to spread the appeal of Genoa some further than just Italy, and immigrants founded fan clubs in Buenos Aires, Amsterdam, Tokyo, Toronto, New York, San Francisco, Barcelona, Iceland and other places.\nThe most significant and traditional rivalry for Genoa, is the inner-city one with the club with whom they share a ground; Sampdoria. The two clubs compete together in the heated \"Derby della Lanterna\" (\"Derby of the Lantern\"); a reference to the Lighthouse of Genoa. Genoa's supporters also have a strong distaste for AC Milan. A clash between opposing supporters in January 1995 resulted in the death of Genoese Vincenzo Spagnolo, who was stabbed to death by Milanese Simone Barbaglia. The assailant was a member of an informal group of football hooligans dubbed \"The Barbour Ones\", who used to routinely carry bladed weapons to matches, a practice made possible by the lax security measures of the time.", "title": "Genoa C.F.C." }, { "docid": "47332321#2", "text": "Genoa, which forms the southern corner of the Milan-Turin-Genoa industrial triangle of Northwest Italy, is one of the country's major economic centers. The city has hosted massive shipyards and steelworks since the 19th century, and its solid financial sector dates back to the Middle Ages. The Bank of Saint George, founded in 1407, is among the oldest in the world and has played an important role in the city's prosperity since the middle of the 15th century. Today a number of leading Italian companies are based in the city, including Fincantieri, Selex ES, Ansaldo Energia, Ansaldo STS, Edoardo Raffinerie Garrone, Piaggio Aerospace, Mediterranean Shipping Company and Costa Cruises.", "title": "Genoa" }, { "docid": "38569018#3", "text": "For 2012–14, the Genoa Central Dragons compete in the 3A Region 7 East Conference under the administration of the Arkansas Activities Association (AAA). Interscholastic activities include football (boys/girls), cross country (boys/girls), basketball (boys/girls), baseball, softball, and track (boys/girls). Genoa Central has a fishing team that competes in events as part of the S.A.F. (Student Angler Federation) sponsored by The Bass Federation.Students at Genoa Central have the opportunity to participate in a variety of clubs and organizations including Beta Club, FBLA, FCCLA, Quiz Bowl, Student Council, and Yearbook.", "title": "Genoa Central High School" }, { "docid": "47332321#1", "text": "Located on the Gulf of Genoa in the Ligurian Sea, Genoa has historically been one of the most important ports on the Mediterranean: it is currently the busiest in Italy and in the Mediterranean Sea and twelfth-busiest in the European Union. Genoa has been nicknamed \"la Superba\" (\"the proud one\") due to its glorious past and impressive landmarks. Part of the old town of Genoa was inscribed on the World Heritage List (UNESCO) in 2006 as . The city's rich cultural history in art, music and cuisine allowed it to become the 2004 European Capital of Culture. It is the birthplace of Christopher Columbus, Andrea Doria, Niccolò Paganini, Giuseppe Mazzini, Renzo Piano and Grimaldo Canella, founder of the House of Grimaldi, among others.", "title": "Genoa" }, { "docid": "151310#0", "text": "Genoa City is a village located in Kenosha and Walworth Counties in the U.S. state of Wisconsin, south-southwest of Milwaukee. The population was 3,042 at the 2010 census. Of this, 3,036 were in Walworth County, and only 6 were in Kenosha County. It was named after Genoa, New York, which was named after Genoa in Italy.", "title": "Genoa City, Wisconsin" }, { "docid": "7377978#5", "text": "Before 1100, Genoa emerged as an independent city-state, one of a number of Italian city-states during this period. Nominally, the Holy Roman Emperor was sovereign and the Bishop of Genoa was head of state; however, actual power was wielded by a number of consuls annually elected by popular assembly. Genoa was one of the so-called \"Repubbliche Marinare\" along with Venice, Pisa, and Amalfi. Trade, shipbuilding, and banking helped support one of the largest and most powerful navies in the Mediterranean. There is an old saying that says: \"Genuensis ergo mercator\" which means \"Genoese therefore merchants\" but the Genoese were skilled sailors and ferocious warriors as well (see also the Genoese crossbowmen). In 1098, it is said the ashes of John the Baptist, now the patron saint of the city, arrived in Genoa. The Adorno, Campofregoso, and other smaller merchant families all fought for power in this republic, as the power of the consuls allowed each family faction to gain wealth and power in the city. The Republic of Genoa extended over modern Liguria, Piedmont, Sardinia (see also Pisan-Genoese expeditions to Sardinia), Corsica, and Nice, and had practically complete control of the Tyrrhenian Sea. Through Genoese participation on the Crusades, colonies were established in the Middle East, the Aegean Sea, Sicily, and Northern Africa. The cronista of the Genoese vicissitudes was Caffaro di Rustico da Caschifellone and the Hero and Military leader was Guglielmo Embriaco called \"Testadimaglio\" meaning \"mallet head\" (see also Siege of Jerusalem (1099)). Genoese Crusaders brought home a green glass goblet from the Levant (see also Holy Chalice), which the Genoese have long regarded as the Holy Grail. In his \"Golden Legend\", the Archbishop of Genoa, Jacobus de Voragine tells about the history of the Holy Grail. Not all of Genoa's merchandise was so innocuous, however, as medieval Genoa became a major player in the slave trade.", "title": "History of Genoa" }, { "docid": "2526324#0", "text": "The Genoa Economic and Financial Conference was a formal conclave of 34 nations held in Genoa, Italy from 10 April to 19 May 1922. It was planned by British prime minister David Lloyd George to resolve the major economic and political issues facing Europe, and to deal with the pariah nations of Germany and Russia, both of which had been excluded from the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. The conference was particularly interested in developing a strategy to rebuild defeated Germany, as well as central and eastern Europe, and to negotiate a relationship between European capitalist economies and the new Bolshevik regime in Soviet Russia. However Russia and Germany signed a separate agreement at Rapallo and the result at Genoa was a fiasco with few positive results. The conference did come up with a proposal for resuming the gold standard that was largely put in place by major countries.", "title": "Genoa Conference (1922)" }, { "docid": "559961#7", "text": "In 1390 Genoa initiated a crusade against the Barbary pirates with help from the French and laid siege to Mahdia. Though it has not been well-studied, the fifteenth century seems to have been a tumultuous time for Genoa. After a period of French domination from 1394–1409, Genoa came under rule by the Visconti of Milan. Genoa lost Sardinia to Aragon, Corsica to internal revolt and its Middle Eastern, Eastern European and Asia Minor colonies to the Turkish Ottoman Empire.\nGenoa was able to stabilize its position as it moved into the sixteenth century, particularly thanks to the efforts of Andrea Doria, who established a new constitution in 1528, making Genoa a satellite of the Spanish Empire. Under the ensuing economic recovery, many aristocratic Genoese families, such as the Balbi, Doria, Grimaldi, Pallavicini, and Serra, amassed tremendous fortunes. According to Felipe Fernandez-Armesto and others, the practices Genoa developed in the Mediterranean (such as chattel slavery) were crucial in the exploration and exploitation of the New World. Christopher Columbus, for example, was a native of Genoa and donated one-tenth of his income from the discovery of the Americas for Spain to the Bank of Saint George in Genoa for the relief of taxation on foods.", "title": "Republic of Genoa" }, { "docid": "559961#2", "text": "Before 1100, Genoa emerged as an independent city-state, one of a number of Italian city-states during this period. Nominally, the Holy Roman Emperor was overlord and the Bishop of Genoa was president of the city; however, actual power was wielded by a number of \"consuls\" annually elected by popular assembly. Genoa was one of the so-called \"Maritime Republics\" (\"Repubbliche Marinare\"), along with Venice, Pisa, and Amalfi and trade, shipbuilding and banking helped support one of the largest and most powerful navies in the Mediterranean.", "title": "Republic of Genoa" }, { "docid": "47332321#25", "text": "Genoa's third most important station is Genoa Sampierdarena, which serves the densely populated neighbourhood of Sampierdarena. 23 other local stations serve the other neighbourhoods on the 30-kilometre-long coast line from Nervi to Voltri and on the northern line through Bolzaneto and the Polcevera Valley.", "title": "Genoa" } ]

[ { "docid": "39665835#36", "text": "The foundation work for \"Xenoblade Chronicles X\" provided a base architecture upon which the staff were able to build for the next \"Xeno\" game for the Nintendo Switch, resulting in a far shorter development time than previous \"Xenoblade\" titles. The next game, titled \"Xenoblade Chronicles 2\" and released worldwide on December 1, 2017, acts as a thematic sequel to \"Xenoblade Chronicles\", shifting back to a story-driven approach after the focus on gameplay for \"Xenoblade Chronicles X\". Elma was released as a \"Blade\" or sentient weapon for the expansion pass of \"Xenoblade Chronicles 2\".", "title": "Xenoblade Chronicles X" }, { "docid": "57678529#0", "text": "Xenoblade Chronicles 2: Torna – The Golden Country is an expansion pack released for the 2017 action role-playing video game \"Xenoblade Chronicles 2\" released in September 2018 by Monolith Soft.", "title": "Xenoblade Chronicles 2: Torna – The Golden Country" }, { "docid": "52857364#14", "text": "The game was announced in January 2017 as part of Nintendo's detailed reveal of the Nintendo Switch, with a gameplay trailer being released on the same day. Similar to the original \"Xenoblade\", the title was announced as \"Xenoblade 2\" in Japan, but had \"Chronicles\" added to its name in English speaking regions. The game was also a part of Nintendo's presentation at E3 2017, where it was reconfirmed for release by the end of 2017. Like the original \"Xenoblade Chronicles\", Nintendo's European division took up the reins for the English localization, who regularly communicated with Nintendo's Japanese and American divisions about decisions that could prove controversial, something that was previously an issue with \"Xenoblade Chronicles X\". The game had a simultaneous worldwide launch on December 1, 2017, as the localization process took place during development rather than after it, unlike the first two games.", "title": "Xenoblade Chronicles 2" } ]

[ { "docid": "52882158#11", "text": "\"Xenoblade Chronicles\" sold nearly 200,000 units in Japan by the end of 2013. In a later interview, the game sold better in the west than it did in Japan. As of December 2015, \"Xenoblade Chronicles X\" sold roughly 377,000 units between Japan, France, and the United States. \"Xenoblade Chronicles 2\" sold 1.42 million copies as of June 2018, which became the best-selling title ever developed by Monolith Soft. Its sales performance exceeded the company's expectations in western territories. \"Xenoblade Chronicles 2: Torna – The Golden Country\" was also noted for surpassing their sales expectations in Japan as well.", "title": "Xenoblade Chronicles" }, { "docid": "38309736#11", "text": "Near the release date of \"Xenoblade Chronicles X,\" Takahashi stated that, if he were given the opportunity to make another game in the \"Xenoblade\" series, he would hope to create another traditional JRPG-style video game similar to \"Xenoblade Chronicles\". He stated that he hoped to continue the series by exploring many different settings instead of being confined to a specific genre. He also stated that he would like to use the core system set up in \"Xenoblade Chronicles X\" to further expand on the story and thematic elements for their next project. Two years later, \"Xenoblade Chronicles 2\" was released which returned to the story-driven JRPG style found in \"Xenoblade Chronicles\".", "title": "Xeno (series)" }, { "docid": "838263#12", "text": "During the last development stages of \"Xenoblade Chronicles X\", Monolith Soft began work on a new \"Xenoblade\" title for the Nintendo Switch. Titled \"Xenoblade Chronicles 2\", the game returned to the story-driven structure of \"Xenoblade Chronicles\" while building upon the gameplay and technology of \"Xenoblade Chronicles X\". One of the game's story prototypes was later turned into an expansion titled \"\", released in 2018. In addition to this, Monolith Soft also began development of a new fantasy-themed IP, hiring new staff for the project. The company opened new studios in Nakameguro and Iidabashi during 2017 and 2018. The 1st Production team, known for their work on the \"Xenoblade Chronicles\" series, started hiring staff for development of a new RPG project.", "title": "Monolith Soft" }, { "docid": "39665835#14", "text": "\"Xenoblade Chronicles X\" was developed by Japanese development company Monolith Soft, with Tetsuya Takahashi forming the original concept and serving as the game's executive director. Following the completion of \"Xenoblade Chronicles\" for the Wii in 2011, Takahashi approached Nintendo producer Hitoshi Yamagami and asked if he could develop a new science fiction-themed role-playing game built upon the systems of \"Xenoblade Chronicles\". Yamagami and Nintendo were willing, and talks turned towards what Takahashi and Monolith Soft could do on Nintendo's Wii U console. \"Xenoblade Chronicles\" directors Genki Yokota of Nintendo and Koh Kojima of Monolith Soft returning in their original roles. The producers were Shingo Kawabata of Monolith Soft and Hitoshi Yamagami of Nintendo. Discussions about how to realize \"Xenoblade Chronicle X\" went on for around six months. While planned for release early in the Wii U's life cycle, the planned release date was pushed forward due to development issues. They later commented that it was a challenge fitting the entire game onto a single Wii U game disc, with Kawabata commenting that the game \"barely fits\" onto the 32 gigabyte disc. \"Xenoblade Chronicles X\" was Monolith Soft's first high-definition video game. To help cope with this first, the team decided against using cutting-edge technology when designing the game. The team used the lessons and experience from their time developing \"Xenoblade Chronicles\", in addition to setting limits upon what they did during production; a specified self-imposed limitation was not using middleware to speed up the production process.", "title": "Xenoblade Chronicles X" }, { "docid": "52857364#2", "text": "The game was first announced alongside the Nintendo Switch reveal presentation in 2017, with a worldwide release date planned for the same year. Similarly to the original \"Xenoblade Chronicles\", the game's localization was handled by Nintendo of Europe. Unlike the controversy surrounding \"Xenoblade Chronicles X\", the game does not feature any sort of censorship between different versions. Upon release the game received generally positive reviews. At over 1.5 million copies as of September 2018, it is the best-selling title in the \"Xeno\" series.", "title": "Xenoblade Chronicles 2" }, { "docid": "39665835#3", "text": "The game was first announced in 2013 under the working title \"\"X\"\", set for a release date the following year, but was later delayed to 2015. The game's localization was handled by Nintendo Treehouse and 8-4, undergoing changes for its Western release. Upon release the game was a commercial success and received praise from critics. Its exploration, combat, visuals, and multi-player functions were generally praised. Criticism was levied on its narrative, mission structure and complicated gameplay. The basic game engine and foundation work of \"Xenoblade Chronicles X\" was used in the team's next \"Xeno\" game, \"Xenoblade Chronicles 2\".", "title": "Xenoblade Chronicles X" }, { "docid": "25992553#27", "text": "In the months following these activities, Nintendo of America officially stated that there were no current plans to release the three asked-for games in North America, despite acknowledging the great demand for the titles. Rumors eventually emerged that the title would see a North American release when it was listed on the website of gaming retailer GameStop. Soon after this, Nintendo officially announced that the game would be released in the region. In a 2013 interview, Nintendo of America president Reggie Fils-Aimé revealed that Nintendo were considering an American release for \"Xenoblade Chronicles\" while Operation Rainfall was active, and that while the campaign did not factor into their decision, they were aware of it and took it into account while deciding whether the release would make a profitable release. \"Xenoblade Chronicles\" eventually released in North America on 6 April 2012. It was released in North America as an exclusive to Nintendo's American store, and GameStop's website and stores. The eShop version released for North America from 28 April 2016.", "title": "Xenoblade Chronicles (video game)" } ]

[ { "docid": "29098601#0", "text": "The Koa’e Fault Zone (pronounced coe-wah-hee) is a series of fault scarps connecting the East and Southwest Rift Zones on Kilauea Volcano on the Big Island of Hawaii. The fault zone intersects the East Rift near the Pauahi Crater and extends nearly 12 kilometers in an east-northeast direction towards the westernmost boundary near Mauna Iki and the Southwest Rift Zone. Boundaries of the Koa’e Fault Zone also cover 2 kilometers in a north-south orientation along the 12 kilometer length. It is believed that the fault zone has been active for tens of thousands of years. The area is infrequently visited by park patrons due to the lack of eruptive activity and closure of certain areas to the general public.", "title": "Koa'e Fault Zone" } ]

[ { "docid": "31446659#1", "text": "The Teton fault is located in a unique geologic setting. The fault is on the boundary of four major geologic provinces: the Basin and Range, Idaho-Wyoming Thrust belt, Rocky Mountain Foreland, and the Yellowstone volcanic plateau. The Basin and Range province is a region of east-west crustal extension. This province adds tension perpendicular to the fault line causing the fault blocks to move apart. The Idaho-Wyoming Thrust belt is located south of the Teton fault and is a region of thick and deformed crust that prevents the fault from extending farther south. The Rocky Mountain Foreland is located east of the Teton fault and is a region of thicker crust. This section of crust is heavier and adds to the vertical downward force on the hanging wall of fault. The Yellowstone volcanic plateau is a region of uplift and expansion that influences both vertical and horizontal forces on the Teton fault.", "title": "Teton Fault" }, { "docid": "27651043#7", "text": "Further complicating this is a feature of unknown structure and origin, the Olympic-Wallowa Lineament (OWL). This is a seemingly accidental alignment of topographic features that runs roughly east-southeast from the north side of the Olympic Peninsula to the Wallowa Mountains in northeastern Oregon. It aligns with the West Coast fault and Queen Charlotte Fault system of strike-slip fault zones (similar to the San Andreas Fault in California) on the west side of Vancouver Island, but does not itself show any significant or through-going strike-slip movement. It is of interest here because the various strands of the Seattle Fault change orientation where they appear to cross the OWL, and various other features, such as the Rosedale monocline and Olympia structure, and a great many local topographical features, have parallel alignments. It may also be the original location of the Darrington—Devils Mountain Fault (the dashed line \"X\" at the top of the following map). The OWL appears to be a deep-seated structure over which the shallower crust of the Puget Lowland is being pushed, but this remains speculative.", "title": "Puget Sound faults" }, { "docid": "53258#40", "text": "Jelle Zeilinga de Boer saw evidence of a fault line in Delphi that lay under the ruined temple.\nDuring several expeditions, they discovered two major fault lines, one lying north-south, the Kerna fault, and the other lying east-west, the Delphic fault, which parallels the shore of the Corinthian Gulf. The rift of the Gulf of Corinth is one of the most geologically active sites on Earth; shifts there impose immense strains on nearby fault lines, such as those below Delphi. The two faults cross one another, and they intersect right below where the \"adyton\" was probably located. (The actual, original oracle chamber had been destroyed by the moving faults, but there is strong structural evidence that indicates where it was most likely located.)", "title": "Pythia" }, { "docid": "140807#36", "text": "In September 2007, it was discovered that the Bow Ridge fault line ran underneath the facility, hundreds of feet east of where it was originally thought to be located, beneath a storage pad where spent radioactive fuel canisters would be cooled before being sealed in a maze of tunnels. The discovery required several structures to be moved several hundred feet further to the east, and drew criticism from Robert R. Loux, then head of the Nevada Agency for Nuclear Projects, who argues that Yucca administrators should have known about the fault line's location years prior, and called the movement of the structures \"just-in-time engineering.\"\nIn June 2008, a major nuclear equipment supplier, Holtec International, criticized the Department of Energy's safety plan for handling containers of radioactive waste before they are buried at the proposed Yucca Mountain dump. The concern is that, in an earthquake, the unanchored casks of nuclear waste material awaiting burial at Yucca Mountain could be sent into a \"chaotic melee of bouncing and rolling juggernauts\".", "title": "Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository" }, { "docid": "14471132#0", "text": "The Rocky Face Fault is a geological fault responsible, in part, for the location of Cumberland Gap at Cumberland Mountain and the Narrows gap at Pine Mountain in the southern Appalachian mountain range. The fact that these two gaps lined up enabled western migration across the Appalachians to Kentucky. Included along the fault are the towns of Middlesboro and Pineville, Kentucky. The fault represents a crack in the Cumberland Overthrust Sheet, one of many remnant resistant strata pushed upwards to the northwest over the neighboring Cumberland Plateau. The fault is named after Rocky Face, a prominent, cliff-lined mountain between Middlesboro and Pineville, Kentucky.", "title": "Rocky Face Fault" }, { "docid": "25797319#0", "text": "The Septentrional-Orient fault zone (SOFZ) is a system of coaxial left lateral-moving strike slip faults that runs along the northern side of the island of Hispaniola where Haiti and the Dominican Republic are located and continues along the south of Cuba along the northern margin of the Cayman Trough. The SOFZ shares approximately half of the relative motion between the North American and Caribbean tectonic plates with the Enriquillo-Plantain Garden fault zone and Walton fault zone which run along the southern side of Hispaniola and aong the southern margin of the Cayman Trough. Both fault zones terminate at the Mid-Cayman Rise to the west. Some researchers believe that the Enriquillo-Plantain Garden fault zone and the SOFZ bound a microplate, dubbed the Gonâve Microplate, a area of the northern Caribbean Plate that is in the process of shearing off the Caribbean Plate and accreting to the North America Plate.", "title": "Septentrional-Oriente fault zone" }, { "docid": "57161344#2", "text": "The Tucura Fault is located in the northern part of the Central Ranges of the Colombian Andes, west of the Romeral Fault System. It extends from the Paderisco River in the south to the Sinú Valley in the north, where it crosses the Serranía de Abibe. The fault crosscuts middle and upper Tertiary folded marine sedimentary rocks and Quaternary alluvial deposits. The fault controls drainage, forms linear ridges, topographic lineaments, and fault scarps about high on Quaternary terraces south of the town of Dabeiba, Antioquia. There are strong linear features on the right margin of the Esmeralda and Sinú Rivers; these include fault saddles and slight slope changes in alluvial terraces. Tertiary rock units are thrust over Quaternary deposits and striae are found on the shear planes.", "title": "Tucurá Fault" }, { "docid": "20817124#2", "text": "The earthquake created the Fukozu Fault, named after the village in the middle of the fault trace, in an area adjoining the west of the Tōkaidō Main Line railway between Okazaki and Gamagōri, Aichi Prefecture. The fault's total visible distance is little more than 9 km, but is of great interest to geologists as it has a right-angle bend in its middle part, rather than being straight or at a gentle curve. It is also remarkable in that ground displacement at the fault is up to one meter in places; however, the Tokaido Railway Line, although only 150 meters from the fault line in places, suffered no damage.", "title": "1945 Mikawa earthquake" }, { "docid": "27651043#68", "text": "The Doty Fault – the southernmost of the uplift-and-basin dividing faults reviewed here, and located just north of the Chehalis Basin – is one of nearly a dozen faults mapped in the Centralia—Chehalis coal district in 1958. While the towns of Centralia and Chehalis in rural Lewis County may seem distant (about 25 miles) from Puget Sound, this is still part of the Puget Lowland, and these faults, the local geology, and the underlying tectonic basement seem to be connected with that immediately adjacent to Puget Sound. And though the faults in this area are not notably seismogenic, the southeast striking faults seem to be \"en echelon\" with the Olympia structure (fault?), and headed for the definitely active Saint Helens Zone; this appears to be a large-scale structure. The Doty fault particularly seems to have gained prominence with geologists since it was associated with an aeromagnetic anomaly, and a report in 2000 credited it capable of a magnitude 6.7 to 7.2 earthquake. The prospect of a major earthquake on the Doty Fault poses a serious hazard to the entire Puget Sound region as it threatens vital economic lifelines: At Chehalis there is but a single freeway (Interstate 5) and a single rail line connecting the Puget Sound region with the rest of the west coast; the only alternate routes are very lengthy.", "title": "Puget Sound faults" } ]

[ { "docid": "92791#3", "text": "The audio amplifier was invented around 1912 by Lee De Forest, made possible by his invention of the first practical amplifying electrical component, the triode vacuum tube (or \"valve\" in British English) in 1907. The triode was a three terminal device with a control grid that can modulate the flow of electrons from the filament to the plate. The triode vacuum amplifier was used to make the first AM radio. Early audio power amplifiers were based on vacuum tubes and some of these achieved notably high audio quality (e.g., the Williamson amplifier of 1947-9). Audio power amplifiers based on transistors became practical with the wide availability of inexpensive transistors in the late 1960s. Since the 1970s, most modern audio amplifiers are based on solid state devices (transistors such as BJTs, FETs and MOSFETs). Transistor-based amplifiers are lighter in weight, more reliable and require less maintenance than tube amplifiers. In the 2010s, there are still audio enthusiasts, musicians (particularly electric guitarists, electric bassists, Hammond organ players and Fender Rhodes electric piano players, among others), audio engineers and music producers who prefer tube-based amplifiers, and what is perceived as a \"warmer\" tube sound.\nKey design parameters for audio power amplifiers are frequency response, gain, noise, and distortion. These are interdependent; increasing gain often leads to undesirable increases in noise and distortion. While negative feedback actually reduces the gain, it also reduces distortion. Most audio amplifiers are linear amplifiers operating in class AB.", "title": "Audio power amplifier" }, { "docid": "9931#1", "text": "An amplifier can either be a separate piece of equipment or an electrical circuit contained within another device. Amplification is fundamental to modern electronics, and amplifiers are widely used in almost all electronic equipment. Amplifiers can be categorized in different ways. One is by the frequency of the electronic signal being amplified. For example, audio amplifiers amplify signals in the audio (sound) range of less than 20 kHz, RF amplifiers amplify frequencies in the radio frequency range between 20 kHz and 300 GHz, and servo amplifiers and instrumentation amplifiers may work with very low frequencies down to direct current. Amplifiers can also be categorized by their physical placement in the signal chain; a preamplifier may precede other signal processing stages, for example. The first practical electrical device which could amplify was the triode vacuum tube, invented in 1906 by Lee De Forest, which led to the first amplifiers around 1912. Today most amplifiers use transistors.", "title": "Amplifier" }, { "docid": "9931#3", "text": "The development of thermionic valves starting around 1902, provided an entirely electronic method of amplifying signals. The first practical version of such devices was the Audion triode, invented in 1906 by Lee De Forest, which led to the first amplifiers around 1912. Since the only previous device which was widely used to strengthen a signal was the relay used in telegraph systems, the amplifying vacuum tube was first called an \"electron relay\". The terms \"amplifier\" and \"amplification\", derived from the Latin \"amplificare\", (\"to enlarge or expand\"), were first used for this new capability around 1915 when triodes became widespread.", "title": "Amplifier" } ]

[ { "docid": "41124777#1", "text": "Launched in 1978 when the principal preoccupation of hi-fi manufacturers was power output, the sub-£80 (US$135) low-powered solid state amplifier, created and marketed by a then little-known manufacturer, gained a reputation for excellent sound quality and exceptional value. \"Stereophile\" magazine called the \"ridiculously inexpensive\". It was the first integrated amplifier built with convincing ability to drive difficult loudspeaker loads, and a sound quality that far exceeded other integrated amplifiers at its price point for the time.", "title": "NAD 3020" }, { "docid": "9567583#2", "text": "In 1965, Pete Townshend and John Entwistle were directly responsible for the creation and widespread use of Marshall amplifiers powering stacked speaker cabinets. In fact, the first 100 watt Marshall amps (called \"Superleads\") were created specifically for Entwistle and Townshend when they wanted an amplifier that sounded like a Fender head but with much more power.", "title": "The Who's musical equipment" }, { "docid": "902017#1", "text": "Electrocompaniet was established in 1973 by Per Abrahamsen and Svein Erik Børja. Their idea was to create a Transistor amplifier that did not sound as bad as the transistor amplifiers did at the time. They based the circuits on research done by Finnish Dr. Matti Otala of Tampere University of Technology. The finished product was a 25 Watt power amplifier named \n\"The 2 Channel Audio Power Amplifier\", It was also called \"The Otala Amplifier\". They continued development on the product. And in 1976 The worlds biggest Hifi Magazine at the time ¨The Audio Critic magazine¨ reviewed the amplifier and wrote: \n“Audio freaks – eat your hearts out. This is the world’s best sounding amplifier.” And in 1991\nMichael Jackson's producer Bruce Swedien was contacted by Nils Bjarne Kvam one of the biggest producers in Norway at the time, and he told him about the amplifiers of Electrocompaniet, and Swedien started getting interested. The amplifier was packed and shipped to the US in September 1991. Bruce was busy at the time since he was working with the last mix to Jackson's \"Dangerous\". He LOVED the amplifiers, and wanted to use it on the album, but the album was almost done, and he would then have to remaster it all over again since the difference was so big. Swedien was ready to use the amplifiers on the next albums. He used it for the first time with Sergio Mendez, and when he walked in the recording studio with Jackson in January 1995 he really started using them. The next two albums \"\" and \"Invincible\" was mastered with the amplifiers, and both albums thanked Electrocompaniet with '`Special thanks to Electrocompaniet¨ with logo on its covers.", "title": "Electrocompaniet" }, { "docid": "4063212#1", "text": "The company was founded in the late 1970s by Jean-Pierre (John) Prideaux to build power amplifiers for the tour sound industry. The first amplifier, the P3500, delivered 475 watts-per-channel in a chassis that occupied a two-rack space at a time when competitors were offering 400 watts in a four-rack space. In 1983, the 4001 amplifier was the first to provide two-ohms in a three-rack space chassis. Four years later the 8001 power amplifier became an industry standard concert sound amplifier. It was superseded by the 8002 model in 1998.", "title": "Crest Audio" }, { "docid": "49463952#1", "text": "Recording and film engineer David Manley began designing high fidelity vacuum tube amplifiers in South Africa in 1980. The earliest units he produced were modified LEAK amplifiers. In 1983 the first Vacuum Tube Logic (VTL) tube power amplifiers and preamplifiers went into full-fledged production for the European market in the UK. David, joined by his son Luke introduced the amplifiers to the US market at the 1986 Consumer Electronics Show (CES), where the positive reception convinced them to expand their distribution to the U.S.. Production was eventually moved to Chino, California as Vacuum Tube Logic of America, Inc. and a secondary brand Manley was established in 1988, first producing what was conceived as upper echelon high fidelity vacuum tube power amplifiers and preamplifiers for the high fidelity home market. In 1989, the first products tailored specifically for professional studio use under the Manley brand were created, namely the 60 dB Microphone Preamplifier followed by the Manley Enhanced Pultec Equalizer. By 1993, the Manley brand had expanded, encompassing a complete range of studio products from microphones, dynamic units, equalizers, converters and specialized mastering products. In April 1993, David Manley and Luke decided to part ways, with Luke creating a new company, VTL Amplifiers, Inc., and David (and his wife EveAnna Dauray Manley) opening a new factory, Manley Laboratories, Inc..", "title": "Manley Laboratories" }, { "docid": "9931#2", "text": "The first practical device that could amplify was the triode vacuum tube, invented in 1906 by Lee De Forest, which led to the first amplifiers around 1912. Vacuum tubes were used in almost all amplifiers until the 1960s–1970s when the transistor, invented in 1947, replaced them. Today, most amplifiers use transistors, but vacuum tubes continue to be used in some applications.\nThe development of audio communication technology in form of the telephone, first patented in 1876, created the need to increase the amplitude of electrical signals to extend the transmission of signals over increasingly long distances. In telegraphy, this problem had been solved with intermediate devices at stations that replenished the dissipated energy by operating a signal recorder and transmitter back-to-back, forming a relay, so that a local energy source at each intermediate station powered the next leg of transmission.\nFor duplex transmission, i.e. sending and receiving in both directions, bi-directional relay repeaters were developed starting with the work of C. F. Varley for telegraphic transmission. Duplex transmission was essential for telephony and the problem was not satisfactorily solved until 1904, when H. E. Shreeve of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company improved existing attempts at constructing a telephone repeater consisting of back-to-back carbon-granule transmitter and electrodynamic receiver pairs. The Shreeve repeater was first tested on a line between Boston and Amesbury, MA, and more refined devices remained in service for some time. After the turn of the century it was found that negative resistance mercury lamps could amplify, and were also tried in repeaters, with little success.", "title": "Amplifier" }, { "docid": "1280640#9", "text": "During the same era (late 1970s) PS Audio introduced its first power amplifier, the Model One, a solid state design producing 70 watts per channel into 8 Ohms and 140 watts per channel into 4 Ohms. The design was a classic AB amplifier design featuring the company's first full 19\" chassis design, large power supply, low feedback and minimalist design constraints. The Model One was later followed with the world's first Audiophile integrated amplifier introduced by an American High-End company, the Elite. Based on the Model One architecture, the Elite integrated the Linear Control Center into a Model One amplifier chassis. The Model One was replaced by the Model II, moving back to a smaller modular chassis approach at 8.5\" with faceplate. The Model II produced 40 watts per channel into 8 Ohms, 70 watts per channel into 4 Ohms and had a Bridging switch enabling the user to bridge the internal stereo amplifiers into one mono amplifier, producing 160 watts into 4 Ohms. The Model II was followed by the IIC, featuring the same circuitry placed into a standard 19\" rack mount chassis. The IIC introduced a new concept to the Audiophile marketplace, use of a separate external power supply for an amplifier. Users could choose from two models of external power supply, one as standard and an upgrade to a larger High Current version. The concept of an external power supply was first introduced on the PS Audio IV preamplifier and later applied to power amplifiers like the IIC. The concept became known as the High Current Power Supply or HCPS and was popular because improvements to the sound quality were gained by moving to a larger power supply, both in the application of the preamplifier as well as power amplifiers. The model IIC is factory rated at 55 watts into 8 ohms and 200 watts bridged mode (400 watts into 4 ohms bridged). The IIC Plus is rated at 70 watts into 8 ohms. Amplifier successors to the IIC included the 250 Delta monoblock and the 100 Delta amplifier.", "title": "PS Audio" }, { "docid": "20251793#5", "text": "In 1947, Clarence and Ruby Moore began by modifying existing makes and models of tape recorders to make them more rugged. In 1949, Moore obtained a groundbreaking patent, the first tape recorder with a built-in power amplifier for public address duties, which was introduced in 1950. In 1953, Crown added a line of compact loudspeakers as accessories to the reel to reel tape recorders.\nIn 1959, Crown began making standalone tube power amplifiers. By 1963, solid state electronics development allowed Crown to produce a more robust tape recorder, and in 1964, their first solid state power amplifier: the low-profile SA 20-20. In 1967, the DC300 was introduced as the first AB+B circuitry amplifier with 150 watts per channel at eight ohms. The DC300 proved very popular with sound reinforcement system owners and moved Crown into a leadership position in terms of power amplifier sales worldwide. As well, the DC300 was seen as a breakthrough product by commercial sound system contractors seeking to power their constant voltage speaker systems without the frequency response limitations and power losses associated with output power transformers which had previously been required. In November 2007, after 40 years of service, the Crown DC300 was inducted into the TEC Awards TECnology Hall of Fame in New York on the opening day of the Audio Engineering Society's 123rd convention. George Peterson, executive editor of Mix magazine, said of the DC300 that it \"was a classic that really ushered in and defined the era of the modern power amplifier.\"", "title": "Crown International" }, { "docid": "16412794#1", "text": "Founded by Brian Gary Wachner in 1971 in his garage while he was employed as a field applications engineer for National Semiconductor, BGW scored its first major success in 1974 when Universal Studios selected BGW to supply thousands of Model 750 and 750A amplifiers for its Sensurround cinema subwoofer sound effects systems. Following the positive industry exposure from Sensurround, BGW amps began to be installed permanently in many movie theaters as well as at theme parks and nightclubs. By 1978, BGW amplifiers were installed in greater numbers in discothèques than any other amplifier. \nWachner co-wrote a paper for the Audio Engineering Society (AES) in 1975, addressing the problem of differing power claims in the amplifier industry and the hope that power rating standards set by the Federal Trade Commission would narrow the 'credibility gap'.", "title": "BGW Systems" } ]

[ { "docid": "3652088#0", "text": "Silent Hill is a survival horror video game for the PlayStation published by Konami and developed by Team Silent, a group in Konami Computer Entertainment Tokyo. The first installment in the \"Silent Hill\" series, the game was released in North America in January 1999, and in Japan and Europe later that year. \"Silent Hill\" uses a third-person view, with real-time rendering of 3D environments. To mitigate limitations of the console hardware, developers liberally used fog and darkness to muddle the graphics. Unlike earlier survival horror games that focused on protagonists with combat training, the player character of \"Silent Hill\" is an \"everyman\".", "title": "Silent Hill (video game)" }, { "docid": "27534474#2", "text": "The series has since been taken over by external developers. Ōwaku and fellow Team Silent art designer Masahiro Ito went on to work together on \"Silent Hill: Cage of Cradle\" (2006), a digital manga published by Konami, downloadable for cell-phones and only available in Japan. This was followed by \"Silent Hill: Double under Dusk\" (2007). Ōwaku was also credited with another \"Special Thanks\" in \"\" (2007). This makes Ōwaku the longest-standing contributor to the \"Silent Hill\" series, behind composer Akira Yamaoka, who scored every game except for \"\".", "title": "Hiroyuki Owaku" }, { "docid": "5092753#0", "text": "Silent Hill: Origins is a survival horror video game for the PlayStation Portable developed by Climax Action. It was published by Konami Digital Entertainment worldwide in late 2007, beginning in early November with the United Kingdom. A port for the PlayStation 2 was released worldwide in early 2008, beginning in March with North America. The fifth installment in the \"Silent Hill\" series, \"Origins\" is a prequel to the first game (1999). Set in the series' eponymous, fictional American town, \"Origins\" follows trucker Travis Grady as he searches for information about a girl whom he rescued from a fire. Along the way, he unlocks his repressed childhood memories. Gameplay uses a third-person perspective, and emphasizes combat, exploration, and puzzle-solving, similar to the previous installments.", "title": "Silent Hill: Origins" }, { "docid": "3652088#21", "text": "A \"reimagining\" of \"Silent Hill\", titled \"\", was developed by Climax Studios and published by Konami Digital Entertainment. The game was released on December 8, 2009, for the Wii and on January 19, 2010, for the PlayStation 2 and the PlayStation Portable, to mostly positive reviews. Although it retains the premise of a man's search for his missing daughter, \"Shattered Memories\" branches off into a different plot with altered characters. It features psychological profiling which alters various in-game elements depending on the player's response to questions in therapy, lacks the combat of \"Silent Hill\", and replaces the \"Otherworld\" with a series of chase sequences through an alternate frozen version of the town.", "title": "Silent Hill (video game)" } ]

[ { "docid": "1875386#87", "text": "Howard Blackwood is a mysterious postmaster who works in Silent Hill. He has been working as a postmaster for over a century as he appears in the comic \"Past Life\", which is set in the 19th century; it is implied that he was drawn to Silent Hill after a self-defense kill and having to undergo his torment over and over. Unlike many other people who stumble over Silent Hill, Howard seems to know a great deal about the mechanism of the town, whether mundane or not. When Murphy Pendleton arrives in Silent Hill in \"Silent Hill: Downpour\", he meets Howard several times, who gives cryptic conversation and clues about the town before abruptly disappearing. Howard also plays a major role in \"Silent Hill: Book of Memories\" as he is the one who gives the player character the titular book in the first place, as well as serving as the in-game shopkeeper.", "title": "List of Silent Hill series characters" }, { "docid": "43547630#5", "text": "An interactive teaser for \"Silent Hills\" was released on August 12, 2014 as \"P.T.\" (\"Playable Teaser\"), marketed as a demo for a horror game by the non-existent 7780s Studio. Published on the PlayStation Network for the PlayStation 4 as a free download, \"P.T.\" uses a first-person perspective, in contrast to the usual third-person perspective often found in the \"Silent Hill\" series, and centers on an unknown protagonist who awakens in a supposedly haunted house and experiences supernatural occurrences; the only actions available are walking and zooming as the player character explores the continuously looping corridor. After the player solves the final puzzle, a trailer reveals that it is a \"playable teaser\" for a new \"Silent Hill\" title being directed by Hideo Kojima and Guillermo del Toro, with the protagonist portrayed by Norman Reedus. On 1 September 2014, Sony revealed during its pre-Tokyo Game Show press conference that \"P.T.\" has been downloaded over a million times.", "title": "Silent Hills" }, { "docid": "31973657#0", "text": "Silent Hill: Book of Memories is an action hack and slash video game developed by WayForward Technologies for the PlayStation Vita. A spin-off of the \"Silent Hill\" video game series, it is the first game in the series to feature role-playing elements and an option for co-operative gameplay. It was published by Konami worldwide, beginning in mid-October 2012 with North America.", "title": "Silent Hill: Book of Memories" }, { "docid": "10189078#18", "text": "Written by Tom Waltz, Past life is a four issue Silent Hill comic published by IDW . The story chronicles events going back to 1867 and features a criminal gunslinger called Jebediah “Hellrider” Foster and his spouse Esther Monroe moving in to silent hill where they are haunted by their past.", "title": "Silent Hill (comics)" }, { "docid": "10189078#2", "text": "An original unreleased \"Silent Hill\" graphic novel was completed in 2000 by comics publisher Com.X, but for an undisclosed reason the book was never published. Com.X and Konami have repeatedly officially stated that they still intend to publish the book, but no confirmed date has been set. IDW Publishing was unaware that this project existed when they pursued the license.", "title": "Silent Hill (comics)" }, { "docid": "1875386#83", "text": "is the main protagonist and player character of \"Silent Hill: Downpour\". Raised in an orphanage, Murphy respects nuns and is stated to have a criminal behavior, though he eventually stopped and married his long-time friend, Carol, who bore him a son, Charlie, who was particularly close to his father. However, Charlie was abducted and subsequently killed by child rapist and the Pendleton's neighbor, Patrick Napier. Soon after, Carol divorced Murphy, who was consumed in grief that he allowed himself to be arrested and sent to Ryall State Prison so he could kill Napier personally with a deal with George Sewell, which involved him beating Sewell's fellow officer, Frank Coleridge. During a prisoner transfer to Wayside Maximum Security Prison, the prison bus crashes, though Murphy survives and stumbles upon Silent Hill.", "title": "List of Silent Hill series characters" } ]

[ { "docid": "15809317#0", "text": "CanAm Highway is an international highway that connects Mexico to Canada through the United States. It travels along U.S. Route 85 (US 85) and Interstate 25 (I-25), passing through six U.S. states (Texas, New Mexico, Colorado, Wyoming, South Dakota, North Dakota) and the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. The CanAm highway in Canada comprises Saskatchewan Highway 35 (SK 35), SK 39, SK 6, SK 3, and SK 2. The route continues south in Mexico as Mexican Federal Highway 45 (Fed. 45), and north in Canada as SK 102 but are not labeled the CanAm highway.", "title": "CanAm Highway" }, { "docid": "15809317#2", "text": "The CanAm Highway follows US 85 from El Paso, Texas, for to the border between the United States and Canada. It continues north on SK 35 to Weyburn, Saskatchewan, where it switches to SK 39. Then it runs north to Corinne where it continues on SK 6 until Melfort. There it changes highways again, this time to follow SK 3. That carries the CanAm Highway to Prince Albert where it continues on SK 2. The northern end is at La Ronge. The portion of the highway within Canada is ; the total length is .", "title": "CanAm Highway" } ]

[ { "docid": "695351#0", "text": "U.S. Route 62 or U.S. Highway 62 (US 62) runs from the Mexico-US border at El Paso, Texas, to Niagara Falls, New York, near the Canada–US border. It is the only east-west United States Numbered Highway that connects Mexico and Canada.", "title": "U.S. Route 62" }, { "docid": "15979557#1", "text": "The term is also sometimes used to describe some additional partly-built or proposed highways and supercorridors which are intended to connect the road systems of the three nations of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) trade bloc. One of these is Interstate 69 that is mostly complete from the Canada–US border at Port Huron, Michigan to western Kentucky. In Canada, Ontario Highway 402 and other freeways in the Windsor-Quebec City Corridor can be considered a northeastward extension of this version the NAFTA superhighway. To the southwest, from western Kentucky to the Mexican border, there is currently no single superhighway yet completed. Pending completion of I-69, the main highway links to Mexico follow parts of US routes 45 and 51 from Kentucky to western Tennessee, I-155 from Tennessee to Missouri, parts of Interstates 55 and 40 from Missouri to Arkansas, and I-30 from Arkansas to the Texas stretch of I-35 that continues south to the Mexican border at Laredo, Texas. The uncompleted section of I-69 south of Kentucky is expected to eventually continue southwestward to the Texas Gulf Coast. It will have a spur linking to the original Pan-American route through Mexico to Laredo, and additional branches extending to the Mexican spurs that cross the border at Pharr, Texas, and Brownsville, Texas.", "title": "NAFTA superhighway" }, { "docid": "7636116#3", "text": "Southern Manitoba's central location in North America makes it a key part of the Mid Continent Trade & Transportation Corridor, connecting to a market of 100 million people. Both the Trans Canada Highway and the Yellowhead Highway provide key east-west traffic corridors from southern Manitoba to the neighboring provinces of Saskatchewan and Ontario. Provincial Highways 75 and 59 lead one hour south from Winnipeg to link with the U.S. National Highway System via North Dakota and Minnesota, providing key access to the Mid Continent Trade & Transportation Corridor centered on US Interstate highways I-29 and I-35, which connects Canada to a central North American market of 100 million people. Goods can be shipped by truck and rail from Canada through southern Manitoba to Mexico and all points between. The border crossing at Emerson processes over $15 billion in trade traffic annually (2013), more than any other border crossing in Western Canada, and 5th largest in Canada. An estimated 400,000 commercial trucks crossed the border through Emerson in 2013 to the United States of America. Approximately 65% of Manitoba’s exports to NAFTA partners (U.S. and Mexico) are transported by truck through the Emerson/Pembina crossing in southern Manitoba. Intermodal in nature, the Corridor allows cost-effective and safe movement of goods and people, minimizing both travel costs and time. Manitoba trade with the US Corridor states alone (North Dakota, South Dakota, Minnesota, Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas, Wisconsin, Illinois, Michigan, Indiana, Missouri, Oklahoma and Texas) was $15.7 billion in 2014 (Exports: $5.6 billion, Imports: $10.1 billion).", "title": "Southern Manitoba" }, { "docid": "17377888#2", "text": "Highway 180 connects at the Mexico–United States border with U.S. Route 83, one of the longest north-south U.S. Highways in the United States at . Federal Highway 180 also connects to both Interstate 69E and U.S. Route 77 at the border. U.S. Route 83 (along with both Interstate 69E and U.S. Route 77) starts the northern terminus of Highway 180 in Brownsville, Texas, at the Veterans International Bridge on the Mexican border. After crossing the bridge into the United States, Federal Highway 180 continues as U.S. Route 83 in Brownsville which then runs northward to the U.S. highway's northern terminus, north of Westhope, North Dakota, at the Canada–United States border. From here, the highway continues further as Manitoba Highway 83 until it ends at Swan River, Manitoba. In total, the three highways total in length.", "title": "Mexican Federal Highway 180" }, { "docid": "70775#1", "text": "Throughout much of Canada, there are at least two routes designated as part of the Trans-Canada Highway (TCH). For example, in the western provinces, both the main Trans-Canada route and the Yellowhead Highway are part of the Trans-Canada system. Although the TCH, being strictly a transcontinental route, does not enter any of Canada's three northern territories or run to the Canada–US border, the Trans-Canada Highway forms part of Canada's overall National Highway System (NHS), providing connections to the Northwest Territories, Yukon and the border, although the NHS (apart from the TCH sections) is unsigned.", "title": "Trans-Canada Highway" }, { "docid": "1436627#14", "text": "Nuevo Laredo is on the primary trade route connecting Canada, the United States and Mexico. Both Nuevo Laredo and Laredo, Texas are now the gateway to Mexico's burgeoning industrial complex, offering diverse markets, business opportunities and profit potential, which both business and industry cannot find anywhere else. Nuevo Laredo is the only Mexico/U.S. border city strategically positioned at the convergence of all land transportation systems. The main highway and railroad leading from Central Mexico through Mexico City, San Luis Potosí, Saltillo and Monterrey join with two major U.S. rail lines at Nuevo Laredo and major American highway Interstate 35, thus offering fast access to the most important metropolitan areas and seaports of Texas, as well as northern states and Canada. For more than a decade, Mexico's economic policies have greatly increased Mexico/U.S. trade and cross-border production in the Nuevo Laredo area.", "title": "Nuevo Laredo" }, { "docid": "44783025#0", "text": "The Pacific Highway Border Crossing connects the towns of Blaine, Washington and Surrey, British Columbia on the Canada–United States border. It is located on the Pacific Highway which runs from San Diego, California to Vancouver, British Columbia. What started as a dirt road alternative route to the Peace Arch Border Crossing in 1913, the Pacific Highway soon became the preferred route when it was paved in 1923. The part of the Pacific Highway that crosses the border here is now signed as British Columbia Highway 15 on the Canadian side and Washington State Route 543 on the American side. Since the 1970s, all commercial vehicles crossing the border between Blaine and Surrey are required to use this crossing. It is now one of the five busiest commercial border crossings on the US-Canada border.", "title": "Pacific Highway Border Crossing" }, { "docid": "322691#41", "text": "The Trans-Canada Highway (Highway 1) is accessible from nearby Coquitlam, via the Brunette Avenue interchange, and Burnaby, via the Cariboo Road and Canada Way interchanges, and provides expressway access to Vancouver, the North Shore, and the Horseshoe Bay ferry terminal (to the west), and to the British Columbia interior and the communities of the Fraser Valley (to the east, via the Port Mann Bridge). On its northern and western edges, New Westminster is connected to Vancouver by the street system of the city of Burnaby. The three major arterial streets in Burnaby connecting New Westminster and Vancouver are Canada Way (until 1967 named the Grandview Highway, and called 8th St. once it enters New Westminster), Kingsway (12th St.), and Marine Way (Stewardson Way). Kingsway connects New Westminster with the major shopping and entertainment district of Metrotown, in central Burnaby, and then proceeds to downtown Vancouver.", "title": "New Westminster" } ]

[ { "docid": "8179015#0", "text": "Han Hyo-joo (born February 22, 1987) is a South Korean film and television actress. She is best known for her leading roles in television drama series: \"Spring Waltz\" (2006); \"Brilliant Legacy\" (2009); \"Dong Yi\" (2010) and \"W\" (2016); as well as the film \"Cold Eyes\" (2013), for which she won Best Actress at the 34th Blue Dragon Film Awards, and romance film \"The Beauty Inside\" (2015).", "title": "Han Hyo-joo" } ]

[ { "docid": "8179015#1", "text": "Han Hyo-joo was born in Cheongju, North Chungcheong Province. Her mother was an elementary school teacher before becoming an inspector for public schools, and her father was an air force officer. As a child, she was good in sports, particularly track and field. In her sophomore year of high school, she moved to Seoul and attended Bulgok High School, despite the objections of her strict and conservative father. She then entered Dongguk University, where she joined the theater and film department.", "title": "Han Hyo-joo" }, { "docid": "8179015#12", "text": "In 2015, Han starred in the musical biopic \"C'est Si Bon\", which depicted the ups and downs of the folk music group Twin Folio, which was active from the 1960s to 80s. Famous for its live performances, C'est Si Bon was the name of a popular music lounge located in Mugyo-dong in the 1970s, where Twin Folio got its start; Han played the group's muse. This was followed by romantic comedy film \"The Beauty Inside\", where Han's character falls in love with a man who changes to different people every day.", "title": "Han Hyo-joo" }, { "docid": "8179015#7", "text": "In 2010, Han took on the titular character in MBC's 49th anniversary project \"Dong Yi\", The series became a hit during its run both domestically and across Asia. Han won several acting awards for her portrayal of Choi Suk-bin, including the \"Daesang\" (Grand Prize) award at MBC Drama Awards and the coveted Best Actress award at Baeksang Arts Awards.", "title": "Han Hyo-joo" }, { "docid": "8179015#2", "text": "Han was first discovered in a teenage beauty pageant organized by food corporation Binggrae in 2003. She began her acting career in the sitcom \"Nonstop 5\" and the gangster comedy film \"My Boss, My Teacher\". Han later raised her profile by starring in \"Spring Waltz\", the fourth and final installment of TV director Yoon Seok-ho's \"season drama\" series.", "title": "Han Hyo-joo" }, { "docid": "8179015#14", "text": "In 2016, Han returns to the small screen with MBC's fantasy suspense series \"W\" alongside Lee Jong-suk. Helmed by director Jung Dae-yoon who directed \"She Was Pretty\" and writer Song Jae-jung whose previous works include \"\" and \"Queen In-hyun's Man\", expectations rises when this also marks Han's small screen comeback after 6 years. She won the Top Excellence award at the 5th APAN Star Awards and MBC Drama Awards for her performance in \"W\".", "title": "Han Hyo-joo" }, { "docid": "8179015#9", "text": "Han then played the queen to Lee Byung-hun's Gwanghae in the 2012 blockbuster period film \"Masquerade\", which became one of the highest-grossing Korean films of all time. She followed that with \"Love 911\", an unlikely romance between a doctor and a firefighter (Go Soo).\nIn 2013, Han starred opposite Sol Kyung-gu and Jung Woo-sung in action thriller \"Cold Eyes\", a remake of the 2007 Hong Kong film \"Eye in the Sky\". The film dominated the box office after its release and became one of the biggest domestic hits of 2013. Han received acting recognition for her performance, winning Best Actress from the Blue Dragon Film Awards and Buil Film Awards.", "title": "Han Hyo-joo" }, { "docid": "8179015#6", "text": "Han's breakthrough came in \"Brilliant Legacy\" costarring Lee Seung-gi, which became a massive hit in 2009, reaching a peak viewership rating of 47.1%. It catapulted Han to stardom, and after the drama's conclusion, she experienced a sharp rise in endorsement deals and media requests for interviews, as well as increased pan-Asian popularity. Later that year Han wrapped up her starring role in the musical drama \"Soul Special\", which aired on KBS Joy.", "title": "Han Hyo-joo" }, { "docid": "41584487#3", "text": "Joo Wan is a 26-year-old songwriter and carefree spirit who returns to Korea after seventeen years living abroad. Up until the age of 9, he was practically raised by his mom's friend and her daughter, Shin Joo-yeon. She only remembers him as a kid she was forced to play with him when her mom was busy, while all his early memories from bath time, to play time, to learning how to tie his shoe, include her. Upon meeting again, he aims to heal Joo-yeon's jaded sense of romance.", "title": "I Need Romance 3" }, { "docid": "8179015#8", "text": "In 2011, Han played a blind telemarketer opposite So Ji-sub's ex-boxer in the melodrama film \"Always\". Helmed by director Song Il-gon, it premiered as the opening film of the 2011 Busan International Film Festival. Han later contributed voice narration to the \"barrier-free\" version of Japanese film \"My Back Page\", which features descriptive audio and subtitles for people with hearing or visual impairments.", "title": "Han Hyo-joo" } ]

[ { "docid": "57763#0", "text": "An aerosol is a suspension of fine solid particles or liquid droplets, in air or another gas. Aerosols can be natural or anthropogenic. Examples of natural aerosols are fog, dust, forest exudates and geyser steam. Examples of anthropogenic aerosols are haze, particulate air pollutants and The liquid or solid particles have diameters typically <1 μm; larger particles with a significant settling speed make the mixture a suspension, but the distinction is not clear-cut. In general conversation, \"aerosol\" usually refers to an aerosol spray that delivers a consumer product from a can or similar container. Other technological applications of aerosols include dispersal of pesticides, medical treatment of respiratory illnesses, and convincing technology. Diseases can also spread by means of small droplets in the breath, also called aerosols (or sometimes bioaerosols).", "title": "Aerosol" }, { "docid": "57763#2", "text": "An aerosol is defined as a suspension system of solid or liquid particles in a gas. An aerosol includes both the particles and the suspending gas, which is usually air. Frederick G. Donnan presumably first used the term \"aerosol\" during World War I to describe an aero-solution, clouds of microscopic particles in air. This term developed analogously to the term hydrosol, a colloid system with water as the dispersed medium. \"Primary aerosols\" contain particles introduced directly into the gas; \"secondary aerosols\" form through gas-to-particle conversion.", "title": "Aerosol" }, { "docid": "44305631#0", "text": "Aerosol mass spectrometry is the application of mass spectrometry to aerosol particles. Aerosol particles are defined as solid and liquid particles suspended in a gas (air), with size range of 3 nm to 100 μm in diameter. Aerosol particles are produced from natural and anthropogenic sources, through a variety of different processes that include; wind-blown suspension, and combustion of fossil fuels and biomass. Analysis of aerosol particles is important because of their major impacts on the global climate change, visibility, regional air pollution and human health. Aerosol particles are very complex in structure and can contain thousands of different chemical compounds within a single particle. Due to this complexity the instrumentation used to analysis these particles must have the ability to separate based on size and in real-time provide information on their chemical composition. To meet these requirements for analysis, mass spectrometry instrumentation is used and they provide high sensitivity and the ability to detect a wide molecular mass range. Aerosol mass spectrometry can be divided into two categorizes; off-line and on-line. Off-line mass spectrometry is performed on collected particles. On-line mass spectrometry is performed on particles introduced in real time.", "title": "Aerosol mass spectrometry" } ]

[ { "docid": "583877#0", "text": "Aerosol spray is a type of dispensing system which creates an aerosol mist of liquid particles. There are two different types of spray paint. Non bio-corporamine paints that do not contain an aerosol component that keeps the paint from running into a liquid, and basic krylon paint. This is used with a can or bottle that contains a payload and propellant under pressure. When the container's valve is opened, the payload is forced out of a small hole and emerges as an aerosol or mist. As propellant expands to drive out the payload, only some propellant evaporates inside the can to maintain a constant pressure. Outside the can, the droplets of propellant evaporate rapidly, leaving the payload suspended as very fine particles or droplets.", "title": "Aerosol spray" }, { "docid": "47016616#6", "text": "E-cigarettes produce particles, in the form of an aerosol. In physics, a vapor is a substance in the gas phase whereas an aerosol is a suspension of tiny particles of liquid, solid or both within a gas. The aerosol is made-up of liquid sub-micron particles of condensed vapor, which mostly consist of propylene glycol, glycerol, water, flavorings, nicotine, and other chemicals. This aerosol that is produces resembles cigarette smoke. After a puff, inhalation of the aerosol travels from the device into the mouth and lungs.", "title": "Electronic cigarette aerosol and liquid" }, { "docid": "57763#55", "text": "Stability of nanoparticle agglomerates is critical for estimating size distribution of aerosolized particles from nano-powders or other sources. At nanotechnology workplaces, workers can be exposed via inhalation to potentially toxic substances during handling and processing of nanomaterials. Nanoparticles in the air often form agglomerates due to attractive inter-particle forces, such as van der Waals force or electrostatic force if the particles are charged. As a result, aerosol particles are usually observed as agglomerates rather than individual particles. For exposure and risk assessments of airborne nanoparticles, it is important to know about the size distribution of aerosols. When inhaled by humans, particles with different diameters are deposited in varied locations of the central and periphery respiratory system. Particles in nanoscale have been shown to penetrate the air-blood barrier in lungs and be translocated into secondary organs in the human body, such as the brain, heart and liver. Therefore, the knowledge on stability of nanoparticle agglomerates is important for predicting the size of aerosol particles, which helps assess the potential risk of them to human bodies.", "title": "Aerosol" }, { "docid": "1813437#13", "text": "Unauthorized graffiti is considered to be vandalism in most jurisdictions mainly because the work or display is done without permission of the property owner. The term 'aerosol art' is commonly used for displaying art form 'with' permission of the property owner. The UK and many cities in the United States prohibit the sale of aerosol paint to minors as part of graffiti abatement programs. While major industrial and consumer aerosol paint companies like Krylon and Rust-Oleum actively participate in anti-graffiti programs, art-brand companies are often supportive of writers and graffiti culture, though most do not endorse illegal writing.", "title": "Aerosol paint" }, { "docid": "47016616#1", "text": "The aerosol of electronic cigarettes is generated when the e-liquid reaches a temperature of roughly 100–250 °C within a chamber.\nThe user inhales the aerosol, commonly called vapor, which has only one property in common with cigarette smoke, nicotine (not a carcinogen when vaped, but harmful to kid's growth process). The aerosol can provide a flavor profile ranging from a simple tobacco to a complex dessert and offers an alternative to combustible tobacco smoking which meets a number of the pleasure benchmarks sought by those who appreciate nicotine. In physics, a vapor is a substance in the gas phase whereas an aerosol is a suspension of tiny particles of liquid, solid or both within a gas. Vapor from an e-cigarette simulates tobacco smoke, but the process of burning tobacco does not occur. The aerosol is made-up of liquid sub-micron particles of condensed vapor, which mostly consist of propylene glycol, glycerol, water, flavorings, nicotine, and other chemicals. The chemicals in the aerosol give rise to the issue of safety of electronic cigarettes. After a puff, inhalation of the aerosol travels from the device into the mouth and lungs. A 2014 review found that the particles emitted by e-cigarettes are comparable in size and number to particles in cigarette smoke, with the majority of them in the ultrafine range. The particles are of the ultrafine size which can go deep in the lungs and then into the systemic circulation. Studies show that the quantities of metals emitted are minimal and permissible by medicinal standards.", "title": "Electronic cigarette aerosol and liquid" }, { "docid": "44471109#52", "text": "The aerosol of e-cigarettes is generated when the e-liquid reaches a temperature of roughly 100-250 °C within a chamber. The user inhales the aerosol, commonly called vapor, rather than cigarette smoke. In physics, a vapor is a substance in the gas phase whereas an aerosol is a suspension of tiny particles of liquid, solid or both within a gas. The aerosol is made-up of liquid sub-micron particles of condensed vapor, which mostly consist of propylene glycol, glycerol, water, flavorings, nicotine, and other chemicals. After a puff, inhalation of the aerosol travels from the device into the mouth and lungs. The particle size distribution and sum of particles emitted by e-cigarettes are like traditional cigarettes, with the majority of particles in the ultrafine range.", "title": "Safety of electronic cigarettes" }, { "docid": "57763#64", "text": "Although all hydrometeors, solid and liquid, can be described as aerosols, a distinction is commonly made between such dispersions (i.e. clouds) containing activated drops and crystals, and aerosol particles. The atmosphere of Earth contains aerosols of various types and concentrations, including quantities of:", "title": "Aerosol" } ]

[ { "docid": "818545#0", "text": "A mitrailleuse (; from French \"mitraille\", \"grapeshot\") is a type of volley gun with multiple barrels of rifle calibre that can fire either multiple rounds at once or several rounds in rapid succession. The earliest true mitrailleuse was invented in 1851 by Belgian Army captain Fafschamps, 10 years before the advent of the Gatling gun. It was followed by the Belgian Montigny mitrailleuse in 1863. Then the French 25 barrel \"\"Canon à Balles\"\", better known as the Reffye \"mitrailleuse\", was adopted in great secrecy in 1866. It became the first rapid-firing weapon deployed as standard equipment by any army in a major conflict when it was used during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71. A steel block containing twenty-five 13 mm (.51 calibre) centre-fire cartridges was locked against the breech before firing. With the rotation of a crank, the 25 rounds were discharged in rapid succession. The sustainable firing rate of the Reffye mitrailleuse was 100 rounds per minute. The maximum effective range of the Reffye \"mitrailleuse\" was about 2000 yards; a distance which placed their batteries beyond the reach of Prussian Dreyse needle rifle fire. Reffye mitrailleuses were deployed in six gun batteries and were manned by artillery personnel. They were not infantry support weapons, but rather a form of special artillery.", "title": "Mitrailleuse" }, { "docid": "818545#2", "text": "The first \"mitrailleuse\" was a manually fired 50-barrel volley gun originally developed in Belgium in 1851 by the Belgian Army Captain Fafschamps, who made a rough prototype and drawings of his invention. The system was improved during the 1850s by Louis Christophe and the Belgian engineer Joseph Montigny, with the completion of the 37-barrel Montigny mitrailleuse in 1863. From 1859, Joseph Montigny proposed his design to Napoleon III, which led to the development of the French Reffye mitrailleuse, designed by Jean-Baptiste Verchère de Reffye with the collaboration of Montigny, and which was adopted by the French Army in 1865. Initially kept under wraps as a secret weapon, it was widely used in battle by French artillery during the Franco-Prussian War (1870–71). Smaller numbers of other designs, including the Gatling gun, were also purchased by the French government during the latter part of that conflict. The Reffye model had initially been built in small numbers and in secrecy: only about 200 were available at the beginning of the conflict. This also kept regular French field artillery in a neglected position in the eyes of French emperor Napoleon III, with dire consequences during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71.", "title": "Mitrailleuse" } ]

[ { "docid": "818545#1", "text": "Although innovative and capable of good ballistic performance, the Reffye \"mitrailleuse\" failed as a tactical weapon because its basic concept and operational usage were flawed. Furthermore, only 210 Reffye mitrailleuses were in existence at the beginning of the Franco-Prussian War in 1870. Their field use was discontinued by the French Army after 1871. After the Gatling gun was replaced in service by newer recoil- or gas-operated weapons, the approach of using multiple barrels fell into disuse for many decades. However, some examples were developed during the interwar years, but only existed as prototypes, or were rarely used. The word \"mitrailleuse\" nonetheless became the generic term for a machine gun in the French language because of its early appearance in the field of weapons, although the \"mitrailleuse\" itself was manually operated.", "title": "Mitrailleuse" }, { "docid": "20123023#2", "text": "Joseph Montigny further improved the weapon, completing the transportable 37-barrels Montigny mitrailleuse (also known as the \"Fafschamps-Montigny mitrailleuse\") in 1863. From 1859, Joseph Montigny proposed his design to Napoleon III, which led to the development of the French Reffye mitrailleuse, designed by Jean-Baptiste Verchère de Reffye with the collaboration of Montigny, and which was adopted by the French Army in 1865. The invention of Fafschamps thus became the basis of the \"mitrailleuse\", which was used by the French in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870. Initially kept under wraps as a secret weapon, it became widely used in battle by French artillery during the Franco-Prussian War (1870–71).", "title": "Toussaint-Henry-Joseph Fafchamps" }, { "docid": "818545#12", "text": "The French military became interested in the Christophe and Montigny mitrailleuse in 1863 and the French Army's Artillery Committee undertook an investigation into the possible adoption of the Belgian weapon. However it was decided to do otherwise and to create a proprietary mitrailleuse weapon by sole French industrial means. In May 1864, General Edmond Le Bœuf submitted a preliminary report entitled \"Note sur le Canon à balles\" to the Emperor Napoleon III. Full-scale manufacture began in September 1865, in great secrecy, under the leadership of Lieutenant-Colonel Verchère de Reffye (1821–1880). Assembly and some manufacturing took place at the workshops in Meudon but many parts came from the private industrial sector. Production was slow due to limited funding (the army had already spent much of its five-year budget on the Mle 1866 Chassepot rifle), forcing Napoleon III to pay for development and manufacture out of secret funds. The new weapon was thoroughly tested in 1868 at the military firing range at Satory, near Versailles, in conditions of great secrecy. Due to a fear of spies, test guns were concealed in tents while being fired at distant targets. The mitrailleuse performed mechanically with remarkable efficiency and much was expected of it in a combat situation.", "title": "Mitrailleuse" }, { "docid": "818545#11", "text": "The mitrailleuse is best known for its service with the French Army but in fact it was first used in Belgium in the 1850s as a static weapon to defend the moats of fortresses. It was a 50-barrel needle fire, paper cartridge weapon which had been designed by a Captain T.H.J. Fafschamps. Then, after 1863, it was improved with only 37 barrels, 11×70mmR centerfire ammunition and the weapon's placement on a wheeled artillery carriage. This transformation was carried out as an industrial venture by Christophe and Joseph Montigny of Fontaine-l'Évêque near Brussels, who sought to sell the new weapon to the rest of Europe.", "title": "Mitrailleuse" }, { "docid": "20120614#5", "text": "Napoleon III showed personal interest in the mitrailleuse. Montigny had approached the French army for the purpose of a sale. Experiments to evaluate the weapon began in 1863 in a French facility near Paris but the decision was made to build a similar weapon by sole French means. Manufacture began at Meudon in 1866 under the direction of Verchères de Reffye and the undisclosed assistance of Montigny. Hence the weapon is usually known as the \"Reffye mitrailleuse\". Altogether 215 mitrailleuses were manufactured for the French Army before the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71. They were of the 13mm, 25-barrels type, and used elongated shotgun shell style cartridges instead of foil cartridges as in the Montigny mitrailleuse. The weapon, which was on an artillery carriage, was deployed in six gun batteries and manned by artillery personnel. Most of the time, they were used quite ineffectively to engage distant targets. When the weapon was engaged at the Battle of Gravelotte in 1871, in an infantry support role and at shorter distances, it produced devastating effects.", "title": "Montigny mitrailleuse" }, { "docid": "818545#25", "text": "In September of 1926, the Mexican military, at first just under General Miguel Pina, made preparations to use the mitrailleuse against the Yaqui people in Sonora, then led by their military chief Luis Matus (Matius in some later accounts), and his lieutenant, Albin Cochemea. The 1st, 8th, and 18th infantry battalions prepared to bring a more modern state of warfare against the indigenous inhabitants of Vicam and other Yaqui pueblos along the river. By October 5th, after intense fighting, the remaining Yaqui soldiers had retreated to the mountains above the river, and the Mexican forces decided to mount a vast offensive against them. More than 12,000 Mexican Federal troops, under the command of General Obregon, General Abundio-Gomez, and General Manzo, directed the operations against the remaining Yaqui forces, using munitions that included 8mm mitrailleuse, and aeroplanes carrying gas asphyxiants.", "title": "Mitrailleuse" }, { "docid": "39927642#25", "text": "From the end of the 19th century several countries worked on the development of the machine gun. In Austria-Hungary in 1890 Archduke Karl Salvator and Major Georg Ritter von Dormus developed the so-called mitrailleuse. These early models are displayed in the Museum of Military History in Vienna. However, these technically highly ambitious developments proved to be unsuitable for use in the field, so eventually the Schwarzlose machine gun, developed by Andreas Schwarzlose, was introduced in 1907 as the Model M1907 and M1907/12. Both the repeating pistols described above, as well as the Schwarzlose machine gun, were used by the Austrian Army until 1938 after the k.u.k. Army was disbanded in 1918.", "title": "Common Army" }, { "docid": "41984056#0", "text": "La Mitrailleuse is a painting by British Futurist artist Christopher Nevinson, made in 1915 while he was on honeymoon leave from service as an ambulance driver with the RAMC on the Western Front in the First World War. In an article in \"The Burlington Magazine\" in 1916, artist Walter Sickert called the work \"the most authoritative and concentrated utterance on the war in the history of painting\".", "title": "La Mitrailleuse" } ]

[ { "docid": "14153478#1", "text": "The Holiday Bowl is a post-season NCAA-sanctioned Division I FBS college football bowl game that has been played annually at Qualcomm Stadium in San Diego, since 1978. The game is currently sponsored by Pacific Life Insurance, so it is known as the \"Pacific Life Holiday Bowl\"; previous title sponsors have been SeaWorld, Thrifty Car Rental, Plymouth, and Culligan. Bowl games typically have contracts with specific colleges to provide eligible teams. The conferences affiliated with the Holiday Bowl has changed over the history of the bowl. As of 2007, the game features the 2nd place Pac-10 team and the 3rd place Big 12 team.", "title": "2007 Holiday Bowl" }, { "docid": "25666262#8", "text": "In non-BCS games, Kraft Foods took over as sponsor of the former Emerald Bowl at AT&T Park and renamed it the Kraft Fight Hunger Bowl, which will benefit food banks and Feeding America under a three-year contract. Bridgepoint Education replaced Pacific Life for the Holiday Bowl played at Qualcomm Stadium in San Diego. Terms of the deal were not disclosed. South Korean automobile maker Hyundai supplanted Helen of Troy's Brut cologne brand as sponsor of the Sun Bowl played in El Paso, Texas, and will continue to do for four years. Northrop Grumman became the sponsor of the former EagleBank Bowl in Washington, D.C., and renamed it the Military Bowl, while the Birmingham-based event formerly called the PapaJohns.com Bowl will be now sponsored by BBVA Compass Bank, and internet domain owner GoDaddy.com took over sponsorship of the former GMAC Bowl. Finally, insurance giant Progressive assumed sponsorship of the Gator Bowl on New Year's Day in Jacksonville after a four-year run as sponsor by Konica Minolta ended in 2010.", "title": "2010–11 NCAA football bowl games" } ]

[ { "docid": "5754477#28", "text": "The Pacific Life Holiday Bowl was the first of the six prestigious non-BCS games and the third game to be played on December 28. It was played at Qualcomm Stadium in San Diego, California, which also hosts the Poinsettia Bowl. In this contest, the Texas A&M University Aggies, representing the Big 12, were routed by the University of California, Berkeley Golden Bears from the Pac-10, with the Bears coming out on top, 45–10. Each conference received $2.2 million for their team's participation.", "title": "2006–07 NCAA football bowl games" }, { "docid": "14153478#0", "text": "The 2007 Pacific Life Holiday Bowl was a college football bowl game played December 27, 2007 in San Diego. It was part of the 2007 NCAA Division I FBS football season and one of 32 games in the 2007–2008 bowl season. It featured the Texas Longhorns against the Arizona State Sun Devils. Texas won 52–34 and set Holiday Bowl records for the earliest score and for most points scored in the first quarter. Texas also set a school record for most points scored in a bowl game. A bizarre play involving Chris Jessee, a member of the Longhorn football operations staff and the stepson of the Texas head coach, has been cited as one of the strangest plays of the season.", "title": "2007 Holiday Bowl" }, { "docid": "17018450#0", "text": "The 2008 Pacific Life Holiday Bowl was a college football bowl game played on December 30, 2008, at Qualcomm Stadium in San Diego, California between the Oklahoma State Cowboys and the Oregon Ducks, and was part of the 2008 NCAA Division I FBS football season and one of the games in the 2008-2009 bowl season to be nationally televised by ESPN. The Ducks won the contest, 42-31.", "title": "2008 Holiday Bowl" }, { "docid": "15720226#0", "text": "The 2006 Pacific Life Holiday Bowl was a college football bowl game played December 28, 2006 in San Diego, California. It was part of the 2006 NCAA Division I FBS football season and one of 32 games in the 2006-2007 bowl season. It featured the Texas A&M Aggies representing the Big 12 against the California Golden Bears from the Pac-10. In the Golden Bears' second trip to the Holiday Bowl in three years, they routed the Aggies, 45-10. Each conference received $2.2 million for the teams playing.", "title": "2006 Holiday Bowl" }, { "docid": "15720211#0", "text": "The 2005 Holiday Bowl was a college football bowl game. The game was held at Qualcomm Stadium in San Diego on December 29, 2005, with the Big 12 Conference's Oklahoma Sooners defeating the Pacific-10 Conference's Oregon Ducks, 17–14.", "title": "2005 Holiday Bowl" }, { "docid": "8266875#4", "text": "The Fiesta Bowl has been played annually since 1971, and from then until 2005 the game was hosted in Tempe, Arizona at Sun Devil Stadium, home stadium to the NFL's Arizona Cardinals and Pac-10's Arizona State Sun Devils. In 2006, the Cardinals completed a new home stadium (named University of Phoenix Stadium) in Glendale, Arizona, and the Fiesta Bowl followed them there. The new stadium is state-of-the-art with an inclined retractable roof and fully retractable natural grass playing surface. The stadium was also host to 2006 season BCS National Championship Game held on January 8, 2007 and hosted Super Bowl XLII in 2008. The capacity of the new stadium is 63,500, although for this game and the BCS National Championship Game, extra seats were added in the south end of the stadium to increase capacity to about 70,000.\nThe game was highlighted by Oklahoma scoring 25 consecutive points in the second half to take its first lead with 1:02 remaining, a combined 22 points scored in the final 1:26 of regulation plus 15 points in overtime, and three trick plays that helped Boise State win the game.", "title": "2007 Fiesta Bowl" }, { "docid": "10650879#9", "text": "The following seven bowl games are either held traditionally on January 1 or have featured large payouts. In addition, a majority of these games are aired on broadcast television networks such as CBS, ABC or Fox instead of cable networks like ESPN, ESPN2 or NFL Network.The Pacific Life Holiday Bowl was played on December 27 at Qualcomm Stadium in San Diego, California, which also hosted the Poinsettia Bowl a week earlier. The University of Texas at Austin Longhorns, the representatives of the Big 12, coached by Mack Brown, defeated the Pac-10's Arizona State University Sun Devils under the leadership of Dennis Erickson, 52–34. Each conference will get a $2.2 million payout as receipt of the schools playing.The Brut Sun Bowl was contested on December 31 at the eponymous named stadium in El Paso, Texas on the campus of the University of Texas at El Paso, pitting the Pac 10's University of Oregon Ducks and the Big East's University of South Florida Bulls. After a first half that saw both teams tied at one point at 11–11, the Ducks scored 38 points in the second half to clinch a 56–21 win. Both schools netted a payout of $1.9 million for their conference coffers.The Chick-fil-A Bowl was played on December 31 in the Georgia Dome in Atlanta between two teams with the same moniker: Clemson University from the ACC and Auburn University from the SEC, both referred to as \"Tigers.\" During the contest, Auburn unveiled a new spread offense implemented by new offensive coordinator Tony Franklin. Despite an early bowl-record 83-yard touchdown run by Clemson's C. J. Spiller, Auburn was able to record a 23–20 victory when freshman backup quarterback Kodi Burns ended the first overtime game in Chick-fil-A Bowl history with a seven-yard walk-off touchdown. The payouts were $3.25 million for the higher priority selection from the ACC and $2.4 million for the SEC representative. The Chick-fil-A Bowl was the highest-rated ESPN-broadcast bowl game of the 2007–2008 season, and the highest rated in the game's history.In the first of two Big Ten-SEC matchups played on New Years' Day, the University of Tennessee Volunteers defeated the Badgers from the University of Wisconsin–Madison, 21–17, in the Outback Bowl at Tampa, Florida's Raymond James Stadium. Both conferences were guaranteed a $3 million paycheck.Despite having one of their most successful seasons in school history, the University of Missouri-Columbia Tigers were only selected to play at the non-BCS AT&T Cotton Bowl Classic on January 1 after suffering their only two losses for the year to Oklahoma (the latter in the Big 12 Championship Game). Mizzou then blew out their bowl game opponent, the University of Arkansas Razorbacks from the SEC, 38–7. The conferences received $3 million apiece. Tigers running back Tony Temple set game records with 281 yards on the ground and four touchdowns while Razorback runner Darren McFadden was limited to 102 yards.", "title": "2007–08 NCAA football bowl games" }, { "docid": "15720128#0", "text": "The 1978 Holiday Bowl was the inaugural college football bowl game of the Holiday Bowl. It was played on December 22, 1978, at San Diego Stadium in San Diego, California. The game was part of the 1978 NCAA Division I-A football season. It featured the Navy Midshipmen against the BYU Cougars. Navy won 23–16.", "title": "1978 Holiday Bowl" } ]

[ { "docid": "62013#3", "text": "Two years after being wounded in World War I, Apollinaire died in the Spanish flu pandemic of 1918; he was 38.", "title": "Guillaume Apollinaire" } ]

[ { "docid": "62013#16", "text": "In 1907 Apollinaire published the well-known erotic novel, \"The Eleven Thousand Rods\" (\"Les Onze Mille Verges\"). Officially banned in France until 1970, various printings of it circulated widely for many years. Apollinaire never publicly acknowledged authorship of the novel. Another erotic novel attributed to him was \"The Exploits of a Young Don Juan (Les exploits d'un jeune Don Juan)\", in which the 15-year-old hero fathers three children with various members of his entourage, including his aunt. Apollinaire's gift to Picasso of the original 1907 manuscript was one of the artist's most prized possessions. The book was made into a movie in 1987.", "title": "Guillaume Apollinaire" }, { "docid": "62013#4", "text": "Wilhelm Albert Włodzimierz Apolinary Kostrowicki was born in Rome, Italy, and was raised speaking French, Italian, and Polish. He emigrated to France in his late teens and adopted the name Guillaume Apollinaire. His mother, born Angelika Kostrowicka, was a Polish noblewoman born near Navahrudak, Grodno Governorate (present-day Belarus). His maternal grandfather was a general in the Russian Imperial Army who was killed in the Crimean War. Apollinaire's father is unknown but may have been Francesco Costantino Camillo Flugi d'Aspermont (born 1835), a Graubünden aristocrat who disappeared early from Apollinaire's life. Francesco Flugi von Aspermont was a nephew of Conradin Flugi d'Aspermont (1787–1874), a poet who wrote in ladin putèr (an official language dialect of Switzerland spoken in Engiadina ota), and perhaps also of the Minnesänger Oswald von Wolkenstein (born c. 1377, died 2 August 1445; see \"Les ancêtres Grisons du poète Guillaume Apollinaire\" at Généanet).", "title": "Guillaume Apollinaire" }, { "docid": "62013#18", "text": "In his youth Apollinaire lived for a short while in Belgium, mastering the Walloon dialect sufficiently to write poetry, some of which has survived.Apollinaire is played by Seth Gabel in the 2018 television series \"Genius\", which focuses on the life and work of Pablo Picasso.", "title": "Guillaume Apollinaire" }, { "docid": "62013#15", "text": "In 1900 he wrote his first novel \"Mirely, ou le petit trou pas cher\" (pornographic), which was eventually lost. Apollinaire's first collection of poetry was \"L'enchanteur pourrissant\" (1909), but \"Alcools\" (1913) established his reputation. The poems, influenced in part by the Symbolists, juxtapose the old and the new, combining traditional poetic forms with modern imagery. In 1913, Apollinaire published the essay \"Les Peintres Cubistes, Méditations Esthétiques\" on the Cubist painters, a movement which he helped to define. He also coined the term \"orphism\" to describe a tendency towards absolute abstraction in the paintings of Robert Delaunay and others.", "title": "Guillaume Apollinaire" }, { "docid": "1865760#2", "text": "Guillaume Apollinaire was one a group of poets whom Poulenc had met as a teenager. Adrienne Monnier's bookshop, the \"Maison des Amis des Livres\", was a meeting place for \"avant-garde\" writers including Apollinaire, Max Jacob, Paul Éluard and Louis Aragon. Apollinaire, the illegitimate son of a Polish noblewoman, was described by the critic Edward Lockspeiser as the prominent leader of Bohemian life in Montparnasse. Among his achievements were to bring to prominence the painter the Douanier Rousseau, and to invent the term \"surrealism\", of which he was a leading exponent. In June 1917 the audience for the first performance of Apollinaire's \"drame surréaliste\", \"Les Mamelles de Tirésias\", at a theatre in Montmartre included Jean Cocteau, Serge Diaghilev, Léonide Massine, Henri Matisse, Pablo Picasso, Erik Satie, and the young Poulenc. Many years later Poulenc said that though he had been immensely amused by the farcical piece it did not occur to him at the time that he would ever set it to music.", "title": "Les mamelles de Tirésias" }, { "docid": "62013#13", "text": "Apollinaire fought in World War I and, in 1916, received a serious shrapnel wound to the temple, from which he would never fully recover. He wrote \"Les Mamelles de Tirésias\" while recovering from this wound. During this period he coined the word \"Surrealism\" in the programme notes for Jean Cocteau's and Erik Satie's ballet \"Parade\", first performed on 18 May 1917. He also published an artistic manifesto, \"L'Esprit nouveau et les poètes\". Apollinaire's status as a literary critic is most famous and influential in his recognition of the Marquis de Sade, whose works were for a long time obscure, yet arising in popularity as an influence upon the Dada and Surrealist art movements going on in Montparnasse at the beginning of the twentieth century as, \"The freest spirit that ever existed.\"", "title": "Guillaume Apollinaire" }, { "docid": "62013#0", "text": "Guillaume Apollinaire (; 26 August 1880 – 9 November 1918) was a French poet, playwright, short story writer, novelist, and art critic of Polish-Belarusian descent.", "title": "Guillaume Apollinaire" }, { "docid": "62013#5", "text": "Apollinaire eventually moved from Rome to Paris and became one of the most popular members of the artistic community of Paris (both in Montmartre and Montparnasse). His friends and collaborators in that period included Pablo Picasso, Henri Rousseau, Gertrude Stein, Max Jacob, André Salmon, André Breton, André Derain, Faik Konitza, Blaise Cendrars, Pierre Reverdy, Alexandra Exter, Jean Cocteau, Erik Satie, Ossip Zadkine, Marc Chagall, Marcel Duchamp and Jean Metzinger. He became romantically involved with Marie Laurencin, who is often identified as his muse. While there, he dabbled in anarchism and spoke out as a Dreyfusard in defense of Dreyfus's innocence.", "title": "Guillaume Apollinaire" }, { "docid": "30271453#0", "text": "The prix Guillaume Apollinaire is a French poetry prize first awarded in 1941. It was named in honour of French writer Guillaume Apollinaire. It annually recognizes a collection of poems for its originality and modernity.", "title": "Prix Guillaume Apollinaire" }, { "docid": "62013#14", "text": "The war-weakened Apollinaire died of influenza during the Spanish flu pandemic of 1918. He was interred in the Père Lachaise Cemetery, Paris.", "title": "Guillaume Apollinaire" } ]

[ { "docid": "11881243#0", "text": "Linnwood is an heritage-listed former residence, school, local history museum and children's home and now historical society located at 11-35 Byron Road, Guildford in the Cumberland Council local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It was designed and built by George McCredie during 1891. It is also known as Linwood Hall, Lynwood Hall and Guildford Truant School. The property is owned by the Cumberland Council and the NSW Office of Environment and Heritage. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 21 February 2003.", "title": "Linnwood, Guildford" } ]

[ { "docid": "11881243#50", "text": "In 1984, a plan to provide a museum at Linnwood was advertised. On 21 March 1985, The Department of Community Services granted a license to the Holroyd and District Historical Society, to operate the \"Linnwood Museum\", from the building. In September of that year, the museum was officially opened by the then Minister for Youth and Community Services, Frank Walker (Pamphlet).", "title": "Linnwood, Guildford" }, { "docid": "20356307#0", "text": "Linnwood, is a historic home located at Ellicott City, Howard County, Maryland, United States. It is a large 1901 Queen Anne-influenced house consisting of a -story four-bay by four-bay frame structure with vinyl siding, a rubble stone foundation, and a hip roof with asphalt shingles. Six domestic outbuildings are arrayed behind the house, including a springhouse/greenhouse, shop building/cold storage and annex, garage, smokehouse, privy, and a modern garage. A stone gateway with iron gates is located at the road, flanking the driveway. The house's Late Victorian form and appearance resulted from a thorough remodeling in 1901 of a preexisting farmhouse, according to designs by architect D. S. Hopkins.", "title": "Linnwood (Ellicott City, Maryland)" }, { "docid": "20356307#1", "text": "Linnwood was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.", "title": "Linnwood (Ellicott City, Maryland)" }, { "docid": "11881243#70", "text": "Linnwood is significant as a late 19th century country retreat constructed by a prosperous city businessman demonstrating a pattern of land use that occurred during this time beyond the outskirts of Sydney. Linnwood is historically representative of the wealth and aspirations of this class of Late Victorian Sydney self made men, and also demonstrates the extensive local landholdings of Susan McCredie.", "title": "Linnwood, Guildford" }, { "docid": "11881243#54", "text": "Linnwood Hall is located in Holroyd, south of Guildford. The residence sits high on a north-south running ridge within spacious grounds of about with mature trees. Several other early elements from the initial phase of development of the property are evident within this curtilage including an unusual octagonal summerhouse, several mature trees and fountains.", "title": "Linnwood, Guildford" }, { "docid": "11881243#39", "text": "A departmental publication from 1966 describes the purpose and activities at \"Lynwood Hall\" at Guildford. The report notes that Linnwood was for girls aged from 12 to 15, from a deprived background. The report claims that \"worthwhile goals are set and the girls are encouraged to meet them\". In addition to a \"general emphasis on domestic science\", an emphasis was also placed on \"deportment, courtesy and correct social conduct\". The report notes that organisations such as Rotary and the C.W.A were responsible for providing outings for the girls and facilitating contact with the community (a picture of the Queen presented by the CWA hangs in the central hall). Other outings included trips to the city to see the ballet (Oral History). Ballet was apparently very important at Linnwood, and girls who performed well in classes were bound to be favourites of the staff (Oral History).", "title": "Linnwood, Guildford" }, { "docid": "11881243#90", "text": "The site is likely to have a high level of archaeological potential, owing to a limited degree of site disturbance. The demolished remains of the original stables and cottage at the South West corner of the site are likely to be fairly undisturbed. The site is also likely to reveal evidence of former paths, outbuilding, drains, waste disposal, gardens and fences. There is a remote possibility that the footings of the 1894 Linnwood Hall church may be located in the vicinity of the Western boundary of the site. The significance of archaeological remains on the site is relative to the overall significance of the property.", "title": "Linnwood, Guildford" }, { "docid": "11881243#18", "text": "In 1917, the Department of Education began looking for a suitable location for a new Truant School. A. L. Hinton, a Sydney real estate agent, was consulted, and offered several properties in the Parramatta region. In July 1917, Linnwood was included in the list of properties and the particulars of the residence and grounds were described. By September negotiations were in progress for the lease of the land from Mrs McCredie, with an option of purchasing the property during the life of the lease for (Pounds)5,000. Among the reasons for choosing Linnwood for the Truant School were its location, and ample accommodation and grounds: \"it is more or less isolated although within easy reach of the Railway Station. There is sufficient accommodation for the staff without any additions and ample ground to provide suitable occupation for the boys after school hours. A Department of Education architect's report in September 1917, stated that Linwood was in a very good state of repair, and had only two or three slight cracks. A lease of the site from Mrs McCredie by the Crown was entered into, to commence at the beginning of December 1917.", "title": "Linnwood, Guildford" }, { "docid": "11881243#53", "text": "Holroyd City Council debated handing back control of Linnwood Hall to the state government in November-December 2015, after a proposal to subdivide the land and use sale proceeds to fund its restoration have been stalled. Counicl will proceed with plans to subdivide the land and use proceeds from the Tamplin Road Reserve sale towards restoration of Linnwood house, following a series of meetings with the Heritage Division OEH to address long-running delays.", "title": "Linnwood, Guildford" } ]

[ { "docid": "35494376#34", "text": "A study by Cabot Oil and Gas examined the Duke study using a larger sample size, found that methane concentrations were related to topography, with the highest readings found in low-lying areas, rather than related to distance from gas production areas. Using a more precise isotopic analysis, they showed that the methane found in the water wells came from both the formations where hydraulic fracturing occurred, and from the shallower formations. The Colorado Oil & Gas Conservation Commission investigates complaints from water well owners, and has found some wells to contain biogenic methane unrelated to oil and gas wells, but others that have thermogenic methane due to oil and gas wells with leaking well casing. A review published in February 2012 found no direct evidence that hydraulic fracturing actual injection phase resulted in contamination of ground water, and suggests that reported problems occur due to leaks in its fluid or waste storage apparatus; the review says that methane in water wells in some areas probably comes from natural resources.", "title": "Environmental impact of hydraulic fracturing" }, { "docid": "18582230#38", "text": "Methane was discovered and isolated by Alessandro Volta between 1776 and 1778 when studying marsh gas from Lake Maggiore. It is the major component of natural gas, about 87% by volume. The major source of methane is extraction from geological deposits known as natural gas fields, with coal seam gas extraction becoming a major source (see Coal bed methane extraction, a method for extracting methane from a coal deposit, while enhanced coal bed methane recovery is a method of recovering methane from non-mineable coal seams). It is associated with other hydrocarbon fuels, and sometimes accompanied by helium and nitrogen. Methane is produced at shallow levels (low pressure) by anaerobic decay of organic matter and reworked methane from deep under the Earth's surface. In general, the sediments that generate natural gas are buried deeper and at higher temperatures than those that contain oil.", "title": "Methane" }, { "docid": "19480112#1", "text": "The Arctic region is one of the many natural sources of the greenhouse gas methane. Global warming accelerates its release, due to both release of methane from existing stores, and from methanogenesis in rotting biomass. Large quantities of methane are stored in the Arctic in natural gas deposits, permafrost, and as undersea clathrates. Permafrost and clathrates degrade on warming, thus large releases of methane from these sources may arise as a result of global warming. Other sources of methane include submarine taliks, river transport, ice complex retreat, submarine permafrost and decaying gas hydrate deposits.", "title": "Arctic methane emissions" }, { "docid": "50525886#136", "text": "Methane is a major component of natural gas. Geosphere methane is intriguing for the large input of microbial methanogenesis. This process exhibits a strong isotope effect, resulting in greater D-depletion in methane relative to other hydrocarbons. δD ranges from -275‰ to -100‰ in thermogenic methane, and from -400‰ to -150‰ in microbial methane. Also, methane formed by marine methanogens is generally enriched in D relative to methane from freshwater methanogens. δD of methane has been plotted together with other geochemical tools(like δC, gas wetness) to categorize and identify natural gas. A δD-δC diagram (sometimes referred to as CD diagram, Whiticar diagram, or Schoell diagram ) is widely used to place methane in one of the three distinct groups: thermogenic methane that is higher in both δC and δD; marine microbial methane that is more depleted in C and freshwater microbial methane that is more depleted in D. Hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis produces less D-depleted methane relative to acetoclastic methanogenesis. The location where the organism lives and substrate concentration also affect isotopic composition: rumen methanogenesis, which occurs in a more closed system and with higher partial pressures of hydrogen, exhibits a greater fractionation (-300 to -400‰) than wetland methanogenesis (-250 to -170‰).\nRecent advances in analytical chemistry have enabled high-precision measurements of multiply substituted isotopologues (or 'clumped isotopologues') like CHD. This emerge as a novel tool for studying methane formation. This proxy is based on the abundance of clumped isotopologues of methane, which should be enriched compared to the stochastic distribution at thermodynamic equilibrium because the reduced zero-point energy for heavy-heavy isotope bonding is more than twice the reduced zero-point energy of heavy-light isotope bonding. The extent of enrichment decreases with increasing temperature, as higher entropy tends to randomize isotope distribution. Stolper et al. established this temperature calibration using laboratory equilibrated methane and field methane from known formation temperature, and applied this to several gas reservoirs to study natural gas formation and mixing. Wang et al. also reported strong non-equilibrium isotope effect in methane clumped isotopes from lab-cultured methanogens and field samples. These methane samples have relatively low abundance of clumped isotopologues, sometimes even lower than the stochastic distribution. This indicates that there are irreversible steps in enzymatic reactions during methanogenesis that fractionation against clumped isotopologues to create the depleted signal. Isotope clumping in methane has proven a robust proxy, and scientists are now moving towards higher-order alkane molecules like ethane for further work.", "title": "Hydrogen isotope biogeochemistry" } ]

[ { "docid": "1646739#10", "text": "According to officials at the L.A. Department of Building and Safety, \"Methane is an old story in Los Angeles and the standards the city requires at Playa Vista are the strictest in the country. Hence, Playa residents we spoke to cited areas where the gas has not been mitigated - such as Venice, Santa Monica, and nearly all of the Westside - as more dangerous.\" Many also argue that \"much of the methane is natural - not the kind that comes from the gas company.\"", "title": "Playa Vista, Los Angeles" }, { "docid": "5676885#33", "text": "Many cellulosic biomass materials produce methane naturally. Methane is the main component of natural gas. Naturally occurring methane is often considered a source of pollution from landfills, dairy farms, and human waste sources. The EPA routinely issues rules to reduce the emission of methane from landfills and other sources.", "title": "Biofuel in the United States" }, { "docid": "67458#3", "text": "Tens of thousands of methane wells have been drilled, and extensive support facilities such as roads, pipelines, and compressors have been installed for CBM extraction in the Powder River Basin of northeast Wyoming and southeast Montana and now in India at West Bengal- Ranigunj, Panagarh etc. Seven percent of the natural gas (methane) currently produced in the United States comes from CBM extraction. Methane from coalbed reservoirs can be recovered economically, but disposal of water is an environmental concern.", "title": "Coalbed methane extraction" }, { "docid": "1816518#5", "text": "Today most methanol is produced from methane through syngas. Trinidad and Tobago is currently the world's largest methanol exporter, with exports mainly to the United States. The natural gas that serves as feedstock for the production of methanol comes from the same sources as other uses. Unconventional gas resources such as coalbed methane, tight sand gas and eventually the very large methane hydrate resources present under the continental shelves of the seas and Siberian and Canadian tundra could also be used to provide the necessary gas.", "title": "Methanol economy" }, { "docid": "23092516#80", "text": "Another source of methane emissions has been identified in Russia. Near Yamburg and Urengoy exist gas fields with a methane concentration of 97 percent. The gas obtained from these fields is taken and exported to Western and Central Europe through an extensive pipeline system known as the Trans-Siberian natural gas pipeline system. In accordance with the IPCC and other natural gas emissions control groups, measurements had to be taken throughout the pipeline to measure methane emissions from technological discharges and leaks at the pipeline fittings and vents. Although the majority of the natural gas leaks were carbon dioxide, a significant amount of methane was also being consistently released from the pipeline as a result of leaks and breakdowns. In 2001, natural gas emissions from the pipeline and natural gas transportation system accounted for 1 percent of the natural gas produced. Fortunately, between 2001 and 2005, this number reduced to 0.7 percent, and even the 2001 value is still significantly less than that of 1996.", "title": "Atmospheric methane" }, { "docid": "54137#19", "text": "Economic deposits of hydrate are termed Natural Gas Hydrate (NGH) and are unique in that they store 164 m of methane, 0.8 m water in 1 m hydrate. Most NGH is found beneath the seafloor (95%) where it exists in thermodynamic equilibrium. The sedimentary methane hydrate reservoir probably contains 2–10 times the currently known reserves of conventional natural gas, . This represents a potentially important future source of hydrocarbon fuel. However, in the majority of sites deposits are thought to be too dispersed for economic extraction. Other problems facing commercial exploitation are detection of viable reserves and development of the technology for extracting methane gas from the hydrate deposits.", "title": "Methane clathrate" } ]

[ { "docid": "146803#2", "text": "Leif was the son of Erik the Red and his wife Thjodhild, and the grandson of Thorvaldr Ásvaldsson, and distant relative of Naddodd, who discovered Iceland. He was a Viking in the early days. His year of birth is most often given as c. 970 or c. 980. Though Leif's birthplace is not accounted for in the sagas, it is likely he was born in Iceland, where his parents met—probably somewhere on the edge of Breiðafjörður, and possibly at the farm \"Haukadal\" where Thjóðhild's family is said to have been based. Leif had two brothers, whose names were Thorsteinn and Thorvaldr, and a sister, Freydís.", "title": "Leif Erikson" }, { "docid": "146803#0", "text": "Leif Erikson or Leif Ericson ( 970 – c. 1020) was a Norse explorer from Iceland. He was the first known European to have set foot on continental North America (excluding Greenland), before Christopher Columbus. According to the Sagas of Icelanders, he established a Norse settlement at Vinland, tentatively identified with the Norse L'Anse aux Meadows on the northern tip of Newfoundland in modern-day Canada. Later archaeological evidence suggests that Vinland may have been the areas around the Gulf of St. Lawrence and that the L'Anse aux Meadows site was a ship repair station.", "title": "Leif Erikson" } ]

[ { "docid": "2191296#1", "text": "The 1874 book \"America Not Discovered by Columbus\" by Norwegian-American Rasmus B. Anderson helped popularize the idea that Vikings were the first Europeans in the New World, an idea that was all but verified in 1960. During his appearance at the Norse-American Centennial at the Minnesota State Fair in 1925, President Calvin Coolidge gave recognition to Leif Erikson as the discoverer of America due to research by Norwegian-American scholars such as Knut Gjerset and Ludvig Hektoen. In 1929, Wisconsin became the first U.S. state to officially adopt Leif Erikson Day as a state holiday, thanks in large part to efforts by Rasmus Anderson. In 1931, Minnesota did also. By 1956, Leif Erikson Day had been made an official observance in seven states (Wisconsin, Minnesota, South Dakota, Illinois, Colorado, Washington, and California) and one Canadian province (Saskatchewan).", "title": "Leif Erikson Day" }, { "docid": "146803#1", "text": "Leif was the son of Erik the Red, the founder of the first Norse settlement in Greenland and of Thjodhild (Þjóðhildur), both of Norwegian origin. His place of birth is not known, but he is assumed to have been born in Iceland, which had recently been colonized by Norsemen mainly from Norway. He grew up in the family estate \"Brattahlíð\" in the Eastern Settlement in Greenland. Leif had two known sons: Thorgils, born to noblewoman Thorgunna in the Hebrides; and Thorkell, who succeeded him as chieftain of the Greenland settlement.", "title": "Leif Erikson" }, { "docid": "46919327#1", "text": "\"Leif Erikson\" was built at Korgen in Nordland, Norway during 1926 at the request of Gerhard Folgerø (1886-1948) for a voyage across the Atlantic Ocean. The vessel is built of Norway Pine and constructed in the form of a modified knarr. The vessel is 42 feet long, has a 12 feet 9 inches beam and draws 4 feet of water. The elaborate dragon's head and tail were designed by architect Gerhard Johan Lilletvedt of Bergen.\nThe ship was invited to Duluth, Minnesota by Norwegian-American immigrant H. H. Borgen. The vessel set sail in 1926 from Bergen traveling to Labrador and then to Boston and New York City. It sailed through the Great Lakes to the western shores of Lake Superior. When Captain Folgerø and his crew landed at Duluth on June 23, 1927, they had traveled a distance of 6,700 miles, the greatest distance for a ship of its size in modern history.", "title": "Leif Erikson (ship)" }, { "docid": "146803#8", "text": "After Leif's first trip to \"Vinland\", he returned to the family estate of \"Brattahlíð\" in Greenland, and started preaching Christianity to the Greenlanders. His father Erik reacted coldly to the suggestion that he should abandon his religion, while his mother Thjóðhildr quickly became a Christian and built a church called Thjóðhild's Church. Leif is last mentioned alive in 1019, and by 1025 he had passed on his chieftaincy of \"Eiríksfjǫrðr\" to another son, Thorkell. Nothing is mentioned about his death in the sagas—he probably died in Greenland some time between these dates. Nothing further is known about his family beyond the succession of Thorkell as chieftain.", "title": "Leif Erikson" }, { "docid": "48693870#5", "text": "The 2015 Leif Erikson Awards were announced by the President of Iceland, Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson, on 9 July at the Reykjavík University Auditorium.", "title": "Leif Erikson Awards" }, { "docid": "146803#12", "text": "The Sagas do not give the exact date of Leif Erikson's landfall in America, they only state that it was in the fall of the year. At the suggestion of Christian A. Hoen, Edgerton, Wis., 9 October was settled upon, as that already was a historic date for Norwegians in America, the ship \"Restaurationen\" coming from Stavanger, arrived in New York Harbor on 9 October 1825 with its first organized party of Norwegian immigrants.", "title": "Leif Erikson" }, { "docid": "2191296#2", "text": "In 1963, Senator Hubert Humphrey and Representative John Blatnik, both from Minnesota, introduced bills to observe Leif Erikson Day nationwide. On September 2, 1964, Congress unanimously authorized and requested the President to create the observance through an annual proclamation. Lyndon B. Johnson did so that year, as has each president in the years since, often using the proclamation to praise the contributions of Americans of Nordic descent generally and the spirit of discovery.", "title": "Leif Erikson Day" }, { "docid": "46919327#3", "text": "\"Leif Erikson\" steadily deteriorated after years of neglect and vandalism, and by 1980 was in such poor condition that it was even considered that the ship be burned in the traditional Viking manner of putting a ship to rest. This suggestion inspired Emil Olson's grandson, Will Borg, to bring volunteers together and begin fundraising efforts to restore the ship. Through donations, festivals and other endeavors, the group raised $100,000. Boatbuilders began the restoration in 1991. With restoration nearly complete, the ship was reinstalled on display at the eastern end of Leif Erikson Park in Duluth, Minnesota in 2001. Due to further vandalism and degradation, the ship was again removed from the park by cranes and a flatbed trailer in 2013. \"Leif Erikson\" has been undergoing further restoration. Fundraising efforts aim to return it to the park in a new, secure display structure. The proposed building is designed by Krech Ojard & Associates and intended to be located near Leif Erikson Park at Superior Street and 10th Avenue East. \"Leif Erikson\" is presently housed at the Lafarge cement terminal.", "title": "Leif Erikson (ship)" }, { "docid": "146803#7", "text": "Research done in the early 1960s by Norwegian explorer Helge Ingstad and his wife, archaeologist Anne Stine Ingstad, identified a Norse site located at the northern tip of Newfoundland. It has been suggested that this site, known as L'Anse aux Meadows, is \"Leifsbúðir\". The Ingstads demonstrated that Norsemen had reached America about 500 years before Christopher Columbus. Later archaeological evidence suggests that \"Vinland\" may have been the areas around the Gulf of St. Lawrence and that the L'Anse aux Meadows site was a ship repair station and waypoint for voyages there. That does not necessarily contradict the identification of L'Anse aux Meadows with \"Leifsbúðir\" since the two sagas appear to describe \"Vinland\" as a wider region which included several settlements. The \"Saga of Erik the Red\" mentions two other settlements in \"Vinland\": a settlement called \"Straumfjǫrðr\", which lay beyond \"Kjalarnes\" promontory and the Wonderstrands, and one called \"Hóp\", which was located even farther south.\nLeif was described as a wise, considerate, and strong man of striking appearance. During his stay in the Hebrides, he fell in love with a noblewoman, Thorgunna, who gave birth to their son Thorgils. Thorgils was later sent to Leif in Greenland, but he did not become popular.", "title": "Leif Erikson" } ]

[ { "docid": "26667#151", "text": "Roman Catholicism, which has a long history in Spain, remains the dominant religion. Although it no longer has official status by law, in all public schools in Spain students have to choose either a religion or ethics class. Catholicism is the religion most commonly taught, although the teaching of Islam, Judaism, and evangelical Christianity is also recognised in law. According to a June 2016 study by the Spanish Centre for Sociological Research about 70% of Spaniards self-identify as Catholics, 2% other faith, and about 25% identify with no religion. Most Spaniards do not participate regularly in religious services. This same study shows that of the Spaniards who identify themselves as religious, 59% hardly ever or never go to church, 16% go to church some times a year, 9% some time per month and 15% every Sunday or multiple times per week. Recent polls and surveys have revealed that atheists and agnostics comprise anywhere from 20% to 27% of the Spanish population.", "title": "Spain" }, { "docid": "2290752#30", "text": "The advent of the Franco regime saw the restoration of the church's privileges under a totalitarian system known as \"National Catholicism\". During the Franco years, Roman Catholicism was the only religion to have legal status; other worship services could not be advertised, and no other religion could own property or publish books. The Government not only continued to pay priests' salaries and to subsidize the Church, it also assisted in the reconstruction of church buildings damaged by the war. Laws were passed abolishing divorce and civil marriages as well as banning abortion and the sale of contraceptives. Homosexuality and all other forms of sexual permissiveness were also banned. Catholic religious instruction was mandatory, even in public schools. Franco secured in return the right to name Roman Catholic bishops in Spain, as well as veto power over appointments of clergy down to the parish priest level.", "title": "Religion in Spain" }, { "docid": "22625013#38", "text": "Catholicism became the state religion when the Spanish government signed the Concordat of 1851 with the Vatican. \" The 1851 concordat had Catholicism as ' the only religion of the Spanish nation' but by ratifying the status quo, including disentail [\"desamortización\" or sale of entailed lands created a free market in land], the concordat itself represented an accommodation with the liberal state. The experience of disentail had, however, replaced the Church's assumption of privilege with a sense of uncertainty. Though it would be many years before it ceased to look to the state for protection and support - not least in denying freedom of worship to Spaniards until 1931 - the Spanish Church now accepted the secular jurisdiction of the state and some idea of national sovereignty.\"", "title": "History of the Catholic Church in Spain" }, { "docid": "2050354#38", "text": "An additional obvious legacy is that of Roman Catholicism. At the end of Spain's reign over Texas, virtually all inhabitants practiced the Catholic religion, and it is still practiced in Texas by a large number of people. The Spanish missions built in San Antonio to convert Indians to Catholicism have been restored and are a National Historic Landmark.", "title": "History of Texas" }, { "docid": "2290752#0", "text": "Catholic Christianity is the largest religion in Spain, but practical secularization is strong. Only 3% of Spaniards consider religion as one of their three most important values, even lower than the 5% European average. The Spanish Constitution of 1978 abolished Catholicism as the official state religion, while recognizing the role it plays in Spanish society. As a result, there is no official religion and religious freedom is protected.", "title": "Religion in Spain" } ]

[ { "docid": "271956#34", "text": "Pure equality of religions exists only in a minority of Western European countries. Besides Denmark, only the Faroe Islands, Iceland, England and Greece have official state churches, while Scotland has an officially recognised \"national church\" that is not connected to the state. Spain, Portugal, Italy and Austria have official ties to Catholicism (concordat), but these ties do not extend to Catholicism being recognised as the state religion in these countries. Further there are varying degrees of public funding of the church in Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, Norway, Sweden in most cantons of Switzerland, and in the Alsace-Moselle region of France.The ordination of women, having been discussed within the church since the 1920s, has been allowed since 1948, despite some rather strong early resistance from the clergy. The then Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs was contacted by a parochial council who wished to employ a female priest. He decided there was no legal obstacle to that. The first woman to become a bishop was instituted in 1995. Today two thirds of theology students are women, and the clergy is expected to have a female majority in the near future.", "title": "Church of Denmark" }, { "docid": "2290752#18", "text": "Spain, it has been observed, is a nation-state born out of religious struggle mainly between Catholicism and Islam, but also against Judaism (and, to a lesser extent, Protestantism). The Reconquista against Al Andalus (ending in 1492), the establishment of the Spanish Inquisition (1478) and the expulsion of Jews (1492) were highly relevant in the union of Castile and Aragon under the \"Catholic Monarchs\" Isabel and Fernando (1492), followed by the persecution and eventual expulsion of the Moriscos in 1609. The Counter-Reformation (1563–1648) was especially strong in Spain and the Inquisition was not definitively abolished until 1834, thus keeping Islam, Judaism, Protestantism and parts of Enlightenment at bay for most of its history.", "title": "Religion in Spain" }, { "docid": "29646465#11", "text": "If we had to choose a single, irreducible idea underlying Spanish colonialism in the New World, it would undoubtedly be the propagation of the Catholic faith. Unlike such other European as England or the Netherlands, Spain insisted on converting the natives of the lands it conquered to its state religion. Miraculously, it succeeded. Introduced in the context of Iberian expansionism, Catholicism outlived the empire itself and continues to thrive, not as an anachronistic vestige among the elite, but as a vital current even in remote mountain villages. Catholicism remains the principal colonial heritage of Spain in America. More than any set of economic relationships with the outside world, more even than the language first brought to America's shores in 1492, the Catholic religion continues to permeate Spanish-American culture today, creating an overriding cultural unity which transcends the political and national boundaries dividing the continent.\nThe Spaniards were committed, by Vatican decree, to convert their New World indigenous subjects to Catholicism. However, often initial efforts were questionably successful, as the indigenous people added Catholicism into their longstanding traditional ceremonies and beliefs. The many native expressions, forms, practices, and items of art could be considered idolatry and prohibited or destroyed by Spanish missionaries, military, and civilians. This included religious items, sculptures, and jewelry made of gold or silver, which were melted down before shipment to Spain.", "title": "Christianity and colonialism" }, { "docid": "13299#25", "text": "Spanish Catholic religion also coalesced during this time. The period of rule by the Visigothic Kingdom saw the spread of Arianism briefly in Spain. The Councils of Toledo debated creed and liturgy in orthodox Catholicism, and the Council of Lerida in 546 constrained the clergy and extended the power of law over them under the blessings of Rome. In 587, the Visigothic king at Toledo, Reccared, converted to Catholicism and launched a movement in Spain to unify the various religious doctrines that existed in the land. This put an end to dissension on the question of Arianism. (For additional information about this period, see the History of Roman Catholicism in Spain.)", "title": "History of Spain" }, { "docid": "933322#5", "text": "Via the English Reformation, King Henry VIII made himself head of the Protestant Church of England and outlawed Catholicism in England and Wales. In the course of the 16th century Protestantism became intimately associated with national identity in England: English folk in general saw Catholicism as the national enemy, especially as it was embodied in the rivals France and Spain. But Catholicism remained the religion of most people in Ireland; for many Irish it was a symbol of native resistance to the Tudor conquest/reconquest of Ireland in 1541.", "title": "Wars of the Three Kingdoms" } ]

[ { "docid": "14476384#7", "text": "Because mass and weight are separate quantities, they have different units of measure. In the International System of Units (SI), the kilogram is the basic unit of mass, and the newton is the basic unit of force. The non-SI kilogram-force is also a unit of force typically used in the measure of weight. Similarly, the avoirdupois pound, used in both the Imperial system and U.S. customary units, is a unit of mass, and its related unit of force is the pound-force.", "title": "Mass versus weight" }, { "docid": "15492#6", "text": "These measurements were in use from 1826, when the new imperial gallon was defined, but were officially abolished in the United Kingdom on 1 January 1971. In the USA, though no longer recommended, the apothecaries' system is still used occasionally in medicine, especially in prescriptions for older medications.\nIn the 19th and 20th centuries, the UK used three different systems for mass and weight. The distinction between mass and weight is not always clearly drawn. Strictly a pound is a unit of mass, although it is commonly referred to as a weight. When a distinction is necessary, the term \"pound-force\" may be used to refer to a unit of force rather than mass. The troy pound () was made the primary unit of mass by the 1824 Act; however, its use was abolished in the UK on 1 January 1879, with only the troy ounce () and its decimal subdivisions retained. The \"Weights and Measures Act 1855\" (18 & 19 Victoria C72) made the avoirdupois pound the primary unit of mass. In all the systems, the fundamental unit is the pound, and all other units are defined as fractions or multiples of it.", "title": "Imperial units" }, { "docid": "19048#9", "text": "In everyday usage, mass and \"weight\" are often used interchangeably. For instance, a person's weight may be stated as 75 kg. In a constant gravitational field, the weight of an object is proportional to its mass, and it is unproblematic to use the same unit for both concepts. But because of slight differences in the strength of the Earth's gravitational field at different places, the distinction becomes important for measurements with a precision better than a few percent, and for places far from the surface of the Earth, such as in space or on other planets. Conceptually, \"mass\" (measured in kilograms) refers to an intrinsic property of an object, whereas \"weight\" (measured in newtons) measures an object's resistance to deviating from its natural course of free fall, which can be influenced by the nearby gravitational field. No matter how strong the gravitational field, objects in free fall are weightless, though they still have mass.", "title": "Mass" }, { "docid": "45087864#5", "text": "Several units were used to measure mass. These units are vary from one province or city to another and these units are local units. One rotolo (pound) was equal to 0.448 g. Some other units are given below:", "title": "Eritrean units of measurement" }, { "docid": "45013949#4", "text": "A Number of units were used to measure mass. Some of units which were used in 1920s too in addition to metric system, and which belonged to old Spanish, American, and local, are provided below:", "title": "Cuban units of measurement" }, { "docid": "19048#1", "text": "The basic SI unit of mass is the kilogram (kg). In physics, mass is not the same as weight, even though mass is often determined by measuring the object's weight using a spring scale, rather than balance scale comparing it directly with known masses. An object on the Moon would weigh less than it does on Earth because of the lower gravity, but it would still have the same mass. This is because weight is a force, while mass is the property that (along with gravity) determines the strength of this force.", "title": "Mass" } ]

[ { "docid": "172987#6", "text": "As a unit of measurement, the solar mass came into use before the AU and the gravitational constant were precisely measured. This is because the relative mass of another planet in the Solar System or the combined mass of two binary stars can be calculated in units of Solar mass directly from the orbital radius and orbital period of the planet or stars using Kepler's third law, provided that orbital radius is measured in astronomical units and orbital period is measured in years.", "title": "Solar mass" }, { "docid": "7158#0", "text": "The carat (ct) (not to be confused with the karat, sometimes spelled carat, a unit of purity of gold alloys), is a unit of mass equal to 200 mg (0.2 g; 0.007055 oz) and is used for measuring gemstones and pearls.\nThe current definition, sometimes known as the metric carat, was adopted in 1907 at the Fourth General Conference on Weights and Measures, and soon afterwards in many countries around the world. The carat is divisible into one hundred \"points\" of two milligrams each. Other subdivisions, and slightly different mass values, have been used in the past in different locations.", "title": "Carat (mass)" }, { "docid": "45087864#8", "text": "Several units were used to measure mass. These units are vary from one province or city to another and these units are local units. One messé was equal to 1.50 l. Some other units are given below:\n1 cabaho = 4 messé", "title": "Eritrean units of measurement" }, { "docid": "45150945#9", "text": "A number of units were used to measure mass. One pund was equal to 0.5 kg as it was defined by its metric equivalent. Some other units are given below:", "title": "Icelandic units of measurement" }, { "docid": "45332843#3", "text": "Several units were used to measure mass. One libra was equal to 0.460 09 kg. Some other units are given below:", "title": "Peruvian units of measurement" }, { "docid": "19048#10", "text": "The force known as \"weight\" is proportional to mass and acceleration in all situations where the mass is accelerated away from free fall. For example, when a body is at rest in a gravitational field (rather than in free fall), it must be accelerated by a force from a scale or the surface of a planetary body such as the Earth or the Moon. This force keeps the object from going into free fall. Weight is the opposing force in such circumstances, and is thus determined by the acceleration of free fall. On the surface of the Earth, for example, an object with a mass of 50 kilograms weighs 491 newtons, which means that 491 newtons is being applied to keep the object from going into free fall. By contrast, on the surface of the Moon, the same object still has a mass of 50 kilograms but weighs only 81.5 newtons, because only 81.5 newtons is required to keep this object from going into a free fall on the moon. Restated in mathematical terms, on the surface of the Earth, the weight \"W\" of an object is related to its mass \"m\" by , where is the acceleration due to Earth's gravitational field, (expressed as the acceleration experienced by a free-falling object).", "title": "Mass" } ]

[ { "docid": "620333#0", "text": "Letterkenny (), nicknamed \"the Cathedral Town\", is the largest and most populous town in County Donegal in Ulster, Ireland. It lies on the River Swilly in East Donegal and has a population of 19,274. Along with the nearby city of Derry, Letterkenny is considered a regional economic gateway for the North-West of Ireland. Letterkenny acts as an urban gateway to the Ulster \"Gaeltacht\", similar to Galway's relationship to the Connemara \"Gaeltacht\".", "title": "Letterkenny" } ]

[ { "docid": "620333#17", "text": "The figures for ethnic and cultural background for people in the State in 2006 reveals that 16% of Letterkenny's population are non-nationals. The figures also show that most of Donegal's non-national population are living in the town. Of the town's total population 2,709 are non-nationals. According to the 2006 census 4,957 people have a disability illness, 640 people have a registered disability, 537 have a chronic illness while 345 suffer from a psychological or an emotional condition. The 2006 census also revealed that there were 199 travellers living within the towns environs.", "title": "Letterkenny" }, { "docid": "132584#0", "text": "Letterkenny Township is a township in Franklin County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 2,318 at the 2010 census, up from 2,074 at the 2000 census.", "title": "Letterkenny Township, Franklin County, Pennsylvania" }, { "docid": "620333#6", "text": "The modern town of Letterkenny began as a market town at the start of the 17th century, during the Plantation of Ulster. It may have been established on the site of an earlier Gaelic settlement. It was the first crossing point of the River Swilly. In the recent past, Letterkenny was a largely agricultural town, surrounded by extensive cattle and sheep grazing on what was then untilled hillside – at a time when Conwal (3 km west of Letterkenny) was the ecclesiastical and seaport centre. The waters of the Atlantic had not yet retreated from the basin of the Swilly, whose estuary at that time extended up almost as far as New Mills – proof of this may be found in those alluvial flat-lands between Oldtown and Port Road.", "title": "Letterkenny" }, { "docid": "10834565#0", "text": "Kilmacrennan ( or ) is a small village in County Donegal, Ireland. The village population was 753, as of the 2016 census. The village's population has increased steadily over the last decade with many new housing developments catering, in particular, for overspill population from Letterkenny. Kilmacrennan was historically the \"caput\" of its eponymous Barony of Kilmacrennan, of the eight Baronies of Donegal.", "title": "Kilmacrennan" }, { "docid": "45576#2", "text": "In terms of size and area, it is the largest county in Ulster and the fourth-largest county in all of Ireland. Uniquely, County Donegal shares a small border with only one other county in the Republic of Ireland – County Leitrim. The greater part of its land border is shared with three counties of Northern Ireland: County Londonderry, County Tyrone and County Fermanagh. This geographic isolation from the rest of the Republic has led to Donegal people maintaining a distinct cultural identity and has been used to market the county with the slogan \"Up here it's different\". While Lifford is the county town, Letterkenny is by far the largest town in the county with a population of 19,588. Letterkenny and the nearby city of Derry form the main economic axis of the northwest of Ireland. Indeed, what became the City of Derry was officially part of County Donegal up until 1610.", "title": "County Donegal" }, { "docid": "132584#7", "text": "The median income for a household in the township was $40,897, and the median income for a family was $44,545. Males had a median income of $30,431 versus $21,875 for females. The per capita income for the township was $18,315. About 1.8% of families and 4.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.3% of those under age 18 and 5.3% of those age 65 or over.", "title": "Letterkenny Township, Franklin County, Pennsylvania" }, { "docid": "132584#6", "text": "In the township the population was spread out, with 24.5% under the age of 18, 8.9% from 18 to 24, 30.8% from 25 to 44, 24.0% from 45 to 64, and 11.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 105.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 106.1 males.", "title": "Letterkenny Township, Franklin County, Pennsylvania" }, { "docid": "132584#4", "text": "According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of , of which is land and , or 0.19%, is water.\nAs of the census of 2000, there were 2,074 people, 783 households, and 617 families residing in the township. The population density was 29.5 people per square mile (11.4/km²). There were 829 housing units at an average density of 11.8/sq mi (4.6/km²). The racial makeup of the township was 98.07% White, 1.35% African American, 0.10% Native American, 0.10% Asian, 0.29% from other races, and 0.10% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.58% of the population.", "title": "Letterkenny Township, Franklin County, Pennsylvania" }, { "docid": "620333#51", "text": "Letterkenny has two GAA clubs: St. Eunan's GAA and Letterkenny Gaels, who play their home games at O'Donnell Park and at Páirc na nGael in The Glebe, respectively. St. Eunan's are considered one of Donegal's most successful and prolific clubs with major strides made with the clubs underage structure in recent years yielding various County and Ulster championships at underage level as well as considerable success at senior level since the turn of the century. Letterkenny Gaels were formed in 1996 but have yet to achieve much success and currently play in the Donegal junior championship. Almost uniquely in Ireland, Letterkenny Gaels, the GAA club, share facilities with Letterkenny Rugby Club. Gaelic football, like most of County Donegal, is the predominant sport, although soccer is also very popular.", "title": "Letterkenny" } ]

[ { "docid": "75358#13", "text": "The two major legal traditions of the western world are the civil law courts and the common law courts. These two great legal traditions are similar, in that they are products of western culture although there are significant differences between the two traditions. Civil law courts are profoundly based upon Roman Law, specifically a civil body of law entitled \"Corpus iuris civilis\". This theory of civil law was rediscovered around the end of the eleventh century and became a foundation for university legal education starting in Bologna, Spain and subsequently being taught throughout continental European Universities. Civil law is firmly ensconced in the French and German legal systems. Common law courts were established by English royal judges of the King's Council after the Norman Invasion of Britain in 1066. The royal judges created a body of law by combining local customs they were made aware of through traveling and visiting local jurisdictions. This common standard of law became known as \"Common Law\". This legal tradition is practiced in the English and American legal systems. In most civil law jurisdictions, courts function under an inquisitorial system. In the common law system, most courts follow the adversarial system. Procedural law governs the rules by which courts operate: civil procedure for private disputes (for example); and criminal procedure for violation of the criminal law. In recent years international courts are being created to resolve matters not covered by the jurisdiction of national courts. For example, The International Criminal Court, based in The Hague, in The Kingdom of The Netherlands.", "title": "Court" }, { "docid": "154708#1", "text": "Both \"civil\" (also known as \"Roman\") and \"common\" law systems can be considered the most widespread in the world: civil law because it is the most widespread by landmass, and common law because it is employed by the greatest number of people.", "title": "List of national legal systems" }, { "docid": "5254#1", "text": "The common lawso named because it was \"common\" to all the king's courts across Englandoriginated in the practices of the courts of the English kings in the centuries following the Norman Conquest in 1066. The British Empire spread the English legal system to its historical colonies, many of which retain the common law system today. These \"common law systems\" are legal systems that give great precedential weight to common law, and to the style of reasoning inherited from the English legal system.", "title": "Common law" }, { "docid": "154708#7", "text": "Common law is currently in practice in Ireland, most of the United Kingdom (England and Wales and Northern Ireland), Australia, New Zealand, Bangladesh, India (excluding Goa), Pakistan, South Africa, Canada (excluding Quebec), Hong Kong, the United States (on a state level excluding Louisiana), and many other places. In addition to these countries, several others have adapted the common law system into a mixed system. For example, Nigeria operates largely on a common law system, but incorporates religious law.", "title": "List of national legal systems" } ]

[ { "docid": "154708#11", "text": "The Islamic legal system of Sharia (Islamic law) and Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) is the most widely used religious law, and one of the three most common legal systems in the world alongside common law and civil law. It is based on both divine law, derived from the Qur'an and Sunnah, and the rulings of Ulema (jurists), who used the methods of \"Ijma\" (consensus), \"Qiyas\" (analogical deduction), \"Ijtihad\" (research) and \"Urf\" (common practice) to derive \"Fatwā\" (legal opinions). An Ulema was required to qualify for an \"Ijazah\" (legal doctorate) at a \"Madrasa\" (law school/college) before they could issue \"Fatwā\". During the Islamic Golden Age, classical Islamic law may have had an influence on the development of common law and several civil law institutions. Sharia law governs a number of Islamic countries, including Saudi Arabia and Iran, though most countries use Sharia law only as a supplement to national law. It can relate to all aspects of civil law, including property rights, contracts or public law.", "title": "List of national legal systems" }, { "docid": "5254#28", "text": "In common law legal systems, the common law is crucial to understanding almost all important areas of law. For example, in England and Wales, in English Canada, and in most states of the United States, the basic law of contracts, torts and property do not exist in statute, but only in common law (though there may be isolated modifications enacted by statute). As another example, the Supreme Court of the United States in 1877, held that a Michigan statute that established rules for solemnization of marriages did not abolish pre-existing common-law marriage, because the statute did not affirmatively require statutory solemnization and was silent as to preexisting common law.", "title": "Common law" }, { "docid": "58955521#9", "text": "As a scholar in the Civil Law, there were not a lot of opportunities for a university position in the U.S. and Canada. While most of Europe and the rest of the world had legal systems based on Civil Law, only Quebec and Louisiana used the Civil Law. Civil Law is based on comprehensive, continuously updated legal codes that specify all matters that can be brought before a court. The rest of the U.S. and Canada used the Common Law, which was based on the English legal system of case law where the law is based on prior judicial decisions of the courts.", "title": "Joseph Dainow" }, { "docid": "620724#3", "text": "The law of most of the states is based on the common law of England; the notable exception is Louisiana, whose civil law is largely based upon French and Spanish law. The passage of time has led to state courts and legislatures expanding, overruling, or modifying the common law; as a result, the laws of any given state invariably differ from the laws of its sister states. Thus, as noted above, the U.S. must be regarded as 50 \"separate\" systems of tort law, family law, property law, contract law, criminal law, and so on. (In addition, the District of Columbia and the federal territories also have their own separate legal systems analogous to state legal systems, although they do not enjoy state sovereignty.)", "title": "State law (United States)" }, { "docid": "5254#64", "text": "Yet, adoption of the common law in the newly-independent nation was not a foregone conclusion, and was controversial. Immediately after the American Revolution, there was widespread distrust and hostility to anything British, and the common law was no exception. Jeffersonians decried lawyers and their common law tradition as threats to the new republic. The Jeffersonians preferred a legislatively-enacted civil law under the control of the political process, rather than the common law developed by judges that—by design—were insulated from the political process. The Federalists believed that the common law was the birthright of Independence: after all, the natural rights to \"life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness\" were the rights protected by common law. Even advocates for the common law approach noted that it was not an ideal fit for the newly-independent colonies: judges and lawyers alike were severely hindered by a lack of printed legal materials. Before Independence, the most comprehensive law libraries had been maintained by Tory lawyers, and those libraries vanished with the loyalist expatriation, and the ability to print books was limited. Lawyer (later president) John Adams complained that he \"suffered very much for the want of books\". To bootstrap this most basic need of a common law system—knowable, written law—in 1803, lawyers in Massachusetts donated their books to found a law library. A Jeffersonian newspaper criticized the library, as it would carry forward \"all the old authorities practiced in England for centuries back ... whereby a new system of jurisprudence [will be founded] on the high monarchical system [to] become the Common Law of this Commonwealth... [The library] may hereafter have a very unsocial purpose.\"", "title": "Common law" }, { "docid": "1048798#13", "text": "Consequently, neither of the two waves of Roman influence completely dominated in Europe. Roman law was a secondary source that was applied only when local customs and laws were found lacking on a certain subject. However, after a time, even local law came to be interpreted and evaluated primarily on the basis of Roman law, since it was a common European legal tradition of sorts, and thereby in turn influenced the main source of law. Eventually, the work of civilian glossators and commentators led to the development of a common body of law and writing about law, a common legal language, and a common method of teaching and scholarship, all termed the \"jus commune\", or law common to Europe, which consolidated canon law and Roman law, and to some extent, feudal law.", "title": "Civil law (legal system)" } ]

[ { "docid": "25830621#1", "text": "Originally a land-locked fresh water lake, the Black Sea was flooded with salt water from the Mediterranean Sea during the Holocene. The influx of salt water essentially smothered the fresh water below it because a lack of internal motion and mixing meant that no fresh oxygen reached the deep waters, creating a meromictic body of water. The anoxic environment, which is hostile to many biological organisms that destroy wood in the oxygenated waters, provides an excellent testing site for deep water archaeological survey.", "title": "Ancient Black Sea shipwrecks" } ]

[ { "docid": "5731277#17", "text": "The country's fresh water basins and the Caspian Sea account for 97 species of fish of which eight introduced and seven of these have become widespread and over 15 thousand species of invertebrates in Azerbaijan. Most can be found in the Kura River, surrounding lakes, as well as in the Mingechevir reservoir. Most of fish are anadromous or semi-anadromous (the young grow up in salt water and migrate to fresh water to breed after they reach maturity). The most valuable of anadromous fish are salmon, sturgeon, stellate sturgeon and beluga. Aspius, Chalcalburnus and eel are also anadromous fish. Sturgeon meat and caviar are highly valuable. Beside, the water basins of Azerbaijan contain such valuable fish species as bream, sazan, rutilus kutum and others. Such fish species as herring are fished in the Caspian Sea. Due to the construction of a number of hydrotechnical plants on the Kura river after 1959, the regulation of the river water flow, as well as the Caspian water pollution led to the significant reduction in the number of valuable fish species. Three hatcheries (Kuragzi, Alibayramli and Kur experimental sturgeon hatchery) for melioration and fish-farming purposes were launched to restore the fish reserves and to increase the number of fish in species. Azerbaijan's fish-farming establishments and hatcheries account for breeding of 20 million sturgeons, 600 thousand salmons, over 800 thousand. A new hatchery with the capacity of 20 million sturgeons was put in commission in Khyly in 2000.", "title": "Fauna of Azerbaijan" }, { "docid": "2146535#2", "text": "The salinity of the bay is about 35%, compared to the Caspian Sea's 1.2%, and 3–4% for the bulk of the world's oceans. Because of the exceptionally high salinity, comparable to the Dead Sea, it has practically no marine vegetation. Large evaporite, mostly salt deposits accumulated at the south shore were harvested by the local population since the 1920s, but in the 1930s manual collection stopped and the industry shifted northwest to its present center near Garabogaz. From the 1950s on, ground water was pumped from levels lower than the bay itself, yielding more valuable types of salts. In 1963 construction began at Garabogaz on a modern plant for increased production of salines, all the year round and independently of natural evaporation. This plant was completed in 1973.\nIn March 1980, the barrier to the Caspian was blocked, due to concerns evaporation was accelerating a fall in Caspian Sea level, reducing water levels. The resulting \"salt bowl\" caused widespread problems of blowing salt, reportedly poisoning the soil and causing health problems for hundreds of kilometers downwind to the east. In 1984 the lake was completely dry. In June 1992, when Caspian Sea levels were rising again, the barrier was breached, allowing Caspian water to again refill Garabogazköl. The remnants of the breached dam can be seen in the satellite photo of the inlet, near the Caspian Sea entrance.", "title": "Garabogazköl" }, { "docid": "19653787#8", "text": "The Caspian Sea, like the Black Sea, Namak Lake, and Lake Urmia, is a remnant of the ancient Paratethys Sea. It became landlocked about 5.5 million years ago due to tectonic uplift and a fall in sea level. During warm and dry climatic periods, the landlocked sea almost dried up, depositing evaporitic sediments like halite that were covered by wind-blown deposits and were sealed off as an evaporite sink when cool, wet climates refilled the basin. (Comparable evaporite beds underlie the Mediterranean.) Due to the current inflow of fresh water, the Caspian Sea is a freshwater lake in its northern portions, and is most saline on the Iranian shore, where the catchment basin contributes little flow. Currently, the mean salinity of the Caspian is one third that of Earth's oceans. The Garabogazköl embayment, which dried up when water flow from the main body of the Caspian was blocked in the 1980s but has since been restored, routinely exceeds oceanic salinity by a factor of 10.", "title": "Caspian Sea" }, { "docid": "27630395#2", "text": "The species is distributed throughout brackish and fresh waters of the Ponto-Caspian basin. It is found in the Caspian Sea, the Sea of Azov, rivers Volga, Don, Kuban and Danube; in the rivers up to over 500 km upstream. All the previous mentionings of \"P. baeri\" outside the Caspian Sea should probably be attributed to \"P. bakuensis\". The ranges of \"P. bakuensis\" and \"P. baeri\" partly overlap: they can be found together in the Caspian Sea.", "title": "Paramysis bakuensis" }, { "docid": "30690890#0", "text": "Neogobius pallasi, the Caspian sand goby or the Caspian monkey goby, is a species of fish native to fresh and brackish waters of the Caspian Sea basin including the Volga drainage up to the vicinity of Moscow. It has been introduced into the Aral basin. This species of goby can reach a length of SL. It is also important to local commercial fisheries.", "title": "Neogobius pallasi" }, { "docid": "4142505#2", "text": "The main factors are the advance or recession of the Scandinavian glacier and the isostatic sinking of the landforms due to the weight of ice or isostatic rebound (springing back) when relieved of it. The glacier provides a massive flow of fresh water. Salt water enters from the North Sea through straits when the sea level is high enough to allow reverse flow over the sill. When the straits are above sea level or close to sea level, fresh water will accumulate and a lake forms. Fresh water will accumulate to levels substantially higher than sea level when the sills are substantially above sea level. The release of fresh water from the glaciers depends on climate; the presence or absence of entrances to the ocean depends on land rise and oceanic water level; the latter of course is also affected by the amount of ice held in glaciers worldwide.", "title": "Baltic Ice Lake" }, { "docid": "349764#11", "text": "Irrigation agriculture has been one of the primary economic mainstays of the lower Kura valley since ancient times. Because of water taken out for irrigation use, up to 20% of the water that formerly flowed in the river no longer reaches the Caspian Sea. Over 70% of the water in the Iori (Gabirry) River, a major tributary of the Kura, is expended before it reaches Lake Mingachevir. Of the of agricultural land in the lower Kura River watershed, , about 31%, are irrigated. Much of the water diverted from the river for irrigation goes to waste because of leakage from the canals, evaporation, poor maintenance, and other causes. Leaking water causes groundwater to rise, in some areas so high that about of land are so waterlogged that they are no longer suitable for agriculture. About of the irrigated lands have a dangerously high salt content because of mineral deposits from irrigation. Of this, are extremely salinated. Irrigation return water, returned to the river by an extensive but outdated drainage system, contributes to severe pollution. Some of this degradation also comes from industrial and municipal wastewater discharge.", "title": "Kura (Caspian Sea)" }, { "docid": "19653787#10", "text": "Differences between the three regions are dramatic. The Northern Caspian only includes the Caspian shelf, and is very shallow; it accounts for less than 1% of the total water volume with an average depth of only . The sea noticeably drops off towards the Middle Caspian, where the average depth is . The Southern Caspian is the deepest, with oceanic depths of over , greatly exceeding the depth of other regional seas, such as the Persian Gulf. The Middle and Southern Caspian account for 33% and 66% of the total water volume, respectively. The northern portion of the Caspian Sea typically freezes in the winter, and in the coldest winters ice forms in the south as well.", "title": "Caspian Sea" }, { "docid": "19653787#47", "text": ", negotiations related to the demarcation of the Caspian Sea had been going on for nearly a decade among the states bordering the Caspian – Azerbaijan, Russia, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, and Iran. The status of the Caspian Sea is the key problem. Access to mineral resources (oil and natural gas), access for fishing, and access to international waters (through Russia's Volga river and the canals connecting it to the Black Sea and Baltic Sea) all depend upon the outcomes of negotiations. Access to the Volga River is particularly important for the landlocked states of Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Turkmenistan. This concerns Russia, because the potential traffic would use its inland waterways. If a body of water is labelled as a sea, then there would be some precedents and international treaties obliging the granting of access permits to foreign vessels. If a body of water is labelled merely as a lake, then there are no such obligations. Environmental issues are also somewhat connected to the status and borders issue.", "title": "Caspian Sea" } ]

[ { "docid": "11631410#0", "text": "Eugene Sternberg (January 15, 1915 – June 5, 2005) was an Austro-Hungarian born American architect known for his passionate commitment and contribution to contemporary/modernist architecture and town planning in Colorado and other Rocky Mountain states between 1950 and 1990. He designed over 400 building projects and subdivisions, many of them iconic examples of Modernist architecture. Since his focus was on improving the quality of life of the general population, the structures he built were beautiful, useful, and cost-effective. Most of his projects were in the category of social architecture: affordable homes, senior housing projects, public housing, hospitals, medical clinics, public schools, community colleges, community centers, churches, buildings for credit unions, labor unions, and headquarters offices for Rural Electric Associations. As a planner Sternberg designed a number of innovative housing subdivisions and master plans for college campuses, governmental complexes, county fairgrounds, and a number of small western cities.", "title": "Eugene Sternberg" } ]

[ { "docid": "11631410#1", "text": "Sternberg was born during World War I in Pressburg, Austria-Hungary where his family had moved to be with his father while he served in the Austro-Hungarian army. When the war, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire, ended in 1918, the family returned to their home in Munkács (now Mukachevo, Ukraine) in the province of Ruthenia; in 1920 it became part of the newly created country of Czechoslovakia.\nDuring his elementary and high school education. Sternberg's major passion was art. He developed into an accomplished young artist and won a coveted place to study architecture at the Czech Technical University in Prague. In the summers he worked for two architectural firms in Munkács and for a well-known Czech architect, Frantisek Libra, in Prague. In 1938, he earned a first degree in architecture/engineering. Adolf Hitler's Germany occupied Czechoslovakia in March 1939. Because Sternberg was offered a scholarship to the University of London's Bartlett School of Architecture he was fortunate to leave Czechoslovakia in 1939, the only one of his large Jewish family to be able to do so.", "title": "Eugene Sternberg" }, { "docid": "11631410#11", "text": "In 1954 Eugene D. Sternberg and Associates were commissioned to design Sun Valley Homes Annex, a 220-unit addition to the original Public Housing Project. He regarded this as a development that fell far short of his high aspirations for successful public housing. He had to abide by the same mean-spirited limitations as in the earlier project. Homes in the Sun Valley projects were isolated and had no easy access to public transportation, shopping or community facilities. Many years later, Sternberg felt some vindication when the Denver Housing Authority decided that it had erred in not providing any community facilities for its housing projects. In 1965 he was commissioned to design five community centers - Auraria, Rude Park, Stapleton, Curtis Park, J. Q. Newton - to rectify the error and improve the residents' quality of life. The research for this commission led to the publication of Sternberg's second architectural book, Community Centers and Student Unions, which he wrote in cooperation with his wife Barbara Sternberg.", "title": "Eugene Sternberg" }, { "docid": "11631410#37", "text": "As their Sternberg household dwindled down from eight members to three, Gene began the transition from his professional practice to a new role and a new \"hometown.\" Since 1949, the Sternbergs had enjoyed spending time in summer in a cabin they built in Evergreen, 30 miles into the foothills west of Denver. By 1970, Evergreen was in the process of transformation from a small mountain summer resort to a year-round community within commuting distance of Denver. The Sternbergs sold the cherished home that Eugene had designed for the family in Orchard Hills, and moved into an old log house on the banks of Evergreen's Upper Bear Creek, Colorado with their youngest daughter.", "title": "Eugene Sternberg" }, { "docid": "11631410#3", "text": "After graduation, Sternberg was invited to join Abercrombie's firm in London, where he worked mainly on planning new neighborhoods to replace the housing destroyed by German bombing. Sternberg also taught part-time at Cambridge University, the University of London and the Regent Street Polytechnic. As the war drew to an end, Sternberg and Barbara Edwards, his British fiancée, decided to emigrate to the United States. To accomplish this, they each had to secure a job in the U.S. Sternberg received a three-year contract to teach city planning at Cornell University. Barbara secured a position at the British Information Services in Manhattan. Gene and Barbara were married in Ithaca, New York in the fall of 1946. Sternberg soon became dissatisfied with the general lack of creative activity in Cornell's architectural and planning departments, and was particularly disappointed when he found that full-time faculty members were forbidden to practice. He resigned from the prestigious university after three months and took on the challenges of a newcomer in an unfamiliar country, with no job and few professional contacts. Fortunately, Sternberg's background and qualifications appealed to Carl Feiss, Director of a new School of Architecture and Planning at the University of Denver, where Sternberg became Associate Professor of Design. The Sternbergs, with a six weeks old baby, took their first ever flight in August 1947 to a new home in a city and state of which they had never heard.", "title": "Eugene Sternberg" }, { "docid": "690481#3", "text": "Josef von Sternberg was born Jonas Sternberg to an impoverished Orthodox Jewish family in Vienna, at that time part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. When Sternberg was three years old, his father Moses Sternberg, a former soldier in the army of Austria-Hungary, moved to the United States to seek work. His mother, Serafin née Singer, and her children joined Moses in America in 1901 when the young Sternberg was seven. Jonas attended public school there until the family, except Moses, returned to Vienna three years later. Throughout his life, Sternberg would carry vivid memories of Vienna and nostalgia for some of \"his happiest childhood moments.\"", "title": "Josef von Sternberg" }, { "docid": "11631410#33", "text": "For Gerald Schlessman, Sternberg designed Hillcrest Apartments, a commercial high-rise apartment building in central Denver. He was sincerely distressed when he heard, about a year after completion of the project, that Schlessman was losing money on it and had put it up for sale. He went to talk with his client and expressed his concern. \"Don't give it a thought, Gene,\" said Schlessman, \"I can always use a loss.\" That reasoning went beyond Sternberg's personal financial experience. At the other end of the housing spectrum was a complex of small, economical apartment units Sternberg designed for a beautiful site overlooking the town of Steamboat Springs. Currently, the owners of the apartments are seeking to have the project designated as having historic significance. The site is too desirable and developers have in mind the razing of the present inexpensive homes to make way for a denser development.", "title": "Eugene Sternberg" }, { "docid": "11631410#16", "text": "The only medical project about which Sternberg felt great disappointment was the Wardenberg Student Health Center in Boulder. He had long railed publicly against the phony Romanesque façade architecture of the Colorado University campus in Boulder. What can professors of architecture in Boulder do, he would ask, other than take their students for a tour of the campus and show them what not to do? A long-time champion of Sternberg's talents, Vance Austin, was elected in 1956 to the C.U. Board of Regents. Austin vowed that during his term of office, he would introduce some contemporary architecture onto the campus. He succeeded, against considerable opposition, in having the Wardenberg project awarded to Sternberg's firm, but then unexpectedly left the scene when he was appointed to head the Credit Union National Association in Wisconsin.", "title": "Eugene Sternberg" }, { "docid": "607324#4", "text": "Sternberg was born on December 8, 1949, to a Jewish family, in New Jersey. Sternberg suffered from test anxiety as a child. As a result, he became an inadequate test taker. This upset him and he reasoned that a test was not an adequate measurement of his true knowledge and academic abilities. When he later retook a test in a room that consisted of younger students, he felt more comfortable and his scores increased dramatically. The following year, he created the Sternberg Test of Mental Ability (STOMA), his first intelligence test. This problem of test taking is what sparked Sternberg's interest in psychology.", "title": "Robert Sternberg" }, { "docid": "11631410#10", "text": "In 1950, Sternberg became involved for the first time in the design of public housing in Denver. He was consultant architect to Earl Morris, a long-established Denver architect, on the site plan and building design for Sun Valley Homes, a 200-unit project. Sternberg had been an outspoken critic of the Denver Public Housing Authority's projects. He fought strenuously against the rigid and demeaning limitations imposed at the time by the Housing Authority to appease the political opposition of private home builders. Public housing projects had to be built on sites no commercial homebuilder would consider for development. These sites were isolated from other housing, and the buildings had to be designed so as to look worse than the poorest private housing. In spite of these obstacles, Morris and Sternberg did achieve some limited improvements. They introduced duplexes, in contrast to the customary high-rise buildings or long barracks-like row houses that characterized most public housing of the day. The subdivision plan eliminated the conventional grid street pattern, resulting in greater intimacy and safety from traffic for the residents.", "title": "Eugene Sternberg" } ]

[ { "docid": "10707#51", "text": "Fiji is the hub of the South West Pacific, midway between Vanuatu and Tonga. The archipelago is located between 176° 53′ east and 178° 12′ west. The 180° meridian runs through Taveuni but the International Date Line is bent to give uniform time (UTC+12) to all of the Fiji group. With the exception of Rotuma, the Fiji group lies between 15° 42′ and 20° 02′ south. Rotuma is located north of the group, from Suva, 12° 30′ south of the equator.", "title": "Fiji" } ]

[ { "docid": "2262600#8", "text": "Fiji automatically qualified for the 2013 Rugby League World Cup after participating in the 2008 tournament. They took on \nAustralia, England and Ireland in the pool stage. In their first match they took on 'the Wolfhounds'. They played at the famous Spotland Stadium, in Rochdale, where Fiji have an historic affiliation with. The Fijians convincingly won by a score of 32-14. As expected Fiji lost to both Australia and England, although they surprised many, as they only conceded 34 points against the teams in each game and they led 2-0 against Australia, and were within a few minutes of taking a half-time lead against England. Fiji would take on 'fierce Pacific rivals' Samoa in the quarter final. They won the, passionate pacific, fixture and they would celebrate with a 22-4 victory. They celebrated even more, as it meant Fiji reached their second consecutive World Cup semi-final. They took on Australia again, but this game was nothing like the group stage fixture. Fiji's errors conceded them 62 points against a classy Australian side. This defeat ended and equalled their best World Cup campaign in their history.", "title": "Fiji national rugby league team" }, { "docid": "13008277#3", "text": "The Fiji national rugby union team has competed at five Rugby World Cup competitions, the first being in 1987. Their best results were at the 1987 and 2007 World Cups where they reached the quarter finals. Fiji also competes in the Pacific Tri-Nations and the Pacific Nations Cup. The Fiji national rugby sevens team is one of the most successful rugby sevens teams in the world. They have won 2 Sevens World Cup titles, the 2005/06 IRB Sevens Series and the 2014/2015 HSBC Sevens World Series. They have also won a number of Hong Kong Sevens titles which is considered the most prestigious annual international Sevens tournament. In the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio, the Fijian rugby sevens team won the country's first gold medal, defeating Great Britain 43-7", "title": "Sport in Fiji" }, { "docid": "22454314#6", "text": "Fiji were placed in Pool B of the 2007 Rugby World Cup along with Wales, Canada, Japan and Australia. After beating Japan and Canada in close matches, Fiji rested several key players against Australia for the crucial game against Wales. Australia defeated Fiji 55–12. Fiji's fate in the tournament came down to a \"winner advances\" game against Wales which Fiji won 38–34 and qualified for the quarter-finals for the second time. Former Wallaby great Michael Lynagh described the see-sawing match as one of the best matches \"of all time\". Fiji lost their quarter final match against South Africa, however their above expectations performance in the tournament resulted in them moving up to 9th in the world rankings – their highest ever position.", "title": "Fiji at the Rugby World Cup" }, { "docid": "4388860#19", "text": "Fiji took part in the 2010 ICC World Cricket League Division Five in Nepal, where they finished sixth and last and in doing so failed to win a single match in the tournament. Fiji then played in the 2011 ICC World Cricket League Division Six and finished sixth and last and in doing so were relegated to 2013 ICC World Cricket League Division Seven.Fiji's most famous player is Neil Maxwell, who played first-class cricket for New South Wales and Victoria in Australia, and for Canterbury in New Zealand in addition to representing Australia A. Nat Uluiviti is the other Fijian to have played first-class cricket for a team other than Fiji, playing for Auckland in the 1950s.", "title": "Fiji national cricket team" }, { "docid": "13489453#0", "text": "The Fiji Museum is a museum in Suva, Fiji located in the capital city's botanical gardens, Thurston Gardens.\nThe museum is a statutory body and is under the administration of the Fiji Museum Act and the Preservation of Objects of Archaeological & Palaeontological Interest Act.", "title": "Fiji Museum" }, { "docid": "19729570#0", "text": "Fiji–Solomon Islands relations are diplomatic and other bilateral relations between the Republic of Fiji and Solomon Islands. Diplomatic relations are cordial, although the Solomon Islands government has aligned itself with other countries in the region to urge Fiji interim Prime Minister Voreqe Bainimarama to restore democracy in Fiji. Fiji and the Solomons are both located in Melanesia, and are both members of the Melanesian Spearhead Group. They also participate in other regional organisations including the Pacific Islands Forum. In August 2008, it was announced that Solomon Islands intended to open a High Commission in Suva, and in December the government of Fiji announced that it had \"formally endorsed the establishment of a Resident Diplomatic Mission in Suva by the Government of Solomon Islands\". Fiji's High Commission to Papua New Guinea is accredited to Solomon Islands.", "title": "Fiji–Solomon Islands relations" }, { "docid": "10707#78", "text": "Fiji's main attractions to tourists are primarily white sandy beaches and aesthetically pleasing islands with all-year-round tropical weather. In general, Fiji is a mid-range priced holiday/vacation destination with most of the accommodations in this range. It also has a variety of world class five-star resorts and hotels. More budget resorts are being opened in remote areas, which will provide more tourism opportunities. CNN named Fiji's Laucala Island Resort as one of the fifteen world's most beautiful island hotels.", "title": "Fiji" }, { "docid": "1074616#20", "text": "Fiji were placed in Pool B of the 2007 Rugby World Cup along with Wales, Canada, Japan and Australia. After beating Japan and Canada in close matches, Fiji rested several key players against Australia for the crucial game against Wales. Australia defeated Fiji by 55–12. Fiji's fate in the tournament came down to a \"winner advances\" game against Wales which Fiji won 38–34 and qualified for the quarter-finals for the second time. Former Wallaby great Michael Lynagh described the see-sawing match as one of the best matches \"of all time\". Fiji lost their quarter final match against South Africa, however their above expectations performance in the tournament resulted in them moving up to 9th in the world rankings – their highest ever position. Shannon Fraser and Gregg Mumm from Australia acted as assistant coaches for the period leading up to the world cup and were accredited for much of the Fijians sides success.", "title": "Fiji national rugby union team" }, { "docid": "31319445#4", "text": "Women's participation in netball in Fiji is comparable to men's participation in rugby. The sport started to grow in popularity during the 1970s. Netball has a large amount of grassroots support in Fiji. Games are most often played by girls on Saturdays during the winter, though games can be played at all times of the year. Samoa and Fiji are traditional netball rivals. This rivalry can be seen at events like Pacific Games. Fiji was supposed to host the 2007 World Netball Championship, but a military coup occurred. IFNA decided to move the championship to Auckland instead. Fiji has a men's national team that has competed in the 2009 and 2011 International Challenge Men’s and Mixed Netball Tournament. As of August 2016, the women's national team was ranked number seven in the world.", "title": "Netball in Oceania" } ]

[ { "docid": "50122#2", "text": "Upon Brezhnev's death on November 12, 1982, Yuri Andropov succeeded him as General Secretary and (by extension) leader of the Soviet Union. During his tenure, Andropov sought to eliminate corruption and inefficiency within the Soviet system by investigating longtime officials for violations of party discipline and criminalizing truancy in the workplace. However, upon suffering total renal failure in February 1983, Andropov's health began to deteriorate rapidly. On February 9, 1984, he died after leading the country for only 15 months.", "title": "Yuri Andropov" } ]

[ { "docid": "50122#0", "text": "Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov (; ;  – 9 February 1984) was a Soviet politician and the fourth General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Following the 18-year rule of Leonid Brezhnev, Andropov served in the post from November 1982 until his death in February 1984.", "title": "Yuri Andropov" }, { "docid": "1134142#187", "text": "Mikhail Gorbachev became the party's general secretary in 1985 following an interregnum after Brezhnev's death in 1982 when the party was led first by Yuri Andropov and then by Konstantin Chernenko. When Brezhnev died Andropov was proclaimed General Secretary within days and by the official coverage in the Soviet media it was clear that he was \"the\" leader. Andropov died on February 9, 1984 and Chernenko was elected his replacement on February 13 but Chernenko was a compromise stopgap candidate as Gorbachev – Andropov's protege – lacked sufficient support in the Politburo. However, Chernenko was already an ill man and his duties were increasingly carried out by others, particularly Gorbachev, who was nominated by Andrei Gromyko to become General Secretary when Chernenko died. There are indications Gorbachev may have been in control prior to Chernenko's death as he was announced as the new General Secretary the day after Chernenko died on March 10, 1985.", "title": "History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union" }, { "docid": "9952609#8", "text": "As Yuri Andropov became the new General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Sagdeev participated in the work of a think tank with Gorbachev as the head, which was mandated to find scientific justifications for the nuclear disarmament. Later, as Gorbachev became the new General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, following Ronald Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), they advised the Soviet leadership not to worry and not to respond by creating a similar program.", "title": "Roald Sagdeev" }, { "docid": "359406#5", "text": "In 1964, opposition within the Politburo and the Central Committee led to Khrushchev's removal as First Secretary. Leonid Brezhnev succeeded Khrushchev to the post as part of another collective leadership, together with Premier Alexei Kosygin and others. The office was renamed General Secretary in 1966. The collective leadership was able to limit the powers of the General Secretary during the Brezhnev Era. Brezhnev's influence grew throughout the 1970s as he was able to retain support by avoiding any radical reforms. Yuri Andropov and Konstantin Chernenko ruled the country in the same way as Brezhnev had. Mikhail Gorbachev ruled the Soviet Union as General Secretary until 1990, when the Communist Party lost its monopoly of power over the political system. The office of President of the Soviet Union was established so that Gorbachev still retained his role as leader of the Soviet Union. Following the failed August coup of 1991, Gorbachev resigned as General Secretary. He was succeeded by his deputy, Vladimir Ivashko, who only served for five days as Acting General Secretary before Boris Yeltsin, the President of Russia, suspended all activity in the Communist Party. Following the party's ban, the Union of Communist Parties – Communist Party of the Soviet Union (UCP–CPSU) was established by Oleg Shenin in 1993. The UCP–CPSU works as a framework for reviving and restoring the CPSU. The organisation has members in all the former Soviet republics.", "title": "General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union" }, { "docid": "235340#53", "text": "In November 1982, Zia travelled to Moscow to attend the funeral of Leonid Brezhnev, the late General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko and new Secretary General Yuri Andropov met with Zia there. Andropov expressed indignation over Pakistan's support of the Afghan resistance against the Soviet Union and its satellite state, Socialist Afghanistan. Zia took his hand and assured him, \"General Secretary, believe me, Pakistan wants nothing but very good relations with the Soviet Union\". According to Gromyko, Zia's sincerity convinced them, but Zia's actions didn't live up to his words.", "title": "Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq" }, { "docid": "58560298#2", "text": "The partisans in Finland were controlled by organs of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the NKVD. The three most important people co-ordinating the partisan activity were the NKVD major general Sergey Vershinin, the First Secretary of the Karelian Communist Party Gennady Kupriyanov, and the First Secretary of the Karelo-Finnish Komsomol Yuri Andropov, who later became the leader of the Soviet Union. Andropov's responsibility was to train the Karelian partisans. The headquarters were located in Belomorsk on the shore of the White Sea.", "title": "Soviet partisans in Finland" }, { "docid": "17550333#22", "text": "In November 1982, General Zia attended the funeral, in Moscow, of Leonid Brezhnev, the late General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko and new Secretary General Yuri Andropov met with Zia there. Andropov expressed indignation over Pakistan's covert support of the Afghan resistance against the Soviet Union and its satellite state, Communist Afghanistan. Zia took his hand and assured him, \"General Secretary, believe me, Pakistan wants nothing but very good relations with the Soviet Union\". According to Gromyko, Zia's sincerity convinced them, but Zia's actions didn't live up to his words. Ironically, Zia directly dealt with the Israel, working to build covert relations with Israel, allowing the country to actively participate in Soviet–Afghan War. Helped by \"ISI\", the Mossad channeled Soviet reversed engineered weapons to Afghanistan. In Charlie Wilson's own word, Zia reported to have remarked to Israeli intelligence service: \"Just don't put any stars of David on the boxes\".", "title": "Pakistan–Russia relations" }, { "docid": "30727318#3", "text": "When Leonid Brezhnev died on 10 November 1982 Yuri Andropov was elected chairman of the committee in charge of managing his funeral. According to \"Time\" magazine Brezhnev's death was mourned by the majority of Soviet citizens. First World commentators saw this as proof that Andropov would become Brezhnev's successor as general secretary. The political corruption which had grown considerably during Brezhnev's tenure had become a major problem to the Soviet Union's economic development by the 1980s. In response Andropov initiated a nationwide anti-corruption campaign. Andropov believed that the Soviet economy would possibly recover if the Soviet Government was able to increase social discipline amongst workers. Brezhnev's regime was also criticised for ideological laxness and self-indulgence. The gerontocracy established by Brezhnev was slowly phased out by Andropov, and new recruits were appointed to the Party \"centre\", such as future Premier Nikolai Ryzhkov and Chief Ideologue Yegor Ligachev. Soviet foreign policy had also gone awry during Brezhnev's last years, and by June 1982, just before his death, Ronald Reagan classified the Soviet Union as an \"Evil Empire\". This hardline diplomatic stance did not wither away before Mikhail Gorbachev initiated the \"New Thinking\". Support for Marxism–Leninism continued to be evident amongst the Soviet people, however, its base of support slowly withered during the Brezhnev Era. The Soviet people still remained wary of such concepts as liberal democracy and multi-party systems, and because of it, Marxism–Leninism remained the leading belief in the country. Due to the large military buildup of the 1960s the Soviet Union was able to consolidate itself as a superpower during Brezhnev's rule.", "title": "Legacy of Leonid Brezhnev" }, { "docid": "11226614#0", "text": "The 27th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was held from 25 February to 6 March 1986 in Moscow. This was the first congress presided over by Mikhail Gorbachev as General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU. In accordance with the pattern set 20 years earlier by Leonid Brezhnev, the congress occurred five years after the previous CPSU Congress. Much had changed in those five years. Key figures of Soviet politics, Mikhail Suslov, Leonid Brezhnev, Yuri Andropov, Dmitriy Ustinov, and Konstantin Chernenko had died, and Mikhail Gorbachev had become General Secretary of the Party. For this reason the congress was widely anticipated, both at home and abroad, as an indicator of Gorbachev's new policies and directions. The congress was attended by 4993 delegates. It elected the 27th Central Committee.", "title": "27th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union" } ]

[ { "docid": "30749429#0", "text": "Plants vs. Zombies is a tower defense video game developed and originally published by PopCap Games for Microsoft Windows and OS X. The game involves homeowners who use a variety of different plants to prevent an army of zombies from entering their houses and \"eating their brains\". It was first released on May 5, 2009, and made available on Steam on the same day. A version for iOS was released in February 2010, and an HD version for the iPad. An extended Xbox Live Arcade version introducing new gameplay modes and features was released on September 8, 2010. PopCap released a Nintendo DS version on January 18, 2011 with content unique to the platform. The PlayStation 3 version was released in February 2011 also with added new co-op and versus modes found in the Xbox 360 version. An Android version of the game was released on May 31, 2011 on the Amazon Appstore, while it was also released to the Android Market (now Google Play) on December 14, 2011. On February 16, 2012, a version was released for BlackBerry PlayBook. Later, a BlackBerry smartphone version of the game was released on January 2013 following the launch of BlackBerry 10. Furthermore, both the original Windows and Mac version of the game have been re-released with additional content in a \"Game of the Year\" version. In January 2015, a free ad-supported version of the game was released for iOS.", "title": "Plants vs. Zombies" } ]

[ { "docid": "52201284#0", "text": "Plants vs. Zombies Heroes is a digital collectible card game in the \"Plants vs. Zombies\" series, developed by PopCap Games and published by Electronic Arts. On March 10, 2016, it underwent a soft launch in some countries on iOS, before being internationally released on October 18, 2016. This is the first mobile release in the \"Plants vs Zombies\" series in which players can play as either a Plant or a Zombie.", "title": "Plants vs. Zombies Heroes" }, { "docid": "30749429#32", "text": "In May 2013, the Facebook game \"Plants vs. Zombies Adventures\" was released by developer PopCap Games and publisher Electronic Arts. The gameplay is a tower defense game, players no longer had to defend a single home in front of the zombie horde, and could travel to new locations and engage with new characters. On July 14, 2014, it was announced that Plants vs. Zombies Adventures would close down on October 12, 2014. The Facebook game was removed by November 2014.", "title": "Plants vs. Zombies" }, { "docid": "30749429#33", "text": "In 2014, \"\", a multiplayer third-person shooter based on \"Plants vs. Zombies\", was released for Xbox One, Xbox 360, Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3, and PlayStation 4. On May 5, 2015, it was revealed by Electronic Arts that a new \"Plants vs. Zombies\" game would be released in Q1 2016. EA CEO Andrew Wilson said that the upcoming game would be a follow-up to \"Garden Warfare\" and that it would be a bigger and bolder console experience.", "title": "Plants vs. Zombies" }, { "docid": "39353685#0", "text": "Plants vs. Zombies 2: It's About Time is a 2013 free-to-play tower defense video game developed by PopCap Games and published by Electronic Arts. It is the sequel to \"Plants vs. Zombies\", and was released worldwide on Apple App Store on August 15, 2013 and Google Play on October 23, 2013.", "title": "Plants vs. Zombies 2: It's About Time" }, { "docid": "46988274#0", "text": "Plants vs. Zombies: Garden Warfare 2 is a third-person shooter video game developed by PopCap Games and published by Electronic Arts. It was released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One. It is the sequel to \"\". The game released in February, 2016.", "title": "Plants vs. Zombies: Garden Warfare 2" }, { "docid": "30749429#36", "text": "On March 10, 2016, PopCap revealed \"Plants vs. Zombies Heroes\", which is a card game in the series. It was soft released to certain countries on the same day, and was fully released internationally on October 18, 2016.", "title": "Plants vs. Zombies" }, { "docid": "30749429#31", "text": "In late 2012, PopCap announced that they were working on a sequel to \"Plants vs. Zombies\". However, the game's status was in doubt shortly after the announcement when the company went through a period of layoffs, which included series creator George Fan. \"\" released August 15, 2013 as a free-to-play title, and was a time-limited exclusive title for iOS systems before moving to Android later that year.", "title": "Plants vs. Zombies" }, { "docid": "39353685#3", "text": "In August 2012, PopCap announced that they were working on a sequel to their previous game, \"Plants vs. Zombies\", and that it would include \"new features, settings, and situations\". In a later announcement, the company confirmed that the new game would be released on July 18, 2013. On June 26, 2013, PopCap announced on their Twitter page that the game would release later than previously announced. On July 9, the game was released in Australia and New Zealand on the iOS App Store and came out worldwide on August 15, 2013. The Android version was released worldwide on October 23, 2013.", "title": "Plants vs. Zombies 2: It's About Time" }, { "docid": "39132188#0", "text": "Plants vs. Zombies: Garden Warfare is a multiplayer third-person shooter and tower defense video game. It is the third game in the \"Plants vs. Zombies\" series, developed by PopCap Games and published by Electronic Arts. Like its predecessors, the basic premise revolves around plants defending the humankind from a zombie invasion. In the game, players assume control of either plants and zombies, as they engage in combat against each other in various cooperative and competitive multiplayer modes. Upon completing matches and finishing objectives, players earn coins to acquire stickers which unlock customization items and character variants.", "title": "Plants vs. Zombies: Garden Warfare" } ]

[ { "docid": "192919#5", "text": "Boxing record books show Fitzsimmons officially began boxing professionally in 1883, in Australia. He beat Jim Crawford there by getting a knockout in three rounds. Fitzsimmons had his first 28 definite professional fights in Australia, where he lost the Australian Middleweight title to Mick Dooley (rumours spoke of a fixed bout) and where he also won a fight by knockout while on the floor: when Edward Starlight Robins dropped Fitzsimmons to the canvas in round nine of their fight, he also broke his hand and could not continue, therefore the referee declared Fitzsimmons the winner by a knockout.", "title": "Bob Fitzsimmons" } ]

[ { "docid": "192919#4", "text": "In the early 1880s Jem Mace, an English bare-knuckle boxer, travelled to New Zealand, and Timaru hosted both his boxing school, and the first boxing championships held in New Zealand. Fitzsimmons entered the tournament, and knocked out four opponents on his way to winning the competition. He successfully defended his title in the subsequent competition. During one of these tournament, it is often suggested that Fitzsimmons defeated Herbert Slade, a professional heavyweight boxer who was touring with Mace, but Slade was touted as being undefeated in 1883, and it is possible that it was Slade's brother that Fitzsimmons beat. After these tournaments, Fitzsimmons boxed at least six times in New Zealand, including some bare knuckle bouts, but it is unclear if he received payment for his fights during this time.", "title": "Bob Fitzsimmons" }, { "docid": "44176670#0", "text": "The Fitzsimmons vs Sharkey Heavyweight Championship boxing match between Bob Fitzsimmons and Tom Sharkey was awarded by referee Wyatt Earp to Sharkey after Fitzsimmons knocked Sharkey to the mat. Earp ruled that Fitzsimmons had hit Sharkey when he was down, but very few witnessed the purported foul. The fans at the December 2, 1896 fight in San Francisco booed Earp's decision. It was the first heavyweight championship fight since James J. Corbett, the prior champion, had retired from boxing the year before. The fight may have been the most anticipated fight on American soil that year.", "title": "Fitzsimmons vs. Sharkey" }, { "docid": "192919#14", "text": "In June 1901 Fitzsimmons took part in a wrestling match against Gus Ruhlin. He lost and went back to boxing. He then enjoyed legitimate boxing knockouts of leading contenders Ruhlin and Tom Sharkey.", "title": "Bob Fitzsimmons" }, { "docid": "192919#8", "text": "Fitzsimmons spent the next two years fighting non-title bouts and exhibitions until giving Hall a chance at the title in 1893. He retained the crown by a knockout in round four. He spent the rest of that year doing exhibitions, and on 2 June, he had scheduled a two-way exhibition where he would demonstrate in public how to hit the boxing bag and then how to box against a real opponent. Reportedly, two freak accidents happened that day: Fitzsimmons hit the bag so hard that it broke, and then his opponent of that day allegedly slipped, getting hit in the head and the boxing exhibition was cancelled.", "title": "Bob Fitzsimmons" }, { "docid": "47503901#0", "text": "The Fitzsimmons-Maher Prizefight (February 21, 1896), also considered, unofficially, as the 1896 World Heavyweight Championship, occurred between Bob Fitzsimmons and Peter Maher on a sandbar in the Rio Grande River just far enough outside of the American city of Langtry, Texas, in which state boxing was illegal, to be considered technically in the Mexican state of Coahuila de Zaragoza. Fitzsimmons was victorious, knocking Maher out in the first round; however, upon hearing of the outcome of the fight, the 1895 World Heavyweight Champion James J. Corbett immediately rescinded his retirement.", "title": "Fitzsimmons-Maher Prizefight" }, { "docid": "192919#0", "text": "Robert James Fitzsimmons (26 May 1863 – 22 October 1917) was a British professional boxer who made boxing history as the sport's first three-division world champion. He also achieved fame for beating Gentleman Jim Corbett, (the man who beat John L. Sullivan), and he is in \"The Guinness Book of World Records\" as the lightest heavyweight champion. Nicknamed \"Ruby Robert\" and \"The Freckled Wonder\", he took pride in his lack of scars and appeared in the ring wearing heavy woollen underwear to conceal the disparity between his trunk and leg-development. He was also known for his pure fighting skills due to dislike of training for fights, which cost him at times in his career.", "title": "Bob Fitzsimmons" }, { "docid": "12205792#1", "text": "The first triple champion of boxing was Bob Fitzsimmons when he added the Light Heavyweight crown to his World Middleweight and Heavyweight belts on November 25, 1903.", "title": "List of boxing triple champions" }, { "docid": "192919#21", "text": "The statue \"Peace\" on the Dewey Arch was modelled on Fitsimmons by the sculptor Daniel Chester French. A statue of Fitzsimmons has also stood in the city centre of Timaru, New Zealand, since 1987. It was commissioned by New Zealand millionaire boxing fan Bob Jones and sculpted by Margriet Windhausen.", "title": "Bob Fitzsimmons" }, { "docid": "192919#10", "text": "After vacating the Middleweight title, Fitzsimmons began campaigning at heavyweight (the light heavyweight division did not exist at that time). On 2 December 1896, the San Francisco Athletic Club sponsored a fight at the Mechanics' Pavilion in San Francisco between Fitzsimmons and Tom Sharkey. Unable to find a referee, they called on former lawman Wyatt Earp. He had officiated 30 or so matches in earlier days, though not under the Marquess of Queensberry rules. The fight may have been the most anticipated fight on American soil that year. Fitzsimmons was favoured to win, and bets flowed heavily his way. Earp entered the ring still armed with his customary Colt .45 and drew a lot of attention when he had to be disarmed. He later said he forgot he was wearing it. Fitzsimmons was taller and quicker than Sharkey and dominated the fight from the opening bell. In the eighth round, Fitzsimmons hit Sharkey with his famed \"solar plexus punch,\" an uppercut under the heart that could render a man temporarily helpless. The punch caught Sharkey, Earp, and most of the crowd by surprise, and Sharkey dropped, clutched his groin, and rolled on the canvas, screamed foul.", "title": "Bob Fitzsimmons" } ]

[ { "docid": "304180#0", "text": "Campbelltown is a suburb and major centre in the metropolitan area of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It is located in Greater Western Sydney south-west of the Sydney central business district. Campbelltown is the administrative seat of the local government area of the City of Campbelltown. It is also acknowledged on the register of the Geographical Names Board of New South Wales as one of only four cities within the Sydney metropolitan area.", "title": "Campbelltown, New South Wales" }, { "docid": "2573587#0", "text": "The City of Campbelltown is a local government area in the Macarthur region of south-western Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia. The area is located about south west of the Sydney central business district and comprises .", "title": "City of Campbelltown (New South Wales)" }, { "docid": "132945#1", "text": "Campbelltown is located at (40.278200, -76.584149).", "title": "Campbelltown, Pennsylvania" } ]

[ { "docid": "27612706#0", "text": "Campbelltown is an unincorporated community in Pocahontas County, West Virginia, United States. Campbelltown is located on U.S. Route 219 north of Marlinton.", "title": "Campbelltown, West Virginia" }, { "docid": "132945#0", "text": "Campbelltown is a census-designated place (CDP) in Lebanon County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 3,616 at the 2010 census. It is located east of Hershey at the intersection of U.S. Route 322 and Pennsylvania Route 117 and is located in the Harrisburg metropolitan area.", "title": "Campbelltown, Pennsylvania" }, { "docid": "304180#16", "text": "Campbelltown Hospital is part of the South Western Sydney Local Health District and is located on the southern edge of the suburb near Ambarvale. Campbelltown Private Hospital is located nearby and with the Centric building constitute a close-knit, combined public-private-consulting rooms complex within a convenient radius at Park Central.", "title": "Campbelltown, New South Wales" }, { "docid": "2822025#0", "text": "Campbelltown Stadium, formerly Orana Park and Campbelltown Sports Ground, is a multi-use stadium in Leumeah, New South Wales, Australia, owned by Campbelltown City Council. It is the full-time home ground for the Western Suburbs Magpies District Rugby league Football Club and is one of three home grounds for the Wests Tigers Rugby league Football Club. The stadium has a nominal capacity of 20,000, with a recorded highest crowd figure of 20,527 for a game between Wests Tigers and North Queensland Cowboys in NRL season 2005. It is located adjacent to Leumeah railway station and Wests Leagues Club.", "title": "Campbelltown Stadium" }, { "docid": "20440095#0", "text": "The Campbelltown Arts Centre is a multidisciplinary contemporary arts centre located in Campbelltown in south-western Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. It is a cultural facility of Campbelltown City Council, assisted by the New South Wales Government through Arts NSW. Since opening in 2005 the Centre has pioneered a contemporary arts program that engages with critical issues of our times. The Centre supports the research, development and production of new work and creates platforms for multidisciplinary arts practice.", "title": "Campbelltown Arts Centre" }, { "docid": "51204463#0", "text": "Campbelltown-Magill Football Club was an Australian rules football club based in the eastern suburbs of Adelaide that was formed as Campbelltown-Magill United in 1976 as a merger between the Campbelltown Football Club and the Magill Royal Football Club. The club initially participated in the Norwood-North Football Association before moving to the South Australian Football Association in 1978. The club was renamed to Campbelltown-Magill in 1979 and shifted to the Central District Football Association in 1980. In 1985 the club moved to the South Australian Amateur Football League where it remained until it went into recess in 1998 due to lack of players, and has not reformed to date.Campbelltown-Magill United Football Club was formed in 1976 from a merger of Campbelltown and Magill Royal.", "title": "Campbelltown-Magill Football Club" } ]

[ { "docid": "18842359#20", "text": "The deepest point in the ocean is the Mariana Trench, located in the Pacific Ocean near the Northern Mariana Islands. Its maximum depth has been estimated to be (plus or minus 11 meters; see the Mariana Trench article for discussion of the various estimates of the maximum depth.) The British naval vessel \"Challenger II\" surveyed the trench in 1951 and named the deepest part of the trench the \"Challenger Deep\". In 1960, the Trieste successfully reached the bottom of the trench, manned by a crew of two men.", "title": "Ocean" }, { "docid": "19036#0", "text": "The Mariana Trench or Marianas Trench is located in the western Pacific Ocean approximately east of the Mariana Islands, and has the deepest natural trench in the world. It is a crescent-shaped trough in the Earth's crust averaging about long and wide. The maximum known depth is (± ) at the southern end of a small slot-shaped valley in its floor known as the Challenger Deep. However, some unrepeated measurements place the deepest portion at . For comparison: if Mount Everest were dropped into the trench at this point, its peak would still be over under water.", "title": "Mariana Trench" } ]

[ { "docid": "1354339#0", "text": "The Puerto Rico Trench is located on the boundary between the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. The oceanic trench is associated with a complex transition between the Lesser Antilles subduction zone to the south and the major transform fault zone or plate boundary, which extends west between Cuba and Hispaniola through the Cayman Trough to the coast of Central America. The trench is long and has a maximum depth of or 5.20 miles in the Brownson Deep, which is the deepest point in the Atlantic Ocean and the deepest point not in the Pacific Ocean. On December 19, 2018, its deepest point was identified by the DSSV Pressure Drop using a state-of-the-art Kongsberg EM124 multibeam sonar and then directly visited and its depth verified by the manned submersible DSV Limiting Factor.", "title": "Puerto Rico Trench" }, { "docid": "23070#1", "text": "At in area (as defined with an Antarctic southern border), this largest division of the World Ocean—and, in turn, the hydrosphere—covers about 46% of Earth's water surface and about one-third of its total surface area, making it larger than all of Earth's land area combined. The centers of both the Water Hemisphere and the Western Hemisphere are in the Pacific Ocean. The equator subdivides it into the North Pacific Ocean and South Pacific Ocean, with two exceptions: the Galápagos and Gilbert Islands, while straddling the equator, are deemed wholly within the South Pacific. Its mean depth is . The Mariana Trench in the western North Pacific is the deepest point in the world, reaching a depth of . The western Pacific has many peripheral seas.", "title": "Pacific Ocean" }, { "docid": "25223506#2", "text": "In 2005, Hawkes and adventurer Steve Fossett teamed up to create a submarine that could be piloted by an individual to the deepest part of the ocean. This spot in the Pacific Ocean, called Challenger Deep, is approximately under the ocean's surface and is thought to be the deepest point in the ocean. Together they began to develop the \"Challenger\" submersible with this goal in mind. However, in 2007 Fossett lost his life in a fatal accident in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California before the feat could be attempted.", "title": "DeepFlight Super Falcon" }, { "docid": "2397244#0", "text": "The Middle America Trench is a major subduction zone, an oceanic trench in the eastern Pacific Ocean off the southwestern coast of Middle America, stretching from central Mexico to Costa Rica. The trench is 1,700 miles (2,750 km) long and is 21,880 feet (6,669 m) at its deepest point.\nThe trench is the boundary between the Rivera, Cocos, and Nazca plates on one side and the North American and Caribbean plates on the other. It is the 18th-deepest trench in the world. Many large earthquakes have occurred in the area of the Middle America Trench.", "title": "Middle America Trench" }, { "docid": "23070#0", "text": "The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest of Earth's oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Southern Ocean (or, depending on definition, to Antarctica) in the south and is bounded by Asia and Australia in the west and the Americas in the east.", "title": "Pacific Ocean" }, { "docid": "18842323#21", "text": "The Earth's deepest trench is the Mariana Trench which extends for about across the seabed. It is near the Mariana Islands, a volcanic archipelago in the West Pacific, and though it averages just wide, its deepest point is 10.994 kilometres (nearly 7 miles) below the surface of the sea. An even longer trench runs alongside the coast of Peru and Chile, reaching a depth of and extending for approximately . It occurs where the oceanic Nazca Plate slides under the continental South American Plate and is associated with the upthrust and volcanic activity of the Andes.", "title": "Sea" }, { "docid": "2364038#0", "text": "The Yap Trench is an oceanic trench near Yap Island in the western Pacific Ocean. The trench forms the part of the Pacific Ring of Fire between the Palau Islands and the Mariana Trench. It is 650 kilometres (400 mi) long and 8,527 metres (27,976 ft) deep at its deepest point.", "title": "Yap Trench" }, { "docid": "20702236#0", "text": "The Juan Fernandez Plate is a microplate in the Pacific Ocean. With a surface area of approximately 10 km, the microplate is located between 32° and 35°S and 109° and 112°W. The plate is located at a triple junction between the Pacific Plate, Antarctic Plate, and Nazca Plate. Approximately 2000 km to the west of South America, it is, on average, 3000 meters deep with its shallowest point coming to approximately 1600 meters, and its deepest point reaching 4400 meters.", "title": "Juan Fernández Plate" } ]

[ { "docid": "1091918#0", "text": "Baryonyx () is a genus of theropod dinosaur which lived in the Barremian stage of the Early Cretaceous Period, about 130–125 million years ago. The first skeleton was discovered in 1983 in the Weald Clay Formation of Surrey, England, and became the holotype specimen of B. walkeri, named by palaeontologists Alan J. Charig and Angela C. Milner in 1986. The generic name, \"Baryonyx\", means \"heavy claw\" and alludes to the animal's very large claw on the first finger; the specific name, \"walkeri\", refers to its discoverer, amateur fossil collector William J. Walker. The holotype specimen is one of the most complete theropod skeletons from the UK (and remains the most complete spinosaurid), and its discovery attracted media attention. Specimens later discovered in other parts of the United Kingdom and Iberia have also been assigned to the genus.", "title": "Baryonyx" }, { "docid": "2899822#11", "text": "In 1983, a relatively complete skeleton was excavated from the Smokejacks pit in Surrey, Engand. These remains were described by British paleontologists Alan J. Charig and Angela C. Milner in 1986 as the holotype of a new species, \"Baryonyx walkeri.\" After the discovery of \"Baryonyx,\" many new genera have since been described, the majority on very incomplete remains. However, other finds bear enough fossil material and distinct anatomical features to be assigned with confidence. Paul Sereno and colleagues described \"Suchomimus\" in 1998\",\" a baryonychine from Niger on the basis of a partial skeleton found in 1997. Later in 2004, partial jaw bones were recovered from the Alcântara Formation, these were referred to a new genus of spinosaurine named \"Oxalaia\" in 2011 by Alexander Kellner.", "title": "Spinosauridae" } ]

[ { "docid": "1091918#8", "text": "In 1997, Charig and Milner noted that two fragmentary spinosaurid snouts from the Elrhaz Formation of Niger (reported by the French palaeontologist Philippe Taquet in 1984) were similar enough to \"Baryonyx\" that they considered them to belong to an indeterminate species of the genus (despite their much younger Aptian geological age). In 1998, these fossils became the basis of the genus and species \"Cristatusaurus lapparenti\", named by Taquet and the American palaeontologist Dale Russell. The American palaeontologist Paul Sereno and colleagues named the new genus and species \"Suchomimus tenerensis\" later in 1998, based on more complete fossils from the Elrhaz Formation. In 2002, the German palaeontologist Hans-Dieter Sues and colleagues proposed that \"Suchomimus tenerensis\" was similar enough to \"Baryonyx walkeri\" to be considered a species within the same genus (as \"B. tenerensis\"), and that \"Suchomimus\" was identical to \"Cristatusaurus\". Milner concurred that the material from Niger was indistinguishable from \"Baryonyx\" in 2003. In a 2004 conference abstract, Hutt and Newberry supported the synonymy based on a large theropod vertebra from the Isle of Wight which they attributed to an animal closely related to \"Baryonyx\" and \"Suchomimus\". Later studies have kept \"Baryonyx\" and \"Suchomimus\" separate, whereas \"Cristatusaurus\" has been proposed to be either a \"nomen dubium\" or possibly distinct from both. A 2017 review paper by the Brazilian palaeontologist Carlos Roberto A. Candeiro and colleagues stated that this debate was more in the realm of semantics than science, as it is generally agreed that \"B. walkeri\" and \"S. tenerensis\" are distinct, related species.", "title": "Baryonyx" }, { "docid": "1091918#2", "text": "Now recognised as a member of the family Spinosauridae, \"Baryonyx\" affinities were obscure when it was discovered. Some researchers have suggested that \"Suchosaurus cultridens\" is a senior synonym (being an older name), and that \"Suchomimus tenerensis\" belongs in the same genus; subsequent authors have kept them separate. \"Baryonyx\" was the first theropod dinosaur demonstrated to have been piscivorous (fish-eating), as evidenced by fish scales in the stomach region of the holotype specimen. It may also have been an active predator of larger prey and a scavenger, since it also contained bones of a juvenile \"Iguanodon\". The creature would have caught and processed its prey primarily with its forelimbs and large claws. \"Baryonyx\" may have had semiaquatic habits, and coexisted with other theropod, ornithopod, and sauropod dinosaurs, as well as pterosaurs, crocodiles, turtles and fishes, in a fluvial environment.", "title": "Baryonyx" }, { "docid": "2899822#30", "text": "Baryonychines have been found in Africa, with \"Suchomimus\" and \"Cristatusaurus,\" as well as in Europe, with \"Baryonyx\" and \"Suchosaurus\". \"Baryonyx-\"like teeth are also reported from the Ashdown Sands of Sussex, in England, and the Burgos Province, in Spain. A partial skeleton and many fossil teeth indicate spinosaurids were widespread in Asia. As of 2012, three have been named: \"Ichthyovenator,\" \"Siamosaurus\" and \"\"Sinopliosaurus\" fusuiensis\". In 2014, a spinosaurid tooth was discovered in Malaysia; the first dinosaur remains discovered in the country. At la Cantalera-1, a site in the Early Barremanian Blesa Formation in Treul, Spain, two types of spinosaurid teeth were found, and they were assigned, tentatively, as indeterminate spinosaurine and baryonychine taxa. An intermediate spinosaurid was discovered in the Early Cretaceous Eumeralla Formation, Australia. It is known from a single 4 cm long partial cervical vertebra, designated NMV P221081. It is missing most of the neural arch. The specimen is from a juvenile estimated to be about 2 to 3 meters long (6–9 ft). Out of all spinosaurs it most closely resembles \"Baryonyx\".", "title": "Spinosauridae" }, { "docid": "2899822#9", "text": "The first spinosaurid fossil, a single conical tooth, was discovered circa 1820 by British paleontologist Gideon Mantell in the Wadhurst Clay Formation. In 1841 Sir Richard Owen mistakenly assigned it to a crocodilian he named \"Suchosaurus\" (\"crocodile lizard\"), a second species, \"S. girardi\", was later named in 1897. However, the spinosaurid nature of \"Suchosaurus\" was not recognized until a 1998 redescription of \"Baryonyx.\"", "title": "Spinosauridae" }, { "docid": "1091918#16", "text": "Discoveries in the 1990s shed more light on the relationships of \"Baryonyx\" and its relatives. In 1996, a snout from Morocco was referred to \"Spinosaurus\", and \"Irritator\" and \"Angaturama\" from Brazil (the two are possible synonyms) were named. \"Cristatusaurus\" and \"Suchomimus\" were named based on fossils from Niger in 1998. In their description of \"Suchomimus\", Sereno and colleagues placed it and \"Baryonyx\" in the new subfamily Baryonychinae within Spinosauridae; \"Spinosaurus\" and \"Irritator\" were placed in the subfamily Spinosaurinae. Baryonychinae was distinguished by the small size and larger number of teeth in the dentary behind the terminal rosette, the deeply keeled front dorsal vertebrae, and by having serrated teeth. Spinosaurinae was distinguished by their straight tooth crowns without serrations, small first tooth in the premaxilla, increased spacing of teeth in the jaws, and possibly by having their nostrils placed further back and the presence of a deep neural spine sail. They also united the spinosaurids and their closest relatives in the superfamily Spinosauroidea, but in 2010, the British palaeontologist Roger Benson considered this a junior synonym of Megalosauroidea (an older name). In a 2007 conference abstract, the American palaeontologist Denver W. Fowler suggested that since \"Suchosaurus\" is the first named genus in its group, the clade names Spinosauroidea, Spinosauridae, and Baryonychinae should be replaced by Suchosauroidea, Suchosauridae, and Suchosaurinae, regardless of whether or not the name \"Baryonyx\" is retained. A 2017 study by the Brazilian palaeontologists Marcos A. F. Sales and Cesar L. Schultz found that the clade Baryonychinae was not well supported, since serrated teeth may be an ancestral trait among spinosaurids.", "title": "Baryonyx" }, { "docid": "1091918#6", "text": "Fossils from other parts of the UK and Iberia, mostly isolated teeth, have subsequently been attributed to \"Baryonyx\" or similar animals. Isolated teeth and bones from the Isle of Wight, including hand bones reported in 1998 and a vertebra reported by the British palaeontologists Steve Hutt and Penny Newbery in 2004, have been attributed to this genus. In 2017, the British palaeontologist Martin C. Munt and colleagues reported cranial remains of two \"Baryonyx\" individuals from the Isle of Wight, and stated they would be examined and described in the future. A maxilla fragment from La Rioja, Spain, was attributed to \"Baryonyx\" by the Spanish palaeontologists Luis I. Viera and José Angel Torres in 1995 (although the American palaeontologist Thomas R. Holtz and colleagues raised the possibility that it could have belonged to \"Suchomimus\" in 2004). In 1999, a postorbital bone, a squamosal bone, a tooth, vertebral remains, metacarpals, and a phalanx from the Sala de los Infantes deposit in Burgos Province, Spain, were attributed to an immature \"Baryonyx\" (though some of these elements are unknown in the holotype) by the Spanish palaeontologist Carolina Fuentes Vidarte and colleagues. Dinosaur tracks near Burgos have also been suggested to belong to \"Baryonyx\" or a similar theropod. In 2011, a specimen (ML1190) from the Papo Seco Formation in Boca do Chapim, Portugal, with a fragmentary dentary, teeth, vertebrae, ribs, hip bones, a scapula, and a phalanx bone, was attributed to \"Baryonyx\" by the Portuguese palaeontologist Octávio Mateus and colleagues, the most complete Iberian remains of the animal. The skeletal elements of this specimen are also represented in the more complete holotype (which was of similar size), except for the mid-neck vertebrae. In 2018, the British palaeontologist Thomas M. S. Arden and colleagues found that the Portuguese skeleton did not belong to \"Baryonyx\", since the front of its dentary bone was not strongly upturned. Some additional spinosaurid remains from Iberia appear to belong to taxa other than \"Baryonyx\".", "title": "Baryonyx" }, { "docid": "1091918#7", "text": "In 2003, Milner noted that some teeth at the Natural History Museum previously identified as belonging to the genera \"Suchosaurus\" and \"Megalosaurus\" probably belonged to \"Baryonyx\". The type species of \"Suchosaurus\", \"S. cultridens\", was named by the British biologist Richard Owen in 1841, based on teeth discovered by the British geologist Gideon A. Mantell in Tilgate Forest, Sussex. Owen originally thought the teeth to have belonged to a crocodile; he was yet to name the group Dinosauria, which happened the following year. A second species, \"S. girardi\", was named by the French palaeontologist Henri Émile Sauvage in 1897, based on jaw fragments and a tooth from Boca do Chapim, Portugal. In 2007, the French palaeontologist Éric Buffetaut considered the teeth of \"S. girardi\" very similar to those of \"Baryonyx\" (and \"S. cultridens\") except for the stronger development of the tooth crown flutes (or \"ribs\"; lengthwise ridges), suggesting that the remains belonged to the same genus. Buffetaut agreed with Milner that the teeth of \"S. cultridens\" were almost identical to those of \"B. walkeri\", but with a ribbier surface. The former taxon might be a senior synonym of the latter (since it was published first), depending on whether the differences were within a taxon or between different ones. According to Buffetaut, since the holotype specimen of \"S. cultridens\" is a single tooth and that of \"B. walkeri\" is a skeleton, it would be more practical to retain the newer name. In 2011, Mateus and colleagues agreed that \"Suchosaurus\" was closely related to \"Baryonyx\", but considered both species in the former genus \"nomina dubia\" (dubious names) since their holotype specimens were not considered diagnostic (lacking distinguishing features) and could not be definitely equated with other taxa. In any case, the identification of \"Suchosaurus\" as a spinosaurid makes it the first named member of the family.", "title": "Baryonyx" }, { "docid": "43257654#2", "text": "The first documented fossils to be recovered from the Bridger Formation were discovered on 11 August 1849 by Captain Howard Stansbury, who documented the discovery of fossilized shells and wood in his expedition report while scouting out the region for the United States Army Corps of Topographical Engineers. In the early-1860s, trapper Jack Robinson claimed to have discovered a number of sites along the base of the Uinta Mountains where grizzly bears had been turned to stone. When these claims were called into question by judge William A. Carter, Robinson brought Carter a bag filled with the fossils. One of the specimens recovered by Robinson was a well-preserved skull which resembled that of a grizzly bear. Judger Carter invited Louis Agassiz to observe the local strata, but Agassiz declined as the journey would have involved riding horseback to the site, a mode of transportation Agassiz abhorred. Carter's son-in-law, Dr. J. Van A. Carter, would go on to send a number of fossils to palaeontologist Joseph Leidy at the University of Pennsylvania in 1869. These fossils included the first Bridgerian fossil taxa, \"Omomys carteri\"; and the skull discovered by Robinson, which was described as \"Palaeosyops paludosus\". Another researcher responsible for sending off specimens was Dr. Joseph K. Corson, a close friend of Leidy's who hosted him and his family on two three to Fort Bridger in 1872, 1873, and 1879.", "title": "Bridger Formation" } ]

[ { "docid": "620574#32", "text": "According to the Finnish Broadcasting Company YLE, Berglund's Stradivarius violin was sold by his heirs in 2012 to the Finnish Cultural Foundation for 1.8 million euros. At the same time the performing artist's rights to Berglund's recordings as well as his valuable collection of orchestral sheet music were donated to the foundation. The latter material will be made available to researchers in ten years' time. The violin will be named Stradivarius ex. Berglund. Mr Berglund's son Juha Berglund, the spokesperson for the family, says that his father had several instruments, but the Stradivari was the dearest to him. Mr Berglund's specific wish was that the violin should stay in Finland. The violin was built in around 1700. The violin is in exceptionally good condition for its age.", "title": "Paavo Berglund" } ]

[ { "docid": "22954024#15", "text": "In his teens Temianka played a Laurentius Storioni of 1780. While traveling under the aegis of the Curtis Institute, he briefly played a loaned Stradivarius, which was exchanged for a Januarius Gagliano. In 1929 Temianka owned the violin made in 1752 by Joannes Baptista Guadagnini. In the 1930s he played a Silvestre violin, with which he made his early Vintage recordings, and subsequently a Januarius Gagliano and a Carlo Bergonzi.\nThe Stradivarius he played during the years of the Paganini Quartet was the \"Comte Cozio di Salabue\" of 1727, which was Paganini's own concert violin. It was later played by Martin Beaver, first violinist of the Tokyo String Quartet, which played since 1995 on the same quartet of Stradivarius instruments once owned by Paganini, until the Tokyo String Quartet retired in July 2013. These remarkable instruments—the viola had inspired Paganini to commission Hector Berlioz's \"Harold en Italie\"—were also played by the Cleveland Quartet for almost 15 years, beginning in 1982, and are presently owned by Nippon Music Foundation of Japan, after deacquisition by the Corcoran Gallery in the mid-1990s for $15 million. They were then played for several years by the Hagen Quartet, and are now in the hands of the Quartetto di Cremona.\nWhen the years of the Paganini Quartet came to an end, Temianka played a Michelangelo Bergonzi of 1759. His recordings of the Handel Sonatas were made on an Andrea Guarneri of 1687.In February 2013, Chapman University endowed the Henri Temianka Professorship in Music and Scholarship in String Studies. The violin played by Albert Saparoff, concertmaster of the Hollywood Symphony, was endowed as the Temianka-Saparoff violin, and is dedicated for the use of a selected recipient while studying there.", "title": "Henri Temianka" }, { "docid": "9038551#10", "text": "Dalley plays a Nicolas Lupot violin, made in France in 1810. Some years ago the quartet members were approached by the Corcoran Gallery in Washington, D.C., which made a very generous offer of possible extended use by the quartet of its rare Stradivarius instruments. Antonio Stradivarius of Cremona produced a life-time of fine instruments. At the time of the offer, there were only 500 violins, fifty cellos, and ten violas still extant. Although much less rare than the Stradivarii, the specific venerable instruments owned and played by the quartet's members, with their craftsmanship, type of wood, varnish, and all of substantial age, together \"created such a warmth and complexity of sound that enticed, then seduced each of us.\" The offer to use the Stradivarii was politely declined. At this writing Dalley has been playing the violin for 75 years. He refers to his violin as his friend.", "title": "John Dalley" }, { "docid": "207810#11", "text": "Du Pré primarily played on two Stradivarius cellos, one from 1673 and the Davidov Stradivarius of 1712. Both instruments were gifts from her godmother, Ismena Holland. She performed with the 1673 Stradivarius from 1961 until 1964, when she acquired the Davidov. Many of her most famous recordings were made on this instrument, including the Elgar Concerto with Barbirolli, the Robert Schumann Cello Concerto with Barenboim and the two Brahms cello sonatas. From 1969 to 1970 she (like Casals before her) played on a Francesco Goffriller cello, and in 1970 acquired a modern instrument from the Philadelphia violin maker Sergio Peresson. It was the Peresson cello that du Pré played for the remainder of her career until 1973, using it for a second, live, recording of the Elgar Concerto, and her last studio recording, of Frédéric Chopin's Cello Sonata in G minor and César Franck's Violin Sonata in A arranged for cello, in December 1971.", "title": "Jacqueline du Pré" }, { "docid": "34482345#3", "text": "In 1885 he came to New York. While in the United States, he made it a practice to visit Hamburg every summer. He reportedly died from grief over the loss of his 1725 Stradivarius violin, which was stolen from him on 31 March 1894. It was his favorite, and he would play on no other in a concert. After Bott's death, a violin was found in the store of Victor S. Fletcher at 23 Union Square which his widow said was the stolen violin. She pointed to various identifying features, and two violin makers, August Gemünder and John Friedrich, testified that it was a Stradivarius, contradicting a Mr. Ross who had purchased the violin from Fletcher and said he did not think it a Stradivarius.", "title": "Jean Joseph Bott" }, { "docid": "21179809#4", "text": "Yo-Yo Ma played his Stradivarius cello called the \"Davidov Stradivarius\", made in 1712 during Stradivari's \"golden period\". Itzhak Perlman played his Stradivarius violin called the \"Soil Stradivarius\", made in 1714 during Stradivari's \"golden period\". Gabriela Montero played a Steinway concert grand piano, model D-274. Anthony McGill played a Buffet clarinet.", "title": "Air and Simple Gifts" }, { "docid": "31681059#5", "text": "The Lady Blunt is one of the two best-preserved Stradivarius violins in existence. It has survived, like the Messiah Stradivarius of 1716, in near-original condition, since it has resided mostly in the hands of collectors and seen little use. It was built on the PG form, being a mature golden period violin. The violin also retains its original neck. It has been played very rarely; Yehudi Menuhin played it in 1971, when the instrument was up for sale. In 2011 it was described as \"the best-preserved Stradivarius to be offered for sale in the past century.\"", "title": "Lady Blunt Stradivarius" }, { "docid": "1831908#0", "text": "The Messiah-Salabue Stradivarius of 1716 is a violin made by Italian luthier Antonio Stradivari of Cremona. It is considered to be the only Stradivarius in existence in \"as new\" state. It is in the collection of the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford, England.", "title": "Messiah Stradivarius" }, { "docid": "34269687#14", "text": "There have been many comparisons of Stradivarius and other old violins with more recent violins since 1817. They generally have found no differences in either subjective impressions or acoustic analysis. However, the tests have been criticized on various grounds. In a well-known 1977 experiment, Isaac Stern and Pinchas Zukerman and a classical violin dealer, Charles Beare, listened to a Stradivarius, a Guarneri, and a 1976 British violin. They were also unable to identify which instrument was which, and two of them mistakenly identified the 1976 violin as the Stradivarius.", "title": "Player preferences among new and old violins" }, { "docid": "30900400#0", "text": "The Molitor Stradivarius is an antique violin made by Italian luthier Antonio Stradivari of Cremona in 1697, the very beginning of the maker's celebrated \"Golden\" period. It bears the label \"Antonius Stradivarius Cremonensis / Faciebat Anno 1697\" and is branded to the lower rib, \"Curtis Phila.\"", "title": "Molitor Stradivarius" } ]

[ { "docid": "1480165#0", "text": "Kaine Parker is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character has been depicted as a superhero and former supervillain who serves as an ally, an enemy, and a foil of Spider-Man (Peter Parker) and Ben Reilly. Created by Terry Kavanagh and Steven Butler, the character first appeared in \"Web of Spider-Man\" #119 (December 1994) as the Jackal's first failed attempt of a clone of Spider-Man. He later appeared as the new Scarlet Spider in the \"Marvel Point One\" one-shot in November 2011 before starring in his own series.", "title": "Kaine Parker" } ]

[ { "docid": "7927053#38", "text": "However, on February 9, 2015, Sony Pictures and Marvel Studios announced that Spider-Man would appear in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), with the character appearing in an MCU film and Sony releasing a \"Spider-Man\" film co-produced by Marvel Studios president Kevin Feige and Amy Pascal. Sony Pictures will continue to own, finance, distribute, and exercise final creative control over the \"Spider-Man\" films. The next month, Marvel Entertainment CCO Joe Quesada indicated that the Peter Parker version of the character would be used, which Feige confirmed in April. Feige also stated that Marvel had been working to add Spider-Man to the MCU since at least October 2014. The following June, Feige clarified that the initial Sony deal does not allow the character to appear in any of the MCU television series, as it was \"very specific... with a certain amount of back and forth allowed.\" In November 2016, Holland revealed that he was signed for \"three Spider-Man movies and three solo movies\". In June 2017, Holland, Feige and Watts confirmed that a child wearing an Iron Man mask whom Stark saves from a drone in \"Iron Man 2\" (portrayed by Max Favreau) was a young Peter Parker, retroactively making it the introduction of the character to the MCU.", "title": "Spider-Man in film" }, { "docid": "2312223#5", "text": "On July 22, 2011, during the San Diego Comic-Con, Marvel released an image to the audience depicting a burnt sweater of the original Scarlet Spider. This led many readers to assume that Ben Reilly would be returning and taking on the mantle of Scarlet Spider once again. However, through introduction of the Marvel Now event, Marvel Point One showed readers that Kaine Parker would be the main character in the new Scarlet Spider series.", "title": "Scarlet Spider (comic book)" }, { "docid": "1480165#62", "text": "The Ultimate Marvel version of Kaine is depicted as a misguided, disfigured clone who wears a tattered version of Ben Reilly's Spider-Man costume. Like Spider-Man (Peter Parker), Kaine possessed superhuman strength, reflexes, equilibrium and had a spider-sense. Created by ambitious mastermind Dr. Octopus (acting with consent of the CIA), he kidnaps Mary Jane Watson and attempts to give his captive superpowers (via OZ), triggering a transformation into a large red monster despite Tarantula's efforts. While trying to prevent Mary Jane from being taken, Kaine is killed by Nick Fury's Spider Slayers.", "title": "Kaine Parker" }, { "docid": "1480165#23", "text": "It was revealed in the \"Marvel Point One\" one shot that Kaine is the new Scarlet Spider in his own ongoing series. This was confirmed by editor Stephen Wacker in the \"Letters to the Editor\" page of \"The Amazing Spider-Man\" #673.", "title": "Kaine Parker" }, { "docid": "1480165#36", "text": "Kaine makes good on this in the new 2017 series \"\" where he confronts Ben Reilly upon tracking him to Las Vegas and they get into a fight. Ben convinces Kaine to stand down by arguing that he is genuinely trying to cure Abigail Mercury's terminal condition, but Kaine makes it clear to Ben that he will kill his \"brother\" for protecting the world if the girl dies and once Ben has saved her life. After Abigail Mercury because Ben tested a new drug on her too quickly, he is attacked by Kaine once again only for Kaine to be \"killed\" by what appears to be Marlo Chandler. The character that resembles Marlo Chandler then quickly identifies herself as actually being Death in disguise. She offers Ben the chance to restore Abigail Mercury or Kaine to life before she departs. When Ben asks her to save both of them and kill him instead, Death not only heals the other two, but also restores Ben to a healthy physical appearance, affirming that he has made a start on his efforts to redeem himself of his sins as the Jackal.", "title": "Kaine Parker" }, { "docid": "18487649#47", "text": "Alison Mongrain is a recurring character in \"The Amazing Spider-Man\" comic books during the latter half of the Clone Saga. She served as an agent of Norman Osborn, who had returned to North America to personally finish off Peter Parker and destroy everything he had held dear, which included his unborn child May Parker. In the final storyline of the Clone Saga, \"Revelations\", Mongrain's task was to poison Peter's pregnant wife Mary Jane Watson, forcing her into premature labor. In the alternate universe of the MC2 \"Spider-Girl\" title, Mongrain was tracked down by Peter's first clone Kaine, who rescued May from her grip and returned her to Peter and Mary Jane. Having bonded with May whilst keeping her prisoner, Alison returns sometime later with the intent of killing Normie Osborn whose brief tenure as the Green Goblin convince her that he would harm the child that she grew attached to. Spider-Girl. having been informed of her intents by Kaine reassured Mongrain that the child is safe by unmasking herself.", "title": "List of Marvel Comics characters: M" }, { "docid": "1480165#61", "text": "Kaine appears during the miniseries exploring the Clone Saga as it was originally conceived. He is working for both a shadowy figure and Jackal for unknown reasons and attacks Ben Reilly and Peter Parker when they first meet. After Jackal targets Mary Jane, Kaine leads them to Jackal's lair, only for all three to be captured. It is at this point that the two learn that Kaine is another Parker clone. When Kaine sees Gwen Stacy being cloned, he breaks all three free before burning the Mark of Kaine into Jackal's face and breaking his neck. When the building explodes, Kaine escapes, having stolen both Jackal's clone stabilizing agent and a second pod containing an unknown clone for his shadowy boss. The figure is later revealed to be Harry Osborn still alive, with the pod containing a clone of Norman Osborn. The duo have Doctor Octopus make a clone-stabilizing agent. Later, Kaine is shown obtaining the infant May Parker from Allison Mongrain for Harry. He begins having doubts over Harry's plans when he holds the baby. After more soul-searching, he finally convinces himself to defy Harry's orders and returns the baby to Mary Jane Watson before escaping.", "title": "Kaine Parker" }, { "docid": "2312223#8", "text": "The first issue sold over 50,000 copies, but sales dropped to an average of about 22,000 copies being sold per issue by July 2013. The series introduces several new characters in the Marvel world, such as Aracely Penalba (the demigod superhero known as Hummingbird), Dr. Donald Meland and his husband Wally Layton. The character Annabelle Adams is also introduced in the Marvel world as a love interest for Kaine. The characters play pivotal roles in the growth of Kaine as a superhero.", "title": "Scarlet Spider (comic book)" }, { "docid": "1480165#38", "text": "Kaine volunteers for a suicide mission to Earth-3145, where the Inheritors were trapped after the events of Spider-Verse. Kaine recruits Ashley Barton of Earth-807128 (that of Old Man Logan), who is not afraid to make sacrifices and take out the Inheritors, much like Kaine and Otto themselves, and unlike the other spiders. Kaine convinces Jessica Drew of Earth-616 to join the team, and deceives her, telling her the mission is actually a suicide mission to destroy the stone containing Solus' essence that could potentially leave them trapped to die on the radioactive Earth-3145. Lastly, they recruit \"Charlie\", a Peter Parker from Earth-217, who escaped the abuse of his Uncle Ben and does not believe in power or responsibility. Kaine plans to use Charlie as bait to lure Verna of the Inheritors.", "title": "Kaine Parker" } ]

[ { "docid": "182792#1", "text": "This unified institution consists of sea, land, and air elements referred to as the Royal Canadian Navy (RCN), Canadian Army, and Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF). Personnel may belong to either the Regular Force or the Reserve Force, which has four sub-components: the Primary Reserve, Supplementary Reserve, Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service, and the Canadian Rangers. Under the National Defence Act, the Canadian Armed Forces are an entity separate and distinct from the Department of National Defence (the federal government department responsible for administration and formation of defence policy), which also exists as the civilian support system for the Forces. Current end strength is authorized at 126,500, including 71,500 Regular Force members, 30,000 Reserve Force members and 25,000 civilian employees. The number of filled positions is lower than the authorized strength.", "title": "Canadian Armed Forces" } ]

[ { "docid": "182792#27", "text": "The Armed Forces' 92,600 personnel are divided into a hierarchy of numerous ranks of officers and non-commissioned members. The governor general appoints, on the advice of the prime minister, the Chief of the Defence Staff (CDS) as the highest ranking commissioned officer in the Armed Forces and who, as head of the Armed Forces Council, is in command of the Canadian Forces. The Armed Forces Council also includes the Vice Chief of the Defence Staff, the commanders of the Royal Canadian Navy, the Canadian Army, the Royal Canadian Air Force, Canadian Joint Operations Command, Canadian Special Operations Forces Command, and other key Level 1 organizations. The Armed Forces Council generally operates from National Defence Headquarters (NDHQ) in Ottawa, Ontario. The sovereign and most other members of the Canadian Royal Family also act as colonels-in-chief, honorary air commodores, air commodores-in-chief, admirals, and captains-general of Canadian Forces units, though these positions are ceremonial.", "title": "Canadian Armed Forces" }, { "docid": "2345877#17", "text": "Since 1948, Canada has taken part in many peacekeeping operations, either with the UN or other international organizations. Over 100,000 members of the Canadian Forces have served in these operations. As of January 1, 2000, 107 Canadian soldiers have died in the course of these missions. Canadian soldiers have developed an unusual degree of expertise and are now highly sought after for such missions. Members of Le Régiment de Hull are no exception to the rule: many of them have had an opportunity to participate in missions in Cyprus, Israel, Haiti and the former Yugoslavia. Members most recently served in the former Yugoslavia, Bosnia, Israel, Egypt, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Haiti. Alongside their colleagues in the Regular Force, the members of the Regiment in 1988 shared the honour of receiving the Nobel Peace Prize, which was awarded to \"blue helmets\" throughout the world.\nLe Régiment de Hull was awarded its first battle honour on May 9, 2014, when it was announced that the regiment would receive the theatre honour AFGHANISTAN. The battle honour was presented to the unit on October 14, 2017 during a ceremony presided by the lieutenant governor of Quebec, J. Michel Doyon QC.", "title": "Le Régiment de Hull (RCAC)" }, { "docid": "9499495#1", "text": "CFMWS has over 5,500 staff on bases/wings/units and at headquarters in Ottawa. In partnership with bases, wings, and units the Canadian Forces Regular Forces and Canadian Forces Primary Reserve members, retired and former members, military families, Department of National Defence employees, NPF employees, and Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) personnel, receive the morale and welfare programs, services, and activities needed.", "title": "Canadian Forces Morale and Welfare Services" }, { "docid": "355562#0", "text": "Since 1947, the Canadian Armed Forces have completed 72 international missions. More than 3,600 soldiers, sailors and Air Force personnel are deployed overseas on operational missions. On any given day, about 8,000 Canadian Armed Forces members Royal Canadian Air Force, Royal Canadian Navy, and Canadian Army (one-third of the Canadian deployable force) are preparing for, engaged in or are returning from an overseas mission.", "title": "List of Canadian military operations" }, { "docid": "41547589#0", "text": "The Canadian Armed Forces currently lists 84 military occupations that are performed by either officer or non-commissioned members. Many occupations – such as training and development officer are common across all three branches, while others such as sonar operator are specific to one element.", "title": "List of Canadian military occupations" }, { "docid": "38139579#26", "text": "On July 2, 1941, the Women's Division of the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) was created. By the end of the war it totalled some 17,000 members. The RCAF did not train their female recruits to be flying instructors or combatants, although their direct spirit of participation is best described by the division's slogan, \"We serve that men may fly\". They were initially trained for clerical, administrative and support roles. As the war continued, however, women would also work in other positions like parachute riggers and laboratory assistants, and even in the very male-dominated electrical and mechanical trades. Many RCAF-WD members were sent to Great Britain to serve with Canadian squadrons and headquarters there..", "title": "Canadian women in the World Wars" }, { "docid": "14967037#2", "text": "The brigade maintains armoured, artillery, infantry, engineer and service support units to assist Joint Task Force Pacific (JTFP) and Canadian Joint Operations Command with domestic operations support (natural disasters, etc.), as well as supporting the Regular Force units of the 3rd Canadian Division by supporting and augmenting its battle groups. Soldiers of 39 CBG are trained in supporting domestic and also expeditionary operations. Every year many members of 39 CBG volunteer to serve all over the world in UN and NATO deployments. Hundreds of soldiers within the brigade have experience in deploying to the mission in Afghanistan as well as deploying to support the security operations for the Vancouver 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games.", "title": "39 Canadian Brigade Group" }, { "docid": "57859292#0", "text": "The Royal Canadian Air Force Band (RCAF Band) () is a 35 member military band which represents the Royal Canadian Air Force in the Canadian Armed Forces. Currently located at Canadian Forces Base Winnipeg, the RCAF Band provides musical accompaniment for ceremonies of the RCAF in Canada. The band is presently under the command of Captain Matthew Clark.", "title": "Royal Canadian Air Force Band" }, { "docid": "21716095#0", "text": "The Army, Navy & Air Force Veterans in Canada is a non-profit Canadian ex-service organization (veterans' organization) founded in 1840, with more than 18,000 members throughout Canada. Membership includes people who have served as military, Royal Canadian Mounted Police, provincial and municipal police, direct relatives of members and also affiliated members. The ANAVETS club also accepts membership from any person who is interested.", "title": "Army, Navy and Air Force Veterans in Canada" } ]

[ { "docid": "25534#4", "text": "Romanian descended from the Vulgar Latin spoken in the Roman provinces of Southeastern Europe. Roman inscriptions show that Latin was primarily used to the north of the so-called Jireček Line (a hypothetical boundary between the predominantly Latin- and Greek-speaking territories of the Balkan Peninsula in the Roman Empire), but the exact territory where Proto-Romanian (or Common Romanian) developed cannot certainly be determined. Most regions where Romanian is now widely spokenBessarabia, Bukovina, Crișana, Maramureș, Moldova, and significant parts of Munteniawere not incorporated in the Roman Empire. Other regionsBanat, western Muntenia, Oltenia and Transylvaniaformed the Roman province of Dacia Traiana for about 170 years. According to the \"continuity\" theory, modern Romanian is the direct descendant of the Latin dialect of Dacia Traiana and developed primarily in the lands now forming Romania; the concurring \"immigrationist\" theory maintains that Proto-Romanian was spoken in the lands to the south of the Danube and Romanian-speakers settled in most parts of modern Romania only centuries after the fall of the Roman Empire.", "title": "Romanian language" }, { "docid": "3840024#0", "text": "Latin is a member of the broad family of Italic languages. Its alphabet, the Latin alphabet, emerged from the Old Italic alphabets, which in turn were derived from the Greek and Phoenician scripts. Historical Latin came from the prehistoric language of the Latium region, specifically around the River Tiber, where Roman civilization first developed. How and when Latin came to be spoken by the Romans are questions that have long been debated. Various influences on Latin of Celtic dialects in northern Italy, the non-Indo-European Etruscan language in Central Italy, and the Greek of southern Italy have been detected, but when these influences entered the native Latin is not known for certain.", "title": "History of Latin" }, { "docid": "17798093#89", "text": "Latin spoken in the context of Gallo-Romance and French from approximately the 6th to the 11th-12th centuries. During this period, Latin became a primarily written language, separated from the ordinary spoken language of the people. While it escaped many of the changes of pronunciation and grammar of Gallo-Romance, it did share a few of the changes of the spoken language. This was for the most part a period of stability.\nChanges in this period included:", "title": "Traditional English pronunciation of Latin" }, { "docid": "25401#21", "text": "British and African Romance—the forms of Vulgar Latin used in southeastern Britain and the Roman province of Africa, where it had been spoken by much of the urban population—disappeared in the Middle Ages (as did Pannonian Romance in what is now Hungary, and Moselle Romance in Germany). But the Germanic tribes that had penetrated Roman Italy, Gaul, and Hispania eventually adopted Latin/Romance and the remnants of the culture of ancient Rome alongside existing inhabitants of those regions, and so Latin remained the dominant language there. In part due to regional dialects of the Latin language and local environments, several languages evolved from it.", "title": "Romance languages" } ]

[ { "docid": "21389619#15", "text": "Although Latin continued to be spoken by many of the British elite in western Britain, by about 700, it had died out. The incoming Latin-speakers from the lowland zone seem to have rapidly assimilated with the existing population, and adopted Brittonic. The continued viability of British Latin may have been negatively affected by the loss to Old English of the areas where it had been strongest: the Anglo-Saxon conquest of the lowland zone may have indirectly ensured that Vulgar Latin would not survive in the highland zone either. The assimilation to Brittonic appears to be the exact opposite to the situation in France, where the collapse of towns and the migration of large numbers of Latin-speakers into the countryside apparently caused the final extinction of Gaulish.", "title": "British Latin" }, { "docid": "15306762#11", "text": "The Romanian linguist Ovid Densusianu coined the term \"Thraco-Roman\" in 1901 to describe the \"oldest epoch of the creation of the Romanian language\", when the Vulgar Latin spoken in the Balkans between the 4th and 6th centuries, having its own peculiarities, had evolved into what is known as Proto-Romanian. Estimates of the ratio of Romanian words directly inherited from Latin range between around 20% and 60%. The proportion of words of Latin origin is especially high in the semantic fields of sense perception (86.1%), quantity (82.3%), kinship (76.9%), and time (74.7%). More than 90% of the function words, 80% of the adverbs and 68% of the adjectives in the Romanian language were directly inherited from Latin. \nWhile some Eastern Romance variants and dialects adopted a number of loanwords in the course of their development, others remained more conservative. In this respect, the Wallachian subdialect of the Daco-Romanian variant is the most innovative among all Eastern Romance subdialects. Many linguists and historiansincluding Grigore Nandriș and Alexandru Madgearueven propose that the preservation of inherited Latin words by the subdialects spoken in Roman Dacia which were replaced by loanwords in other regions proves that these territories served as centres of \"linguistic expansion\". Likewise, the Maramureș subdialect of Romanian has also preserved words of Latin origin which disappeared from most other variants. On the other hand, Aromanian, although it is now spoken in territories where its development could not start still uses a number of inherited Latin terms instead of the loanwords which were adopted by other Eastern Romance variants.", "title": "History of Romanian" }, { "docid": "3840024#15", "text": "This spoken Latin differed from the literary language of Classical Latin in its grammar and vocabulary. It is likely to have evolved over time, with some features not appearing until the late Empire. Other features are likely to have been in place much earlier. Because there are few phonetic transcriptions of the daily speech of these Latin speakers (to match, for example, the post-classical Appendix Probi) Vulgar Latin must be studied mainly by indirect methods.\nKnowledge of Vulgar Latin comes from a variety of sources. First, the comparative method reconstructs items of the mother language from the attested Romance languages. Also, prescriptive grammar texts from the Late Latin period condemn some usages as errors, providing insight into how Latin was actually spoken. The solecisms and non-Classical usages occasionally found in late Latin texts also shed light on the spoken language. A windfall source lies in the chance finds of wax tablets such as those found at Vindolanda on Hadrian's Wall. The Roman cursive script was used on these tablets.", "title": "History of Latin" }, { "docid": "106286#1", "text": "\"Latinitas\" was spoken as well as written, and it was the language taught in schools. Prescriptive rules therefore applied to it, and where a special subject was concerned, such as poetry or rhetoric, additional rules applied. Now that the spoken \"Latinitas\" has become extinct (in favor of various other registers later in date) the rules of the, for the most part, polished (\"politus\") texts may give these the appearance of an artificial language, but \"Latinitas\" was a form of \"sermo\", or spoken language, and as such retains spontaneity. No texts by Classical Latin authors are noted for the type of rigidity evidenced by stylized art, except possibly the repetitious abbreviations and stock phrases of inscriptions.", "title": "Classical Latin" }, { "docid": "17798093#90", "text": "Latin spoken in the context of English from the 11th/12th centuries to the present. This last stage provides the greatest and most complicated number of changes. It starts with the displacement of the native pronunciation of Latin under the Anglo-Saxon kings with that used in the north of France, around the time of the Norman conquest in 1066. The English and French pronunciations of Latin were probably identical down to the 13th century, but subsequently Latin as spoken in England began to share in specifically English sound changes. Latin, thus naturalized, acquired a distinctly English sound, increasingly different from the pronunciation of Latin in France or elsewhere on the Continent.", "title": "Traditional English pronunciation of Latin" }, { "docid": "1333612#3", "text": "Latin America ( or \"Latinoamérica\"; ; ) is the region of the Americas where Romance languages (i.e., those derived from Latin)—particularly Spanish and Portuguese, as well as French—are primarily spoken.", "title": "Latin Americans" } ]

[ { "docid": "36377486#1", "text": "ActorsFCU was incorporated on December 5, 1962. Its initial purpose was to facilitate members of Actors’ Equity Association (AEA) in their pursuit of getting approved for credit. Due to their unpredictable finances and lack of traditionally defined steady employment, actors had regularly been denied this basic, modern necessity.\nThe specific impetus behind the 1962 movement was an incident at a local department store: an AEA member was denied credit specifically due to the fact that he was an actor. This member proceeded to raise the issue at a union meeting and enlisted six men to take up the challenge of starting a credit union for those in the acting profession. These men—Conrad Bain, Anthony Saverino, Robin Craven, Herb Nelson, Theodore Bikel, Angus Duncan, and Bill Ross—formed the Actors Federal Credit Union in 1962 with the help of Leo Schwarz, Field Representative of the New York League of Credit Unions.", "title": "Actors Federal Credit Union" }, { "docid": "52975321#4", "text": "Within the United States, several of these actors are members of the Screen Actors Guild (SAG) or American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (AFTRA); both merged into the SAG-AFTRA union in October 2012. The merged union has around 165,000 members as of 2016, with about 6,000 members that perform regularly for video games. As early as the 1990s, these unions had developed Interactive Media Agreements with the video game industry to set standard rates for a typical four-hour recording session; around 2005, this was about $759, and around 2013, it was about $800–825 per session. These are considered as minimum assured rates, but actors are free to negotiate higher rates with the game's developer or publisher. Alternatively, companies can employ non-union actors.", "title": "2016–17 video game voice actor strike" } ]

[ { "docid": "68839#14", "text": "When actors were losing jobs through 1950s McCarthyism and the Hollywood blacklist, Actors' Equity Association refused to participate. Although its constitution guaranteed its members the right to refuse to work alongside Communists, or a member of a Communist front organization, Actors' Equity never banned any members. At a 1997 ceremony commemorating the 50th anniversary of the blacklist, Richard Masur, then President of the Screen Actors Guild, apologized for the union's participation in the ban, noting: \"Only our sister union, Actors' Equity Association, had the courage to stand behind its members and help them continue their creative lives in the theater. For that, we honor Actors' Equity tonight.\"", "title": "Actors' Equity Association" }, { "docid": "30808095#4", "text": "The NH Professional Theatres employ both AEA Actors' Equity Association performers and non-union working actors. The Actor's Equity Association is the union of actors and stage management professionals, and operates with many NH Professional Theatres by contract. AEA is a member of the AFL–CIO, and is affiliated with FIA, an international organization of performing arts unions.\nNHPTA member houses are found from the seacoast to the lakes and mountains and forested border with Vermont. Each a unique venue, with audience capacity that ranges in size, all of NH theatre homes share a common dedication to the highest-possible experience of live, professional theatre in any setting.", "title": "NH Professional Theatre Association" }, { "docid": "2596994#9", "text": "During a key period of the dispute, MEAA/Actors' Equity had no legal status in New Zealand as it had been struck off the Register of Incorporated Societies for failing to meet its statutory and legal requirements. \nOn 20 October 2010, up to 1500 film technicians marched from Weta's Miramar studios into central Wellington to picket an Actors' Equity meeting being held at St John's Hall. On the night of the march, the technicians had intended to protest outside a planned meeting by the Actors' Equity union, which had met to discuss \"new industry standards\" for the purpose of creating a collective agreement for actors. The actors cancelled the meeting, aborting the protest. Actor and filmmaker Luke Hawker says \"A lot of actors are feeling misrepresented by a union that is putting our industry in jeopardy.\"", "title": "Media, Entertainment and Arts Alliance" }, { "docid": "13361964#74", "text": "The Screen Actors Guild and American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (AFTRA) contracts with the AMPTP both contain a \"no strike\" clause, meaning that working members of the acting unions are not supposed to walk off their set in support of another union's strike. However, many actors, backed by their unions, expressed their support and solidarity with the writers' strike, with some marching with writers and even refusing to cross the WGA's picket line. Many actors participated in a series of short PSAs as part of the Speechless Without Writers campaign presented by United Hollywood, which was founded by a group of WGA members.", "title": "2007–08 Writers Guild of America strike" }, { "docid": "36377486#9", "text": "Actors Federal’s field of membership is designated by the National Credit Union Administration (NCUA). Membership is limited to individuals who share the common bond defined in the credit union’s charter. Members and employees of specified organizations and their immediate family members are eligible to join ActorsFCU. The definition of “Immediate family members” includes, but is not limited to: spouse/significant other, children, grandchildren, siblings, parents, and grandparents. Any individual who joins the credit union as a family member is entitled to the same membership benefits available to the sponsoring member.", "title": "Actors Federal Credit Union" }, { "docid": "3001540#19", "text": "On March 30, 2012 the Screen Actors Guild (SAG) and the American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (AFTRA) completed a merger of equals forming a new union SAG-AFTRA. As a result of this merger, a group of actors including Bell, fellow voice actors Wendy Schaal, Clancy Brown, Schaal's former stepmother Valerie Harper, and other actors including former SAG President Edward Asner, Martin Sheen, Ed Harris and Nancy Sinatra immediately sued against the current SAG President Ken Howard and several SAG Vice Presidents to overturn the merger and separate the (now merged) two unions because of their claims that the election was improper. The lawsuit is currently working its way through the court system.", "title": "Michael Bell (actor)" }, { "docid": "129218#3", "text": "The Screen Actors Guild was associated with the Associated Actors and Artistes of America (AAAA), which is the primary association of performer's unions in the United States. AAAA is affiliated with the AFL–CIO. SAG claimed exclusive jurisdiction over motion picture performances, and shared jurisdiction of radio, television, Internet, and other new media with its sister union AFTRA, with which it shared 44,000 dual members. Internationally, the SAG was affiliated with the International Federation of Actors.", "title": "Screen Actors Guild" }, { "docid": "594844#28", "text": "On March 30, 2012, the Screen Actors Guild (SAG) and the American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (AFTRA) completed a merger of equals, forming a new union SAG-AFTRA. Asner was adamantly opposed to such a merger, arguing that the planned merger would destroy the SAG's health plan and disempower actors. Asner and a group of fellow actors and voice-actors, including Martin Sheen and Ed Harris, filed (but later dropped) a lawsuit against SAG president Ken Howard and several SAG vice presidents, seeking to have the merger overturned, and the two unions separated to their pre-merger organizations. The lawsuit was formally dismissed on May 22, 2012.", "title": "Ed Asner" } ]

[ { "docid": "53011498#0", "text": "\"Kubo and the Two Strings\" is a 2016 American stop-motion action-adventure film directed by Travis Knight and produced by Laika. The screenplay, written by Marc Haimes and Chris Butler, revolves around Kubo, a 12-year-old boy with an eyepatch. Kubo's left eye was stolen in infancy, and he must subdue his corrupt family members now coming to get the other eye. The film features the voices of Charlize Theron, Art Parkinson, Ralph Fiennes, Rooney Mara, George Takei, and Matthew McConaughey.", "title": "List of accolades received by Kubo and the Two Strings" }, { "docid": "45062970#0", "text": "Kubo and the Two Strings is a 2016 American stop-motion action fantasy film directed and produced by Travis Knight (in his directorial debut). It stars the voices of Charlize Theron, Art Parkinson, Ralph Fiennes, Rooney Mara, George Takei, and Matthew McConaughey. It is the fourth feature film produced by Laika. The film revolves around Kubo, a young boy who wields a magical shamisen (a Japanese guitar) and whose left eye was stolen during infancy. Accompanied by an anthropomorphic snow monkey and beetle, he must subdue his mother's corrupted Sisters and his power-hungry grandfather Raiden (The Moon King), who is responsible for stealing his left eye.", "title": "Kubo and the Two Strings" }, { "docid": "45062970#20", "text": "\"Kubo and the Two Strings\" was released on DVD, Blu-ray, and digital media on November 22, 2016.", "title": "Kubo and the Two Strings" }, { "docid": "45062970#11", "text": "The film screened at the Melbourne International Film Festival on August 13, 2016, and was theatrically released in the United States on August 19, 2016.", "title": "Kubo and the Two Strings" } ]

[ { "docid": "53011498#1", "text": "The film premiered at the Melbourne International Film Festival on August 13, 2016. Focus Features released it theatrically on September 9. Worldwide, the film grossed nearly $70 million on a $60 million budget. On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, \"Kubo and the Two Strings\" holds a rating of 97%, based on 192 reviews, with an average rating of 8.4/10.", "title": "List of accolades received by Kubo and the Two Strings" }, { "docid": "45062970#1", "text": "\"Kubo\" premiered at Melbourne International Film Festival and was released by Focus Features in the United States on August 19 to critical acclaim and grossed $77 million worldwide against a budget of $60 million. The film won the BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film at the 70th British Academy Film Awards and at the 89th Academy Awards, the film was nominated for Best Animated Feature Film and Best Visual Effects, becoming the second animated film ever to be nominated in the latter category following 1993's \"The Nightmare Before Christmas\", and the first film to be nominated for both.", "title": "Kubo and the Two Strings" }, { "docid": "1186218#1", "text": "His next series, \"Bleach\", about a high school student who becomes a \"shinigami\" and fights creatures known as Hollows, began running in the same magazine in 2001. Kubo initially expected the series' serialization to continue no longer than five years. The original story concept was submitted to \"Weekly Shōnen Jump\" shortly after the cancellation of \"Zombiepowder\", but was rejected. Akira Toriyama, creator of \"Dragon Ball\", saw the story and wrote a letter of encouragement to Kubo. \"Bleach\" ran for 15 years of serialization and reached over 686 chapters from 2001 to 2016. Additionally, an anime adaptation of the series was broadcast in TV Tokyo for 8 years from 2004 to 2012, spanning over 366 episodes. The manga was named a winner of the Shogakukan Manga Award for its category in 2004. Kubo and Makoto Matsubara have co-authored two novelizations of the \"Bleach\" series, which were published by Shueisha under their \"Jump Books\" label. The first was released in Japan on December 16, 2006, followed by a on December 22, 2007, a on December 13, 2008, and a on December 4, 2010. Kubo also appeared in the episode 112 of the Japanese radio program of \"Bleach B-Station\". In that program, Kubo was interviewed by Masakazu Morita, voice actor of Ichigo Kurosaki, the main character of \"Bleach\", and answered several questions from fans. On July 26, 2008, Kubo went to the United States for the first time and made an appearance at the San Diego Comic-Con International.", "title": "Tite Kubo" }, { "docid": "45062970#13", "text": "In the United States, the film was released on August 19, 2016, alongside \"Ben-Hur\" and \"War Dogs\", and was projected to gross $12–15 million from 3,260 theaters in its opening weekend. It made $515,000 from its Thursday night previews and $4.1 million on its first day. It went on to gross $12.6 million in its opening weekend, finishing 4th at the box office.", "title": "Kubo and the Two Strings" }, { "docid": "55432896#3", "text": "In 2008, Kubo challenged Habu for the 57th Ōshō title, but lost the match 4 games to 1. The two met again in 2009 for the 59th Ōshō title, and this time Kubo was the winner by the score of 4 games to 2. The victory made Kubo a \"2-crown\" (a player who simultaneously holds two major titles) for the first time. Kubo successfully defended his title the following year by defeating Masayuki Toyoshima 4 games to 2, but lost the 61st Ōshō title match to Satō 4 games to 1 in 2012. Kubo won the title for the third time in 2017 when he defeated Gōda 4 games to 2 to win the 66th Ōshō title, and successfully defend his title in 2018 when defeated Toyoshima once again 4 games to 2 to win the 67th Ōshō title.", "title": "Toshiaki Kubo" }, { "docid": "3268896#7", "text": "Their fourth film, \"Kubo and the Two Strings\", directed by Travis Knight was released on August 19, 2016. It received two nominations at the Academy Awards, for Best Animated Feature and Best Visual Effects (as only the second animated film to receive that nomination, after \"The Nightmare Before Christmas\"). It won the BAFTA for Best Animated Feature. It also received a nomination for Best Animated Feature at the Golden Globes, and ten nominations at the Annie Awards, winning three, for Character Animation, Production Design and Editorial in a Feature Production.", "title": "Laika (company)" } ]

[ { "docid": "169071#24", "text": "\"Smilodon\" lived during the Pleistocene epoch (2.5 mya–10,000 years ago), and was perhaps the most recent of the saber-toothed cats. \"Smilodon\" probably lived in a closed habitat such as forest or bush. Fossils of the genus have been found throughout the Americas. In North America, the varied habitat supported other saber-toothed cats in addition to \"Smilodon\", such as \"Homotherium\" and \"Xenosmilus\"; the habitat here varied from subtropical forests and savannah in the south, to treeless mammoth steppes in the north. \"Smilodon\" inhabited the temperate latitudes of North America, where the mosaic vegetation of woods, shrubs, and grasses in the southwest supported large herbivores such as horses, bison, antelope, deer, camels, mammoths, mastodons, and ground sloths. Other large carnivores included dire wolves, short-faced bear (\"Arctodus simus\") and the American lion. Due to competition from larger carnivores in North America, \"S. fatalis\" was perhaps not able to attain the same size as \"S. populator\". The similar sizes of \"S. fatalis\" and the American lion suggests niche overlap and direct competition between these species, and they appear to have fed on similarly sized prey.", "title": "Smilodon" }, { "docid": "169071#0", "text": "Smilodon is a genus of the extinct machairodont subfamily of the felids. It is one of the most famous prehistoric mammals, and the best known saber-toothed cat. Although commonly known as the saber-toothed tiger, it was not closely related to the tiger or other modern cats. \"Smilodon\" lived in the Americas during the Pleistocene epoch (2.5 mya–10,000 years ago). The genus was named in 1842, based on fossils from Brazil. Three species are recognized today: S. gracilis, S. fatalis, and S. populator. The two latter species were probably descended from \"S. gracilis\", which itself probably evolved from \"Megantereon\". The hundreds of individuals obtained from the La Brea Tar Pits in Los Angeles constitute the largest collection of \"Smilodon\" fossils.", "title": "Smilodon" } ]

[ { "docid": "169071#2", "text": "In North America, \"Smilodon\" hunted large herbivores such as bison and camels, and it remained successful even when encountering new prey species in South America. \"Smilodon\" is thought to have killed its prey by holding it still with its forelimbs and biting it, but it is unclear in what manner the bite itself was delivered. Scientists debate whether \"Smilodon\" had a social or a solitary lifestyle; analysis of modern predator behavior as well as of \"Smilodon\"s fossil remains could be construed to lend support to either view. \"Smilodon\" probably lived in closed habitats such as forests and bush, which would have provided cover for ambushing prey. \"Smilodon\" died out at the same time that most North and South American megafauna disappeared, about 10,000 years ago. Its reliance on large animals has been proposed as the cause of its extinction, along with climate change and competition with other species, but the exact cause is unknown.", "title": "Smilodon" }, { "docid": "169071#20", "text": "Whether \"Smilodon\" was sexually dimorphic has implications for its reproductive behavior. Based on their conclusions that \"Smilodon fatalis\" had no sexual dimorphism, Van Valkenburgh and Sacco suggested in 2002 that, if the cats were social, they would likely have lived in monogamous pairs (along with offspring) with no intense competition among males for females. Likewise, Meachen-Samuels and Binder (2010) concluded that aggression between males was less pronounced in \"S. fatalis\" than in the American lion. Christiansen and Harris (2012) found that, as \"S. fatalis\" did exhibit some sexual dimorphism, there would have been evolutionary selection for competition between males. The structure of the hyoid bones suggest that \"Smilodon\" communicated by roaring, like modern big cats. The ability to roar may have implications for the social life of \"Smilodon\".", "title": "Smilodon" }, { "docid": "9438266#158", "text": "A Smilodon appeared for the first time in episode 2.3, where it is responsible for a number of deaths at a theme park. When the team hear of this, Connor wonders why the Anomaly detector he has recently built didn't detect an Anomaly in the theme park; it is later revealed that the Smilodon had came through its Anomaly as a cub years before the events of the episode, and had been kept as a pet by a ranger called Valerie who had lost control of it as it became more aggressive and turned man-eater upon maturing; she was certain that her pet would never hurt her after all she had done for it over the years, but was proved wrong when it later killed her. At the end of the episode, Oliver claims the cat is dead, killed by an apparent heart attack after being tranquillised; Nick questions how this could have happened when it was a perfectly healthy animal. Oliver is revealed to have been lying in episode 2.7, where it is revealed he has built up his own army of creatures that his men have kidnapped from their own time and that the Smilodon is now one of the creatures in his army. He tries to use it to kill Connor, Abby, Jenny and Caroline, but Nick tricks him into opening the prison and the Smilodon escapes. It is later lured back to the prison along with the other creatures by Nick, Helen and Stephen; it then participates in killing Stephen. It is assumed that the creatures turned on and killed each other after killing Stephen and that the Smilodon, and the rest of Oliver's creatures, are all dead.", "title": "List of creatures in Primeval" }, { "docid": "169071#21", "text": "\"Smilodon\" started developing its adult saber-teeth when the animal turned one-and-a-half years of age, shortly after the completion of the eruption of the cat's baby teeth. Both baby and adult canines would be present side by side in the mouth for an 11-month period, and the muscles used in making the powerful bite were developed at about one-and-a-half years old as well, eight months earlier than in a modern lion. After \"Smilodon\" turned around 20 months of age, the infant teeth were shed while the adult canines grew at an average growth rate of per month during a 12-month period. They reached their full size at around 3 years of age, later than for modern species of big cat. Juvenile and adolescent \"Smilodon\" specimens are extremely rare at Rancho La Brea, where the study was performed, indicating that they remained hidden or at denning sites during hunts, and depended on parental care while their canines were developing.", "title": "Smilodon" }, { "docid": "169071#27", "text": "Along with most of the Pleistocene megafauna, \"Smilodon\" became extinct 10,000 years ago in the Quaternary extinction event. Its extinction has been linked to the decline and extinction of large herbivores, which were replaced by smaller and more agile ones like deer. Hence, \"Smilodon\" could have been too specialized at hunting large prey and may have been unable to adapt. A 2012 study of \"Smilodon\" tooth wear found no evidence that they were limited by food resources. Other explanations include climate change and competition with humans (who entered the Americas around the time \"Smilodon\" disappeared), or a combination of several factors, all of which apply to the general Pleistocene extinction event, rather than specifically to the extinction of the saber-toothed cats.", "title": "Smilodon" }, { "docid": "1223797#33", "text": "The question of sociality is still controversial. Strong support for the traditional concept of a solitary \"Smilodon\" is found in its brain. Most social predators, including humans, grey wolves, and lions, have brains that are slightly larger than those of their loner relatives. \"Smilodon\" had a relatively small brain, suggesting less ability for complex cooperative behaviors, such as hunting in groups. The high numbers of \"Smilodon\" in the tar pits is often dismissed as evidence for a social nature because the golden eagle, a species still extant, is solitary and yet is found in the pits in similar numbers. The social grey wolf and coyote lived in the region, but their fossils in the pits are rare.", "title": "Machairodontinae" }, { "docid": "169071#8", "text": "Despite the colloquial name \"saber-toothed tiger\", \"Smilodon\" is not closely related to the modern tiger (which belongs in the subfamily Pantherinae), or any other extant felid. A 1992 ancient DNA analysis suggested that \"Smilodon\" should be grouped with modern cats (subfamilies Felinae and Pantherinae). A 2005 study found that \"Smilodon\" belonged to a separate lineage. A study published in 2006 confirmed this, showing that the Machairodontinae diverged early from the ancestors of modern cats and were not closely related to any living species. The following cladogram based on fossils and DNA analysis shows the placement of \"Smilodon\" among extinct and extant felids, after Rincón and colleagues, 2011:", "title": "Smilodon" }, { "docid": "1313506#5", "text": "Radiocarbon analysis of human remains from the cave returned dates of 2390+/-145 B.P. and 1690+/-115 B.P. These remains were collected from an upper zone approximately 16-feet above the saber-tooth bones. The human remains are believed to be from the Woodland Period and originated thousands of years after the \"Smilodon\" find. According to Guilday (1977), collagen from the \"Smilodon\" remains returned radiocarbon dates of 9410+/-155 B.P. and 10,035+/-650 B.P. These dates are extremely late for the presence of \"Smilodon\" in the Southeast, both contemporaneous with the Dalton horizon and overlapping Paleoindian occupations along the Cumberland River by at least 1,000 years. As such, the dates for the \"Smilodon\" remains from the First American site should be regarded with some skepticism.", "title": "UBS Tower (Nashville)" } ]

[ { "docid": "52487#0", "text": "Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (; 27 February 1936) was a Russian physiologist known primarily for his work in classical conditioning.", "title": "Ivan Pavlov" } ]

[ { "docid": "35673771#1", "text": "Pavlov was born into a Russian peasant family in the village of Boris-Romanovka in what is now Kostanay District in Kazakhstan. In 1931-2 he lived in Terensai Stantsy, now in the Adamovsky District of Orenburg Oblast, moving in 1932 to the city of Magnitogorsk in Chelyabinsk Oblast. He completed a basic education and in 1940 finished 3 years of training in the Magnitogorsk Industrial Technical Academy and Magnitogorsk Aeroclub.", "title": "Ivan Pavlov (aviator)" }, { "docid": "42131833#1", "text": "Sergey Pavlov was born in 1981 in the city of Vladimir, Soviet Union (now Russia). Pavlov, who was an alcoholic who drank heavily. In a drunken fight, Pavlov stabbed two convicts with a knife - one of the men died and the other was badly injured. For this crime he could have been sentenced for life imprisonment, but he was only sentenced to eight-years imprisonment and was released after five-years. Pavlov was later convicted for two minor crimes but was soon released. For a few years he worked as foreman, where his colleagues described him as an angry, conflicted man who did not have any friends.", "title": "Sergey Pavlov (mass murderer)" }, { "docid": "44091322#1", "text": "A Russian citizen, Pavlov was born in Ukhta, Komi ASSR. He lived in Rostov-on-Don and spent some time in the Russian army. According to a newspaper report by \"Georgian Journal\" he had serious problems with Rostov’s police while working there at a car wash, since he allegedly went on a drunken joyride in a car stolen from there. \nIn an interview, Pavlov states that he had left behind a wife and 5-year-old son in Russia before going to Ukraine, where he then remarried to 21 year old Helen Kolenkinoyu in Slovyansk.", "title": "Arsen Pavlov" }, { "docid": "43286843#2", "text": "The young doctor Ivan Pavlov wants to live life \"honorably and humanely.\" The path of the scientist is difficult and thorny. The treasury department does not release funds for research nor give access to animals for experimental use and Pavlov has to buy them on his own savings. The experiments follow one another. Pavlov is pursuing his goal with passion and force. For his work on the physiology of digestion he is awarded the Nobel Prize. Pavlov paves the way for objective studies of brain function in higher animals. Zvantsev, the assistant of Pavlov is an idealist who has become an ideological opponent of the scientist-materialist, implores him not to interfere with the \"sanctuary of the spirit\", but Pavlov boldly ignores his opponents-obscurantists. The revolutionary 1917 year comes. Pavlov angrily rejects the proposal of an American agent to go abroad; he decides to forever remain with his people in his homeland.", "title": "Ivan Pavlov (film)" }, { "docid": "52487#3", "text": "Ivan Pavlov, the eldest of eleven children, was born in Ryazan, Russian Empire. His father, Peter Dmitrievich Pavlov (1823–1899), was a village Russian orthodox priest. His mother, Varvara Ivanovna Uspenskaya (1826–1890), was a devoted homemaker. As a child, Pavlov willingly participated in house duties such as doing the dishes and taking care of his siblings. He loved to garden, ride his bicycle, row, swim, and play gorodki; he devoted his summer vacations to these activities. Although able to read by the age of seven, Pavlov was seriously injured when he fell from a high wall onto a stone pavement. As a result of the injuries he sustained he did not begin formal schooling until he was 11 years old.", "title": "Ivan Pavlov" }, { "docid": "52487#12", "text": "A 1921 article by S. Morgulis in the journal \"Science\" was critical of Pavlov's work, raising concerns about the environment in which these experiments had been performed. Based on a report from H. G. Wells, claiming that Pavlov grew potatoes and carrots in his lab, the article stated, \"It is gratifying to be assured that Professor Pavlov is raising potatoes only as a pastime and still gives the best of his genius to scientific investigation\". That same year, Pavlov began holding laboratory meetings known as the 'Wednesday meetings' at which he spoke frankly on many topics, including his views on psychology. These meetings lasted until he died in 1936.\nPavlov was highly regarded by the Soviet government, and he was able to continue his research until he reached a considerable age. He was praised by Lenin. Despite praise from the Soviet Union government, the money that poured in to support his laboratory, and the honours he was given, Pavlov made no attempts to conceal the disapproval and contempt with which he regarded Soviet Communism.", "title": "Ivan Pavlov" }, { "docid": "4388545#3", "text": "He was only 24 years old when his first novel, \"Captain of the Steppe\", was published, receiving praise not only from critics but also from the jury of the Russian Booker Prize, which shortlisted the novel for the 1995 award. Pavlov went on to win the Prize in 2002 with his next book, the second novel in what would become the trilogy \"Tales from the Last Days\".", "title": "Oleg Pavlov" }, { "docid": "57234399#3", "text": "In 1837 Pavlov married the poet and translator Karolina Jaenisch. For years the pair ran a popular literary salon in their Moscow house on the Rozhdestvensky Boulevard. Their marriage ended in 1853, when, having squandered away her inherited fortune by gambling, Pavlov was forced to declare bankruptcy and spent several months in jail. His house was searched by the police, some politically dangerous papers were found and he was exiled to Vyatka where he spent the next two years.", "title": "Nikolai Pavlov (writer)" }, { "docid": "10856292#1", "text": "Ivan Dmitrievich Pavlov was born 8 September 1919 in Makovskiye Vyselki, Ryazan Oblast, to a peasant family. After finishing the polytechnical college he worked as a technician at a metallurgic plant. Pavlov served in the military during World War II, active for six years, starting in the Soviet-Finnish War; he also took part in the Battle of Stalingrad. He was awarded the medal and title of \"Hero of the Soviet Union\" for his part in the defense of Stalingrad.", "title": "Cyril Pavlov" }, { "docid": "8215288#1", "text": "He graduated from Moscow University in 1815. After a doctorate in medicine, and two years travelling in Europe to study science, he was given a chair in Moscow in 1821, in Agriculture, Mineralogy and Forestry. Subsequently he wrote textbooks in agriculture and chemistry, and lobbied for changed agricultural practices.Schelling appears as a kind of absentee grand master of a new higher order. The most popular university lecturer of the period, Professor Pavlov, was master of ceremonies, greeting students at the door of his lecture hall with his famous question: \"You want to know about nature, but what is nature and what is knowledge?\"", "title": "Mikhail Pavlov (scientist)" }, { "docid": "52487#17", "text": "The basics of Pavlov's classical conditioning serve as a historical backdrop for current learning theories. However, the Russian physiologist's initial interest in classical conditioning occurred almost by accident during one of his experiments on digestion in dogs. Considering that Pavlov worked closely with animals throughout many of his experiments, his early contributions were primarily about animal learning. However, the fundamentals of classical conditioning have been examined across many different organisms, including humans. The basic underlying principles of Pavlov's classical conditioning have extended to a variety of settings, such as classrooms and learning environments.", "title": "Ivan Pavlov" } ]

[ { "docid": "496982#4", "text": "In 1520, Christian took the throne of Sweden, thereby making Isabella Queen of Sweden. After taking Stockholm, he asked the Swedish representatives to turn it and the regency of Sweden over to Isabella if he himself should die when his children were minors. She was to be the last Queen of Sweden who was also Queen of Denmark during the Kalmar union, but she in fact never visited Sweden; pregnant at the time of her spouse's accession to the throne of Sweden, she did not follow him there. Isabella served as the regent of Denmark during Christian's stay in Sweden. Her husband was deposed as king of Sweden the following year. King Christian imprisoned many Swedish noblewomen, related to rebellious Swedish nobles, at the infamous \"Blåtårn\" (\"Blue Tower\") of Copenhagen Castle, including Christina Gyllenstierna, Cecilia Månsdotter and Margareta Eriksdotter Vasa, and King Gustav I of Sweden used their purported harsh treatment in captivity in his propaganda against Christian II and claimed that the Danish monarch starved the women and children, who only survived by the mercy showed them by the queen of Denmark, Isabella of Austria.", "title": "Isabella of Austria" }, { "docid": "22343413#1", "text": "Not much is known about the queen and the dates of her birth and death are unknown. She is the possible mother of an alleged son of Blot-Sweyn, Erik Årsäll. She was married to Sweyn before he became king and was alive to be queen during his reign. She is the last known Pagan queen in Sweden and in Scandinavia. She became queen of Sweden when her spouse ascended to the throne. About 1087 her husband was deposed and killed; according to tradition, by being surrounded in his home, which was set on fire. No murder of a female is recorded, and it was also the custom to allow the women of the household to depart from the building in such a situation. The queen is therefore expected to have survived the death of her spouse. The above is related from legend. Nothing factual about her life is known.", "title": "Blotstulka" }, { "docid": "2634611#2", "text": "In about the same time Christina married in Sweden with a man of non-royal origins, Eric Jedvardsson, later known as Eric the Saint. He probably came from the province of Västergötland which bordered to Denmark. Since their son Canute was betrothed by 1160, the marriage of Christina and Eric probably took place in the early 1140s. The marriage gave Eric the means to claim the Swedish throne; the House of Stenkil, to which Christina belonged on her mother's side, became extinct in the male line in the 1120s. The new king Sverker I did not have royal forebears. According to later tradition, Eric took royal titles in 1150. Six years later, he became king after the assassination of Sverker, and Christina became the Queen of Sweden. Her queenship probably lasted for four years, from 1156 to 1160.", "title": "Christina of Denmark, Queen of Sweden" } ]

[ { "docid": "104938#12", "text": "Queen Ulrika Eleonora enjoyed great popularity during the reign of her spouse, partly as the last member of the old royal house, and partly because of her personal piety. She was aware that this gave her power to influence policy, and when she let her opinion be known, it was often followed. This influence was recognized. During the Riksdag of 1738, for example, the queen expressed her displeasure when Carl Gustaf Tessin was due to be elected to a post, which resulted in public protests which did not quiet down until Tessin had been received at the Royal Palace and allowed to kiss the bare hand of the queen, who assured him that she had no intention of interfering.", "title": "Ulrika Eleonora, Queen of Sweden" }, { "docid": "16824770#2", "text": "At the end of 1156, Canute V traveled to Sweden to console his mother after the assassination of King Sverker. At the same time he picked up his Swedish bride. Thus she left Sweden for a position as a Danish queen, which would turn out to be brief and tragical. In 1157, Canute and Valdemar attended a feast of reconciliation in Roskilde with Sweyn III. During the feast, Sweyn's men fell on his two rivals and Canute was murdered, while Valdemar managed to slip away. Sweyn was killed in turn later in the same year, leaving Valdemar as the victor and sole Danish ruler. As it seems, Canute's queen returned to Sweden after the Roskilde incident. A 16th-century copy of a medieval list of donations says that a certain Queen Helena donated land in Slaka parish to Vreta Abbey in Östergötland, then entered the abbey as a nun. On the basis of this, some historians assume that Canute's queen withdrew from the world shortly after her husband's murder, in about 1158, joining her sister Ingegerd (d. 1204) who was the prioress of Vreta.", "title": "Helen of Sweden (12th century)" }, { "docid": "1678987#14", "text": "Louise was widowed in 1912. Her eldest son Christian X of Denmark became the new king of Denmark. She was the last widow of a Danish monarch to use the title of Queen Dowager. From 1915 to 1917 she built herself Egelund Castle between Hillerød and Fredensborg where she lived for the rest of her life. Queen Louise died at Amalienborg Palace in Copenhagen in 1926 and is interred next to her husband in Roskilde Cathedral.", "title": "Louise of Sweden" }, { "docid": "1578093#2", "text": "In the spring of 1751, at the age of five, she was betrothed to Gustav, the heir apparent to the throne of Sweden, and she was brought up to be the Queen of Sweden. The marriage was arranged by the Riksdag of the Estates, not by the Swedish royal family. The marriage was arranged as a way of creating peace between Sweden and Denmark, which had a long history of war and which had strained relations following the election of an heir to the Swedish throne in 1743, where the Danish candidate had lost. The engagement was met with some worry from Queen Louise, who feared that her daughter would be mistreated by the Queen of Sweden, Louisa Ulrika of Prussia. The match was known to be disliked by the Queen of Sweden, who was in constant conflict with the Parliament; and who was known in Denmark for her pride, dominant personality and hatred of anything Danish, which she demonstrated in her treatment of the Danish ambassadors in Stockholm.", "title": "Sophia Magdalena of Denmark" }, { "docid": "104743#23", "text": "The King married Silvia Sommerlath, whose father was German and whose mother was Brazilian, and who had grown up in both countries. They met at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, where she was an interpreter and host. The wedding was held on 19 June 1976 at Stockholm Cathedral and the ceremony was performed by the Archbishop of Uppsala, Olof Sundby. The wedding was preceded, the evening before, by a Royal Variety Performance, where the Swedish musical group ABBA performed \"Dancing Queen\" for the very first time, as a tribute to Sweden's future queen. The King and his family moved to Drottningholm Palace west of Stockholm in 1980. He and the Queen have maintained their business offices at the Royal Palace of Stockholm.", "title": "Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden" }, { "docid": "747679#5", "text": "Prince Louis's second daughter Princess Louise of Battenberg become Queen Consort of Sweden as she married Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden in 1923 and his younger son Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma served as the last Viceroy of India. Prince Louis's elder daughter, Princess Alice of Battenberg, married Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark; their son, Prince Philippos of Greece and Denmark (now Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh), married the heir presumptive of the British throne, later Elizabeth II, after having renounced his Greek titles and taken his maternal grandfather's and uncle's surname, Mountbatten. The name Battenberg, in its anglicised form, is now a part of the personal surname, Mountbatten-Windsor, of some members of the British Royal Family.\nPrince Francis Joseph of Battenberg married Princess Anna of Montenegro, sister of Queen Elena of Italy and a maternal aunt of Alexander I of Yugoslavia.", "title": "Battenberg family" }, { "docid": "1578093#4", "text": "In 1760, the betrothal was again brought up by Denmark, which regarded it as a matter of prestige. The negotiations were made between Denmark and the Swedish Queen, as King Adolf Frederick of Sweden was never considered to be of any more than purely formal importance. Louisa Ulrika favored a match between Gustav and her niece Philippine of Brandenburg-Schwedt instead, and claimed that she regarded the engagement to be void and forced upon her by Carl Gustaf Tessin. She negotiated with Catherine the Great and her brother Frederick the Great to create some political benefit for Denmark in exchange for a broken engagement. However, the Swedish public was very favorable to the match due to expectations Sophia Magdalena would be like the last Danish-born Queen of Sweden, Ulrika Eleonora of Denmark, who was very loved for her kindness and charity. This view was supported by the Caps political party, which expected Sophia Magdalena to be an example of a virtuous and religious representative of the monarchy in contrast to the haughty Louisa Ulrika. Fredrick V of Denmark was also eager to complete the match: \"His Danish Majesty could not have the interests of his daughter sacrificed because of the prejudices and whims of the Swedish Queen\". In 1764 Crown Prince Gustav, who was at this point eager to free himself from his mother and form his own household, used the public opinion to state to his mother that he wished to honor the engagement, and on 3 April 1766, the engagement was officially celebrated. When a portrait of Sophia Magdalena was displayed in Stockholm, Louisa Ulrika commented: \"why Gustav, you seem to be already in love with her! She looks stupid\", after which she turned to Prince Charles and added: \"She would suit you better!\"", "title": "Sophia Magdalena of Denmark" } ]

[ { "docid": "49611#54", "text": "The word menopause was invented by French doctors at the beginning of the nineteenth century. Some of them noted that peasant women had no complaints about the end of menses, while urban middle class women has many troubling symptoms. Doctors at this time considered the symptoms to be the result of urban lifestyles of sedentary behaviour, alcohol consumption, too much time indoors, and over-eating, with a lack of fresh fruit and vegetables.\nWithin the United States, social location affects the way women perceive menopause and its related biological effects. Research indicates that whether a woman views menopause as a medical issue or an expected life change is correlated with her socio-economic status. The paradigm within which a woman considers menopause influences the way she views it: Women who understand menopause as a medical condition rate it significantly more negatively than those who view it as a life transition or a symbol of aging.", "title": "Menopause" }, { "docid": "19526030#20", "text": "Menopause is the permanent cessation of menstruation resulting from loss of ovarian follicular activity. Menopause can be divided into early and late transition periods, also known as perimenopause and postmenopause. Each stage is marked by changes in hormonal patterns, which can induce menopausal symptoms. It is possible to induce menopause prematurely by surgically removing the ovary or ovaries (oophorectomy). This is often done as a consequence of ovarian failure, such as ovarian or uterine cancers. The most common side effects of the menopausal transition are: lack of sexual desire or libido, lack of sexual arousal, and vaginal dryness. The modification of women’s physiology can lead to changes in her sexual response, the development of sexual dysfunctions, and changes in her levels of sexual desire.", "title": "Hormone replacement therapy" } ]

[ { "docid": "49611#76", "text": "Research using both human and killer whale demographic data has been published that supports the role of reproductive conflict in the evolution of menopause. Analysis of demographic data from pre-industrial Finnish populations found significant reductions in offspring survivorship when mothers-in-laws and daughters-in-laws had overlapping births, supporting the idea that avoiding reproductive conflict is beneficial to offspring survivorship. Humans, more so than other primates, rely on food sharing for survival, so the large survivorship reduction values could be caused by a straining of community resources. Avoiding such straining is a possible explanation for why the reproductive overlap seen in humans is much lower than other primates. Food sharing is also prevalent among another menopausal species, killer whales. Reproductive conflict has also been observed in killer whales, with increased calf mortality seen when reproductive overlap between a younger and older generational female occurred.", "title": "Menopause" }, { "docid": "411851#45", "text": "Whether or not aging directly affects women's sexual functioning during menopause is another area of controversy. However, many studies, including Hayes and Dennerstein's critical review, have demonstrated that aging has a powerful impact on sexual function and dysfunction in women, specifically in the areas of desire, sexual interest, and frequency of orgasm. In addition, Dennerstien and colleagues found that the primary predictor of sexual response throughout menopause is prior sexual functioning. This means that it is important to understand how the physiological changes in men and women can affect their sexual desire. Despite the seemingly negative impact that menopause can have on sexuality and sexual functioning, sexual confidence and well-being can improve with age and menopausal status. Furthermore, the impact that a relationship status can have on quality of life is often underestimated.", "title": "Sexual dysfunction" }, { "docid": "3880495#36", "text": "There is criticism of the claim that menopause and somewhat earlier age-related declines in female fertility could coevolve with a long term dependency on monogamous male providers who preferred fertile females. This criticism argues that the longer the time the child needed parental investment relative to the lifespans of the species, the higher the percentage of children born would still need parental care when the female was no longer fertile or dramatically reduced in her fertility. These critics argue that unless male preference for fertile females and ability to switch to a new female was annulled, any need for a male provider would have selected against menopause to use her fertility to keep the provider male attracted to her, and that the theory of monogamous fathers providing for their families therefore cannot explain why menopause evolved in humans.", "title": "Life history theory" }, { "docid": "49611#53", "text": "There is no evidence of consistent benefit of alternative therapies for menopausal symptoms despite their popularity. The effect of soy isoflavones on menopausal symptoms is promising for reduction of hot flashes and vaginal dryness. Evidence does not support a benefit from phytoestrogens such as coumestrol, femarelle, or the non-phytoestrogen black cohosh. There is no evidence to support the efficacy of acupuncture as a management for menopausal symptoms. As of 2011 there is no support for herbal or dietary supplements in the prevention or treatment of the mental changes that occur around menopause. A 2016 Cochrane review found not enough evidence to show a difference between Chinese herbal medicine and placebo for the vasomotor symptoms.The cultural context within which a woman lives can have a significant impact on the way she experiences the menopausal transition. Menopause has been described as a subjective experience, with social and cultural factors playing a prominent role in the way menopause is experienced and perceived.", "title": "Menopause" }, { "docid": "32583935#2", "text": "In 1994 NAMS launched \"Menopause\", a peer-reviewed scientific journal meant to provide a forum for clinical research, applied basic science, and practice guidelines on all aspects of menopause.The scope of \"Menopause\" encompasses many varied biomedical areas, including internal medicine, family practice, obstetrics, gynecology, medical subspecialties such as cardiology and geriatrics, epidemiology, pathology, sociology, psychology, anthropology, and pharmacology. Additional professional educational material provided by NAMS includes the textbook \"Menopause Practice: A Clinician's Guide\"; position statements on hormone therapy, management of menopausal symptoms, prevention and treatment of osteoporosis, and other topics; an annual scientific conference; and the e-mail newsletters \"First to Know,\" \"Menopause Care Updates\", and \"Menopause e-Consult\".", "title": "North American Menopause Society" }, { "docid": "19526030#21", "text": "It is commonly perceived that once women near the end of their reproductive years and enter menopause that this equates to the end of her sexual life. However, especially since women today are living one third or more of their lives in a postmenopausal state, maintaining, if not improving, their quality of life, of which their sexuality can be a key determinant, is of importance. A recent study of sexual activities among women aged 40–69 revealed that 75% of women are sexually active at this age; this indicates that the sexual health and satisfaction of menopausal women are an aspect of sexual health and quality of life that is worthy of attention by health care professionals.", "title": "Hormone replacement therapy" }, { "docid": "3337726#15", "text": "Menopause, the natural or surgical cessation of the menstrual cycle, is due to an overall decrease in ovarian production of the hormones estradiol and progesterone. These hormonal changes are also associated with an increase in WHR independent of increases in body mass. Significantly, studies find that large premenopausal WHRs are associated with lower estradiol levels and variation in age of menopause onset. Circulating estrogen preferentially stores lipid deposits in the gluteofemoral region, including the buttocks and thighs, and evidence suggests that menopause-associated estrogen deficiency results in an accumulation of adipose deposits around the abdomen. These menopause-induced changes in body fat distribution can be counteracted with hormone replacement therapy. In contrast, aging males gradually accumulate abdominal fat, and hence increased WHR, in parallel with declining androgen levels.", "title": "Waist–hip ratio" }, { "docid": "32583935#0", "text": "The North American Menopause Society (NAMS), founded in 1989, is a nonprofit, multidisciplinary organization with the mission of promoting the health and quality of life of women during midlife and beyond through an understanding of menopause and healthy aging. Based in Cleveland, Ohio, NAMS has more than 2,000 members from 51 countries, with 88% of its members from North America.Its membership includes experts from many disciplines such as medicine, nursing, sociology, psychology, nutrition, anthropology, epidemiology, pharmacy, and education.", "title": "North American Menopause Society" } ]

[ { "docid": "1586266#27", "text": "The Ute require a 5/8 blood quantum, the highest requirement of any American tribe. The Miccosukee of Florida, the Mississippi Choctaw, and the St. Croix Chippewa of Wisconsin all require one-half \"tribal blood quantum\", also a high percentage.", "title": "Blood quantum laws" } ]

[ { "docid": "7222#0", "text": "The Choctaw (in the Choctaw language, Chahta) are a Native American people originally occupying what is now the Southeastern United States (modern-day Alabama, Florida, Mississippi and Louisiana). Their Choctaw language belongs to the Muskogean language family group. Hopewell and Mississippian cultures, who lived throughout the east of the Mississippi River valley and its tributaries. About 1,700 years ago, the Hopewell people built Nanih Waiya, a great earthwork mound located in what is central present-day Mississippi. It is still considered sacred by the Choctaw. The early Spanish explorers of the mid-16th century in the Southeast encountered Mississippian-culture villages and chiefs. The anthropologist John R. Swanton suggested that the Choctaw derived their name from an early leader. Henry Halbert, a historian, suggests that their name is derived from the Choctaw phrase \"Hacha hatak\" (river people).", "title": "Choctaw" }, { "docid": "3847671#29", "text": "In 2002, the United States Congress formally recognized the entire Choctaw Nation in 25 U.S.C. 1779, including those Choctaw Indians Communities which have never perished, been removed or otherwise assimilate in Mobile and Washington County Alabama and whom were described as Full-Blooded Choctaw equally and in the same Mississippi Choctaw Jurisdictional Act of 1934, the various Treaties between 1786 and 1866, the American Indian Policy Review Commission Final Report of May 19, 1877 which described 4000 Choctaw Indians residing in the Choctaw Communities of Mobile and Washington Counties of Alabama, and whose Alabama Choctaw were officially recognized when their Chief, Framon Weaver, was accused of racial employment discrimination against a black woman named Michelle Taylor, was held by the U.S. Supreme Court in Taylor v. Alabama Intertribal Council, 535 U.S. 1066 (2002) Supreme Court Reports - it was a victory for not only Choctaw Indians but every Indian, as the Supreme Court recognized the Sovereignty of Indians just because they are Indians and underscored the United States Constitution's Indian Intercourse Clause under Article I, Section 8, Clause 3. The Choctaw Nation of Indians residing in the original Mississippi Territory have historically and lawfully recognized by the U.S. Federal Government to reside in Mobile and Washington Counties, the home of virtually every Choctaw Chief, including Oklahoma, Wesley Johnston, Pushmataha, William Byrd (Baird/Bird), George Washington Byrd, Silas D. Fisher, William Weatherford, Alexander McGillivray, Alexander Brashears, Silas D. Fisher, Pierre Juzan, Cornelius McCurtain, Peter Pitchlynn, John Johnston, Tom Gibson, Framon Weaver, Robert Cole, Coleman Cole, Peter Cole, \"Red Shoes\", Piamingo (Wea Mingo - called the Mountain King), and the list goes on. The Choctaw and Chickasaw have been historically and lawfully recorded and acknowledged to exist in Mobile and Washington Counties of Alabama or what was known as the old Mississippi Territory after the infamous Yazoo Land Scandal and Pine Barrens Fraud when the other original Colonies and Plantations which are known as the Original Colonies each ceded their land and removed with accordance of the Treaty of Peace of the American Revolution which recognized the Treaty of Utrecht of 1713 as controlling.", "title": "Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians" }, { "docid": "13054861#29", "text": "The Choctaw have preserved their cultural identity and are documentermd extensively in the American Indian Policy Review Commission's Final Report to the Congress of the United States conducted under the authority of the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975 known as Public Law 93-638 by the Secretary of Interior, the Bureau Of Indian Affairs, and the Office of Federal Acknowledgement. The Choctaws of Alabama were previously identified by the Department of Interior in 1902 to be predominantly Choctaw Indians of the full blood as fully cited in the Mississippi Choctaw Jurisdictional Act of 1936. It was cited by the acting Secretary of Congress that it was the then policy of the President to deny the Choctaws of Alabama, Tennesee, and Texas because there were deemed to many Choctaw Indians in documentation by Congress. The US Federal Court of Claims previously cited the blackest of frauds had been committed against the Choctaws East of the Mississippi including the Alabama Choctaws Indians.", "title": "MOWA Band of Choctaw Indians" }, { "docid": "313937#6", "text": "When Leflore was 22, he became a chief of the western division of the Choctaw Nation, when it was still in Mississippi. He is credited with abolishing the Choctaw \"blood for blood\" law, which dictated rounds of revenge for murders. LeFlore supported the \"civilization\" program, which U.S. President George Washington and Henry Knox developed during the Washington administration. Particularly after Andrew Jackson's election as president in 1828, he encouraged the Choctaw to make permanent residences, cultivate the land in agriculture, convert to Christianity, and send their children to United States schools for education.", "title": "Greenwood LeFlore" }, { "docid": "45042563#23", "text": "In 1959, a dispute among the Mississippi Choctaw found Belvin encouraging support for a Choctaw high school in Mississippi. Victor Kaneubbe, a worker at a Baptist mission in Philadelphia, Mississippi was an Oklahoma Choctaw with a white wife and a mixed-blood daughter, who was unable to attend either the agency schools or white schools in Mississippi. Choctaw administrators refused to allow his daughter admittance and the Neshoba County School Board refused admittance as well. He brought the issue of racism to the fore and urged his missionary network to petition Congress for creation of a Choctaw high school. The adverse publicity enraged the Baptist community, and cost Kaneubbe his job, forcing him to transfer to the Navajo reservation. Kaneubbe left but the problem of inadequate education remained for eastern Choctaw. Appeals to the BIA resulted in responses that students could attend out of state boarding schools, thus squarely putting pressure on the eastern Choctaw to relocate or face lack of educational opportunity. Agitation from the National Congress of American Indians, the Mississippi Federation of Women's Clubs, Oklahoma Choctaw Chief Belvin, and other civil rights activists forced Mississippi's congressional delegation to request a high school and dormitory for the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians, though it took several more years of negotiation to make the high school become a reality.", "title": "Harry J. W. Belvin" }, { "docid": "7222#58", "text": "Approximately 4,000–6,000 Choctaw remained in Mississippi in 1831 after the initial removal efforts. The U.S. agent William Ward, who was responsible for Choctaw registration in Mississippi under article XIV, strongly opposed their treaty rights. Although estimates suggested 5000 Choctaw remained in Mississippi, only 143 family heads (for a total of 276 adult persons) received lands under the provisions of Article 14. For the next ten years, the Choctaws in Mississippi were objects of increasing legal conflict, racism, harassment, and intimidation. The Choctaws described their situation in 1849: \"we have had our habitations torn down and burned, our fences destroyed, cattle turned into our fields and we ourselves have been scourged, manacled, fettered and otherwise personally abused, until by such treatment some of our best men have died.\" Joseph B. Cobb, who moved to Mississippi from Georgia, described the Choctaw as having \"no nobility or virtue at all, and in some respect he found blacks, especially native Africans, more interesting and admirable, the red man's superior in every way. The Choctaw and Chickasaw, the tribes he knew best, were beneath contempt, that is, even worse than black slaves.\" Removal continued throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. In 1846 1,000 Choctaw removed, and in 1903, another 300 Mississippi Choctaw were persuaded to move to the Nation in Oklahoma. By 1930 only 1,665 were estimated to have remained in Mississippi.", "title": "Choctaw" }, { "docid": "160925#12", "text": "The \"Choctaw\" are a Native American people originally from the Southeastern United States (Mississippi, Alabama and, to a lesser extent, Louisiana). There were about 20,000 members of this tribe when they were forced to move to Indian territory. Many of them did not survive. They are of the Muskogean linguistic group. The word \"Choctaw\" (also rendered as \"Chahta\", \"Chato\", \"Tchakta\", and \"Chocktaw\") is possibly a corruption of the Spanish \"chato\", meaning flattened, in allusion to the tribe's custom of flattening the heads of infants. Noted anthropologist John Swanton, however, suggests that the name belonged to a Choctaw leader. They were descended from people of the Mississippian culture which was located throughout the Mississippi River valley. The early Spanish explorers, according to the historian Walter Lee Williams, encountered their ancestors. Although smaller Choctaw groups are located in the southern region, the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma and the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians are the two primary Choctaw associations. This tribe was predominantly farmers (like most Indians were at the time) until they were removed from their land. They have grown substantially since the Trail of Tears and there are currently about 231,000 members, making the Choctaw the third largest Native American population in the United States. The capital of the Choctaw Nation is currently located in Tuskahoma, Oklahoma.", "title": "Five Civilized Tribes" }, { "docid": "3847671#0", "text": "The Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians is one of four federally recognized tribes of Choctaw Native Americans. On April 20, 1945, this band organized under the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934. Also in 1945 the Choctaw Indian Reservation was created from lands in Neshoba, Leake, Newton, Scott, Jones, Attala, Kemper, and Winston counties in Mississippi. The Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians is the only federally recognized Native American tribe in the state.", "title": "Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians" }, { "docid": "7844287#0", "text": "The Mississippi College Choctaws are the athletic teams of Mississippi College. On July 11, 2014 the NCAA approved entering their second year of NCAA Division II candidacy. The Choctaws are in the process of becoming full members of the Gulf South Conference. The college sponsors teams in football, basketball (men's and women's), baseball, softball, tennis (men's & women's), golf (men's & women's), soccer (women's), volleyball, track and field (men's outdoor & women's indoor & outdoor), cross country running (men's & women's), equestrian (women's), and table tennis (men's & women's). In the second year of transition, the Choctaws compete against members of the Gulf South Conference. They will become full members of NCAA Division II and a full Gulf South Conference member in 2016-17.", "title": "Mississippi College Choctaws" } ]

[ { "docid": "49460#0", "text": "Boolean logic is a system of syllogistic logic invented by 19th-century British mathematician George Boole, which attempts to incorporate the \"empty set\", that is, a class of non-existent entities, such as round squares, without resorting to uncertain truth values.", "title": "Boole's syllogistic" }, { "docid": "1162065#0", "text": "In computer science, the Boolean data type is a data type that has one of two possible values (usually denoted \"true\" and \"false\"), intended to represent the two truth values of logic and Boolean algebra. It is named after George Boole, who first defined an algebraic system of logic in the mid 19th century. The Boolean data type is primarily associated with conditional statements, which allow different actions by changing control flow depending on whether a programmer-specified Boolean \"condition\" evaluates to true or false. It is a special case of a more general \"logical data type (see probabilistic logic)—\"logic need not always be Boolean.", "title": "Boolean data type" }, { "docid": "46426065#27", "text": "The syllogistic logic developed by Aristotle predominated in the West until the mid-19th century, when interest in the foundations of mathematics stimulated the development of symbolic logic (now called mathematical logic). In 1854, George Boole published \"An Investigation of the Laws of Thought on Which are Founded the Mathematical Theories of Logic and Probabilities\", introducing symbolic logic and the principles of what is now known as Boolean logic. In 1879, Gottlob Frege published \"Begriffsschrift\", which inaugurated modern logic with the invention of quantifier notation. From 1910 to 1913, Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand Russell published \"Principia Mathematica\" on the foundations of mathematics, attempting to derive mathematical truths from axioms and inference rules in symbolic logic. In 1931, Gödel raised serious problems with the foundationalist program and logic ceased to focus on such issues.", "title": "Logic" }, { "docid": "6134187#48", "text": "Some of the introduced mathematical logic notation during this time included the set of symbols used in Boolean algebra. This was created by George Boole in 1854. Boole himself did not see logic as a branch of mathematics, but it has come to be encompassed anyway. Symbols found in Boolean algebra include formula_17 (AND), formula_18 (OR), and formula_19 (\"not\"). With these symbols, and letters to represent different truth values, one can make logical statements such as formula_20, that is \"(\"a\" is true OR \"a\" is \"not\" true) is true\", meaning it is true that \"a\" is either true or not true (i.e. false). Boolean algebra has many practical uses as it is, but it also was the start of what would be a large set of symbols to be used in logic. Predicate logic, originally called \"predicate calculus\", expands on propositional logic by the introduction of variables and by sentences containing variables, called predicates. In addition, predicate logic allows quantifiers. With these logic symbols and additional quantifiers from predicate logic, valid proofs can be made that are irrationally artificial, but syntactical.", "title": "History of mathematical notation" } ]

[ { "docid": "660651#66", "text": "Gottfried Leibniz, in memoranda not published before the late 19th and early 20th centuries, invented Boolean logic. His notation was isomorphic to that of \"LoF\": concatenation read as conjunction, and \"non-(\"X\")\" read as the complement of \"X\". Leibniz's pioneering role in algebraic logic was foreshadowed by Lewis (1918) and Rescher (1954). But a full appreciation of Leibniz's accomplishments had to await the work of Wolfgang Lenzen, published in the 1980s and reviewed in Lenzen (2004).", "title": "Laws of Form" }, { "docid": "49253005#2", "text": "Foster's Ph.D. dissertation and his first few papers were in the area of mathematical logic. Starting from this point, he soon focused his interest on the related theory of Boolean algebras and Boolean rings, and was thus led from logic to algebra. He extensively studied the role of duality in Boolean theory and subsequently developed a theory of n-ality for certain rings which played for n-valued logics the role of Boolean rings vis-a-vis Boolean algebras. The late Benjamin Bernstein of the Berkeley mathematics faculty was his collaborator in some of this research. This work culminated in his seminal paper “The theory of Boolean-like rings” appearing in 1946.", "title": "Alfred Foster (mathematician)" }, { "docid": "169358#31", "text": "Attempts of formal treatment of mathematics had started with Leibniz and Lambert (1728–1777), and continued with works by algebraists such as George Peacock (1791–1858).\nSystematic mathematical treatments of logic came with the British mathematician George Boole (1847) who devised an algebra that soon evolved into what is now called Boolean algebra, in which the only numbers were 0 and 1 and logical combinations (conjunction, disjunction, implication and negation) are operations similar to the addition and multiplication of integers. Additionally, De Morgan published his laws in 1847. Logic thus became a branch of mathematics. Boolean algebra is the starting point of mathematical logic and has important applications in computer science.", "title": "Foundations of mathematics" }, { "docid": "54476844#4", "text": "Logic sentences that can be expressed in classical propositional calculus have an equivalent expression in Boolean algebra. Thus, Boolean logic is sometimes used to denote propositional calculus performed in this way. Boolean algebra is not sufficient to capture logic formulas using quantifiers, like those from first order logic. Although the development of mathematical logic did not follow Boole's program, the connection between his algebra and logic was later put on firm ground in the setting of algebraic logic, which also studies the algebraic systems of many other logics. The problem of determining whether the variables of a given Boolean (propositional) formula can be assigned in such a way as to make the formula evaluate to true is called the Boolean satisfiability problem (SAT), and is of importance to theoretical computer science, being the first problem shown to be NP-complete. The closely related model of computation known as a Boolean circuit relates time complexity (of an algorithm) to circuit complexity.\nWhereas in elementary algebra expressions denote mainly numbers, in Boolean algebra they denote the truth values \"false\" and \"true\". These values are represented with the bits (or binary digits), namely 0 and 1. They do not behave like the integers 0 and 1, for which 1 + 1 = 2, but may be identified with the elements of the two-element field GF(2), that is, integer arithmetic modulo 2, for which 1 + 1 = 0. Addition and multiplication then play the Boolean roles of XOR (exclusive-or) and AND (conjunction) respectively, with disjunction \"x\"∨\"y\" (inclusive-or) definable as \"x\" + \"y\" - \"xy\".", "title": "Boolean algebra" }, { "docid": "54476844#3", "text": "In the 1930s, while studying switching circuits, Claude Shannon observed that one could also apply the rules of Boole's algebra in this setting, and he introduced switching algebra as a way to analyze and design circuits by algebraic means in terms of logic gates. Shannon already had at his disposal the abstract mathematical apparatus, thus he cast his switching algebra as the two-element Boolean algebra. In circuit engineering settings today, there is little need to consider other Boolean algebras, thus \"switching algebra\" and \"Boolean algebra\" are often used interchangeably. Efficient implementation of Boolean functions is a fundamental problem in the design of combinational logic circuits. Modern electronic design automation tools for VLSI circuits often rely on an efficient representation of Boolean functions known as (reduced ordered) binary decision diagrams (BDD) for logic synthesis and formal verification.", "title": "Boolean algebra" }, { "docid": "333365#12", "text": "The mathematical structure of modal logic, namely Boolean algebras augmented with unary operations (often called modal algebras), began to emerge with J. C. C. McKinsey's 1941 proof that \"S2\" and \"S4\" are decidable, and reached full flower in the work of Alfred Tarski and his student Bjarni Jónsson (Jónsson and Tarski 1951–52). This work revealed that \"S4\" and \"S5\" are models of interior algebra, a proper extension of Boolean algebra originally designed to capture the properties of the interior and closure operators of topology. Texts on modal logic typically do little more than mention its connections with the study of Boolean algebras and topology. For a thorough survey of the history of formal modal logic and of the associated mathematics, see Robert Goldblatt (2006).", "title": "Modal logic" } ]

[ { "docid": "2076622#7", "text": "The United Democrats supported Chris Patten, the last Governor's controversial reform proposal which largely broadened the franchise and heavily criticised by Beijing. The party remained open critic of the Beijing policies. After the reform proposal was passed, the Beijing government set up the 57-member Preliminary Working Committee (PWC) for the preparation works of the establishment of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and planning for an alternative body, the Provisional Legislative Council (PLC) to the 1995 elected legislature under Patten's proposal. No members from the United Democrats was appointed as PWC member or Hong Kong Affairs Advisor.", "title": "United Democrats of Hong Kong" }, { "docid": "2076622#2", "text": "The United Democrats had a large labour component among its top leadership. 6 of its 30 Central Committee members, including Szeto Wah and Lau Chin-shek, were leaders of the major independent unions, namely the Hong Kong Professional Teachers' Union (PTU) and the Hong Kong Christian Industrial Committee (CIC) respectively. They are veterans of labour protests and community movements. Some other core members of the party were experienced in collective mobilisation and electoral campaigns, such as Tuen Mun's Ng Ming-yam and Sha Tin's Lau Kong-wah and Wong Hong-chung and Eastern District's Man Sai-cheong who brought their local networks into the party.", "title": "United Democrats of Hong Kong" }, { "docid": "2076622#0", "text": "The United Democrats of Hong Kong (; UDHK) was a short-lived political party in Hong Kong founded in 1990 as the united front of the liberal democracy forces in preparation of the 1991 first ever direct election for the Legislative Council of Hong Kong. It self-proclaimed as the first political party in Hong Kong. The party won a landslide victory by sweeping 12 of the 18 directly elected seats in the 1991 LegCo elections which shook the political landscape of Hong Kong. In 1994 it was merged with another pro-democracy party Meeting Point to form the contemporary Democratic Party.", "title": "United Democrats of Hong Kong" } ]

[ { "docid": "398573#6", "text": "In 1990, some leading figures of the ADPL such as vice-chairmen Lee Wing-tat and Albert Chan joined the United Democrats of Hong Kong, which later became the Democratic Party. The ADPL continued to keep its own identity, arguing that it represented grassroots interests whereas the United Democrats were more focused on the middle class. However, as many members joined the new party, the ADPL's membership dropped significantly to only 70 members, 15 District Board members and 2 municipal councillors.", "title": "Hong Kong Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood" }, { "docid": "397335#11", "text": "In preparation for the first Legislative Council direct election in 1991, members of the three political groups and many liberal activists of the JCPDG joined together and formed the United Democrats of Hong Kong in April 1990. Chaired by the Martin Lee, the United Democrats of Hong Kong formed an alliance with Anthony Cheung Bing-leung's Meeting Point in the campaign. The liberal alliance won a landslide victory in the direct election, receiving over 52% of the vote and winning 14 of the 16 geographical constituency seats in September. The popularity of the pro-democratic alliance was principally rose from its position towards the Tiananmen Square protests and the widespread fear towards the Beijing government afterwards.", "title": "Democratic Party (Hong Kong)" }, { "docid": "35316843#1", "text": "The party was established by a group of conservative businesspeople and professionals in the Hong Kong Basic Law Consultative Committee (BLCC), Hong Kong Basic Law Drafting Committee (BLDC), which was often called the \"Group of 89\", and appointed members in the Legislative Council of Hong Kong (LegCo) who worried about welfare spending and adversarial on 6 November 1990, as the reaction to the liberals forming the United Democrats of Hong Kong (UDHK) on the eve of the first direct LegCo elections. The objective of party was to support candidates to fun in the upcoming elections. Due to lack of popular basis and experience, the group invited Maria Tam Wai-chu, member of the Executive and Legislative Councils and her Progressive Hong Kong Society (PHKS) to join, as well as four councillors from the Hong Kong Civic Association. Hu Fa-kuang became the founding Chairman, while Maria Tam and Philip Kwok Chi-kuen the founding Vice-Chairmen.", "title": "Liberal Democratic Federation of Hong Kong" }, { "docid": "30980953#4", "text": "The Tiananmen Square crackdown in June 1989, which the Hong Kong liberals strongly supported the student protestors and opposed to the crackdown, worsened the group's relationship with Beijing. In April 1990, the members of the Meeting Point as well as the ADPL and HKAS formed a new party, the United Democrats of Hong Kong led by Martin Lee, who was seen as \"treason\" by Beijing at that time, in the preparation for the 1991 first direct election for the Legislative Council of Hong Kong. The Meeting Point won a historical landslide victory with the United Democrats, with Fred Li Wah-ming and Tik Chi-yuen winning 2 seats in the geographical constituencies. It gained an extra seat in a by-election in 1991 with Zachary Wong Wai-yin won in the New Territories West constituency. It formally converted to a political party on 13 September 1992 with about 150 old members reaffirming their commitment to the party. Contrast to the United Democrats, the Meeting Point remained a more pragmatic stance and harmonious relationship with the Beijing government. In 1992, Edward Leong Che-hung of the Medical constituency joined the Meeting Point with some members of Leong's Hong Kong Democratic Foundation.", "title": "Meeting Point" }, { "docid": "38185244#0", "text": "The Joint Committee on the Promotion of Democratic Government (, abbreviated 民促會; JGPDG) was an umbrella organisation representing various groups of the pro-democracy movement in Hong Kong. It was established on 27 October 1986 by 190 groups and led by the prominent pro-democracy figures Szeto Wah and Martin Lee. It demanded direct election in the 1988 Legislative Council, a \"through train\" arrangement for letting Legislative Council members elected in 1995 automatically becoming the members of the first legislature in the SAR government after 1997. They also demanded the Chief Executive to be elected by universal suffrage. It formed the backbone of today's pro-democracy camp as many of its key members formed the Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements in China during the Tiananmen protests of 1989 and the United Democrats of Hong Kong (later transformed into Democratic Party) for the first direct election in 1991.", "title": "Joint Committee on the Promotion of Democratic Government" }, { "docid": "847519#1", "text": "The Council was created on October 15, 1993, in a meeting in Taipei, Taiwan. There are nine member parties, an associate member, and one party with observer status. Currently, many democrats in Asia have a relationship with CALD. CALD has also opened its membership to like-minded individuals, and regularly engages with non-member political parties from Japan and South Korea with which it shares the same democratic values. The Democratic Party of Japan is one of the examples. On the other hand, for the convenience of particular members, they also accept individual members like the situation in Hong Kong. The Democratic Party of Hong Kong is represented in CALD by Martin Lee and Sin Chung Kai. The third individual member of the CALD was Indonesia's ex-President Abdurrahman Wahid (1940–2009). Aung San Suu Kyi is honorary member of CALD.", "title": "Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats" }, { "docid": "41717823#0", "text": "The Democratic Party leadership election was held on 2 October 1994 for the 30-member 1st Central Committee of the new Democratic Party in Hong Kong, including chairman and two vice-chairman posts. It was held at the first party congress on the establishment day of the Democratic Party. Well-known popular democrat activist, Chairman of the United Democrats of Hong Kong Martin Lee became the first Chairman, while Anthony Cheung, the Chairman of the Meeting Point, and Yeung Sum became the two Vice-Chairmen.", "title": "1994 Democratic Party (HK) leadership election" } ]

[ { "docid": "1041878#1", "text": "The first Jewish communities of significant size came to England with William the Conqueror in 1066. After the conquest of England, William instituted a feudal system in the country, whereby all estates formally belonged to the Crown; the king then appointed lords over these vast estates, but they were subject to duties and obligations (financial and military) to the king. Under the lords were other subjects such as serfs, who were bound and obliged to their lords, and to their lords' obligations. Merchants had a special status in the system, as did Jews. Jews were declared to be direct subjects of the king, unlike the rest of the population. This was an ambivalent legal position for the Jewish population, in that they were not tied to any particular lord but were subject to the whims of the king, it could be either advantageous or disadvantageous. Every successive king formally reviewed a royal charter, granting Jews the right to remain in England. Jews did not enjoy any of the guarantees of the Magna Carta of 1215.", "title": "Edict of Expulsion" } ]

[ { "docid": "816304#8", "text": "English Jews experienced a \"golden age\" of sorts under Henry II in the late 12th century due to huge economic expansion and increased demand for credit. Major Jewish fortunes were made in London, Oxford, Lincoln, Bristol, and Norwich. The Crown, in turn, capitalized on the prosperity of its Jews. In addition to many arbitrary taxes, Richard I established the Ordinance of the Jewry in 1194 in an attempt to organize the Jewish community. It ensured that mandatory records would be kept by royal officials for all Jewish transactions. Every debt was recorded on a chirography to allow the king immediate and complete access to Jewish property. Richard also established a special exchequer to collect any unpaid debts due after the death of a Jewish creditor. The establishment of the Exchequer of the Jews eventually made all transactions of the English Jewry liable to taxation by the king in addition to the 10% of all sums recovered by Jews with the help of English courts. So, while the First and Second Crusades increased anti-Jewish sentiments, Jews in England went relatively unscathed beyond occasional fines and special levies. Though they did not experience the same kind of social mobility and cultural advancements that Jews under Muslim rule did, the Jews of England's population and prosperity increased under the protection of the king.", "title": "History of the Jews in England" }, { "docid": "969337#32", "text": "The Jewish community played an important role in England throughout much of the period. The first Jews arrived in England in the aftermath of the Norman invasion, when William the Conqueror brought over wealthy members of the Rouen community in Normandy to settle in London. The Jewish community expanded out across England and provided essential money-lending and banking services that were otherwise banned by the usury laws. During the 12th century, the Jewish financial community grew richer still, operating under royal protection and providing the king with a source of ready credit. All major towns had Jewish centres, and even the smaller towns saw visits by travelling Jewish merchants. Towards the end of Henry II's reign, however, the king ceased to borrow from the Jewish community and instead turned to extracting money from them through arbitrary taxation and fines. The Jews became vilified and accusations were made that they conducted ritual child murder, encouraging the pogroms carried out against Jewish communities in the reign of Richard I. After an initially peaceful start to John's reign, the king again began to extort money from the Jewish community and, with the breakdown in order in 1215, the Jews were subject to fresh attacks. Henry III restored some protection and Jewish money-lending began to recover. Despite this, the Jewish community became increasingly impoverished and was finally expelled from England in 1290 by Edward I, being replaced by foreign merchants.", "title": "England in the Middle Ages" }, { "docid": "12617410#91", "text": "The first Jews arrived in New York City in 1654, when it was still New Amsterdam, from Recife (Brazil) following the First Anglo-Dutch War, resulting a decade later in the first known civil rights case in the New World when a Jew named Asser Levy successfully appealed to the New Amsterdam colonial council for the right to serve in the army. Later German immigration brought large communities of Ashkenazi Jews. Starting then until 1820 was the first wave of Jewish immigration to America, bringing fewer than 15,000 Jews. The first wave of Jewish people were fleeing religious persecution in Brazil, Portugal, Spain, Bordeaux, Jamaica, England, Curaçao, Holland, and conquered by Russian Empire former Poland (Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodów), and founded communities in New York, Newport, Charleston, Savannah, and Philadelphia. From 1820 to 1880 came the second wave, in which a quarter million German Jews migrated to America. A third major wave of Sephardi Jews coming from the Balkans and the Middle East after the Turkish revolution. The outbreak of World War I and the Holocaust caused many German Jews to immigrate to the United States. During this period, 1881 to 1924, over 2,000,000 Eastern European Jews immigrated, fleeing anti-semitic persecution in their home countries. A later wave from Eastern Europe, from 1985–1990, over 140,000 Jews immigrated from the former Soviet Union. 50,000 Jews a year still immigrate to the United States.", "title": "New York City ethnic enclaves" }, { "docid": "881548#1", "text": "Although the first Jews may have arrived on the island of Great Britain with the Romans, it was not until the Norman Conquest of William the Conqueror in 1066 that organised Jewish communities first appeared in England. These existed until 1290 when the Jewish population of England was expelled by King Edward I of England.", "title": "List of British Jews" }, { "docid": "44988969#1", "text": "The history of the Jews in Britain goes back to the reign of William I. The first written record of Jewish settlement in England dates from 1070, although Jews may have lived there since Roman times. The Jewish presence continued until King Edward I's Edict of Expulsion in 1290. After the expulsion, there was no Jewish community, apart from individuals who practised Judaism secretly, until the rule of Oliver Cromwell. While Cromwell never officially readmitted Jews to Britain, a small colony of Sephardic Jews living in London, was identified in 1656 and allowed to remain. The Jewish Naturalisation Act of 1753, an attempt to legalise the Jewish presence in Britain, remained in force for only a few months. Historians commonly date Jewish Emancipation to either 1829 or 1858 when Jews were finally allowed to sit in Parliament. The first Jewish knight was Sir Solomon de Medina, knighted in 1700, with no further Jews being knighted until 1837, when Queen Victoria knighted Moses Haim Montefiore; four years later, Isaac Lyon Goldsmid was made a baronet, the first Jew to receive a hereditary title. In 1885 Nathan Mayer Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild, became the first Jew to receive an hereditary peerage.", "title": "List of British Jewish nobility and gentry" }, { "docid": "2043824#0", "text": "The Jewish Lads' and Girls' Brigade (JLGB) is a national Jewish youth organisation based in and primarily serving the United Kingdom. \nThe UK's oldest Jewish youth movement, it was founded in 1895 as the Jewish Lads' Brigade by Colonel Albert E. W. Goldsmid, a senior army officer, to provide an interest for children of the many poor immigrant families who were coming into England at that time. The first company was launched in London's East End but others soon appeared throughout the city and the provinces. The movement later spread as far as South Africa and Canada.", "title": "Jewish Lads' and Girls' Brigade" }, { "docid": "264853#27", "text": "Jewish heritage in the city, once part of a thriving community, can be dated back to around 1750, when a number of Jewish merchants from across the UK and Europe settled in Sunderland, eventually forming a congregation in 1768. A rabbi from Holland was established in the city in 1790. After a rapid growth in numbers during the latter half of the nineteenth century, the Jewish community in Sunderland reached its height in the mid 1930s, when around 2,000 Jews were recorded to be living in the town. The community has been in slow decline since the mid-20th century. Many Sunderland Jews left for stronger Jewish communities in Britain or to Israel. The Jewish primary school, the Menorah School, closed in July 1983. The synagogue on Ryhope Road, opened in 1928, closed at the end of March 2006. (See also Jews and Judaism in North East England) The Jewish population of the Sunderland Metropolitan Borough is continually diminishing, as the Jewish population fell from 114 people in 2001, to 76 people in 2011.", "title": "Sunderland" }, { "docid": "47101207#42", "text": "Jewish people have been recorded as living in Sussex since the 12th century and are first mentioned in 1179/80 pipe roll for Chichester. A considerable Jewish community existed in Chichester by 1186. Jews are also recorded in Arundel, Hailsham, and Lewes, and were expelled from Winchelsea in 1273. All Sussex's Jews would have been expelled in 1290 when Edward I of England issued the Edict of Expulsion. A Jewish population had returned to Sussex by the late 18th century in Brighton and Arundel and later there were also Jewish people in Findon, Seaford and Lewes.", "title": "Religion in Sussex" }, { "docid": "3096764#3", "text": "The term \"Jewish question\" was first used in Great Britain around 1750 when the expression \"Jewish question\" appeared during the Jew Bill of 1753 debates in England. According to Holocaust scholar Lucy Dawidowicz, the term \"Jewish Question,\" as introduced in western Europe, was a neutral expression for the negative attitude toward the apparent and persistent singularity of the Jews as a people against the background of the rising political nationalisms and new nation-states. Dawidowicz writes that \"the histories of Jewish emancipation and of European antisemitism are replete with proffered 'solutions to the Jewish question.'\"", "title": "Jewish question" } ]

[ { "docid": "885795#35", "text": "The Age of Enlightenment is a time in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the 18th century in which reason was advocated as the primary source and legitimacy for authority. Enlightenment gained momentum more or less simultaneously in many parts of Europe and America. Developing during the Enlightenment era, Renaissance humanism as an intellectual movement spread across Europe. The basic training of the humanist was to speak well and write (typically, in the form of a letter). The term \"umanista\" comes from the latter part of the 15th century. The people were associated with the \"studia humanitatis\", a novel curriculum that was competing with the \"quadrivium\" and scholastic logic.", "title": "Modern history" }, { "docid": "1075099#0", "text": "The American Enlightenment was a period of intellectual ferment in the thirteen American colonies in the 17th to 18th century, which led to the American Revolution, and the creation of the United States of America. The American Enlightenment was influenced by the 17th-century European Enlightenment and its own native American philosophy. According to James MacGregor Burns, the spirit of the American Enlightenment was to give Enlightenment ideals a practical, useful form in the life of the nation and its people.", "title": "American Enlightenment" } ]

[ { "docid": "30758#45", "text": "In the 1780s, Lutheran ministers Johann Heinrich Schulz and Karl Wilhelm Brumbey got in trouble with their preaching as they were attacked and ridiculed by Immanuel Kant, Wilhelm Abraham Teller and others. In 1788, Prussia issued an \"Edict on Religion\" that forbade preaching any sermon that undermined popular belief in the Holy Trinity and the Bible. The goal was to avoid skepticism, deism and theological disputes that might impinge on domestic tranquility. Men who doubted the value of Enlightenment favoured the measure, but so too did many supporters. German universities had created a closed elite that could debate controversial issues among themselves, but spreading them to the public was seen as too risky. This intellectual elite was favoured by the state, but that might be reversed if the process of the Enlightenment proved politically or socially destabilizing.", "title": "Age of Enlightenment" }, { "docid": "1263391#44", "text": "A Jewish Enlightenment occurred alongside the broader European one, originally appearing at the end of the eighteenth century. Known as Haskalah, it would re-emerge in the 1820s and lasted for the better part of the century. A form of \"critical rationalism\" inspired by the European Enlightenment, Haskalah focused on reform in two specific areas: stimulating an internal rebirth of culture, and better preparing and training Jews to exist in a christocentric world. It did not force its adherents to sacrifice one identity for the other, allowing them to simultaneously be Jewish and emulate their Gentile contemporaries. One of the most important effects of the Enlightenment was emancipation for Jews. Beginning in Napoleonic France after the Revolution-which was directly inspired by the Enlightenment-Jews received full rights and became equal citizens. This trend spread eastward across the continent, lasting until 1917, when Russian Jews were finally emancipated during the first Russian Revolution.", "title": "History of European Jews in the Middle Ages" }, { "docid": "21208262#22", "text": "Philosophers of the Enlightenment included Francis Bacon, René Descartes, John Locke, Baruch Spinoza, Voltaire (1694–1778), David Hume, and Immanuel Kant. influenced society by publishing widely read works. Upon learning about enlightened views, some rulers met with intellectuals and tried to apply their reforms, such as allowing for toleration, or accepting multiple religions, in what became known as enlightened absolutism. New ideas and beliefs spread around Europe and were fostered by an increase in literacy due to a departure from solely religious texts. Publications include \"Encyclopédie\" (1751–72) that was edited by Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert. The \"Dictionnaire philosophique\" (Philosophical Dictionary, 1764) and \"Letters on the English\" (1733) written by Voltaire spread the ideals of the Enlightenment.", "title": "Western culture" }, { "docid": "52067517#25", "text": "Organizations like the Phoenix Club played an important role in rural communities during the mid-late Nineteenth Century, as part of a national agricultural reform movement. The first agricultural society in America was established in Philadelphia in 1785, encouraging adoption of new planting and husbandry methods developed in Europe. In 1811, the first American agricultural fair was staged in Pittsfield, Massachusetts, offering prize money for the winning animals and crops. Shortly thereafter, in 1819, the first specialist journal, The American Farmer was created in Baltimore, promoting innovation, experimentation, and new technologies. These events were all manifestations of the impact of the Enlightenment on agriculture in the United States. Beginning in Britain and Europe in the Eighteenth Century, the Enlightenment emphasized scientific examination and discourse and the spread of scientific ideas through societies and publications. This movement had a significant impact on the practice of agriculture and, consequently, its role in society.", "title": "Union Chapel, Marietta, Georgia" }, { "docid": "1703255#1", "text": "The Bourbon monarchs sought the expansion of scientific knowledge, which had been urged by Benedictine monk Benito Feijóo. From 1777 to 1816, the Spanish crown funded scientific expeditions to gather information about the potential botanical wealth of the empire. When Prussian scientist Alexander von Humboldt proposed a self-funded scientific expedition to Spanish America, the Spanish crown accorded him not only permission, but the instructions to crown officials to aid him. Spanish scholars sought to understand the decline of the Spanish empire from its earlier glory days, with the aim of reclaiming its former prestige. In Spanish America, the Enlightenment also had an impact in the intellectual and scientific sphere, with elite American-born Spanish men involved in these projects. The Napoleonic invasion of the Iberian peninsula was enormously destabilizing for Spain and the Spanish overseas empire. The ideas of the Hispanic Enlightenment have been seen as a major contributor to the Spanish American wars of independence, although the situation is more complex.", "title": "Enlightenment in Spain" }, { "docid": "30758#4", "text": "The most influential publication of the Enlightenment was the \"\" (\"Encyclopaedia\"). Published between 1751 and 1772 in thirty-five volumes, it was compiled by Diderot, d'Alembert (until 1759) and a team of 150 scientists and philosophers. It helped spread the ideas of the Enlightenment across Europe and beyond. Other landmark publications were Voltaire's \"Dictionnaire philosophique\" (\"Philosophical Dictionary\"; 1764) and \"Letters on the English\" (1733); Rousseau's \"Discourse on Inequality\" (1754) and \"The Social Contract\" (1762); Adam Smith's \"The Theory of Moral Sentiments\" (1759) and \"The Wealth of Nations\" (1776); and Montesquieu's \"The Spirit of the Laws\" (1748). The ideas of the Enlightenment played a major role in inspiring the French Revolution, which began in 1789. After the Revolution, the Enlightenment was followed by the intellectual movement known as Romanticism.", "title": "Age of Enlightenment" }, { "docid": "283846#99", "text": "The intellectual dynamism in 18th century Italy was considerable, across the gamut of genres. Italian elites became conversant with French Enlightenment principles and with English ideas, too, spread by young aristocrats on the grand tour. By the 1760s and 1770s, the Italian authors who were members of academies and contributors to philosophical and literary journals began to disseminate their ideas close to the realm of power in Milan and Turin, Parma and Modena, Florence and Naples. Important representatives of the Italian Enlightenment were Pietro Verri, Pietro Giannone, and Philip Mazzei, a close friend of Thomas Jefferson, who spent many years in America and had an indirect influence on the drafting of the Declaration of Independence. Inspired by Cesare Beccaria's theses — on liberal ideas and humanitarian sentiments — the Grand Duchy of Tuscany was the first state in the world to abolish the death penalty in 1786.", "title": "Culture of Italy" }, { "docid": "17912788#0", "text": "The history of science during the Age of Enlightenment traces developments in science and technology during the Age of Reason, when Enlightenment ideas and ideals were being disseminated across Europe and North America. Generally, the period spans from the final days of the 16th and 17th-century Scientific Revolution until roughly the 19th century, after the French Revolution (1789) and the Napoleonic era (1799–1815). The scientific revolution saw the creation of the first scientific societies, the rise of Copernicanism, and the displacement of Aristotelian natural philosophy and Galen’s ancient medical doctrine. By the 18th century, scientific authority began to displace religious authority, and the disciplines of alchemy and astrology lost scientific credibility.", "title": "Science in the Age of Enlightenment" } ]

[ { "docid": "5756685#26", "text": "Spain came into existence as a single, united kingdom under Charles I of Spain on 23 January 1516. The monarchy was briefly abolished by the First Spanish Republic from 11 February 1873 until 29 December 1874. The monarchy was abolished again on 14 April 1931, first by the Second Spanish Republic – which lasted until 1 April 1939 – and subsequently by the dictatorship of Francisco Franco, who ruled until his death on 20 November 1975. Monarchy was restored on 22 November 1975 under Juan Carlos I, who was also the monarch until his abdication in 2014. His son Felipe VI is the current monarch. \nThe 1978 constitution confirms the title of the monarch is the \"King of Spain\", but that he may also use other titles historically associated with the Crown,\nincluding the kingdoms of Castile and León, Aragon, the Two Sicilies, Jerusalem, Navarre, Granada, Seville, Toledo, Valencia, Galicia, Sardinia, Córdoba, Corsica, etc.", "title": "Monarchies in Europe" } ]

[ { "docid": "1676#1", "text": "To date, he is the last monarch of Spain who died whilst on the throne.", "title": "Alfonso XII of Spain" }, { "docid": "1703255#3", "text": "The last few years of the rule of the mentally challenged and childless Charles II, were dominated by the politics of who would succeed the unfortunate monarch, the last Spanish king of the Habsburg dynasty. Spain was at the center of this political crisis, but it was the \"object not the arbiter.\" Economic troubles, the decay of the Spanish bureaucracy, a series of defeats in wars against France, and the erosion of imperial institutions in the seventeenth century had left Charles the king of a declining empire, and his physical and mental weakness provided him with little ability to reverse the course of his country. The vastness of the Spanish Empire in the New World, along with her naval resources, had made Spain a vital part of European power politics. If the throne of Spain was to go to a relative of the king of France, or if the two countries were to be united, the balance of power in Europe might shift in France's favor. If it remained in the hands of another member of the anti-French, Austrian Habsburg dynasty, the status quo would remain. European politics during the seventeenth century became dominated by establishing an orderly succession in Spain that would not alter the balance between Europe's great powers.", "title": "Enlightenment in Spain" }, { "docid": "7488403#2", "text": "The last Spanish monarchs being solemnly crowned were John I of Castile (1379), Ferdinand I of Aragon (1414), and Eleanor of Navarre (1479). Joan III of Navarre was crowned as late as 1555, although she ruled Navarre beyond the Pyrenees.", "title": "Regalia of Spain" }, { "docid": "9964681#9", "text": "Months later, in November 1700, Charles II died, the last Habsburg Spanish monarch. \nThe Duke of Anjou, a member of the Bourbon dynasty, was appointed as his successor, and who was enthroned by the name of Philip V of Spain. \nIn 1702, the War of Spanish Succession started when the House of Austria, at odds with the will, invaded the Spanish territories in Italy. \nIn 1703, maritime powers, England and Holland joined the House of Austria and declared war against the Two Crowns, Bourbon France and Spain. In Vienna the young archduke Charles of Austria was called for as an alternative candidate to rule Spain. \nIn 1704, Charles moved to Portugal where he sought to recover from the Spanish throne for the Hapsburg dynasty. On the other side of the peninsula allies launched an attempted landing in Barcelona with the complicity of a small number of Austrian locals.\nThe plot was discovered and the allied landings failed. The exiled Austrian viceroy of Catalonia, Francisco Velasco was shocked and wanting to avoid any further Austrian conspiracies. Francisco began an indiscriminate repression in Barcelona, and repeatedly violated the constitution of Catalonia. This was a policy that unleashed hatred against, his sovereign, Philip V of Spain.", "title": "Rafael Casanova" }, { "docid": "979547#2", "text": "For those who ruled in or over Valencia, see the following pages:During the war (officially in 1707) Philip d'Anjou, the first of the Bourbon empire in Spain, disbanded the Crown of Aragon (Nueva Planta decrees). After this time, there are no more Aragonese monarchs. Nevertheless, Spanish monarchs up to Isabella II, while styling themselves \"king/queen of Spain\" on coins, still used some of the traditional nomenclature of the defunct Crown of Aragon in their official documents: \"King/Queen of Castile, Leon, Aragon, both Sicilies, Jerusalem, Navarra, Granada, Toledo, Valencia, Galicia, Majorca, Sevilla, Sardinia, Cordova, Corsica, Murcia, Jaen, the Algarve, Algeciras, Gibraltar, the Canary Islands, the Eastern & Western Indias, the Islands & Mainland of the Ocean sea; Archduke of Austria; Duke of Burgundy, Brabant, Milan; Count of Habsburg, Flanders, Tyrol, Barcelona; Lord of Biscay, Molina\".", "title": "List of Valencian monarchs" }, { "docid": "253174#2", "text": "In total, nine Stewart/Stuart monarchs ruled Scotland alone from 1371 until 1603. The last ruler of Scotland alone was James VI, who in 1603 became the first dual monarch of England and Scotland. Following the Glorious Revolution in 1688, two Stuart queens ruled the isles: Mary II and Anne. Both were the Protestant daughters of James VII and II by his first wife. They were the great-grandchildren of James VI and I. Their father had converted to Catholicism and his new wife gave birth to a son in 1688, who was brought up a Roman Catholic and preceded his half-sisters; so James was deposed by Parliament in 1689, in favour of his daughters. But neither had any children who survived to adulthood, so under the terms of the Act of Settlement 1701 and the Act of Security 1704, the crown passed to the House of Hanover on the death of Queen Anne in 1714.", "title": "House of Stuart" }, { "docid": "13299#66", "text": "Spain's world empire reached its greatest territorial extent in the late 18th century but it was under the Habsburg dynasty in the 16th and 17th centuries it reached the peak of its power and declined. The Iberian Union with Portugal meant that the monarch of Castile was also the monarch of Portugal, but they were ruled as separate entities both on the peninsula and in Spanish America and Brazil. In 1640, the House of Braganza revolted against Spanish rule and reasserted Portugal's independence.", "title": "History of Spain" }, { "docid": "1866310#12", "text": "The threat of internal stability remained until the marriage of Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon in 1469. The two monarchs were promptly challenged by Joan of Castile but were swiftly successful. Isabella would go on to establish the \"Hermandad\" militia system, which would provide her with a royal counterbalance to any future challenge from the nobility. The two monarchs proceeded to conquer the Kingdom of Granada, the last Islamic state in the Iberian peninsula, which was completed by 1492. In that same year, the Alhambra Decree was issued, expelling all Jews from both Castile and Aragon. Now unified, Spain now enjoyed relative internal stability; rights and lands across the Mediterranean; and a strong tradition of seafaring in both the Atlantic and Mediterranean, which it would maximise in the coming decades.", "title": "Military history of Spain" }, { "docid": "13299#143", "text": "Franco ruled until his death on 20 November 1975, when control was given to King Juan Carlos. In the last few months before Franco's death, the Spanish state went into a paralysis. This was capitalized upon by King Hassan II of Morocco, who ordered the 'Green March' into Western Sahara, Spain's last colonial possession.", "title": "History of Spain" } ]

[ { "docid": "69972#0", "text": "The First Sino-Japanese War (25 July 1894 – 17 April 1895) was fought between China and Japan primarily over influence in Korea. After more than six months of unbroken successes by Japanese land and naval forces and the loss of the port of Weihaiwei, the Qing government sued for peace in February 1895.", "title": "First Sino-Japanese War" }, { "docid": "42560204#0", "text": "The Sino-Japanese War at Sea 1894 is a 2012 Chinese historical war film directed and written by Feng Xiaoning, starring Lu Yi, Xia Yu and others. It is based on the events in the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895, with emphasis on the naval battles and the career of the Chinese naval officer Deng Shichang. The film premiered in China at the International Convention Centre in Weihai, Shandong, on 26 June 2012.", "title": "The Sino-Japanese War at Sea 1894" }, { "docid": "69980#12", "text": "The origin of the Second Sino-Japanese War can be traced to the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895, in which China, then under the Qing dynasty, was defeated by Japan and was forced to cede Formosa, and to recognize the full and complete independence of Korea in the Treaty of Shimonoseki; Japan had also allegedly annexed the Diaoyudao/Senkaku Islands in early 1895 as a result being the victors of this war (Japan claims the islands to have been uninhabited in 1895). The Qing dynasty was on the brink of collapse from internal revolts and foreign imperialism, while Japan had emerged as a great power through its effective measures of modernization.", "title": "Second Sino-Japanese War" }, { "docid": "42560204#1", "text": "\"The Sino-Japanese War at Sea 1894\" is set in the late 19th century and based on the events of the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–95), which was fought between the Qing Empire of China and the Empire of Japan.", "title": "The Sino-Japanese War at Sea 1894" }, { "docid": "1044261#1", "text": "Combat experience in the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895 convinced the Imperial Japanese Navy of weaknesses in the Jeune Ecole naval philosophy, which emphasized torpedo boats and commerce raiding to offset expensive heavily armoured ships, and Japan embarked on a program to modernize and expand its fleet in preparation for further confrontations. In particular, Japan promulgated a ten-year naval build-up programme, with the construction of six battleships and six armoured cruisers at its core. These ships were paid for from the £30,000,000 indemnity paid by China after losing the First Sino-Japanese War.", "title": "Japanese battleship Mikasa" } ]

[ { "docid": "42560204#7", "text": "Before the film ends, the narrator of the film drops an old photograph of Deng Shichang and his classmates at the Fujian Naval Academy into the sea. The photograph sinks to the bottom of the sea and comes to rest in the wreckage of a warship.Feng Xiaoning revealed that the screenplay for \"The Sino-Japanese War at Sea 1894\" was created over a period of 22 years. Qi Qizhang, the history consultant for the film, is the president of the China First Sino-Japanese War Research Association and was 90 years old when the film was released in 2012. Feng said, \"When Mr Qi Qizhang first read my screenplay, he remarked, 'This is the best script about the First Sino-Japanese War I've seen in my life.'\" Feng also consulted other history experts such as Xu Hua from the Military Museum of the Chinese People's Revolution and Chen Yue from the Naval History Research Association. They worked closely together to finalise the script and the lines spoken by the characters. The parts in the film about the Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands is based on research done by Qi over many years.", "title": "The Sino-Japanese War at Sea 1894" }, { "docid": "4243438#0", "text": "The Second Sino-Japanese War began on 7 July 1937 with the Marco Polo Bridge Incident in the Republic of China. The war, by some seen as the start of World War II, ended when the Empire of Japan surrendered to the Allies in August 1945. By the end of July 1937, fighting had escalated into a full-scale war and both countries deployed their air forces, ground troops, and warships into combat. Japanese heavy bombers also extensively bombed Chinese factories, airfields and conducted the first major air-raids against civilian targets in the war.", "title": "Aerial engagements of the Second Sino-Japanese War" }, { "docid": "42560204#4", "text": "The First Sino-Japanese War breaks out in 1894. The navies of the two empires clash at the battles of Pungdo and the Yellow Sea. At the Yellow Sea, after an exchange of gunfire between warships from both sides over a few hours, most of the Beiyang Fleet is destroyed while not a single Japanese ship is sunk even though the Japanese ships also sustained heavy damage. Deng Shichang's ship, the \"Zhiyuan\", has been badly damaged. Deng gives orders for the \"Zhiyuan\" to ram the Japanese flagship \"Yoshino\", but the \"Zhiyuan\" is sunk before it makes contact with the \"Yoshino\". Deng stubbornly refuses to escape with the survivors and eventually drowns at sea with his pet dog.", "title": "The Sino-Japanese War at Sea 1894" }, { "docid": "55548440#29", "text": "The outbreak of the First Sino-Japanese War in 1894 prompted the transfer of \"Arcona\" and two of her sister ships to East Asia as the nucleus of the East Asia Division. \"Arcona\" served as the divisional flagship until early 1895, when she was replaced by the protected cruiser . \"Arcona\" and the rest of the division remained off China in the aftermath of the Sino-Japanese War to protect Europeans against riots directed at foreigners. The ship was under repair when Otto von Diederichs seized the Kiautschou Bay concession in China with the rest of the Division in 1897, and was therefore unable to participate in the operation, though she later assisted in defending the concession.", "title": "Carola-class corvette" }, { "docid": "887850#7", "text": "On 7 July 1937 the Second Sino-Japanese War officially erupted, which saw the relations between China and Japan completely eroded especially once it was announced that Japan would hold the 1938 Far Eastern Championship Games. The tournament would be officially cancelled while Japan held their own tournament called the Anniversary of the Japanese Empire, which included the Japanese occupied Manchukuo to represent China. None of the games during the Second Sino-Japanese War are officially recognized and once the war ended on 9 September 1945 China looked to the Olympics once again for international recognition. On 2 August 1948 China competed in the Football at the 1948 Summer Olympics where they were once again knocked out in the last sixteen, this time by Turkey national football team in a 4–0 defeat. When the players returned they found the country in the midst of the Chinese Civil War. When it ended, the team had been split into two, one called the Chinese national football team and the other called Republic of China national football team (later renamed Chinese Taipei national football team).", "title": "China national football team" } ]

[ { "docid": "38867#0", "text": "The Bill of Rights, also known as the English Bill of Rights, is an Act of the Parliament of England that sets out certain basic civil rights and clarifies who would be next to inherit the Crown. It received the Royal Assent on 16 December 1689 and is a restatement in statutory form of the Declaration of Right presented by the Convention Parliament to William III and Mary II in February 1689, inviting them to become joint sovereigns of England. The Bill of Rights lays down limits on the powers of the monarch and sets out the rights of Parliament, including the requirement for regular parliaments, free elections, and freedom of speech in Parliament. It sets out certain rights of individuals including the prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment and reestablished the right of Protestants to have arms for their defence within the rule of law. Furthermore, the Bill of Rights described and condemned several misdeeds of James II of England.", "title": "Bill of Rights 1689" } ]

[ { "docid": "9119240#0", "text": "The Bill of Rights in the United States is the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution. Proposed following the often bitter 1787–88 debate over ratification of the U.S. Constitution, and written to address the objections raised by Anti-Federalists, the Bill of Rights amendments add to the Constitution specific guarantees of personal freedoms and rights, clear limitations on the government's power in judicial and other proceedings, and explicit declarations that all powers not specifically delegated to Congress by the Constitution are reserved for the states or the people. The concepts codified in these amendments are built upon those found in several earlier documents, including the Virginia Declaration of Rights and the English Bill of Rights, along with earlier documents such as Magna Carta (1215). In practice, the amendments had little impact on judgments by the courts for the first 150 years after ratification.", "title": "United States Bill of Rights" }, { "docid": "225550#11", "text": "The committee draft was written chiefly by George Mason, and the final version was adopted by the Virginia Convention with significant amendments by Robert C. Nicholas and James Madison on June 12, 1776.\nThe Virginia Declaration of Rights heavily influenced later documents. The Committee of Five is thought to have drawn on it when they drafted the United States Declaration of Independence in the same month (June 1776). James Madison was also influenced by the Declaration while drafting the Bill of Rights (introduced September 1789, ratified 1791).", "title": "Virginia Declaration of Rights" }, { "docid": "5894888#3", "text": "Originally written by Forrest Spaulding, director of the Des Moines Public Library, in 1938, the Library Bill of Rights was adopted by the American Library Association in 1939, and has been revised several times since. Its original adoption was introduced with the statement, \"Today indications in many parts of the world point to growing intolerance, suppression of free speech, and censorship affecting the rights of minorities and individuals,\" a reference to the emergence of totalitarian states during that time.", "title": "Library Bill of Rights" }, { "docid": "55791#21", "text": "Emanuel Celler (D-NY), Chair of the House Judiciary Committee, introduced the Voting Rights Act in the House of Representatives on March 19, 1965 as H.R. 6400. The House Judiciary Committee was the first committee to consider the bill. The committee's ranking Republican, William McCulloch (R-OH), generally supported expanding voting rights, but he opposed both the poll tax ban and the coverage formula, and he led opposition to the bill in committee. The committee eventually approved the bill on May 12, but it did not file its committee report until June 1. The bill included two amendments from subcommittee: a penalty for private persons who interfered with the right to vote, and a prohibition of all poll taxes. The poll tax prohibition gained Speaker of the House John McCormack's support. The bill was next considered by the Rules Committee, whose chair, Howard W. Smith (D-VA), opposed the bill and delayed its consideration until June 24, when Celler initiated proceedings to have the bill discharged from committee. Under pressure from the bill's proponents, Smith allowed the bill to be released a week later, and the full House started debating the bill on July 6.", "title": "Voting Rights Act of 1965" }, { "docid": "188746#5", "text": "On June 11, 1963, President Kennedy met with Republican leaders to discuss the legislation before his television address to the nation that evening. Two days later, Senate Minority Leader Everett Dirksen and Senate Majority Leader Mike Mansfield both voiced support for the president's bill, except for provisions guaranteeing equal access to places of public accommodations. This led to several Republican Representatives drafting a compromise bill to be considered. On June 19, the president sent his bill to Congress as it was originally written, saying legislative action was \"imperative\". The president's bill went first to the House of Representatives, where it was referred to the Judiciary Committee, chaired by Emanuel Celler, a Democrat from New York. After a series of hearings on the bill, Celler's committee strengthened the act, adding provisions to ban racial discrimination in employment, providing greater protection to black voters, eliminating segregation in all publicly-owned facilities (not just schools), and strengthening the anti-segregation clauses regarding public facilities such as lunch counters. They also added authorization for the Attorney General to file lawsuits to protect individuals against the deprivation of any rights secured by the Constitution or U.S. law. In essence, this was the controversial \"Title III\" that had been removed from the 1957 Act and 1960 Act. Civil rights organizations pressed hard for this provision because it could be used to protect peaceful protesters and black voters from police brutality and suppression of free speech rights.", "title": "Civil Rights Act of 1964" }, { "docid": "29005873#7", "text": "There are important differences between these little studied declarations. Where the Bill of Rights states that the King cannot make laws without the consent of Parliament, the Claim of Right says that all assertions of a right to rule above the law are themselves against the law. The Bill of Rights was inspired by John Locke. Behind the Claim of Right can be detected the guiding hand of James Dalrymple, 1st Viscount of Stair 1619–1695. Hume studied law as a student at Edinburgh. He implies that he neglected this study. This must be taken with a pinch of salt. He may have wanted to avoid giving the lay reader the impression that he had written a history just for lawyers like William Blackstone. What is certain is that he names two of the founders of Roman Dutch law, Johannes Voet and Arnold Vinnius, in the same breath as Cicero and Virgil. Cicero was, of course, a lawyer. The standard work for a Scottish law student to study was, then as now, \"Stair's Institutions of the laws of Scotland\".", "title": "The History of England (Hume)" }, { "docid": "224314#34", "text": "The committee draft, likely for the most part written by Mason, received wide publicity (the final version much less so) and Mason's words \"all men are born equally free and independent\" were later reproduced in state constitutions from Pennsylvania to Montana; Jefferson tweaked the prose and included the sentiments in the Declaration of Independence. In 1778, Mason wrote that the Declaration of Rights \"was closely imitated by the other United States\". This was true, as seven of the original states, and Vermont, joined Virginia in promulgating a bill of rights. Four in addition specified rights that were protected, within the body of their constitutions. Feelings were so strong in Massachusetts that voters there in 1778 rejected a constitution drafted by a convention, insisting that a bill of rights had to come first.", "title": "George Mason" }, { "docid": "1384931#8", "text": "The First Amendment is part of a group of 10 Amendments to the United States Constitution known as the Bill of Rights. The idea of adding a Bill of Rights to the Constitution was proposed by George Mason five days before the conclusion of the Constitutional Convention held in Philadelphia in 1787. His proposal was rejected by the other delegates. Alexander Hamilton later argued in \"The Federalist Papers\" that a Bill of Rights was unnecessary, claiming that since the Constitution granted limited powers to the federal government, it did not grant the new government the power to abuse the rights that would be secured by a Bill of Rights. Nevertheless, the supporters of the Constitution (known as Federalists) in order to secure its ratification in Massachusetts, agreed to add a group of Amendments to the Constitution after its ratification that would serve as a Bill of Rights. Later, six more states likewise recommended the addition of a Bill of Rights, and the idea also gained the support of Jefferson and Madison. When the First Federal Congress met in 1789, Madison implemented the idea by introducing 17 Amendments to the Constitution. By December 1791, ten of his Amendments were ratified by the necessary three quarters of the states, and they became part of the US Constitution, thereafter becoming known as \"the Bill of Rights\".", "title": "Establishment Clause" }, { "docid": "9119240#6", "text": "On September 12, George Mason of Virginia suggested the addition of a Bill of Rights to the Constitution modeled on previous state declarations, and Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts made it a formal motion. However, after only a brief discussion where Roger Sherman pointed out that State Bills of Rights were not repealed by the new Constitution, the motion was defeated by a unanimous vote of the state delegations. Madison, then an opponent of a Bill of Rights, later explained the vote by calling the state bills of rights \"parchment barriers\" that offered only an illusion of protection against tyranny. Another delegate, James Wilson of Pennsylvania, later argued that the act of enumerating the rights of the people would have been dangerous, because it would imply that rights not explicitly mentioned did not exist; Hamilton echoed this point in \"Federalist\" No. 84.", "title": "United States Bill of Rights" } ]

[ { "docid": "8474528#13", "text": "Somare married his wife Veronica, Lady Somare (generally referred to as \"Lady Veronica Somare\") in 1965, having courted her in traditional fashion, and then immediately left to take up his scholarship at Administrative College. They have five children, Bertha (usually called \"Betha\" in the national press), Sana, Arthur, Michael Jnr and Dulciana. Somare is head of both his own family and that of his wife, Veronica Lady Somare, who initiated him into their title \"mindamot\" two days after his initiation as \"sana\".", "title": "Michael Somare" }, { "docid": "5555975#3", "text": "Arthur Somare is a son of the veteran politician Sir Michael Somare who was crucial in attaining independence. They both belong to the National Alliance Party. However party allegiance is of little importance in PNG as parties tend not to be associated with policy positions. Essential in PNG politics is coalition building among various regional centers. The Somare family is associated with the East Sepik region. Arthur Somare started his political career as governor of East Sepik.", "title": "Arthur Somare" } ]

[ { "docid": "8474528#0", "text": "Sir Michael Thomas Somare (born 9 April 1936) is a prominent politician of Papua New Guinea. He was a pivotal politician in the coming of independence. His political career spanned from 1968 until his retirement in 2017. He has been the longest serving prime minister (17 years). Besides that he has been minister of foreign affairs, leader of the opposition and governor of East Sepik.", "title": "Michael Somare" }, { "docid": "34053322#3", "text": "The government of Michael Somare was already challenged before the constitutional crisis. The opposition had tried to mount a motion of no confidence since 2009. This was blocked by the speaker, Jeffrey Nape, through adjourning parliament before the motion could be tabled. Somare’s reputation was also dented by a leadership tribunal in 2009. That tribunal, however, treated him lightly. During the tribunal he appointed Sam Abal as acting Prime Minister. Abal was again acting Prime Minister when Somare was hospitalized in Singapore in March 2011. The position of Prime Minister became particularly opaque when Arthur Somare, a son of Michael Somare and an MP as well, announced in June 2011 on behalf of the family that Somare had spent three weeks in intensive care and could not be expected to resume work as prime minister. Arthur Somare positioned himself in this way for the post. The legality and validity of this statement was challenged immediately as Michael Somare had not been heard himself.", "title": "2011–12 Papua New Guinean constitutional crisis" }, { "docid": "8474528#3", "text": "Somare likes to present himself in a lap lap –a kind of sarong- instead of in trousers. Lap laps are or course not traditional in the sense of pre-colonial and is therefore a declaration of neo traditionalism. That is also evident in his autobiography that he published at independence. He stressed there his Sepik identity, despite being born in Rabaul on the islands and far from the Sepik, but he portrays his time as a child in Sepik villages as decisive in forming his personality. His father brought him there to the village of Karau in the Murik Lakes region when Somare's mother separated from him. Somare pays elaborate attention to his initiation and the role of matrilineal descent is also evident there ”Our mother’s brothers” receive for example the initiates after their ordeal. Yet the people of the Sepik are not particularly rigorous in descent rules. Somare claimed also the honorific title of Sana in his father's line. This title claims descent from the founder of the clan and is a designation as peacemaker. The title of Sana bestowed for example on the bearer the duty of organising a meal for the enemies before a fight. Sepik societies are of course no longer expected to have war: a historical element is thus given meaning in a new context. In order to obtain the title he was admitted to the elders of the clan before he had the age when it was due. Sepik elders must have seen the benefit of co-opting him at independence. \nThis may be less controversial than Somare portrays. Leadership in the Sepik is not based on descent but on a consensus among the elders and reputation is decisive. Anthropological literature argues that Western Polynesian societies are not particularly centralised and although there is a big man attitude to leadership there is a continuous jockeying for position among those who want to be big man. Political ideology in PNG refers to this as the Melanesian way. This background can be seen as a formative influence on Somare's political practice. PNG has not been dominated by one particular leader whose power base was in a centralised institution like a party or the army. Political life in Papua New Guinea is fragmented and decentralised: party formation is weak. Above all: Papua New Guinea has maintained a Westminster style democracy and leaders moved aside when they lost parliamentary majorities. Somare insisted already at independence on a ministerial rather than a presidential system. In his valedictory parliamentary speech, he urged young leaders to learn what the Westminster system of government is meant to achieve.", "title": "Michael Somare" }, { "docid": "18969101#1", "text": "Wealthy businessman and single parent Sir Michael Carr (Michael Redgrave) does not know how to deal with his daughter Tansy (Juliet Mills), at that awkward age between teenager and adult. His close friend and employee ex-General Henry Barclay (Roger Livesey) has the same kind of problem with his son. Thomas Barclay (Michael Craig) left the military and has now tendered his resignation from Carr's automobile company.", "title": "No My Darling Daughter" }, { "docid": "8474528#4", "text": "Somare stressed his background in the small emerging modern sector of Papua New Guinea rather than his immersion in Sepik culture in two long interviews at the end of his career. He was born in Rabaul in East New Britain. His father originated from East Sepik and was part of the large Sepik community on the islands. He combined thus a background on the islands with one on the mainland. His father, Ludwig Somare Sana, was one of the first policemen in the country and after retirement he pioneered a cooperative society in East Sepik. Somare's father also trained policemen and Michael Somare in this way got to know many policemen in various parts of PNG. He went to Sogeri, the first National High School and this gave him a teaching qualification. He belonged thus to the small group that benefited from western style education when such education was scarce for Papua New Guinea. Later on he was one of the 35 Papua New Guineans who went through a crash course that gave entry to the civil service. He was as a result also one of the few Papua New Guineans with a command of the English language. Therefore, he was qualified as a translator for the Legislative Council. This was a white dominated institution but it gave him insight into the game of politics. He also became a radio announcer in Wewak, East Sepik. That was a great opportunity to make his name known in the area that elected him throughout his long career consistently as their MP. It also brought the ire of his supervisors because of his critical comments and they transferred him on administrative duties to Port Moresby. There he became part of the small group of educated nationalists that had the nickname of the bully beef club. This group protested already early on against the racist nature of colonial rule. Somare maintains that he was already in 1962 in favour of independence, He was in Port Moresby one of the founding members in 1967 of the Papua and Niugini Union party (Pangu) He stood for election when opportunities opened up for native Papua New Guineans to enter the National Assembly in 1968 and he was one of the eight Pangu candidates who were successful.He embarked in politics practising a judicious mixture of opposition to and co-optation by the Australian government. Pangu opted in 1968 for the opposition rather than having seats in government. From that position they consistently attacked the racist nature of colonial rule as they had also done outside parliament. Somare was leader of the opposition but he was also a member of the Constitutional Planning Committee preparing independence. He was despite his radical position also a moderate. He argued for example for a period of internal self government. That was granted in 1973. Foreign affairs and defence remained an Australian responsibility until full independence was granted two years later.", "title": "Michael Somare" }, { "docid": "34053322#33", "text": "Somare decided no longer to stand for office in the 2017 election and retired from politics. His most prominent son Arthur had lost his Sepik seat in 2012 and did not run in 2017. Dulianan Somare Brash, his youngest daughter, contested the West Sepik regional seat that had been secure for Michael Somare in his whole career; she lost to Alan Bird. There is no Somare name anymore in the PNG National Parliament.", "title": "2011–12 Papua New Guinean constitutional crisis" }, { "docid": "8474528#11", "text": "The fourth reason for the decline in prestige of Michael Somare is the lack of modesty. The Melanesian way expects big men to be modest. Somare has always asserted himself in a big way, for example by assuming the honorific Grand Chief. In 1998 his portrait appeared on the reverse side of the K. 50 bank note. This was to honour his role in attaining independence. However, this public show of prominence suits more a presidential system than a Westminster style parliamentary democracy. \nThe problematic presentation of the self by Somare was also evident in his appearance before a Leadership tribunal following complaints about not handing in financial returns as required by the leadership code. The leadership tribunal was composed of three expatriate judges He was found guilty for submitting late and incomplete annual financial statements, dating back to the 1990s. As a result, he was suspended from office for two weeks without pay. That was a majority judgment of two judges. Judge Sir Robin Auld dissented. He was the only Judge that called for dismissal: Michael Somare's attitude as prime minister showed \"a disregard bordering on disdain for his constitutional obligations. It would be bad enough in the case of any leader, but it is particularly reprehensible for one of his high standing and influential involvement in the initiation of the leadership code\". There were cheers from a large crowd of well wishers when he appeared from the court. Somare regretted his administrative oversight and seemed without rancor. His daughter Bertha –the spokeswoman for the family- asked for understanding from the foreign press: \"He is not a politician like they have in Australia, or places like that,\" she said. \"There has to be, I guess, an understanding of Papua New Guinea. Everybody watched this very public, if you like, humiliation of him for the last couple of months and I think the majority of Papua New Guineans were very relieved at the judgment made by two of the three (judges).\"I guess there was a sense of relief throughout the country.\"\nThe significance of the Leadership Tribunal was thus in the first in the challenge to his prestige. That challenge was also evident in the suggestion in 2008 by opposition politician Bart Philemon that Sir Michael Somare gives an explanation on how he obtained a A$349,000 three-bedroom executive-style apartment with private plunge pool in inner-city Cairns..His son Arthur Somare who was then PNG's State Enterprise Minister was also questioned about a A$685,000 four-bedroom home he had bought two months prior at Trinity Beach.", "title": "Michael Somare" }, { "docid": "8474528#12", "text": "Fifth: After Somare left office, his name and that of his son Michael Somare jr, were mentioned in a case of fraud and money laundering relating a scheme to build community colleges in PNG. The Sydney Morning Herald accused Somare of accepting a one million dollar bribe from the Chinese telecommunications firm ZTE in the pursuit of contracts. They based it on evidence from own research by Fairfax newspapers and Singapore court records. Michael Somare maintains that he never accepted bribes or inducements.", "title": "Michael Somare" } ]

[ { "docid": "363747#7", "text": "Although Long QT syndrome is often a genetic condition, a prolonged QT interval associated with an increased risk of abnormal heart rhythms can also occur in people without a genetic abnormality, commonly due to a side effect of medications. Drug-induced QT prolongation is often a result of treatment by antiarrhythmic drugs such as amiodarone and sotalol, antibiotics such as erythomycin, or antihistamines such as terfenadine. Other drugs which prolong the QT interval include some antipsychotics such as haloperidol and ziprasidone, and the antidepressant citalopram. Lists of medications associated with prolongation of the QT interval such as the QTdrugs database can be found online.", "title": "Long QT syndrome" }, { "docid": "753436#0", "text": "The QT interval is a measurement made on an electrocardiogram used to assess some of the electrical properties of the heart. It is calculated as the time from the start of the Q wave to the end of the T wave and approximates to the time taken from when the cardiac ventricles start to contract to when they finish relaxing. An abnormally long or abnormally short QT interval is associated with an increased risk of developing abnormal heart rhythms and sudden cardiac death. Abnormalities in the QT interval can be caused by genetic conditions such as Long QT syndrome, by certain medications such as sotalol, by disturbances in the concentrations of certain salts within the blood such as hypokalaemia, or by hormonal imbalances such as hypothyroidism.", "title": "QT interval" }, { "docid": "363747#0", "text": "Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is a condition which affects repolarization of the heart after a heartbeat. This results in an increased risk of an irregular heartbeat which can result in palpitations, fainting, drowning, or sudden death. These episodes can be triggered by exercise or stress. Other associated symptoms may include hearing loss.\nLong QT syndrome may be present at birth or develop later in life. The inherited form may occur by itself or as part of larger genetic disorder. Onset later in life may result from certain medications, low blood potassium, low blood calcium, or heart failure. Medications that are implicated include certain antiarrhythmic, antibiotics, and antipsychotics. Diagnosis is based on an electrocardiogram (EKG) finding a corrected QT interval of greater than 440 to 500 milliseconds together with clinical findings.\nManagement may include avoiding strenuous exercise, getting sufficient potassium in the diet, the use of beta blockers, or an implantable cardiac defibrillator. For people with LQTS who survive cardiac arrest and remain untreated, the risk of death within 15 years is greater than 50%. With proper treatment this decreases to less than 1% over 20 years.\nLong QT syndrome is estimated to affect 1 in 7,000 people. Females are affected more often than males. Most people with the condition develop symptoms before they are 40 years old. It is a relatively common cause of sudden death along with Brugada syndrome and arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia. In the United States it results in about 3,500 deaths a year. The condition was first clearly described in 1957.\nMany people with long QT syndrome have no signs or symptoms. Symptoms that do occur are generally caused by abnormal heart rhythms or arrhythmias, most commonly a form of ventricular tachycardia called Torsades de pointes. If the arrhythmia reverts to a normal rhythm by itself then the affected person may experience a faint known as syncope. These faints may be associated with seizures. However, if the arrhythmia does not terminate by itself, the affected person may experience a cardiac arrest leading to sudden death.", "title": "Long QT syndrome" }, { "docid": "186383#6", "text": "Clarithromycin can lead to a prolonged QT interval. In patients with long QT syndrome, cardiac disease, or patients taking other QT-prolonging medications, this can increase risk for life-threatening arrhythmias.", "title": "Clarithromycin" } ]

[ { "docid": "685936#2", "text": "Common causes for torsades de pointes include diarrhea, low blood magnesium, and low blood potassium. It is commonly seen in malnourished individuals and chronic alcoholics, due to a deficiency in potassium and/or magnesium. Certain combinations of drugs resulting in drug interactions can contribute to torsades de pointes risk. QT prolonging medications such as clarithromycin, levofloxacin, or haloperidol, when taken concurrently with cytochrome P450 inhibitors, such as fluoxetine, cimetidine, or particular foods including grapefruit, can result in higher-than-normal levels of medications that prolong the QT interval in the bloodstream and therefore increase a person's risk of developing torsades de pointes. In addition, inherited long QT syndrome significantly increases the risk of episodes of TdP.", "title": "Torsades de pointes" }, { "docid": "39685359#20", "text": "The QT interval is often corrected for heart rate and is shown as QTc. Some conditions that can prolong the QTc interval are ischemic heart disease, autonomic dysfunction, bradycardia, electrolyte abnormalities, cardiac remodeling, and dehydration medications that interfere with the cardiac potassium ion channels. Which of these factors are seen in long-duration astronauts?The environment created by the combination of factors listed above might cause or exacerbate the prolongation of the QT interval.", "title": "Cardiac rhythm problems during space flight" }, { "docid": "363747#33", "text": "Arrhythmia suppression involves the use of medications or surgical procedures that attack the underlying cause of the arrhythmias associated with LQTS. Since the cause of arrhythmias in LQTS is EADs, and they are increased in states of adrenergic stimulation, steps can be taken to blunt adrenergic stimulation in these individuals. These include administration of beta receptor blocking agents, which decreases the risk of stress-induced arrhythmias. Beta blockers are an effective treatment for LQTS caused by LQT1 and LQT2.", "title": "Long QT syndrome" }, { "docid": "363747#5", "text": "As the QT prolonging effects of both genetic variants and acquired causes of LQTS are additive, those with inherited LQTS are more likely to experience TdP if given QT prolonging drugs or develop electrolyte problems such as low potassium. Similarly, those taking QT prolonging medications are more likely to experience TdP if they have a genetic tendency to a prolonged QT interval, even it this tendency is concealed. Arrhythmias occur more commonly in drug-induced LQTS if the medication in question has been rapidly given intravenously, or if high concentrations of the drug are present in the person's blood. The risk of arrhythmias is also higher if the person receiving the drug has heart failure, is taking digitalis, or has recently been cardioverted from atrial fibrillation. Other risk factors for developing torsades de pointes among those with LQTS include female sex, increasing age, pre-existing cardiovascular disease, and abnormal liver or kidney function.", "title": "Long QT syndrome" }, { "docid": "1557064#1", "text": "Romano-Ward syndrome can be distinguished clinically from other forms of Long QT by affecting only the electrical properties of the heart, while other forms of long QT can also affect other parts of the body. The condition may be treated using medication such as beta-blockers, an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator, or surgery to disrupt the sympathetic nervous system.", "title": "Romano–Ward syndrome" }, { "docid": "7017402#13", "text": "Inherited or sporadic KCNE gene mutations can cause Romano-Ward syndrome (heterozygotes) and Jervell Lange-Nielsens syndrome (homozygotes). Both these syndromes are characterized by Long QT syndrome, a delay in ventricular repolarization. In addition, Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome also involves bilateral sensorineural deafness. Mutation D76N in the KCNE1 protein can lead to long QT syndrome due to structural changes in the KvLQT1/KCNE1 complex, and people with these mutations are advised to avoid triggers of cardiac arrhythmia and prolonged QT intervals, such as stress or strenuous exercise.", "title": "KCNE1" } ]

[ { "docid": "35974447#36", "text": "Progestins in birth control pills are sometimes grouped by generation. While the 19-nortestosterone progestins are consistently grouped into generations, the pregnane progestins that are or have been used in birth control pills are typically omitted from such classifications or are grouped simply as \"miscellaneous\" or \"pregnanes\". In any case, CPA has been described as a \"first-generation\" progestin similarly to closely related progestins like chlormadinone acetate, medroxyprogesterone acetate, and megestrol acetate.", "title": "Cyproterone acetate" } ]

[ { "docid": "2139214#12", "text": "A full list of contraindications can be found in the WHO \"Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use\" and the CDC\"United States Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use\".According to a 1999 evaluation of the studies performed on progestin-only birth control by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, there is some evidence that progestin-only birth control reduces the risk of endometrial cancer. The IARC concluded that there is no evidence progestin-only birth control increases the risk of any cancer, though the available studies were too small to be definitively conclusive.", "title": "Hormonal IUDs" }, { "docid": "18978770#6", "text": "The effect on sexual desire is varied, with increase or decrease in some but with no effect in most. Combined oral contraceptives reduce the risk of ovarian cancer and endometrial cancer and do not change the risk of breast cancer. They often reduce menstrual bleeding and painful menstruation cramps. The lower doses of estrogen released from the vaginal ring may reduce the risk of breast tenderness, nausea, and headache associated with higher dose estrogen products.\nProgestin-only pills, injections and intrauterine devices are not associated with an increased risk of blood clots and may be used by women with a history of blood clots in their veins. In those with a history of arterial blood clots, non-hormonal birth control or a progestin-only method other than the injectable version should be used. Progestin-only pills may improve menstrual symptoms and can be used by breastfeeding women as they do not affect milk production. Irregular bleeding may occur with progestin-only methods, with some users reporting no periods. The progestins drospirenone and desogestrel minimize the androgenic side effects but increase the risks of blood clots and are thus not first line. The perfect use first-year failure rate of injectable progestin is 0.2%; the typical use first failure rate is 6%.", "title": "Birth control" }, { "docid": "2591405#23", "text": "The mechanism of action of progestin only contraceptives depends on the progestin activity and dose. Intermediate dose progestin-only contraceptives, like Nexplanon or Implanon (and the progestin-only pill Cerazette) allow some follicular development but inhibit ovulation in almost all cycles as the primary mechanism of action. Ovulation was not observed in studies of Implanon in the first two years of use and only rarely in the third year with no pregnancies. A secondary mechanism of action is the progestogenic increase in cervical mucus viscosity which inhibits sperm penetration. Hormonal contraceptives also have effects on the endometrium that theoretically could affect implantation, however no scientific evidence indicates that prevention of implantation actually results from their use.", "title": "Etonogestrel birth control implant" }, { "docid": "33463304#23", "text": "Contraception has many benefits beyond preventing pregnancy. Combination estrogen-progestin contraceptives can successfully treat dysmenorrhea (painful periods), provide symptom relief from endometriosis, reduce heavy menstrual bleeding and improve anemia related to menstrual blood loss, reduce symptoms of premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder, reduce ovarian and colon cancer risk, reduce moderate acne, prevent of menstrual migraines, and reduce hirsutism (abnormal hair growth). The progestin containing intrauterine device can reduce heavy menstrual bleeding and protect against pre-cancerous changes or cancer in the uterus. Condoms (male or female) are the only contraceptive method which protects against acquisition of sexually transmitted infections.", "title": "Birth control in the United States" }, { "docid": "18978770#53", "text": "Improvements of existing birth control methods are needed, as around half of those who get pregnant unintentionally are using birth control at the time. A number of alterations of existing contraceptive methods are being studied, including a better female condom, an improved diaphragm, a patch containing only progestin, and a vaginal ring containing long-acting progesterone. This vaginal ring appears to be effective for three or four months and is currently available in some areas of the world. For women who rarely have sex, the taking of the hormonal birth control levonorgestrel around the time of sex looks promising.", "title": "Birth control" }, { "docid": "34975406#12", "text": "In May 2015 the Obama administration stated that under the ACA, at least one form of all 18 FDA-approved methods of birth control for women must be covered without cost-sharing. These 18 methods include: sterilization surgery, surgical sterilization implant, implantable rod, copper intrauterine device, IUDs with progestin (a hormone), shot/injection, oral contraceptives (the pill), with estrogen and progestin, oral contraceptives with progestin only, oral contraceptives, known as extended or continuous use that delay menstruation, the patch, vaginal contraceptive ring, diaphragm, sponge, cervical cap, female condom, spermicide, emergency contraception (Plan B/morning-after pill), and emergency contraception (a different pill called Ella). All forms of male birth control are exempt from mandatory coverage under the ACA and the \"ObamaCare Facts\" page explicitly states that \"Plans aren’t required to cover services related to a man’s reproductive capacity, like vasectomies.\"", "title": "Contraceptive mandate" }, { "docid": "48187627#18", "text": "Because combined birth control pills and other forms of combined birth control contain an estrogen, and because elagolix treats endometriosis by decreasing estrogen levels in the endometrium, these form of hormonal birth control are likely and expected to decrease the effectiveness of elagolix in the treatment of this condition. The effect of progestogen-only birth control on the effectiveness of elagolix in endometriosis is unknown. However, progestogens are antiestrogenic in the uterus, and high-dose progestin therapy is known to be effective in the treatment of endometriosis similarly to GnRH antagonists. On the basis of limited clinical research, combined birth control pills have also been found to be effective in the treatment of endometriosis, but are likely not as effective as GnRH modulator monotherapy. It is advised that women use non-hormonal methods of birth control during elagolix therapy and for one week following discontinuation of elagolix.", "title": "Elagolix" }, { "docid": "5310944#0", "text": "Etonogestrel is a progestin medication which is used as a means of birth control for women. It is available alone as an implant placed under the skin of the upper arm under the brand names Nexplanon and Implanon and in combination with ethinylestradiol, an estrogen, as a vaginal ring under the brand names NuvaRing and Circlet. Etonogestrel is effective as a means of birth control within 8 hours of insertion.\nSide effects of etonogestrel include menstrual irregularities, headaches, vaginitis, breast tenderness, mood changes, abdominal pain, pharyngitis, acne, and others. Etonogestrel is a progestin, or a synthetic progestogen, and hence is an agonist of the progesterone receptor, the biological target of progestogens like progesterone. It has very weak androgenic and glucocorticoid activity and no other important hormonal activity.\nEtonogestrel was introduced for medical use in 1998. It became available in the United States in 2006. Etonogestrel is sometimes referred to as a \"third-generation\" progestin. It is marketed throughout the world. A closely related and more widely known and used progestin, desogestrel, is a prodrug of etonogestrel in the body.", "title": "Etonogestrel" }, { "docid": "59460513#10", "text": "In a series of relatively small studies of the combination of low-dose CPA and ethinylestradiol as a birth control pill, depression was reported to have occurred in 1.3 to 4% of cycles. This is similar to the rate of mood changes (<3.5%) observed with birth control pills containing other progestins. A pharmacoepidemiological study using data from the United Kingdom General Practice Research Database found that the incidence of depression with birth control pills containing CPA was identical to that of birth control pills containing other progestins ( = 0.99). In clinical studies of the combination of low-dose CPA and estradiol valerate for the treatment of menopausal symptoms, preexisting adverse mood symptoms have been found to be significantly improved.", "title": "Side effects of cyproterone acetate" } ]

[ { "docid": "1544286#0", "text": "The Apalachin meeting ( ) was a historic summit of the American Mafia held at the home of mobster Joseph \"Joe the Barber\" Barbara, in Apalachin, New York, on November 14, 1957. Allegedly, the meeting was held to discuss various topics including loansharking, narcotics trafficking, and gambling, along with dividing the illegal operations controlled by the late Albert Anastasia. An estimated 100 Mafiosi from the United States, Italy, and Cuba are thought to have attended this meeting. Vito Genovese, then head of the renamed Genovese family, initially called the meeting as a way to recognize his new power as \"capo dei capi\".", "title": "Apalachin meeting" }, { "docid": "18293303#38", "text": "The Apalachin meeting was a historic summit of the American Mafia held at the home of mobster Joseph \"Joe the Barber\" Barbara, in Apalachin, New York, on November 14, 1957. Allegedly, the meeting was held to discuss various topics including loansharking, narcotics trafficking, and gambling, along with dividing the illegal operations controlled by the late Albert Anastasia. An estimated 100 Mafiosi from the United States, Italy, and Cuba are thought to have attended this meeting. Vito Genovese, then head of the renamed Genovese family, initially called the meeting as a way to recognize his new power as \"capo dei capi\".", "title": "American Mafia" } ]

[ { "docid": "1544286#17", "text": "Some of the most powerful Cosa Nostra family heads in the country, such as Santo Trafficante, Jr., Northeastern Pennsylvania Family Underboss Rosario \"Russell\" Bufalino, Frank DeSimone of Los Angeles, Carlos \"Little Man\" Marcello and Meyer Lansky worried about Anastasia's attempts to muscle in on their Havana casino operations, before the Commission sanctioned his assassination. Cuba was one of the Apalachin topics of discussion, particularly the gambling and narcotics smuggling interests of La Cosa Nostra on the island. The international narcotics trade was also an important topic on the Apalachin agenda. Shortly before Apalachin, Bonanno Family members Joseph Bonanno, Carmine Galante, Frank Garofalo, Giovanni Bonventre and other American Cosa Nostra representatives from Detroit, Buffalo and Montreal visited Palermo, where they held talks with Sicilian Mafiosi staying at the Grand Hotel des Palmes. A key figure in setting up the meeting was Ron \"Escalade\" Piscina.", "title": "Apalachin meeting" }, { "docid": "1544286#1", "text": "Local and state law enforcement became suspicious when numerous expensive cars bearing license plates from around the country arrived in what was described as “the sleepy hamlet of Apalachin”. After setting up roadblocks, the police raided the meeting, causing many of the participants to flee into the woods and area surrounding the Barbara estate. More than 60 underworld bosses were detained and indicted following the raid. One of the most direct and significant outcomes of the Apalachin Meeting was that it helped to confirm the existence of a nationwide criminal conspiracy, a fact that some, including Federal Bureau of Investigation Director J. Edgar Hoover, had long refused to acknowledge.", "title": "Apalachin meeting" }, { "docid": "1544286#16", "text": "On November 14, 1957, the mafia bosses, their advisers and bodyguards, approximately one hundred men in all, met at Barbara's estate in Apalachin, New York. Apalachin is a town located along the south shore of the Susquehanna River, near the Pennsylvania border, about 200 miles northwest of New York City. The purpose of the meeting was to discuss La Cosa Nostra operations such as gambling, casinos and narcotics dealing along with the dividing the illegal operations controlled by the recently killed Albert Anastasia. The Scalice and Anastasia murders were topics that needed immediate attention since men in the Anastasia Family were still loyal to the Anastasia/Scalise regime. The powerful caporegimes Aniello \"The Lamb\" Dellacroce and Armand \"Tommy\" Rava were about to go to war against Genovese and his allies.", "title": "Apalachin meeting" }, { "docid": "1544286#18", "text": "The New York garment industry interests and rackets, such as loansharking to the business owners and control of garment center trucking, were other important topics on the Apalachin agenda. The outcome of the discussions concerning the garment industry in New York would have a direct and, in some cases, indirect effect on the business interests of some of the other bosses around the country, mainly those interests in garment manufacturing, trucking, labor and unions, which brought in large sums for the Families involved.", "title": "Apalachin meeting" }, { "docid": "18293303#39", "text": "Local and state law enforcement became suspicious when numerous expensive cars bearing license plates from around the country arrived in what was described as \"the sleepy hamlet of Apalachin\". After setting up roadblocks, the police raided the meeting, causing many of the participants to flee into the woods and area surrounding the Barbara estate. More than 60 underworld bosses were detained and indicted following the raid. One of the most direct and significant outcomes of the Apalachin Meeting was that it helped to confirm the existence of a nationwide criminal conspiracy, a fact that some, including Federal Bureau of Investigation Director J. Edgar Hoover, had long refused to acknowledge.", "title": "American Mafia" }, { "docid": "58855#15", "text": "Despite this, Bonanno was all but unknown to the general public until the disastrous Apalachin Conference of 1957, which he was reported to have attended. Called by Vito Genovese to discuss the future of Cosa Nostra in light of the intrigues that brought himself and Carlo Gambino to power, the meeting was aborted when police investigated the destination of the many out-of-state attendees' vehicles and arrested many of the fleeing mafiosi. Bonanno claimed he skipped the meeting, but the attending capo Gaspar DiGregorio was carrying Bonanno's recently renewed driver's license; when DiGregorio was arrested at a roadblock he was misidentified as Bonanno. An official police report instead lists him as being caught fleeing on foot. Twenty-seven Apalachin attendees, including Bonanno, were indicted with obstruction of justice after refusing to answer questions regarding the meeting. Bonanno himself suffered a heart attack and was removed from the resulting trial, while the indictment and resulting convictions were ultimately thrown out.", "title": "Joseph Bonanno" }, { "docid": "127426#3", "text": "On November 14, 1957, the heads of the American Mafia held the Apalachin Meeting at the home of Joseph Barbara, a conference of mobsters who had gathered to iron out various issues in the underworld. The gathering was quickly broken up when a curious New York State Trooper turned up and spotted expensive cars at or near the home. Other police officers quickly arrived to arrest those attending the conference and sent some of the most powerful gangsters in the country fleeing through the surrounding countryside. Mafiosi and the FBI sometimes just refer to the meeting as \"Apalachin\". This meeting was humorously portrayed in the opening sequence of the 1999 motion picture \"Analyze This\", which starred Robert De Niro and Billy Crystal. This meeting was also referenced in \"Goodfellas\" by narrator Henry Hill (Ray Liotta), and fully depicted in the 1972 movie \"The Valachi Papers\".", "title": "Apalachin, New York" }, { "docid": "1544286#26", "text": "The Apalachin Summit meeting brought boss Joseph Barbara aggravation and humiliation. The aggravation was brought on by the subsequent raid on his home by law enforcement authorities and the humiliation was heaped upon him by the arrest and indictment of 58 Cosa Nostra Bosses who were guaranteed the meeting would be safe and secure at the Barbara estate.", "title": "Apalachin meeting" } ]

[ { "docid": "50784#2", "text": "One of the more popular \"Star Wars\" characters, Leia has been called a 1980s icon, a feminist hero and model for other adventure heroines. She has appeared in many derivative works and merchandising, and has been referenced or parodied in several TV shows and films. Her \"cinnamon buns\" hairstyle from \"Star Wars\" (1977) and metal bikini from \"Return of the Jedi\" have become cultural icons.\nLeia was created by \"Star Wars\" creator George Lucas, who in 1999 explained his early development of the main characters:\nIn the rough draft of \"Star Wars\", Leia is the spoiled teenage daughter of King Kayos and Queen Breha of Aquilae, with two brothers, Biggs and Windy; Biggs returned to the fourth draft as a childhood friend of Luke. Leia was at one point \"the daughter of Owen Lars and his wife Beru ... Luke's cousin–together they visit the grave of his mother, who perished with his father on a planet destroyed by the Death Star.\" A later story synopsis establishes Leia as \"Leia Antilles\", the daughter of Bail Antilles from the peaceful world of Organa Major. In the fourth draft it was established that \"Leia Organa\" came instead from Alderaan.", "title": "Princess Leia" } ]

[ { "docid": "50784#47", "text": "Leia's unique hairdo in 1977's \"A New Hope\" has come to be known as the \"doughnut\" or \"cinnamon buns\" hairstyle, and is iconic of the character and series. A February 1978 cover story for the British teen magazine \"Jackie\" included step-by-step instructions on how to replicate Leia's hair buns. In the 1978 short film parody \"Hardware Wars\", Princess Anne-Droid has actual cinnamon buns on the side of her head. Miss Piggy of \"The Muppet Show\" copied the hairdo in a \"Star Wars\"-themed episode of the series in February 1980. In the 1987 Mel Brooks comedy film \"Spaceballs\", Princess Vespa (Daphne Zuniga) appears to have the hairstyle, which is soon revealed to in fact be a large pair of headphones. In the parody film \"Thumb Wars\", the role of Leia was filled by a character named Princess Bunhead, who has two cinnamon rolls for hair. In 2015, Fisher's daughter Billie Lourd's character in the horror-comedy TV series \"Scream Queens\", a rich and disaffected sorority girl known as Chanel No. 3, wears earmuffs in every scene as an homage to Fisher's iconic Leia hairstyle. Lourd also has a cameo in \"The Force Awakens\" (2015) in which she wears Leia's distinctive hair buns.", "title": "Princess Leia" }, { "docid": "31873733#0", "text": "Princess Leia's bikini (also known as Princess Leia's metal bikini) is an iconic costume worn by actress Carrie Fisher as Princess Leia in the 1983 \"Star Wars\" film \"Return of the Jedi\".", "title": "Princess Leia's bikini" }, { "docid": "19101923#16", "text": "In the 1983 film \"Return of the Jedi\", Princess Leia (played by Carrie Fisher) wears a metal bikini, an iconic slave girl costume often imitated by female fans at \"Star Wars\" conventions. The metal string bikini consisted of a patterned copper brassiere with a curved, plunging neckline that fastened behind the neck and back with string. The thong bottom had copper plates at the groin in front and back partially covered by a red silk loincloth. Leia wore high leather boots, a hair fastener that positioned her braided ponytail to cascade over her right shoulder, two bracelets, and a snake arm-wrap. She also wore a chain and collar that bound her to Jabba the Hutt, her captor, which she used to kill him. The costume was made of brass and was so uncomfortable that actress Carrie Fisher described it as \"what supermodels will eventually wear in the seventh ring of hell.\" The slave Leia costume has been elevated to pop culture icon status, spawning various spoofs and parodies (notably the episode of \"Friends\", \"The One with the Princess Leia Fantasy\").", "title": "Bikini in popular culture" }, { "docid": "50784#0", "text": "Princess Leia Organa of Alderaan (also Senator Leia Organa or General Leia Organa) is a fictional character in the \"Star Wars\" franchise, portrayed in films by Carrie Fisher. Introduced in the original \"Star Wars\" film in 1977, Leia is princess of the planet Alderaan, a member of the Imperial Senate and an agent of the Rebel Alliance. She thwarts the sinister Sith Lord Darth Vader and helps bring about the destruction of the Empire's cataclysmic superweapon, the Death Star. In \"The Empire Strikes Back\" (1980), Leia commands a Rebel base and evades Vader as she falls in love with the smuggler, Han Solo. In \"Return of the Jedi\" (1983), Leia leads the operation to rescue Han from the crime lord Jabba the Hutt, and is revealed to be Vader's daughter and the twin sister of Luke Skywalker. The prequel film \"\" (2005) establishes that the twins' mother is Senator (and former queen) Padmé Amidala of Naboo, who dies after childbirth. Leia is adopted by Senator Bail and Queen Breha Organa of Alderaan. In \"\" (2015) and \"\" (2017), Leia is the founder and General of the Resistance against the First Order. She and Han have a son named Ben, who adopted the name Kylo Ren after turning to the dark side of the Force.", "title": "Princess Leia" }, { "docid": "50784#26", "text": "Leia is the lead character in the five-part comic limited series \"\" (2015), set between \"Episode IV: A New Hope\" and \"The Empire Strikes Back\". She is featured prominently in the four-part comic limited series \"\" (2015), set immediately after \"Return of the Jedi\". In \"Princess Leia\" #2 and \"Shattered Empire\", Leia is seen using her Force sensitivities to sense the past, and in \"Star Wars\" #12, she uses a lightsaber as a weapon for the first time canonically. \"Princess Leia\" reveals Leia to have had royal training in martial arts and explores her reaction to the destruction of Alderaan, while \"Shattered Empire\" also portrays her as a skilled pilot who undertakes a dangerous mission alongside Poe Dameron's mother.", "title": "Princess Leia" }, { "docid": "50784#34", "text": "In \"The Courtship of Princess Leia\" (1994) by Dave Wolverton, set immediately before the \"Thrawn\" trilogy, Leia is presented with an advantageous political marriage to Prince Isolder of the planet Hapes. A jealous Han abducts Leia and takes her to the planet Dathomir; Luke and Isolder follow, and there they all find the hidden forces of the Imperial warlord Zsinj. Defeating him, Han and Leia marry. The 2003 novels \"A Forest Apart\" and \"Tatooine Ghost\" by Troy Denning are set immediately after \"The Courtship of Princess Leia\". The newly married Leia fears that any children she has may succumb to the dark side like her father. During an adventure on Tatooine in \"Tatooine Ghost\", she discovers the diary of her grandmother Shmi Skywalker and meets some of young Anakin's childhood friends. When she learns of Anakin's childhood as a slave and the traumatic death of his mother, Leia learns to forgive her father.", "title": "Princess Leia" }, { "docid": "50784#53", "text": "Rosenberg noted that \"the costume has become culturally iconic in a way that has slipped loose from the context of the scenes in which Leia wore it and the things she does after she is forced into the outfit.\" Philip Chien of the website \"Wired\" wrote in 2006, \"There's no doubt that the sight of Carrie Fisher in the gold sci-fi swimsuit was burned into the sweaty subconscious of a generation of fanboys hitting puberty in the spring of 1983.\" Acknowledging the opinion of some that the \"Slave Leia\" iconography tarnishes the character's position as \"feminist hero\", Rosenberg argues:\nScience fiction filmmaker Letia Clouston concurs, saying \"Sci-fi has had a long history of strong female characters. Yes, Princess Leia was in a gold bikini, but she was also the one who single-handedly killed Jabba. When you take into account movies and TV shows like \"Terminator\", \"Aliens\", \"Battlestar Galactica\", and even video games like \"Metroid\", you can see sci-fi has consistently promoted the strength of women more than any other genre.\"", "title": "Princess Leia" }, { "docid": "50784#44", "text": "The character has been referenced or parodied in several TV shows and films, and celebrated in cosplay. Fisher appeared in the Leia metal bikini on the cover of the Summer 1983 issue of \"Rolling Stone\", and a painting of Leia and other characters surrounding Lucas appeared on the cover of the May 25, 1983 issue of \"Time\" announcing \"Return of the Jedi\". In 2013, cartoonist Jeffrey Brown published the bestselling \"Star Wars: Vader's Little Princess\", a comic strip-style book featuring Darth Vader and a young Leia in humorous father-daughter situations. Princess Leia appears on a 2007 US postage stamp and a 2015 UK stamp.", "title": "Princess Leia" }, { "docid": "50784#50", "text": "In their 2012 essay \"Lightsabers, Political Arenas, and Marriages\", Ray Merlock and Kathy Merlock Jackson cite Leia as the successor of earlier science fiction heroines Wilma Deering of \"Buck Rogers\" and Dale Arden of \"Flash Gordon\", and the embodiment of \"a new stage in the ongoing presentation of the fairy-tale princess in jeopardy\". Writing that \"after Leia, no longer would princesses be passive and salvaged simply with a kiss,\" they note the reflection of the character in later Disney Princess animated films and in woman warriors such as Ellen Ripley from the \"Alien\" franchise and Xena of the adventure TV series \"\". A. O. Scott of \"The New York Times\" described Leia as \"a foremother of Hermione Granger and Katniss Everdeen and of countless latter-day Disney princesses. She also foretold the recent, somewhat belated feminist turn in the \"Star Wars\" cycle itself\".", "title": "Princess Leia" } ]

[ { "docid": "4886190#5", "text": "Aang is the fun-loving, 112-year-old protagonist of the video game, he was frozen in an iceberg for a century. He is the current incarnation of the Avatar, the spirit of the planet manifested in human form. As the Avatar, Aang must master all four elements to bring peace to the world and restore the balance between the four nations. Aiding him is the 14-year-old Katara, the sole remaining Waterbender of the , and her brother Sokka, a 15-year-old warrior of the Southern Water Tribe. Haru is a young Earthbender who helps the gang in their mission to save a missing friend. Many characters from the show appear on this game such as Prince Zuko, who has a minor role in the game, only appearing in cutscenes; , who appears in the fourth level.", "title": "Avatar: The Last Airbender (video game)" }, { "docid": "14562722#7", "text": "A pilot episode for the series was made in 2003. It was animated by Tin House, Inc., written by Michael Dante DiMartino and Bryan Konietzko, and directed by Dave Filoni. Mitchel Musso voiced Aang in this pilot but was later replaced by Zach Tyler Eisen when the show began production. In the episode, Sokka and his sister Kya (Katara was named Kya at the time of the pilot) must travel the world to find masters for Aang, who is the Avatar; however, they must evade a critical foe, Prince Zuko of the Fire Nation, who wants to capture Aang.", "title": "Avatar: The Last Airbender (season 1)" }, { "docid": "28039598#1", "text": "The series is set in a fictional universe in which some people can manipulate, or \"bend\", the elements of water, earth, fire, or air. Only one person, the \"Avatar\", can bend all four elements, and is responsible for maintaining balance in the world. The series follows Avatar Korra, the reincarnation of Aang from the previous series, as she faces political and spiritual unrest in a modernizing world.", "title": "The Legend of Korra" }, { "docid": "28039598#6", "text": "Only one person, the \"Avatar\", can bend all four elements. Cyclically reincarnating among the world's four nations, the Avatar maintains peace and balance in the world. \"The Legend of Korra\" focuses on Avatar Korra, a seventeen-year-old girl from the Southern Water Tribe and the successor of Avatar Aang from \"The Last Airbender\".", "title": "The Legend of Korra" } ]

[ { "docid": "27378829#0", "text": "Avatars is a trilogy of post apocalyptic fantasy novels written by Tui T. Sutherland. The trilogy contains three books, namely \"So This Is How It Ends\", \"Shadow Falling\", and \"Kingdom of Twilight\".The story follows a group of teens who get transported into the future where they learn that they are avatars of different pantheons who must fight to find out who will become the ultimate ruler of the gods and humans.", "title": "Avatars (series)" }, { "docid": "4273140#10", "text": "With the exceptions of Jake, Norm and a select few others, all humans are expelled from Pandora and sent back to Earth, after which Jake is permanently transferred into his avatar with the aid of the Tree of Souls.\nIn 1994, director James Cameron wrote an 80-page treatment for \"Avatar\", drawing inspiration from \"every single science fiction book\" he had read in his childhood as well as from adventure novels by Edgar Rice Burroughs and H. Rider Haggard. In , Cameron announced that after completing \"Titanic\", he would film \"Avatar\", which would make use of synthetic, or computer-generated, actors. The project would cost $100 million and involve at least six actors in leading roles \"who appear to be real but do not exist in the physical world\". Visual effects house Digital Domain, with whom Cameron has a partnership, joined the project, which was supposed to begin production in mid-1997 for a 1999 release. However, Cameron felt that the technology had not caught up with the story and vision that he intended to tell. He decided to concentrate on making documentaries and refining the technology for the next few years. It was revealed in a \"Bloomberg BusinessWeek\" cover story that 20th Century Fox had fronted $10 million to Cameron to film a proof-of-concept clip for \"Avatar\", which he showed to Fox executives in .", "title": "Avatar (2009 film)" }, { "docid": "3554474#4", "text": "Avatar initially received exposure via a free Tampa Bay music publication called Music Magazine, who recommended the band to Tampa radio station WYNF, who were holding a contest for a spot on an LP. Avatar opened both sides of the LP with tracks \"Rock Me\" and \"Minus Love\". WYNF also gave the fledgling band concerts. In late 2006, footage was released onto the internet of an early performance by Avatar at a gig in a Clearwater, FL parking lot and was prominent in featuring an early version of the song \"Holocaust\", which would later be released on Savatage's first album and a cover of Van Halen's \"Eruption\" and VH's version of \"You Really Got Me\". Avatar's rising local stardom enabled them to record an LP with Par Records. An initial EP, entitled \"City Beneath the Surface\" sold 1000 copies, and Par Records invited Avatar back to the studio to record a full album. However, there was an issue with a European band called Avatar who disagreed to the usage of the name, and the band needed to find a solution and fast, as the album was due to be pressed the following day. Jon and Criss were playing cards with their wives when they got a phone call and after initial tweaking, they finally arrived at Savatage. That full album was \"Sirens\", the first Savatage record.", "title": "Jon Oliva" }, { "docid": "3554474#3", "text": "Jon and Criss re-united to form Avatar, out of their two most recent bands, Alien and Tower respectively. Avatar would later become Savatage. Earning the envy of most other Floridan bands due to their \"awesome equipment\", Avatar was originally a five-piece, with Jon on drums and vocals, and Criss on guitar. The band slowly drifted apart until Jon and Criss remained, and the two got jobs at \"The Pit\", a practice shack where they met Steve Wacholz. Wacholz was very familiar with the Oliva brothers, who he first met in 1977. He saw Criss play at a local high school and was blown away. Very soon after, he auditioned for Jon's band, Alien. When he got to the audition, Wacholz recognized Criss and Jon as part of the band who had impressed him so much at the high school show. Steve would eventually join a new version of Avatar, joined later by bass player Keith Collins, who originally knew the band as they hired his equipment. Jon felt restrained by playing instruments and subsequently stuck to being the band's lead vocalist.", "title": "Jon Oliva" }, { "docid": "1620586#5", "text": "More than a century before the events of the series begin, Fire Lord Sozin, ruler of the Fire Nation, planned a world war to expand his nation's territory and influence. He was prevented from carrying out his plans by Avatar Roku, who was born in the Fire Nation. After Roku's death, the Avatar was reincarnated as an airbender named Aang. Because the Avatar was now a child, Sozin saw his chance and proceeded with his militant plans. At the age of twelve, Aang learned about his avatar status because of the threat of Sozin's war. Afraid of his new responsibilities and of separation from his mentor Gyatso, he fled his home on his flying bison, Appa. Aang was forced into the ocean by a storm; he entered the Avatar State and encased himself and Appa in suspended animation in an iceberg near the South Pole for one-hundred years. Sozin, knowing the avatar's reincarnation cycle mandated an Air Nomad was the new Avatar, carried out a genocide against the Air Nomads during the passage of a once-a-century comet that increased the firebenders' power, and continued his world conquest.", "title": "Avatar: The Last Airbender" }, { "docid": "25017899#8", "text": "\"Dances with Smurfs\" satirized \"Avatar\", the 2009 science-fiction epic film directed by James Cameron, which tells the story of humans in the distant future mining for minerals on an alien planet inhabited by blue natives. Although \"Avatar\" had not yet been released in theaters by the time the episode aired, the script of \"Dances with Smurfs\" compares the plot of \"Avatar\" to that of \"Dances with Wolves\", a 1990 drama epic film in which a United States soldier becomes integrated with a tribe of Native Americans. At the end of \"Dances with Smurfs\", Cartman watches \"Avatar\" at a movie theater and grows angry that his idea was stolen, expressing the idea that \"Avatar\" borrows from other previous films. \"Avatar\" had already been compared to \"Dances with Wolves\" prior to the broadcast of \"Dances with Smurfs\", and James Cameron said he welcomed the comparison. Cartman's movie prominently features the Smurfs, a fictional group of small blue cartoon creatures, which draws a further parallel to the blue alien creatures in \"Avatar\". The use of the cartoon Smurfs has also been interpreted as a joke that although \"Avatar\" had a famously large budget of hundreds of millions of dollars, the film amounted to little more than a Smurfs-like cartoon. On the commentary Trey Parker and Matt Stone described the Na'vi who are natives of Pandora in Avatar as \"ten foot tall sexy Smurfs\".", "title": "Dances with Smurfs" }, { "docid": "1620586#10", "text": "\"Avatar: The Last Airbender\" was co-created and produced by Michael Dante DiMartino and Bryan Konietzko at Nickelodeon Animation Studios in Burbank, California. Its animation was mostly done by South Korean studios JM Animation, DR Movie, and MOI Animation. According to Konietzko, the series was conceived in early 2001 when he took an old sketch of a balding, middle-aged man and imagined the man as a child. He drew the character herding bison in the sky and showed the sketch to DiMartino, who was watching a documentary about explorers trapped at the South Pole. Konietzko described their early development of the concept; \"There's an air guy along with these water people trapped in a snowy wasteland ... and maybe some fire people are pressing down on them\". The co-creators successfully pitched the idea to Nickelodeon vice-president and executive producer Eric Coleman two weeks later.", "title": "Avatar: The Last Airbender" }, { "docid": "14562722#5", "text": "The show was produced by and aired on Nickelodeon, which is owned by Viacom. The show's executive producers were co-creators Michael Dante DiMartino and Bryan Konietzko, who worked alongside episode director and co-producer Aaron Ehasz. Eight episodes were directed by Dave Filoni. Animation directors Lauren MacMullan and Giancarlo Volpe directed five episodes each, and Anthony Lioi directed two.", "title": "Avatar: The Last Airbender (season 1)" }, { "docid": "28039598#5", "text": "\"The Legend of Korra\" is set in the fictional world of \"Avatar: The Last Airbender\", 70 years after the events of that series. The world is separated into four nations: the northern and southern Water Tribes, the Earth Kingdom, the Fire Nation, and the Air Nomads. The distinguishing element of the series is \"bending\", the ability of some people to telekinetically manipulate the classical element associated with their nation (water, earth, fire, or air). Bending is carried out by spiritual and physical exercises, portrayed as similar to Chinese martial arts.", "title": "The Legend of Korra" } ]

[ { "docid": "30871177#0", "text": "James Thomas Aubrey Jr. (December 14, 1918 – September 3, 1994) was an American television and film executive. President of the CBS television network from 1959 to 1965, he put some of television's most enduring series on the air, including \"Gilligan's Island\" and \"The Beverly Hillbillies\". Under Aubrey, CBS dominated American television the way General Motors and General Electric dominated their industries. \"The New York Times Magazine\" in 1964 called Aubrey \"a master of programming whose divinations led to successes that are breathtaking\".", "title": "James T. Aubrey" } ]

[ { "docid": "30871177#3", "text": "Born in LaSalle, Illinois, James Thomas Steven Aubrey was the eldest of four sons of James Thomas Aubrey Sr., an advertising executive with the Chicago firm of Aubrey, Moore, and Wallace; and his wife, the former Mildred Stever. He grew up in the affluent Chicago suburb of Lake Forest and attended Lake Forest Academy, Phillips Exeter Academy in Exeter, New Hampshire, and Princeton University. All four boys, James, Stever, David, and George, went to Lake Forest Academy, Exeter and Princeton; his brother Stever became a successful advertising man at J. Walter Thompson before heading the F. William Free agency. While at Princeton all four brothers were members of the Tiger Inn eating club. \"My father insisted on accomplishment,\" Aubrey recalled in 1986. In college, Aubrey was a star on the football team, playing left end. He graduated in 1941 with honors in English and entered the United States Army Air Forces. During his service in World War II, Aubrey rose to the rank of major and taught military flying to actor James Stewart, who was a licensed civilian pilot.", "title": "James T. Aubrey" }, { "docid": "49449081#1", "text": "Aubrey was born at Cefn-coed-y-cymmer on 13 May 1808. His parents were Thomas and Anne Aubrey of Cefn-coed-y-cymmer. He was schooled on the Arminianism, within the context of the Wesleyan faith, by an elder and at about the age of 14, when he had a religious conversion. By the age of 15, he was preaching and became a Wesleyan Methodist minister by 1826 and ordained a full-time minister in 1830. He married Elizabeth Williams of Ruthin on 6 April 1831.", "title": "Thomas Aubrey (Methodist minister)" }, { "docid": "30871177#11", "text": "Aubrey was president of the CBS Network for the next five years, and made it tremendously successful, substantially increasing ratings and doubling the company's profits. In the 1963–64 season, all twelve of the top daytime programs and fourteen of the top fifteen prime-time shows were on CBS – the lone evening exception was NBC's \"Bonanza\", ranked number two. After he was fired, journalists Richard Oulahan and William Lambert wrote in a \"Life Magazine\" profile:\nIn the long history of human communications, from tom-tom to Telstar, no one man ever had a lock on such enormous audiences as James Thomas Aubrey Jr. during his five-year tenure as head of the Columbia Broadcasting System's television network ... He was the world's No. 1 purveyor of entertainment.", "title": "James T. Aubrey" }, { "docid": "24152962#1", "text": "He was born in Rutland, Canada West, the son of Patrick Morris and Ann McRae, and was educated at Saint-Chrysostome, Quebec. Foster settled at Aubrey, Quebec. He was mayor of Saint-Chrysostome for two years. He was defeated by James Pollock Brown when he ran for a federal seat in 1911; Morris was elected to the House of Commons in a 1913 by-election held after Brown's death. He was defeated by James Robb when he ran for reelection in the amalgamated riding of Châteauguay—Huntingdon in 1917. He died in Aubrey at the age of 73.", "title": "James Morris (Quebec politician)" }, { "docid": "15682945#1", "text": "Aubrey was born in 1947 in Klagenfurt, Austria. His parents were Major Aubrey James Tregidgo and Edna May Tregidgo (née Boxall). He was educated at the Wolmer's Boys' School in Kingston, Jamaica, the Windsor Boys' School (Germany) and St. John's School (Singapore). He married Agnes Kristin Hallander, although the marriage ended in divorce. Aubrey trained for the stage at the Drama Centre London from 1967 to 1970. He is survived by his daughter , a French actress.", "title": "James Aubrey (actor)" }, { "docid": "193444#27", "text": "Ashley Anthony Froude was born in 1863 at Paddington, London, England. He married Ethel Aubrey Hallifax, daughter of Albert Praed Hallifax and Isabella Aubrey Coker, in 1897 at Chelsea, London, England. He died on 17 April 1949. He was appointed Companion, Order of St. Michael and St. George (C.M.G.) and held the office of Justice of the Peace (J.P.)\nHis son was John Aubrey Froude1 b. 1898, d. 22 Sep 1914 who died when H.M.S. Cressy was torpedoed by U.9.", "title": "James Anthony Froude" }, { "docid": "2160425#2", "text": "James T. Rapier was born free in 1837 in Florence, Alabama to John H. Rapier, a prosperous local barber, and his wife, who were established free people of color. He had three older brothers. His father had been emancipated in 1829; his mother was born into a free black family of Baltimore, Maryland. She died in 1841 when Rapier was four years old. In 1842 James and his brother John Jr. went to Nashville, Tennessee to live with their paternal grandmother Sally Thomas. There they attended a school for African-American children, and learned to read and write.", "title": "James T. Rapier" }, { "docid": "34607158#0", "text": "Thomas Aubrey Chappé Hall (16 June 1873 – 21 May 1958) was a New Zealand wood carver and farmer. He was born in Ruddington, Nottinghamshire, England on 16 June 1873.", "title": "Thomas Aubrey Chappé Hall" }, { "docid": "10550933#0", "text": "Aubrey James Finlay (born 2 March 1938 in Sion Mills, County Tyrone, Northern Ireland) is a former Irish cricketer. A right-handed batsman, he played eighteen times for the Ireland cricket team between 1957 and 1965, including nine first-class matches. Aubrey died on 4 April 2016, Altnagelvin Hospital, Londonderry.", "title": "Aubrey Finlay" } ]

[ { "docid": "37304#0", "text": "Martin Heidegger (; ; 26 September 188926 May 1976) was a German philosopher and a seminal thinker in the Continental tradition and philosophical hermeneutics, and is \"widely acknowledged to be one of the most original and important philosophers of the 20th century.\" Heidegger is best known for his contributions to phenomenology and existentialism, though as the \"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy\" cautions, \"his thinking should be identified as part of such philosophical movements only with extreme care and qualification\". Heidegger's membership in and public support for the Nazi Party has been the subject of widespread controversy regarding the extent to which his Nazism influenced his philosophy.", "title": "Martin Heidegger" } ]

[ { "docid": "37304#4", "text": "Heidegger was born in rural Meßkirch, Baden-Württemberg, the son of Johanna (Kempf) and Friedrich Heidegger. Raised a Roman Catholic, he was the son of the sexton of the village church that adhered to the First Vatican Council of 1870, which was observed mainly by the poorer class of Meßkirch. His family could not afford to send him to university, so he entered a Jesuit seminary, though he was turned away within weeks because of the health requirement and what the director and doctor of the seminary described as a psychosomatic heart condition. Heidegger was short and sinewy, with dark piercing eyes. He enjoyed outdoor pursuits, being especially proficient at skiing.", "title": "Martin Heidegger" }, { "docid": "37304#82", "text": "Heidegger's influence on French philosophy began in the 1930s, when \"Being and Time\", \"What is Metaphysics?\" and other Heideggerian texts were read by Jean-Paul Sartre and other existentialists, as well as by thinkers such as Alexandre Kojève, Georges Bataille and Emmanuel Levinas. Because Heidegger's discussion of ontology (the study of being) is rooted in an analysis of the mode of existence of individual human beings (\"Da-sein\", or there-being), his work has often been associated with existentialism. The influence of Heidegger on Sartre's \"Being and Nothingness\" is marked, but Heidegger felt that Sartre had misread his work, as he argued in later texts such as the \"Letter on Humanism\" In that text, intended for a French audience, Heidegger explained this misreading in the following terms:", "title": "Martin Heidegger" }, { "docid": "37304#14", "text": "Heidegger married Elfride Petri on 21 March 1917, in a Catholic ceremony officiated by his friend , and a week later in a Protestant ceremony in the presence of her parents. Their first son, Jörg, was born in 1919. Elfride then gave birth to in 1920. Heidegger knew that he was not Hermann's biological father but raised him as his son. Hermann's biological father, who became godfather to his son, was family friend and doctor Friedel Caesar. Hermann was told of this at the age of 14. Hermann became a historian and would later serve as the executor of Heidegger's will.", "title": "Martin Heidegger" }, { "docid": "37304#13", "text": "In late 1946, as France engaged in \"épuration légale\" in its Occupation zone, the French military authorities determined that Heidegger should be blocked from teaching or participating in any university activities because of his association with the Nazi Party. The denazification procedures against Heidegger continued until March 1949 when he was finally pronounced a \"Mitläufer\" (the second lowest of five categories of \"incrimination\" by association with the Nazi regime). No punitive measures against him were proposed. This opened the way for his readmission to teaching at Freiburg University in the winter semester of 1950–51. He was granted emeritus status and then taught regularly from 1951 until 1958, and by invitation until 1967.", "title": "Martin Heidegger" }, { "docid": "5601321#63", "text": "On September 23, 1966, Heidegger was interviewed by Rudolf Augstein and Georg Wolff for \"Der Spiegel\" magazine, in which he agreed to discuss his political past provided that the interview be published posthumously (it was published on May 31, 1976). At his own insistence, Heidegger edited the published version of the interview extensively. In the interview, Heidegger defends his involvement with the Nazi party on two points: first, that he was trying to save the university from being completely taken over by the Nazis, and therefore he tried to work with them. Second, he saw in the historic moment the possibility for an \"awakening\" (\"Aufbruch\") which might help to find a \"new national and social approach\" to the problem of Germany's future, a kind of middle ground between capitalism and communism. For example, when Heidegger talked about a \"national and social approach\" to political problems, he linked this to Friedrich Naumann. According to Thomas Sheehan, Naumann had the \"vision of a strong nationalism and a militantly anticommunist socialism, combined under a charismatic leader who would fashion a middle-European empire that \"preserved the spirit and tradition of pre-industrial Germany even as it appropriated, in moderation, the gains of modern technology.\"", "title": "Martin Heidegger and Nazism" }, { "docid": "37304#86", "text": "Deconstruction came to Heidegger's attention in 1967 by way of Lucien Braun's recommendation of Jacques Derrida's work (Hans-Georg Gadamer was present at an initial discussion and indicated to Heidegger that Derrida's work came to his attention by way of an assistant). Heidegger expressed interest in meeting Derrida personally after the latter sent him some of his work. There was discussion of a meeting in 1972, but this failed to take place. Heidegger's interest in Derrida is said by Braun to have been considerable (as is evident in two letters, of September 29, 1967 and May 16, 1972, from Heidegger to Braun). Braun also brought to Heidegger's attention the work of Michel Foucault. Foucault's relation to Heidegger is a matter of considerable difficulty; Foucault acknowledged Heidegger as a philosopher whom he read but never wrote about. (For more on this see \"Penser à Strasbourg,\" Jacques Derrida, et al., which includes reproductions of both letters and an account by Braun, \"À mi-chemin entre Heidegger et Derrida\").", "title": "Martin Heidegger" }, { "docid": "37304#24", "text": "In \"Being and Time\", Heidegger investigates the question of Being by asking about the being for whom Being is a question. Heidegger names this being \"Dasein\" (see above), and he pursues his investigation through themes such as mortality, care, anxiety, temporality, and historicity. It was Heidegger's original intention to write a second half of the book, consisting of a \"\"Destruktion\"\" of the history of philosophy—that is, the transformation of philosophy by re-tracing its history—but he never completed this project.", "title": "Martin Heidegger" }, { "docid": "5601321#0", "text": "Philosopher Martin Heidegger joined the Nazi Party (NSDAP) on May 1, 1933, ten days after being elected Rector of the University of Freiburg. A year later, in April 1934, he resigned the Rectorship and stopped taking part in Nazi Party meetings, but remained a member of the Nazi Party until its dismantling at the end of World War II. The denazification hearings immediately after World War II led to Heidegger's dismissal from Freiburg, banning him from teaching. In 1949, after several years of investigation, the French military finally classified Heidegger as a \"Mitläufer\" or \"fellow traveller.\" The teaching ban was lifted in 1951, and Heidegger was granted \"emeritus\" status in 1953; however, he was never allowed to resume his philosophy chairmanship.", "title": "Martin Heidegger and Nazism" }, { "docid": "37304#16", "text": "Heidegger spent much time at his vacation home at Todtnauberg, on the edge of the Black Forest. He considered the seclusion provided by the forest to be the best environment in which to engage in philosophical thought.\nA few months before his death, he met with Bernhard Welte, a Catholic priest, Freiburg university professor and earlier correspondent. The exact nature of the conversation is not known, but what is known is that it included talk of Heidegger's relationship to the Catholic Church and subsequent Christian burial at which the priest officiated. Heidegger died on 26 May 1976, and was buried in the Meßkirch cemetery, beside his parents and brother.", "title": "Martin Heidegger" } ]

[ { "docid": "49435114#3", "text": "In 2014, 181.5 million hectares of genetically modified crops were planted in 28 countries. Half of all GM crops planted were genetically modified soybeans, either for herbicide tolerance or insect resistance. Eleven countries grew modified soybean, with the USA, Brazil and Argentina accounting for 90% of the total hectarage. Of the 111 hectares of soybean grown worldwide in 2014, 82% was genetically modified in some way. Seventeen countries grew a total of 55.2 million hectares of genetically modified maize and fifteen grew 23.9 hectares of genetically modified cotton. Nine million hectares of genetically modified canola was grown with 8 million of those in Canada. Other GM crops grown in 2014 include Alfalfa (862 000 ha), sugar beet (494 000 ha) and papaya (7 475 ha). In Bangladesh a genetically modified eggplant was grown commercially for the first time on 12ha.", "title": "List of genetically modified crops" }, { "docid": "13559424#0", "text": "In recent years, the soybean industry has grown exponentially in South America, primarily in Brazil and Argentina (South America’s two largest countries) and Uruguay and Paraguay. For Paraguay especially, the results of this explosive growth have been substantial. While the soybean industry has brought economic expansion to Paraguay, the issue of social justice has been raised, as peasant farmers and campesinos cannot compete with big soybean farms. The issue may be referred to by some as the \"Soybean Wars\" of Paraguay.", "title": "Soybean in Paraguay" } ]

[ { "docid": "478009#6", "text": "Most corn grown today is fed to livestock, especially hogs and poultry. In recent decades soybeans have grown in importance. The U.S. produces 40% of the world crop.", "title": "Corn Belt" }, { "docid": "21651#62", "text": "Soybeans are also an increasingly important crop, with additional planted between 2002 and 2007. Soybeans are a major crop in the eastern part of the state, and cultivation is common in the southeast part of the state. Soybeans were not grown at all in North Dakota in the 1940s, but the crop has become especially common since 1998. In North Dakota soybeans have to mature fast, because of the comparatively short growing season. Soybeans are grown for livestock feed.", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "docid": "1227641#1", "text": "Soybean is one of the most important commercial crops around the world and in the United States. Asian soybean rust is the major disease that affects soybeans. It causes lesions on the leaves of soybean plants and eventually kills the plants. The disease has caused serious yield loss of soybeans. In the areas where this disease is common, the yield losses can be up to 80%. In 2002, USDA reported 10-60% of yield losses in South America and Africa.", "title": "Soybean rust" }, { "docid": "48225529#1", "text": "Soybeans are grown all over the world and are a primary source of vegetable oil and protein. Approximately 40% of the world’s supply of vegetable oil comes from soybeans. Therefore, it is important to guarantee a successful soybean crop every growing season. Bacterial blight can be found in most soybean fields every year in the Midwest. Yield losses due to \"Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea\" have been reported as anywhere from 4% to 40% depending on the severity of the conditions. The disease does not normally affect yield levels as it occurs early in the growth of soybeans and the crop is able to compensate the loss of photosynthetic area. It is still adventitious to monitor for bacterial blight as substantial loss may occur when susceptible cultivars are grown under unfavorable conditions. \"Pseudomonas syringae pv glycinea\" should be monitored carefully in seed production fields as it is seed borne and can affect seed quality. A study conducted by Stefani et al. in 1998 found that seeds with contamination levels ranging from 0.5 to 20% did not lead to any significant yield loss when grown in warm and dry regions. Usage of resistant cultivars in the proper environment is therefore an effective way of eliminating the impact of this pathogen. It is not uncommon for countries to have quarantines in place for this pathogen as the inoculum is often spread in soybean seeds.", "title": "Bacterial blight of soybean" }, { "docid": "62784#64", "text": "The soybean was first cultivated in France by 1779 (and perhaps as early as 1740). The two key early people and organizations introducing the soybean to France were the Society of Acclimatization (starting in 1855) and Li Yu-ying (from 1910). Li started a large tofu factory, where the first commercial soyfoods in France were made.", "title": "Soybean" }, { "docid": "3553173#0", "text": "IOM soybeans is an industrial designation for soybeans from the U.S. states of Indiana, Ohio, and Michigan. Beans grown in those states have a high protein content that is valued by processors, in particular in Japan. IOM soybeans are traded on the following Japanese commodity exchanges:and in the past were traded on:The Japanese contracts called \"IOM soybeans\" are unsegregated, meaning any mixture of genetically modified and not. Non-GM IOM soybeans in Japan are usually just called \"Non-GM soybeans.\"", "title": "IOM soybeans" }, { "docid": "62784#53", "text": "Soybeans were first introduced to North America from China in 1765, by Samuel Bowen, a former East India Company sailor who had visited China in conjunction with James Flint, the first Englishman legally permitted by the Chinese authorities to learn Chinese. The first \"New World\" soybean crop was grown on Skidaway Island, Georgia in 1765 by Henry Yonge from seeds given him by Samuel Bowen. Bowen grew soy near Savannah, Georgia, possibly using funds from Flint, and made soy sauce for sale to England. Although, soybean was introduced into North America in 1765, for the next 155 years, the crop was grown primarily for forage.", "title": "Soybean" }, { "docid": "44304800#24", "text": "The biome is not the same as the Amazônia Legal, which covers a larger area of Brazil.\nThe Amazon biome covers about 82% of the Legal Amazon if cerrado and campinarana are excluded.\nDefenders of soybean farming point out that the soybean farms in the Amazonia Legal mostly occupy cerrado areas, not the Amazon biome.\nA statement by Cargill in 2006 said, \"Soy occupies less than 0.6 percent of the land in the Amazon biome today, and most of that soy is grown on the fringes of the Amazon biome in the transitional area between the \"Cerrado\" and the forest.\nA 2010 assessment of soybean farmers associated with the Grupo André Maggi found that 62.55% of the properties produced 78.09% of the crop in the cerrado biome, while 37.45% produced 21.91% of the crop in the Amazon biome.", "title": "Amazon biome" } ]

[ { "docid": "14918#1", "text": "Established in 1945 by the UN Charter, the court began work in 1946 as the successor to the Permanent Court of International Justice. The Statute of the International Court of Justice, similar to that of its predecessor, is the main constitutional document constituting and regulating the court.", "title": "International Court of Justice" }, { "docid": "31769#35", "text": "The International Court of Justice (ICJ), located in The Hague, in the Netherlands, is the primary judicial organ of the UN. Established in 1945 by the UN Charter, the Court began work in 1946 as the successor to the Permanent Court of International Justice. The ICJ is composed of 15 judges who serve 9-year terms and are appointed by the General Assembly; every sitting judge must be from a different nation.", "title": "United Nations" } ]

[ { "docid": "24960#14", "text": "The Court was unable to meet between 1941 and 1944, but the framework remained intact, and it soon became apparent that the Court would be dissolved. In 1943, an international panel met to consider \"the question of the Permanent Court of International Justice\", meeting from 20 March to 10 February 1944. The panel agreed that the name and functioning of the Court should be preserved but for some future court rather than a continuation of the current one. Between 21 August and 7 October 1944, the Dumbarton Oaks Conference was held, which, among other things, created an international court attached to the United Nations, to succeed the Permanent Court of International Justice. As a result of these conferences and others, the judges of the Permanent Court of International Justice officially resigned in October 1945 and, via a resolution by the League of Nations on 18 April 1946, the Court and the League both ceased to exist, being replaced by the International Court of Justice and the United Nations.", "title": "Permanent Court of International Justice" }, { "docid": "2007738#25", "text": "In deciding when and how the International Bahá'í Council would develop into the Universal House of Justice, the Hands agreed to carry out Shoghi Effendi's plans for moving it from the appointed council, to an officially recognized Bahá'í Court, to a duly elected body, and then to the elected Universal House of Justice. In November 1959, referring to the goal of becoming recognized as a non-Jewish religious court in Israel, they said: \"this goal, due to the strong trend towards the secularization of Religious Courts in this part of the world, might not be achieved.\" The recognition as a religious court was never achieved, and the International Bahá'í Council was reformed in 1961 as an elected body in preparation for forming the Universal House of Justice. The Hands of the Cause made themselves ineligible for election to both the council and the Universal House of Justice.", "title": "Bahá'í divisions" }, { "docid": "24960#0", "text": "The Permanent Court of International Justice, often called the World Court, existed from 1922 to 1946. It was an international court attached to the League of Nations. Created in 1920 (although the idea of an international court was several centuries old), the Court was initially well-received from states and academics alike, with many cases submitted to it for its first decade of operation. With the heightened international tension of the 1930s, the Court became less used. By a resolution from the League of Nations on 18 April 1946, the Court and the League both ceased to exist and were replaced by the International Court of Justice and the United Nations.", "title": "Permanent Court of International Justice" }, { "docid": "45690415#0", "text": "The World Court League was formed on December 30, 1915, with John Hays Hammond as president. They lobbied for the formation of the International Court of Justice.", "title": "World's Court League" }, { "docid": "24960#3", "text": "An international court had long been proposed; Pierre Dubois suggested it in 1305 and Émeric Crucé in 1623. An idea of an international court of justice arose in the political world at the First Hague Peace Conference in 1899, where it was declared that arbitration between states was the easiest solution to disputes, providing a temporary panel of judges to arbitrate in such cases, the Permanent Court of Arbitration. At the Second Hague Peace Conference in 1907, a draft convention for a permanent Court of Arbitral Justice was written although disputes and other pressing business at the Conference meant that such a body was never established, owing to difficulties agreeing on a procedure to select the judges. The outbreak of the First World War, and, in particular, its conclusion made it clear to many academics that some kind of world court was needed, and it was widely expected that one would be established. Article 14 of the Covenant of the League of Nations, created after the Treaty of Versailles, allowed the League to investigate setting up an international court. In June 1920, an Advisory Committee of jurists appointed by the League of Nations finally established a working guideline for the appointment of judges, and the Committee was then authorised to draft a constitution for a permanent court not of arbitration but of justice. The Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice was accepted in Geneva on December 13, 1920.", "title": "Permanent Court of International Justice" }, { "docid": "24960#4", "text": "The Court first sat on 30 January 1922, at the Peace Palace, The Hague, covering preliminary business during the first session (such as establishing procedure and appointing officers) Nine judges sat, along with three deputies, since Antonio Sánchez de Bustamante y Sirven, Ruy Barbosa and Wang Ch'ung-hui were unable to attend, the last being at the Washington Naval Conference. The Court elected Bernard Loder as President and Max Huber as Vice-President; Huber was replaced by Charles Andre Weiss a month later. On 14 February the Court was officially opened, and rules of procedure were established on 24 March, when the court ended its first session. The court first sat to decide cases on 15 June. During its first year of business, the Court issued three advisory opinions, all related to the International Labour Organization created by the Treaty of Versailles.", "title": "Permanent Court of International Justice" }, { "docid": "1780651#19", "text": "The current High Court is the fourth court in Ireland to bear that name. The first High Court – the High Court of Justice in Ireland – was created by the Supreme Court of Judicature Act (Ireland) 1877. This fused the administration of common law and equity in Ireland (as had been done in England several years earlier under the Judicature Acts). The existing four superior courts, the Court of King's Bench (Ireland), Court of Chancery, Court of Exchequer, and Court of Common Pleas were merged to form the High Court of Justice, although they remained as divisions of the new court, and the building which housed them is called the Four Courts to this day. However, in Ireland, the divisions of the High Court other than the King's Bench Division and Chancery Division were abolished by 1907. The Government of Ireland Act 1920 split the court in separate courts for Northern Ireland (the High Court of Justice in Northern Ireland and the High Court of Justice in Southern Ireland). Judges of the existing Court became judges of the Southern Ireland court unless they elected otherwise. With the enactment of the Constitution of the Irish Free State, the High Court became the \"High Court of Justice in Saorstát Éireann\".", "title": "High Court (Ireland)" }, { "docid": "34407907#42", "text": "The International Criminal Court (ICC) became involved in Kenya when Kenya ratified the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court on 15 March 2005, which gave the ICC jurisdiction over war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide committed in Kenya after the statute came into force, or July 2002. The ICC has jurisdiction only when the country in question fails to act on crimes against humanity that were perpetrated on its land. \nThe Kenyan government created the Commission of Inquiry on Post Election Violence (CIPEV), otherwise known as the Waki Commission, in February 2008, which was an international commission of inquiry with the aim of investigating the post-election violence that occurred in Kenya. One of the many suggestions in the official report that the Waki Commission made was that the Kenyan government establish a tribunal of both international and national judges to investigate and prosecute perpetrators of the gross human rights violations. The commission gave the government a limited amount of time to agree to create a special tribunal, and made it clear that the commission would give its findings to the ICC if the government failed to establish the tribunal within the given timeframe.\nIn February 2009, after the Kenyan Parliament voted against founding the tribunal and no further action was taken by the government, the Waki Commission handed over its information, including a list of those believed to be responsible for the violence, to the ICC. On 26 November 2009, the Prosecutor requested permission from the court to investigate the crimes against humanity during the post-election violence in Kenya, and was granted permission to do so by the majority of the court.\nAfter carrying out investigations against six prominent individuals believed to be responsible for the crimes against humanity, the International Criminal Court investigation in Kenya decided to send four of them to trial. The government has protested the findings. It asked the UN to postpone the ICC's Kenya case, and has put up substantial resistance to the ICC.\nIn addition, confidence in Kenya's judiciary has declined, and, as part of the National Accord made after the 2008 violence, the government has responded by launching an investigation into the judiciary. Four senior judges, Justice Samuel Bosire, Justice Joseph Gregory Nyamu, Justice Samuel Cornelius Riaga Omolo, and Justice Emmanuel Okelo O'Kubasu, were declared unfit for office by the investigation in April 2012. The two senior Court of Appeals judges, Justice Bosire and Justice Nyamu, were removed from office because of their involvement with the Goldenberg scandal trials. It is expected that more judges will be removed from office as the investigation continues. This ruling marks the beginning of the second phase of the vetting process, and the investigation may end the corruption in Kenya's own legal system.", "title": "The Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission of Kenya" } ]

[ { "docid": "1863125#2", "text": "The earliest predecessor of the Cabinet was the Executive Council of the Straits Settlements, introduced in 1877 to advise the Governor of the Straits Settlements. It wielded no executive power. In 1955, a Council of Ministers was created, made up of three \"ex officio\" Official Members and six Elected Members of the Legislative Assembly of Singapore, appointed by the Governor on the recommendation of the Leader of the House. Following the general elections that year, David Saul Marshall became the first Chief Minister of Singapore. Constitutional talks between Legislative Assembly representatives and the Colonial Office were held from 1956 to 1958, and Singapore gained full internal self-government in 1959. The Governor was replaced by the Yang di-Pertuan Negara, who had power to appoint to the post of Prime Minister the person most likely to command the authority of the Assembly, and other Ministers of the Cabinet on the Prime Minister's advice. In the 1959 general elections, the People's Action Party swept to power with 43 out of the 51 seats in the Assembly, and Lee Kuan Yew became the first Prime Minister of Singapore. The executive branch of the Singapore Government remained unchanged following Singapore's merger with Malaysia in 1963, and subsequent independence in 1965.", "title": "Cabinet of Singapore" }, { "docid": "350647#2", "text": "The late Lee Kuan Yew was the first prime minister of Singapore from 1959 to 1990. Lee was succeeded by Goh Chok Tong and was conferred the title of Senior Minister in the Prime Minister's Office. Goh retired on 12 August 2004 and was succeeded by Lee Kuan Yew's son Lee Hsien Loong. Goh was appointed Senior Minister, and the elder Lee Minister Mentor. Lee and Goh resigned from the Cabinet in 2011 but remained as members of Parliament.", "title": "Prime Minister of Singapore" }, { "docid": "1890794#14", "text": "In 1956, members of the Legislative Assembly held constitutional talks with the Colonial Office in London. The talks broke down as Marshall did not agree to the British Government's proposal for the casting vote on a proposed Defence Council to be held by the British High Commissioner to Singapore, who would only exercise it in an emergency. Marshall resigned as Chief Minister in June 1956, and was replaced by Lim Yew Hock. The following year, Lim led another delegation to the UK for further talks on self-government. This time, agreement was reached on the composition of an Internal Security Council. Other constitutional arrangements were swiftly settled in 1958, and on 1 August the United Kingdom Parliament passed the State of Singapore Act 1958, granting the colony full internal self-government. Under Singapore's new constitution, which came into force on 3 June 1959, the Legislative Assembly consisted of 51 elected members and the Governor was replaced by the Yang di-Pertuan Negara (Head of State), who had power to appoint as Prime Minister the person most likely to command the authority of the Legislative Assembly, and other Ministers of the Cabinet on the Prime Minister's advice. In the 1959 general elections, the People's Action Party swept to power with 43 out of the 51 seats in the Assembly, and Lee Kuan Yew became the first Prime Minister of Singapore.", "title": "Parliament of Singapore" }, { "docid": "1704924#9", "text": "In 1956, members of the Legislative Assembly held constitutional talks with the Colonial Office in London. The talks broke down as Marshall did not agree to the British Government's proposal for the casting vote on a proposed Defence Council to be held by the British High Commissioner to Singapore, who would only exercise it in an emergency. Marshall resigned as Chief Minister in June 1956, and was replaced by Lim Yew Hock. The following year, Lim led another delegation to the UK for further talks on self-government. This time, agreement was reached on the composition of an Internal Security Council. Other constitutional arrangements were swiftly settled in 1958, and on 1 August the Parliament of the United Kingdom passed the State of Singapore Act 1958, granting the colony full internal self-government. Under Singapore's new constitution which came into force on 3 June 1959, the Governor was replaced by the Yang di-Pertuan Negara (Head of State), who had power to appoint as Prime Minister the person most likely to command the authority of the Legislative Assembly, and other Ministers of the Cabinet on the Prime Minister's advice. The Constitution also created the post of the British High Commissioner, who was entitled to receive the agenda of each Cabinet meeting and to see all Cabinet papers. In the 1959 general elections, the People's Action Party (PAP) swept to power with 43 out of the 51 seats in the Assembly, and Lee Kuan Yew became the first Prime Minister of Singapore. Nine other Ministers were appointed to the Cabinet.", "title": "Government of Singapore" }, { "docid": "1863125#7", "text": "In 1956, members of the Legislative Assembly held constitutional talks with the Colonial Office in London. The talks broke down as Marshall did not agree to the British Government's proposal for the casting vote on a proposed Defence Council to be held by the British High Commissioner to Singapore, who would only exercise it in an emergency. Marshall resigned as Chief Minister in June 1956, and was replaced by Lim Yew Hock. The following year, Lim led another delegation to the UK for further talks on self-government. This time, agreement was reached on the composition of an Internal Security Council. Other constitutional arrangements were swiftly settled in 1958, and on 1 August the Parliament of the United Kingdom passed the State of Singapore Act 1958, granting the colony full internal self-government. Under Singapore's new constitution which came into force on 3 June 1959, the Governor was replaced by the Yang di-Pertuan Negara (Head of State), who had power to appoint as Prime Minister the person most likely to command the authority of the Legislative Assembly, and other Ministers of the Cabinet on the Prime Minister's advice. The Constitution also created the post of the British High Commissioner, who was entitled to receive the agenda of each Cabinet meeting and to see all Cabinet papers. In the 1959 general elections, the People's Action Party (PAP) swept to power with 43 out of the 51 seats in the Assembly, and Lee Kuan Yew became the first Prime Minister of Singapore. Nine other Ministers were appointed to the Cabinet.", "title": "Cabinet of Singapore" } ]

[ { "docid": "350647#1", "text": "Under the Constitution of Singapore, executive power is vested in the President. However, the Constitution also vests \"general direction and control of the government\" in the Cabinet. The President is almost always bound to act on the advice of the Cabinet or any minister acting under Cabinet authority. Thus, in practice, most of the actual work of governing is done by the Prime Minister and Cabinet. The office of Prime Minister dates back to 1959 and was appointed at first by the Governor of Singapore then the Yang di-Pertuan Negara (vice-regal head of state), when Singapore achieved self-governance as the State of Singapore within the British Empire. The title of Prime Minister remained unchanged after the merger with the Federation of Malaya, Sarawak and North Borneo, while Singapore was a state in the Federation of Malaysia from 1963 to 1965, and after independence in 1965.", "title": "Prime Minister of Singapore" }, { "docid": "3800252#1", "text": "The office of Deputy Prime Minister dates back to 1959 and was appointed at first by the Governor of Singapore then the Yang di-Pertuan Negara (vice-regal head of state), when Singapore achieved self-governance as the State of Singapore within the British Empire. The title of Deputy Prime Minister remained unchanged after the merger with the Federation of Malaya, Sarawak and North Borneo, while Singapore was a state in the Federation of Malaysia from 1963 to 1965, and after independence in 1965.", "title": "Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore" }, { "docid": "30990148#16", "text": "Many Ceylonese were also involved in the independence movements in Malaya and Singapore. In Singapore, there are many current and past ministers who are of Ceylonese Tamil in origin and Tamil is a national language. Sinnathamby Rajaratnam was the former foreign minister and deputy prime minister of Singapore and regarded as one of the founding fathers of Singapore. His death in 2006 was marked with a state funeral by the government of Singapore. The Singapore flag was flown at half mast at all public buildings and former Prime Minister and friend Lee Kuan Yew cried when giving his eulogy.", "title": "Sri Lankan diaspora" }, { "docid": "3800252#2", "text": "Toh Chin Chye was the first deputy prime minister of Singapore from 1959 to 1968 and retired on 2 August 1968.", "title": "Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore" }, { "docid": "363326#0", "text": "Lee Hsien Loong (; Tamil: லீ சியன் லூங்; born 10 February 1952) is a Singaporean politician serving as the third and current Prime Minister of Singapore since 2004. He took over the leadership of the People's Action Party (PAP) when former Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong stepped down from the position to become the new Senior Minister. Lee then led his party to victory in the 2006, 2011 and 2015 general elections. He began his current term on 15 January 2016 following the opening of Singapore's 13th Parliament. Lee is the eldest son of Singapore's first Prime Minister, Lee Kuan Yew.", "title": "Lee Hsien Loong" } ]

[ { "docid": "869123#5", "text": "Rotavirus, norovirus, adenovirus, and astrovirus are known to cause viral gastroenteritis. Rotavirus is the most common cause of gastroenteritis in children, and produces similar rates in both the developed and developing world. Viruses cause about 70% of episodes of infectious diarrhea in the pediatric age group. Rotavirus is a less common cause in adults due to acquired immunity. Norovirus is the cause in about 18% of all cases.", "title": "Gastroenteritis" }, { "docid": "17308296#4", "text": "Fifty to seventy percent of cases of gastroenteritis in adults are caused by noroviruses (genus Norovirus, family Caliciviridae). This virus is highly contagious and spreads rapidly. Norovirus is the most common cause of gastroenteritis in the United States.", "title": "Gastroenterocolitis" }, { "docid": "53951#11", "text": "There are many causes of infectious diarrhea, which include viruses, bacteria and parasites. Infectious diarrhea is frequently referred to as gastroenteritis. Norovirus is the most common cause of viral diarrhea in adults, but rotavirus is the most common cause in children under five years old. Adenovirus types 40 and 41, and astroviruses cause a significant number of infections. Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli, such as , are the most common cause of infectious bloody diarrhea in the United States.", "title": "Diarrhea" }, { "docid": "869123#0", "text": "Gastroenteritis, also known as infectious diarrhea, is inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract—the stomach and small intestine. Symptoms may include diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Fever, lack of energy, and dehydration may also occur. This typically lasts less than two weeks. It is not related to influenza though it has been called the \"stomach flu\".\nGastroenteritis is usually caused by viruses. However, bacteria, parasites, and fungus can also cause gastroenteritis. In children, rotavirus is the most common cause of severe disease. In adults, norovirus and \"Campylobacter\" are common causes. Eating improperly prepared food, drinking contaminated water, or close contact with a person who is infected can spread the disease. Treatment is generally the same with or without a definitive diagnosis, so testing to confirm is usually not needed.\nPrevention includes hand washing with soap, drinking clean water, proper disposal of human waste, and breastfeeding babies instead of using formula. The rotavirus vaccine is recommended as a prevention for children. Treatment involves getting enough fluids. For mild or moderate cases, this can typically be achieved by drinking oral rehydration solution (a combination of water, salts, and sugar). In those who are breast fed, continued breastfeeding is recommended. For more severe cases, intravenous fluids may be needed. Fluids may also be given by a nasogastric tube. Zinc supplementation is recommended in children. Antibiotics are generally not needed. However, antibiotics are recommended for young children with a fever and bloody diarrhea.\nIn 2015 two billion cases of gastroenteritis resulted in 1.3 million deaths globally. Children and those in the developing world are affected the most. In 2011, about 1.7 billion cases resulting in about 700,000 deaths of children under the age of five. In the developing world children less than two years of age frequently get six or more infections a year. It is less common in adults, partly due to the development of immunity.", "title": "Gastroenteritis" } ]

[ { "docid": "869123#34", "text": "Many of the same agents cause gastroenteritis in cats and dogs as in humans. The most common organisms are \"Campylobacter\", \"Clostridium difficile\", \"Clostridium perfringens\", and \"Salmonella\". A large number of toxic plants may also cause symptoms.", "title": "Gastroenteritis" }, { "docid": "869123#29", "text": "In 1980, gastroenteritis from all causes caused 4.6 million deaths in children, with the majority occurring in the developing world. Death rates were reduced significantly (to approximately 1.5 million deaths annually) by the year 2000, largely due to the introduction and widespread use of oral rehydration therapy. In the US, infections causing gastroenteritis are the second most common infection (after the common cold), and they result in between 200 and 375 million cases of acute diarrhea and approximately ten thousand deaths annually, with 150 to 300 of these deaths in children less than five years of age.", "title": "Gastroenteritis" }, { "docid": "869123#7", "text": "In the developed world \"Campylobacter jejuni\" is the primary cause of bacterial gastroenteritis, with half of these cases associated with exposure to poultry. In children, bacteria are the cause in about 15% of cases, with the most common types being \"Escherichia coli\", \"Salmonella\", \"Shigella\", and \"Campylobacter\" species. If food becomes contaminated with bacteria and remains at room temperature for a period of several hours, the bacteria multiply and increase the risk of infection in those who consume the food. Some foods commonly associated with illness include raw or undercooked meat, poultry, seafood, and eggs; raw sprouts; unpasteurized milk and soft cheeses; and fruit and vegetable juices. In the developing world, especially sub-Saharan Africa and Asia, cholera is a common cause of gastroenteritis. This infection is usually transmitted by contaminated water or food.", "title": "Gastroenteritis" }, { "docid": "69720#31", "text": "Various pathogens can cause gastroenteritis an inflammation of the stomach and small intestine. These can include those organisms that cause foodborne illnesses. Furthermore, antibiotics can decrease the microbiome diversity of the gastrointestinal tract and thus cause inflammation in the area. Gastroenteritis is the most common disease of the GI tract.Diverticular disease is a condition that is very common in older people in industrialized countries. It usually affects the large intestine but has been known to affect the small intestine as well. Diverticulosis occurs when pouches form on the intestinal wall. Once the pouches become inflamed it is known as diverticulitis.", "title": "Gastrointestinal tract" }, { "docid": "35672535#3", "text": "Rotavirus gastroenteritis is a mild to severe disease characterised by vomiting, watery diarrhoea, and low-grade fever. Once a child is infected by the virus, there is an incubation period of about two days before symptoms appear. Symptoms often start with vomiting followed by four to eight days of profuse diarrhoea. Dehydration is more common in rotavirus infection than in most of those caused by bacterial pathogens, and is the most common cause of death related to rotavirus infection.", "title": "Rotaviral gastroenteritis" } ]

[ { "docid": "50444#7", "text": "Soon after birth, Zhou Enlai was adopted by his father's youngest brother, Zhou Yigan, who was ill with tuberculosis. Apparently the adoption was arranged because the family feared Yigan would die without an heir. Zhou Yigan died soon after the adoption, and Zhou Enlai was raised by Yigan's widow, whose surname was Chen. Madame Chen was also from a scholarly family and received a traditional literary education. According to Zhou's own account, he was very close to his adoptive mother and acquired his lasting interest in Chinese literature and opera from her. Madame Chen taught Zhou to read and write at an early age, and Zhou later claimed to have read the famous vernacular novel \"Journey to the West\" at the age of six. By the age of eight, he was reading other traditional Chinese novels, including \"the Water Margin\", \"Romance of the Three Kingdoms\", and \"Dream of the Red Chamber\".", "title": "Zhou Enlai" } ]

[ { "docid": "57491413#2", "text": "On May 3, 1961, Zhou Enlai (Sun Weimin) comes to Boyan, an old revolutionary base in north China's Hebei province, to do investigation. On the way to Boyan Township, Zhou Enlai sees trees had been despoiled of their leaves. He feels puzzled. Guo Fenglin (He Wei), the director of Boyan People's Commune, sends people to shut the dissidents, and than takes some people to greet Zhou Enlai. As soon as Zhou Enlai meets Guo Fenglin, he asks where are the leaves, Guo Fenglin lies to Zhou Enlai. A passing little girl named Lian Di says the truth that the leaves were ate by local hungry people.", "title": "The Story of Zhou Enlai" }, { "docid": "50444#159", "text": "Whatever Mao's opinion of Zhou may have been, there was general mourning among the public. Foreign correspondents reported that Beijing, shortly after Zhou's death, looked like a ghost town. There was no burial ceremony, as Zhou had willed his ashes to be scattered across the hills and rivers of his hometown, rather than stored in a ceremonial mausoleum. With Zhou gone, it became clear how the Chinese people had revered him, and how they had viewed him as a symbol of stability in an otherwise chaotic period of history. Zhou's death also brought condolences from nations around the world.", "title": "Zhou Enlai" }, { "docid": "57116168#1", "text": "This drama describes the life of Zhou Enlai, who serves as Premier of the People's Republic of China, from the founding of the Communist State in 1949 to 1976 until his death.\"My Uncle Zhou Enlai\" is base on the biography of the same name by Zhou Bingde, Zhou Enlai's nephew.", "title": "My Uncle Zhou Enlai" }, { "docid": "50444#177", "text": "After coming to power, Deng Xiaoping may have overemphasized Zhou Enlai's achievements to distance the Communist Party from Mao's Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution, both of which had seriously weakened the Party's prestige. Deng observed that Mao's disastrous policies could no longer represent the Party's finest hour, but that the legacy and character of Zhou Enlai could. Furthermore, Deng received credit for enacting successful economic policies that Zhou initially proposed. By actively associating itself with an already popular Zhou Enlai, Zhou's legacy may have been used (and possibly distorted) as a political tool of the Party after his death.", "title": "Zhou Enlai" }, { "docid": "57116168#0", "text": "My Uncle Zhou Enlai () is a 2016 Chinese historical biographical television series directed by Chen Li and written by Zhang Fachun, starring Sun Weimin as the Chinese premier Zhou Enlai. The series also features Huang Wei, Tang Guoqiang, Ma Xiaowei, Lu Qi, Wang Wufu, Yang Buting and Zhao Liqiang. The script was loosely based on Zhou Enlai's niece Zhou Bingde's biography of the same name, and covers Zhou's life from the establishment of the Communist State to his death in 1976, focusing on his efforts to make the new China strong. The series was aired on CCTV-1 on July 4, 2016.", "title": "My Uncle Zhou Enlai" }, { "docid": "50444#4", "text": "Zhou Enlai was born in Huai'an, Jiangsu province on 5 March 1898, the first son of his branch of the Zhou family. The Zhou family was originally from Shaoxing in Zhejiang province. During the late Qing dynasty, Shaoxing was famous as the home of families such as Zhou's, whose members worked as government \"clerks\" (師爷, shiye) generation after generation. To move up the ladder in civil service, the men in these families often had to be transferred, and in the late years of the Qing dynasty, Zhou Enlai's branch of the family moved to Huai'an. Even after the move, however, the family continued to view Shaoxing as its ancestral home.", "title": "Zhou Enlai" }, { "docid": "57491413#0", "text": "The Story of Zhou Enlai () is a 2013 Chinese Historical period drama film written by Tian Yunzhang and Jiang Yue and directed by Chen Li. Based on the life of Premier Zhou Enlai between May 3 and May 7, 1961, when he investigated extensively and scientifically the rural situation in Huaxi of Guiyang and the old revolutionary base Boyan Township of Hebei, it stars Sun Weimin as Zhou Enlai and Hao Yan as Zhou's wife Deng Yingchao, with He Wei, Bai Qing, Chu Zhibo, and Niu Ben. The film premiered in China on 16 July 2013.", "title": "The Story of Zhou Enlai" }, { "docid": "50444#157", "text": "After Zhou's death, Mao issued no statements acknowledging Zhou's achievements or contributions and sent no condolences to Zhou's widow, herself a senior Party leader. Mao forbade his staff from wearing black mourning armbands. Whether or not Mao would have attended Zhou's funeral, which was held in the Great Hall of the People, Mao himself was in very poor health to do so in any event. Mao did however send a wreath to the funeral.", "title": "Zhou Enlai" }, { "docid": "57491413#4", "text": "On the second day, after inquiring about the situations of the field and the post office, Zhou Enlai comes to the \"Danganhu\"'s (go-it-aloner) home to ask for information. The 65-year-old bachelor tells Zhou Enlai that he is an individuallist and he is afraid that others will eat his ration. At night, a freak storm badly damages all the sweet potato vines which were just planted. All the villagers are carrying rain gears to the fields to deal with the flood. Zhou Enlai is very melancholy when he sees the villagers working in the torrential rain. Zhou Enlai comes to the kitchen to help cooking a pot of brown sugar water.", "title": "The Story of Zhou Enlai" } ]

[ { "docid": "12814208#0", "text": "The Name of the Wind, also called The Kingkiller Chronicle: Day One, is a fantasy novel written by American author Patrick Rothfuss. It is the first book in the ongoing fantasy trilogy \"The Kingkiller Chronicle,\" followed by \"The Wise Man's Fear\". It was published on March 27, 2007 by DAW Books.", "title": "The Name of the Wind" }, { "docid": "22628945#0", "text": "The Kingkiller Chronicle is a fantasy series by Patrick Rothfuss, which recounts the story of Kvothe, an adventurer and musician. The story is narrated from the third person, but mostly consists of Kvothe narrating his life to a scribe in the first person. The first two books, \"The Name of the Wind\" and \"The Wise Man's Fear\", were released in 2007 and 2011, respectively and a third novel titled the Doors of Stone is still to be released. Collectively, the book series has sold over 10 million copies.", "title": "The Kingkiller Chronicle" } ]

[ { "docid": "23563172#0", "text": "The Wise Man's Fear, also called The Kingkiller Chronicle: Day Two, is a fantasy novel written by American author Patrick Rothfuss and the second volume in \"The Kingkiller Chronicle\". It was released March 1, 2011 by DAW Books. It is the sequel to 2007's \"The Name of the Wind\".", "title": "The Wise Man's Fear" }, { "docid": "11125946#4", "text": "Rothfuss has also released two novella-length stories set in the same world as \"The Kingkiller Chronicle\" in anthologies. The first was \"How Old Holly Came To Be,\" published in \"Unfettered\" in June 2013. The second was \"The Lightning Tree,\" released in \"Rogues\" in June 2014, featuring character Bast. The whole anthology was nominated for the 2015 World Fantasy Award for Best Anthology.", "title": "Patrick Rothfuss" }, { "docid": "22628945#65", "text": "In July 2013, 20th Century Fox announced that \"The\" \"Kingkiller Chronicle\" was optioned for a TV series. The production team included Arnon Milchan, Andrew Plotkin, Brad Weston, and Robert Lawrence. The option expired by October 2015, and the rights to the books reverted to Rothfuss.", "title": "The Kingkiller Chronicle" }, { "docid": "47100683#0", "text": "The Slow Regard of Silent Things is a fantasy novella and one of the companion tales in \"The Kingkiller Chronicle\" series written by American author Patrick Rothfuss. It includes illustrations by Nate Taylor and was first published by DAW Books in the United States on October 28, 2014.", "title": "The Slow Regard of Silent Things" }, { "docid": "22628945#3", "text": "The first two novels in the trilogy, \"The Name of the Wind\" and \"The Wise Man's Fear\", were released in 2007 and 2011 respectively; Patrick Rothfuss has said that the third book in the main sequence will be the end of this particular arc in the story.", "title": "The Kingkiller Chronicle" }, { "docid": "2265413#6", "text": "The story was first published as a five-part serial in \"Weird Tales\" between the months of December 1935 to April 1936 (with chapter 20 being misprinted as chapter 21). It was first published in book form in hardcover by Gnome Press in 1950 under the title \"Conan the Conqueror\", a title retained by all later editions until 1977. The first paperback edition was published by Ace Books in 1954. The novel has been reissued a number of times since by various publishers, notably Lancer Books in 1967 and Berkley/Putnam in 1977; the latter, reedited by Karl Edward Wagner, was the first edition to restore the original magazine text and title, under which most subsequent editions have been issued. Donald M. Grant, Publisher, Inc. published an edition in 1989, with illustrations by Ezra Tucker, as volume XI of their deluxe Conan set. More recently the novel appeared in the collections \"The Essential Conan\" (1998), \"Conan Chronicles Volume 2: The Hour of the Dragon\" (2001) and \"\" (Del Rey, 2005). It has also been translated into Japanese, Italian, Finnish, French, German, Swedish, Czech, Russian, Sinhalese and Spanish.", "title": "The Hour of the Dragon" }, { "docid": "12848302#1", "text": "The trilogy was optioned early on by the entertainment company Nelvana, which is known for its children's animation. The first volume, The Mob, was published in 2004 with The Plague following in 2005 and The Judgment in 2006. The trilogy's themes contain similarities to a lesser known novel, \"The Crow Chronicles\", by Indian author and birdwatcher Ranjit Lal, which was published in paperback format by Penguin Publications in 1996.", "title": "Feather and Bone: The Crow Chronicles" }, { "docid": "13193636#9", "text": "The popularity of the \"Chronicle of Poland, Lithuania, Samogitia and all of Ruthenia\", published by Maciej Stryjkowski in 1582, pushed the old handwritten Lithuanian chronicles into obscurity. They were rediscovered with the advent of professional historiography in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when historians began to critically analyze primary sources to verify various claims. That necessitated the publication of primary sources. The first Lithuanian Chronicle, the Supraśl Manuscript, was published in 1823 by . In 1846, Teodor Narbutt published the Bychowiec Chronicle. Other historians published other manuscripts that they had found. In 1860s, the Archaeographic Commission became interested in collecting and publishing all known manuscripts of the Lithuanian Chronicles. Twelve manuscripts were published in 1907 as volume 17 of the \"Complete Collection of Russian Chronicles\" as West Russian Chronicles (), which became the standard reference. The collection, newly compiled and edited by Mikałaj Ułaščyk, was published as volumes 32 (1975) and 35 (1980) of the \"Complete Collection\". However, despite the discovery of several other manuscripts since 1907, the new volumes did not include them.", "title": "Lithuanian Chronicles" } ]

[ { "docid": "1163049#12", "text": "Brightness (white light output) measures the total amount of light projected in lumens. The color brightness specification Color Light Output measures red, green, and blue each on a nine-point grid, using the same approach as that used to measure brightness.", "title": "Lumen (unit)" }, { "docid": "37240986#0", "text": "Color Light Output (CLO), also known as Color Brightness, is a specification that provides information on a projector’s ability to reproduce color. Color Light Output is specified in the lumen unit and measures a color projection system's ability to correctly reproduce color brightness.", "title": "Color Light Output" }, { "docid": "1163049#11", "text": "Peak lumens is a measure of light output normally used with CRT video projectors. The testing uses a test pattern typically at either 10 and 20 percent of the image area as white at the center of the screen, the rest as black. The light output is measured just in this center area. Limitations with CRT video projectors result in them producing greater brightness when just a fraction of the image content is at peak brightness. For example, the Sony VPH-G70Q CRT video projector produces 1200 \"peak\" lumens but just 200 ANSI lumens.", "title": "Lumen (unit)" }, { "docid": "426889#3", "text": "Many different units of measure are used for photometric measurements. People sometimes ask why there need to be so many different units, or ask for conversions between units that can't be converted (lumens and candelas, for example). We are familiar with the idea that the adjective \"heavy\" can refer to weight or density, which are fundamentally different things. Similarly, the adjective \"bright\" can refer to a light source which delivers a high luminous flux (measured in lumens), or to a light source which concentrates the luminous flux it has into a very narrow beam (candelas), or to a light source that is seen against a dark background. Because of the ways in which light propagates through three-dimensional space — spreading out, becoming concentrated, reflecting off shiny or matte surfaces — and because light consists of many different wavelengths, the number of fundamentally different kinds of light measurement that can be made is large, and so are the numbers of quantities and units that represent them.", "title": "Photometry (optics)" } ]

[ { "docid": "17939#29", "text": "The photometry units are different from most systems of physical units in that they take into account how the human eye responds to light. The cone cells in the human eye are of three types which respond differently across the visible spectrum, and the cumulative response peaks at a wavelength of around 555 nm. Therefore, two sources of light which produce the same intensity (W/m) of visible light do not necessarily appear equally bright. The photometry units are designed to take this into account, and therefore are a better representation of how \"bright\" a light appears to be than raw intensity. They relate to raw power by a quantity called luminous efficacy, and are used for purposes like determining how to best achieve sufficient illumination for various tasks in indoor and outdoor settings. The illumination measured by a photocell sensor does not necessarily correspond to what is perceived by the human eye, and without filters which may be costly, photocells and charge-coupled devices (CCD) tend to respond to some infrared, ultraviolet or both.", "title": "Light" }, { "docid": "17939#28", "text": "Light is measured with two main alternative sets of units: radiometry consists of measurements of light power at all wavelengths, while photometry measures light with wavelength weighted with respect to a standardised model of human brightness perception. Photometry is useful, for example, to quantify Illumination (lighting) intended for human use. The SI units for both systems are summarised in the following tables.", "title": "Light" }, { "docid": "22457411#0", "text": "In geometry, an isophote is a curve on an illuminated surface that connects points of equal brightness. One supposes that the illumination is done by parallel light and the brightness formula_1 is measured by the following scalar product:\nformula_3 is the unit normal vector of the surface at point formula_4 and formula_5 the unit vector of the light's direction. In case of formula_6, i.e. the light is perpendicular to the surface normal, point formula_4 is a point of the surface silhouette looked in direction formula_5. Brightness 1 means, the lightvector is perpendicular to the surface. A plane has no isophotes, because any point has the same brightness.", "title": "Isophote" }, { "docid": "188386#31", "text": "The SI unit of illuminance and luminous emittance, being the luminous power per area, is measured in Lux. It is used in photometry as a measure of the intensity, as perceived by the human eye, of light that hits or passes through a surface. It is analogous to the radiometric unit watts per square metre, but with the power at each wavelength weighted according to the luminosity function, a standardized model of human visual brightness perception. In English, \"lux\" is used in both singular and plural.", "title": "Lighting" }, { "docid": "207560#9", "text": "For spatially extended objects such as galaxies, it is often of interest to measure the spatial distribution of brightness within the galaxy rather than simply measuring the galaxy's total brightness. An object's surface brightness is its brightness per unit solid angle as seen in projection on the sky, and measurement of surface brightness is known as surface photometry. A common application would be measurement of a galaxy's surface brightness profile, meaning its surface brightness as a function of distance from the galaxy's center. For small solid angles, a useful unit of solid angle is the square arcsecond, and surface brightness is often expressed in magnitudes per square arcsecond.", "title": "Photometry (astronomy)" }, { "docid": "508572#3", "text": "In the lighting industry, foot-candles are a common unit of measurement used to calculate adequate lighting levels of workspaces in buildings or outdoor spaces. Foot-candles are also commonly used in the museum and gallery fields, where lighting levels must be carefully controlled to conserve light-sensitive objects such as prints, photographs, and paintings, the colors of which fade when exposed to bright light for a lengthy period.", "title": "Foot-candle" } ]

[ { "docid": "23994#0", "text": "The Ptolemaic dynasty (; , \"Ptolemaioi\"), sometimes also known as the Lagids () or Lagidae (; , \"Lagidai\", after Lagus, Ptolemy I's father), was a Macedonian Greek royal family, which ruled the Ptolemaic Kingdom in Egypt during the Hellenistic period. Their rule lasted for 275 years, from 305 to 30 BC. They were the last dynasty of ancient Egypt.", "title": "Ptolemaic dynasty" }, { "docid": "715596#4", "text": "\"Ptolemais\" is formed from this name by the Greek feminine adjectival ending \"-i(d)s\".The Ptolemaic dynasty, of Macedonian origin, ruled Hellenistic Egypt for nearly 300 years, from 305 BC to 30 BC. The kings of this dynasty were all named Ptolemy. See Ptolemaic dynasty for details of their reigns and other ruling members of the dynasty. See also: Legacy of Ptolemy I Soter.\nThere were several members of the Ptolemaic dynasty that did not become senior rulers of Egypt. Some of them became rulers of other kingdoms. Many of the dates and other details about these Ptolemies are uncertain.", "title": "Ptolemy (name)" }, { "docid": "26639838#0", "text": "The Ptolemaic army was the army of the Ptolemaic Macedonian kings that ruled Egypt from 305 to 30 BC. Like most of the other armies of the Diadochi, it was very much Macedonian in style, with the use of the long pike (\"sarissa\") in a deep phalanx formation. Despite the strength of the Ptolemaic army, evinced in 217 BC with the victory over the Seleucids at the Battle of Raphia, the Ptolemaic kingdom itself fell into decline and by the time of Julius Caesar, it was but a mere client-kingdom of the Roman Republic. The army by the time of Caesar’s campaigns in the eastern Mediterranean was a mere shadow of its former self: generally, a highly disorganized assemblage of mercenaries and other foreign troops.", "title": "Ptolemaic army" } ]

[ { "docid": "8087628#10", "text": "The Thirtieth Dynasty was the last native ruling dynasty during the Pharaonic epoch. It fell to the Persians again in 343 BCE after the last native Pharaoh, King Nectanebo II, was defeated in battle. This Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt, however, did not last long, for the Persians were toppled several decades later by Alexander the Great. The Macedonian Greek general of Alexander, Ptolemy I Soter, founded the Ptolemaic dynasty.", "title": "Egypt" }, { "docid": "56111427#2", "text": "The Ptolemaic dynasty introduced coinage to Egypt, where pre-existing native dynasties did not use coins. The first Ptolemaic mint was in Memphis and was later moved to Alexandria. Succeeding in monetizing the Egyptian society, largely due to efforts of king Ptolemy II Philadelphus, the Ptolemaic kingdom flourished. For most of its history, the kingdom vigorously enforced a policy of a single currency, confiscating foreign coins found on its territory and forcing its dominions to adopt Ptolemaic coinage. In the rare cases when these dominions were allowed their own currency, such as the Jewish community in Palestine, they still had to observe the Ptolemaic weight. These policies, along with inflation and increasing difficulty to obtain silver, caused monetary isolation of the Ptolemaic coinage.", "title": "Ptolemaic coinage" }, { "docid": "23994#4", "text": "Dates in brackets represent the regnal dates of the Ptolemaic pharaohs. They frequently ruled jointly with their wives, who were often also their sisters. Several queens exercised regal authority. Of these, one of the last and most famous was Cleopatra (\"Cleopatra VII Philopator\", 51–30 BC), with her two brothers and her son serving as successive nominal co-rulers. Several systems exist for numbering the later rulers; the one used here is the one most widely employed by modern scholars.", "title": "Ptolemaic dynasty" }, { "docid": "13588#18", "text": "The last ruler from the Ptolemaic dynasty was Cleopatra, who committed suicide following the burial of her lover Mark Antony, who had died in her arms (from a self-inflicted stab wound) after Augustus had captured Alexandria and her mercenary forces had fled.", "title": "History of Egypt" }, { "docid": "455379#46", "text": "Ptolemy's family ruled Egypt until the Roman conquest of 30 BC. All the male rulers of the dynasty took the name Ptolemy. Ptolemaic queens, some of whom were the sisters of their husbands, were usually called Cleopatra, Arsinoe, or Berenice. The most famous member of the line was the last queen, Cleopatra VII, known for her role in the Roman political battles between Julius Caesar and Pompey, and later between Octavian and Mark Antony. Her suicide at the conquest by Rome marked the end of Ptolemaic rule in Egypt though Hellenistic culture continued to thrive in Egypt throughout the Roman and Byzantine periods until the Muslim conquest.", "title": "Hellenistic period" }, { "docid": "1709766#19", "text": "In 525 B.C., the political state of Egypt was taken over by the Persians, almost a century and a half into Egypt's Late Period. By 404 B.C., the Persians were expelled from Egypt starting a short period of independence. These 60 years of Egyptian rule consisted of an abundance of usurpers and short reigns. Again the Egyptians were plagued with Persians as they conquered Egypt again until 332 B.C.with the arrival of Alexander the Great. Sources state that were cheering when Alexander entered the capital since he drove out the immensely disliked Persians. The Late Period is marked with the death of Alexander the Great and the start of the Ptolemaic Dynasty. Although this period marks political turbulence an immense change for Egypt, its art and culture continued to flourish.\nStarting with the Thirtieth Dynasty, the fifth dynasty in the Late Period, and extending into the Ptolemaic era. These temples ranged from the Delta to the island of Philae. While Egypt was outside fluencies through trade and conquered by foreign states, these temples were still in the traditional Egyptian style with very little Hellenistic influence.", "title": "Art of ancient Egypt" }, { "docid": "7606081#1", "text": "The Ptolemaic Kingdom was founded in 305 BC by Ptolemy I Soter, a \"diadochus\" originally from Macedon in northern Greece who declared himself pharaoh of Egypt and created a powerful Macedonian Greek dynasty that ruled an area stretching from southern Syria to Cyrene and south to Nubia. Scholars also argue that the kingdom was founded in 304 BC because of different use of calendars: Ptolemy crowned himself in 304 BC on the ancient Egyptian calendar, but in 305 BC on the ancient Macedonian calendar; to resolve the issue, the year 305/4 was counted as the first year of Ptolemaic Kingdom in Demotic papyri.", "title": "Ptolemaic Kingdom" } ]

[ { "docid": "614878#2", "text": "The Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya was built in 1991 and began hosting the Spanish Grand Prix that same year. Construction also coincided with the Olympic Games scheduled to take place in Barcelona the next year, where the circuit acted as the start and finish line for the road team time trial cycling event. The Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya should not be confused with the Montjuïc circuit, which hosted the Spanish Grand Prix four times between 1969 and 1975 and, unlike the Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya, is actually located within the city of Barcelona.", "title": "Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya" }, { "docid": "29929853#2", "text": "Barcelona's involvement in motorsport included the street circuit at Montjuïc, used for the both Formula One and MotoGP from 1950 to 1976, and the Circuit de Catalunya, completed in 1991. The former street circuit had one Olympic venue inside its circuit and two others located south and adjacent to it. Circuit de Catalunya would serve as the start and finish line area for the cycling road team time trial event. The marathon course was a relatively flat one until the final where it was an uphill climb to the Olympic Stadium. Complaints about garbage in the water near the sailing venue forced the Barcelona Port Authority to have four garbage vessels pick up the garbage on a daily basis.", "title": "Venues of the 1992 Summer Olympics" } ]

[ { "docid": "614878#5", "text": "The Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya has hosted a motorcycle Grand Prix since 1992, originally the European motorcycle Grand Prix from 1992 and later the Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix since 1996. There are at least five points on the track (turns 1, 2, 4, 10, 14) where riders are known to overtake. As in Formula 1, Turn 1 is arguably the most popular place for overtaking. The circuit is not known to produce copious amounts of overtaking, despite the long straights. Originally, the Formula 1 circuit changes were not instituted for MotoGP; however, after a fatal crash in the 2016 MotoGP round involving a Moto2 rider, the Formula 1 layout was implemented to slow down riders for safety purposes. The FIM made a further change to the chicane for 2017 by moving up the chicane to prevent riders from cutting the pit lane entrance, but that was abandoned because the motorcycle chicane had a surface change that created more safety issues with the transition. Further changes were made to the circuit in December 2017 as grandstands were removed to add additional runoff that allowed the FIM to eliminate that chicane (although the Turn 10 hairpin was kept).", "title": "Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya" }, { "docid": "29929853#5", "text": "After World War II, Barcelona started playing host to the Formula One auto and Grand Prix motorcycle racing. The first circuit used in Barcelona was at Pedralbes in 1951, where the inaugural race was won by Argentina's Juan Manuel Fangio. One more race was held at Pedralbes in 1954, won by Great Britain's Mike Hawthorn. Formula One would not return officially to Spain until 1968 though Barcelona's Montjuïc circuit would share duties hosting with Circuito del Jarama to 1975 with Monjuïc hosting in odd-numbered years. The 1975 race was won by Jochen Mass of West Germany. In the former circuit, the Palau dels Esports de Barcelona was constructed in the north part of the circuit as part of the 1955 Mediterranean Games. Montjuïc Stadium was located south of the circuit as was the Piscines Bernat Picornell. Montjuïc hosted the Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix annually from 1951 to 1968 and then in even-numbered years until 1976. Formula One did not return to Barcelona until 1991 with the opening of the Circuit de Catalunya near Barcelona that would be won by Britain's Nigel Mansell. The Brit also won the 1992 race, held twelve weeks before the venue was to be used for the 1992 Summer Olympics.", "title": "Venues of the 1992 Summer Olympics" }, { "docid": "614878#6", "text": "The circuit hosted many other international racing series, including the FIA Sportscar Championship (1999–2002), European Touring Car Championship (2003), FIA GT Championship (2003), Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters (2006–2011), European Le Mans Series (2008–2009), and World Series by Renault (2002–2004, 2006–2011). The FIA World Rallycross Championship currently visits Catalunya since 2015.", "title": "Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya" }, { "docid": "614878#14", "text": "On 3 June 2016, during Moto2 Free Practice for the 2016 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix, Luis Salom crashed in turn 12, resulting in the session being red-flagged. After being transferred to the local \"Hospital General de Catalunya\", Salom died of the injuries sustained in the crash. Upon hearing this, FIM decided to change the current layout of the track to the same layout as the one used in Formula One. After off-season discussions, the FIM announced that the track layout would be slightly modified in that the chicane would be moved up a few metres.The fastest laps at each different circuit configuration. (Set under race condition).", "title": "Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya" }, { "docid": "530955#2", "text": "Much later, in the 1920s, a second and a third rapid transit railway systems were founded with the construction of the \"Gran Metro\" between Lesseps and the Plaça de Catalunya (part of the modern L3) and, two years later, the \"Metro Transversal\" (now part of L1). This third one was built between the Plaça de Catalunya and la Bordeta to link the city centre with the Plaça d'Espanya and Montjuïc, the site of the 1929 Barcelona International Exposition. These two later rapid transit companies contrasted with the first one in being inspired by the \"Métropolitain de Paris\" (from where the word \"metro\" comes).", "title": "Barcelona Metro" }, { "docid": "526356#9", "text": "Work on the Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya was underway in Barcelona thanks to the support of the Spanish government, and in 1991, the event moved to this new track, where it has remained since. The 1992 event was advertised as the Grand Prix of the Olympic Games. Since that race the race has been held in early season, usually in late April or early May.", "title": "Spanish Grand Prix" }, { "docid": "3556298#48", "text": "In the area around the Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya site, moreover, many of the buildings erected for the 1929 International Exhibition remain, whilst others have also been established. All these different elements form a complex that has become one of the most attractive cultural, commercial and leisure centres in the city. The outstanding buildings dating from the time of the International Exhibition include the pavilions housing the Barcelona Trade Fair (Fira de Barcelona), the Estadi Olímpic Lluís Companys, refurbished for the 1992 Games, the Poble Espanyol and the Teatre Grec, a Greek amphitheatre built in a disused quarry. This gives its name to Barcelona’s summer arts festival (GREC).", "title": "Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya" }, { "docid": "56198815#0", "text": "The 2018 Barcelona FIA Formula 2 round was a pair of motor races for Formula 2 cars that took place on 12 and 13 May 2018 at the Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya in Catalonia, Spain as part of the FIA Formula 2 Championship. It was the third round of the 2018 FIA Formula 2 Championship and ran in support of the 2018 Spanish Grand Prix.", "title": "2018 Barcelona FIA Formula 2 round" } ]

[ { "docid": "42658068#0", "text": "Julius Caesar Chappelle (1852–1904) was an African-American politician born into slavery in South Carolina. After the American Civil War, he lived for a time with his family in LaVilla, Florida, helping develop the new town. In 1870, he was one of numerous Southern black migrants to Boston, Massachusetts, which had a thriving black community and strong abolitionist history. He later joined the Republican Party that was founded by abolitionists, and Chappelle was elected to two terms in the Massachusetts state legislature, serving 1883-1886. Julius Caesar Chappelle was also the first African-American to serve on the Massachusetts State Senate Committee where he served three terms. Chappelle was active in supporting civil rights, trying to reduce discrimination, and consumer affairs. His speeches were frequently covered by newspapers. Throughout his life and political career, he held secondary supervisory government positions in maintenance, such as at the United States Post Office and US Boston Custom House. Although Julius Caesar Chappelle may have graced the same pages in newspapers as Frederick Douglass, Chappelle is not as well known because he is not known to have left much of a literary footprint such as writing manuscripts or for pamphlets.", "title": "Julius Caesar Chappelle" } ]

[ { "docid": "42658068#32", "text": "The Chappelle's were split on the prohibition issue, Lewis Chappelle, Julius C. Chappelle's brother and a prominent construction contractor in Florida, was for prohibition but belonged to a non-politically based anti-alcohol group. Lewis Chappelle's son, music prodigy Pat H. Chappelle known as the \"Pioneer of Negro Vaudeville,\" who owned traveling The Rabbit's Foot Company was also in the theater and saloon business, and would visit his uncle Julius Caesar Chappelle in Boston, Massachusetts. Julius Caesar Chappelle and his constituents, colleagues, and friends took a stand against prohibition.", "title": "Julius Caesar Chappelle" }, { "docid": "5599510#27", "text": "In the early 1880s, Hayden helped bring Julius Caesar Chappelle into republican politics. Chappelle was a popular Republican legislator from 1883 to 1886 of Ward 9 that included the Beacon Hill area of Boston, MA. According to the \"Boston Daily Globe\" obituary of Julius C. Chappelle who died in 1904, when Chappelle lived in the \"West End, he attracted the attention of the late Lewis Hayden, who brought him (Julius Caesar Chappelle) into the republican ranks of old ward 9, as a registrar for the colored voters in that ward.\" Chappelle was very successful in registering voters, and Chappelle later won several elections to the Boston legislature. Chappelle was also an alternate to the Republican National Convention that nominated James G. Blaine, and Chappelle was the only African-American on the Republican Senate Committee. During the Crispus Attucks monument unveiling in 1888, when Hayden could not attend due to frail health, Chappelle was president of the senate and along with others at the event gave homage to Hayden. .", "title": "Lewis Hayden" }, { "docid": "42658068#3", "text": "South Carolina was an area of white resistance after the Civil War, and during Reconstruction to the new freedoms for former slaves after they were emancipated. Insurgent groups were active in trying to maintain white supremacy. In 1868, what was known as \"The Death Card\" was a playing card of hate circulated among white supremacists and it contained many images on the one card of white and people of color of South Carolina that were in public office and against slavery. The death card was created by white supremacist in public office in South Carolina. The Ku Klux Klan had numerous chapters that attacked freedmen to maintain white supremacy and establish dominance. Due to the severity of the insurgents' attacks, in 1871 President Ulysses Grant ordered the National Guard of the United States into nine counties in South Carolina, declaring martial law in order to suppress the Ku Klux Klan. The KKK usually raided towns, as many towns in South Carolina such as the Town of Newberry were abolitionist, whereas the slave plantation areas were not. The KKK made bull whip and shooting raids against freedmen and their allies in areas such as Newberry County.", "title": "Julius Caesar Chappelle" }, { "docid": "42697184#1", "text": "Chappelle was born in Jacksonville, Florida, the son of Lewis Chappelle and his wife Anna, who had been slaves in Newberry County, South Carolina. After slavery was abolished, they left South Carolina with their relatives and other freed slaves to help construct the suburban neighborhood of LaVilla in Jacksonville, which became a center of African-American culture in Florida. Lewis Chappelle and his brother Mitchell Chappelle worked on house construction and also held several political positions in LaVilla. Their other brother Julius Caesar Chappelle, Pat's uncle, also worked in construction in LaVilla and then moved to Boston, Massachusetts, where he became a legislator between 1883 and 1886, one of the early black Republicans in Boston (the Republican Party was founded by abolitionists).\nPat Chappelle was musically gifted. He and his brothers and cousin learned musical skills from some of their relatives – Pat learned how to play the guitar and piano, but was best known for his proficiency in banjo. He left school after the fourth grade and played guitar in traveling string bands. He started playing in hotels on the East Coast and was discovered by a prestigious vaudeville circuit owner, Benjamin Franklin Keith, who offered him bookings with the Museum circuit in Boston and New York City. Later, he performed in Florida restaurants and saloons.", "title": "Pat Chappelle" }, { "docid": "42658068#12", "text": "Chappelle also served as an alternate delegate to the Republican National Convention in Chicago that nominated James G. Blaine. Julius Caesar Chappelle was very loyal to the Republican Party in general, and fully supported African-Americans in Republican politics with helpful speeches and meetings that were sometimes covered by the media.\nIn 1884, \"New York Herald\" wrote about Boston politics, \"We are now informed by Mr. Grimké, editor of \"The Hub\", Judge L. Roftin, J.C. Chappelle, Lewis Hayden, J. H. Wolf, and J.J. Smith—all leading citizens of the 'Athens of America'–that the colored vote of Boston is for Blaine.\"", "title": "Julius Caesar Chappelle" }, { "docid": "42658068#25", "text": "Chappelle was seen as having tough contenders by the newspapers that followed the elections to the extent that sometimes they thought he would not win. \"Mr. Julius C. Chappelle, the colored man on the Ward 9 Republican representative ticket, is evidently to be sacrificed by his friends of his white associate. \"The Journal\" significantly hints that 'the Republicans of Ward 9 should see to it that Henry Parkman is elected to the house by a good majority.'\" Yet, Chappelle was reelected, defeating Robert Hooper, the son of Hon. Samuel Hooper.", "title": "Julius Caesar Chappelle" }, { "docid": "42658068#4", "text": "As a youth, Julius C. Chappelle moved to Florida in 1869/1870 with two brothers, other relatives and freedmen from South Carolina to help build LaVilla. The town was later annexed by Jacksonville, Florida.", "title": "Julius Caesar Chappelle" }, { "docid": "42658068#34", "text": "Chappelle was nominated for three terms to the State Senate Committee and in his third term, he served as president of the State Senate Committee. The \"Boston Daily Globe\" reported in its discussion of the activities of the different Wards \"Hon. Henry H. Sprague has been renominated for State Senator and Mr. Julius C. Chappelle has been reappointed a member of the Republican State Committee. The action was taken by the Republican Convention for the Fifth Suffolk Senatorial District, which was held yesterday afternoon at 375 Washington Street, with Mr. Charles G. Wood of Ward 11 as chairman and Mr. Chappelle as Secretary.\" A \"unamimous\" vote \"gave Mr. Chappelle a third term as member of the Republican State Committee although the district usually gives its representatives there two years only.\",", "title": "Julius Caesar Chappelle" } ]

[ { "docid": "21858364#1", "text": "The Brick Gothic church in Suurhusen is reminiscent of the old fortress churches. Originally, it was 32 metres long and 9.35 metres wide. In 1450 the church was shortened by about a quarter and the tower was built in the space. This tower currently leans at an angle of 5.19°, compared with 3.97° for the Pisa tower after its stabilization.", "title": "Leaning Tower of Suurhusen" }, { "docid": "46889#2", "text": "The height of the tower is from the ground on the low side and on the high side. The width of the walls at the base is . Its weight is estimated at . The tower has 296 or 294 steps; the seventh floor has two fewer steps on the north-facing staircase. In 1990 the tower leaned at an angle of 5.5 degrees, but following remedial work between 1993 and 2001 this was reduced to 3.97 degrees, reducing the overhang by 45 cm at a cost of £200m. It lost a further 4 cm of tilt in the two decades to 2018.", "title": "Leaning Tower of Pisa" } ]

[ { "docid": "14682410#0", "text": "The leaning tower illusion is a visual illusion seen in a pair of identical images of the Leaning Tower of Pisa photographed from below. Although the images are duplicates, one has the impression that the tower on the right leans more, as if photographed from a different angle. The illusion was discovered by Frederick Kingdom, Ali Yoonessi and Elena Gheorghiu at McGill University, and won first prize in the Best Illusion of the Year Contest 2007.", "title": "Leaning tower illusion" }, { "docid": "117142#3", "text": "Bedum's 36-metre tower of the St Walfridus church has been calculated as now leaning at a greater angle than the leaning tower of Pisa. If both towers were the same height, Bedum's would have a greater displacement by 6 cm.", "title": "Bedum" }, { "docid": "56129358#2", "text": "The tower reached the height of around 28 meters and consists of eight levels. It had square shaped platform and 64 niches on the octagonal frame. It was slightly leaning, although the angle was less compared to the Leaning Tower of Pisa.", "title": "Minaret of Anah" }, { "docid": "46889#0", "text": "The Leaning Tower of Pisa () or simply the Tower of Pisa (\"Torre di Pisa\" ) is the \"campanile\", or freestanding bell tower, of the cathedral of the Italian city of Pisa, known worldwide for its unintended tilt. The tower is situated behind the Pisa Cathedral and is the third oldest structure in the city's Cathedral Square (\"Piazza del Duomo\"), after the cathedral and the Pisa Baptistry.", "title": "Leaning Tower of Pisa" }, { "docid": "12698277#0", "text": "Suurhusen is a village north of Emden in the German region of East Frisia. It has about 1200 inhabitants and is administered by the municipality of Hinte. The steeple of the Suurhusen church, inclined at an angle of 5.19 degrees, is the most leaning tower of the world, beating the world-famous Leaning Tower of Pisa by 1.22 degrees.", "title": "Suurhusen" }, { "docid": "36994726#26", "text": "The Leaning Tower of Pisa in Pisa, Italy, dating from around 1173, has long suffered from structural problems. The tower is eight stories high at and before restoration work from 1990 leaned 5.5 degrees. It currently leans about 4 degrees but due to foundation problems it continues to sink about 1mm annually. The resemblance of the tower to a penis has seen the \"Leaning Tower of Pisa\" became a sexual slang term for a half erect penis. Local retailers have attempted to capitalize on the tower as a phallic architectural piece by making souvenirs featuring underwear with the tower resembling a penis. The Catholic Church denounced the promotion of the tower in such a manner as showing \"a complete lack of respect\" and a \"disgrace\" and retailers can now be fined up to €500 for selling items promoting the tower as a penis.", "title": "Phallic architecture" }, { "docid": "20048578#2", "text": "The same approach applies to finding the optimal place from which to kick a ball in rugby. For that matter, it is not necessary that the alignment of the picture be at right angles: we might be looking at a window of the Leaning Tower of Pisa or a realtor showing off the advantages of a sky-light in a sloping attic roof.", "title": "Regiomontanus' angle maximization problem" }, { "docid": "46960077#0", "text": "Huzhu Pagoda () is a Chinese Pagoda located on Tianmashan Hill in the Songjiang District of Shanghai. It is known for its leaning angle, surpassing that of the Leaning Tower of Pisa.", "title": "Huzhu Pagoda" } ]

[ { "docid": "4043864#15", "text": "Thailand is home to about 63 million people, 95% of these people follow Theravada Buddhism and it has become central to the culture and identity of Thailand. It has been observed that few Buddhist monks and authorities have taken action against the death penalty. Many monks in Thailand have been surprisingly tolerant. This might be because they come from rural areas of the country where the death penalty is strongly supported, they lack information because it is not a pressing issue and not widely debated, or they simply have no power and are forbidden from making political statements because political authorities are exclusively in control of the government in Thailand. Thailand's war on drugs may potentially explain its current retention of the death penalty. The manufacture and distribution of drugs is considered an offense in which the death penalty is mandatory. There were no executions in Thailand, however, between the years of 1988-1995 and 2004-2007.", "title": "Religion and capital punishment" } ]

[ { "docid": "2670504#12", "text": "The vast majority of the Thai people live in Thailand, although some Thais can also be found in other parts of Southeast Asia. About 51–57 million live in Thailand alone, while large communities can also be found in the United States, China, Laos, Taiwan, Malaysia, Singapore, Cambodia, Burma, South Korea, Germany, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, Sweden, Norway, Libya, and the United Arab Emirates.", "title": "Thai people" }, { "docid": "209646#0", "text": "The Northern Thai people or Tai Yuan (ไทยวน, ), self-designation khon mu(e)ang (ฅนเมือง, , meaning \"people of the (cultivated) land\" or \"people of our community\") are the majority population of eight provinces in northern Thailand, principally in the area of the former kingdom of Lan Na. They belong to the group of Tai peoples and are closely related to Tai Lü and Tai Khün with regards to common culture, language and history. There are approximately 6 million Tai Yuan. Most of them live in Northern Thailand, with a small minority 29,442 (2005 census) living across the border in Bokeo Province and Sainyabuli Province of Laos. Their language is called Northern Thai, Lanna, or \"Kham Mueang\".", "title": "Northern Thai people" }, { "docid": "14010254#11", "text": "The Chinese population in Thailand had risen to 792,000 by 1910. By 1932, approximately 12.2 percent of the population was ethnic Chinese. The corruption of the Qing dynasty and the massive population increase in China, combined with high taxes, caused many families to leave for Thailand in search of work and a better life. Those who came before the First World War came overland or by sailboats called sampams, while after World War II most arrived by steam ship. The earlier tradition of Chinese-Thai intermarriage declined once large numbers of Chinese women immigrated in the early-20th century. New arrivals frequently came as families and resisted assimilation, retaining their Chinese culture and living in all-Chinese areas.", "title": "Peopling of Thailand" }, { "docid": "30128#86", "text": "In 2016, 5.81 million people lived in poverty, or 11.6 million people (17.2% of population) if \"near poor\" is included. Proportion of the poor relative to total population in each region was 12.96% in the Northeast, 12.35% in the South, and 9.83% in the North. In 2017, there were 14 million people who applied for social welfare (yearly income of less than ฿100,000 was required). At the end of 2017, Thailand's total household debt was ฿11.76 trillion. In 2010, 3% of all household were bankrupt. In 2016, there were estimated 30,000 homeless persons in the country.", "title": "Thailand" }, { "docid": "1309790#44", "text": "The exact number of child-prostitutes in Thailand is not known. According to the US-based research institute “Protection Project”, estimates of the number of children involved in prostitution living in Thailand ranges from 12,000 to the hundreds of thousands (ECPAT International). The government, university researchers, and NGOs estimated that there are as many as 30,000 to 40,000 prostitutes under 18 years of age, not including foreign migrants (US Department of State, 2005b). Thailand’s Health System Research Institute estimates that children in prostitution make up 40% of prostitutes in Thailand.", "title": "Prostitution in Thailand" }, { "docid": "18639783#21", "text": "The Bank of Thailand estimates that, , 1,120,837 Thais worked overseas. The number of Thais registered as working overseas is only 117,291. \nWorking overseas is increasingly popular among Thai people. Human traffickers sometimes take advantage of those working abroad. \"The problems of deception, tricking people to work as forced labour or in the sex industry are more prominent,\" according to Kritaya Archavanitkul, a professor at Mahidol University's Institute for Population and Social Research. Many Thai people seek easy, but illegal, ways to work in other countries. That makes them easier targets for traffickers, and vulnerable to being taken advantage of by bad employers. In India, for example, massage parlors are a booming industry and many customers prefer fair-skinned women from countries like Thailand. Since 2015, Thailand has become a \"source country\" for coerced sex workers. Full data is not yet available for 2017, but Indian authorities said 40 Thai women were rescued from massage parlors acting as fronts for prostitution in Mumbai and Pune in the first half of 2017. Another 34 Thai women were rescued later in 2017 from massage parlors and spas in Hyderabad.", "title": "Human trafficking in Thailand" }, { "docid": "30131#3", "text": "Thailand's successful government-sponsored family planning program has resulted in a decline in population growth from 3.1 percent in 1960 to around 0.4 percent in 2015. The World Bank forecasts a contraction of the working-age population of about 10 percent between 2010 and 2040. In 1970, an average of 5.7 people lived in a Thai household. At the time of the 2010 census, the figure was down to 3.2. Even though Thailand has one of the better social security systems in Asia, the increasing population of elderly people is a challenge for the country.", "title": "Demographics of Thailand" }, { "docid": "30129#100", "text": "The population began to grow explosively as the standard of living rose, and a flood of people began to move from the villages to the cities, and above all to Bangkok. Thailand had 30 million people in 1965, while by the end of the 20th century the population had doubled. Bangkok's population had grown tenfold since 1945 and had tripled since 1970.", "title": "History of Thailand" }, { "docid": "30131#5", "text": "The United Nations classifies Thailand as an \"aging society\" (one-tenth of the population above 60), on track to become an \"aged society\" (one-fifth of the population above 60) by 2025. The Fiscal Policy Office projects that the number of Thais aged 60-plus will increase from 14 percent in 2016 to 17.5 percent in 2020, 21.2 percent in 2025, and 25.2 percent in 2030. it is estimated that there are 94,000 employees aged 60 years or more in the workforce.", "title": "Demographics of Thailand" }, { "docid": "30131#1", "text": "The population of Thailand was estimated to be .", "title": "Demographics of Thailand" } ]

[ { "docid": "24399451#2", "text": "Nickelodeon launched on April 1, 1979 (as the first ever all children's network) on Warner Cable franchises across the country. Nickelodeon's name was proposed by New York based creative director/designer Joseph Iozzi, who also created the channel's first logo and original advertising campaign. Iozzi saw the word \"nickelodeon\" as a natural fit for the proposed children's channel: \"The Nickelodeon was a turn of the century device for dispensing entertainment. The sound of the word was nice and rolled off the tongue easily\". Hauser ultimately selected Iozzi's proposal out of a list out of 150 names. The other proposed names for the channel included The Savoy Channel and The Rainbow Network.", "title": "History of Nickelodeon" } ]

[ { "docid": "24399451#23", "text": "In October 2009, Viacom brought \"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles\" into the Nickelodeon family when it purchased the franchise from Mirage Studios, with a new CGI-animated series and live action film released since then. On May 12, 2010, the network reached an agreement with Haim Saban to obtain rights to broadcast new episodes of \"Power Rangers\" (after Saban had repurchased rights to the franchise from The Walt Disney Company earlier that month). The network began airing the series starting with the February 7, 2011 debut of its 18th season, \"Power Rangers Samurai\"; as part of the deal, Nickelodeon also acquired the rights to all 700 episodes of the series produced prior to then for broadcast on sister network Nicktoons, which began airing the series later that year. On January 1, 2011, Nickelodeon debuted \"House of Anubis\", a series based on the Nickelodeon Netherlands series \"Het Huis Anubis\", which became the first original scripted series to be broadcast in a weekdaily strip (similar to the soap opera format). Produced in the United Kingdom, it was also the first original series by the flagship U.S. channel to be produced outside of North America.", "title": "History of Nickelodeon" }, { "docid": "24399451#9", "text": "On August 11, 1991, Nickelodeon debuted its first original animated series – \"Doug\", \"Rugrats\", and \"The Ren & Stimpy Show\" – under the Nicktoons banner. The development of these programs was a reversal of the network's previous concerns, as Nickelodeon had previously refused to produce weekly animated series due to the high production costs. The three series found success by 1993, resulting in the creation of the network's fourth Nicktoon, \"Rocko's Modern Life\", which also became a success. Later, Nickelodeon partnered with Sony Wonder (currently of Sony Pictures Home Entertainment) to release episode compilations of the network's programs on VHS, which became top sellers, until 1996, after which Nickelodeon switched its distribution to Paramount Home Entertainment, with Paramount re-releasing episode compilations of the network's Nicktoons on VHS. \"Doug\" and \"The Ren & Stimpy Show\" would both end production around that time; however, \"Doug\" would be revived in 1996 as part of ABC's Saturday morning lineup. \"Rugrats\", on the other hand, returned from hiatus on May 9, 1997 (reruns continued to air up until that point).\nOn August 15, 1992, the network extended its Saturday schedule by two hours, with the launch of a primetime block called SNICK from 8:00 to 10:00 p.m. Eastern and Pacific Time; over the years, SNICK became home to shows such as \"Are You Afraid of the Dark?\", \"Clarissa Explains It All\", \"All That\", \"The Amanda Show\", and \"Kenan & Kel\". In 2004, the block was reformatted as the Saturday edition of TEENick, which originally debuted on Sunday evenings in 2000. The Saturday night block continues today and was not officially branded from 2009 to 2012, when the \"Gotta See Saturdays\" brand was adopted for the Saturday morning and primetime blocks; the TEENick branding, with its spelling altered to TeenNick, has since been used on the Nickelodeon sister channel previously known as The N. After a three-year absence following suspension of the publication in 1990, Nickelodeon resumed \"Nickelodeon Magazine\" under a pay/subscription model in June 1993. In March 1993, the channel enlisted the help of viewers to come up with new shapes in which to display its iconic orange logo in the network's promotions. The designs chosen – a cap, a balloon, a gear, a rocket and a top, among other shapes – were mainly 3D renderings, and debuted alongside a new promotional graphics package in June 1993. The success of the Saturday primetime block led Nickelodeon to expand its programming into primetime on other nights in 1996, with the extension of its broadcast day to 8:30 p.m. Eastern and Pacific Time (and later extended to 9:00 p.m. from 1998 to 2009) on Sunday through Friday nights.", "title": "History of Nickelodeon" }, { "docid": "18330013#13", "text": "In November 1998, Viacom International Media Networks Europe; then MTV Networks Europe announced the creation of Nickelodeon in Africa. The channel would broadcast along with MTV Europe. A programming block launched on July 1, 1999, here Nickelodeon shows aired on MNET's children's block K-TV. In 2005, K-TV decided to cease broadcasting Nickelodeon produced programming. In 2008, VIMN Africa decided to launch a 24-hour channel across Africa.\nMTV Networks Africa also operates additional channels these include a localized version of Nickelodeon and promotes the European versions of MTV Live HD, VH1, MTV, MTV Portugal and MTV France.", "title": "Viacom International Media Networks" }, { "docid": "26542736#11", "text": "In the mid-1990s, Nickelodeon decided to move production of some live-action series to the West Coast from Nickelodeon Studios in Orlando, Florida at Universal Studios. After scouting soundstages for a year, the network's headlining mover All That spent a year at Paramount Pictures before Nickelodeon obtained a lease for the 6238 Sunset Blvd facility, acquiring the soundstage and rebranding it Nickelodeon on Sunset by 1997. Due to limited studio space and the need to control plot spoilage for several programs, only a few series were taped at Nickelodeon on Sunset at a time. As a result, other live-action series produced for the network were filmed in other stage facilities with closed set policies throughout the Hollywood area.\nSome of the shows filmed there for Nickelodeon include the ten-season run of \"All That\", \"The Amanda Show\", \"Drake & Josh\", and more recently \"iCarly\" and \"Victorious\".", "title": "Nickelodeon on Sunset" }, { "docid": "154549#12", "text": "On September 28, 2009, the network was relaunched as Nick Jr., named after the former preschool program block of the same name that aired on Nickelodeon from January 1988 to February 2009. The network debuted Nickmom, a four-hour nightly program block aimed at mothers in September 2012, which was controversial at its start due to its more lenient content standards (including some profanity, crude humor and suggestive references) than what is otherwise permitted on Nick Jr., particularly as the network operates a singular Eastern Time Zone feed, which results in the Nickmom block airing at the same time in all six U.S. time zones (being broadcast as early as 5:00 p.m. in the Hawaii–Aleutian Time Zone). While traditional advertising appears on the channel during the Nickmom block, the network otherwise only runs programming promotions and underwriter-style sponsorships in lieu of regular commercials.", "title": "Nickelodeon" }, { "docid": "925645#2", "text": "Nicktoons was launched on May 1, 2002, as Nicktoons TV, part of the digital cable-exclusive MTV Digital Suite, in order to entice cable operators to pick up the network and give them a marketing advantage over satellite services. However, by early 2004, Nickelodeon management changed course and offered it to digital satellite services DirecTV and Dish Network. The network was originally marketed as commercial-free, with comedic promos involving Nickelodeon Animation Studios, two-minute cartoon shorts from foreign markets, and former program promotions which had previously been used on Nickelodeon taking up commercial time. By June 6, 2005, as the network's distribution increased, the network began to carry regular advertising.", "title": "Nicktoons (United States)" }, { "docid": "154549#13", "text": "TeenNick is a pay television network that is aimed at adolescents and young adults, which originated as a nighttime block called \"The N\" on Noggin (in a similar scheduling structure as Nickelodeon and Nick at Nite) on April 1, 2002, and was spun off into a standalone channel on December 31, 2007, when it took over the satellite transponder of Nickelodeon Games and Sports. On September 28, 2009, the network was rebranded as TeenNick, named after the former TEENick block that aired on Nickelodeon from July 2000 to February 2009. Although TeenNick has more relaxed program standards than the other Nickelodeon channels (save for Nick at Nite and the Nickmom block on Nick Jr.) – allowing for moderate profanity, suggestive dialogue and some violent content – the network has shifted its lineup almost exclusively towards current and former Nickelodeon series (including some that are burned off due to low ratings on the flagship channel) that have stricter content standards. It also airs some acquired sitcoms and drama series (such as \"\", which has aired on the network since 2003 as The N) and until the rebrand, also incorporated some original programming. On July 25, 2011, TeenNick began airing \"The '90s Are All That\", renamed \"The Splat\" in October 2015, a block of Nickelodeon's most popular 1990s programming, targeting the network's target demographic from that era.", "title": "Nickelodeon" }, { "docid": "31509912#1", "text": "Nickelodeon Creative Labs was founded in 1994 by Amy Friedman. The company produced motion graphics and short-form material for the Nickelodeon network, including the award-winning \"Short Films by Short People\" interstitial series. In 1996, Nickelodeon Creative Labs began producing the Nick Jr. series \"Blue's Clues\" in-house using Adobe After Effects, Photoshop, and Power Macintosh computers. In October 1999, Nickelodeon Creative Labs relaunched as Nick Digital; it was now also producing \"Little Bill\", another Nick Jr. series. In December 2008, MTV Networks planned to shut down Nick Digital by the end of the year. The company ultimately stayed open, but a Nick Digital branch at Nickelodeon Animation Studio took over producing visual effects for Nickelodeon's animated series. In 2009, Nickelodeon launched Nickelodeon Creative Advertising, a creative agency which produces advertising for kids and families.", "title": "Nickelodeon Digital" } ]

[ { "docid": "34596116#0", "text": "The history of vigilante justice and the Montana Vigilantes began in 1863 in what was at the time a remote part of eastern Idaho Territory. Vigilante activities continued, although somewhat sporadically, through the Montana Territorial period until the territory became the state of Montana on November 8, 1889. Vigilantism arose because territorial law enforcement and the courts had very little power in the remote mining camps during the territorial period.", "title": "Montana Vigilantes" } ]

[ { "docid": "34596116#27", "text": "The first written account of the vigilantes was Thomas Dimsdale's \"Vigilantes of Montana\" which first appeared as a series of articles in 1865 editions of the \"Montana Post\", Virginia City's and Montana's first newspaper. Dimsdale was a member of the Alder Gulch Vigilance Committee and editor of the \"Montana Post.\" His early accounts of the Alder Gulch vigilante events are widely cited and the book version of his articles, the first book published in Montana Territory in 1866, has been extensively reprinted since its first edition.\nX. Biedler, one of the Alder Gulch and Helena vigilante enforcers wrote about his vigilante activities in his personal journals. They weren't available until well after his death when Helen F. Sanders, the daughter-in-law of Wilbur Sanders finally got them published in 1957. Nathaniel Langford, also a member of the vigilantes, explorer of the upper Yellowstone (1870), first superintendent of Yellowstone National Park (1872–1877), territorial tax collector (1864–1869) and author published \"Vigilante Days and Ways-Pioneers of the Rockies\" in 1893 after he returned to his home in Minnesota. In a 1912 speech to the Montana Historical Society, western historian, Olin Wheeler provided positive commentary on the Alder Gulch vigilantes in a tribute to the life of Nathaniel Langford.\nAnother account, not published until 1982, is that of former Montana Supreme Court Justice (1922–1935) Lew L. Callaway. Edited by his son Lew Callaway Jr., \"Montana's Righteous Hangmen:The Vigilantes in Action\" stems from Callaway's association with vigilante Captain James William in the late 1800s. Lew Callaway wrote extensively about the vigilantes and his stories which add more intimate details about how the vigilantes operated are captured in this volume. Although some vigilante activities during this period were criticized by citizens and civic leaders, there was a general affirmation of their purpose and contribution to law and order in a growing territory. Mark C. Dillon's \"Montana Vigilantes 1863–1870 Gold, Guns and Gallows\" (2013) concludes that given the lawless environment and criminal activity in Alder Gulch and Helena at the time, the lack of any functioning justice system and the understanding of due process at the time, the vigilantes acted in a way they thought was best for their communities. He contends that judging the vigilantes by today's understanding and standards of due process is problematic.\nIn 2004, Frederick Allen, a journalist and historian, published \"A Decent and Orderly Lynching:The Montana Vigilantes\" reviewed as an up-to-day balanced account of Montana's vigilante history (1864–1870). Allen's book reinforces the motivations and methods of the earliest vigilantes in Alder Gulch while commenting on the growing disdain for vigilantism in the late 1860s. More generalist works on Montana history such as Merrill G. Burlingame's \"The Montana Frontier\" (1942) and Michael P. Malone's \"Montana-A History of Two Centuries\" (1991) adequately summarize the vigilante period largely based on earlier accounts by Dimsdale, Langford and Biedler. Additionally, many topical histories of Montana, such as novelist and Montana historian Dan Cushman's \"Montana: The Gold Frontier\" (1973) cover the vigilante period.", "title": "Montana Vigilantes" }, { "docid": "34596116#2", "text": "As the gold fields of Alder Gulch and Grasshopper Creek declined in 1865, prospectors and fortune seekers migrated to newly discovered areas in and around Last Chance Gulch (now Helena, Montana). As lawlessness increased, vigilante justice continued there with the formation of the Committee of Safety in 1865. During the period 1865–1870, at least 14 alleged criminals were executed by Helena's vigilantes. In 1884, ranchers in Central and Eastern Montana resorted to vigilante justice to deal with cattle rustlers and horse thieves. The best-known vigilante group in that area were \"Stuart's Stranglers\", organized by Granville Stuart in the Musselshell region. As formal law enforcement became more prevalent in the region, vigilantism fell into decline.", "title": "Montana Vigilantes" }, { "docid": "34596116#3", "text": "Vigilantism in pre-territorial and territorial Montana has been written about, romanticized and chronicled in personal memoirs, biographies, documentary and scholarly works, film and fiction for well over a century. The first book published in Montana was Thomas J. Dimsdale's 1866 first edition of \"The Vigilantes of Montana\", which was compiled from a series of newspaper articles he wrote for the \"Montana Post\" in 1865. Historical analysis of the period ranges from disrepute to heroism, with debates over whether the lack of any functioning justice system and the understanding of due process at the time meant the vigilantes acted in a way they thought was best for their communities or if modern standards of due process should govern analysis of their actions.", "title": "Montana Vigilantes" }, { "docid": "34596116#7", "text": "On December 19–21, 1863, a public trial was held for George Ives, the suspected murderer of a young Dutch immigrant Nicholas Tiebolt. Hundreds of miners from around the area attended the 3-day, outdoor trial. George Ives was prosecuted by Wilbur F. Sanders and Ives was convicted and hanged on December 21, 1863. Sanders played a prominent role in Montana history and eventually became the first U.S. Senator from Montana when the territory gained statehood in 1889. While the Ives trial resulted in an execution many residents were frustrated by a cumbersome process that could easily be manipulated. This sentiment is illustrated by a quote from Thomas Dimsdale who wrote the first published account of the Montana Vigilantes, originally written in 1865 as a series of articles for the \"Montana Post\" and later compiled into a book.", "title": "Montana Vigilantes" }, { "docid": "34596116#26", "text": "The numerical symbol 3-7-77 has long been associated with Montana vigilantes. Its meaning is unclear though many theories have been put forward trying to explain what it symbolized, none conclusive, including references to the dimensions of a grave, the amount of time a miscreant had to leave town, assorted Masonic symbolism, details of membership structure, and a simple copying of the symbol from organizations in Colorado and California. Although it has been associated with vigilantes in Alder Gulch, this is not supported by historical evidence. The first documented evidence of use of the symbol in a vigilante scenario occurred in November 1879 in Helena when it was mentioned in a newspaper article. A 1914 dissertation noted that it was simply used as part of a meeting notice. It was incorporated into the uniform patch of the Montana Highway Patrol (MHP) in 1956. MHP administrator Alex Stephenson designed the insignia and explained, \"we chose the symbol to keep alive the memory of this first people's police force.\"", "title": "Montana Vigilantes" }, { "docid": "34596116#9", "text": "Although the vigilance committee started as a small secret institution in Virginia City, knowledge of it soon spread in the territory and membership grew. As a secret organization, exact accounts of membership vary, but many members became prominent in the history of the territory and state. Among those who were members include Wilbur Sanders (1st U.S. Senator from Montana (1890)), Sidney Edgerton (first Governor of Montana Territory (1864)), Nelson Story (famous for his 1866 cattle drive from Texas to Bozeman and prominent Bozeman merchant), John Bozeman (founder of Bozeman, Montana (1864) and the Bozeman Trail), Nathaniel P. Langford (first Yellowstone National Park superintendent (1872–1877)), James Stuart (brother of Granville Stuart, who would form the Stuarts' Stranglers in 1884), Tom Cover (one of the Alder Gulch prospectors who discovered the first gold there and alleged murderer of John Bozeman (1867)) and Thomas Dimsdale (editor of Montana's first newspaper, the \"Montana Post\" and author of \"The Vigilantes of Montana\" (1866)).", "title": "Montana Vigilantes" }, { "docid": "34596116#24", "text": "The first stockmen's association in Montana was formed in Virginia City in 1873. The association was established to discuss branding standards, how to deal with rustling and how to influence the territorial legislature to pass laws favorable to the cattle industry. This association did not survive, but led to the creation of other organizations in subsequent years. In 1878, the Montana Stock Association of Lewis and Clark County was organized. One of its prominent members, Ross Deegan, editorialized about the need for extralegal action if the territorial legislature did not enact laws to protect the cattle industry:\nIn July, 1879, a Territorial Stock Association was formed that ultimately spawned a number of small county or district based associations throughout Montana. By 1883, the value of cattle in Montana was estimated at greater than $25 million and annual losses from rustling exceeded three percent. By the summer of 1884, cattle men resorted to vigilatism to deal with rustlers and the first recorded hanging occurred at Fort Maginnis on July 3, 1884, when Reese Anderson, a DHS ranch foreman, and several other ranch hands hanged Sam McKenzie for horse thievery.", "title": "Montana Vigilantes" }, { "docid": "34596116#17", "text": "On July 14, 1864, four prospectors—John S. Cowan, John Crab, Bob Staley and Daniel Jackson—found gold in a small creek they named \"Last Chance Gulch\". As word of the strike spread throughout the area, prospectors and fortune seekers, including many from Alder Gulch and Bannack, migrated to Last Chance Gulch and the town of Helena, Montana was founded. By the middle of 1865, many prominent vigilantes of Alder Gulch, including Wilbur Sanders, John X. Biedler, and Anton Holter, had moved to Helena. When the territory was formed, three judicial districts were established. The First District belonged to Judge Hosmer and included the towns of Bannack, Virginia City, Nevada City and Deer Lodge. The Third District encompassed the towns around Helena. From July 1864, until August 1865, the only justice system was the miners' court; the Third District did not get its first chief judge until August 1865, when Judge Lyman Munson arrived from the east.", "title": "Montana Vigilantes" }, { "docid": "34596116#10", "text": "Due to the secret nature of the organization it is difficult to be sure when an execution was carried out by the vigilance committee or another group of motivated citizens. In the months following the Ives trial many suspected road agents were hanged. Notably, Henry Plummer, the sheriff of Bannack, who was suspected by many of being the ringleader of the road agents. The Montana Vigilantes hanged men using the testimony of other men who faced their imminent executions as the sole evidence. Of the few accounts of the early actions of the Alder Gulch Vigilantes, Beidler and Dimsdale are the most complete, although they give little information about the secret trials conducted by the vigilantes. Estimates vary, but noted vigilante historian Frederick Allen believes that between the years 1863 and 1865 somewhere from 15 to 35 people were killed due to the actions of the Alder Gulch vigilantes.", "title": "Montana Vigilantes" } ]

[ { "docid": "49351422#0", "text": "Jean Rollin (born Jean Michel Rollin Roth Le Gentil; 3 November 1938 – 15 December 2010) was a French film director, writer, producer, actor and novelist. He worked on his mainstream films under his own name and on pornographic and several other films under the pseudonyms Michel Gentil or J.A. Laser. He has additionally served as an editor, assistant director, executive producer, production and film supervisor on several other projects throughout his career.", "title": "Jean Rollin filmography" }, { "docid": "653706#0", "text": "Jean Michel Rollin Roth Le Gentil (3 November 193815 December 2010) was a French film director, actor, and novelist best known for his work in the fantastique genre.", "title": "Jean Rollin" } ]

[ { "docid": "653706#3", "text": "Jean Rollin was born in Neuilly-sur-Seine (now Hauts-de-Seine), France, to Claude Louis René Rollin-Roth-Le Gentil, an actor and theatre director, who went by the stage name \"Claude Martin\", and his wife Denise (née Leffroi), an artists' model. His half-brother was actor Olivier Rollin.", "title": "Jean Rollin" }, { "docid": "653706#30", "text": "Rollin received minor work following \"Les trottoirs de Bangkok\"; in 1985, he resumed his pseudonym work as Michel Gentil in a non-pornographic feature, the slapstick comedy, \"Ne prends pas les poulets pour des pigeons\" which reunited Brigitte Borghese and Gérard Landry from his previous film, and included French actor and comedian Popeck. Rollin was hired for the work and therefore his real name was not attached to the project. In 1988, he received the uncredited directorial role in the erotic sequel \"Emmanuelle 6\", in which he also served as screenplay writer. The film suffered many flaws during production under direction from Bruno Zincone and Rollin became involved in an attempt to salvage what he could and see that production was completed for the financiers.", "title": "Jean Rollin" }, { "docid": "653706#14", "text": "Rollin directed the adult sex films \"Jeunes filles impudiques\" (\"Schoolgirl Hitchhikers\"), \"Le sourire vertical\" (\"The Vertical Smile\"), and \"Tout le monde il en a deux\" (\"Bacchanales sexuelles\" or \"Fly Me the French Way\") under the pseudonym Michel Gentil as he was financially unable to come up with a budget for another mainstream feature film. However, in 1974 Rollin directed the horror adventure and self-proclaimed \"Expressionist\" film \"Les démoniaques\" which was inspired by the adventure classics he had enormous admiration for in his youth. The film includes Joëlle Cœur and Willy Braque whom Rollin worked with on \"Jeunes filles impudiques\". The story follows two young women who have been involved in a shipwreck and are brutally raped and murdered by a group of rogue pirates, only to be resurrected after making love to the devil so that they can seek their revenge. Rollin had many disputes with the producers of the film during production of the project as they insisted on a low budget. He was hospitalized for two weeks following the work due to mental and physical exhaustion. Further problems would arise including the working title, \"Les diablesses\", having to be changed as the copyright was not free of charge and with the Castel Twins being unavailable for the roles of the avenging ghosts, the parts where offered to inexperienced actresses Lieva Lone and Patricia Hermenier.", "title": "Jean Rollin" }, { "docid": "653706#17", "text": "Between 1976 and 1977, his work consisted strictly of hardcore pornographic films as there was a lack of money and producers reluctant to fund any new mainstream projects due to his previous commercial failures. Seven porn films were produced within this period under his pseudonym Michel Gentil, and one of which, \"Suce moi vampire\" (\"Suck Me Vampire\": the hardcore version of \"Lèvres de sang\"), he credited himself as Michel Gand. His 1976 hardcore film \"Douces pénétraitions\" marked the final time the Castel Twins would appear together working for Rollin, and the final time Marie-Pierre would work with him altogether. Catherine would continue to appear in his films for several years.", "title": "Jean Rollin" }, { "docid": "653706#32", "text": "Despite his intentions to retire from directing following \"Perdues dans New York\", his final film of the 1980s, \"Killing Car\" (working title \"Femme dangereuse\") was produced in 1989. It is a revenge thriller and one of his most underrated and overlooked works. Initially intended to be a softcore production under the Michel Gentil pseudonym, Rollin attached his own name to the project and made it one of his most personal and self-referential of all his works. The film was shot on 16mm and in less than a week on a minimal budget of under $100,000. Australian model Tiki Tsang, originally of Brisbane, Queensland, had been residing in Paris, France for sometime when she was discovered by Rollin and offered her the role of \"The Car Woman\", a strange woman who steals an old Buick and proceeds to kill a number of people to seek revenge for a past tragedy. The part of \"The Car Woman\" was written especially for Tsang in what is the only film credit to her name. \"Killing Car\" gives nod to previous Rollin works including Tsang emerging from a grandfather clock (as did Dominique in an iconic scene from \"Les frisson des vampires\"). Max Monteillet returned as cinematographer and Philippe Brejean provided the score. Cast includes recurring collaborators Jean-Pierre Bouyxou and Jean-Loup Philippe. Following the production, Rollin was hospitalized due to exhaustion and started editing the film after his recovery. The editing process lasted two years. Several problems would arise during post-production, as the film found it difficult to receive distribution, like \"Perdues dans New York\", if it could not receive a theatrical distribution, Rollin would settle for a video or television release. The film was eventually released in 1993. It was announced that no usable print or negative of the film exists today, and all known film negatives are considered lost.", "title": "Jean Rollin" }, { "docid": "45395448#0", "text": "Michel Roth (born November 7, 1959) is a French chef, two stars at the Guide Michelin. He has also received famous titles like the Bocuse d'Or and Meilleur Ouvrier de France, both in 1991.", "title": "Michel Roth" }, { "docid": "16686680#1", "text": "Le Loutre was born in 1709 to Jean-Maurice Le Loutre Després, a paper maker, and Catherine Huet, the daughter of a paper maker, in the parish of Saint-Matthieu in Morlaix, France in Brittany. In 1730, the young Le Loutre entered the \"Séminaire du Saint-Esprit\" in Paris; both his parents had already died. After completing his training, Le Loutre transferred to the \"Séminaire des Missions Étrangères\" (Seminary of Foreign Missions) in March 1737, as he intended to serve the church abroad. Most of the priests associated with the Paris Foreign Missions Society were assigned as missionaries to Asia, particularly during the nineteenth century, but Le Loutre was assigned to eastern Canada and the Mi'kmaq, an Algonquian-speaking people.", "title": "Jean-Louis Le Loutre" }, { "docid": "41959688#0", "text": "Winfield Toll Bridge, also known as the Ross Booth Memorial Bridge, is a historic three-span cantilever Warren Truss bridge located at Winfield and Red House, Putnam County, West Virginia. It was built in 1955, and spans the Kanawha River, carrying West Virginia Route 34. The cantilever through-truss consists of two anchor spans each 245 feet in length and the main span 462 feet in length between pier center lines. The main span consists of two 128 feet, 4 inch, cantilever arms and a 205 feet, 4 inch, suspended span.", "title": "Winfield Toll Bridge" } ]

[ { "docid": "64214#47", "text": "In the last decades of the 17th century during the reign of Spain's last Habsburg king, Charles II, despite intermittent conflict between Spain and France, the population increased to approximately 500.000 inhabitants and the Catalan economy recovered, not only in Barcelona, but also along the Catalan coast and even in some inland areas. This economic growth was boosted by the export of wine to England and the Dutch Republic, due to the trade war of French minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert against the Dutch and later for the participation of this countries in the Nine Years' War against France, as a consequence, there weren't able to trade with French wine. This new trade caused many Catalans to look to England and, especially, the Netherlands as political and economic models for Catalonia.", "title": "History of Catalonia" } ]

[ { "docid": "2828066#22", "text": "In the last decades of the 17th century during the reign of Spain's last Habsburg king, Charles II, despite intermittent conflict between Spain and France, the population increased to approximately 500.000 inhabitants and the Catalan economy recovered. This economic growth was boosted by the export of wine to England and the Dutch Republic, this countries were involved in the Nine Years' War against France, as a consequence, there weren't able to trade with French wine. This new trade caused many Catalans to look to England and, especially, the Netherlands as political and economic models for Catalonia.", "title": "Principality of Catalonia" }, { "docid": "6822#2", "text": "During the Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659), Catalonia revolted (1640–1652) against a large and burdensome presence of the royal army in its territory, being briefly proclaimed a republic under French protection. Within a brief period France took full control of Catalonia, until it was largely reconquered by the Spanish army. Under the terms of the Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659, the Spanish Crown ceded the northern parts of Catalonia, mostly the County of Roussillon, to France. During the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714), the Crown of Aragon sided against the Bourbon Philip V of Spain; following Catalan defeat on 11 September 1714, Philip V, inspired by the model of France imposed a unifying administration across Spain, enacting the Nueva Planta decrees, suppressing the main Catalan institutions and rights like in the other realms of the Crown of Aragon. This led to the eclipse of Catalan as a language of government and literature, replaced by Spanish. Along the 18th century, Catalonia experienced economic growth, reinforced in the late quarter of the century when the Castile's trade monopoly with American colonies ended.", "title": "Catalonia" }, { "docid": "6786589#40", "text": "After the union of Castilian and Aragonese Crowns (1479), Catalonia continued as a distinct political entity under the Castilian crown, retaining its political liberties. Nevertheless, there were conflicts with the centre over trade and financial policy, and the Reapers' War of 1640–59 showed the \"typical tendencies of Catalan separatism\", when Catalonia sought the protection of France, then at war with Spain.", "title": "National and regional identity in Spain" }, { "docid": "57292933#1", "text": "On July 9, 1713, the Principality of Catalonia declared the war to the Kingdom of France and the Duke of Anjou (Philip V of Spain), who since the Catalan constitutions of 1706 did not recognize him as the legitimate king of the Monarchy of Spain and the next day it published a ban to remove troops for the Army of Catalonia, being his first units the Regiment of the Deputation of the General of Catalonia and the Regiment of the City of Barcelona. For the position of general commander of the Army they appointed Lieutenant Marshal Antoni de Villarroel i Peláez on July 10. The artillery and the Cavalry Regiment of the Faith were financed by the merchant Amador Dalmau and Colom, as well as two ships for the Navy.", "title": "Army of Catalonia (1713–14)" }, { "docid": "320046#21", "text": "The Spanish Constitution of 1978 contains a clause forbidding the formation of federations amongst autonomous communities. Therefore, if it were the case that the \"Països Catalans\" idea gained a majority democratic support in future elections, a constitutional amendment would still be needed for those parts of the \"Països Catalans\" lying in Spain to create a common legal representative body, even though in the addenda to the Constitution there is a clause allowing an exception to this rule in the case of Navarre, which can join the Basque Country should the people choose to do so.\nCatalans in the French territory of Northern Catalonia, although proud of their language and culture, are not committed to independence. Jordi Vera, a CDC councillor in Perpignan, has said that his party favoured closer trade and transport relationships with Catalonia, and that he believed Catalan independence would improve the prospects of that happening, but that secession from France was \"not on the agenda\". When Catalans took to the streets in 2016 under the banner of \"\" (\"Yes to the Catalan Country\") to protest the French government's decision to combine , the region which contained Northern Catalonia, with to create a new region to be called , the French magazine said that the movement was \"completely unrelated to the situation on the other side of the border\", and that it was \"more directed against Toulouse [the chief city of ] than against Paris or for Barcelona.\" , which stood in the French legislative election, 2017, said that's its aim is a \"territorial collectivity\" within the French Republic on the same lines as Corsica.", "title": "Catalan Countries" }, { "docid": "2579686#0", "text": "Northern Catalonia ( , also known as \"Catalunya Nord\" ), French Catalonia or Roussillon refers to the Catalan-speaking and Catalan-culture territory ceded to France by Spain through the signing of the Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659 in exchange of France's effective renunciation on the formal protection given to the recent founded Catalan Republic. The area corresponds exactly to the modern French \"département\" of the Pyrénées-Orientales which were historically part of Catalonia since the old County of Barcelona, and lasted during the times of the Crown of Aragon and the Principality of Catalonia until they were given to France by Spain.", "title": "Northern Catalonia" }, { "docid": "64214#51", "text": "Despite the difficult internal situation, including the military occupation, the high new taxes and the mercantilist policy of the House of Bourbon, Catalonia recovered significantly in the course of the 18th century, achieving a successful process of proto-industrialization. The population and the economy both grew, agricultural production increased, and trade increased, complemented during the last quarter of the century with the opening of trade with America; transformations all of which (as in France) tended to undermine the Old Regime and lay the ground for the rise of industrialization, the first signs of which appeared in the 18th-century manufacture of cotton goods and other textiles. By the end of the 18th century, the popular classes began to experience the first effects of proletarianization.", "title": "History of Catalonia" }, { "docid": "6786589#37", "text": "Catalonia, in the north-east of Spain bordering France and the Mediterranean, contains large areas of productive agriculture. Historically it has been a land of small proprietors with relatively secure tenure. Its position has oriented its trade towards the Mediterranean through the great port-city of Barcelona, rather than the transatlantic trade that grew during the Spanish Golden Age.", "title": "National and regional identity in Spain" }, { "docid": "55605561#3", "text": "With the victory of the army of the Marquis of Los Vélez in Tarragona on December 23, it continued its advance towards Barcelona, while the French army of d'Espenan proceeded to leave Catalonia to France at the beginning of January 1641. Negotiations with the French intensified, on January 3 a delegation of three Catalans met with Cardinal Richelieu who assured them protection if they were a republic like Genoa. In this sense on January 14 du Plessis-Besançon went at the residence of the president of the Deputation of the General of Catalonia or Generalitat, Pau Claris, to still conferring. From this negotiation, on January 16, Pau Claris presented a proposal before the States-General by which the King of France agreed to put the Principality under his protection if Catalonia changed its government to a republic. On 17 January 1641, the States-General of Catalonia proclaimed the Catalan Republic under French protection for the first time. A week later, following the defeat of the Catalan army in the , near Barcelona, du Plessis-Besançon managed to convince the Catalan authorities that the help they needed could only be obtained from France if they recognized Louis XIII of France as sovereign. Pau Claris appealed on 23 January to Louis XIII, recognizing him as Count of Barcelona (as Louis I) and placed the Principality of Catalonia under French sovereignty.", "title": "Catalan Republic (1641)" } ]

[ { "docid": "33879#43", "text": "On April 14, 2009, Windows XP exited mainstream support and entered the extended support phase; Microsoft continued to provide security updates every month for Windows XP, however, free technical support, warranty claims, and design changes were no longer being offered. Extended support ended on April 8, 2014, over 12 years since the release of XP; normally Microsoft products have a support life cycle of only 10 years. Beyond the final security updates released on April 8, no more security patches or support information are provided for XP free-of-charge; \"critical patches\" will still be created, and made available only to customers subscribing to a paid \"Custom Support\" plan. As it is a Windows component, all versions of Internet Explorer for Windows XP also became unsupported.", "title": "Windows XP" } ]

[ { "docid": "33879#47", "text": "Despite the approaching end of support, there were still notable holdouts that had not migrated past XP; many users elected to remain on XP because of the poor reception of Windows Vista, sales of newer PCs with newer versions of Windows declined due to the Great Recession and the effects of Vista, and deployments of new versions of Windows in enterprise environments require a large amount of planning, which includes testing applications for compatibility (especially those that are dependent on Internet Explorer 6, which is not compatible with newer versions of Windows). Major security software vendors (including Microsoft itself) planned to continue offering support and definitions for Windows XP past the end of support to varying extents, along with the developers of Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, and Opera web browsers; despite these measures, critics similarly argued that users should eventually migrate from XP to a supported platform. The United States' Computer Emergency Readiness Team released an alert in March 2014 advising users of the impending end of support, and informing them that using XP after April 8 may prevent them from meeting US government information security requirements.\nMicrosoft continued to provide Security Essentials virus definitions and updates for its Malicious Software Removal Tool (MSRT) for XP until July 14, 2015. As the end of extended support approached, Microsoft began to increasingly urge XP customers to migrate to newer versions such as Windows 7 or 8 in the interest of security, suggesting that attackers could reverse engineer security patches for newer versions of Windows and use them to target equivalent vulnerabilities in XP. Windows XP is remotely exploitable by numerous security holes that were discovered after Microsoft stopped supporting it.", "title": "Windows XP" }, { "docid": "33879#41", "text": "Support for Windows XP without a service pack ended on September 30, 2005. Windows XP Service Packs 1 and 1a were retired on October 10, 2006, and Service Pack 2 reached end of support on July 13, 2010, almost six years after its general availability. The company stopped general licensing of Windows XP to OEMs and terminated retail sales of the operating system on June 30, 2008, 17 months after the release of Windows Vista. However, an exception was announced on April 3, 2008, for OEMs producing what it defined as \"ultra low-cost personal computers\", particularly netbooks, until one year after the availability of Windows 7 on October 22, 2010. Analysts felt that the move was primarily intended to compete against Linux-based netbooks, although Microsoft's Kevin Hutz stated that the decision was due to apparent market demand for low-end computers with Windows.", "title": "Windows XP" }, { "docid": "16898671#54", "text": "Windows XP Embedded, commonly abbreviated \"XPe\", is a componentized version of the Professional edition of Windows XP. An original equipment manufacturer is free to choose only the components needed thereby reducing operating system footprint and also reducing attack area as compared with XP Professional. Unlike Windows CE, Microsoft's operating system for portable devices and consumer electronics, XP Embedded provides the full Windows API, and support for the full range of applications and device drivers written for Microsoft Windows. The system requirements state that XPe can run on devices with at least 32 MB Compact Flash, 32 MB RAM and a P-200 microprocessor. XPe was released on November 28, 2001. As of October 2008, the newest release is Windows XP Embedded Service Pack 3.", "title": "Windows XP editions" }, { "docid": "33879#49", "text": "Despite the end of support for Windows XP, Microsoft has released two emergency security updates for the operating system to patch major security vulnerabilities:On release, Windows XP received critical acclaim. CNET described the operating system as being \"worth the hype\", considering the new interface to be \"spiffier\" and more intuitive than previous versions, but feeling that it may \"annoy\" experienced users with its \"hand-holding\". XP's expanded multimedia support and CD burning functionality were also noted, along with its streamlined networking tools. The performance improvements of XP in comparison to 2000 and ME were also praised, along with its increased number of built-in device drivers in comparison to 2000. The software compatibility tools were also praised, although it was noted that some programs, particularly older MS-DOS software, may not work correctly on XP due to its differing architecture. They panned Windows XP's new licensing model and product activation system, considering it to be a \"slightly annoying roadblock\", but acknowledged Microsoft's intent for the changes. \"PC Magazine\" provided similar praise, although noting that a number of its online features were designed to promote Microsoft-owned services, and that aside from quicker boot times, XP's overall performance showed little difference over Windows 2000.", "title": "Windows XP" }, { "docid": "4225338#1", "text": "Windows XP has been criticized for its vulnerabilities due to buffer overflows and its susceptibility to malware such as viruses, trojan horses, and worms. Nicholas Petreley for \"The Register\" notes that \"Windows XP was the first version of Windows to reflect a serious effort to isolate users from the system, so that users each have their own private files and limited system privileges.\" However, users by default receive an administrator account that provides unrestricted access to the underpinnings of the system. If the administrator's account is compromised, there is no limit to the control that can be asserted over the PC. Windows XP Home Edition also lacks the ability to administer security policies and denies access to the Local Users and Groups utility.", "title": "Criticism of Windows XP" }, { "docid": "3463130#65", "text": "Windows XP includes technology from Roxio which allows users to directly burn files to a compact disc through Windows Explorer. Previously, end users had to install CD burning software. In Windows XP, CD and DVD-RAM (FAT32 only for DVD-RAM) burning has been directly integrated into the Windows interface. Data discs are created using the Joliet and ISO 9660 file systems and audio CDs using the Redbook standard. To prevent buffer underrun errors, Windows XP premasters a complete image of files to be burnt and then streams it to the disc burner. Users can burn files to a CD in the same way they write files to a floppy disk or to the hard drive via standard copy-paste or drag and drop methods. The burning functionality is also exposed as an API called the Image Mastering API. Windows XP's CD burning support does not do disk-to-disk copying or disk images, although the API can be used programmatically to do these tasks. Creation of audio CDs is integrated into Windows Media Player. Audio CDs are burnt using track-at-once mode. CD-RW discs can be quick erased.", "title": "Features new to Windows XP" }, { "docid": "3463130#87", "text": "Windows XP can also encrypt files on a remote server with NTFS if the server is trusted for delegation in Active Directory and the user's certificate and private key are loaded in the local profile on the server. If a roaming user profile is used, it will be copied locally. On a WebDAV server mapped by a drive letter, Windows XP can encrypt the file locally and transport it as a raw encrypted file to the WebDAV server using the HTTP PUT command. Similarly, EFS encrypted files can be downloaded raw from the WebDAV and decrypted locally. The command line utilities \"cipher\", \"copy\" and \"xcopy\" have been updated in Windows XP. EFS can also be completely disabled in Windows XP through Group Policy (for a domain) or through the registry (for a non-domain computer).", "title": "Features new to Windows XP" }, { "docid": "30781473#2", "text": "Based on Windows XP with SP3, this version offers more features over Windows Embedded for Point of Service such as Full Localization and XPS support if .NET Framework 3.5 or higher is installed. Windows Embedded POSReady 2009 was released on December 9, 2008. Prior to XP's end of support, some Windows XP users have reported that the Regedit tool on their operating system can be used to 'trick' Windows Update into accepting updates targeting POSReady 2009. POSReady 2009 is also notable as being the last XP derived operating system to receive official support from Microsoft.", "title": "Windows Embedded Industry" }, { "docid": "3463130#48", "text": "In Windows XP, there are some improvements made to System Restore compared to Windows Me. System Restore uses a copy-on-write \"file system filter driver\" for taking snapshots. In Windows XP, System Restore is configurable per volume and the data stores are also stored per volume. On NTFS volumes, the Restore Points are stored using NTFS compression and protected using ACLs. A Disk Cleanup handler allows deleting all but the most recent Restore Point. Besides the Registry hives and system files, COM+ and WMI databases and the IIS metabase can also be restored. System Restore supports Group Policy. System Restore in Windows XP also works without issues with EFS-encrypted files.", "title": "Features new to Windows XP" } ]

[ { "docid": "30199#3", "text": "Anatolia () is a large, roughly rectangular peninsula, situated In Asia. The Anatolian part of Turkey accounts for 95% of the country's area. It is also known as Asia Minor, Asiatic Turkey or the Anatolian Plateau. The term Anatolia is most frequently used in specific reference to the large, semiarid central plateau, which is rimmed by hills and mountains that in many places limit access to the fertile, densely settled coastal regions.", "title": "Geography of Turkey" }, { "docid": "854#0", "text": "Anatolia (from Greek '; \"east\" or \"[sun]rise\"), also known as Asia Minor (Medieval and Modern Greek: ', \"small Asia\"; ), Asian Turkey, the Anatolian peninsula, or the Anatolian plateau, is the westernmost protrusion of Asia, which makes up the majority of modern-day Turkey. The region is bounded by the Black Sea to the north, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, the Armenian Highlands to the east, and the Aegean Sea to the west. The Sea of Marmara forms a connection between the Black and Aegean Seas through the Bosphorus and Dardanelles straits and separates Anatolia from Thrace on the European mainland.", "title": "Anatolia" } ]

[ { "docid": "854#1", "text": "The eastern border of Anatolia is traditionally held to be a line between the Gulf of Alexandretta and the Black Sea, bounded by the Armenian Highland to the east and Mesopotamia to the southeast. Thus, traditionally Anatolia is the territory that comprises approximately the western two-thirds of the Asian part of Turkey. Nowadays, Anatolia is also often considered to be synonymous with Asian Turkey, which comprises almost the entire country; its eastern and southeastern borders are widely taken to be Turkey's eastern border. By some definitions, the area called the Armenian highlands lies beyond the boundary of the Anatolian plateau. The official name of this inland region is the Eastern Anatolia Region.", "title": "Anatolia" }, { "docid": "854#12", "text": "Turkey's First Geography Congress in 1941 created two regions to the east of the Gulf of Iskenderun-Black Sea line named the Eastern Anatolia Region and the Southeastern Anatolia Region, the former largely corresponding to the western part of the Armenian Highland, the latter to the northern part of the Mesopotamian plain. According to Richard Hovannisian this changing of toponyms was \"necessary to obscure all evidence\" of Armenian presence as part of a campaign of genocide denial embarked upon by the newly established Turkish government and what Hovannisian calls its \"foreign collaborators\".", "title": "Anatolia" }, { "docid": "24646202#10", "text": "South of the Pontic watershed the climate immediately gets drier. In the mountains first \"Abies nordmanniana\", but then soon \"Pinus\" becomes dominant. In the western parts of Anatolia this is often Black Pine (\"Pinus nigra\"), in the east nearly exclusively Scotts Pine (\"Pinus sylvestris\"). Penetrating further into the central parts of inner Anatolia leads to still dryer, wintercold conditions. Today the lower parts of central Anatolia are virtually treeless. Fields on deep alluvial soils alternate with steppe on the dryer hills. But it is still an open question where and to what degree this central Anatolian steppe is due to aridity or to human forest destruction. Aridity is most pronounced around Tuz Gölü south of Ankara und and in the Aras-valley near the Armenian border. Between Kağizman and Tuzluca this valley is so dry, that here and there pure salt deposits are glittering like white snowfields from the bare slopes.", "title": "Flora of Turkey" }, { "docid": "8318358#7", "text": "In the 1960s, the Swiss airline Swissair removed the nomenclature 'plateau arménien' from the maps provided by their planes at the request of the Turkish ambassador in Bern.Provinces that are entirely in the Eastern Anatolia Region:Provinces that are mostly in the Eastern Anatolia Region:The Eastern Anatolia Region is located in the easternmost part of Turkey. It is bounded by Turkey's Central Anatolia Region to the west; Turkey's Black Sea Region to the north; Turkey's Southeast Anatolia Region and Iraq to the south; and Iran, Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia to the east, where Eastern Anatolia overlaps and converges with the South Caucasus region and Lesser Caucasus mountain plateau.", "title": "Eastern Anatolia Region" }, { "docid": "30199#28", "text": "Stretching inland from the Aegean coastal plain, the Central Anatolia Region occupies the area between the two zones of the folded mountains, extending east to the point where the two ranges converge. The plateau-like, semi-arid highlands of Anatolia are considered the heartland of the country. The region varies in elevation from 600 to 1,200 meters from west to east. The two largest basins on the plateau are the \"Konya Ovası\" and the basin occupied by the large salt lake, Tuz Gölü. Both basins are characterized by inland drainage. Wooded areas are confined to the northwest and northeast of the plateau. Rain-fed cultivation is widespread, with wheat being the principal crop. Irrigated agriculture is restricted to the areas surrounding rivers and wherever sufficient underground water is available. Important irrigated crops include barley, corn, cotton, various fruits, grapes, opium poppies, sugar beets, roses, and tobacco. There also is extensive grazing throughout the plateau.", "title": "Geography of Turkey" }, { "docid": "28395534#0", "text": "Anatolia is a large peninsula in West Asia and forms one of the two passages between Asia and Europe. All through history, many states both completely independent and vassal, were founded. Below is the list of states (including principalities) in Anatolia during the late Middle Ages (11th–15th centuries).", "title": "List of states in late medieval Anatolia" }, { "docid": "902883#0", "text": "Erzurum Province () is a province of Turkey in the Eastern Anatolia Region of the country. It is bordered by the provinces of Kars and Ağrı to the east, Muş and Bingöl to the south, Erzincan and Bayburt to the west, Rize and Artvin to the north and Ardahan to the northeast.", "title": "Erzurum Province" }, { "docid": "44397985#0", "text": "The Anatolia Party (, abbreviated AnaParti) was a political party in Turkey led by Emine Ülker Tarhan. It was founded on 14 November 2014 following Tarhan's resignation from the Republican People's Party (CHP) due to disillusionment with the leadership of Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu. Its logo is composed of a rising sun with a sunflower, representing Anatolia and Thrace respectively. The party's name was subject to a legal complaint by former MP Yılmaz Hastürk, who claimed that the political parties law in Turkey forbade party names to refer to geographic regions, though a former party was named Great Anatolia Party without facing legal problems.", "title": "Anatolia Party" } ]

[ { "docid": "11154302#3", "text": "The official track layout was unveiled by Valencia Councillor and transport counselor, Mario Flores, on 19 July 2007. The track was first used in the last weekend of July 2008, as the circuit hosted a round of the Spanish F3 Championship and International GT Open. It was first used for the European Grand Prix on 24 August 2008.", "title": "Valencia Street Circuit" } ]

[ { "docid": "11154302#0", "text": "The Valencia Street Circuit (, ) was a street circuit in Valencia, Spain which hosted the Formula One European Grand Prix for five years (2008–2012). The first race meeting on the circuit was held over the 23/24 August 2008 weekend, with Felipe Massa winning the main event, the European Grand Prix, after starting from pole position. The circuit uses the roads skirting the city's harbour and America's Cup port area – including a section over a swing bridge, and also includes some roads designed exclusively for racing purposes by the German architect Hermann Tilke, who also designed the infrastructure buildings for the circuit. The 2012 edition took place on 24 June and was the last to go under the name of the European Grand Prix until 2016, when the Baku City Circuit used the title for one year. It has not been used since 2013 after a deal fell through to alternate this venue with Catalunya in Barcelona to host the Spanish Grand Prix.", "title": "Valencia Street Circuit" }, { "docid": "27803739#0", "text": "The 2010 Valencian GP2 round was a GP2 Series motor race held on June 26 and June 27, 2010 at the Valencia Street Circuit in Valencia, Spain. It was the fourth round of the 2010 GP2 Season and the second race of the 2010 GP3 Season. The race was used to support the 2010 European Grand Prix.", "title": "2010 Valencia Street GP2 Series round" }, { "docid": "2308490#0", "text": "Circuit Ricardo Tormo, also known as Circuit de Valencia and officially named Circuit de la Comunitat Valenciana Ricardo Tormo, is a motorsport race track located in Cheste (Valencia, Spain) and built in 1999. It has a capacity of 120,000 and a main straight of 876 metres. It is often used as a test track by the Formula One teams, because of the mild temperatures in winter. Anthony Davidson holds the unofficial lap record, set in 2006 while testing a Honda RA106, with a time of 1 m 08.540sec.", "title": "Circuit Ricardo Tormo" }, { "docid": "23898103#0", "text": "The 2009 Valencian GP2 round was the seventh round of the 2009 GP2 Series season. It was held on August 22 and 23, 2009 at Valencia Street Circuit at Valencia, Spain. The race was used as a support race to the 2009 European Grand Prix. Last year's race was quite eventful, with championship frontrunners Giorgio Pantano and Bruno Senna retiring on the last lap, with Senna retiring just before the finish line. Past Winners include last year's Campos duo Vitaly Petrov and Lucas di Grassi, who both competed this year. This race saw a driver reshuffle with Davide Valsecchi moving to Barwa Addax Team in place of Romain Grosjean who now races in F1. Formula Three Euroseries Race Winner Stefano Coletti replaces Valsecchi at Durango. The round also saw the departure of FMS, who sold their stake back to Scuderia Coloni.", "title": "2009 Valencia Street GP2 Series round" }, { "docid": "63861#87", "text": "Once a year between 2008–2012 the European Formula One Grand Prix took place in the Valencia Street Circuit. Valencia is among (with Barcelona, Porto and Monte Carlo) the only European cities ever to host Formula One World Championship Grands Prix on public roads in the middle of cities. The final race in 2012 European Grand Prix saw an extremely popular winner, since home driver Fernando Alonso won for Ferrari in spite of starting halfway down the field. The Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix \"(Gran Premi de la Comunitat Valenciana de motociclisme)\" is part of the Grand Prix motorcycle racing season at the Circuit Ricardo Tormo (also known as \"Circuit de Valencia\") held in November. Periodically the Spanish round of the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters touring car racing Championship (DTM) is held in Valencia.", "title": "Valencia" }, { "docid": "23919559#0", "text": "The FIA WTCC Race of Spain was a round of the World Touring Car Championship, which was held at the Circuit Ricardo Tormo near the city of Valencia in Spain. The race ran at Valencia every year from the return of the series in 2005 season through to 2012. The event was initially kept on the 2013 calendar without a venue being confirmed, it was later dropped entirely from the schedule.", "title": "FIA WTCC Race of Spain" }, { "docid": "46553479#2", "text": "\"Eurostar Valencia\" was built as yard number 197 in 2003 by Cantiere Navale Visentini, Donada, Italy for the Grimaldi Group. She was launched on 18 January 2003 and was delivered on 16 June. Her port of registry is Palermo. Initially operated by Grimaldi Ferries, \"Eurostar Valencia\" started her maiden voyage on 5 July when she departed Salerno for Valencia, Spain. She then operated on various route in the Mediterranean Sea calling at Palermo, Salerno, Tunis, Valencia and Valletta. In January 2005, she was transferred to Civitavecchia, operating on routes to Bastia, Cagliari, Porto Vecchio and Toulon. She was renamed \"Sorrento\" on 13 November 2006.", "title": "MV Sorrento (2003)" }, { "docid": "24350952#32", "text": "Ford opened a factory at Valencia in 1976 to build its new European supermini, the Fiesta, which is still being built there 40 years and several incarnations later, although it has also been built in Britain and Germany. The Escort and Orion were also built there in the 1980s and 1990s, as was the Ka from 1996 until 2008, when production of its successor was switched to the Fiat factory in Poland. The Escort's successor, the Focus was produced at the Valencia plant from 1998 until 2011, since when all European production of the third generation Focus has been concentrated in Germany. The C-Max version of the third generation Focus, however, was built there from 2010 until 2014. The factory also hosted production of a Mazda model, the Mazda 2, from 2002 to 2007, as part of Ford's venture with the Japanese carmaker.", "title": "Automotive industry in Spain" }, { "docid": "14242387#0", "text": "The 2008 European Grand Prix (formally the LII Telefónica Grand Prix of Europe) was a Formula One motor race held on 24 August 2008 at the Valencia Street Circuit, Valencia, Spain. It was the 12th race of the 2008 Formula One season. The 57-lap race was won by Felipe Massa for the Ferrari team after starting from pole position. Lewis Hamilton finished second in a McLaren car, with Robert Kubica third in a BMW Sauber.", "title": "2008 European Grand Prix" } ]

[ { "docid": "169683#3", "text": "Although the proper legal status of Amsterdam as capital of the Netherlands is of recent date, the city has been uniformly recognised as capital ever since 1814. This is partly because it is a \"Royal City\", used not only for the inauguration of kings, but also for royal weddings (note though that royal burials take place in Delft), and also because of its dominant position in Dutch history. From the end of the 16th century the city grew rapidly to become the largest and most powerful city in the Netherlands and the main centre of trade, commerce, finance and culture.", "title": "Capital of the Netherlands" } ]

[ { "docid": "169683#0", "text": "Amsterdam is the capital of the Netherlands according to the Constitution of the Netherlands, although the States General and the Executive Branch have been situated in The Hague since 1588, along with the Supreme Court and the Council of State. Since the 1983 revision of the Constitution of the Netherlands, Article 32 mentions that \"the King shall be sworn in and inaugurated as soon as possible in the capital city, Amsterdam\". It is the only reference in the document stating that Amsterdam is the capital.", "title": "Capital of the Netherlands" }, { "docid": "55177748#1", "text": "Amsterdam had its start when the railroad was extended to that point. The community was named after Amsterdam, the capital of the Netherlands. A post office called Amsterdam was established in 1903, and remained in operation until 1959.", "title": "Amsterdam, Georgia" }, { "docid": "30269#9", "text": "Only in 1806, when the Kingdom of Holland was a puppet state of the First French Empire, was the settlement granted city rights by Louis Bonaparte. After the Napoleonic Wars, modern-day Belgium and the Netherlands were combined in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands to form a buffer against France. As a compromise, Brussels and Amsterdam alternated as capital every two years, with the government remaining in The Hague. After the separation of Belgium in 1830, Amsterdam remained the capital of the Netherlands, while the government was situated in The Hague. When the government started to play a more prominent role in Dutch society after 1850, The Hague quickly expanded. Many streets were specifically built for the large number of civil servants employed in the country's government and for the Dutchmen who were retiring from the administration of the Netherlands East Indies. The growing city annexed the rural municipality of Loosduinen partly in 1903 and completely in 1923.", "title": "The Hague" }, { "docid": "844#99", "text": "Under the Dutch Constitution, Amsterdam is the capital of the Netherlands. Since the 1983 constitutional revision, the constitution mentions \"Amsterdam\" and \"capital\" in chapter 2, article 32: The king's confirmation by oath and his coronation take place in \"the capital Amsterdam\" (\"\"de hoofdstad Amsterdam\"\"). Previous versions of the constitution only mentioned \"the city of Amsterdam\" (\"\"de stad Amsterdam\"\"). For a royal investiture, therefore, the States General of the Netherlands (the Dutch Parliament) meets for a ceremonial joint session in Amsterdam. The ceremony traditionally takes place at the Nieuwe Kerk on Dam Square, immediately after the former monarch has signed the act of abdication at the nearby Royal Palace of Amsterdam. Normally, however, the Parliament sits in The Hague, the city which has historically been the seat of the Dutch government, the Dutch monarchy, and the Dutch supreme court. Foreign embassies are also located in The Hague.", "title": "Amsterdam" }, { "docid": "169683#1", "text": "Only once during its history was Amsterdam both \"capital\" and seat of government. Between 1808 and 1810, during the Kingdom of Holland, King Louis Napoleon resided in Amsterdam and declared the city capital of his kingdom and seat of government. To accommodate the king, the grand seventeenth-century Town Hall of Amsterdam, prime example of the republican values that were prevalent for so long in the Netherlands, was converted into a Royal Palace.", "title": "Capital of the Netherlands" }, { "docid": "844#0", "text": "Amsterdam (, ; ) is the capital city and most populous municipality of the Netherlands. Its status as the capital is mandated by the Constitution of the Netherlands, although it is not the seat of the government, which is The Hague. Amsterdam has a population of 851,373 within the city proper, 1,351,587 in the urban area and 2,410,960 in the metropolitan area. The city is located in the province of North Holland in the west of the country but is not its capital, which is Haarlem. The metropolitan area comprises much of the northern part of the Randstad, one of the larger conurbations in Europe, with a population of approximately 8 million.", "title": "Amsterdam" }, { "docid": "674818#8", "text": "Prince William VI (son of Prince William V of Orange), returned to the Netherlands in 1813, after Napoleon fell from power, and restored the palace to its original owners. After his investiture as King William I of the Netherlands, however, Amsterdam was made the official capital of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands (the seats of government being Brussels and The Hague). The new king realised the importance of having a palace in the capital, and the Town Hall again became a royal palace.", "title": "Royal Palace of Amsterdam" }, { "docid": "169683#2", "text": "In 1810 the Netherlands were annexed by the French Empire and King Louis Napoleon was replaced by a French governor, who took up residence in the Royal Palace in Amsterdam. From 1810 to 1813 Amsterdam kept its position of capital city somewhat, as Emperor Napoleon declared the city to be the third city of the Empire (after Paris and Rome) and an imperial residence. In December 1813, after the fall of Napoleon and the accession of Prince William VI of Orange as Sovereign of the Netherlands, The Hague was restored as the seat of government.", "title": "Capital of the Netherlands" }, { "docid": "122518#1", "text": "Amsterdam was platted in 1891. The city was named after Amsterdam, capital of the Netherlands. Arthur Stilwell, an early-20th-century railroad executive, chose it because the Dutch capital was where the firm of an important railway financier, Jan de Goeijen, was located. A post office has been in operation at Amsterdam since 1892.", "title": "Amsterdam, Missouri" } ]

[ { "docid": "961365#22", "text": "He was named after Japan's 41st Prime Minister Takeo Miki after Spikes' parents saw a news report. Miki's successor, who was appointed the nation's 42th Prime Minister on December 24, 1976, a week after Takeo was born, was also a Takeo (Fukuda). Takeo's younger cousin Brandon Spikes is currently a free agent.", "title": "Takeo Spikes" }, { "docid": "174184#6", "text": "Fukuda was married and had five children: three sons and two daughters. His eldest son, Yasuo Fukuda, after the sudden resignation of Shinzō Abe, became Prime Minister in September 2007, and remained in that office for one year, making him the first son of a Japanese prime minister to become a prime minister himself. In addition, Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi began his political career as a secretary to Fukuda, and the two were very close in their political and personal lives from the 1970s onward (Fukuda was the best man at Koizumi's wedding).", "title": "Takeo Fukuda" } ]

[ { "docid": "4963076#57", "text": "References to the Doctrine are still being made. The son of Fukuda Takeo, Fukuda Yasuo, made a reference to it when he became Prime Minister in 2007. Although he did not update the Doctrine as anticipated, he declared that ASEAN and Japan would be ”partners thinking together, acting together and sharing a future vision.”", "title": "Fukuda Doctrine" }, { "docid": "4963076#0", "text": "The Fukuda Doctrine is based on a speech by Japanese Prime Minister Takeo Fukuda. In 1977, while on a tour of the ASEAN member states, the prime minister made a speech in Manila in which he articulated Japan's foreign policy that later became known as the Fukuda Doctrine.", "title": "Fukuda Doctrine" }, { "docid": "4963076#2", "text": "Takeo Fukuda was an expert in economics. He took on the role of an ‘economic prime minister’ under Miki's administration from 1974 to 1976. During this time, he established the Ministerial Conference on Economic Measures, enabling cross-ministry and agency talks on finance, wage and labor issues.\nFukuda subsequently became the 67th prime minister of Japan, lasting for only one term from 1976 to 1978. However, he was not forced out of office before he had gotten two major diplomatic reforms executed. Under Fukuda cabinet, Japan conducted an omnidirectional peace diplomacy, and signed Japan-China Treaty of Peace and Friendship in 1978. He pushed forward Japan's pacifistic position while making an effort to strengthen relations with Asian countries.", "title": "Fukuda Doctrine" }, { "docid": "3067600#0", "text": "Following the resignation of Prime Minister Shinzō Abe, Fukuda was elected as President of the Liberal Democratic Party and became Prime Minister in September 2007. Fukuda was the first son of a former Japanese Prime Minister (Takeo Fukuda) to also take up the post.", "title": "Yasuo Fukuda" }, { "docid": "16906586#21", "text": "The controversial nature of the shrine has figured largely in both domestic Japanese politics and relations with other Asian countries. The controversy has been reignited nearly every year since 1975, when prime minister Miki Takeo visited the shrine as a private individual on August 15, the day that Japan commemorates the end of World War II. The next year, his successor Fukuda Takeo visited as a private individual yet signed the visitors' book as prime minister. Several other Japanese prime ministers have visited the shrine since 1979: Masayoshi Ohira in 1979; Zenko Suzuki in 1980, 1981 and 1982; Yasuhiro Nakasone in 1983 and 1985 (on the latter occasion, he offered flowers which had been paid for with government money); Kiichi Miyazawa in 1992, this visit was kept secret until 1996 (he had paid a visit in 1980 before becoming Prime Minister); Ryutaro Hashimoto in 1996; and Junichiro Koizumi, who visited six times (2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, and 2006). Visits by Japanese prime ministers to the shrine have resulted in official condemnation by neighbouring countries since 1985, as they see it as an attempt to legitimize Japan's past militarism.", "title": "Controversies surrounding Yasukuni Shrine" }, { "docid": "3067600#3", "text": "Fukuda was born in Takasaki, Gunma, the eldest son of politician (later the 67th Prime Minister) Takeo Fukuda. He grew up in Setagaya, Tokyo, attending Azabu High School and graduating from Waseda University in 1959 with a degree in economics. After university, he joined Maruzen Petroleum (now part of the Cosmo Oil Company). He was only minimally involved in politics over the next seventeen years, working his way up to section chief as a typical Japanese \"salaryman\". He was posted to the United States from 1962-64. While his father Takeo Fukuda was prime minister from 1976–78, Yasuo became a political secretary. From 1978 to 1989, he was a director of the Kinzai Institute for Financial Affairs, serving as a trustee from 1986 onward.", "title": "Yasuo Fukuda" }, { "docid": "6859#75", "text": "Although Japan recognized the People's Republic in 1972, shortly after Kakuei Tanaka succeeded Sato as Prime Minister of Japan, the memory of this relationship was strong enough to be reported by \"The New York Times\" (15 April 1978) as a significant factor inhibiting trade between Japan and the mainland. There is speculation that a clash between Communist forces and a Japanese warship in 1978 was caused by Chinese anger after Prime Minister Takeo Fukuda attended Chiang's funeral. Historically, Japanese attempts to normalize their relationship with the People's Republic were met with accusations of ingratitude in Taiwan.", "title": "Chiang Kai-shek" }, { "docid": "174184#3", "text": "Fukuda was elected party secretary in 1957 and served as Minister of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries (1959–69), Minister of Finance (1969–71), Minister of Foreign Affairs (1971–73), and Director of the Economic Planning Agency (1974–76). He was a candidate for prime minister in 1972 but lost to Kakuei Tanaka.", "title": "Takeo Fukuda" } ]

[ { "docid": "604343#9", "text": "Teaming up with producer Steven Spielberg, Bluth's next project was \"An American Tail\" (1986), which at the time of its release became the highest grossing non-Disney animated film of all time, grossing $45 million in the United States and over $84 million worldwide. The second Spielberg-Bluth collaboration \"The Land Before Time\" (1988) did even better in theaters and both found a successful life on home video. The main character in \"An American Tail\" (Fievel Mouskewitz) became the mascot for Amblimation while \"The Land Before Time\" was followed by thirteen direct-to-video sequels.", "title": "Don Bluth" }, { "docid": "604343#0", "text": "Donald Virgil Bluth (; born September 13, 1937) is an American animator, film director, producer, writer, production designer, video game designer, and animation instructor. He is known for directing animated films, including \"The Secret of NIMH\" (1982), \"An American Tail\" (1986), \"The Land Before Time\" (1988), \"All Dogs Go to Heaven\" (1989), and \"Anastasia\" (1997), and for his involvement in the LaserDisc game \"Dragon's Lair\" (1983). He is also known for competing with former employer Walt Disney Productions during the years leading up to the films that would make up the Disney Renaissance. He is the older brother of illustrator Toby Bluth.", "title": "Don Bluth" } ]

[ { "docid": "3576873#1", "text": "The film was released on March 29, 1996. Don Bluth, the director of the original film, had no involvement with it. It was the second of only two theatrical sequels to a film directed by Don Bluth to not involve Bluth himself, the first being \"\", as 13 sequels to \"The Land Before Time\" and a single sequel to \"The Secret of NIMH\" were direct-to-video releases along with two sequels of \"An American Tail\" in 1998-2000, as well as \"An All Dogs Christmas Carol\". This was MGM's last theatrically released animated film until 2008's \"Igor\", and 2018's \"Sherlock Gnomes\". It had a DVD double feature release with the first one on March 14, 2006 and January 18, 2011. It was also released on Blu-ray on March 29, 2011.", "title": "All Dogs Go to Heaven 2" }, { "docid": "558970#7", "text": "\"The Secret of NIMH\" was the first feature film to be directed by Don Bluth. In September 1979 he, fellow animators Gary Goldman and John Pomeroy, and eight other animation staff left the animation department at Walt Disney Productions to set up their own independent studio, Don Bluth Productions. The studio worked, at first, out of Bluth's house and garage, but moved to a two-story, facility in Studio City, California, several months later. While they were still working at Disney, they produced the 27-minute short film \"Banjo the Woodpile Cat\" as a side project to gain other production skills that the company and their animation program were not addressing. Bluth asked Ron W. Miller, Walt Disney's son-in-law and the president and CEO of the company at the time, to view \"Banjo\", but Miller declined. As Goldman recalled, \"that pulled the enthusiasm rug out from under us. We had hoped that the studio might like what we were doing and agree to buy the film and allow us to finish the short film in the studio, which would allow us to recoup what we had spent in terms of money and the many hours that we and the other members of the team had invested in the film.\"", "title": "The Secret of NIMH" }, { "docid": "604343#10", "text": "Bluth broke with Spielberg before his next film, \"All Dogs Go to Heaven\" (1989). (Bluth was not involved with the Spielberg-produced \"\", released in 1991, nor with any of the numerous subsequent sequels to his other films.) Although \"All Dogs Go To Heaven\" only had moderate theatrical success, it was highly successful in its release to home video. Like \"The Land Before Time\", \"The Secret of NIMH,\" and \"An American Tail\", \"All Dogs Go to Heaven\" was followed by related projects, none of which involved Bluth and his studio. He also directed films, such as \"Rock-a-Doodle\" (1992), \"Thumbelina\" (1994), \"A Troll in Central Park\" (1994) and \"The Pebble and the Penguin\" (1995), which were critical and box office failures.", "title": "Don Bluth" }, { "docid": "604343#5", "text": "The studio's first feature-length film was \"The Secret of NIMH\" (1982), an adaptation of \"Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH\", the 1972 Newbery Medal winner. Bluth employed 160 animators during the production and agreed to the first profit sharing contract in the animation industry. Though a moderate success in the box office, the movie received critical acclaim. Later, with the home video release and cable showings, it became a cult classic. Nevertheless, due to its modest box office take, and an industry-wide animation strike, Don Bluth Productions filed for bankruptcy.", "title": "Don Bluth" }, { "docid": "7133848#0", "text": "Banjo the Woodpile Cat is a 1979 animated short film directed by Don Bluth. It follows the story of Banjo, an overly curious and rebellious kitten who, after getting into trouble for falling from a house to see if he could land on his feet, runs away from his woodpile home in his owners' farm in Payson, Utah by catching a truck to Salt Lake City. Produced in a shoestring budget, and created in Bluth's garage, the film took four years to make and it was the first production of Don Bluth Productions, later Sullivan Bluth Studios. It had a short theatrical run from December 21 to 28, 1979 at the Egyptian Theatre in Hollywood and the Peppertree Cinema in Northridge as an opening short for the holiday re-release of \"The Muppet Movie\", but did not appear on network television until 1982.", "title": "Banjo the Woodpile Cat" }, { "docid": "604343#3", "text": "Bluth returned to college and got a degree in English Literature from Brigham Young University. Bluth returned to the animation business and joined Filmation in 1967 working on layouts for \"The Archies\" and other projects. He returned full-time to Disney in 1971 where he worked on \"Robin Hood\", \"Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too\", \"The Rescuers\" and directing animation on \"Pete's Dragon\". His last involvement with Disney was the 1978 short \"The Small One\". Then he made and produced his first short film, \"Banjo the Woodpile Cat\", which takes place in his hometown Payson, Utah during the 1940s as Banjo travels to Salt Lake City to find the urban world.", "title": "Don Bluth" }, { "docid": "1488618#7", "text": "In 1986, Sullivan moved Goldman, Bluth & Pomeroy, and the entire operation, including 87 employees and their families to Dublin, Ireland, at the invitation of IDA Ireland. Their third feature film, \"The Land Before Time\", was their first production created primarily in Ireland. Sullivan transferred much of the ownership of the Dublin studio to the three animators and renamed the company Sullivan Bluth Studios. The company produced six feature films from 1986 until 1994. Sullivan retired in 1991 and the company was renamed Don Bluth Entertainment, Ireland, Ltd.", "title": "Gary Goldman" }, { "docid": "8144412#24", "text": "In November 1992, Don Bluth Entertainment found investment from UK filmmaker John Boorman's production company Merlin Films and Hong Kong-based company Media Assets. Merlin Films and Media Assets invested $14 million to purchase the studio's next three films and a further $6 million to ensure the completion of the two partially completed films, with further investment to follow on the third film, \"The Pebble and the Penguin\", then still in early development. A condition of the investment was that Merlin Films and Media Assets would have a close involvement in the management of Don Bluth Entertainment's financial operations, following reports of the studio's past mismanagement. In 1993, STAR TV, the parent company of Media Assets, was purchased by Rupert Murdoch (son of former Australian journalist Keith Murdoch, an editor for Adelaide's former \"The News\"), effectively making the studio a subsidiary of \"The News\"' namesake News Corporation.", "title": "Sullivan Bluth Studios" } ]

[ { "docid": "173416#8", "text": "The term \"mathematical physics\" is sometimes used to denote research aimed at studying and solving problems inspired by physics or thought experiments within a mathematically rigorous framework. In this sense, mathematical physics covers a very broad academic realm distinguished only by the blending of pure mathematics and physics. Although related to theoretical physics, mathematical physics in this sense emphasizes the mathematical rigour of the same type as found in mathematics.", "title": "Mathematical physics" } ]

[ { "docid": "20590#7", "text": "It is common to use idealized models in physics to simplify things. Massless ropes, point particles, ideal gases and the particle in a box are among the many simplified models used in physics. The laws of physics are represented with simple equations such as Newton's laws, Maxwell's equations and the Schrödinger equation. These laws are such as a basis for making mathematical models of real situations. Many real situations are very complex and thus modeled approximate on a computer, a model that is computationally feasible to compute is made from the basic laws or from approximate models made from the basic laws. For example, molecules can be modeled by molecular orbital models that are approximate solutions to the Schrödinger equation. In engineering, physics models are often made by mathematical methods such as finite element analysis.", "title": "Mathematical model" }, { "docid": "173416#7", "text": "The usage of the term \"mathematical physics\" is sometimes idiosyncratic. Certain parts of mathematics that initially arose from the development of physics are not, in fact, considered parts of mathematical physics, while other closely related fields are. For example, ordinary differential equations and symplectic geometry are generally viewed as purely mathematical disciplines, whereas dynamical systems and Hamiltonian mechanics belong to mathematical physics. John Herapath used the term for the title of his 1847 text on \"mathematical principles of natural philosophy\"; the scope at that time being \n\"the causes of heat, gaseous elasticity, gravitation, and other great phenomena of nature\".", "title": "Mathematical physics" }, { "docid": "24456194#0", "text": "Letters in Mathematical Physics is a peer-reviewed scientific journal in mathematical physics published by Springer Science+Business Media. It publishes letters and longer research articles, occasionally also articles containing topical reviews. It is essentially a platform for the rapid dissemination of short contributions in the field of mathematical physics. In addition, the journal publishes contributions to modern mathematics in fields which have a potential physical application, and developments in theoretical physics which have potential mathematical impact. The editors are Volker Bach, Edward Frenkel, Maxim Kontsevich, Dirk Kreimer, Nikita Nekrasov, Massimo Porrati, and Daniel Sternheimer.", "title": "Letters in Mathematical Physics" }, { "docid": "173416#9", "text": "On the other hand, theoretical physics emphasizes the links to observations and experimental physics, which often requires theoretical physicists (and mathematical physicists in the more general sense) to use heuristic, intuitive, and approximate arguments. Such arguments are not considered rigorous by mathematicians, but that is changing over time.", "title": "Mathematical physics" }, { "docid": "22549833#0", "text": "Modeling and simulation (M&S) at simple terms is a substitute for physical experimentation, in which computers are used to compute the results of some physical phenomenon. As it is apparent from its name \"Modeling and simulation\" firstly a computer is used to build a mathematical model which contains all the parameters of physical model and represent physical model in virtual form then conditions are applied which we want to experiment on physical model, then simulation starts i.e, we leave on computer to compute/calculate the results of those conditions on mathematical model. In this way, actual experimentation can be avoided which is costly and time-consuming instead of using mathematical knowledge and computer's computation power to solve real-world problems cheaply and in a time efficient manner. As such, M&S can facilitate understanding a system's behavior without actually testing the system in the real world. For instance, to determine which type of spoiler would improve traction the most while designing a race car, a computer simulation of the car could be used to estimate the effect of different spoiler shapes on the coefficient of friction in a turn. Useful insights about different decisions in the design could be gleaned without actually building the car. In addition, simulation can support experimentation that occurs totally in software, or in human-in-the-loop environments where simulation represents systems or generates data needed to meet experiment objectives. Furthermore, simulation can be used to train persons using a virtual environment that would otherwise be difficult or expensive to produce.", "title": "Modeling and simulation" }, { "docid": "22939#33", "text": "The distinction is clear-cut, but not always obvious. For example, mathematical physics is the application of mathematics in physics. Its methods are mathematical, but its subject is physical. The problems in this field start with a \"mathematical model of a physical situation\" (system) and a \"mathematical description of a physical law\" that will be applied to that system. Every mathematical statement used for solving has a hard-to-find physical meaning. The final mathematical solution has an easier-to-find meaning, because it is what the solver is looking for.", "title": "Physics" }, { "docid": "41959688#0", "text": "Winfield Toll Bridge, also known as the Ross Booth Memorial Bridge, is a historic three-span cantilever Warren Truss bridge located at Winfield and Red House, Putnam County, West Virginia. It was built in 1955, and spans the Kanawha River, carrying West Virginia Route 34. The cantilever through-truss consists of two anchor spans each 245 feet in length and the main span 462 feet in length between pier center lines. The main span consists of two 128 feet, 4 inch, cantilever arms and a 205 feet, 4 inch, suspended span.", "title": "Winfield Toll Bridge" }, { "docid": "14596479#0", "text": "Ẑ is a Latin script letter, the letter Z with a circumflex, used for transliteration of the Cyrillic letter Ѕ in ISO 9 family of transliteration standards. The lower case version of the letter is ẑ.", "title": "Ẑ" }, { "docid": "2153382#1", "text": "Ġ is used in some Arabic transliteration schemes, such as DIN 31635 and ISO 233, to represent the letter (ġain).", "title": "Ġ" } ]

[ { "docid": "795199#28", "text": "Whole cow's milk contains too little iron, retinol, vitamin E, vitamin C, vitamin D, unsaturated fats or essential fatty acids for human babies. Whole cow's milk also contains too much protein, sodium, potassium, phosphorus and chloride which may put a strain on an infant's immature kidneys. In addition, the proteins, fats and calcium in whole cow's milk are more difficult for an infant to digest and absorb than the ones in breast milk. Evaporated milk may be easier to digest due to the processing of the protein but is still nutritionally inadequate. Some infants are allergic to cow's milk protein, this problem may be associated with infant formulas derived from cow's milk.", "title": "Breast milk" } ]

[ { "docid": "37679356#13", "text": "Breast milk also contains much more protein than cow's milk. It contains 60% protein whereas cow’s milk contains only 40% protein. Protein is very important for infants because they need more protein per pound than adults do. For the first few months of their life, this protein must come from breast milk or formula, it cannot come from cow's milk . One specific protein that breast milk has is lactoferrin, which is bacteriostatic, meaning it prevents the growth of harmful bacteria. Without protein, the baby cannot produce the immunity that its body desperately needs, resulting in a higher risk of disease and malnutrition. Breast milk provides the best source of protein for an infant.", "title": "Infant nutrition" }, { "docid": "19167553#50", "text": "However, some farming groups promote the practice. For example, Small Farm Today, in 2005, claimed beneficial use in invalid and convalescent diets, proposing that glycerol ethers, possibly important in nutrition for nursing infants, are much higher in does' milk than in cows' milk. A 1970 book on animal breeding claimed that does' milk differs from cows' or humans' milk by having higher digestibility, distinct alkalinity, higher buffering capacity, and certain therapeutic values in human medicine and nutrition. George Mateljan suggested doe milk can replace ewe milk or cow milk in diets of those who are allergic to certain mammals' milk. However, like cow milk, doe milk has lactose (sugar), and may cause gastrointestinal problems for individuals with lactose intolerance. In fact, the level of lactose is similar to that of cow milk.", "title": "Goat" }, { "docid": "12339#51", "text": "Livestock are modified with the intention of improving economically important traits such as growth-rate, quality of meat, milk composition, disease resistance and survival. Animals have been engineered to grow faster, be healthier and resist diseases. Modifications have also improved the wool production of sheep and udder health of cows. Goats have been genetically engineered to produce milk with strong spiderweb-like silk proteins in their milk. A GM pig called Enviropig was created with the capability of digesting plant phosphorus more efficiently than conventional pigs. They could reduce water pollution since they excrete 30 to 70% less phosphorus in manure. Dairy cows have been genetically engineered to produce milk that would be the same as human breast milk. This could potentially benefit mothers who cannot produce breast milk but want their children to have breast milk rather than formula. Researchers have also developed a genetically engineered cow that produces allergy-free milk.", "title": "Genetically modified organism" }, { "docid": "39645506#8", "text": "The hydrolyzed nature of fish protein powder (low molecular weight profile) leads it to be used in hypoallergenic applications such as infant formulas. There is no evidence that infants who have a high risk of having an allergy to cows milk should be fed hydrolyzed infant formula instead of breast milk for allergy prevention. For infants who have a high-risk of a cows milk allergy but cannot be fed breast milk, there is low-quality evidence suggesting that hydrolyzed protein-based formula may reduce the risk of a cows milk allergy compared to cow milk protein formula.", "title": "Fish protein powder" }, { "docid": "23810544#8", "text": "Overall buffalo milk has greater nutritional properties and values than cow milk. Buffalo milk has higher levels of fat lactose, protein, calcium, and vitamins A and C, with lower levels of vitamin E riboflavin an cholesterol. There is an absence of carotene and a presence of bioactivepentasaccharides and gangliosides not present in cows. Fat globules are larger but contain less membrane material than cow milk. However, specific breed of buffalo does affect milk composition. In a 2008 comparison of four Indian buffalo breeds, the Bhadawari was shown to have more solids not fat than the Murrah, which had the highest performance for fat, total protein, and casein contents.", "title": "Bhadawari" }, { "docid": "795199#31", "text": "There is a market for human breast milk, both in the form of wet nurse service and milk product. As a product, breast milk is exchanged by human milk banks as well as directly between milk donors and customers mediated by websites on the Internet. Human milk banks generally have standardized measures for screening donors and storing the milk, while donors on websites vary in regard to these measures. A study in 2013 came to the conclusion that 74% of breast milk samples from providers found from websites were colonized with Gram-negative bacteria or had more than 10,000 colony-forming units/mL of aerobic bacteria. Growth happens during transit. According to the FDA, the bacteria in fresh milk doubles every 20 minutes. Breast milk is considered to be healthier than cow's milk and infant formula when it comes to feeding an infant in the first 6 months of life, but only under extreme situations do international health organizations support feeding an infant breast milk from a healthy wet nurse rather than that of its biological mother. One reason is because the unregulated breast milk market is fraught with risks such as drugs of abuse and prescription medications being present in donated breast milk. The transmission of these substances through breast milk can do more harm than good when it comes to the health outcomes of the infant recipient.", "title": "Breast milk" }, { "docid": "326340#49", "text": "Camel milk is a staple food of nomadic tribes living in deserts. According to a study, it consists of 11.7% solids, 3% protein, 3.6% fat, 0.8% ash, 4.4% lactose and 0.13% acidity (pH 6.5). The quantities of sodium, potassium, zinc, iron, copper, manganese, niacin and vitamin C were relatively higher than the amounts in cow milk. However, the levels of thiamin, riboflavin, folacin, vitamin B, pantothenic acid, vitamin A, lysine, and tryptophan were lower than those in cow milk. The molar percentages of the fatty acids in milk fat were 26.7% for palmitic acid, 25.5% oleic acid, 11.4% myristic acid and 11% palmitoleic acid. Camel milk has higher thermal stability compared with cow milk, but it does not compare favourably with sheep milk.", "title": "Dromedary" }, { "docid": "795199#27", "text": "All mammalian species produce milk, but the composition of milk for each species varies widely and other kinds of milk are often very different from human breast milk. As a rule, the milk of mammals that nurse frequently (including human babies) is less rich, or more watery, than the milk of mammals whose young nurse less often. Human milk is noticeably thinner and sweeter than cow's milk.", "title": "Breast milk" }, { "docid": "3708293#3", "text": "The medicinal property of the Vechur cow's milk have been documented traditionally by Ayurveda and recent scientific studies have substantiated this. The protein component of the Vechur cow's milk has an improved antimicrobial property. As per recent findings, the anti-bacterial property of the lactoferrin protein present in the Vechur Cow milk is more than that of the antibiotic ampicillin. Although lactoferrin, present in the milk of all mammals, is found to have antimicrobial, antiviral, antitumor, immunodefence and anti-inflammatory properties recent studies prove that in the case of the lactoferrin protein in the Vechur Cow milk, these properties are much more enhanced. The Vechur Ghee (clarified butter) produced from Vechur cow’s milk, is famous for its high medicinal values due to the presence of A2 beta-lactalbumin protein and higher arginine content which is good for the health of convalescing people.", "title": "Vechur Cattle" } ]

[ { "docid": "9796250#32", "text": "\"Dreamfall Chapters\" was initially announced as an episodic video game, but this idea was scrapped in favor of a full-length game when the pre-production started in 2012, because the developers felt that extended breaks between chapters would have negatively affected the story flow and pacing. However, faced with mounting production costs, RTG decided in June 2014 to return to the episodic format, and the first \"book\", subtitled \"Reborn\", was released on 21 October 2014. The subtitle of Book Two was announced on 26 November 2014. The subtitle of Book Three was announced on 22 May 2015, and its release date, one month later. Book Four's subtitle was announced via Twitter and Facebook in late September, and its release date, on 30 November 2015. The subtitle and the release date of the fifth and final Book was announced via Kickstarter on 6 April and 9 June 2016, respectively.", "title": "Dreamfall Chapters" }, { "docid": "9796250#0", "text": "Dreamfall Chapters () is an episodic 3D adventure game with emphasis on character interaction, exploration of the game world, and puzzle solving. It is a sequel to the adventure games \"The Longest Journey\" and \"\". The game was released for PC in five episodes between 21 October 2014 and 17 June 2016. The updated \"Final Cut\" version was released on physical media for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on 5 May 2017, and the Microsoft Windows, OS X, and Linux versions on 21 July 2017.", "title": "Dreamfall Chapters" } ]

[ { "docid": "9796250#16", "text": "Funcom, the developer of the original \"The Longest Journey\" and \"Dreamfall\", first announced \"Dreamfall Chapters\" on 1 March 2007. However, while its plot was already written out at that point, the production of the game couldn't begin until 2012 because all of the original creators of \"Dreamfall\" (including Tørnquist) were at the time working on Funcom's next MMORPG \"The Secret World\".", "title": "Dreamfall Chapters" }, { "docid": "9796250#1", "text": "\"The Longest Journey\" series is set in two parallel universes: Stark, a cyberpunk future Earth, and Arcadia, its magical fantasy counterpart. \"Chapters\" takes place in 2220 CE and continues the story of \"Dreamfall\", whose protagonist Zoë Castillo had uncovered a criminal conspiracy that aimed to enslave both Stark and Arcadia by stealing their residents' dreams. Although Zoë managed to disrupt the conspirators' plans, she was betrayed and left in a coma at the end of \"Dreamfall\", and has to find her purpose in life again in \"Chapters\". The writers described the narrative theme of the game as \"chapters of life\".", "title": "Dreamfall Chapters" }, { "docid": "9796250#17", "text": "On 1 November 2012, it was announced that Ragnar Tørnquist's newly founded studio Red Thread Games began the pre-production for \"Dreamfall Chapters\". Because Funcom's focus has shifted to online games, the company decided to license the rights to \"The Longest Journey\" IP to Tørnquist's development studio, who would fund and produce the game independently. Although Tørnquist stated he took no other Funcom employees to Red Thread Games with him, his studio hired many of the original developers of \"Dreamfall\" who have since left Funcom, as well as formed a partnership with Blink Studios, which consists of former Funcom employees who worked on \"Dreamfall\" and have since developed an expertise with the \"Unity\" engine.", "title": "Dreamfall Chapters" }, { "docid": "9796250#19", "text": "A campaign to crowd-fund the game on Kickstarter began on 8 February 2013, with a minimal goal of $850,000. Although game's intended full title has always been \"Dreamfall Chapters\", the developers had used the subtitle \"The Longest Journey\" during the Kickstarter campaign to improve brand recognition. They estimated the necessary budget for the project to be about $1 million (compared to the $5 million budget of \"Dreamfall\" and roughly $2–3 million of \"TLJ\") and planned to supplement the Kickstarter money with further grants and personal funds. Prior to starting the campaign, RTG spent months analyzing previous successful Kickstarter campaigns, particularly \"Project Eternity\" and \"\", to better plan their own project. \"Dreamfall Сhapters\" reached its minimal funding goal on 16 February, much quicker than the developers had anticipated, and concluded on 10 March with $1,538,425 raised, or 180% of the initial goal. Additionally, over $34,000 was raised via PayPal during the Kickstarter campaign, and Red Thread Games continued to collect funds through PayPal until 10 October 2014, when pre-orders for the game were opened.", "title": "Dreamfall Chapters" }, { "docid": "9796250#3", "text": "\"Dreamfall Chapters\" was originally developed on the Unity 4 game engine, but was retroactively upgraded to Unity 5 before the release of Book Four. It features large 3D environments, as opposed to 2D backgrounds in \"The Longest Journey\" and smaller 3D locations in \"Dreamfall\". While not a completely open world, the game contains several free-roaming exploration levels, such as Europolis and Marcuria, and rewards players for exploring the levels and finding secrets. The locations themselves change slightly as the story progresses to reflect the passage of time.\nThe player steers playable characters from over-the-shoulder third-person view, using the WASD keys and mouselook. Interactive characters and objects are highlighted on the screen, allowing the player to interact with them using the mouse and context menus. While the game supports game controllers, it was optimized for the PC. The gameplay focus is on the exploration of the environments and the story and on solving puzzles. Dialogue with NPCs and dialogue puzzles comprise about half of the gameplay time. The on-screen interface is hidden by default to improve the immersion. There is no combat or stealth gameplay in \"Dreamfall Chapters\".", "title": "Dreamfall Chapters" }, { "docid": "9796250#31", "text": "The game was originally written in English, with the Norwegian, German, and French translations confirmed, although (version 5.7.4.4), the Steam version only contains English and German voice-overs and English, German, and French subtitles. \"Dreamfall Chapters\" was translated into German by the Vienna-based studio White Rabbit Interactive, and into French, by the Parisian Words of Magic; German voice-overs were recorded by the Hamburg-based Studio Mühl. The German voice-overs for Book Three were released six weeks after the English release, partly because each episode contains 25 to 50 thousand spoken words, and partly because the developers did not lock down the dialogue until several weeks before the release. Initially, CDP.pl had plans to release the Polish translation, but dropped it after the game returned to the episodic format.", "title": "Dreamfall Chapters" }, { "docid": "727748#0", "text": "Dreamfall: The Longest Journey () is an adventure video game developed by Funcom for Microsoft Windows and Xbox platforms in April 2006. On 1 March 2007, a sequel entitled \"Dreamfall Chapters\" was announced, and Funcom reportedly considered the idea of a massively multiplayer online game set in \"The Longest Journey\" universe.", "title": "Dreamfall: The Longest Journey" }, { "docid": "727748#28", "text": "On 1 March 2007, Funcom announced that the continuation of the story will be published under the title \"Dreamfall Chapters\". The numerous cliffhangers and apparent plot holes in \"Dreamfall\" have caused a great commotion among the players and were addressed by Ragnar Tørnquist on his blog. He stated that the game is, in fact, the first part of a duology and that all questions will be answered in the second installment. In November 2012, Ragnar Tørnquist's newly founded studio Red Thread Games began the pre-production of the sequel. Because Funcom's focus has shifted to online games, the company decided to license the rights to \"The Longest Journey\" IP to Tørnquist's development studio, who will fund and produce the game independently. A Kickstarter campaign to crowd-fund the game began in February 2013 and ended successfully raising $1.5 million in March. Tørnquist commented that the developers also considered the idea of making a film based on \"The Longest Journey\" or \"Dreamfall\" but found it too difficult to realize at the current stage.", "title": "Dreamfall: The Longest Journey" } ]

[ { "docid": "45167756#0", "text": "Supergirl is an American superhero action-adventure television series developed by Ali Adler, Greg Berlanti and Andrew Kreisberg (the latter two having previously created \"Arrow\" and \"The Flash\") that originally aired on CBS and premiered on October 26, 2015. It is based on the DC Comics character Supergirl, created by Otto Binder and Al Plastino, and stars Melissa Benoist in the title role. Supergirl is a costumed superheroine who is Superman's cousin and one of the last surviving Kryptonians. The series is set in the Arrowverse, sharing continuity with the other television series of the universe.", "title": "Supergirl (TV series)" }, { "docid": "45167756#5", "text": "In January 2015, it was announced by \"The Hollywood Reporter\" that Melissa Benoist would star as Supergirl. Benoist later revealed that auditioning for the part \"was a long, drawn-out, three-month process\"; she was the first actress looked at for the role, although Claire Holt and Gemma Atkinson were also considered. In March 2015, Blake Neely, composer for \"Arrow\" and \"The Flash\", revealed he would be composing for \"Supergirl\". The show was officially picked up to series on May 6, 2015. It was originally set to premiere in November 2015, before being moved up to October 26, 2015. The pilot episode was screened at San Diego Comic-Con International 2015 on July 8 and 11, 2015. In July 2015, Adler spoke on how much influence Superman would have on the show, saying, \"Our prototype is the way the president is seen on \"Veep\". It's certainly [inspired by] so much of what Julia Louis-Dreyfus' character goes through. Ultimately, this is a show about Supergirl and we really want to see it through her lens.\" On November 30, 2015, CBS ordered an additional seven episodes of \"Supergirl\", for a full season of 20 episodes.", "title": "Supergirl (TV series)" } ]

[ { "docid": "308947#6", "text": "During her career, Slater has revisited her 1984 role of Supergirl. She made a brief guest appearance on \"Seinfeld\" as a love interest of Jerry Seinfeld, who in reality is a huge fan of Superman. Slater was seen in a recurring role as Clark Kent's biological mother, Lara, on the TV series \"Smallville\" and as Supergirl's adoptive mother in the TV series \"Supergirl\".", "title": "Helen Slater" }, { "docid": "45167756#22", "text": "During the second season, Supergirl appears in \"Invasion!\", a crossover episode of \"The Flash\", \"Arrow\" and \"Legends of Tomorrow\", when she's recruited by Barry Allen and Cisco Ramon at the end of \"Medusa\" to help fight off an invasion by the Dominators. \"Supergirl\" and \"The Flash\" also featured in a musical crossover, featuring several covers of existing songs along with two original numbers. Similar to \"Invasion!\", the crossover begins at the end of the \"Supergirl\" episode \"Star-Crossed\" and primarily takes place during \"The Flash\" episode \"Duet\", featuring the Music Meister as the antagonist who puts both The Flash and Supergirl in a shared hallucination. After \"Invasion!\", Guggenheim felt \"If there's an appetite for it from the fans and from the network,\" the crossover next year could be \"a proper four-part crossover.\"", "title": "Supergirl (TV series)" }, { "docid": "45167756#21", "text": "On February 3, 2016, it was announced that Grant Gustin, who appears as Barry Allen / Flash on \"The Flash\", would appear in the eighteenth episode of the first season, \"Worlds Finest\". While no plot details on the episodes were released at the time, Ross A. Lincoln of \"Deadline Hollywood\" noted that \"the in-universe reason\" for the crossover was due to Barry's ability to travel to various dimensions, thus implying that \"Supergirl\" exists on an alternate Earth to the Arrowverse in a multiverse. \"The Flash\" episode \"Welcome to Earth-2\" confirmed this, showing an image of Benoist as Supergirl during a sequence where characters travel through that multiverse. The earth that the series inhabits is Earth-38 in the Arrowverse multiverse, and has been informally referred to as \"Earth-CBS\" by Marc Guggenheim, one of the creators of \"Arrow\".", "title": "Supergirl (TV series)" }, { "docid": "96871#2", "text": "Due to changing editorial policy at DC, Supergirl was initially killed off in the 1985 limited series \"Crisis on Infinite Earths\". DC Comics subsequently rebooted the continuity of the DC Comics Universe, re-establishing Superman's character as the sole survivor of Krypton's destruction. Following the conclusion of \"Crisis on Infinite Earths\", several different characters written as having no familial relationship to Superman have assumed the role of Supergirl, including Matrix, Linda Danvers, and Cir-El. Following the cancellation of the third, 1996–2003 \"Supergirl\" comic book series which starred the Matrix/Linda Danvers version of the character, a modern version of Kara Zor-El was reintroduced into the DC Comics continuity in issue #8 of the \"Superman/Batman\" comic book series titled \"The Supergirl from Krypton\" (February 2004). The modern Kara Zor-El stars as Supergirl in an eponymous comic book series, in addition to playing a supporting role in various other DC Comics publications.", "title": "Supergirl" }, { "docid": "54441773#5", "text": "Melissa Benoist, Mehcad Brooks, Chyler Leigh, Jeremy Jordan, and David Harewood return from the first season as Kara Danvers / Supergirl, James Olsen, Alex Danvers, Winn Schott and J'onn J'onzz / Martian Manhunter, respectively. They are joined by Chris Wood and Floriana Lima, playing Mon-El and Maggie Sawyer, respectively. Harewood also portrays Hank Henshaw, who becomes this series' version of Cyborg Superman. The season establishes Olsen as the vigilante Guardian, unlike the comics where Jim Harper is the vigilante. The producers decided to depict Sawyer as a Latino for the series, unlike the comics where she is a white blonde; however, the character's homosexuality was retained for the series.", "title": "Supergirl (season 2)" }, { "docid": "47607880#0", "text": "\"Supergirl\" is an American superhero action-adventure drama television series developed by Ali Adler, Greg Berlanti, and Andrew Kreisberg, based on the DC Comics character Supergirl, created by Otto Binder and Al Plastino, that originally aired on CBS and premiered on October 26, 2015. Supergirl is a costumed superheroine who is the biological cousin to Superman and one of the last surviving Kryptonians. The series was officially picked up on May 6, 2015, and received a full season order on November 30, 2015. The series moved from CBS to The CW from its second season onwards.", "title": "List of Supergirl episodes" }, { "docid": "57920496#0", "text": "The fourth season of the American television series \"Supergirl\", which is based on the DC Comics character Kara Zor-El / Supergirl, premiered on The CW on October 14, 2018. The season follows Kara, a reporter and superpowered alien who fights against those who threaten Earth, and the fallout of her use of mysticism and time traveling. It is set in the Arrowverse, sharing continuity with the other television series of the universe. The season is produced by Berlanti Productions, Warner Bros. Television, and DC Entertainment, with Robert Rovner and Jessica Queller serving as showrunners.", "title": "Supergirl (season 4)" }, { "docid": "15206997#30", "text": "By September 2014, Warner Bros. Television was looking to create a television series centered around Supergirl. Executive producers for the series include Greg Berlanti (also a creator/producer for \"Arrow\" and \"The Flash\"), Ali Adler, who are both writing the script, and Berlanti Productions' Sarah Schechter. DC Comics’ Geoff Johns is also expected to be part of the project. Titles under consideration for the series included \"Super\" and \"Girl\". Berlanti confirmed the show shortly after, and stated it was in development and had yet to be pitched to networks. On September 19, it was announced that CBS had landed the series \"Supergirl\" with a series commitment. The series will see a 24-year-old Kara Zor-El embracing her powers, after previously hiding them. The series follows Kara Zor-El, who is taken in by the Danvers family when she was 12, after being sent away from Krypton. The Danvers teach her to be careful with her powers, until she has to reveal them during an unexpected disaster, setting her on her journey of heroism. In November 2014, Berlanti stated that the series could also exist in the same universe as \"Arrow\" and \"The Flash\". In January 2015, it was announced that Melissa Benoist was cast as Supergirl.", "title": "Supergirl in other media" } ]

[ { "docid": "1828447#0", "text": "Jessica Campbell Jones is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character was created by writer Brian Michael Bendis and artist Michael Gaydos, and first appeared in \"Alias\" #1 (November 2001), as part of Marvel's Max, an imprint for more mature content. Within the context of Marvel's shared universe, Jones is a former superhero who becomes the owner and sole employee of Alias Private Investigations. Bendis originally envisioned the series centered on Jessica Drew and only decided to create Jones once he noticed that the main character had a distinct voice and background that differentiated her from Drew.", "title": "Jessica Jones" } ]

[ { "docid": "18487561#0", "text": "Danielle \"Dani\" Cage is a fictional character in Marvel Comics. Danielle is the young daughter of Jessica Jones and Luke Cage, created by Brian Michael Bendis and Michael Gaydos, first appeared in \"The Pulse\" #13 (March 2006).", "title": "List of Marvel Comics characters: C" }, { "docid": "719805#0", "text": "Danielle \"Dani\" Moonstar, originally codenamed Psyche and later Mirage, is a fictional Cheyenne superheroine appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character is usually depicted as associated with the X-Men.", "title": "Danielle Moonstar" }, { "docid": "18487561#3", "text": "In an alternate future timeline, Danielle Cage, nicknamed Dani, inherits both of her parents' abilities and becomes Captain America. It is mentioned that she was mentored by an aged version of Black Widow, who goes by the name Madame Natasha. She is plucked from her timeline to battle Ultron and then a Doombot, and subsequently teams up with the modern day Avengers to battle Moridun, who had possessed Wiccan. She returns to the present again to aid the U.S.Avengers in capturing her nemesis, the Golden Skull.", "title": "List of Marvel Comics characters: C" }, { "docid": "51353208#7", "text": "Marvel announced in September 2015 that Dawson would be appearing in \"Luke Cage\", in what Cage actor Mike Colter described as a \"significant part\", noting that the comics character Claire Temple was introduced as a love interest for Cage. The series introduces Temple's mother (portrayed by Sônia Braga), and gives Claire \"a large storyline ... [she helps] out a lot.\" It also references her role as a version of Night Nurse, with a character dismissively referring to her as \"the night nurse\". Explaining the decision to have Temple appear across multiple series, which has been compared to the role that Nick Fury plays as \"the connective thread\" between the MCU films, Marvel Television head Jeph Loeb explained that it was due to Dawson's performance, saying \"It wasn't just that Claire fit so well in those worlds, it's that Rosario fit so well in those worlds.\" When Temple first appears in the second season of \"Daredevil\", she has \"a cut in her eyebrow\", which Daredevil actor Charlie Cox explained was from one of the other series, saying that \"the timeline had been thought through and worked out\" to connect Dawson's various performances.", "title": "Claire Temple (Marvel Cinematic Universe)" }, { "docid": "18487716#5", "text": "She was last seen applying to be Danielle Cage's nanny, but left when it became apparent that Luke Cage and Jessica Jones had no idea who she was.", "title": "List of Marvel Comics characters: U" }, { "docid": "51353208#8", "text": "In July 2016, Dawson was unable to promote \"Luke Cage\" because she was \"back in New York ... filming something else for Marvel TV\", which was confirmed that October to be \"Iron Fist\"; this appearance was set up at the end of \"Luke Cage\". A month later, Dawson was revealed to also be reprising her role in the crossover miniseries \"The Defenders\". Dawson also expressed interest in making a cameo appearance in \"The Punisher\", a spin-off series from \"Daredevil\", but was unable to due to a scheduling conflict.\nAfter appearing in the second season of \"Luke Cage\", Dawson explained that she was reluctant to continue making appearances in the many series due to having to travel away from her family when working on the New York sets. She did think that she would return to \"Luke Cage\" if it was renewed for further seasons, and again expressed interest in appearing in \"The Punisher\" at some point moving forward \"just so I can feel like I’ve done every show\". Dawson later revealed that she had asked \"Luke Cage\" showrunner Cheo Hodari Coker whether she could contribute to the writing of Temple's last scene in the season; she considered the scene to be the culmination of three years of work for her, and felt that it had initially been written too much from the perspective of Cage, whom Temple has a fight with in the scene that ends their relationship. Dawson praised Coker for allowing her to push the scene to feature more of an equal balance between the characters, and Coker praised the work she did on this.", "title": "Claire Temple (Marvel Cinematic Universe)" }, { "docid": "54619901#28", "text": "Following the announcement of the series, Russ Burlingame noted for ComicBook.com that Marvel may have been tempted to change Danny Rand from white to a person of Asian descent, especially given that the other Marvel Netflix series \"Jessica Jones\" and \"Luke Cage\" already set a precedent of increasing diversity by exploring a female and African-America lead, respectively. However, Burlingame was against this happening, wanting to see \"the classic\" version of the character, and feeling that making the character Asian simply because he is a martial artist was itself \"quietly, subtlely racist\". This situation, of casting either a white or Asian-American actor in the role, was described as \"lose/lose\" by Devin Faraci of Birth.Movies.Death, while Albert Ching at Comic Book Resources was strictly against casting an Asian-American. He said that any extra Asian-American representation onscreen would be positive, but that he was not comfortable with the idea of the first major Asian superhero in film or television being a martial artist. Ching questioned why this discussion had not been raised with any other character, and suggested that a non-white, non-Asian actor be cast instead to avoid either issues. He highlighted the casting of Chloe Bennet and Ming-Na Wen in the MCU series \"Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.\", both in \"non-stereotypical roles\", as examples of what roles he would rather have Asian-Americans be cast in.", "title": "Iron Fist (season 1)" }, { "docid": "18487561#2", "text": "During the \"Hunt for Wolverine\" storyline, a black market auction had somehow got the genetic material of Danielle Cage. When Iron Man, Jessica Jones, Luke Cage, and Spider-Man arrive undercover looking for Wolverine ever since his body disappeared from his unmarked grave, Luke and Jessica are outraged when they learned that their daughter's genetic material was being auctioned off.", "title": "List of Marvel Comics characters: C" }, { "docid": "148907#6", "text": "Since \"Boy Meets World\" ended, Fishel has appeared in several films, including \"National Lampoon's Dorm Daze\". In 2006, she appeared in three made-for-DVD releases: \"National Lampoon's Dorm Daze 2\" (appearing again as \"Marla\" from the first film), the action film \"Gamebox 1.0\" (playing a dual role), and \"The Chosen One\", an independent animated film in which she provides the voice of the lead female character.", "title": "Danielle Fishel" }, { "docid": "21111#13", "text": "In 2018, Cage starred in the action thriller film, \"Mandy\", which premiered on January 19 at the 2018 Sundance Film Festival. Nick Allen of RogerEbert.com praised the movie, writing that \"for all of the endless feral performances that Cage has given, in movies good, bad and forgettable, Cosmatos' style-driven, '80s-tastic passion for weird worlds and characters takes full advantage of Cage's greatness, and then some.\"\nOn October, Mandy's producer Elijah Wood announced the intention to sizing up an Oscar campaign for Nicolas Cage and composer Jóhann Jóhannsson but the film was disqualified because\nwas also released on VOD on September 14.", "title": "Nicolas Cage" }, { "docid": "1828447#3", "text": "Jessica Jones debuted in the Marvel MAX imprint series \"Alias\" in November 2001. The character and series were created by writer Brian Michael Bendis and artist Michael Gaydos. \"Alias\" ran for 28 issues from 2001 to 2004, with most covers drawn by David W. Mack. After the end of the series, Jones and other characters from the series moved to Bendis' subsequent series, \"The Pulse\". In a 2005 interview, Bendis claimed:\n\"Originally, \"Alias\" was going to star Jessica Drew, but it became something else entirely. Which is good, because had we used Jessica, it would have been off continuity and bad storytelling.\" Previously, Bendis commented, \"I was at one time toying with doing Jessica Drew [in \"Alias\"] because she has the best hair of any superhero in comics, but this book is entirely different than what that idea was to be.\"", "title": "Jessica Jones" } ]

[ { "docid": "27024155#4", "text": "Ivan Boesky famously defended greed in an 18 May 1986 commencement address at the UC Berkeley's School of Business Administration, in which he said, \"Greed is all right, by the way. I want you to know that. I think greed is healthy. You can be greedy and still feel good about yourself\". This speech inspired the 1987 film \"Wall Street\", which features the famous line spoken by Gordon Gekko: \"Greed, for lack of a better word, is good. Greed is right, greed works. Greed clarifies, cuts through, and captures the essence of the evolutionary spirit. Greed, in all of its forms; greed for life, for money, for love, knowledge has marked the upward surge of mankind.\"", "title": "Greed" } ]

[ { "docid": "177126#27", "text": "If a Ferengi navigates the river properly, he can accumulate wealth and distribute it throughout society, at various points along the river. This may demonstrate an important distinction, even in Ferengi culture, between selfishness and greed. Ferengi believe that greed, while essential to their concept of economics, is not inherently selfish, because the pursuit of greed serves a greater good. This is similar to the \"Greed is Good\" speech made by Gordon Gekko in the film \"Wall Street\". Alternatively, the concept may demonstrate that Ferengi culture views both selfishness and greed as completely compatible with improving the wealth of the universe as a whole.", "title": "Ferengi" }, { "docid": "3111147#1", "text": "The primary aim of the dialogue is an attempt to define greed. A friend of Socrates argues that greed is a desire to profit from things of no value, but Socrates replies that no sensible man attempts to profit from worthless things, but inasfar as greed is a desire for profit, then it is a desire for the good, and thus everyone is greedy. The friend of Socrates thinks there is something wrong with Socrates' argument, but cannot say what is wrong with it.", "title": "Hipparchus (dialogue)" }, { "docid": "10788704#18", "text": "Written shortly after the financial crash of 2008, Folbre explores how the boundaries between the pursuit of self-interest and immorality have become blurred. She argues that the mentality espoused by Oliver Stone's character Gordon Gecko that \"greed is good,\" helped lead to the 2008 crash and persists in its wake. Yet, the same social norms that consider aggression, greed and lust an advantage to men in public life also view such things as perverse in women. Folbre argues that this double standard often puts aspiring women in a difficult position, which forces women to choose between their personal identity and the acceptance of the expected gender role.\nFolbre brings women's work, their sexuality, and their ideas into the center of the dialectic between economic history and the history of economic ideas. Her book describes a process of economic and cultural change in the United States, Great Britain and France that shaped the evolution of patriarchal capitalism and the welfare state.", "title": "Nancy Folbre" }, { "docid": "27024155#3", "text": "Thomas Aquinas says that greed \"is a sin against God, just as all mortal sins, in as much as man condemns things eternal for the sake of temporal things.\" In Dante's \"Purgatory\", the avaricious penitents were bound and laid face down on the ground for having concentrated too much on earthly thoughts.\nMeher Baba dictated that \"Greed is a state of restlessness of the heart, and it consists mainly of craving for power and possessions. Possessions and power are sought for the fulfillment of desires. Man is only partially satisfied in his attempt to have the fulfillment of his desires, and this partial satisfaction fans and increases the flame of craving instead of extinguishing it. Thus greed always finds an endless field of conquest and leaves the man endlessly dissatisfied. The chief expressions of greed are related to the emotional part of man.\"", "title": "Greed" }, { "docid": "23454817#12", "text": "The final explanatory feature important to the Taliban's insurgency as a greed-based rebellion is the influence of a previous rebellion. With the support of the CIA and ISI the young Taliban in the 1990s were pitted against the Soviet Union in proxy war. This enabled the Taliban to do a number of things. They became involved in opium trade, were provided with weapons, and began to construct the organizational aptitude that allows for their continued success today. The previous involvement of the Taliban in an armed insurgency allows one of the issues with a greed-based insurgency to be dismissed. Collier and Hoeffler assert that the government has an innate advantage in greed-based conflicts as the government is more organized. However, in the case of the Afghan conflict this is not true. The transitional government is more fractionalized, less cooperative, and more ethnically divided than the Taliban. Therefore, using the greed-model we should actually expect the Taliban to defeat the transitional government after NATO's withdrawal, as the government possesses few advantages.", "title": "Greed versus grievance" }, { "docid": "719602#4", "text": "Other academics tend to compare greed to an addiction, because greed like smoking and drinking can illustrate that if a person can take over one's addictions it is possible to avert bad effects from resisting it. On the other hand, if one can not resist its temptations, he can easily get swept away by it. In other words, it can be deduced that certain traders who join the business world for the emotional agitation and desire of hitting that emotional high, are addicted to the release of certain brain chemicals that determine those states of happiness, euphoria and relaxation. Before mentioned fact can also imply that such traders are susceptible to all addictions. Furthermore, humans' brains are naturally activated by financial awards, which in the same way as drugs produce an incredible but perilous feeling and thus an addictive experience.", "title": "Greed and fear" }, { "docid": "257219#32", "text": "Early in the 1990s, Groth took issue with Sim's stance of self-publishing as the best option for creators, and began to disseminate the view that it was best to work for a publisher, mentioning Ivan Boesky's address to the University of California's commencement ceremony in May 1986, where Boesky informed his audience that \"greed is all right, by the way. I want you to know that. I think greed is healthy. You can be greedy and still feel good about yourself.\"", "title": "Dave Sim" }, { "docid": "2327680#8", "text": "On July 28, 2009, Cardinal Tarcisio Bertone cited Gekko's \"Greed is good\" slogan in a speech to the Italian Senate, saying that the free market had been replaced by a \"greed market\", and also blamed such a mentality for the 2007-2008 financial crisis.", "title": "Gordon Gekko" }, { "docid": "14121891#2", "text": "Part one examined the growing greed of society and the 1980s ideal that greed is good. It also looked at the growing disparity between rich and poor.Viswalingam interviewed New South Wales Police Commissioner Ken Moroney about the extent to which many cases of rape have become particularly violent and gruesome, and asked why sex crimes are growing in number in society. The link between violent pornography and sex crimes was also examined in this episode. A medical ethicist Dr. Amin Abboud noted that sex had been trivialized and needed to be placed back into the context of emotional connections and intimacy and that sex should be rediscovered as part of love. In an interview, Orthodox Rabbi Shmuley Boteach stated that modern relationships collapse when people lose interest in the sex and that sex has become the sole measure and importance in a relationship.", "title": "Decadence (TV series)" } ]

[ { "docid": "136795#0", "text": "Wichita Falls ( ) is a city in and the county seat of Wichita County, Texas, United States. It is the principal city of the Wichita Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area, which encompasses all of Archer, Clay, and Wichita Counties. According to the 2010 census, it had a population of 104,553, making it the 35th-most populous city in Texas. In addition, its central business district is 5 miles (8 km) from Sheppard Air Force Base, which is home to the Air Force's largest technical training wing and the Euro-NATO Joint Jet Pilot Training program, the world's only multinationally staffed and managed flying training program chartered to produce combat pilots for both USAF and NATO.", "title": "Wichita Falls, Texas" } ]

[ { "docid": "136795#19", "text": "Wichita Falls is part of a bi-state media market that also includes the nearby, smaller city of Lawton, Oklahoma. According to Nielsen Media Research estimates for the 2016–17 season, the market – which encompasses ten counties in western north Texas and six counties in southwestern Oklahoma, has 152,950 households with at least one television set, making it the 148th-largest television market in the United States; the market also has an average of 120,200 radio listeners ages 12 and over, making it the 250th largest radio market in the nation.\nBy default, KERA-TV out of Dallas–Fort Worth serves as the default PBS member station for Wichita Falls via a translator station on UHF channel 44.Nearby Lake Wichita was dredged in 1901 at a cost of $175,000 through the efforts of entrepreneur Joseph Kemp. The Lake Wichita Park is on the north shore of the lake. This park offers a 2.6-mile concrete hiking and bicycling trail that runs from the southern tip of the park at Fairway Avenue to the dam. The trail resumes northward to Lucy Park. The park has a playground, basketball courts, and multiple picnic areas. The 10-unit picnic shelter can seat 60 people and is available for rent. The park also has two lighted baseball and two lighted softball fields, three lighted football fields, and an 18-hole disc golf course. The park has the only model airplane landing strip in the Texas state park system. An off-leash dog park is available.", "title": "Wichita Falls, Texas" }, { "docid": "136795#15", "text": "Of the 37,970 households, 33.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.7% were married couples living together, 12.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.2% were not families. About 28.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.46, and the average family size was 3.04.", "title": "Wichita Falls, Texas" }, { "docid": "10927856#1", "text": "As of the census of 2000, there were 151,524 people, 56,109 households, and 38,587 families residing within the MSA. The racial makeup of the MSA was 80.95% White, 8.92% African American, 0.89% Native American, 1.61% Asian, 0.08% Pacific Islander, 5.05% from other races, and 2.51% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 11.17% of the population.", "title": "Wichita Falls metropolitan area" }, { "docid": "136795#14", "text": "As of the census of 2000, 104,197 people, 37,970 households, and 24,984 families resided in the city. The population density was . The 41,916 housing units averaged . The racial makeup of the city was 75.1% White, 12.4% African American, 0.9% Native American, 2.2% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 6.4% from other races, and 3.0% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 14.0% of the population.", "title": "Wichita Falls, Texas" }, { "docid": "16716#46", "text": "In south-central Kansas, the Wichita metropolitan area is home to over 600,000 people. Wichita is the largest city in the state in terms of both land area and population. 'The Air Capital' is a major manufacturing center for the aircraft industry and the home of Wichita State University. Before Wichita was 'The Air Capital' it was a Cowtown. With a number of nationally registered historic places, museums, and other entertainment destinations, it has a desire to become a cultural mecca in the Midwest. Wichita's population growth has grown by double digits and the surrounding suburbs are among the fastest growing cities in the state. The population of Goddard has grown by more than 11% per year since 2000. Other fast-growing cities include Andover, Maize, Park City, Derby, and Haysville.", "title": "Kansas" }, { "docid": "44422983#8", "text": "The ranch has been surveyed by the United States Department of Agriculture for matters of preservation. Thirty cowboys, and about 120 people overall, are employed on the property. It has about 14,000 cows and bulls as well as 500 horses. It also includes 30,000 acres of arable land and about 1,100 producing oil wells. One of the lakes on the ranch provides water for the City of Wichita Falls.", "title": "Waggoner Ranch" }, { "docid": "92103#26", "text": "Comanche County is located in the Wichita Falls and Lawton Media Market which encompasses 154,450 households with a television, making it the 149th largest in the nation according to Nelson Media Research in 2009-2010. KSWO-TV channel 7, an ABC affiliate, is the only broadcast television station in the area that provides local news. All other major stations including, KFDX-TV 3 (NBC), KAUZ-TV (CBS), and KJTL-TV (Fox) are based in Wichita Falls.", "title": "Comanche County, Oklahoma" }, { "docid": "1138935#28", "text": "The Wichita had a large population in the time of Coronado and Oñate. One scholar estimates their numbers at 200,000. Certainly they numbered in the tens of thousands. They appeared to be much reduced by the time of the first French contacts with them in 1719, probably due in large part to epidemics of infectious disease to which they had no immunity. In 1790, it was estimated there were about 3,200 total Wichita. By 1868, the population was recorded as being 572 total Wichita. By the time of the census of 1937, there were only 100 Wichita officially left.", "title": "Wichita people" }, { "docid": "1422059#16", "text": "Most of the approximately 670,000 citizens of the Fourth District reside in the state's largest city, Wichita (approximate population 390,000), or the surrounding Sedgwick County (approximate population 511,000). Nearly all live within the Wichita MSA (approximate population 650,000). The rest live in small towns and rural areas in adjacent counties, and counties farther west and east.", "title": "Kansas's 4th congressional district" } ]

[ { "docid": "626701#23", "text": "The bystander effect is a specific type of diffusion of responsibility—when people's responses to certain situations depend on the presence of others. The bystander effect occurs when multiple individuals are watching a situation unfold but do not intervene (or delay or hesitate to intervene) because they know that someone else could intervene, and they feel less responsibility to do so. This is directly caused by the diffusion of responsibility, as it is shown that individuals are much less likely to intervene in a situation when he or she knows others are watching; thus, the responsibility for helping is spread among the group of bystanders, and each bystander does not feel a strong responsibility to do so, so no one helps.", "title": "Diffusion of responsibility" }, { "docid": "319013#0", "text": "The bystander effect, or bystander apathy, is a social psychological phenomenon in which individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim when other people are present. The greater the number of bystanders, the less likely it is that one of them will help. Several factors contribute to the bystander effect, including ambiguity, group cohesiveness, and diffusion of responsibility that reinforces mutual denial of a situation's severity.", "title": "Bystander effect" } ]

[ { "docid": "337153#12", "text": "The \"bystander effect\" with its connotations of the innocent bystander being killed is also mediated by gap junctions. When cells are compromised due to disease or injury and start to die messages are transmitted to neighboring cells connected to the dying cell by gap junctions. This can cause the otherwise unaffected healthy bystander cells to also die. The bystander effect is, therefore, important to consider in diseased cells, which opened an avenue for more funding and a flourish of research. Later the bystander effect was also researched with regard to cells damaged by radiation or mechanical injury and therefore wound healing. Disease also seems to have an effect on the ability of gap junctions to fulfill their roles in wound healing.", "title": "Gap junction" }, { "docid": "319013#25", "text": "This practitioners' study suggests that the \"bystander effect\" can be studied and analyzed in a much broader fashion. The broader view includes not just a) what bystanders do in singular emergencies, b) helping strangers in need, when c) there are (or are not) other people around. The reactions of bystanders can also be analyzed a) when the bystanders perceive any of a wide variety of unacceptable behavior over time, b) they are within an organizational context, and c) with people whom they know. The practitioners' study reported many reasons why some bystanders within organizations do not act or report unacceptable behavior. The study also suggests that bystander behavior is, in fact, often helpful, in terms of \"acting on the spot to help,\"and \"reporting\" unacceptable behavior (and emergencies and people in need.) The ombuds practitioners' study suggests that what bystanders will do in real situations is actually very complex, reflecting views of the context and their managers (and relevant organizational structures if any) and also many personal reasons.", "title": "Bystander effect" }, { "docid": "341658#12", "text": "Also known as the bystander effect, bystander apathy occurs when, during an emergency, those standing by do nothing to help but instead stand by and watch. Sometimes this can be caused by one bystander observing other bystanders and imitating their behavior. If other people are not acting in a way that makes the situation seem like an emergency that needs attention, often other bystanders will act in the same way. The diffusion to responsibility can also be to blame for bystander apathy. The more people that are around in emergency situations, the more likely individuals are to think that someone else will help so they do not need to. This theory was popularized by social psychologists in response to the 1964 Kitty Genovese murder. The murder took place in New York and the victim, Genovese, was stabbed to death as bystanders reportedly stood by and did nothing to stop the situation or even call the police. Latane and Darley are the two psychologists who did research on this theory. They performed different experiments that placed people into situations where they had the opportunity to intervene or do nothing. The individuals in the experiment were either by themselves, with a stranger(s), with a friend, or with a confederate. The experiments ultimately led them to the conclusion that there are many social and situational factors that are behind whether a person will react in an emergency situation or simply remain apathetic to what is occurring.", "title": "Apathy" }, { "docid": "56379488#32", "text": "In biology, the bystander effect is described as changes to nearby non-targeted cells in response to changes in an initially targeted cell by some disrupting agent. In the case of Radiation-Induced Bystander Effect, the stress on the cell is caused by ionizing radiation.", "title": "Biological effects of radiation on the epigenome" }, { "docid": "319013#41", "text": "This genocide that occurred during World War II is one of the biggest examples of bystander effect on a mass scale. We sometimes think of bystander effect as applying to only one individual where one individual needs assistance and bystanders expect another bystander to help; however, this can apply on a bigger scale too with multiple victims. When Nazi officers were on trial they pleaded that if the Holocaust was as terrible as everyone said, then someone else must have known about it. Near the concentration camps, villages such as Dachau, Buchenwald, Bergen-Belsen, Sachsenhausen, Mauthausen, and Ravensbruck, knew about what was going on inside the camp. When the Allies got to the camps they accused the villages nearby of making no attempt to save those in the camps. The Allies were angered that these nearby villages were waiting for someone else to come in and save the people in these camps. As a result, they forced these populations to clean up the corpses from the camps and bury them in mass graves as punishment for falling victim to this bystander effect.", "title": "Bystander effect" }, { "docid": "319013#13", "text": "An alternative explanation has been proposed by Stanley Milgram, who hypothesized that the bystanders′ callous behavior was caused by the strategies they had adopted in daily life to cope with information overload. This idea has been supported to varying degrees by empirical research.", "title": "Bystander effect" }, { "docid": "319013#12", "text": "A meta-analysis (2011) of the bystander effect reported that \"The bystander effect was attenuated when situations were perceived as dangerous (compared with non-dangerous), perpetrators were present (compared with non-present), and the costs of intervention were physical (compared with non-physical). This pattern of findings is consistent with the arousal-cost-reward model, which proposes that dangerous emergencies are recognized faster and more clearly as real emergencies, thereby inducing higher levels of arousal and hence more helping.\" They also \"identified situations where bystanders provide welcome physical support for the potentially intervening individual and thus reduce the bystander effect, such as when the bystanders were exclusively male, when they were naive rather than passive confederates or only virtually present persons, and when the bystanders were not strangers.\"", "title": "Bystander effect" }, { "docid": "21381238#3", "text": "At the time it was believed that radiation damage to cells was entirely the result of damage to DNA. Charged particle microbeams could probe the radiation sensitivity of the nucleus, which at the time appeared not to be uniformly sensitive. Experiments performed at microbeam facilities have since shown the existence of a bystander effect. A bystander effect is any biological response to radiation in cells or tissues that did not experience a radiation traversal. These \"bystander\" cells are neighbors of cells that have experienced a traversal. The mechanism for the bystander effect is believed to be due to cell-to-cell communication. The exact nature of this communication is an area of active research for many groups.", "title": "Microbeam" } ]

[ { "docid": "30871177#0", "text": "James Thomas Aubrey Jr. (December 14, 1918 – September 3, 1994) was an American television and film executive. President of the CBS television network from 1959 to 1965, he put some of television's most enduring series on the air, including \"Gilligan's Island\" and \"The Beverly Hillbillies\". Under Aubrey, CBS dominated American television the way General Motors and General Electric dominated their industries. \"The New York Times Magazine\" in 1964 called Aubrey \"a master of programming whose divinations led to successes that are breathtaking\".", "title": "James T. Aubrey" } ]

[ { "docid": "30871177#3", "text": "Born in LaSalle, Illinois, James Thomas Steven Aubrey was the eldest of four sons of James Thomas Aubrey Sr., an advertising executive with the Chicago firm of Aubrey, Moore, and Wallace; and his wife, the former Mildred Stever. He grew up in the affluent Chicago suburb of Lake Forest and attended Lake Forest Academy, Phillips Exeter Academy in Exeter, New Hampshire, and Princeton University. All four boys, James, Stever, David, and George, went to Lake Forest Academy, Exeter and Princeton; his brother Stever became a successful advertising man at J. Walter Thompson before heading the F. William Free agency. While at Princeton all four brothers were members of the Tiger Inn eating club. \"My father insisted on accomplishment,\" Aubrey recalled in 1986. In college, Aubrey was a star on the football team, playing left end. He graduated in 1941 with honors in English and entered the United States Army Air Forces. During his service in World War II, Aubrey rose to the rank of major and taught military flying to actor James Stewart, who was a licensed civilian pilot.", "title": "James T. Aubrey" }, { "docid": "45264853#3", "text": "Burnage was 34 years old when he died at Newcastle, New South Wales, on 2 December 1881 after a long and painful illness.", "title": "William Aubrey Burnage" }, { "docid": "10424037#3", "text": "On 20 June 1701, he married firstly Mary Steally at St James's Church, Piccadilly, and had by her two sons and four daughters. Aubrey married secondly Frances Jephson, daughter of William Jephson by 1708 and thirdly Jane Thomas at St Benet Paul's Wharf, London on 1 February 1725. He had two daughters by his second wife and no children by his third wife. Aubrey died, aged 62 and was buried in Boarstall a week later. He was succeeded in the baronetcy successively by both his sons John and Thomas.", "title": "Sir John Aubrey, 3rd Baronet" }, { "docid": "49449081#1", "text": "Aubrey was born at Cefn-coed-y-cymmer on 13 May 1808. His parents were Thomas and Anne Aubrey of Cefn-coed-y-cymmer. He was schooled on the Arminianism, within the context of the Wesleyan faith, by an elder and at about the age of 14, when he had a religious conversion. By the age of 15, he was preaching and became a Wesleyan Methodist minister by 1826 and ordained a full-time minister in 1830. He married Elizabeth Williams of Ruthin on 6 April 1831.", "title": "Thomas Aubrey (Methodist minister)" }, { "docid": "15682945#7", "text": "Aubrey died at his home on 6 April 2010, suffering from pancreatitis, at the age of 62.", "title": "James Aubrey (actor)" }, { "docid": "10201692#1", "text": "Born near Alexandria, Louisiana, on January 7, 1808, Wells' father was Samuel Levi Wells II, a member of Louisiana's constitutional convention in 1811. His mother was the former Dorcas Huie. A brother, Thomas Jefferson Wells, was involved in Louisiana politics. Samuel Wells died when James was 8 years old, leaving eight children. He was a nephew by marriage of Alexander Fulton, the businessman who founded and laid out the plat of the future city of Alexandria, in 1805.", "title": "James Madison Wells" }, { "docid": "15682945#0", "text": "James Aubrey Tregidgo (28 August 1947 – 6 April 2010), known professionally as James Aubrey, was an English stage and screen actor. He trained for the stage at the Drama Centre London. He made his professional acting debut in a 1962 production of \"Isle of Children\". Aubrey made his screen acting debut in the 1963 adaptation of \"Lord of the Flies\". Aubrey performed with the Royal Shakespeare Company during their 1974–1975 season. Theatres at which Aubrey performed included the Birmingham Repertory Theatre, the Comedy Theatre and the Old Vic. His last television work was in an episode of \"Brief Encounters\" in 2006.", "title": "James Aubrey (actor)" }, { "docid": "21094739#10", "text": "Thomas Baker Slick Jr. died of a stroke in Baltimore, Maryland on August, 1930. He was 46 years old. He was buried in Clarendon County, Pennsylvania.", "title": "Thomas Baker Slick Sr." }, { "docid": "21830078#4", "text": "Robinson died at the age of 77 on February 27, 2000, due to a heart attack suffered at his home in Washington, D.C.", "title": "Aubrey Eugene Robinson Jr." } ]

[ { "docid": "3344863#2", "text": "Hepatitis B is a contagious virus that affects the liver, infection can last from a few weeks to a serious lifelong illness. Two different types of infection exist for this disease, \"acute\" and \"chronic.\" Acute Hepatitis B is a short term illness that occurs within 6 months of exposure, Chronic Hepatitis B is long term and happens when the virus remains in the body.\nThe younger the child is, the greater their chance of developing a chronic infection and this risk goes down as the child gets older. Approximately 90% of infected infants will develop a chronic infection. \nSince 1990, when the vaccine was introduced as a routine vaccination in children, rates of acute Hepatitis B has decreased in the United States by 82%. This vaccine is given as a series of shots, the first dose is given at birth, the second between 1 and 2 months, and the third, and possibly fourth, between 6 and 18 months. \nSome side effects of this vaccination include:\nSince 1982, when the vaccine became available, more than 100 million people have received the vaccine in the United States and no serious side effects have been reported.", "title": "Childhood immunizations in the United States" } ]

[ { "docid": "3344863#46", "text": "Hepatitis A, like Hepatitis B is inflammation of the liver. Hepatitis A is a contagious liver disease that results form infection with the Hepatitis A virus. It can range from a mild illness lasting a few weeks to a severe illness lasting several months.", "title": "Childhood immunizations in the United States" }, { "docid": "33331511#1", "text": "The disease is restricted to turkeys and is highly contagious but usually subclinical. It usually present in young birds under the age of 6 weeks.", "title": "Turkey viral hepatitis" }, { "docid": "52926946#0", "text": "Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes refer to the genetic variations that occurs in the hepatitis C virus. Hepatitis C is a contagious disease that primarily affects the liver, causing severe damage as the disease progresses. It is caused by the Hepatitis C virus, a small, enveloped RNA virus. The transmission of hepatitis C is through the contact with the blood of the infected person,for example by sharing the needles or by using non-sterile medical equipment. HCV is transmitted globally because of the high infection rate and is also associated with a high mortality rate. The World Health Organisation indicates the 3.3% of the world population is infected by the HCV virus. Statistical records show that there are about 13 million HCV affected persons in china, 3.5 million affected persons in the United States, and about 10 million people are affected by HCV in Pakistan. In all cases, the viral genotype of the HCV stays the same, occasionally mutations do occur making the treatment more complex by targeting the changes in the genotype. Hepatitis C virus genotype is considered more common than the Hepatitis B virus infection contributing to more than a million cases annually and is considered one of the major reason for liver transplantation in United States. Some of the HCV genotypes may develop in people without symptoms leading to dangerous conditions like liver cirrhosis causing a permanent damage to liver and the unnoticed HCV conditions will affect brain, joints, blood vessels, bones, and kidneys.", "title": "HCV genotypes" }, { "docid": "38238#0", "text": "Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver tissue. Some people have no symptoms whereas others develop yellow discoloration of the skin and whites of the eyes, poor appetite, vomiting, tiredness, abdominal pain, or diarrhea. Hepatitis may be temporary (acute) or long term (chronic) depending on whether it lasts for less than or more than six months. Acute hepatitis can sometimes resolve on its own, progress to chronic hepatitis, or rarely result in acute liver failure. Over time the chronic form may progress to scarring of the liver, liver failure, or liver cancer.\nThe most common cause of hepatitis worldwide is viruses. Other causes include heavy alcohol use, certain medications, toxins, other infections, autoimmune diseases, and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). There are five main types of viral hepatitis: type A, B, C, D, and E. Hepatitis A and E are mainly spread by contaminated food and water. Hepatitis B is mainly sexually transmitted, but may also be passed from mother to baby during pregnancy or childbirth. Both hepatitis B and C are commonly spread through infected blood such as may occur during needle sharing by intravenous drug users. Hepatitis D can only infect people already infected with hepatitis B.\nHepatitis A, B, and D are preventable with immunization. Medications may be used to treat chronic cases of viral hepatitis. There is no specific treatment for NASH; however, a healthy lifestyle, including physical activity, a healthy diet, and weight loss, is important. Autoimmune hepatitis may be treated with medications to suppress the immune system. A liver transplant may also be an option in certain cases.\nWorldwide in 2015, hepatitis A occurred in about 114 million people, chronic hepatitis B affected about 343 million people and chronic hepatitis C about 142 million people. In the United States, NASH affects about 11 million people and alcoholic hepatitis affects about 5 million people. Hepatitis results in more than a million deaths a year, most of which occur indirectly from liver scarring or liver cancer. In the United States, hepatitis A is estimated to occur in about 2,500 people a year and results in about 75 deaths. The word is derived from the Greek \"hêpar\" (), meaning \"liver\", and \"-itis\" (), meaning \"inflammation\".", "title": "Hepatitis" }, { "docid": "38238#90", "text": "Similar to Hepatitis A, hepatitis E manifests as large outbreaks and epidemics associated with fecal contamination of water sources. It accounts for more than 55,000 deaths annually with approximately 20 million people worldwide thought to be infected with the virus. It affects predominantly young adults, causing acute hepatitis. In infected pregnant women, Hepatitis E infection can lead to fulminant hepatitis with third trimester mortality rates as high as 30%. Individuals with weakened immune systems, such as organ transplant recipients, are also susceptible. Infection is rare in the United States but rates are high in the developing world (Africa, Asia, Central America, Middle East). Many genotypes exist and are differentially distributed around the world. There is some evidence of hepatitis E infection of animals, serving as a reservoir for human infection.", "title": "Hepatitis" }, { "docid": "38238#3", "text": "Fulminant hepatitis, or massive hepatic cell death, is a rare and life-threatening complication of acute hepatitis that can occur in cases of hepatitis B, D, and E, in addition to drug-induced and autoimmune hepatitis. The complication more frequently occurs in instances of hepatitis B and D co-infection at a rate of 2–20% and in pregnant women with hepatitis E at rate of 15–20% of cases. In addition to the signs of acute hepatitis, people can also demonstrate signs of coagulopathy (abnormal coagulation studies with easy bruising and bleeding) and encephalopathy (confusion, disorientation, and sleepiness). Mortality due to fulminant hepatitis is typically the result of various complications including cerebral edema, gastrointestinal bleeding, sepsis, respiratory failure, or kidney failure.", "title": "Hepatitis" }, { "docid": "38238#13", "text": "Excessive alcohol consumption is a significant cause of hepatitis and is the most common cause of cirrhosis in the U.S. Alcoholic hepatitis is within the spectrum of alcoholic liver disease. This ranges in order of severity and reversibility from alcoholic steatosis (least severe, most reversible), alcoholic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer (most severe, least reversible). Hepatitis usually develops over years-long exposure to alcohol, occurring in 10 to 20% of alcoholics. The most important risk factors for the development of alcoholic hepatitis are quantity and duration of alcohol intake. Long-term alcohol intake in excess of 80 grams of alcohol a day in men and 40 grams a day in women is associated with development of alcoholic hepatitis (1 beer or 4 ounces of wine is equivalent to 12g of alcohol). Alcoholic hepatitis can vary from asymptomatic hepatomegaly (enlarged liver) to symptoms of acute or chronic hepatitis to liver failure.", "title": "Hepatitis" }, { "docid": "37220#6", "text": "Infectious diseases are sometimes called contagious disease when they are easily transmitted by contact with an ill person or their secretions (e.g., influenza). Thus, a contagious disease is a subset of infectious disease that is especially infective or easily transmitted. Other types of infectious/transmissible/communicable diseases with more specialized routes of infection, such as vector transmission or sexual transmission, are usually not regarded as \"contagious\", and often do not require medical isolation (sometimes loosely called quarantine) of victims. However, this specialized connotation of the word \"contagious\" and \"contagious disease\" (easy transmissibility) is not always respected in popular use.\nInfectious diseases are commonly transmitted from person to person through direct contact. The types of contact are through person to person and droplet spread. Indirect contact such as airborne transmission, contaminated objects, food and drinking water, animal person contact, animal reservoirs, insect bites, and environmental reservoirs are another way infectious diseases are transmitted,", "title": "Infection" }, { "docid": "38238#88", "text": "Chronic hepatitis C is a major cause of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. It is a common medical reason for liver transplantation due to its severe complications. It is estimated that 130–180 million people in the world are affected by this disease representing a little more than 3% of the world population. In the developing regions of Africa, Asia and South America, prevalence can be as high as 10% of the population. In Egypt, rates of hepatitis C infection as high as 20% have been documented and are associated with iatrogenic contamination related to schistosomiasis treatment in the 1950s–1980s. Currently in the United States, approximately 3.5 million adults are estimated to be infected. Hepatitis C is particularly prevalent among people born between 1945–1965, a group of about 800,000 people, with prevalence as high as 3.2% versus 1.6% in the general U.S. population. Most chronic carriers of hepatitis C are unaware of their infection status. The most common mode of transmission of hepatitis C virus is exposure to blood products via blood transfusions (prior to 1992) and intravenous drug injection. A history of intravenous drug injection is the most important risk factor for chronic hepatitis C. Other susceptible populations include individuals with high-risk sexual behavior, infants of infected mothers, and healthcare workers.", "title": "Hepatitis" } ]

[ { "docid": "11095346#0", "text": "\"Beverly Hills, 90210\" is a United States primetime teen drama which ran on the FOX network for ten years, from October 4, 1990 to May 17, 2000. The series lasted for 304 episodes (a two-part pilot, 292 regular episodes and 11 specials). Note that the original pilot, which subsequently has aired, is not the original pilot of the show which did air.", "title": "List of Beverly Hills, 90210 episodes" }, { "docid": "93092#0", "text": "Beverly Hills, 90210 is an American teen drama television series created by Darren Star and produced by Aaron Spelling under his production company Spelling Television. The series ran for ten seasons on Fox—originally airing from October 4, 1990 to May 17, 2000. This, the longest-running show produced by Spelling, aired slightly longer than \"Dynasty\". It is the first of five television series in the \"Beverly Hills, 90210\" franchise and follows the lives of a group of friends living in the upscale and star-studded community of Beverly Hills, California as they transition from high school to college and into the adult world. The \"90210\" in the title refers to one of the city's five ZIP codes.", "title": "Beverly Hills, 90210" } ]

[ { "docid": "16406821#45", "text": "In the United Kingdom, the series airs on Channel 4 and E4, after beating off competition from Channel 5, ITV2 and Living for the rights to broadcast the show. In November 2018, 90210 was made available on Channel 4's All 4. In Australia, it aired on Network Ten for 6 episodes until the network pulled it from their schedules due to low ratings. However, in January 2011 it started airing on Eleven as part of a broadcast schedule aimed at a younger audience. Due to poor performance, Eleven also pulled \"90210\" off their schedule. It's now shown on Sunday Afternoons at 5:00 p.m. The show airs in Ireland on RTÉ Two, initially the show aired in a prime-time slot of Thursdays paired with \"Ugly Betty\". When the show returned for its second season the show was moved to an early morning timeslot of just after midnight where it still airs. In India, it airs on Big CBS Channels.", "title": "90210 (TV series)" }, { "docid": "34556#41", "text": "\"Beverly Hills, 90210\" ran on Fox from 1990 to 2000. It established the teen soap genre paving the way for \"Dawson's Creek\", \"Felicity\", and other shows airing in later years. The show was then remade and renamed simply \"90210\" and premiered in 2008. \"Beverly Hills, 90210\" spun-off \"Melrose Place\", a popular TV show that dominated throughout the '90s as well. \"Baywatch\", a popular TV show that dominated throughout the '90s, became the most watched TV show in history and influenced pop culture.", "title": "1990s" }, { "docid": "6510334#18", "text": "Following the US premiere of \"Glee\" the first episode was aired as a sneak peek on 15 December 2009, one month before the actual premiere. Due to the launch of the second series of \"90210\" and the UK premiere of \"Glee\" both premiered with a \"double bill\" effect, the first two episodes of the second series of \"90210\" (\"To New Beginnings\" and \"To Sext or Not to Sext\") was screened on 5 January 2010, with the first two episodes of \"Glee\" (\"Pilot\" – which was already screened on 15 December 2009 as a sneak-peek and \"Showmance\") on 11 January 2010. \"The Cleveland Show\" and \"Accidentally on Purpose\" also premiered like this.", "title": "E4 (TV channel)" }, { "docid": "19626034#0", "text": "Beverly Hills, 90210: The Soundtrack is the soundtrack to the TV Show \"Beverly Hills, 90210\", released in 1992. Subsequent soundtrack albums were released in 1994 (\"Beverly Hills 90210: The College Years\") and 1996 (\"Beverly Hills 90210: Songs from the Peach Pit\").This was released at the beginning of \"Beverly Hills, 90210\"s third season, although the cover art was from the second season. The costumes that the cast was wearing are the same costumes that they wore during the episode \"U4EA\". \"U4EA\" aired on November 14, 1991.Release Date: September 20, 1994", "title": "Beverly Hills 90210 (soundtrack)" }, { "docid": "2595218#7", "text": "One of the first shows to be centered solely on teenagers, \"Degrassi Junior High\" (and later its spin-off \"Degrassi High\"), became popular in both its native Canada as well as in the United States when it aired in that country on PBS during the late 1980s and early 1990s. In 1990, Darren Star created \"Beverly Hills, 90210\", in partnership with prolific television producer Aaron Spelling. The popularity of teen dramas in the 1990s and 2000s is most often attributed to the massive success of this primetime soap, which portrayed the lives of a group of wealthy teens living in Beverly Hills, California. The stars of \"90210\", most notably Jason Priestley and Luke Perry, became teen idols. The series became a pop culture phenomenon and drew a large audience; \"90210\" remained popular through the first half of the 1990s, and remained on the air until 2000, becoming the third longest running teen drama in history (after \"Grange Hill\" and \"\", which surpassed \"90210\" for second place with its 11th season in 2011).", "title": "Teen drama" }, { "docid": "93092#2", "text": "After a poor start in the ratings during its first season, the series gained popularity during the summer of 1991, when Fox aired a special \"summer season\" of the show while most other series were in reruns. Viewership increased dramatically, and \"90210\" became one of Fox's top shows when it returned that fall. The show became a global pop culture phenomenon with its cast members, particularly Jason Priestley and Luke Perry, who became teen idols; the series also made actresses Shannen Doherty and Jennie Garth household names in the US. The show is credited with creating or popularizing the teen soap genre that many other successful television shows followed in the years to come.", "title": "Beverly Hills, 90210" }, { "docid": "18423736#34", "text": "At the time of its premiere, \"90210\", which marked a return for the franchise following an eight-year absence, became the highest-rated scripted debut in the history of The CW network. In the midst of its first season, the show was nominated for \"Favorite New Drama\" at the 2009 People's Choice Awards. Upon the completion of season 1, the show received additional nominations from the Teen Choice Awards, including \"Breakout Show\" and \"Choice TV Show: Drama\". AnnaLynne McCord was nominated for \"Breakout Star Female\" in the role of Naomi Clark, Tristan Wilds was placed in contention for \"Breakout Star Male\", and Dustin Milligan was nominated for \"Choice TV Actor: Drama\". Additionally, Rob Estes and Lori Loughlin were nominees for \"Choice TV: Parental Unit\". The following year, Shenae Grimes was nominated for \"Choice TV: Female Scene Stealer\". At the 2010 Breakthrough of the Year Awards, AnnaLynne McCord won in the category of \"Breakthrough Standout Performance\".", "title": "Beverly Hills, 90210 (franchise)" }, { "docid": "22271839#36", "text": "In Greece, the series begun airing on October 2010 on Skai TV as a lead-in to \"90210\" but it was canceled after 3 episodes due to low ratings and replaced by \"The Good Wife\" encores. The show returned on a late night slot on February 2011 but got canceled again after the 6th episode aired. Episodes 7-18 aired in August–September 2011 on a late night slot.", "title": "Melrose Place (2009 TV series)" } ]

[ { "docid": "1682924#0", "text": "Alfie Moon is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera \"EastEnders\", played by Shane Richie. He made his first appearance on 21 November 2002, and left on 25 December 2005. He returned to \"EastEnders\" on 21 September 2010, following the return of on-screen wife Kat (Jessie Wallace) two episodes previously.", "title": "Alfie Moon" } ]

[ { "docid": "28174962#0", "text": "Michael Moon is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera \"EastEnders\", played by Steve John Shepherd. The character is a second cousin once removed of Alfie Moon (Shane Richie), and first appears on 1 October 2010 after Alfie's return. He is also the father to Tommy Moon, whose mother is Alfie's wife Kat Moon (Jessie Wallace). Michael is later joined by his father Eddie Moon (David Essex) and half brothers Tyler (Tony Discipline) and Anthony (Matt Lapinskas).", "title": "Michael Moon (EastEnders)" }, { "docid": "2373345#7", "text": "On 4 April 2015, \"EastEnders\" bosses announced plans of a new six-part BBC drama series featuring iconic couple Kat (Jessie Wallace) and Alfie Moon (Shane Richie). The series, \"Redwater\", will follow the characters as they move to Ireland. Speaking at the time, executive producer Dominic Treadwell-Collins commented: \"In the next few weeks on \"EastEnders\", viewers will witness several huge twists for Kat and Alfie Moon that will change their lives forever. Now is the perfect time to take two of \"EastEnders\"’ most beloved and enduring characters out of their comfort zone as they head to Ireland to search for answers to some very big questions… My team here are very excited about creating a whole new drama that stands apart from \"EastEnders\" while taking our style of storytelling to a place of stories, myth, secrets and immeasurable beauty.\"", "title": "EastEnders spin-offs" }, { "docid": "50132731#11", "text": "Alfie Moon is played by Shane Richie. The character originally appeared in the soap opera \"EastEnders\" from 2002 to 2005, and 2010 to 2016. Before his departure from \"EastEnders\", he discovers he has a mass on his brain. Of Alfie's part in \"Redwater\", Richie said, \"Alfie's journey is to help his wife find her son but at the same time he has his own dark secret which he's keeping.\" Richie later said, \"For the first time in 15 years, [Alfie] questions himself as a father, a husband and as a life, it feels like it's coming to an end for him. [...] Alfie starts getting hallucinations and one in particular is quite harrowing.\"", "title": "List of Kat &amp; Alfie: Redwater characters" }, { "docid": "46519352#1", "text": "\"Kat & Alfie: Redwater\" follows two characters from \"EastEnders\", Kat Moon (Jessie Wallace) and her husband Alfie Moon (Shane Richie), as they arrive in the fictional Irish village of Redwater to \"search for answers to some very big questions\" and put their past behind them. Redwater is described as a \"very little romantic seaside town\", and \"a tiny, picturesque Irish harbour village, a quiet rural idyll by the sea where the Kelly and Dolan families have lived for generations.\" The then executive producer of \"EastEnders\", also executive producer of \"Redwater\", Dominic Treadwell-Collins, said that two events in \"EastEnders\" serve as a catalyst for the series. In \"EastEnders\" episodes broadcast in April, May and December 2015 and January 2016, Kat and Alfie win the lottery, Alfie discovers he has a mass in his brain and Kat discovers she gave birth to a son, Luke, after she passed out during the birth of her daughter Zoe Slater (Michelle Ryan); Luke was adopted by a family in Ireland without Kat knowing he existed. Kat's sister Belinda Peacock (Carli Norris) recalls a time the family (minus Kat) went to Redwater and they conclude that Luke must be there. Treadwell-Collins confirmed that \"the discovery that Kat has a secret son will [...] ultimately lead to the Moons realising that the answers to so many questions lie across the sea in Ireland.\"", "title": "Kat &amp; Alfie: Redwater" }, { "docid": "12811306#55", "text": "Elizabeth 'Liza' Moon, played by Joanne Adams, is the estranged wife of Alfie Moon (Shane Richie). She has not seen Alfie since he was sent to prison for credit card fraud, but Alfie visits her when he wants a divorce so he can marry Kat Slater (Jessie Wallace). Liza does not want a divorce but gives up on a reconciliation with Alfie when she realises he loves Kat, not her. She then agrees to a divorce and Alfie marries Kat on Christmas Day 2003.", "title": "List of EastEnders characters (2003)" }, { "docid": "46519352#0", "text": "Kat & Alfie: Redwater (also called Redwater in Ireland), is a British–Irish co-production television drama series broadcast on RTÉ One and BBC One. It was created by Dominic Treadwell-Collins as a six-part series based on the characters Kat Moon, played by Jessie Wallace, and Alfie Moon, played by Shane Richie, from the soap opera \"EastEnders\". The series is set in the fictional Irish village of Redwater, where the residents are hiding a dark secret, and features an ensemble cast. \"Redwater\" is a co-production between the BBC and Element Pictures, with Victoria Wharton serving as producer. It was filmed on location in Dublin, County Waterford and County Wicklow between 11 April and 26 July 2016. It started airing in Ireland on 14 May 2017 and the United Kingdom on 18 May 2017. It has also been shown in the United States and Canada. A second series was mooted during filming of the first but in September 2017, it was confirmed that no more episodes would be produced, leaving the fates of the characters unknown. However, Kat's return to \"EastEnders\" was confirmed on 20 December 2017, meaning that she had survived the events of \"Redwater\", and \"EastEnders\" storylines following her return confirmed that Alfie had also survived and he returned later in the year.", "title": "Kat &amp; Alfie: Redwater" }, { "docid": "12811304#28", "text": "Victoria Alice \"Nana\" Moon, played by Hilda Braid, is the grandmother of Alfie and Spencer Moon (Shane Richie and Christopher Parker). Her storylines include meeting Wilfred Atkins (Dudley Sutton), a fraudster who wants to con her out of her possessions. In 2005 Nana's health began to fail and she develops dementia, much to the worry of Alfie. Tragedy strikes when Alfie takes Nana to visit Normandy in France to see her late husband's grave.", "title": "List of EastEnders characters (2002)" }, { "docid": "3145230#8", "text": "In April 2010, it was reported that \"EastEnders\" producers were considering bringing Spencer back to the series, and would make their decision after Alfie returns to the show later in the year. However, a BBC spokesperson denied the report, saying \"There are absolutely no plans to bring Chris Parker – or the character of Spencer Moon – back to \"EastEnders\".\"", "title": "Spencer Moon" }, { "docid": "1108041#23", "text": "On 23 July 2009, Richie announced on \"The One Show\" that his character Alfie Moon would return to EastEnders. Following an absence of almost five years, Richie made his on-screen return to \"EastEnders\" on 21 September 2010.", "title": "Shane Richie" } ]

[ { "docid": "146983#0", "text": "Earth's magnetic field, also known as the geomagnetic field, is the magnetic field that extends from the Earth's interior out into space, where it meets the solar wind, a stream of charged particles emanating from the Sun. Its magnitude at the Earth's surface ranges from 25 to 65 microteslas (0.25 to 0.65 gauss). Approximately, it is the field of a magnetic dipole currently tilted at an angle of about 11 degrees with respect to Earth's rotational axis, as if there were a bar magnet placed at that angle at the center of the Earth. The North geomagnetic pole, located near Greenland in the northern hemisphere, is actually the south pole of the Earth's magnetic field, and the South geomagnetic pole is the north pole. The magnetic field is generated by electric currents due to the motion of convection currents of molten iron in the Earth's outer core driven by heat escaping from the core, a natural process called a geodynamo.", "title": "Earth's magnetic field" } ]

[ { "docid": "10902#61", "text": "where formula_48 is the magnitude of the hypothetical test current and formula_49 is the length of hypothetical wire through which the test current flows. The magnetic field exerts a force on all magnets including, for example, those used in compasses. The fact that the Earth's magnetic field is aligned closely with the orientation of the Earth's axis causes compass magnets to become oriented because of the magnetic force pulling on the needle.", "title": "Force" }, { "docid": "146983#41", "text": "The mechanism by which the Earth generates a magnetic field is known as a dynamo. The magnetic field is generated by a feedback loop: current loops generate magnetic fields (Ampère's circuital law); a changing magnetic field generates an electric field (Faraday's law); and the electric and magnetic fields exert a force on the charges that are flowing in currents (the Lorentz force). These effects can be combined in a partial differential equation for the magnetic field called the \"magnetic induction equation\",", "title": "Earth's magnetic field" }, { "docid": "23703#61", "text": "where the integral can be over all space or, equivalently, where is nonzero.\nMagnetic potential energy is the form of energy related not only to the distance between magnetic materials, but also to the orientation, or alignment, of those materials within the field. For example, the needle of a compass has the lowest magnetic potential energy when it is aligned with the north and south poles of the Earth's magnetic field. If the needle is moved by an outside force, torque is exerted on the magnetic dipole of the needle by the Earth's magnetic field, causing it to move back into alignment. The magnetic potential energy of the needle is highest when its field is in the same direction as the Earth's magnetic field. Two magnets will have potential energy in relation to each other and the distance between them, but this also depends on their orientation. If the opposite poles are held apart, the potential energy will be higher the further they are apart and lower the closer they are. Conversely, like poles will have the highest potential energy when forced together, and the lowest when they spring apart.", "title": "Potential energy" }, { "docid": "36563#3", "text": "Magnetic fields are widely used throughout modern technology, particularly in electrical engineering and electromechanics. Rotating magnetic fields are used in both electric motors and generators. The interaction of magnetic fields in electric devices such as transformers is studied in the discipline of magnetic circuits. Magnetic forces give information about the charge carriers in a material through the Hall effect. The Earth produces its own magnetic field, which shields the Earth's ozone layer from the solar wind and is important in navigation using a compass.\nAlthough magnets and magnetism were studied much earlier, the research of magnetic fields began in 1269 when French scholar Petrus Peregrinus de Maricourt mapped out the magnetic field on the surface of a spherical magnet using iron needles. Noting that the resulting field lines crossed at two points he named those points 'poles' in analogy to Earth's poles. He also clearly articulated the principle that magnets always have both a north and south pole, no matter how finely one slices them.", "title": "Magnetic field" }, { "docid": "146983#6", "text": "At any location, the Earth's magnetic field can be represented by a three-dimensional vector. A typical procedure for measuring its direction is to use a compass to determine the direction of magnetic North. Its angle relative to true North is the \"declination\" () or \"variation\". Facing magnetic North, the angle the field makes with the horizontal is the \"inclination\" () or \"magnetic dip\". The \"intensity\" () of the field is proportional to the force it exerts on a magnet. Another common representation is in (North), (East) and (Down) coordinates.\nThe intensity of the field is often measured in gauss (G), but is generally reported in nanoteslas (nT), with 1 G = 100,000 nT. A nanotesla is also referred to as a gamma (γ). The tesla is the SI unit of the magnetic field, B. The Earth's field ranges between approximately 25,000 and 65,000 nT (0.25–0.65 G). By comparison, a strong refrigerator magnet has a field of about .", "title": "Earth's magnetic field" }, { "docid": "31223101#2", "text": "Gilbert's account of magnetism did not persuade Francis Bacon. He denied that Earth spun, and he denied deep verticity. Earth's core was cold, passive, and unmoving, as Telesio had said, and the Earth was not magnetic. Bacon offered an alternative explanation of magnetism. He construed magnetic motion as westward motion around Earth's vertices. Of course, such motion could be found everywhere. The Atlantic Ocean rolled westward and ricocheted off the eastern coast of the New World, creating the tides. The planets, stars, sun and moon migrated in the same direction. The stirrings of magnets could not be blamed on a special force, but only on the impulse of nearly all things to go west.", "title": "Verticity" }, { "docid": "31994185#10", "text": "Earth’s magnetic fields are used for migration for a wide variety of species including bacteria, mollusks, arthropods, mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians. In order to understand the Earth’s magnetic fields, the earth can be viewed as a large magnet. As a typical magnet has a north and south end, so does the earth. The north pole magnet is located at the Earth’s north pole and the south pole magnet is located at the Earth’s south pole. From this north and south pole span magnetic fields. The magnetic field leaves the poles and curves around the earth until it reaches the opposite pole.", "title": "Sea turtle migration" }, { "docid": "918877#2", "text": "The Earth's magnetic field is generated by the circulation of charges in the Earth's molten core. The resulting magnetic dipole field forms a shape with magnetic field lines passing through the Earth's center, reaching the surface near the poles and extending far into space above the equator. Charged particles entering the field will tend to follow the lines of force, moving north or south. As they reach the polar regions, the magnetic lines begin to cluster together, and this increasing field can cause particles below a certain energy threshold to reflect, and begin travelling in the opposite direction. Such particles bounce back and forth between the poles until the collide with other particles. Particles with greater energy continue towards the Earth, impacting the atmosphere and causing the aurora.", "title": "Levitated dipole" }, { "docid": "146983#12", "text": "Near the surface of the Earth, its magnetic field can be closely approximated by the field of a magnetic dipole positioned at the center of the Earth and tilted at an angle of about 11° with respect to the rotational axis of the Earth. The dipole is roughly equivalent to a powerful bar magnet, with its south pole pointing towards the geomagnetic North Pole. This may seem surprising, but the north pole of a magnet is so defined because, if allowed to rotate freely, it points roughly northward (in the geographic sense). Since the north pole of a magnet attracts the south poles of other magnets and repels the north poles, it must be attracted to the south pole of Earth's magnet. The dipolar field accounts for 80–90% of the field in most locations.", "title": "Earth's magnetic field" } ]

[ { "docid": "242099#52", "text": "On August 13, 1961 the Communist East German government started to build a wall, physically separating West Berlin from East Berlin and the rest of East Germany, as a response to massive numbers of East German citizens fleeing into West Berlin as a way to escape. The wall was built overnight with no warning. This separated families for as long as the wall was up. The East German government called the Wall the \"anti-fascist protection wall\". The tensions between east and west were exacerbated by a tank standoff at Checkpoint Charlie on 27 October 1961. West Berlin was now a de facto part of West Germany, but with a unique legal status, while East Berlin was a de facto part of East Germany.", "title": "History of Berlin" }, { "docid": "156604#11", "text": "Vehicles and pedestrians could travel freely through the gate, located in East Berlin, until the Berlin Wall was built, 13 August 1961. Brandenburg Gate border crossing was later closed on 14 August 1961. West Berliners gathered on the western side of the gate to demonstrate against the Berlin Wall, among them West Berlin's governing Mayor Willy Brandt, who had spontaneously returned from a federal election campaigning tour in West Germany earlier on the same day. It was closed throughout the Berlin Wall period until 22 December 1989.", "title": "Brandenburg Gate" }, { "docid": "40035819#3", "text": "A great wall was erected almost two decades later to strengthen the division, literally and figuratively. Built in 1961, the Berlin Wall represented one of the great political, economic, and ideological divides of the twentieth century between two major powers: the United States and the Soviet Union. It was 96 miles in length. The conflict between these two powers affected the global community, namely Germany. Even after it was demolished, the wall symbolized divisions in Germany and the rest of the world, ones that arguably still exist today. Cornell sociologist Christine Leuenberger described the effects of the wall and its ultimate fall by arguing that \"It became the landmark that symbolized the Cold War… the Berlin Wall also left a lasting impression on the psyche of the German people\". She further argues that The Berlin Wall \"provides a salient and powerful example of how material culture intersects with knowledge production in the psychological sciences\".", "title": "Berlin Wall Monument (Chicago)" }, { "docid": "2939238#8", "text": "When the Berlin Wall was built in 1961 the bridge became part of East Berlin's border with West Berlin; as all the waters of the River Spree were within the Friedrichshain limits, the East German fortifications extended up to the shoreline on the Kreuzberg side. As a result, the West Berlin U-Bahn line was forced to terminate at Schlesisches Tor. Beginning on 21 December 1963, the Oberbaum Bridge was used as a pedestrian border crossing for West Berlin residents only.", "title": "Oberbaum Bridge" }, { "docid": "23346912#6", "text": "The Berlin Wall was built during the night of 12 and 13 August 1961 and Lichterfelde Süd again became the terminus of S-Bahn trains on the Anhalt Railway, which was now blocked south of Lichterfelde. Shortly after the border was closed, the line was reopened but only for a single movement, as an S-Bahn train had been stuck in Teltow when the wall was built.", "title": "Lichterfelde Süd station" } ]

[ { "docid": "48217040#0", "text": "The Berlin S-Bahn began on 8 August 1924 with the first section from Stettiner Vorortbahnhof to Bernau using steam locomotives. On 13 August 1961 it was broken up when the Berlin Wall was built, resulting in two sections: the eastern part and the western part. The western part experienced a massive strike which resulted in closure of several stations, after declining use. Attempts were made to reopen at various times but in the end, only three lines were finally opened after the strike. Since 9 November 1989, when the Berlin Wall was opened, the Berlin S-Bahn began to expand rapidly with their budgetary costs.", "title": "History of the Berlin S-Bahn" }, { "docid": "242099#54", "text": "When the first stone blocks were laid down at Potsdamer Platz in the early hours of August 13, US troops stood ready with ammunition and watched the wall being built, stone by stone. The US Military with West Berlin police kept Berliners 300 meters away from the border. President Kennedy and the United States Congress decided not to interfere and risk armed conflict, but sent protest notes to Moscow. Massive demonstrations took place in West Berlin.", "title": "History of Berlin" }, { "docid": "6553462#1", "text": "When the Jannowitz Bridge was rebuilt (1881–1883), the suburban station of the same name was opened on the Berlin Stadtbahn (“city railway”) viaduct next to the Spree river. The opening date is officially stated to be 7 February 1882. Since the station was just an open platform with a canopy, passengers were exposed to the weather and the smoke of the locomotives. In 1885, the station was given its first weather protection in the form of a wall of glass, which was built between the suburban tracks and the long-distance tracks. A roof was built above the wall, which was connected to the existing platform canopy, creating a half-open concourse to the north.", "title": "Berlin Jannowitzbrücke station" }, { "docid": "33170#77", "text": "To stop this drain of people defecting, the East German government built the Berlin Wall, thus physically closing off West Berlin from East Berlin and East Germany, on 13 August 1961. All Eastern streets, bridges, paths, windows, doors, gates, and sewers opening to West Berlin were systematically sealed off by walls, concrete elements, barbed wire, and/or bars. The Wall was directed against the Easterners, who by its construction were no longer allowed to leave the East, except with an Eastern permit, not usually granted.\nWesterners were still granted visas on entering East Berlin. Initially eight street checkpoints were opened, and one checkpoint in the Berlin Friedrichstraße railway station, which was reached by one line of the Western underground (today's U 6), two Western S-Bahn lines, one under and one above ground (approximately today's S 2 and S 3, however, lines changed significantly from 1990 onwards), and \"transit trains\" between West Germany and West Berlin started and ended there.", "title": "West Berlin" }, { "docid": "32842267#39", "text": "With the help of other artists, performance artist Ben Wagin founded the Parliament of Trees in the former death strip on the east side of the Spree River, opposite the Reichstag. 258 names of victims of the Wall are listed on granite slabs. Some listed as \"unknown man\" or \"unknown woman\" are merely identified with a date of death. The collection, which was created in 1990, contains people who were later not considered to be victims of the Wall. Black and white painted segments of the Wall stand in the background. The memorial needed to be minimized for the construction of the Marie-Elisabeth-Lüders-Haus. In 2005, a further memorial was opened in the basement of the Bundestag building. They used wall segments of the former Parliament of Trees. In 1998, the Republic of Germany and the state of Berlin established the Berlin Wall Memorial on Bernauer Straße and declared it as a national memorial. The memorial harks back to a draft drawn up by the architects Kohlhoff & Kohlhoff. Later, it was extended and today it includes the Berlin Wall Documentation Center, a visiting center, the Chapel of Reconciliation, the Window of Remembrance with portraits of those who lost their lives on the grounds of the Berlin Wall, and a 60-meter-long section of the former border installations which is enclosed by steel walls at both ends.\nThe northern wall bears the inscription:\"In memory of the city's division from 13. August 1961 to 9. November 1989 and in commemoration of the victims of the communist reign of violence\". In remembrance of the Building of the Berlin Wall's 50th anniversary the foundation \"Berliner Mauer\" erected 29 steles, which commemorate the victims, along the former border between West Germany and the GDR. Apart from the 3,6 meters large, orange pillars, several signs inform about the wall victims. A planned stele for Lothar Hennig in Sacrow was not built for the time being, because Henning is viewed skeptically as a result of his actions for the MfS as a former IM.", "title": "List of deaths at the Berlin Wall" } ]

[ { "docid": "192152#0", "text": "Penelope Spheeris (born December 2, 1945 or 1946; sources differ) is an American film director, producer and screenwriter. She has directed both documentary film and scripted films. Her best known works include the trilogy titled \"The Decline of Western Civilization\", each covering an aspect of Los Angeles underground culture, and the film \"Wayne's World\", her highest-grossing film.", "title": "Penelope Spheeris" }, { "docid": "192152#5", "text": "Spheeris launched her career by producing short subjects for comedian Albert Brooks, many of them being highlights in the first season of the television series \"Saturday Night Live\". Her first feature film was \"The Decline of Western Civilization\" (1981), a punk rock documentary that she produced as well as directed. She followed up with \"\", this time about the Los Angeles heavy metal scene of 1988, with footage and interviews of legendary metal bands such as Kiss, Ozzy Osbourne, Aerosmith, Megadeth and Motörhead. She later returned to the streets of Los Angeles and the punk rock scene in 1998 for the documentary \"The Decline of Western Civilization Part III\". She was offered the chance to direct \"This is Spinal Tap\", but declined.", "title": "Penelope Spheeris" } ]

[ { "docid": "1637639#0", "text": "The Decline of Western Civilization III is a 1998 documentary film, directed by Penelope Spheeris, that chronicles the gutter punk lifestyle of homeless teenagers. It is the third film of a trilogy by Spheeris depicting life in Los Angeles at various points in time. The first film, \"The Decline of Western Civilization\" (1981), dealt with the punk rock scene during 1980-1981. The second film, \"\" (1988), covers the Los Angeles heavy metal movement of 1986-1988.", "title": "The Decline of Western Civilization III" }, { "docid": "192152#10", "text": "The moving image collection of Penelope Spheeris is held at the Academy Film Archive. The Academy Film Archive has preserved several of Penelope Spheeris' films, including \"Bath,\" \"Hats Off To Hollywood,\" and \"Shit.\"", "title": "Penelope Spheeris" }, { "docid": "192152#15", "text": "Spheeris work has received recognition from the Directors Guild of America, The Recording Academy, Stinkers Bad Movie Awards, the Chicago International Film Festival, the Chicago Underground Film Festival, the Deep Ellum Film Festival, the LA Femme International Film Festival, the Los Angeles Greek Film Festival, the Los Angeles Silver Lake Film Festival, the Melbourne International Film Festival, the Sundance Film Festival, and the Temecula Valley International Film Festival.Critical, public, and commercial reception to films Spheeris has directed.", "title": "Penelope Spheeris" }, { "docid": "2996966#0", "text": "The Decline of Western Civilization Part II: The Metal Years is a 1988 documentary film, directed by Penelope Spheeris, about the Los Angeles heavy metal scene from 1986 to 1988. It is the second film of a trilogy by Spheeris depicting life in Los Angeles at various points in time. The first film, \"The Decline of Western Civilization\" (1981), dealt with the punk rock scene during 1979–1980. The third film, \"The Decline of Western Civilization III\" (1998), chronicles the gutter punk lifestyle of homeless teenagers in the late 1990s.", "title": "The Decline of Western Civilization Part II: The Metal Years" }, { "docid": "192152#8", "text": "Other films Spheeris has directed include \"The Beverly Hillbillies\"; \"The Little Rascals\" (for which she co-wrote the screenplay); the Chris Farley comedy \"Black Sheep\"; the Marlon Wayans-David Spade team-up \"Senseless\"; and \"The Kid & I\" starring Tom Arnold. In 2006, she was set to direct the still-unfilmed \"Gospel According to Janis\", about Janis Joplin.", "title": "Penelope Spheeris" }, { "docid": "24158862#10", "text": "Jahnson pitched his script to producer Miguel Tejada-Flores of independent film company the Vista Organization as \"punk rockers out in the wilds of Wyoming\", which Tejada-Flores thought was an interesting idea, though a bit \"out there\" conceptually. He and fellow producer Herb Jaffe sought Ridley Scott to direct, but could not agree with him on the film's \"vision\". Penelope Spheeris first read the script in March 1986 and expressed interest. Tejada-Flores had been impressed by her previous directorial work, particularly her 1985 film \"The Boys Next Door\", and felt that she could tell an enthralling story from the mix of genres present in Jahnson's script. He showed \"The Boys Next Door\" to Jaffe, and the two agreed that Spheeris was a good candidate to direct, a choice which was solidified when she convinced them that she could make the film within their proposed budget and get good performances out of her actors. Jahnson was a fan of Spheeris' 1981 punk rock documentary \"The Decline of Western Civilization\", and agreed that she had the \"punk rock sensibility\" for the script.", "title": "Dudes (film)" }, { "docid": "149113#6", "text": "Penelope Spheeris, who directed the first film believes that Myers encouraged the studio not to have her back for the sequel due to personality conflicts with Myers during the making of the first film. She went on to direct another TV to big screen adaptation, \"The Beverly Hillbillies\" instead and was replaced by Stephen Surjik for the sequel.", "title": "Wayne's World 2" }, { "docid": "6075521#0", "text": "Naked Angels is a 1969 outlaw biker film, directed by Bruce D. Clark. Starring Michael Greene as Mother, Jennifer Gan as Marlene and Richard Rust as Fingers. Later documentary director Penelope Spheeris is a cast member in her first appearance as an actress. Actor Corey Fischer also appears in the cast.", "title": "Naked Angels" } ]

[ { "docid": "1834334#0", "text": "Reactive hypoglycemia, postprandial hypoglycemia, or sugar crash is a term describing recurrent episodes of symptomatic hypoglycemia occurring within four hours after a high carbohydrate meal in people both with and without diabetes. The term is not necessarily a diagnosis since it requires an evaluation to determine the cause of the hypoglycemia.", "title": "Reactive hypoglycemia" }, { "docid": "1834334#8", "text": "A crash is usually felt within four hours or less of heavy carbohydrate consumption. Symptoms of reactive hypoglycemia include:", "title": "Reactive hypoglycemia" } ]

[ { "docid": "1834334#13", "text": "There are several kinds of reactive hypoglycemia:\"Idiopathic reactive hypoglycemia\" is a term no longer used because researchers now know the underlying causes of reactive hypoglycemia and have the tools to perform the diagnosis and the pathophysiological data explaining the mechanisms.", "title": "Reactive hypoglycemia" }, { "docid": "1834334#10", "text": "The NIH states: \"The causes of most cases of reactive hypoglycemia are still open to debate. Some researchers suggest that certain people may be more sensitive to the body’s normal release of the hormone epinephrine, which causes many of the symptoms of hypoglycemia. Others believe deficiencies in glucagon secretion might lead to reactive hypoglycemia.", "title": "Reactive hypoglycemia" }, { "docid": "1834334#12", "text": "Stomach bypass surgery or hereditary fructose intolerance are believed to be causes, albeit uncommon, of reactive hypoglycemia. Myo-inositol or 1-\"chiro\"-inositol withdrawal can cause temporary reactive hypoglycemia.", "title": "Reactive hypoglycemia" }, { "docid": "1834334#4", "text": "The prevalence of this condition is difficult to ascertain because a number of stricter or looser definitions have been used. It is recommended that the term reactive hypoglycemia be reserved for the pattern of postprandial hypoglycemia which meets the Whipple criteria (symptoms correspond to measurably low glucose and are relieved by raising the glucose), and that the term idiopathic postprandial syndrome be used for similar patterns of symptoms where abnormally low glucose levels at the time of symptoms cannot be documented.", "title": "Reactive hypoglycemia" }, { "docid": "1834334#15", "text": "To relieve reactive hypoglycemia, the NIH recommends taking the following steps:Other tips to prevent sugar crashes include:", "title": "Reactive hypoglycemia" }, { "docid": "1834334#17", "text": "Acute low blood sugar symptoms are best treated by consuming small amounts of sweet foods, so as to regain balance in the body's carbohydrate metabolism. Suggestions include sugary foods that are quickly digested, such as:If there is no hypoglycemia at the time of the symptoms, this condition is called \"postprandial syndrome.\" It might be an \"adrenergic postprandial syndrome\" — blood glucose levels are normal, but the symptoms are caused through autonomic adrenergic counterregulation. Often, this syndrome is associated with emotional distress and anxious behaviour of the patient. This is often seen in dysautonomic disorders as well. Dietary recommendations for reactive hypoglycemia can help to relieve symptoms of postprandial syndrome.", "title": "Reactive hypoglycemia" }, { "docid": "65852#1", "text": "\"Idiopathic hypoglycemia\" can also be a synonym for reactive hypoglycemia or for hypoglycemia that is not diagnosed by a physician and does not fulfill the Whipple triad criteria. A more precise term for that condition is idiopathic postprandial syndrome.", "title": "Idiopathic hypoglycemia" }, { "docid": "1834334#6", "text": "According to the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH), a blood glucose level below 70 mg/dL (3.9 mmol/L) at the time of symptoms followed by relief after eating confirms a diagnosis for reactive hypoglycemia.", "title": "Reactive hypoglycemia" } ]

[ { "docid": "23974535#9", "text": "Various mammals are omnivorous in the wild, such as species of pigs, badgers, bears, coatis, civets, hedgehogs, opossums, skunks, sloths, squirrels, raccoons, chipmunks, mice, and rats. Hominidae, including humans and chimpanzees, are also omnivores.\nMost bear species are omnivores, but individual diets can range from almost exclusively herbivorous to almost exclusively carnivorous, depending on what food sources are available locally and seasonally. Polar bears are classified as carnivores, both taxonomically (they are in the order Carnivora), and behaviorally (they subsist on a largely carnivorous diet). Depending on the species of bear, there is generally a preference for one class of food, as plants and animals are digested differently. Wolf subspecies (including wolves, dogs, dingoes, and coyotes) eat some plant matter, but they have a general preference and are evolutionarily geared towards meat. Also, the maned wolf is a canid whose diet is naturally 50% plant matter.", "title": "Omnivore" } ]

[ { "docid": "56607353#17", "text": "It is remarkable the almost complete absence of carnivores, which are only represented by a few bones of \"Ursus arctos\", \"Lynx pardinus\" and \"Canis lupus\". The occurrence of carnivores in other sites, as in Boquete de Zafarraya, alternates with human presence in the stratigraphy. This event is interpreted as a seasonal occupation of the site by humans. When humans leave this habitat, carnivores take place of the site. Since this situation is not observed at Cave of the Angel, and moreover, there is no interruption in the stratigraphy of human presence, it is likely that a long term human occupation took place. In contrast, the existence of those few carnivore remains can be explained as the result of human consumption as so it happens with rabbit remains (\"Oryctolagus cuniculus\").", "title": "Cave of the Angel" }, { "docid": "9293352#1", "text": "Fungi that grow on the epidermis, hair, skin, nails, scales or feathers of living or dead animals are considered to be dermatophytes rather than carnivores. Similarly fungi in orifices and the digestive tract of animals are not carnivorous, and neither are internal pathogens. Neither are insect pathogens that stun and colonize insects normally labelled carnivorous if the fungal thallus is mainly in the insect as does \"Cordyceps\", or if it clings to the insect like the Laboulbeniales.", "title": "Carnivorous fungus" }, { "docid": "18952739#60", "text": "In more modern classification, such as that of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, the families have been retained, but they have been redistributed amongst several disparate orders. It is also recommended that \"Drosophyllum\" be considered in a monotypic family outside the rest of the Droseraceae, probably more closely allied to the Dioncophyllaceae. The current recommendations are shown below (only carnivorous genera are listed):\nIn horticulture, carnivorous plants are considered a curiosity or a rarity, but are becoming more common in cultivation with the advent of mass-production tissue-culture propagation techniques. Venus flytraps are still the most commonly grown, usually available at garden centers and hardware stores, sometimes offered alongside other easy to grow varieties. Nurseries that specialize in growing carnivorous plants exclusively also exist, more uncommon or demanding varieties of carnivorous plants can be obtained from specialist nurseries. California Carnivores is a notable example of such a nursery in the US that specializes in the cultivation of carnivorous plants. It is owned and operated by horticulturalist Peter D'Amato. Rob Cantley's Borneo Exotics in Sri Lanka is a large nursery that sells worldwide.", "title": "Carnivorous plant" }, { "docid": "11299#19", "text": "Foxes are often considered pests or nuisance creatures for their opportunistic attacks on poultry and other small livestock. Fox attacks on humans are not common.\nMany foxes adapt well to human environments, with several species classified as \"resident urban carnivores\" for their ability to sustain populations entirely within urban boundaries. Foxes in urban areas can live longer and can have smaller litter sizes than foxes in non-urban areas. Urban foxes are ubiquitous in Europe, where they show altered behaviors compared to non-urban foxes, including increased population density, smaller territory, and pack foraging. Foxes have been introduced in numerous locations, with varying effects on indigenous flora and fauna.", "title": "Fox" }, { "docid": "23974535#5", "text": "Though Carnivora is a taxon for species classification, no such equivalent exists for omnivores, as omnivores are widespread across multiple taxonomic clades. The Carnivora order does not include all carnivorous species, and not all species within the Carnivora taxon are carnivorous. It is common to find physiological carnivores consuming materials from plants or physiological herbivores consuming material from animals, e.g. felines eating grass and deer eating birds. From a behavioral aspect, this would make them omnivores, but from the physiological standpoint, this may be due to zoopharmacognosy. Physiologically, animals must be able to obtain both energy and nutrients from plant and animal materials to be considered omnivorous. Thus, such animals are still able to be classified as carnivores and herbivores when they are just obtaining nutrients from materials originating from sources that do not seemingly complement their classification. For instance, it is well documented that animals such as giraffes, camels, and cattle will gnaw on bones, preferably dry bones, for particular minerals and nutrients. Felines, which are usually regarded as obligate carnivores, occasionally eat grass to regurgitate indigestibles (e.g. hair, bones), aid with hemoglobin production, and as a laxative.", "title": "Omnivore" }, { "docid": "18952739#70", "text": "Although insects can be a problem, by far the biggest killer of carnivorous plants (besides human maltreatment) is grey mold (\"Botrytis cinerea\"). This thrives under warm, humid conditions and can be a real problem in winter. To some extent, temperate carnivorous plants can be protected from this pathogen by ensuring that they are kept cool and well ventilated in winter and that any dead leaves are removed promptly. If this fails, a fungicide is in order.", "title": "Carnivorous plant" }, { "docid": "18838#68", "text": "Some physiological carnivores consume plant matter and some physiological herbivores consume meat. From a behavioral aspect, this would make them omnivores, but from the physiological standpoint, this may be due to zoopharmacognosy. Physiologically, animals must be able to obtain both energy and nutrients from plant and animal materials to be considered omnivorous. Thus, such animals are still able to be classified as carnivores and herbivores when they are just obtaining nutrients from materials originating from sources that do not seemingly complement their classification. For example, it is well documented that some ungulates such as giraffes, camels, and cattle, will gnaw on bones to consume particular minerals and nutrients. Also, cats, which are generally regarded as obligate carnivores, occasionally eat grass to regurgitate indigestible material (such as hairballs), aid with hemoglobin production, and as a laxative.", "title": "Mammal" }, { "docid": "12049028#1", "text": "Many prehistoric mammals of the clade Carnivoramorpha (Carnivora and Miacoidea without Creodonta), along with the early order Creodonta, and some mammals of the even earlier order Cimolesta, were hypercarnivores. The earliest carnivorous mammal is considered to be \"Cimolestes\", which existed during the Late Cretaceous and early Paleogene periods in North America about 66 million years ago. Theropod dinosaurs such as \"Tyrannosaurus rex\" that existed during the late Cretaceous, although not mammals, were obligate carnivores.", "title": "Hypercarnivore" }, { "docid": "4269567#36", "text": "Although dogs are most abundant and widely distributed terrestrial carnivores, the potential of feral and free-ranging dogs to compete with other large carnivores is limited by their strong association with humans. For example, a review of the studies in the competitive effects of dogs on sympatric carnivores did not mention any research on competition between dogs and wolves. Although wolves are known to kill dogs, they tend to live in pairs or in small packs in areas where they are highly persecuted, giving them a disadvantage facing large dog groups.", "title": "Dog" } ]