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[ { "docid": "3546421#0", "text": "Alpine skiing is an Olympic sport, contested at the Winter Olympic Games. The first Winter Olympics, held in 1924, included nordic skiing, but the first alpine skiing events were not held until 1936 in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany. A combined event was held for both men and women in 1936. The International Ski Federation (FIS) decided that ski instructors could not compete in 1936 because they were professionals, and the Olympics were meant for amateur athletes. Because of this, Austrian and Swiss skiers boycotted the events, although some Austrians decided to compete for Germany.", "title": "List of Olympic medalists in alpine skiing" }, { "docid": "6128444#0", "text": "Freestyle skiing is one of the six skiing disciplines contested at the Winter Olympic Games, and one of the youngest. In 1924, the first Winter Olympics featured Nordic skiing disciplines (cross-country skiing, ski jumping, and Nordic combined), while alpine skiing was first contested in 1936. Only at the 1992 Winter Olympics, in Albertville, France, were freestyle skiing events first held as official medal events. Before that, freestyle skiing was contested at the 1988 Winter Olympics as a demonstration sport, consisting of events for both men and women in three variants: moguls, aerials and ski ballet. In Albertville, moguls was the first-ever official freestyle skiing medal event; aerials and ski ballet were also held but still as demonstration events. The growing popularity of aerials convinced the International Olympic Committee (IOC) to add this freestyle discipline to the 1994 Winter Olympics official program. Moguls and aerials have thus been contested at every Winter Games since. Ski cross inclusion in the Winter Olympics program was approved at an IOC Executive Board meeting in November 2006, and the first events were held at the 2010 Winter Olympics.", "title": "List of Olympic medalists in freestyle skiing" } ]

[ { "docid": "41703268#6", "text": "Ski ballet was a demonstration sport in the 1988 and 1992 Winter Olympics. The sport has significantly declined in popularity in recent years due to the fact that it did not become an Olympic sport. The International Ski Federation ceased all formal competition of ski ballet after 2000.", "title": "Ski ballet" }, { "docid": "34069#50", "text": "Demonstration sports have historically provided a venue for host countries to attract publicity to locally popular sports by having a competition without granting medals. Demonstration sports were discontinued after 1992. Military patrol, a precursor to the biathlon, was a medal sport in 1924 and was demonstrated in 1928, 1936 and 1948, becoming an official sport in 1960. The special figures figure skating event was only contested at the 1908 Summer Olympics. Bandy (Russian hockey) is a sport popular in the Nordic countries and Russia. In the latter it's considered a national sport. It was demonstrated at the Oslo Games. Ice stock sport, a German variant of curling, was demonstrated in 1936 in Germany and 1964 in Austria. The ski ballet event, later known as ski-acro, was demonstrated in 1988 and 1992. Skijöring, skiing behind dogs, was a demonstration sport in St. Moritz in 1928. A sled-dog race was held at Lake Placid in 1932. Speed skiing was demonstrated in Albertville at the 1992 Winter Olympics. Winter pentathlon, a variant of the modern pentathlon, was included as a demonstration event at the 1948 Games in Switzerland. It included cross-country skiing, shooting, downhill skiing, fencing and horse riding.", "title": "Winter Olympic Games" }, { "docid": "31260647#0", "text": "For the Winter Olympics, there are nine venues that have been or will be used for freestyle skiing. The first FIS Freestyle World Ski Championships was held at Tignes, France, in 1986. Two years later at the Winter Olympics in Calgary, the sport was included as a demonstration event though it took place at two different locations. Becoming an official Olympic sport in 1992, the venue chosen was at Tignes, host of the 1986 world championships. The 1997 world championships at Iizuna Kogen would serve as the test event for the venue used for the 1998 Winter Olympics. Deer Valley played host to the 2002 events and would host the world championships in both 2003 and 2011. Whistler, British Columbia hosted the 2001 world championships though the 2010 venue took place at Cypress Mountain in West Vancouver close to the host city.", "title": "List of Olympic venues in freestyle skiing" }, { "docid": "163231#20", "text": "Despite the lack of facilities at Squaw Valley, the resort did have steep mountain slopes in close proximity, resulting in some of the most difficult alpine skiing courses in Olympic history. Both men and women competed in the downhill, giant slalom and slalom with all 6 events held between February 20 and 26. The men's downhill was won by Frenchman Jean Vuarnet who changed the sport by becoming the first Olympic champion to use metal skis. Swiss skier Roger Staub won the giant slalom and Ernst Hinterseer from Austria was the slalom champion. German Heidi Biebl won the women's downhill, Yvonne Rüegg of Switzerland won the giant slalom and Anne Heggtveit from Canada won the slalom. Penny Pitou of the United States was the only multiple medal winner with two silvers in the downhill and giant slalom.", "title": "1960 Winter Olympics" }, { "docid": "7808947#0", "text": "Disabled skiing was an Olympic demonstration sport for the first time at the 1984 Winter Olympics. There was alpine giant slalom held for men only, with medals awarded in four different standing disability classes. As a demonstration sport, these medals did not contribute to the overall medal count. These races were held in addition to the alpine and cross-country events at the 1984 Winter Paralympics in Innsbruck. Disabled skiing would be demonstrated at the Olympics again in 1988. A total of 29 disabled skiers from 11 nations participated in the 1984 Games.", "title": "Disabled skiing at the 1984 Winter Olympics" }, { "docid": "22520#40", "text": "Although not an official demonstration sport, an international ski-orienteering event was held in Sugadaira Kōgen, Japan, as part of the International Cultural Festival held in conjunction with the XVIII Winter Olympic Games in Nagano in 1998. The International Orienteering Federation petitioned the International Olympic Committee in 2002 to include ski orienteering in the 2006 Winter Olympic Games, noting that it could share the venue with the biathlon competitions. In its formal recommendation that ski orienteering not be included in those games, the Olympic Programme Commission focused on a lack of participation in the sport outside Nordic countries, \"the challenges for broadcasters and spectators to easily follow the competition\", and the costs associated with new technology and a new results system. In 2005, the International Olympic Committee confirmed that ski orienteering was under consideration for inclusion in the review process of the Olympic sport program for the 2014 Winter Olympic Games. On 28 November 2006, the Executive Board of the IOC decided not to include any new sports in this review process.", "title": "Orienteering" }, { "docid": "8669130#0", "text": "Water skiing was one of two demonstration sports at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich. It was the only time that the sport was demonstrated at any Olympic Games. 35 participants from 20 countries took part in six events: slalom, figure skiing, and ski jump for each of men and women skiers. The slalom events took place on September 1 and the figure skiing and ski jump events took place on September 2.", "title": "Water skiing at the 1972 Summer Olympics" }, { "docid": "40057#1", "text": "Ski acrobatics have been practiced since the 1930s. Aerial skiing was popularized in the 1950s by Olympic gold medalist Stein Eriksen. Early US competitions were held in the mid-1960s. The International Ski Federation (FIS) recognized freestyle skiing as a sport in 1979 and brought in new regulations regarding certification of athletes and jump techniques in an effort to curb the dangerous elements of the competitions. The first FIS Freestyle Skiing World Cup was staged in 1980 and the first FIS Freestyle World Ski Championships took place in 1986 in Tignes, France. Freestyle skiing was a demonstration event at the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary. Mogul skiing was added as an official medal event at the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville, and the aerials event was added for the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer. In 2011, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) approved both halfpipe and slopestyle freeskiing events to be added to the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia.", "title": "Freestyle skiing" } ]

[ { "docid": "10484991#0", "text": "Cipro (formerly \"Cipro–Musei Vaticani\") is an underground station on Line A of the Rome Metro, inaugurated in 1999. The station is situated between Via Cipro and Via Angelo Emo.", "title": "Cipro (Rome Metro)" }, { "docid": "6773#0", "text": "Ciprofloxacin is an antibiotic used to treat a number of bacterial infections. This includes bone and joint infections, intra abdominal infections, certain type of infectious diarrhea, respiratory tract infections, skin infections, typhoid fever, and urinary tract infections, among others. For some infections it is used in addition to other antibiotics. It can be taken by mouth, in eye drops, or intravenously.\nCommon side effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and rash. Ciprofloxacin increases the risk of tendon rupture. In people with myasthenia gravis, there is worsening muscle weakness. Rates of side effects appear to be higher than some groups of antibiotics such as cephalosporins but lower than others such as clindamycin. Studies in other animals raise concerns regarding use in pregnancy. No problems were identified, however, in the children of a small number of women who took the medication. It appears to be safe during breastfeeding. It is a second-generation fluoroquinolone with a broad spectrum of activity that usually results in the death of the bacteria.\nCiprofloxacin was introduced in 1987. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system. It is available as a generic medication and is not very expensive. The wholesale cost in the developing world is between 0.03 and 0.13 a dose. In the United States it is sold for about 0.40 per dose.", "title": "Ciprofloxacin" } ]

[ { "docid": "11247268#8", "text": "\"We designed the building from the inside out, not the outside in,” said Loretta H. Cockrum, Foram’s founder, chairman and CEO. “We wanted the most efficient office building ever designed, with no wasted space or wasted energy. This is a building of the future more than a building of the present. A lot of love has gone into that building, and a lot of pride.\"", "title": "Brickell World Plaza" }, { "docid": "32355726#0", "text": "Hatfield Cemetery is a historic cemetery located near Sarah Ann, Logan County, West Virginia. The earliest burial dates to 1898, and is the grave of Captain S. Hatfield (1891–1898). The cemetery features the grave and monument with a life-size statue of Captain Anderson \"Devil Anse\" Hatfield, erected in 1926. It is notable as a burial place for members of the Hatfield family, early settlers of the region and participants in the famous Hatfield-McCoy feud during the 19th century. It is a companion to the Hatfield Cemetery near Newtown, West Virginia.", "title": "Hatfield Cemetery (Sarah Ann, West Virginia)" }, { "docid": "26165493#16", "text": "• 1983 – First meetings, first intervention letter. CIFC is founded in Toronto.\n• 1985 – First newsletter is sent - by fax. It eventually becomes POV Magazine.\n• 1988 – Montreal chapter (later to be known as Quebec chapter) is formed.\n• 1991 – A National Executive is formed - John Walker, President.\n• 1991 – First edition of POV Magazine, edited by Wyndham Wise – Geoff Bowie, first Publisher.\n• 1994 – The first edition of Hot Docs is held- Paul Jay was Chair of CIFC and Founding Chair of Hot Docs!\n• 1995 – Atlantic chapter is formed.\n• 1996 – BC chapter is formed.\n• 1997 – Hot Docs incorporates as a separate charitable organization.\n• 1998 – First coast-to-coast National Executive elected - Gary Marcuse, Chair.\n• 2003 – The CIFC changes its name to DOC.\n• 2006 – Ottawa chapter is formed.\n• 2006 – Newfoundland chapter is formed.\n• 2007 – Winnipeg chapter is formed.\n• 2008 – Alberta chapter is formed.\n• 2009 – Newfoundland chapter folds.", "title": "Documentary Organization of Canada" }, { "docid": "49277945#4", "text": "Teams relegated from 1999–2000 Cypriot First Division", "title": "2000–01 Cypriot Second Division" }, { "docid": "49277945#5", "text": "Teams promoted from 1999–2000 Cypriot Third Division", "title": "2000–01 Cypriot Second Division" }, { "docid": "49417337#4", "text": "Teams relegated from 1999–2000 Cypriot Second Division", "title": "2000–01 Cypriot Third Division" }, { "docid": "52961994#3", "text": "EuroShop debuted from 11 to 15 June 1966 on the old exhibition grounds in the Ehrenhof. A total of 331 exhibitors from 55 countries took advantage of the new platform to present their products. The some 29,000 trade visitors who attended primarily sought information on shop fitting, the dominant subject of the initial events. The fair was held in conjunction with a congress for ‘modern shops and display windows’. EuroShop was founded in response to fundamental changes in retail trade. From the mid-1960s, self-service concepts became increasingly prevalent, especially in the food retail industry. Simultaneously, the first discount supermarkets, introducing new retail concepts, emerged as competitors to the traditionally brand-oriented supermarkets. To heighten their own profile, merchants were increasingly compelled to turn to new measures, especially in the area of shop fitting.", "title": "EuroShop" }, { "docid": "51987615#4", "text": "Teams relegated from 1978–79 Cypriot First Division", "title": "1979–80 Cypriot Second Division" }, { "docid": "51987807#4", "text": "Teams relegated from 1976–77 Cypriot First Division", "title": "1977–78 Cypriot Second Division" }, { "docid": "6773#49", "text": "It is available as a generic medication and not very expensive. Wholesale it costs between 0.03 and 0.13 a dose. In the United States it is sold for about 0.40 per dose.", "title": "Ciprofloxacin" } ]

[ { "docid": "4184#13", "text": "The Belgian company Plant Genetic Systems (now part of Bayer CropScience) was the first company (in 1985) to develop genetically modified crops (tobacco) with insect tolerance by expressing \"cry\" genes from \"B. thuringiensis\"; the resulting crops contain delta endotoxin. The Bt tobacco was never commercialized; tobacco plants are used to test genetic modifications since they are easy to manipulate genetically and are not part of the food supply.\nIn 1995, potato plants producing CRY 3A Bt toxin were approved safe by the Environmental Protection Agency, making it the first human-modified pesticide-producing crop to be approved in the USA, though many plants produce pesticides naturally, including tobacco, coffee plants, cocoa, and black walnut. This was the 'New Leaf' potato, and it was removed from the market in 2001 due to lack of interest. For current crops and their acreage under cultivation, see genetically modified crops.", "title": "Bacillus thuringiensis" }, { "docid": "12339#17", "text": "The first genetically modified crop, an antibiotic-resistant tobacco plant, was produced in 1982. China was the first country to commercialize transgenic plants, introducing a virus-resistant tobacco in 1992. In 1994 Calgene attained approval to commercially release the Flavr Savr tomato, the first genetically modified food. Also in 1994, the European Union approved tobacco engineered to be resistant to the herbicide bromoxynil, making it the first genetically engineered crop commercialised in Europe. An insect resistant Potato was approved for release in the US in 1995, and by 1996 approval had been granted to commercially grow 8 transgenic crops and one flower crop (carnation) in 6 countries plus the EU.", "title": "Genetically modified organism" }, { "docid": "37214939#24", "text": "The first genetically modified crop plant was produced in 1982, an antibiotic-resistant tobacco plant. The first field trials of genetically engineered plants occurred in France and the USA in 1986, tobacco plants were engineered to be resistant to herbicides. In 1987 Plant Genetic Systems, founded by Marc Van Montagu and Jeff Schell, was the first company to genetically engineer insect-resistant plants by incorporating genes that produced insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) into tobacco.", "title": "History of genetic engineering" } ]

[ { "docid": "11943240#5", "text": "Genetically modified crops are genetically modified plants that are used in agriculture. The first crops provided are used for animal or human food and provide resistance to certain pests, diseases, environmental conditions, spoilage or chemical treatments (e.g. resistance to a herbicide). The second generation of crops aimed to improve the quality, often by altering the nutrient profile. Third generation genetically modified crops can be used for non-food purposes, including the production of pharmaceutical agents, biofuels, and other industrially useful goods, as well as for bioremediation.", "title": "Genetically modified plant" }, { "docid": "12339#41", "text": "Genetically modified crops are genetically modified plants that are used in agriculture. The first crops developed were used for animal or human food and provide resistance to certain pests, diseases, environmental conditions, spoilage or chemical treatments (e.g. resistance to a herbicide). The second generation of crops aimed to improve the quality, often by altering the nutrient profile. Third generation genetically modified crops could be used for non-food purposes, including the production of pharmaceutical agents, biofuels, and other industrially useful goods, as well as for bioremediation.", "title": "Genetically modified organism" }, { "docid": "2291204#7", "text": "The People's Republic of China was the first country to allow commercialized transgenic plants, introducing a virus-resistant tobacco in 1992, which was withdrawn in 1997. The first genetically modified crop approved for sale in the U.S., in 1994, was the \"FlavrSavr\" tomato. It had a longer shelf life, because it took longer to soften after ripening. In 1994, the European Union approved tobacco engineered to tolerate the herbicide bromoxynil, making it the first commercially genetically engineered crop marketed in Europe.", "title": "Genetically modified crops" }, { "docid": "49435114#3", "text": "In 2014, 181.5 million hectares of genetically modified crops were planted in 28 countries. Half of all GM crops planted were genetically modified soybeans, either for herbicide tolerance or insect resistance. Eleven countries grew modified soybean, with the USA, Brazil and Argentina accounting for 90% of the total hectarage. Of the 111 hectares of soybean grown worldwide in 2014, 82% was genetically modified in some way. Seventeen countries grew a total of 55.2 million hectares of genetically modified maize and fifteen grew 23.9 hectares of genetically modified cotton. Nine million hectares of genetically modified canola was grown with 8 million of those in Canada. Other GM crops grown in 2014 include Alfalfa (862 000 ha), sugar beet (494 000 ha) and papaya (7 475 ha). In Bangladesh a genetically modified eggplant was grown commercially for the first time on 12ha.", "title": "List of genetically modified crops" }, { "docid": "8273958#154", "text": "The first genetically modified crops were made with transgenic approaches, introducing foreign genes and sometimes using bacteria to transfer the genes. In the US, these foreign genetic elements placed the resulting plant under the jurisdiction of the USDA under the Plant Protection Act. However, as of 2010, newer genetic engineering technologies like genome editing have allowed scientists to modify plant genomes without adding foreign genes, thus escaping USDA regulation. Critics have called for regulation to be changed to keep up with changing technology.", "title": "Genetically modified food controversies" }, { "docid": "30876044#32", "text": "The debate surrounding genetically modified food during the 1990s peaked in 1999 in terms of media coverage and risk perception, and continues today – for example, \"\"Germany has thrown its weight behind a growing European mutiny over genetically modified crops by banning the planting of a widely grown pest-resistant corn variety.\"\" The debate encompasses the ecological impact of genetically modified plants, the safety of genetically modified food and concepts used for safety evaluation like substantial equivalence. Such concerns are not new to plant breeding. Most countries have regulatory processes in place to help ensure that new crop varieties entering the marketplace are both safe and meet farmers' needs. Examples include variety registration, seed schemes, regulatory authorizations for GM plants, etc.", "title": "Plant breeding" }, { "docid": "23135486#7", "text": "The USA is the largest commercial grower of genetically modified crops in the world. United States regulatory policy is governed by the Coordinated Framework for Regulation of Biotechnology. The United States is not a signatory to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety. For a genetically modified organism to be approved for release it is assessed by the USDA, the FDA and the EPA. USDA evaluates the plant's potential to become weeds, the FDA reviews plants that could enter or alter the food supply and the EPA regulates the genetically modified plants with pesticide properties. Most developed genetically modified plants are reviewed by at least two of the agencies, with many subject to all three. Final approval can still be denied by individual counties within each state. In 2004, Mendocino County, California became the first and only county to impose a ban on the \"Propagation, Cultivation, Raising, and Growing of Genetically Modified Organisms\", the measure passing with a 57% majority. (See Mendocino County GMO Ban)", "title": "Genetically modified food in the United States" } ]

[ { "docid": "5326183#0", "text": "Belle's Magical World (also known as Beauty and the Beast: Belle's Magical World) is a 1998 direct-to-video animated musical film produced by Walt Disney Television Animation. It was released on February 17, 1998, and is a followup to the 1991 Walt Disney Pictures animated feature film \"Beauty and the Beast\", featuring the voices of David Ogden Stiers as Cogsworth, Robby Benson as The Beast, Gregory Grudt, who replaced Bradley Pierce as Chip Potts, Paige O'Hara as Belle, Anne Rogers, who replaced Angela Lansbury as Mrs. Potts, and Jerry Orbach as Lumiere. The film features two songs performed by Belle, \"Listen With Our Hearts\" and \"A Little Thought.\" This storyline is set within the timeline of the original \"Beauty and the Beast\" (after Christmas but before the fight against Gaston).", "title": "Belle's Magical World" }, { "docid": "133462#0", "text": "Beauty and the Beast is a 1991 American animated musical romantic fantasy film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and released by Walt Disney Pictures. The 30th Disney animated feature film and the third released during the Disney Renaissance period, it is based on the French fairy tale of the same name by Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont who was uncredited in the English version but credited in the French version, and ideas from the 1946 French film of the same name directed by Jean Cocteau. \"Beauty and the Beast\" focuses on the relationship between the Beast (voice of Robby Benson), a prince who is magically transformed into a monster and his servants into household objects as punishment for his arrogance, and Belle (voice of Paige O'Hara), a young woman whom he imprisons in his castle to become a prince again. To break the curse, Beast must learn to love Belle and earn her love in return before the last petal falls from an enchanted rose or else the Beast will remain a monster forever. The film also features the voices of Richard White, Jerry Orbach, David Ogden Stiers, and Angela Lansbury.", "title": "Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)" }, { "docid": "40861499#2", "text": "\"Beauty and the Beast\" is the original film of the franchise. It was directed by Gary Trousdale and Kirk Wise. It was produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation, and released in 1991. \"Beauty and the Beast\" is the 30th Disney animated feature film and belongs to an era known as the Disney Renaissance. The plot of the film is based on the fairy tale \"Beauty and the Beast\" by Jeanne-Marie Le Prince de Beaumont.", "title": "Beauty and the Beast (franchise)" }, { "docid": "172899#12", "text": "The studio's first live-action film was \"Treasure Island\" (1950). Animated films produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios and Pixar are also released by Walt Disney Pictures. The studio has released four films that have received an Academy Award for Best Picture nomination: \"Mary Poppins\" (1964), \"Beauty and the Beast\" (1991), \"Up\" (2009), and \"Toy Story 3\" (2010).", "title": "Walt Disney Pictures" }, { "docid": "10374843#0", "text": "Beauty and the Beast: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the official soundtrack album to the 1991 Disney animated feature film, \"Beauty and the Beast\". Originally released on October 24, 1991, by Walt Disney Records, the album's first half – tracks 2 to 9 – generally contains the film's musical numbers, all of which were written by composer Alan Menken and lyricist Howard Ashman, while its latter half – tracks 10 to 14 – features its musical score, composed solely by Menken. While the majority of the album's content remains within the musical theatre genre, its songs have also been influenced by French, classical, pop and Broadway music. Credited to Various Artists, \"Beauty and the Beast: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack\" features performances by the film's main cast – Paige O'Hara, Richard White, Jesse Corti, Jerry Orbach, Angela Lansbury and Robby Benson – in order of appearance. Additionally, the album features recording artists Celine Dion and Peabo Bryson, who perform a pop rendition of the film's title and theme song, \"Beauty and the Beast\", which simultaneously serves as the soundtrack's only single.", "title": "Beauty and the Beast (1991 soundtrack)" } ]

[ { "docid": "10374843#4", "text": "During the 1970s and 1980s, Walt Disney Feature Animation struggled to release animated feature films that achieved the levels of success of some of the studio's earlier productions did. In 1989, Walt Disney Pictures released \"The Little Mermaid. \"An animated musical that features songs written by lyricist Howard Ashman and composer Alan Menken, \"The Little Mermaid\" was both a tremendous critical and commercial success. Hoping to release a film that achieved similar success, the studio decided to adapt the fairy tale \"Beauty and the Beast\" by Jeanne-Marie Le Prince de Beaumont into an animated film.", "title": "Beauty and the Beast (1991 soundtrack)" }, { "docid": "32941978#0", "text": "Tangled Ever After is a 2012 American computer animated short film directed by Nathan Greno and Byron Howard. It is a sequel to the 2010 Walt Disney Animation Studios film \"Tangled\". It premiered in theaters on January 13, 2012, before the 3D theatrical re-release of \"Beauty and the Beast\" and on Disney Channel followed by the premiere of \"The Princess and the Frog\" on March 23, 2012. The short was later, in Fall 2012, included as a bonus feature on the Diamond Edition of \"Cinderella\", and was also released three years later, on the \"Walt Disney Animation Studios Short Films Collection\" Blu-ray on August 18, 2015. The short is also available as a stand-alone download on iTunes.", "title": "Tangled Ever After" }, { "docid": "2287636#0", "text": "Sleeping Beauty is a 1959 American animated musical fantasy film produced by Walt Disney based on \"The Sleeping Beauty\" by Charles Perrault. The 16th Disney animated feature film, it was released to theaters on January 29, 1959, by Buena Vista Distribution. This was the last Disney adaptation of a fairy tale for some years because of its initial mixed critical reception and underperformance at the box office; the studio did not return to the genre until 30 years later, after Walt Disney died in 1966, with the release of \"The Little Mermaid\" (1989).", "title": "Sleeping Beauty (1959 film)" }, { "docid": "52926144#0", "text": "Beauty and the Beast: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack album to the 2017 film \"Beauty and the Beast\". The album, largely based on material from Disney's 1991 animated version, features songs and instrumental score composed by Alan Menken with lyrics by Howard Ashman and three new songs composed by Alan Menken with lyrics by Tim Rice. The soundtrack album was released by Walt Disney Records on March 10, 2017.", "title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 soundtrack)" }, { "docid": "133462#1", "text": "Walt Disney first attempted unsuccessfully to adapt \"Beauty and the Beast\" into an animated film during the 1930s and 1950s. Following the success of \"The Little Mermaid\" (1989), Walt Disney Pictures decided to adapt the fairy tale, which Richard Purdum originally conceived as a non-musical. Disney chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg eventually dismissed Purdum's idea and ordered that the film be a musical similar to \"The Little Mermaid\" instead. The film was directed by Gary Trousdale and Kirk Wise, with a screenplay by Linda Woolverton story first credited to Roger Allers. Lyricist Howard Ashman and composer Alan Menken wrote the film's songs. Ashman, who additionally served as the film's executive producer, died of AIDS-related complications six months before the film's release, and the film is thus dedicated to his memory.", "title": "Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)" } ]

[ { "docid": "27944981#100", "text": "The machine gun is defined as a \"fully automatic\" firearm, usually designed to fire rifle cartridges in quick succession from an ammunition belt or large-capacity magazine. The world's first true machine gun, the Maxim gun, was invented in 1884 by the American inventor Hiram Stevens Maxim, who devised a recoil power of the previously fired bullet to reload rather than the crude method of a manually operated, hand-cranked firearm. With the ability to fire 750 rounds per minute, Maxim's other great innovation was the use of water cooling to reduce overheating. Maxim's gun was widely adopted and derivative designs were used on all sides during World War I.", "title": "Timeline of United States inventions (before 1890)" }, { "docid": "19690#32", "text": "The first practical self-powered machine gun was invented in 1884 by Sir Hiram Maxim. The Maxim machine gun used the recoil power of the previously fired bullet to reload rather than being hand-powered, enabling a much higher rate of fire than was possible using earlier designs such as the Nordenfelt and Gatling weapons. Maxim also introduced the use of water cooling, via a water jacket around the barrel, to reduce overheating. Maxim's gun was widely adopted, and derivative designs were used on all sides during the First World War. The design required fewer crew and was lighter and more usable than the Nordenfelt and Gatling guns. First World War combat experience demonstrated the military importance of the machine gun. The United States Army issued four machine guns per regiment in 1912, but that allowance increased to 336 machine guns per regiment by 1919.\nHeavy guns based on the Maxim such as the Vickers machine gun were joined by many other machine weapons, which mostly had their start in the early 20th century such as the Hotchkiss machine gun. Submachine guns (e.g., the German MP 18) as well as lighter machine guns (the first light machine gun deployed in any significant number being the Madsen machine gun, with the Chauchat and Lewis gun soon following) saw their first major use in World War I, along with heavy use of large-caliber machine guns. The biggest single cause of casualties in World War I was actually artillery, but combined with wire entanglements, machine guns earned a fearsome reputation.", "title": "Machine gun" }, { "docid": "302422#0", "text": "Sir Hiram Stevens Maxim (5 February 1840 – 24 November 1916) was an American-born British inventor, best known as the creator of the Maxim gun, the first portable fully automatic machine gun. Maxim held patents on numerous mechanical devices such as a mousetrap, hair-curling irons, and steam pumps, and laid claim to inventing the lightbulb. He also experimented with powered flight but his large aircraft designs were never successful, however, his \"Captive Flying Machine\" amusement ride, designed as a means by which to fund his research while generating public interest in flight, was highly successful.", "title": "Hiram Maxim" }, { "docid": "19690#16", "text": "The first successful machine-gun designs were developed in the mid-19th century. The key characteristic of modern machine guns, their relatively high rate of fire and more importantly mechanical loading, first appeared in the Model 1862 Gatling gun, which was adopted by the United States Navy. These weapons were still powered by hand; however, this changed with Hiram Maxim's idea of harnessing recoil energy to power reloading in his Maxim machine gun. Dr. Gatling also experimented with electric-motor-powered models; this externally powered machine reloading has seen use in modern weapons as well.", "title": "Machine gun" } ]

[ { "docid": "182949#0", "text": "Richard Jordan Gatling (September 12, 1818 – February 26, 1903) was an American inventor best known for his invention of the Gatling gun, considered to be the first successful machine gun, though it is not a true machine gun by modern definitions.", "title": "Richard Jordan Gatling" }, { "docid": "400119#25", "text": "Under a contract with the U.S. Army, Colt Arms built the Model 1895 ten-barrel variant of the Gatling Gun, capable of firing 800–900 .30 Army rounds per minute, and used with great effect at the Battle of San Juan Hill. The M1895 Colt–Browning machine gun or \"Potato Digger\" was built by Colt. The Colt–Browning was one of the first gas-operated machine guns, originally invented by John Browning. It became the first automatic machine gun adopted by the United States and saw limited use by the U.S. Marine Corps at the invasion of Guantánamo Bay and by the 1st Volunteer Infantry in the Santiago campaign during the Spanish–American War. In 1901, Elizabeth Jarvis Colt sold the company to a group of outside investors based in New York and Boston.", "title": "Colt's Manufacturing Company" }, { "docid": "39193710#1", "text": "\"The Gun\" is a basketball shooting machine that was invented by John Joseph in 1998, although the first Basketball Gun was not purchased until 1999 by the University of Florida. And now almost 24,000 basketball guns are being used by high schools, colleges, and the NBA. Joseph had previously invented a non-automated rebounding device known as the “Shoot-A-Way,” for which he filed a patent for in 1984. Like the Shoot-A-Way, the Gun has a “collection net [that] can be adjusted from 11 feet to 14 feet to force players to shoot with the right amount of arch depending on where they are shooting from.” Although unlike the Shoot-A-Way, which used tracks to return the ball to the player, the Gun returns the ball by shooting the ball back to the player at a previously set speed and time, this function allows for the player to take up to 1800 shots every hour. This function also allows for a ball to be passed every two seconds, which allows a player to take 200 shots in 10 minutes. Currently there are two models of the basketball Gun invented by John Joseph; the Gun 6000 and the Gun 8000.", "title": "The Gun (basketball)" }, { "docid": "28806938#1", "text": "Hawkes invented the first robotic machine gun, the \"Telepresent Rapid Aiming Platform\" (TRAP), the first weapon he designed. He had been inspired to create a safer way for police to deal with situations after watching a shootout in North Hollywood, Los Angeles on television.", "title": "Graham Hawkes" }, { "docid": "3554176#26", "text": "The use of rapid firing machine guns and long range breech loading artillery quickly led to camouflaging of vehicles and positions. Artillery pieces were soon painted in contrasting bold colours to obscure their outlines. Another early trend was building observation trees, made of steel with bark camouflage. Such trees became popular with the British and French armies in 1916. The observation tree was invented by French painter Lucien-Victor Guirand de Scévola, who led the French army's camouflage unit, the first of its kind in any army. He also invented painted canvas netting to hide machine gun positions, and this was quickly taken up for hiding equipment and gun positions from 1917, 7 million square yards being used by the end of the war.", "title": "Military camouflage" }, { "docid": "4670122#2", "text": "He first developed his passion for guns when he received his own rifle from his father at the age of 12. As a student at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, he converted an empty room into a machine shop and, in 1938 came up with initial designs for what eventually became the experimental T10/T23E1 light machine gun for the United States Army, executing the drawings on his in-laws’ dining room table. U.S. Army Ordnance officials liked the gun design so much they launched Ruger into becoming a full-time gun designer. Over a 53-year career, Ruger helped invent and patent dozens of models of sporting firearms, which were instant and enduring successes. From the start, his company stressed mechanical innovation and safety.", "title": "William B. Ruger" }, { "docid": "2181142#2", "text": "In 1868, the first version of his machine-gun was finished and a demonstration of its capacity was held on Ladugårdsgärdet, Stockholm in front of the Swedish Defense Minister; G.R. Abel. After a couple of modifications and improvements, he patented the multi-barrel, lever-actuated, machine gun and it was bought into the Swedish army as Kulspruta m/1873. Same year, the machine-gun was shown on the 1873 Vienna World's Fair. To reach international success, Palmcrantz met Nordenfelt in 1875 and the latter's company became his British agent. They agreed to market the machine-gun under the then well known Nordenfelt brand and his second model kulspruta m/1875 would later be known as the \"Nordenfelt machine-gun\" after his financial backer, Thorsten Nordenfelt. . It was Nordenfelt who convinced Palmcrantz to increase the caliber of his gun to one inch, making it a suitable weapon for use against the growing threat of torpedo boats.", "title": "Helge Palmcrantz" } ]

[ { "docid": "2691025#0", "text": "Scheherazade, also commonly Sheherazade (), Op. 35, is a symphonic suite composed by Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov in 1888 and based on \"One Thousand and One Nights\" (also known as \"The Arabian Nights)\".", "title": "Scheherazade (Rimsky-Korsakov)" }, { "docid": "14291207#1", "text": "Both settings are influenced by Russian composers, particularly Rimsky-Korsakov, who had written a \"Scheherazade\" in 1888. The first composition was heavily influenced by Russian music, the second used a text inspired by Rimsky-Korsakov's symphonic poem. The musical relation between the overture and the song cycle is tenuous.", "title": "Shéhérazade (Ravel)" } ]

[ { "docid": "40931687#18", "text": "• Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov: Scheherezade (2016)", "title": "Philharmonia Zurich" }, { "docid": "11654825#0", "text": "The Noblewoman Vera Sheloga (, \"Boyarïnya Vera Sheloga\") is an opera in one act by Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov. Rimsky-Korsakov wrote the libretto, which he based on the first act of the play \"The Maid of Pskov\" by Lev Alexandrovich Mey. The opera was composed in 1898 from material omitted from the second version of Rimsky-Korsakov's setting of the play as an opera. The first and third versions of the opera \"The Maid of Pskov\" omit the first act of the play.", "title": "The Noblewoman Vera Sheloga" }, { "docid": "31519189#0", "text": "Song of Scheherazade is a 1947 American musical film directed by Walter Reisch. It tells the story of an imaginary episode in the life of the Russian composer Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov (Jean-Pierre Aumont), in 1865, when he was a young naval officer on shore leave in Morocco. It also features Yvonne De Carlo as a Spanish dancer named Cara de Talavera, Eve Arden as her mother, and Brian Donlevy as the ship's captain. Charles Kullman (credited as Charles Kullmann), a tenor with the Metropolitan Opera, plays the ship's doctor, Klin, who sings two of Rimsky-Korsakov's melodies.", "title": "Song of Scheherazade" }, { "docid": "16162971#17", "text": "Though now eclipsed by \"Scheherazade\" in popularity, \"Antar\" was performed fairly frequently during the composer's lifetime, several times under his direction. One person who would not conduct it was Eduard Nápravník. Asked more than once to do so, he finally replied, with apparent disdain, \"[Rimsky-Korsakov] might as well conduct it himself.\" The composer did exactly that, at an 1876 concert of the Russian Musical Society (RMS).", "title": "Antar (Rimsky-Korsakov)" }, { "docid": "3462006#0", "text": "Mlada () is an opera-ballet in four acts, composed between 1889 and 1890 by Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, to a libretto by Viktor Krylov that was originally employed for an aborted project of the same name from 1872.", "title": "Mlada (Rimsky-Korsakov)" }, { "docid": "2016602#1", "text": "Rimsky-Korsakov and Belsky first became interested in writing an opera on the Kitezh legend during the winter of 1898-1899, while they were working on the libretto to \"The Tale of Tsar Saltan\". The idea of combining the legend of St. Fevroniya into the story was part of the project from the beginning. The project remained in the minds of both composer and the librettist, but would have to wait until 1903 until serious work could begin. During the period between 1898 and the beginning of 1903, the composer was occupied with the composition of the operas \"The Tale of Tsar Saltan\", \"Servilia\", \"Kashchey the Immortal\" and \"Pan Voyevoda\". In his \"My Musical Life\", Rimsky-Korsakov mentions \"In the midst of work on \"Pan Voyevoda\" Belsky and I pondered intensively the subject of \"The Tale of the Invisible City of Kityezh and of the Maiden Fyevroniya\".\" Rimsky-Korsakov had written a rough draft of the first act by the end of summer, and Belsky had completed the libretto by spring. By summer of 1904, Rimsky-Korsakov had finished the composition of the second tableau of Act III and was orchestrating the opera. During the summer of 1905, while writing his \"Principles of Orchestration\", Rimsky-Korsakov also polished the orchestral score to \"Kitezh\", and made a clean final copy to send to the printers.", "title": "The Legend of the Invisible City of Kitezh and the Maiden Fevroniya" }, { "docid": "16572227#2", "text": "By the time the navy sent Rimsky-Korsakov on a three-year world cruise in 1862, he had completed the first movement, scherzo and finale of the symphony. He wrote the slow movement during a stop in England, then mailed the score to Balakirev before going back to sea. Upon his return to St. Petersburg in 1865, Balakirev suggested that Rimsky-Korsakov renew work on the symphony. He did, writing a trio for the Scherzo and reorchestrating the whole work. Balakirev conducted the successful premiere of the symphony in December, 1865. Rimsky-Korsakov appeared on stage in uniform to acknowledge the applause (regulations demanded that officers remain in uniform even when off-duty). Seeing him, the audience was surprised a naval officer had written such a work. A second performance quickly followed in March 1866 under the baton of Konstantin Lyadov, father of the composer Anatoly Lyadov.", "title": "Symphony No. 1 (Rimsky-Korsakov)" }, { "docid": "56524247#1", "text": "In 1902, when Stravinsky composed the piece, he was studying law at St. Petersburg University. He met Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov's son Vladimir there. At this time, Stravinsky's ambition was to become a composer, since his father, Fyodor Stravinsky, was also a successful bass opera singer, but studied law out of being pressured into it by his family. However, he started coming to Nikolai's house in order to learn composition and orchestration. Very few juvenalia works from this period still remain, but some of them, presumably the ones he kept in his portfolio, survived. This was the case for his Piano Sonata in F-sharp minor and, also, this scherzo. After composing just a handful of works in these years, Stravinsky would not produce anything significant, but continued to attend private classes with Rimsky-Korsakov until the latter's death in 1908.", "title": "Scherzo (Stravinsky)" } ]

[ { "docid": "2984693#0", "text": "\"Express Yourself\" is a song by American singer-songwriter Madonna, from her fourth studio album \"Like a Prayer\" (1989). It was released as the second single from the album on May 9, 1989 by Sire Records. The song was included on the greatest hits compilation albums \"The Immaculate Collection\" (1990), and \"Celebration\" (2009). \"Express Yourself\" was the first song that Madonna and producer Stephen Bray collaborated on for \"Like a Prayer\". Written and produced by them, the song was a tribute to American funk and soul band Sly and the Family Stone. The main inspiration behind the song is female empowerment, urging women never to go for second-best and to always express their inner feelings.", "title": "Express Yourself (Madonna song)" }, { "docid": "2984693#16", "text": "\"Express Yourself\" was released in the United Kingdom on June 3, 1989, and entered the UK Singles Chart at number ten, moving to its peak of number five the next week. \"Express Yourself\" was the 20th best-selling song of 1989 in the UK, with the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) certifying it silver, for shipment of 200,000 copies of the single. According to the Official Charts Company, the song has sold 209,000 copies there. \"Express Yourself\" was Madonna's sixth number one single on the European Hot 100 Singles chart, reaching the top on July 1, 1989, and staying at number one for three weeks. In Belgium, \"Express Yourself\" debuted at number 16 on the Ultratop chart on June 10, 1989, and reached a peak of number three. In the Netherlands, \"Express Yourself\" debuted at number 27 on the Dutch Top 40, and reached a peak of five on July 1, 1989. The song reached a peak of number three in Germany, where it remained for two weeks, before spending a total of 18 weeks on the chart. On the Swiss Singles Chart, \"Express Yourself\" was one of the highest debuting song on the issued dated June 11, 1989. After seven weeks, the song reached the top of the chart for one week, becoming Madonna's third number-one single there.", "title": "Express Yourself (Madonna song)" }, { "docid": "2984693#4", "text": "\"Express Yourself\" was released as the second single from her fourth studio album, \"Like a Prayer\", on May 9, 1989, with \"The Look of Love\", from the 1987 film soundtrack \"Who's That Girl\", on its B-side. When Madonna started work on \"Like a Prayer\", she considered many options, and thought about the musical direction for it. She had certain matters on her mind, including her troubled relationship with her ex-husband Sean Penn, her family, her lost mother and even her belief in God. Madonna thought about lyrical ideas for the songs on topics that, until then, were personal mediation never to be shared with her public so openly and pointedly. She came to the realization that as she and her fans were growing up, and it was time for her to move away from the teen appeal to wider audiences, and en-cash on the longevity of the album market. Madonna wanted her new sound to be calculative and indicative of what was fashionable, and ride the changing trend of music.", "title": "Express Yourself (Madonna song)" } ]

[ { "docid": "2984693#28", "text": "Four years later, Madonna sang \"Express Yourself\" on her show at a benefit gala on December 2, 2016 at Miami Beach's Faena Forum. The concert was held along with an accompanying art auction and dinner, to benefit Madonna's Raising Malawi foundation to support their projects like the Mercy James Pediatric Surgery Hospital in Malawi, as well as art and education initiatives for impoverished children in the country. In November 7, 2016, Madonna performed the song as part of an impromptu acoustic concert at Washington Square Park in support of Hillary Clinton's presidential campaign.\nKelly Clarkson performed \"Express Yourself\" on her first audition for the first season of singing television series \"American Idol\". She went on to win the competition and built a successful music career. The 1999 compilation album, \"Virgin Voices: A Tribute To Madonna, Vol. 1\", features a cover version by Information Society. In 2010, the female leads of the Fox TV show \"Glee\" performed the song in the episode titled \"The Power of Madonna\". When the fictional character Will Schuester observes a cheer leading group in the episode performing a routine with stilts to Madonna's \"Ray of Light\", he is inspired to set a Madonna-themed assignment for the members of the fictional Glee club, New Directions. To this, the female members of the club perform \"Express Yourself\", much to the uneasiness of the male members. This version was released on the soundtrack album \"\", and reached number 132 on the UK Singles Chart. Nearly 30 years after the \"Like a Prayer\" controversy, \"Express Yourself\" was featured in a Pepsi commercial for Super Bowl 50. Chad Stubbs, the VP marketing of Pepsi, explained the song choice, \"It was within that album and era that we had worked with Madonna before.\"", "title": "Express Yourself (Madonna song)" }, { "docid": "2984693#11", "text": "Biographer Mary Cross noted in her book \"Madonna: A Biography\", how the song paved the way for its music video and became a testament to freedom. Authors Allen Metz and Carol Benson noted in their essays on Madonna, how she decimated \"patriarchal, racist and capitalist constructions\", by the way she pronounced the word \"self\" in \"Express Yourself\". They added that the opening line \"Don't go for second best, baby\" transformed the song into a postmodernist anthem. Scholar Sheila Whiteley noted in her book \"Women and Popular Music: Sexuality, Identity, and Subjectivity\", that Madonna's acknowledgement of the pastiche and of being capable of imitating musical style was interesting to her, but given Madonna's ability to manipulate image, the musical exuberance of \"Express Yourself\" did not appear surprising. Mark Bego, author of \"Madonna: Blond Ambition\" declared that \"the song that most reflected the Madonna everyone had come to know and be shocked by was 'Express Yourself'.\" O'Brien was impressed with the song, and gave a detailed review:", "title": "Express Yourself (Madonna song)" }, { "docid": "2984693#27", "text": "She also performed a disco-styled version of the song during The Girlie Show World Tour in 1993. The stage was decked in Mylar curtains and glittering disco balls. The performance began with a distorted voice claiming \"I'm gonna take you to a place you've never been before\". Afterwards, Madonna descended from the ceiling on a giant disco ball, wearing a blond afro wig, 1970's style halters and royal blue bell-bottom pants. Then her two back-up dancers appeared on the stage and the three women started singing the song together. The end of the performance was connected to the next song, \"Deeper and Deeper\". According to Guilbert, Madonna was inspired by actress Marlene Dietrich in the 1932 film \"Blonde Venus\" for the performance. It was included on \"\" home video release, recorded on November 19, 1993, at Sydney, Australia. \"Express Yourself\" was included in the military segment of the Re-Invention World Tour in 2004, with the opening line altered to \"Come on boys!\". She and her dancers were dressed in military gear and performed a rifle choreography, with Madonna acting as a sergeant. As Drew Sterwald from \"News Press\" noted, the song in its military version was talking about both personal love, as well as patriotic love. Jon Pareles of \"The New York Times\" commented that the song was contravened as cynical, when Madonna sang the line, \"What you need is a big, strong hand/To lift you to your higher ground\", and raised a rifle above her head. Author Dirk Timmerman pointed out that \"in the context of the show, with [war-induced] performances like 'American Life' and 'Imagine', it added to the anti-war message of the tour.\" In 2008, during the Sticky & Sweet Tour, she performed \"Express Yourself\" as the request song in some of her shows, including the show at Madison Square Garden in New York.\nIn 2012, she performed an excerpt of the song at the Super Bowl XLVI Halftime Show with Cee Lo Green and a large marching band. That same year, \"Express Yourself\" was included on The MDNA Tour where it was given a majorette theme and was the opening song of the show's second segment titled \"Prophecy\", where a mix of joyful songs that \"bring people together\" were performed. Madonna appeared onstage and sang the song dressed in a white majorette uniform with ruby-red stripes and knee-high white boots designed by Miu Miu and twirled a baton; her female back-up dancers wore similar costumes in red .\nHalfway through the song, Madonna sang the chorus of Lady Gaga's \"Born This Way\", as the chord progression and melody of \"Born This Way\" was heavily compared to that of \"Express Yourself\" upon its release, many speculated that Madonna was \"dissing\" Gaga and the song. Towards the end of the performance Madonna also sang the chorus of her own song \"She's Not Me\" from her eleventh studio album \"Hard Candy\" (2008). Critics were positive towards the performance, Melissa Ruggieri from \"Access Atlanta\" felt that by singing the chorus of Lady Gaga's \"Born This Way\" while performing \"Express Yourself\", Madonna was \"proving how it swipes the same melody line, then twisted the knife in that perfectly Madonna way by adding the chorus of her own 'She's Not Me'\". The performance was included in the live album \"MDNA World Tour\" released on September 6, 2013 but the \"Born This Way\" sample was not credited in the album's liner notes.", "title": "Express Yourself (Madonna song)" }, { "docid": "2984693#10", "text": "\"Express Yourself\" received mainly positive reviews from critics. J. Randy Taraborrelli, author of \"\" called the song a \"funky dance anthem\" and reacted positively to its message of a \"female call-to-arms in communication and self-respect.\" Stephen Holden of \"The New York Times\" observed that Madonna repudiated the philosophy of her previous single \"Material Girl\" (1985) in \"Express Yourself\", which he described as \"a 30-year-old's view of life unshadowed by rebellion and lingering lapsed Catholic pain.\" In another article from the same newspaper, Carn James declared it as one of her most exuberant songs. Santiago Fouz-Hernández and Freya Jarman-Ivens, authors of \"Madonna's Drowned Worlds\", complimented the lyrics of the song, and added that it apparently espouses \"gender fluidity as a road to gender equality.\" In his book \"Madonna As Postmodern Myth\", journalist Georges Claude Guilbert described \"Express Yourself\" as a hymn to freedom, \"an encouragement for all women and all oppressed minorities to resist, to express their ideas and their strength faced with tyranny.\"", "title": "Express Yourself (Madonna song)" }, { "docid": "2280608#4", "text": "Madonna was inspired by the look that actor James Stewart gave actress Grace Kelly in the 1954 film \"Rear Window\". Madonna said: \"I can't describe it, but that is the way I want someone to look at me when he loves me. It's the most pure look of love and adoration. Like surrender. It's devastating.\" \"The Look of Love\" was released as the third single from the soundtrack in the United Kingdom, some European countries and Japan. \"I Know It\", a track from Madonna's self-titled debut album, appeared as the B-side. In 1989, the song was used as the B-side for the \"Express Yourself\" single release.", "title": "The Look of Love (Madonna song)" }, { "docid": "2984693#8", "text": "After a small saxophone interlude, a break-down comes with Madonna singing in a fuller voice, as horns and percussion beats continue. Madonna changes the lyrics at the end to \"express himself\", and after another repetition of the bridge and the intermediate verse, the chorus comes where she changes the lyrics back to the original title. The song ends with the words \"respect yourself\" fading out. Set within a simple song structure, \"Express Yourself\" plays with ambiguity through a subtle control of harmony and the avoidance of diatonic closure. The song appears to be in the key of G major but its actual composition seems to be written in the key of C major. But the first note of the melody, \"don't\" in B major, implies the G Dorian mode. This is also evident in Madonna's vocal nuance on the words \"express yourself\", which initially centers on G, before moving down a semitone to E minor, the raised 6th in G Dorian. Per the sheet music published by Alfred Publishing Co. Inc., \"Express Yourself\" is set in time signature of common time, with a tempo of 120 beats per minute. Madonna's voice range spans from G to C with a chord progression of G–F/G–C–G.", "title": "Express Yourself (Madonna song)" }, { "docid": "2984693#1", "text": "\"Express Yourself\" is an upbeat dance-pop song that features instrumentation from brass, hand claps and drum beats, while the chorus is backed by the sound of saxophone and percussion. The lyrics talk about rejecting material pleasures and only accepting the best for oneself; subtexts are employed throughout the song. \"Express Yourself\" received positive reviews from critics, who applauded the gender equality message of the song and complimented the song for being a hymn to freedom and encouragement to women and all oppressed minorities. Commercially, the song peaked at number two on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and became Madonna's sixth number-one hit on the European Hot 100 Singles chart. It also reached the top of the singles charts in Canada, Italy and Switzerland, and the top five elsewhere.", "title": "Express Yourself (Madonna song)" } ]

[ { "docid": "4591793#0", "text": "Michael P. Pratt (born August 4, 1948) is an American retired basketball player and coach. He was a 6'4\" (1.93 m), 195 lb (88.5 kg) guard.", "title": "Mike Pratt (basketball)" } ]

[ { "docid": "14272887#0", "text": "Michael Philip Pratt (born 10 February 1948) is a former Liberal member of the Australian House of Representatives. He was born in Blyth, South Australia and was a farmer and grazier before entering Parliament. He was elected to the seat of Adelaide at a 1988 by-election following the resignation of Chris Hurford to become Consul-General in New York, but was defeated by Labor's Bob Catley at the 1990 election.", "title": "Mike Pratt (Australian politician)" }, { "docid": "42286485#81", "text": "Mike Pratt (Jake McDorman) is a recurring character in season 3 and a regular character in season 4. Mike is responsible and good natured. He is Fiona's corporate boss and in season 4, becomes her boyfriend. Fiona cheats on Mike with his brother Robbie, which Mike eventually learns. Although very hurt by Fiona's betrayal, Mike does not fire her and bails Fiona out of prison. Mike makes it clear that he never wants to see her again. At the end of season 4, Fiona is having a hard time finding a job because of her felony conviction. She asks Mike's sister to lie and say that she was not fired because of her drug and child neglect arrest but because of downsizing. Mike's sister berates Fiona for taking advantage of someone as nice as Mike, asking the company to lie to the federal government for her and causing a rift in their family.", "title": "List of Shameless (U.S. TV series) characters" }, { "docid": "748257#3", "text": "Guy Pratt was born on 3 January 1962, in a flat above a shop on the street The Cut, in Lambeth, South London, England. His father, Mike Pratt, was an actor, songwriter and screenwriter but died when Guy was 14. He worked for a while as a graphic designer, but then decided to concentrate on a music career.In the late 1970's guy was in a band based in southend on sea called 'speedball', who released one 45 on NO PAP1 records called ' no survivors' - absolutely superb for its time within the mod revival of that period, the single today can fetch upwards of £200-£300 in mint condition. In 1981, aged 19, Pratt was asked to tour with Icehouse. Two years later as a member of Icehouse he supported David Bowie on his Serious Moonlight Tour, which was Bowie's longest, largest, and most successful concert tour. This led to other engagements including a stint with Pink Floyd. He also spent some time in Los Angeles where he played with Madonna and Michael Jackson.", "title": "Guy Pratt" }, { "docid": "1944749#2", "text": "Upon returning to England, he earned a living as a jazz and skiffle musician in London clubs. An accomplished guitarist and pianist, in the 1950s, he jammed with the Vipers Skiffle Group at the 2 I's club in London with his friend Tommy Steele. Pratt can be seen jamming skiffle on a 1950s Pathé News clip with other musicians of the era including members of the Shadows. A successful songwriter, Mike collaborated with Bart and Steele on many of Steele's early hits in the late 1950s and early '60s. To enable Steele to start to film his life story, co-writers Steele, Bart and Pratt, wrote twelve songs in seven days. A Steele-Pratt collaboration, \"A Handful of Songs\", originally a hit for Tommy Steele in 1957, became the theme tune to a long-running Granada Television children's programme of the same name in the late 1970s. They also contributed to the writing of the song \"Rock with the Caveman\". Bart and Pratt received the 1957 Ivor Novello award for Best Song Musically and Lyrically for \"Little White Bull\". He won a further Ivor Novello award for \"Handful of Songs\". In 1961, he wrote the music and lyrics for \"The Big Client\", a play which was produced at the Bristol Old Vic from 28 November 1961.", "title": "Mike Pratt (actor)" }, { "docid": "4591793#2", "text": "Following his playing days he became an assistant coach under Lee Rose at UNC Charlotte, helping the 49ers to reach the 1977 NCAA Final Four. After Rose accepted the head coaching job at Purdue following the 1977–78 season, Pratt was chosen as his successor. Pratt coached the 49ers for four seasons, compiling a record of 55–52 before being relieved of his duties following the 1981–82 season.", "title": "Mike Pratt (basketball)" }, { "docid": "19746709#0", "text": "Michael Larry Potts (born September 5, 1970 in Langdale, Alabama) is a former left-handed Major League Baseball relief pitcher who played for the Milwaukee Brewers in 1996. He was 5'9\" tall and he weighed 179 pounds.", "title": "Mike Potts (baseball)" }, { "docid": "19477084#6", "text": "Recent exhibitions at Tensta konsthall include\n• “Abstract Possible: The Stockholm Synergies,” with Doug Ashford, Claire Barclay, Goldin+Senneby, Wade Guyton, Mai-Thu Perret, Walid Raad, and Haegue Yang, among others\n• “Kami, Khokha, Bert and Ernie: World Heritage” by Hinrich Sachs\n• “Doing what you want: Marie-Louise Ekman accompanied by Sister Corita Kent, Mladen Stilinović, and Martha Wilson” \n• “The Society without qualities” with Sören Andreasen, Ane Hjort Guttu, Sture Johannesson, Sharon Lockhardt, and Palle Nielsen (part of “The new model” and curated by Lars Bang Larsen)\n• “Working With…” by Zak Kyes\n• “We are continuing BBDG” with Bernd Krauss\n• “Two Archives” by Babak Afrassiabi and Nasrin Tabatabai", "title": "Tensta Konsthall" }, { "docid": "41959688#0", "text": "Winfield Toll Bridge, also known as the Ross Booth Memorial Bridge, is a historic three-span cantilever Warren Truss bridge located at Winfield and Red House, Putnam County, West Virginia. It was built in 1955, and spans the Kanawha River, carrying West Virginia Route 34. The cantilever through-truss consists of two anchor spans each 245 feet in length and the main span 462 feet in length between pier center lines. The main span consists of two 128 feet, 4 inch, cantilever arms and a 205 feet, 4 inch, suspended span.", "title": "Winfield Toll Bridge" }, { "docid": "3305282#2", "text": "Back in Death Valley, Mike realizes that he can move rocks with the power of his mind. Jody appears, but a distrustful Mike accuses his brother of having abandoned him. Mike begins working on the hearse's engine, seemingly using parts to build a makeshift sphere. Mike goes through a gate, but finds himself in a deserted city and escapes The Tall Man only with Jody's help. Meanwhile, Reggie arrives at Death Valley and fights off a group of zombie dwarves shortly before Mike and Jody reappear through a gate. Mike embraces Reggie and tells him not to trust Jody. Mike and Jody pass through the gate and appear in Jebediah's house. Invisible to the old man, they witness how he perfects his craft and approaches the inter-dimensional gate. Mike unsuccessfully tries to stab Jebediah, who vanishes and moments later is replaced by the evil Tall Man who emerges in his place. The Tall Man can see Jody and Mike, forcing Mike to escape through the gate. Jody finds Mike in a cemetery and attacks him. Awakening on a mortuary slab, Mike uses the tuning fork to immobilize Jody and the Tall Man as they attempt to saw his head open. He kills Jody with the sphere he built. The Tall Man quickly revives and telekinetically takes the fork from Mike. Again, Mike escapes through the gate back to Death Valley, this time pursued by his nemesis.", "title": "Phantasm IV: Oblivion" } ]

[ { "docid": "176551#4", "text": "The 1954 merger of Nash-Kelvinator Corporation and Hudson Motor Car Company, and the creation of American Motors, was led by George W. Mason to reap benefits from the strengths of the two firms to battle the much larger \"Big Three\" automakers (General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler).", "title": "American Motors Corporation" } ]

[ { "docid": "176551#8", "text": "In January 1954, Nash-Kelvinator Corporation began acquisition of the Hudson Motor Car Company (in what was called a merger). The new corporation would be called American Motors Corporation. (An earlier corporation with the same name, co-founded by Louis Chevrolet, had existed in New Jersey from 1916 through 1922 before merging into the Bessemer–American Motors Corporation.)", "title": "American Motors Corporation" }, { "docid": "176551#112", "text": "As of 2007, Chrysler still employed over 1,600 people at the complex, moving those operations in mid-2009 to the Chrysler Technology Center. PROC was made available for sale by Chrysler in early 2010. It was bought be a local man who gutted the building for scrap and left it in a dilapidated state before losing it to foreclosure. The building now sits abandoned in possession of the city of Detroit. The era of 1900 to 1925 saw various corporations, in several U.S. states, use similar \"American\" names, such as American Motor Carriage Company (Ohio, 1902–1903), American Automobile Manufacturing Company (Indiana, 1911–1912), and American Motors Incorporated (New York, 1919–1920). In 1916, an earlier \"American Motors Corporation\", apparently unrelated to the more famous later corporation of the same name, was formed in Newark, New Jersey, with Louis Chevrolet as vice president and chief engineer. By 1918 it was producing cars in a plant at Plainfield, New Jersey. In 1923 it merged with the Bessemer Motor Truck Company of Pennsylvania into Bessemer–American Motors Corporation, which lasted less than a year before merging with the Winther and Northway companies into Amalgamated Motors. The latter company apparently ceased soon after.", "title": "American Motors Corporation" }, { "docid": "12102#0", "text": "General Motors Company, commonly referred to as General Motors (GM), is an American multinational corporation headquartered in Detroit that designs, manufactures, markets, and distributes vehicles and vehicle parts, and sells financial services, with global headquarters in Detroit's Renaissance Center. It was originally founded by William C. Durant on September 16, 1908 as a holding company. The company is the largest American automobile manufacturer, and one of the world's largest. As of 2018, General Motors is ranked #10 on the Fortune 500 rankings of the largest United States corporations by total revenue.", "title": "General Motors" }, { "docid": "349594#9", "text": "Also in 1916, American Motors Corporation (unrelated to the later American Motors created by the 1954 merger of Nash-Kelvinator Corporation and Hudson Motor Car Company) was formed in Newark, New Jersey, with Louis Chevrolet as vice president and chief engineer. By 1918 it was producing cars in a plant at Plainfield, New Jersey. In 1923 it merged with the Bessemer Motor Truck Company of Pennsylvania into Bessemer-American Motors Corporation, which lasted less than a year before merging with the Winther and Northway companies into Amalgamated Motors. The latter company apparently ceased soon after.", "title": "Louis Chevrolet" }, { "docid": "176551#100", "text": "AM General, sold by American Motors in 1982, is still in business building the American Motors-designed Humvee for American and allied militaries. AM General also built the now-discontinued civilian variant – the H1 – and manufactured a Chevrolet Tahoe-derived companion, the H2, under contract to GM, who acquired the rights to the civilian Hummer brand in 1999. GM was forced to phase out the Hummer brand in early 2010 as a part of its bankruptcy restructuring after offering it for sale, but failing to find a suitable buyer.", "title": "American Motors Corporation" }, { "docid": "1661822#0", "text": "Evinrude Outboard Motors is an American company that builds a major brand of outboard motors for boats. Founded by Ole Evinrude in Milwaukee, Wisconsin in 1907, it was formerly owned by the publicly traded Outboard Marine Corporation (OMC) since 1935, but OMC filed for bankruptcy in 2000. It is now a subsidiary of North American Bombardier Recreational Products.", "title": "Evinrude Outboard Motors" }, { "docid": "1936016#1", "text": "The company was founded by Charles T. Jeffery and Thomas B. Jeffery, and sold under the brand name Rambler between 1902 and 1913. On the death of the founder, Thomas Jeffery in 1910, his son Charles took over the business. In 1915, Charles T. Jeffery, changed the automotive branding from Rambler to Jeffery to honor the founder, his father, Thomas B. Jeffery. Production continued until 1917 when it was sold to Charles W. Nash, former president of General Motors, and formed the foundation of the Nash Motors Company. Nash Motors went on to become Nash-Kelvinator Corporation, in 1954 merging as American Motors Corporation (AMC), finally bought out by Chrysler in 1987 and becoming the Jeep-Eagle Division of Chrysler.", "title": "Jeffery (automobile)" }, { "docid": "176551#113", "text": "A new company was formed in Palmdale, California, in 2001. A registration for the American Motors trademarks was filed in 2001 by this California-based firm. The company's website specifically claimed no affiliation to the previous American Motors, but used AMC's history and logos on its website. The website is now dead, and the company's claims to AMC's trademarks expired in 2005.", "title": "American Motors Corporation" }, { "docid": "10561838#5", "text": "Durant was forced out of the firm by the stockholders, and co-founded the Chevrolet Motor Company in 1911 with Louis Chevrolet. R S McLaughlin in 1915 built Chevrolet in Canada and after a stock buy back campaign with the McLaughlin and DuPont corporations, and other Chevrolet stock holders, he returned to head GM in 1916, as Chevrolet owned 54.5% with the backing of Pierre S. du Pont. On October 13 of the same year, GM Company incorporated as General Motors Corporation after McLaughlin merged his companies and sold his Chevrolet stock to allow the incorporation, which in turn followed the incorporation of General Motors of Canada (reverting to General Motors Company upon emergence from bankruptcy in 2009 that left General Motors of Canada Limited as a privately owned Canadian Company). Chevrolet entered the General Motors fold in 1918 as it became part of the Corporation with R S McLaughlin as Director and Vice-President of the Corporation ; its first GM car was 1918's Chevrolet 490. Du Pont removed Durant from management in 1920, and various Du Pont interests held large or controlling share holdings until about 1950.", "title": "History of General Motors" }, { "docid": "176551#21", "text": "In 1959, AMC hired designer Richard A. Teague who had previously worked for General Motors, Packard, and Chrysler; after Edmund E. Anderson left the company in 1961, Teague was named principal designer and in 1964, Vice President.", "title": "American Motors Corporation" }, { "docid": "176551#9", "text": "The Nash-Kelvinator/Hudson deal was a straight stock transfer (three shares of Hudson listed at 11⅛, for two shares of AMC and one share of Nash-Kelvinator listed at 17⅜, for one share of AMC) and finalized in the spring of 1954, forming the fourth-biggest auto company in the U.S. with assets of US$355 million and more than $100 million in working capital. The new company retained Hudson CEO A.E. Barit as a consultant and he took a seat on the Board of Directors. Nash's George W. Mason became President and CEO.\nMason, the architect of the merger, believed that the survival of the US' remaining independent automakers was dependent on their joining in one multibrand company capable of challenging the \"Big Three\"—General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler—as an equal. The \"frantic 1953–54 Ford/GM price war\" had a devastating impact on the remaining \"independent\" automakers. The reasons for the merger between Nash and Hudson included helping cut costs and strengthen their sales organizations to meet the intense competition expected from autos' Big Three.", "title": "American Motors Corporation" } ]

[ { "docid": "390975#33", "text": "In March 1961, Verwoerd visited the Imperial Conference in London to discuss South Africa becoming a republic within the Commonwealth, presenting the Republic of South Africa's application for a renewal of its membership to the Commonwealth. The Commonwealth had earlier declined to predict how republican status would affect South Africa's membership, it did not want to be seen to be meddling in its members' domestic affairs. However, many of the Conference's affiliates (prominent among them the Afro-Asia group and Canadian Prime Minister John Diefenbaker) attacked South Africa's racial policies and rebuffed Verwoerd's application; they would go to any lengths to expel South Africa from the Commonwealth. In the UK, numerous anti-apartheid movements were also campaigning for South Africa's exclusion. Some member countries warned that, unless South Africa was expelled, they would themselves pull out of the organisation. Verwoerd discarded the censure, arguing that his Commonwealth cohorts had no right to question and criticise the domestic affairs of his country. On this issue, he even had the support of his parliamentary opposition.", "title": "National Party (South Africa)" }, { "docid": "2265454#18", "text": "This was ended in 1961 when South Africa left the British Commonwealth on becoming a Republic, and formally abandoned all of its connections, with Union nationals becoming citizens of the Republic of South Africa. By the time South Africa returned to the Commonwealth in 1994, the phrase \"British Subject\" had been replaced by \"Commonwealth citizen\". Australia was the last to phase out British Subject in the Citizenship law which was in 1986.", "title": "South African nationality law" }, { "docid": "1931950#0", "text": "A referendum on becoming a republic was held in South Africa on 5 October 1960. The Afrikaner-dominated right-wing National Party, which had come to power in 1948, was avowedly republican, and regarded the position of Queen Elizabeth II as head of state as a relic of British imperialism. The National Party government subsequently organised the referendum on whether the then Union of South Africa should become a republic. The vote, which was restricted to whites, was narrowly approved by 52.29% of the voters. The Republic of South Africa was constituted on 31 May 1961.", "title": "1960 South African republic referendum" }, { "docid": "924093#18", "text": "In 1960 a whites-only referendum was held to decide whether South Africa should become a republic. No changes were made to the franchise with the Republic's emergence in 1961. However, with the policy of establishing Bantustans the remaining black representation in the Senate was completely removed.", "title": "Elections in South Africa" }, { "docid": "2200527#78", "text": "As a consequence of this change of status, South Africa needed to reapply for continued membership of the Commonwealth, with which it had privileged trade links. India had become a republic within the Commonwealth in 1950, but it became clear that African and Asian member states would oppose South Africa due to its apartheid policies. As a result, South Africa withdrew from the Commonwealth on 31 May 1961, the day that the Republic came into existence.", "title": "Apartheid" } ]

[ { "docid": "390975#19", "text": "Many English-speakers did not want to break their ties with the United Kingdom. However, in 1949, at the Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference in London (with Malan in attendance), India requested that, in spite of its newly attained republican status, it remain a member of the British Commonwealth. When this was granted the following year by the London Declaration, it roused a great deal of debate in South Africa between the pro-republican NP and the anti-republican UP (under Strauss). What it meant was that, even if South Africa did become a republic, it did not automatically have to sever all of its ties with the UK and the British Commonwealth. This gained the movement further support from the English-speaking populace, which was less worried about being isolated; and the republican ideal looked closer than ever to being fulfilled.", "title": "National Party (South Africa)" }, { "docid": "28720074#2", "text": "On 3 August 1960, the National Party government announced a referendum would be held in October of that year so that voters might weigh in on the question of whether the Union of South Africa should become a republic. The vote was restricted to white South Africans. More than 90% of eligible voters participated in the referendum, and 52.3% of those who did voted in favour of \"a Republic for the Union.\"", "title": "South African Constitution of 1961" }, { "docid": "6076847#9", "text": "Membership of the Commonwealth is by common assent of the existing members, and this principle applies equally to territories gaining independence from the UK and to outside territories requesting membership. Until 2007, Commonwealth members that changed their internal constitutional structure to that of a republic had to re-apply for membership. Widespread objection to the racial policies in South Africa resulted in that country deciding not to pursue a re-application for Commonwealth membership when it became a republic in 1961. South Africa was subsequently readmitted as a member of the Commonwealth after democratic elections in 1994. Fiji and the Maldives also did not apply for continued membership after becoming republics (Fiji was likely to be suspended in any case, since a coup had overthrown the democratically elected government), and thus their membership lapsed too.", "title": "Republics in the Commonwealth of Nations" }, { "docid": "20561964#7", "text": "South Africa's policies were subject to international scrutiny in 1960, when British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan criticised them during his celebrated Wind of Change speech in Cape Town. Weeks later, tensions came to a head in the Sharpeville Massacre, resulting in more international condemnation. Soon thereafter, Verwoerd announced a referendum on whether the country should sever links with the British monarchy and become a republic instead. Verwoerd lowered the voting age for whites to eighteen and included whites in South West Africa on the voter's roll. The referendum on 5 October that year asked whites, \"Do you support a republic for the Union?\", and 52 per cent voted \"Yes\".", "title": "Foreign relations of South Africa during apartheid" }, { "docid": "44555#33", "text": "With the creation of the United Nations, the Union applied for the incorporation of South West Africa, but its application was rejected by the U.N., which invited South Africa to prepare a Trusteeship agreement instead. This invitation was in turn rejected by the Union, which subsequently did not modify the administration of South West Africa and continued to adhere to the original mandate. This caused a complex set of legal wranglings that were not finalised when the Union was replaced with the Republic of South Africa. In 1949, the Union passed a law bringing South West Africa into closer association with it including giving South West Africa representation in the South African parliament.", "title": "Union of South Africa" } ]

[ { "docid": "92689#28", "text": "Three video games were released based on the manga and the film. All three of the titles were developed by Technopolis Soft and published by Technopolis Soft and Tokuma Shoten. \"Nausicaä in the Nick of Time\" also known as \"Nausicaä's Close Call\" (\"Naushika Kiki Ippatsu\" or \"Nausicaä Kiki Ippatsu\") is a Japanese shoot 'em up video game developed and published by Technopolis Soft for the NEC PC-6001 computer system in 1984. The game marketed as \"Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind\" and known by its title screen as , is an adventure game developed by Technopolis Soft for the NEC PC-8801: it was released in the 1980s, most likely 1984. The third game, for the MSX is the most well-known of the releases and has been frequently and erroneously referred to as a game where the player kills the Ohmu. These games signaled the end of video game adaptations for Hayao Miyzaki's films. The only other games based on Miyazaki films were the LaserDisc arcade game \"Cliff Hanger\" and the MSX2 platform-adventure game \"Lupin III: The Castle of Cagliostro\", both of which were based on \"The Castle of Cagliostro\". Luke Plunkett describes these \"two awful adaptations\" as the reason Miyazaki does not allow further video game adaptations of his films.", "title": "Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind (film)" }, { "docid": "5355594#16", "text": "\"Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind\" was initially translated into English by Toren Smith and Dana Lewis. Smith, who had written comics in the U.S. since 1982, wrote an article on \"Warriors of the Wind\" (the heavily edited version of the film adaptation released in the U.S. in the 1980s) for the Japanese edition of Starlog, in which he criticized what New World Pictures had done to Miyazaki's film. The article came to the attention of Miyazaki himself, who invited Smith to Studio Ghibli for a meeting. On Miyazaki's insistence, Smith's own company Studio Proteus was chosen as the producer of the English-language translation. Smith hired Dana Lewis to collaborate on the translation. Lewis was a professional translator in Japan who also wrote for Newsweek and had written cover stories for such science fiction magazines as Analog Science Fiction and Fact and Amazing Stories. Smith hired Tom Orzechowski for the lettering and retouching.", "title": "Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind (manga)" }, { "docid": "20312#10", "text": "Following the success of \"Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind\", Yasuyoshi Tokuma, the founder of Tokuma Shoten, encouraged Miyazaki to work on a film adaptation. Miyazaki initially refused, but agreed on the condition that he could direct. Miyazaki's imagination was sparked by the mercury poisoning of Minamata Bay and how nature responded and thrived in a poisoned environment, using it to create the film's polluted world. Miyazaki and Takahata chose the minor studio Topcraft to animate the film, as they believed its artistic talent could transpose the sophisticated atmosphere of the manga to the film. Pre-production began on May 31, 1983; Miyazaki encountered difficulties in creating the screenplay, with only sixteen chapters of the manga to work with. Takahata enlisted experimental and minimalist musician Joe Hisaishi to compose the film's score. \"Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind\" was released on March 11, 1984. It grossed ¥1.48 billion at the box office, and made an additional ¥742 million in distribution income. It is often seen as Miyazaki's pivotal work, cementing his reputation as an animator. It was lauded for its positive portrayal of women, particularly that of main character Nausicaä. Several critics have labeled \"Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind\" as possessing anti-war and feminist themes; Miyazaki argues otherwise, stating that he only wishes to entertain. The successful cooperation on the creation of the manga and the film laid the foundation for other collaborative projects. In April 1984, Miyazaki opened his own office in Suginami Ward, naming it Nibariki.", "title": "Hayao Miyazaki" }, { "docid": "65308#149", "text": "Hayao Miyazaki's manga series \"Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind\" (later adapted into an anime film by Studio Ghibli in 1984) depicts a post-apocalyptic future where humanity was wiped out in the \"Seven Days of Fire\" 1,000 years before the main events. A \"Toxic Jungle\" threatens the last of humanity. Nausicaä is the princess of The Valley of the Wind who, rather than destroying the Toxic Jungle, decides to study the flora and fauna in the hopes of co-existing with the forest.", "title": "Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction" }, { "docid": "92689#7", "text": "Hayao Miyazaki made his credited directorial debut in 1979 with \"The Castle of Cagliostro\", a film which was a distinct departure from the antics of the \"Lupin III\" franchise, but still went on to receive the Ofuji Noburo Award at the 1979 Mainichi Film Concours. Although \"Cagliostro\" was not a box office success, Toshio Suzuki, editor of the magazine \"Animage\", was impressed by the film and encouraged Miyazaki to produce works for \"Animage's\" publisher, Tokuma Shoten. Miyazaki's film ideas were rejected, and Tokuma asked him to do a manga: this led to the creation of \"Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind\". Miyazaki began writing and drawing the manga in 1979, and it quickly became \"Animage's\" most popular feature. Hideo Ogata and Yasuyoshi Tokuma, the founders of \"Animage\" and Tokuma Shoten respectively, encouraged Miyazaki to work on a film adaptation. Miyazaki initially refused, but agreed on the condition that he could direct.", "title": "Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind (film)" }, { "docid": "5355594#1", "text": "Since its initial serialization, \"Nausicaä\" has become a commercial success, particularly in Japan, where at least 11 million copies have been sold. The manga and the 1984 film adaptation, written and directed by Miyazaki following the serialization of the manga's first sixteen chapters, received universal acclaim from critics and scholars for its characters, themes, and art. The manga and film versions of \"Nausicaä\" are also credited for the foundation of Studio Ghibli, the animation studio for which Miyazaki created several of his most recognized works.", "title": "Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind (manga)" }, { "docid": "22936772#3", "text": "Voice cast: Sumi Shimamoto was the character's Japanese voice actor in the 1984 animated film adaptation of \"Nausicaä\". For the 2005 English dub, released by Buena Vista, Alison Lohman performed the role.", "title": "List of Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind characters" }, { "docid": "5355594#0", "text": "Prior to creating \"Nausicaä\", Miyazaki had worked as an animator for Toei Animation and Tokyo Movie Shinsha (TMS), the latter for whom he had directed his feature film debut, \"Lupin III: The Castle of Cagliostro\" (1979). After working on an aborted adaptation of Richard Corben's \"Rowlf\" for TMS and the publishing firm Tokuma Shoten, he agreed to create a manga series for Tokuma's monthly magazine \"Animage\", initially on the condition that it would not be adapted into a film. \"Nausicaä\" was influenced by the Japanese folk tale \"The Princess who Loved Insects\", a similarly-named character from Homer's \"Odyssey\", the Minamata Bay mercury pollution, and various works of science fiction and fantasy by Western writers, among other sources. The manga was serialized intermittently in \"Animage\" from 1982 to 1994 and the individual chapters were collected and published by Tokuma Shoten in seven \"tankōbon\" volumes. It was serialized with an English translation in North America by Viz Media from 1988 to 1996 as a series of 27 comic book issues and has been published in collected form multiple times.", "title": "Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind (manga)" }, { "docid": "92689#10", "text": "Miyazaki's work on \"Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind\" was inspired by a range of works including Ursula K. Le Guin's \"Earthsea\", Brian Aldiss's \"Hothouse\", Isaac Asimov's \"Nightfall\", and J.R.R Tolkien's \"Lord of the Rings\". Dani Cavallaro also suggests inspiration from \"The Princess Who Loved Insects\" folktale, and the works of William Golding. Nausicaä, the character, was inspired in name and personality, by Homer's Phaeacian princess in the \"Odyssey\". While a connection to Frank Herbert's \"Dune\" is often made there is no confirmation apart from the name \"Ohmu\" being a syllabic rendition of the English \"worm\". Miyazaki's imagination was sparked by the mercury poisoning of Minamata Bay and how nature responded and thrived in a poisoned environment, using it to create the polluted world of \"Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind\". Ian DeWeese-Boyd agrees, \"Her commitment to love and understanding—even to the point of death—transforms the very nature of the conflict around her and begins to dispel the distorting visions that have brought it about.\"", "title": "Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind (film)" }, { "docid": "92689#8", "text": "In the early stages, Isao Takahata, credited as executive producer, reluctantly joined the project even before the animation studio was chosen. An outside studio to produce the film was needed because Tokuma Shoten did not own an animation studio: Miyazaki and Takahata chose the minor studio Topcraft. The production studio's work was known to both Miyazaki and Takahata and was chosen because its artistic talent could transpose the sophisticated atmosphere of the manga to the film. On 31 May 1983, work began on the pre-production of the film. Miyazaki encountered difficulties in creating the screenplay, with only sixteen chapters of the manga to work with. Miyazaki would take elements of the story and refocus the narrative and characters to the Tolmekian invasion of Nausicaä's homeland. Takahata would enlist the experimental and minimalist composer Joe Hisaishi to do the score for the film.", "title": "Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind (film)" } ]

[ { "docid": "20312#32", "text": "Suzuki described Miyazaki as a feminist in reference to his attitude to female workers. Miyazaki has described his female characters as \"brave, self-sufficient girls that don't think twice about fighting for what they believe in with all their heart\", stating that they may \"need a friend, or a supporter, but never a saviour\" and that \"any woman is just as capable of being a hero as any man\". \"Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind\" was lauded for its positive portrayal of women, particularly the protagonist Nausicaä. Schellhase noted that the female characters in Miyazaki's films are not objectified or sexualized, and possess complex and individual characteristics absent from Hollywood productions. Schellhase also identified a \"coming of age\" element for the heroines in Miyazaki's films, as they each discover \"individual personality and strengths\". Gabrielle Bellot of \"The Atlantic\" wrote that, in his films, Miyazaki \"shows a keen understanding of the complexities of what it might mean to be a woman\". In particular, Bellot cites \"Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind\", praising the film's challenging of gender expectations, and the strong and independent nature of Nausicaä. Bellot also noted that \"Princess Mononoke\"s San represents the \"conflict between selfhood and expression\".", "title": "Hayao Miyazaki" } ]

[ { "docid": "200237#0", "text": "The Eurasian eagle-owl (\"Bubo bubo\") is a species of eagle-owl that resides in much of Eurasia. It is also called the European eagle-owl and in Europe, it is occasionally abbreviated to just eagle-owl. It is one of the largest species of owl, and females can grow to a total length of 75 cm (30 in), with a wingspan of 188 cm (6 ft 2 in), males being slightly smaller. This bird has distinctive ear tufts, with upper parts that are mottled with darker blackish colouring and tawny. The wings and tail are barred. The underparts are a variably hued buff, streaked with darker colour. The facial disc is poorly developed and the orange eyes are distinctive.", "title": "Eurasian eagle-owl" } ]

[ { "docid": "200237#3", "text": "The Eurasian eagle-owl is a very large bird, smaller than the golden eagle (\"Aquila chrysaetos\") but larger than the snowy owl, despite some overlap in size with both species. It is sometimes referred to as the world's largest owl, although Blakiston's fish owl (\"B. blakistoni\") is slightly heavier on average and the much lighter weight great grey owl (\"Strix nebulosa\") is slightly longer on average. Heimo Mikkola reported the largest specimens of eagle-owl as having the same upper body mass, , as the largest Blakiston’s fish owl and attained a length of around longer. In terms of average weight and wing size, the Blakiston’s is the slightly larger species seemingly, even averaging a bit larger in these aspects than the biggest eagle-owl races from Russia. Also, although shorter than the largest of the latter species, the Eurasian eagle-owl can weigh well more than twice as much as the largest great grey owl. The Eurasian eagle-owl typically has a wingspan of , with the largest specimens possibly attaining . The total length of the species can vary from . Females can weigh from and males can weigh from . In comparison, the barn owl (\"Tyto alba\"), the world's most widely distributed owl species, weighs about 500 g (1.1 lb) and the great horned owl (\"Bubo virginianus\"), which fills the eagle-owl's ecological niche in North America, weighs around 1.4 kg (3.1 lb).", "title": "Eurasian eagle-owl" }, { "docid": "200237#11", "text": "The Eurasian eagle-owl is a member of the genus \"Bubo\", which may include either 22 or 25 extant species. Almost all the larger owl species in the world today are included in \"Bubo\". Based on an extensive fossil record and a central distribution of extant species on that continent, the \"Bubo\" appears to have evolved into existence in Africa, although early radiations seem to branch from southern Asia as well. Two genera belonging to the scops owls complex, the giant scops owls (\"Otus gurneyi\") found in Asia and the \"Ptilopsis\" or the white-faced scops owl found in Africa, although firmly ensconced in the scops owl group, appear to share some characteristics with the eagle-owls. The \"Strix\" is also related to the \"Bubo\" and is considered a \"sister complex\", with the \"Pulsatrix\" possibly being intermediate between the two. The Eurasian eagle-owl appears to represent an expansion of the genus \"Bubo\" into the Eurasian continent. A few of the other species of \"Bubo\" seem to have been derived from the Eurasian eagle-owl, making it a \"paraspecies\", or they at least share a relatively recent common ancestor. The Pharaoh eagle-owl, distributed in the Arabian Peninsula and sections of the Sahara Desert through North Africa where rocky outcrops are found, was until recently considered a subspecies of the Eurasian eagle-owl. It appears that the Pharaoh eagle-owl differs about 3.8% in mitochondrial DNA from the Eurasian eagle-owl, well past the minimum genetic difference to differentiate species of 1.5%. Smaller and paler than Eurasian eagle-owls, the Pharaoh can also be considered a distinct species largely due to its higher pitched and more descending call and the observation that Eurasian eagle-owls formerly found in Morocco (\"B. b. hispanus\") apparently did not breed with the co-existing Pharaoh eagle-owls. On the contrary, the race still found together with the Pharaoh eagle-owl in the wild (\"B. b. interpositus\") in the central Middle East has been found to interbreed in the wild with the Pharaoh eagle-owl, although genetical materials have indicated \"interpositus\" may itself be a distinct species from the Eurasian eagle-owl, as it differs from the nominate subspecies of the Eurasian eagle-owl by 2.8% in mitochondrial DNA. The Indian eagle-owl was also considered a subspecies of Eurasian eagle-owl until recently, but its smaller size, distinct voice (more clipped and high-pitched than Eurasians), and the fact that it is largely allopatric in distribution (filling out the Indian subcontinent) with other Eurasian eagle-owl races has led to it being considered a distinct species. The mitochondrial DNA of the Indian species also appears considerably distinct from the Eurasian species. The Cape eagle-owl (\"B. capensis\") appears to represent a return of this genetic line back into the African continent, where it leads a lifestyle similar to northern eagle-owls albeit far to the south. Another offshoot of the northern \"Bubo\" group is the snowy owl. It appears to have separated from other \"Bubo\" at least 4 million years ago.", "title": "Eurasian eagle-owl" }, { "docid": "45597481#16", "text": "Equally or even more so than the great horned owl, the Eurasian eagle-owl is a threat to any smaller type of raptor it encounters, whether other owls or diurnal birds of prey. All told, more than 20 species of accipitrid, 15 species of owl and 9 species of falcon have been found amongst their prey. The Eurasian eagle-owl is the primary predator of other birds of prey throughout Eurasia, not even the prolific raptor-killing northern goshawk (\"Accipiter gentilis\") equals the sheer number of raptors taken. Up to 6% of the overall food by number and 36% by prey biomass for Eurasian eagle-owls can be comprised by other raptorial birds. The primary raptorial prey taken by Eurasian eagle-owls in Europe are two species: the long-eared owl and the common buzzard. Both are taken in such large numbers that they rank in the top five most regularly hunted bird species in Europe. In Luxembourg, the long-eared owl and common buzzard were the fourth and fifth most regularly hunted prey species. Other high rankings have included the long-eared owl being the fourth most regular prey species in Bavaria and the buzzard being the third most regular prey species in a study from the Czech Republic. While migrating, long-eared owls appear to select areas to move through partially based on whether or not eagle-owls are detected, thus eagle-owls have a very serious influence on the behaviour of this prey. Despite the large numbers taken of both of these, the more scarce eagle-owl does not seem to have a serious deleterious effect on their overall population, especially compared to anthropogenic factors.\nOther than these two species, a large share of the raptorial prey for eagle-owls is made up of other owls. Given that all European owls are to some extent nocturnal, they may be encountered and killed upon detection by the Eurasian eagle-owl. In Europe, it has killed every other species of owl, from the tiny pygmy owl and scops owl to the large great grey owl and the snowy owl. The Eurasian eagle-owl is the only raptor that has been known to prey on snowy owl on multiple occasions. However, the threat Eurasian eagle-owls poses to other raptors can be exaggerated. Occasionally, with adequate mammal prey populations, they can nest as close as a few dozen meters of other raptors and never harass them. When nesting in the same groves as the long-legged buzzards (\"Buteo rufinus\") in southeastern Bulgaria, Eurasian eagle-owls did not predate the buzzards at any point. Long-legged buzzards have been killed however in Kazakhstan. Even in those occasional cases where they pick off one or several raptors, they do not effect the overall population, unless the raptorial prey is already heavily diminished due to some other (often human-based) cause. For example, despite both being a known predator of both, they did not significantly depress numbers of either northern goshawks or tawny owls in southern Finland. One study showed that many raptors engage in spatial avoidance during potential encounters with Eurasian eagle-owls and while the predation by eagle-owls did decrease raptor population densities, they seldom caused declines in breeding success or altered habitat occupancy.", "title": "Dietary biology of the Eurasian eagle-owl" }, { "docid": "45597481#19", "text": "Generally speaking, there appears to be rather strictly adhered size hierarchy among birds of prey and the very largest raptorial prey attacked by Eurasian eagle-owl tend to roughly equal to their own size. Larger raptors, such as eagles and vultures, seem to be largely invulnerable to eagle-owls. However, in Scandinavia, there are two cases of eagle-owls preying on “fairly large” nestlings of white-tailed eagles (\"Haliaeetus albicilla\"). Given the size, average adult weight of , and formidable character of this eagle, it is possible that the young of other raptors larger than themselves may too be attacked. Eastern imperial eagles (\"Aquila heliaca\"), which are nearly as large as the white-tailed eagle at an average weight of , have been killed by eagle-owls in Kazakhstan. Remarkable, considering the greater threat that the eagle normally poses to the eagle-owl than vica versa, it appeared a golden eagle was amongst the prey remains found around a nest in the French Pyrenees. Cases in Spain where large, formidable birds of prey, the Egyptian vulture (\"Neophron percnopterus\") and Bonelli's eagle, that are roughly equal in size to the eagle-owls, both weighing just over , have been predated, these seem to be taken from the nest or shortly after independence and rare occurrences. However, in Turkey, the eagle-owl is apparently a regular and serious predator of Bonelli's eagles. The Eurasian eagle-owl predates the largest members of the most species-rich diurnal raptor genera: the northern goshawks from the \"Accipiter\" genus, the upland buzzards from the \"Buteo\" genus and the gyrfalcons (\"F. rusticolus\") of the \"Falco\" genus. Additional large raptors, i.e. those that can average or more in body mass, taken as prey include osprey (\"Pandion haliaetus\"), the red kites (\"Milvus milvus\"), short-toed eagles (\"Circaetus gallicus\"), the greater spotted eagle (\"Clanga clanga\"), the lesser spotted eagle (\"Clanga pomarina\"), and the rough-legged buzzards (\"Buteo lagopus\") and saker falcons (\"Falco cherrug\"), in both of which females average more than . The taking of rough-legged buzzards and snowy owls must be confined to full-grown victims, since they nest further north than Eurasian eagle-owls. Eurasian eagle-owls also hunt the smallest raptors available, including those such as lesser kestrels (\"Falco naumanni\") and Japanese sparrowhawks (\"Accipiter gularis\") that weigh less than . Some of these are cases of eagle-owls killing nestlings or fledglings but they can easily overtake adult buzzards, goshawks and falcons of any size.", "title": "Dietary biology of the Eurasian eagle-owl" }, { "docid": "45597481#0", "text": "The Eurasian eagle-owl (\"Bubo bubo\") may well be the most powerful extant species of owl, able to attack and kill large prey far beyond the capacities of most other living owls. However, the species is even more marked for its ability to live on more diverse prey than possibly any other comparably sized raptorial bird, which, given its considerable size, is almost fully restricted to eagles. This species can adapt to surprisingly small prey where it is the only kind available and to large prey where it is abundant. Eurasian eagle-owls feed most commonly on small mammals weighing or more, although nearly 45% of the prey species recorded have an average adult body mass of less than . Usually 55-80% of the food of eagle-owls is mammalian.", "title": "Dietary biology of the Eurasian eagle-owl" }, { "docid": "45597481#3", "text": "Most dietary studies place the average weight of Eurasian eagle-owl prey in the zone of , thus the species fits well within the rule of thumb that most prey weigh no more than 20% of the raptorial bird's own weight. It should be noted that the average prey weight in comparison to the eagle-owl's body mass is reportedly average and unremarkable for both owls and raptors in general, the average prey per one study was 7.2% of the eagle-owls’ body mass. The European raptorial birds most likely to attack prey of a relatively large size compared to themselves were the black kite (\"Milvus migrans\"), whose average prey was 35.7% of its own weight, and the Eurasian pygmy owl (\"Glaucidium passerinum\"), whose average prey was 31.7% of its own weight. On the other hand, when rabbit numbers were at their peak, the average prey mass in Spain may range up to at least 55% of the eagle-owls’ own body mass in that population. A raptorial prey comparison estimated that the mean prey weight for eagle-owls in Europe was as a mean among 5 main regions, the highest of any owl but similar or slightly lighter than the European average for northern goshawks (\"Accipiter gentilis\") and considerably lower only than two widespread European eagles. Per that study the average prey weight of the great horned owl in 4 North American regions was much lower (averaging only ). In Mediterranean scrub, the average mammalian prey of the Eurasian eagle-owl was nearly five times heavier than those of great horned owls from similar habitats in Chile, California and Colorado, where in combination the horned owl's mammalian food averaged . However, a comparison between eagle- and horned owls based upon six comparable biomes in the Americas and Eurasia found the great horned owl's prey averaged , improbably slightly higher than the eagle-owl at . If known Asian studies are mixed with European ones, the average prey weight for the Eurasian eagle-owl overall may also roughly be . Among sympatric owls in Europe, the mean prey weight of long-eared owls (\"Asio otus\") was found to be , the tawny owl (\"Strix aluco\") took prey weighing a mean of (though locally can be as high as ) and short-eared owls (\"Asio flammeus\") mean prey weigh was . A study in Finland seeking to distinguish the differences in prey taken by females and smaller male eagle-owls found that the two sexes prey averaged and , respectively. The species taken as food by the two sexes there were largely the same but the female simply often caught the larger prey individuals.", "title": "Dietary biology of the Eurasian eagle-owl" }, { "docid": "200237#7", "text": "The great size, bulky, barrel-shaped build, erect ear tufts and orange eyes render this as a distinctive species. Other than general morphology, the above features differ markedly from those of two of the next largest subarctic owl species in Europe and western Asia, which are the great grey owl and the greyish to chocolate-brown Ural owl (\"Strix uralensis\"), both of which have no ear tufts and have a distinctly rounded head, rather than the blocky shape of the eagle-owl’s head. The snowy owl is obviously distinctive from most eagle-owls, but during winter the palest Eurasian eagle-owl race (\"B. b. sibiricus\") can appear off-white. Nevertheless, the latter is still distinctively an ear-tufted Eurasian eagle-owl and lacks the pure white background colour and variable black spotting of the slightly smaller species (which has relatively tiny, vestigial ear tufts that have only been observed to have flared on rare occasions). The long-eared owl has a somewhat similar plumage to the eagle-owl but is considerably smaller (an average female eagle-owl may be twice as long and ten times heavier than an average long-eared owl).", "title": "Eurasian eagle-owl" }, { "docid": "45597481#10", "text": "Larger and more dangerous mammalian prey is not infrequently tackled by Eurasian eagle-owl. Nearly thirty species of mammalian carnivores have been reported in their diet. Many of these are mustelids, which are the smallest type of carnivore but can defend themselves viciously, even the tiny least weasel (\"Mustela nivalis\"). Nonetheless, unlike some smaller birds of prey, the Eurasian eagle-owl seems to have no problem subduing various weasels and even martens, some of the latter can nearly equal to their own weight, and will kill the young of much larger species such as European otter (\"Lutra lutra\") and Eurasian badger (\"Meles meles\"). However, the single most widely reported carnivore is the red fox (\"Vulpes vulpes\"), as they've been recorded in the diet from Denmark and Spain to the Russian Far East. Many fox specimens taken by eagle-owls are young individuals or subadults. Some studies posited that the average fox taken as weighing about , about equal to the eagle-owl's own weight, but another noted fox specimens killed that were estimated to weigh , much larger than the eagle-owls. At least four other species of foxes have been verified as prey in the Middle East and Asia. Raccoon dogs (\"Nyctereutes procyonoides\"), averaging , have been preyed on in Asia as well. Other relatively large carnivores have been hunted as well, including invasive Egyptian mongoose (\"Herpestes ichneumon\") in Spain and masked palm civets (\"Paguma larvata\") in China, both being roughly cat-sized at averages of , respectively. Domestic carnivores including cats (\"Felis silvestris catus\") of all sizes and small dogs (\"Canis lupus familiaris\") or puppies may on occasion become prey for Eurasian eagle-owls. Cats killed have been estimated to weigh from . The dogs killed by Bavarian eagle-owls were estimated to average . Non-native carnivores such as American mink (\"Neovison vison\") and raccoon (\"Procyon lotor\") have also been preyed on by eagle-owls, which is presumed to incidentally benefit the prey taken in considerably numbers by these rarely checked invasive fur-bearers.\nThe Eurasian eagle-owl is perhaps the only living owl widely reported (if not commonly) to kill the young of ungulates. At least nine species have been identified as their food. It is possible that some ungulates are eaten as carrion but this species, like most owls, normally kills its own food, unlike many eagles many of which consume carrion regularly. Among the ungulate prey recorded are three species of deer and five species of goat-antelopes, in addition to piglets of wild boar (\"Sus scrofa\"). Only the weight of the roe deer (\"Capreolus capreolus\") has been widely approximated when taken and specimens killed have included: a deer, a specimen and even, in the small adult size range for this deer, , all considerably larger than the eagle-owls themselves and far larger than any prey known for other owls. In studies from Bavaria and Austria, the average weight of roe deer caught was only , indicating very young deer being typically taken. Even if taken as newborn kids, fawns or calves, the young of other ungulates taken would weigh at least , from the birth weight of ibex (\"Capra ibex\") to that of red deer (\"Cervus elaphus\"). Perhaps even larger, the rare domestic sheep (\"Ovis aries\") taken by eagle-owls can reportedly include “half-grown” individuals.", "title": "Dietary biology of the Eurasian eagle-owl" }, { "docid": "200237#35", "text": "As a highly opportunistic predator, the Eurasian eagle-owl will hunt almost any appropriately sized prey they encounter. Most often they take what ever prey is locally common and can take a large number of species considered harmful to human financial interests such as rats, mice and pigeons. Eurasian eagle-owls do take rare or endangered species as well. Among the species considered at least vulnerable (up to critically endangered as in the mink and eel, both heavily overexploited by humans) to extinction known to be hunted by Eurasian eagle-owls are Russian desman (\"Desmana moschata\") Pyrenean desman (\"Galemys pyrenaicus\"), barbastelle (\"Barbastella barbastellus\"), European ground squirrel (\"Spermophilus citellus\"), southwestern water vole (\"Arvicola sapidus\"), European mink (\"Mustela lutreola\"), marbled polecat (\"Vormela peregusna\"), lesser white-fronted goose (\"Anser erythrops\"), Egyptian vulture (\"Neophron percnopterus\"), greater spotted eagle (\"Clanga clanga\"), eastern imperial eagle (\"Aquila heliaca\"), saker falcon (\"Falco cherrug\"), houbara bustard (\"Chlamydotis undulata\"), great bustard (\"Otis tarda\"), spur-thighed tortoise (\"Testudo graeca\"), Atlantic cod (\"Gadus morhua\"), European eel (\"Anguilla anguilla\") and lumpfish (\"Cyclopterus lumpus\").", "title": "Eurasian eagle-owl" } ]

[ { "docid": "41597812#7", "text": "The surge of Chang Moo Kwan growth came to a violent halt as North Korea and South Korea entered a war in 1950, one which has never officially ended. When the Korean War ended in 1953 the country was divided at the 38th parallel in 1953, and Byung In Yoon was missing. The human cost of the Korean War (June 25, 1950 to June 27, 1953) was high and many prominent Korean martial artists served and were MIA or killed, often as commandos or spies. It was up to Nam Suk Lee to carry the torch forward. He did. Once again using the principles and practices of Chang Moo Kwan to help revitalize the spirit of war-torn Korea.", "title": "Nam Suk Lee" }, { "docid": "16772#4", "text": "The fighting ended on 27 July 1953, when an armistice was signed. The agreement created the Korean Demilitarized Zone to separate North and South Korea, and allowed the return of prisoners. However, no peace treaty was ever signed, and according to some sources the two Koreas are technically still at war, engaged in a frozen conflict. In April 2018, the leaders of North and South Korea met at the demilitarized zone and agreed to work towards a treaty to formally end the Korean War.", "title": "Korean War" }, { "docid": "19403947#53", "text": "The Korean War ended on 27 July 1953, with the in which the country remained divided into two. The last Sabre/MiG fight of the Korean War took place on 22 July 1953, when Lt. Sam P. Young of the 31st Wing scored his first and only victory. The last kill of the Korean War took place on 27 July, when Capt. Ralph S. Parr flying an F-86F-30 shot down an Il-12 twin-engined transport aircraft. At the end of the Korean War, the seven American fighter Wings in Korea had 297 Sabres on hand, with 132 of them being with fighter-bomber Wings.", "title": "United States Air Force In South Korea" }, { "docid": "12067906#4", "text": "The soldiers' war did not end after their own \"long march\" from Yunnan to Möng Hsat in Burma's Shan State. The Burmese soon discovered that a foreign army was camped on their soil, and launched an offensive. The fighting continued for 12 years, and several thousand KMT soldiers were eventually evacuated to Taiwan. When China entered the Korean War, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) had a desperate need for intelligence on China. The agency turned to the two KMT generals, who agreed to slip some soldiers back into China for intelligence-gathering missions. In return, the agency offered arms to equip the generals to retake China from their bases in the Shan State. The KMT army tried on no fewer than seven times between 1950 and 1952 to invade Yunnan, but was repeatedly driven back into the Shan State. The ending of the Korean War in 1953 was not the end of the KMT's fight against the communist Chinese and Burmese armies, which continued on for many years, supported by Washington and Taiwan and subsequently funded by the KMT's involvement in the Golden Triangle's drug trade.", "title": "Santikhiri" }, { "docid": "247273#2", "text": "Until the end of World War II, Korea was a single political entity whose territory roughly coincided with the Korean Peninsula. In August 1945, the Soviet Union declared war on Imperial Japan, as a result of an agreement with the United States, and liberated Korea north of the 38th parallel. U.S. forces subsequently moved into the south. By 1948, as a product of the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States, Korea was divided into two regions, with separate governments. Both claimed to be the legitimate government of all of Korea, and neither accepted the border as permanent. The conflict escalated into open warfare when North Korean forces—supported by the Soviet Union and China—moved into the south on 25 June 1950. Since the ended the Korean War in 1953, the northern section of the peninsula has been governed by the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, while the southern portion has been governed by the Republic of Korea.", "title": "Korean Peninsula" }, { "docid": "14821179#11", "text": "The Korean War started with the North Korean army's surprise attack on Sunday, June 25, 1950. The infant ROK Navy confronted threats from the stronger North Korean navy: \"Perhaps the most aggressive and effective, if smallest, member of the South Korean armed services during the first year of the Korean War was the Republic of Korea Navy (ROKN). At the outset of the conflict, the 6,956-man ROKN, with [33] naval vessels of various types, was outnumbered by the 13,700 men and 110 naval vessels of the North Korean navy.\" With its UN allies, dominated by US forces, the ROK Navy was able to gain control in the seas surrounding the country; the ROK Navy secured the seas south of the 38th parallel. After the Incheon landing, the ROK Navy proceeded to take control of the entire seas surrounding the Korean peninsula. When UN troops withdrew from the north, due to the entry of Chinese troops, the ROK Navy conducted evacuation operations for the UN troops and Korean refugees with the UN allies. On July 27, 1953, the three-year-long war was brought to an end when an armistice agreement was signed. During the war, Australia, Canada, Colombia, France, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Thailand, the United Kingdom, and the United States contributed naval vessels as UN allies; Denmark sent the hospital ship \"Jutlandia\".", "title": "History of the Republic of Korea Navy" }, { "docid": "2284275#11", "text": "The Korean War started with the North Korean army's surprise attack on Sunday, June 25, 1950. The ROK Navy confronted threats from the North Korean navy: \"Perhaps the most aggressive and effective, if smallest, member of the South Korean armed services during the first year of the Korean War was the Republic of Korea Navy (ROKN). At the outset of the conflict, the 6,956-man ROKN, with [33] naval vessels of various types, was outnumbered by the 13,700 men and 110 naval vessels of the North Korean navy.\" With its UN allies, dominated by U.S. forces, the ROK Navy was able to gain control in the seas surrounding the country. On July 27, 1953, the three-year-long war was brought to an end when an armistice agreement was signed. During the war, Australia, Canada, Colombia, Philippines, France, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Thailand, the United Kingdom, and the United States contributed naval vessels as UN allies; Denmark sent the hospital ship \"Jutlandia\".", "title": "Republic of Korea Navy" } ]

[ { "docid": "58613604#5", "text": "On 27 April, a summit took place between Moon and Kim in the South Korean zone of the Joint Security Area. It was the first time since the Korean War that a North Korean leader had entered South Korean territory. North Korean leader Kim Jong-un and South Korea's President Moon Jae-in met at the line that divides Korea. The summit ended with both countries pledging to work towards complete denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula. They also vowed to declare an official end to the Korean War within a year. As part of the Panmunjom Declaration which was signed by leaders of both countries, both sides also called for the end of longstanding military activities in the region of the Korean border and a reunification of Korea. In 2018, a majority of South Koreans approved the new relationship. Also, the leaders agreed to work together to connect and modernise their railways.", "title": "2018 Korean peace process" }, { "docid": "14240770#3", "text": "Under the leadership of Kim Il-sung, the Korean People's Army attacked from the north on 25 June 1950, starting the Korean War. According to Kim Mansik, who was a military police superior officer, President Syngman Rhee ordered the execution of people related to either the Bodo League or the South Korean Workers Party on 27 June 1950. The first massacre was started one day later in Hoengseong, Gangwon-do on 28 June. Retreating South Korean forces and anti-communist groups executed the alleged communist prisoners, along with many of the Bodo League members. The executions were performed without any trials or sentencing. Kim Tae Sun, the chief of the Seoul Metropolitan Police, admitted to personally executing at least 12 \"communists and suspected communists\" after the outbreak of the war. When Seoul was recaptured in late September 1950, an estimated 30,000 South Koreans were summarily deemed collaborators with the North Koreans and shot by ROK forces. At least one US lieutenant colonel is known to have approved the executions, when he told a South Korean colonel that he could kill a large number of prisoners in Busan if the North Korean troops approached. A mass execution of 3,400 South Koreans did indeed take place near Busan that summer.", "title": "Bodo League massacre" }, { "docid": "14255153#9", "text": "The Korean War started on 25 June 1950 when North Korean forces crossed the 38°N parallel and invaded South Korea. The New Zealand Government decided to maintain two frigates in support of a United Nations Naval Force assisting South Korea. \"Hawea\"s sister ships, and , were hurriedly prepared for war service and sailed for Sasebo, their main base in Japan, on 3 July 1950. They did escort and patrol services, often working with Commonwealth, South Korean and other Allied ships, and in support of amphibious landings. The frigates were rotated in turn with the other four Loch frigates.", "title": "HMNZS Hawea (F422)" } ]

[ { "docid": "642511#1", "text": "\"Stargate SG-1\" premiered on July 27, 1997 on the subscription channel Showtime. After five seasons on the same network, the Sci Fi Channel bought \"Stargate SG-1\" and would air it for five further seasons, totalling to 214 episodes in ten seasons (seasons 1 through 7 consisted of 22 episodes each, and seasons 8 through 10 had 20 episodes each). Since the American broadcast splits each season to allow the production to catch up, the British channel Sky One aired the second part of some seasons before their American counterpart. \"Stargate SG-1\"'s finale episode premiered in the United Kingdom on Sky One on March 13, 2007. The Sci Fi Channel concluded the tenth season on June 22, 2007. All seasons of \"Stargate SG-1\" are available on DVD, and two direct-to-DVD \"Stargate\" films have continued the series, the first released in March 2008, the second in July 2008.", "title": "List of Stargate SG-1 episodes" }, { "docid": "22252076#0", "text": "\"Stargate SG-1\" is an American-Canadian military science fiction television series and part of MGM's Stargate franchise. The show was created by Brad Wright and Jonathan Glassner, based on the 1994 feature film \"Stargate\" by Dean Devlin and Roland Emmerich. The first five seasons of the television series were broadcast by Showtime before the series moved to the Sci Fi Channel for its last five seasons. \"Stargate SG-1\" premiered on Showtime on July 27, 1997; its final episode aired on Sky1 in the United Kingdom on March 13, 2007. \"Stargate SG-1\" was nominated for and won numerous awards in its ten-season run.", "title": "List of awards and nominations received by Stargate SG-1" }, { "docid": "15430606#0", "text": "The first season of the military science fiction television series \"Stargate SG-1\" commenced airing on the Showtime channel in the United States on July 27, 1997, concluded on the Sci Fi channel on March 6, 1998, and contained 22 episodes. The show itself is a spin-off from the 1994 hit movie \"Stargate\" written by Dean Devlin and Roland Emmerich. \"Stargate SG-1\" re-introduced supporting characters from the film universe, such as Jonathan \"Jack\" O'Neill and Daniel Jackson and included new characters such as Teal'c, George Hammond and Samantha \"Sam\" Carter. The first season was about a military-science expedition team discovering how to use the ancient device, named the Stargate, to explore the galaxy. However, they encountered a powerful enemy in the film named the Goa'uld, who are bent on destroying Earth and all who oppose them.", "title": "Stargate SG-1 (season 1)" } ]

[ { "docid": "38398#34", "text": "Since \"Stargate SG-1\" was expensive to produce, MGM arranged an agreement with Showtime that \"SG-1\" could air in syndication six months after their premiere on Showtime. All 22 Fox stations aired the first seasons after their Showtime debut, providing a clearance of 41% of the United States. The Sci Fi Channel made its largest single programming acquisition of $150 million in 1998 by buying the exclusive basic cable rights to the MGM package \"Stargate SG-1\", \"The Outer Limits\" and \"\". Showtime decided to end its association with \"Stargate SG-1\" at the end of Season 5, saying that the show still had a sizeable viewership but could no longer draw new subscribers due to its availability in syndication.", "title": "Stargate SG-1" }, { "docid": "15284274#0", "text": "Season eight of \"Stargate SG-1\", an American-Canadian military science fiction television series, began airing on July 9, 2004 on the Sci Fi channel. The eighth season concluded on February 22, 2005, after 20 episodes on British Sky One, which overtook the Sci Fi Channel in mid-season. This was the first season of the show to have 20 episodes instead of 22, as well as the first to air concurrently with \"Stargate SG-1\" spinoff series \"Stargate Atlantis\" (the first season thereof). The series was originally developed by Brad Wright and Jonathan Glassner, while Brad Wright and Robert C. Cooper served as executive producers. Season eight regular cast members include Richard Dean Anderson, Amanda Tapping, Christopher Judge, and Michael Shanks. The eighth season begins with the SG-1 team trying to revive Colonel Jack O'Neill (Richard Dean Anderson) after the events of the seventh season. At the end of the two-episode season opener, Colonel O'Neill is promoted to General and assumes command of Stargate Command (SGC), while Major Samantha Carter (Amanda Tapping) is promoted to Lieutenant Colonel and assumes command of SG-1. The season arc centers on the growing threat and seemingly final defeat of the Goa'uld and the Replicators, races who were introduced in the first and third season of the show, respectively.", "title": "Stargate SG-1 (season 8)" }, { "docid": "38398#43", "text": "New episodes of \"Stargate SG-1\" were first released on iTunes in the US in August 2006, each time one day after their premiere on the Sci Fi Channel. The commercial-free episodes were priced $1.99 each, while a season pass with twenty episodes cost $37.99. A release on iTunes UK followed in October 2007. All ten seasons of \"SG-1\" were available on iTunes and Amazon Unbox by January 2008. \"Stargate SG-1\" made its debut on hulu.com in March 2009, starting with the first season. At first, viewers in the United States could only watch episodes of the first seasons, but as of December 2009 all episodes of Seasons 1-10 were available free of charge with a small number of commercials on Hulu, through January 31, 2011. Free access to all SG-1 episodes continued until July 31, 2011, when the episodes were finally removed. As of February 1, 2011, all episodes of the entire Stargate franchise were available on Netflix's subscription-based online video streaming service in the US. As of August 15, 2012 Netflix removed Stargate SG-1 from its online video streaming service. As of May 2013, Amazon Video has Stargate SG-1 available for online streaming. As of August 2014 SG-1 is available on Netflix UK. The pilot episode \"Children Of The Gods\" though has been replaced with the 2009 updated final cut with updated CGI and the full frontal nudity removed. As of July 2015, Hoopla Digital, an online library media database, has all ten seasons of Stargate SG-1 available to watch free without commercials, for those who have cards with a participating library. The first two episodes are the edited versions, in which full frontal nudity has been removed. In September 2017, MGM launched its own online streaming service called Stargate Command, making available all episodes of Stargate SG-1 along with Stargate Atlantis and Stargate Universe.", "title": "Stargate SG-1" }, { "docid": "38398#45", "text": "According to Sharon Eberson of the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, \"Stargate SG-1's\" place in the sci-fi universe can be measured in longevity, spot-on cast chemistry, rabid fans and tough subject it has tackled although she argued that the show was rarely a critical darling. Although the show was the most-watched program on Showtime, it received almost no media mention outside hard-core science fiction circles in its first seasons. \"Stargate SG-1\" gained media attention when \"Stargate Atlantis\" was greenlit (the cover of the July 26, 2003 \"TV Guide\" issue notably called to \"Forget \"Trek\"! \"Stargate SG-1\" is now sci-fi's biggest hit!\"), but the \"Toronto Star\" noted in 2006 that \"Nobody seemed to like [\"Stargate SG-1\"] but the fans; it somehow always slipped under the radar of most TV critics\". According to Melanie McFarland of the \"Seattle Post-Intelligencer\", \"SG-1\" records did not earn it \"the kind of wide-ranging respect a successful series with a 200-episode run deserves\"; \"SG-1\" rarely occupied a slot on 'best show' lists because the show remained \"relegated to the back of the bus in terms of popularity\" behind the glory of \"Battlestar Galactica\", although every week, the show attracts an average of 10 million viewers worldwide. It has also been pointed out by Cooper that \"By the way, neither did the original 'Star Trek' in its time, It wasn't until 30 years later that people started looking back at it and realizing it was a milestone. I think we secretly hope that 10, 15, 20 years from now, that 'Stargate' will be considered in the same way.\" Scott D. Pierce from \"Deseret News\" said that the series never made a \"sort of cultural impact\" as \"Star Trek\" because the show was \"pretty derivative\" which he further stated it became \"more so over the years.\" Robert Hanks from the British newspaper \"The Independent\" said that the series \"Did the job\" during its second season of broadcasting.", "title": "Stargate SG-1" }, { "docid": "2924510#0", "text": "\"Window of Opportunity\" is the sixth episode from season 4 of the science fiction television series \"Stargate SG-1\", and first aired on the American subscription channel Showtime on August 4, 2000. The episode is based on a time loop scenario, with SG-1 team members Colonel O'Neill and Teal'c repeatedly reliving the same ten hours after a mission on a planet. Since the rest of their team and all personnel at Stargate Command are unaware of the happenings and do not remember the time resets, O'Neill and Teal'c are forced to find a solution on their own.", "title": "Window of Opportunity (Stargate SG-1)" }, { "docid": "2545775#11", "text": "\"Avalon\" marked the first \"Stargate SG-1\" episode where SCI FI Channel chose to cut the opening sequences to 10-seconds for the original broadcast, rather than the usual 60-seconds (this was paralleled to \"Stargate Atlantis\"). The sequence only displayed the \"Stargate SG-1\" logo and a \"Created by\" credit, main cast credits were displayed during the teaser. Fans had been very negative about this move. On Sky One in both Ireland and the United Kingdom however, the short opening sequence was only used for Part 1 but not Part 2, where a full length title sequence was restored, incorporating new cast credits. The full length title sequence was also used again when \"Avalon\" aired in US Syndication.", "title": "Avalon (Stargate SG-1)" }, { "docid": "38398#14", "text": "The main setting of \"Stargate SG-1\", the fictional Stargate Command (SGC) at the (real) Cheyenne Mountain Air Force Station near Colorado Springs, Colorado, was filmed at stage 5 of The Bridge Studios. Martin Wood filmed half a dozen stock shots of the real Cheyenne Mountain complex for use in the series approximately ten days before the premiere of the pilot episode. Although these shots wore out over the years, the producers did not film new shots until the beginning of Season 9, thinking that \"Stargate SG-1\" would be cancelled after each current year. By then, visitor questions and fan theories about the existence of a Stargate at the real Cheyenne Mountain complex had become so common that Cheyenne Mountain had installed a seemingly high-security door labeled \"Stargate Command\" for one of their storage rooms holding brooms and detergent.", "title": "Stargate SG-1" } ]

[ { "docid": "428857#0", "text": "SS \"Great Eastern\" was an iron sailing steamship designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel, and built by J. Scott Russell & Co. at Millwall Iron Works on the River Thames, London. She was by far the largest ship ever built at the time of her 1858 launch, and had the capacity to carry 4,000 passengers from England to Australia without refuelling. Her length of was only surpassed in 1899 by the 17,274-gross-ton RMS \"Oceanic\", her gross tonnage of 18,915 was only surpassed in 1901 by the 21,035-gross-ton RMS \"Celtic\", and her 4,000-passenger capacity was surpassed in 1913 by the 4,935-passenger SS \"Imperator\". The ship's five funnels were rare. These were later reduced to four.", "title": "SS Great Eastern" } ]

[ { "docid": "428857#54", "text": "An early example of breaking-up a structure by use of a wrecking ball, she was scrapped at New Ferry on the River Mersey by Henry Bath & Son Ltd in 1889–1890 – it took 18 months to take her apart. At the time Everton Football Club were looking for a flagpole for their Anfield ground, and consequently purchased her top mast. It still stands there today at the ground - now owned by Liverpool Football Club (formed 1892), at the Kop end. In 2011, the Channel 4 programme \"Time Team\" found geophysical survey evidence to suggest that residual iron parts from the ship's keel and lower structure still reside in the foreshore.\nDuring 1859, when \"Great Eastern\" was off Portland conducting trials, an explosion aboard blew off one of the funnels. The funnel was salvaged and subsequently purchased by the water company supplying Weymouth and Melcombe Regis in Dorset, UK, and used as a filtering device. It was later transferred to the Bristol Maritime Museum close to Brunel's SS \"Great Britain\" then moved to the SS \"Great Britain\" museum.", "title": "SS Great Eastern" }, { "docid": "428857#11", "text": "\"Great Eastern's\" keel was laid down on 1 May 1854. The hull was an all-iron construction, a double hull of wrought iron in plates with ribs every . Internally, the hull was divided by two long, high, longitudinal bulkheads and further transverse bulkheads dividing the ship into nineteen compartments. \"Great Eastern\" was the first ship to incorporate the double-skinned hull, a feature which would not be seen again in a ship for several decades, but which is now compulsory for reasons of safety.", "title": "SS Great Eastern" }, { "docid": "428857#31", "text": "Upon \"Great Eastern's\" return to England, the ship was chartered by the British Government to transport troops to Quebec. 2,144 officers and men, 473 women and children, and 200 horses were embarked at Liverpool along with 40 paying passengers. The ship sailed on 25 June 1861 and went at full speed throughout most of the trip arriving at her destination 8 days and 6 hours after leaving Liverpool. \"Great Eastern\" stayed for a month and returned to Britain at the beginning of July with 357 paying passengers.", "title": "SS Great Eastern" }, { "docid": "428857#21", "text": "She was long, wide, with a draft of unloaded and fully laden, and displaced 32,000 tons fully loaded. In comparison, SS \"Persia\", launched in 1856, was long with a beam.", "title": "SS Great Eastern" }, { "docid": "428857#34", "text": "The voyage took 9 days 13 hours. \"Great Eastern's\" arrival in New York was virtually unnoticed due to the American Civil War, and when it was opened to the public at 25 cents a head there was little interest. 194 passengers sailed on the return journey on 25 May and 5,000 tons of wheat was also carried.", "title": "SS Great Eastern" }, { "docid": "428857#35", "text": "\"Great Eastern\" sailed from Liverpool on Tuesday 10 September 1861, commanded by Captain James Walker. On her second day out the wind increased to gale force, causing the ship to roll heavily. The port paddle wheel was completely lost, and the starboard paddle wheel smashed to pieces when one of the lifeboats broke loose. At the same time it was discovered that the cast iron rudder post, which was in diameter, had sheared off above its collar and the rudder was swinging free and hitting the screw, which was slowly breaking it up.", "title": "SS Great Eastern" }, { "docid": "428857#24", "text": "The launch of the ship cost £170,000, a third of Brunel's estimate for the entire vessel, and it had yet to be fitted out. It was difficult to get any more money from the Eastern Company's investors as the company was close to bankruptcy. To prevent this from happening, a new company was formed, the \"Great Ship Company\", with capital of £340,000. They bought the ship for £160,000, which left enough funds for fitting her out. The Eastern Company's shareholders were given the market value of their £20 shares (£2 10s) towards payment for shares in the new company and the Eastern Steam Navigation Company entered liquidation.", "title": "SS Great Eastern" }, { "docid": "428857#4", "text": "Brunel showed his idea to John Scott Russell, an experienced naval architect and ship builder whom he had first met at the Great Exhibition. Scott Russell examined Brunel's plan and made his own calculations as to the ship's feasibility. He calculated that it would have a displacement of 20,000 tons and would require to achieve , but believed it was possible. At Scott Russell's suggestion, they approached the directors of the Eastern Steam Navigation Company.", "title": "SS Great Eastern" }, { "docid": "94123#14", "text": "The Docks brought with them many associated industries, such as flour and sugar processing, and also ship building. On 31 January 1858 the largest ship of that time, the SS \"Great Eastern\" designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel, was launched from the yard of Messrs Scott, Russell & Co, of Millwall. The length was too big for the river so the ship had to be launched sideways. Due to the technical difficulties of the launch this was the last big ship to be built on the Island and the industry fell into a decline. However, parts of the launching slipway and plate works have been preserved in situ and may be seen close to Masthouse Terrace Pier.", "title": "Isle of Dogs" } ]

[ { "docid": "39301509#0", "text": "Silverstone Circuit is built on the site of a World War II Royal Air Force bomber station, RAF Silverstone, which opened in 1943. The airfield's three runways, in classic WWII triangle format, lie within the outline of the present track. Since its first use in the 1940s, the circuit has undergone several changes.", "title": "Development history of Silverstone Circuit" }, { "docid": "39301509#1", "text": "Silverstone Circuit was first used for motorsport by an \"ad hoc\" group of friends who set up an impromptu race in September 1947. One of their members, Maurice Geoghegan, lived in nearby Silverstone village and was aware that the airfield was deserted. He and eleven other drivers raced over a two mile circuit, during the course of which Geoghegan himself ran over a sheep that had wandered onto the airfield. The sheep was killed and the car written off, and in the aftermath of this event the informal race became known as the \"Mutton Grand Prix\".", "title": "Development history of Silverstone Circuit" } ]

[ { "docid": "39301509#19", "text": "Historically Silverstone has suffered traffic congestion on race days. This problem has been largely eliminated with the completion of the A43 Silverstone bypass, a dual-carriageway road just to the north of the circuit. When the race was moved to an April date in 2000, rainy conditions turned the fields used for car parking into mud baths, causing chaos for spectators trying to park. On F1 race day in 1999 there were some 4200 helicopter journeys made to Silverstone Heliport, which was the busiest airport in the UK on that day.", "title": "Development history of Silverstone Circuit" }, { "docid": "522676#4", "text": "Silverstone is built on the site of a World War II Royal Air Force bomber station, RAF Silverstone, which opened in 1943. The airfield's three runways, in classic WWII triangle format, lie within the outline of the present track.", "title": "Silverstone Circuit" }, { "docid": "294253#9", "text": "1964 saw the first Formula One race at the southern English circuit known as Brands Hatch, located in Kent, just outside London. The track was built in the early 1950s and had been extended in 1960. Silverstone hosted the British Grand Prix in odd-numbered years and Brands Hatch in even-numbered years. Like Silverstone, the circuit was popular with drivers, and unlike the flat Northamptonshire circuit and Aintree, Brands Hatch had many cambered corners and lots of elevation change. Like the year before at Silverstone, Clark won the 1964 race, and the next year's race. 1967 saw Clark take yet another dominant win, and 1968 saw a monumental battle between Swiss Jo Siffert in a Lotus and New Zealander Chris Amon in a Ferrari; Siffert won the race, his first of two victories in F1 on the circuit where he would lose his life in a non-championship race 3 years later.", "title": "British Grand Prix" }, { "docid": "39301509#10", "text": "On 7 December 2009, Silverstone was awarded the rights to host the British Grand Prix for the next 17 years. Part of the deal was for a new pit lane to be built.", "title": "Development history of Silverstone Circuit" }, { "docid": "39301509#9", "text": "On 20 June 2009 Bernie Ecclestone stated that there would be a British Grand Prix at Silverstone in 2010 if Donington was not ready to host it. When asked why he had moved from his previous \"Donington or nothing\" standpoint he cited changes in the structure of the BRDC meaning there was a better way of negotiating with them over future commercial rights. Furthermore during an interview with the BBC about the Formula One Teams Association threatening to break away and form their own series, FIA president Max Mosley said it was \"highly likely\" the 2010 British Grand Prix would return to Silverstone. On 24 October 2009, BBC News reported that Donington had failed to raise the £135 million needed to stage a British Grand Prix, that Donington's bid 'looks over' and that Bernie Ecclestone had offered the race to Silverstone, but that the terms appeared to be the same as those that the Circuit rejected the first time around.", "title": "Development history of Silverstone Circuit" }, { "docid": "39301509#17", "text": "On 1 March 2011, Silverstone Circuits confirmed that the Bridge section of the track had been decommissioned and would not be used again. Large scale earthworks are currently taking place to open up this area for spectators. \"\"The old Bridge section of the circuit has been decommissioned and this has been sanctioned by the BRDC – however please note that the tarmac will still remain intact and not be removed. This decision was not taken lightly but with the development of The Silverstone Wing and the new pit lane exit, the Bridge section of the Grand Prix Circuit has been made redundant. The banked area that you have shown in your photo will open up the track at Luffield and will become a new spectator area bringing fans closer to the action.\"\"", "title": "Development history of Silverstone Circuit" }, { "docid": "522676#1", "text": "Silverstone is the current home of the British Grand Prix, which it first hosted in 1948. The 1950 British Grand Prix at Silverstone was the first race in the newly created World Championship of Drivers. The race rotated between Silverstone, Aintree and Brands Hatch from 1955 to 1986, but relocated permanently to Silverstone in 1987.", "title": "Silverstone Circuit" }, { "docid": "812294#2", "text": "Today the airfield is a major racing circuit known as Silverstone Circuit. The circuit hosted the first ever Formula One World Championship race, the 1950 British Grand Prix, held on 13 May 1950. Since 1987 the track has hosted the British Grand Prix every year. The airfield's three runways, in a standard World War II era triangle, lie within the outline of the classic racetrack; after recent development of a new section of track, the main runway is transected by the circuit. Sections of two runways are used for the smaller south circuit.", "title": "RAF Silverstone" } ]

[ { "docid": "788796#0", "text": "Cobra (sometimes referred to as Cobra Command) is the nemesis of the G.I. Joe Team in the Hasbro action figure toyline \"\" and \"\", as well as in related media.", "title": "Cobra (G.I. Joe)" }, { "docid": "36514350#14", "text": "Meanwhile, an Army general named Philip Rey defeats Cobra forces in Turkey, and a group of G.I. Joe and Cobra forces are killed in Brazil by an unknown organization. Cobra Commander takes back complete control of Cobra, and sends a unit to destroy The Pit. General Rey is made the new leader of the G.I. Joe Team, as Cobra discovers a weather control weapon named the Tempest, and moves it to their new Monolith Base in Badhikstan. G.I. Joe drops a nuclear bomb on Cobra Island, killing what's left of The Coil army. Cobra uses the Tempest to unleash the Deathangel Virus on the county of Badhi, as G.I. Joe attacks Cobra's new stronghold. Cobra Commander escapes, but not before shooting Dr. Mindbender, who dies helping G.I. Joe to disable the Tempest.", "title": "G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero (Devil's Due)" }, { "docid": "31284801#0", "text": "The Cobra Organization is the fictional nemesis of the G.I. Joe Team in the Hasbro toylines and related media. This is an alphabetical listing of Cobra Command members with unique identities.\nBayonet is a Cobra Snow Serpent serving as part of the organization's elite Plague Troopers. He wears a portable life support system due to having survived injuries to his chest by the G.I. Joe team.", "title": "List of Cobra characters" } ]

[ { "docid": "3147941#6", "text": "In 2008 Hasbro released a new sculpt of Falcon for its 25th anniversary line, in a two pack with Nemesis Immortal (originally Nemesis Enforcer). The figure pack also included an original comic, issue #8 titled \"Lt. Falcon vs. Nemesis Immortal: Showdown at the Top of the World\", written by Larry Hama and featuring both characters. The story takes place in the Himalayas, the same location as \"G.I. Joe: The Movie\". Lt. Falcon carries a wounded Dusty to their extraction site, concerned that Nemesis Immortal is still around. As the story continues, it focuses on Lt. Falcon battling Nemesis Immortal, so that the Joes can escape.", "title": "Falcon (G.I. Joe)" }, { "docid": "19624378#10", "text": "He plays a minor but critical role in \"\". Bazooka, Alpine, and Gung-Ho are charged with guarding the captured Serpentor. Lt. Falcon is supposed to be guarding the front, but leaves his post. As a result, all three Joes are attacked by the Dreadnoks and Nemesis Enforcer. Bazooka himself is smacked across the face by Nemesis Enforcer.", "title": "Bazooka (G.I. Joe)" }, { "docid": "36514350#15", "text": "The Red Shadows organization finally steps forward, targeting members of both G.I. Joe and Cobra. They also assassinate The Jugglers, a group of generals who had been manipulating G.I. Joe from behind the scenes, and had been hiding Serpentor's recovered body. Hawk is targeted, but is rescued from the Red Shadows by Scarlett, Snake Eyes and Kamakura. A G.I. Joe informant is also assassinated by Dela Eden, who escapes from Duke and Flint. Dela spies on G.I. Joe, and follows Flint and Lady Jaye home to their off-base residence. Dela attempts to kill Flint, but is stopped by Lady Jaye, who is then stabbed by Dela Eden and dies. Dela is captured by Scarlett, who forms a plan with Flint and Hawk to investigate the Red Shadows organization, while Duke and General Rey interrogate Dela. The Red Shadows rescue Dela, and Scarlett tracks them to New York, where Flint has taken it upon himself to get revenge. Flint is captured, but uses a tracker to lead G.I. Joe to the Red Shadows headquarters. Flint refuses to kill Dela, even though he has the opportunity, and the leader of the Red Shadows Wilder Vaughn escapes. G.I. Joe is then deactivated by order of the President, given that Cobra as an organization has fractured, although Cobra Commander remains at large.", "title": "G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero (Devil's Due)" }, { "docid": "2883295#47", "text": "In this universe, Snake Eyes is Storm Shadow's half-brother and a former Cobra agent. Carla \"Doc\" Greer (an alternative version of the character Carl \"Doc\" Greer from the main continuity), is G.I. Joe's field medic, and Duke is an undercover Cobra agent who betrays the group. The series had no connection to the main comic series and was canceled after fourteen issues due to low sales. A trade paperback titled \"G.I. Joe: Reloaded - In The Name of Patriotism\" collected the first six issues in November 2004.", "title": "G.I. Joe (comics)" }, { "docid": "3231789#23", "text": "In \"\", Roadblock has a prominent role. He leads a team of Joes in pursuit of the fleeing Cobra after their initial attack on G.I. Joe in an attempt to steal the Broadcast Energy Transmitter. Roadblock and Joes follow Cobra into Cobra-La, where they are captured. During an escape attempt the other Joes are re-captured, with only Roadblock managing to escape, but not before being temporarily blinded by Nemesis Enforcer. Aided by the slowly mutating Cobra Commander, Roadblock escapes Cobra-La and wanders through the snow with Cobra Commander before eventually being found by a G.I. Joe search party. With his vision restored, he is then able to lead the Joes back to Cobra-La's ice dome, where the final battle between Cobra-La and G.I. Joe takes place.", "title": "Roadblock (G.I. Joe)" }, { "docid": "13734892#0", "text": "G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra is a 2009 American military science fiction action film based on the toy franchise created by Hasbro, with particular inspiration from the comic book series and cartoon series \"\". It is the first installment in the live-action \"G.I. Joe\" film series. The film was directed by Stephen Sommers. \"G.I. Joe\" features an ensemble cast based on the various characters of the franchise. The story follows two American soldiers, Duke and Ripcord, who join the G.I. Joe Team after being attacked by Military Armaments Research Syndicate (M.A.R.S.) troops.", "title": "G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra" }, { "docid": "55273112#7", "text": "Breaker (voiced by Greg Ellis) - Alvin Kibbey is a college student who used to work for SSS Mart (which is owned by Cobra Industries) until he was fired upon being accused of stealing one of their scanners (which he secretly did after that). Alvin ends up starting an Anti-Cobra blog under the alias of the \"Coyote\". G.I. Joe ends up stumbling upon a plot to dispose of him when they managed to discover that a package to him had a detonator. When they find Alvin, he recognizes Scarlett by her blog screen name. Alvin explains that the scanner he stole contains the info on any illegal weapon sellings that SSS Mart has been doing. G.I. Joe ends up protecting him when Baroness sends Major Bludd to assassinate him. Even though Major Bludd threw his knife at Alvin's backpack, it ended up destroying the scanner. When G.I. Joe fled, Alvin managed to rewire the detonator that was meant for him which blew up the warehouse costing Major Bludd his left eye. Seeing as Cobra thinks he's dead, Alvin joins up with G.I. Joe under the codename \"Breaker\" while Roadblock names their transport the \"Coyote.\" In the episode \"Return of the Arashikage\" Pt. 1, it appears that Breaker has been placed in a hidden location by G.I. Joe in order to find any other evidence that would expose the illegal activities of Cobra Industries. In \"The Enemy of My Enemy,\" Breaker is mentioned to have some informants working for him to supply any info to G.I. Joe...if those informants aren't killed by one of Cobra Commander's operatives first. At the end of \"Revelations\" Pt. 2, it was revealed that he joined the Falcons as their newest member when proof of Cobra Industries' illegal activities were presented to General Abernathy.", "title": "List of G.I. Joe: Renegades characters" } ]

[ { "docid": "356339#23", "text": "In 1959, the actor Robert McQueeney played Booth in the episode \"The Man Who Loved Lincoln\" on the ABC/Warner Brothers western television series, \"Colt .45\", starring Wayde Preston as the fictitious undercover agent Christopher Colt, who in the story line is assigned to protect Booth from a death threat.", "title": "Edwin Booth" } ]

[ { "docid": "48917821#0", "text": "William Booth (9 May 1886 – 1963) was an English professional football centre half who played in the Football League for Sheffield United. He made 369 appearances for Brighton & Hove Albion and was a member of the team that won the 1909–10 Southern League First Division title and the 1910 FA Charity Shield. Booth was a non-playing reserve for England in February 1913.", "title": "Billy Booth (footballer)" }, { "docid": "356339#0", "text": "Edwin Thomas Booth (November 13, 1833 – June 7, 1893) was an American actor who toured throughout the United States and the major capitals of Europe, performing Shakespearean plays. In 1869, he founded Booth's Theatre in New York. Some theatrical historians consider him the greatest American actor, and the greatest Prince Hamlet, of the 19th century. His achievements are often overshadowed by his relationship with his brother, actor John Wilkes Booth, who assassinated President Abraham Lincoln.", "title": "Edwin Booth" }, { "docid": "694023#5", "text": "From 1985 to 1986, Booth appeared as pub landlord Ted Pilkington in the short-lived ITV soap \"Albion Market\". He starred in the 1998 short film \"The Duke\", playing an elderly man who tells his adoring grandson that he is John Wayne. In 2001, Booth appeared in several episodes of \"Family Affairs\" playing Barry Hurst, Sadie Hargreaves' brother-in-law. He played a tramp named Nobby Stuart in a special two-hander episode of \"EastEnders\".", "title": "Tony Booth (actor)" }, { "docid": "16393518#4", "text": "Central to the identity of Booth's theatre was the stage background of Edwin Booth, who belonged to the Booth Family dynasty, which ruled the American stage in the 19th century. It was actually touring with his father, Junius Brutus Booth, that gave Edwin his first break, first appearing as Tressel in Richard II in Boston in 1849. After his father's death in 1852 Booth toured internationally, visiting Australia and Hawaii and briefly settling in California before returning to East Coast. Edwin is perhaps best known for his \"hundred nights of Hamlet\" in which he played Hamlet for 101 consecutive performances, a record held until 1922. Booth is also known for his relationship with his infamous brother, John Wilkes, who assassinated President Abraham Lincoln. After the tragedy, Edwin publicly disowned his brother.", "title": "Booth's Theatre" }, { "docid": "26592415#0", "text": "Issac Ramoun Booth (born May 23, 1971) is a former American professional football player who played three seasons in the National Football League with the Cleveland Browns and Baltimore Ravens. Booth was drafted by the Browns in the fifth round of the 1994 NFL Draft and played cornerback for the Browns for the 1994 and 1995 seasons, earning one start in each of his first two seasons. After the 1995 season the original Cleveland Browns relocated to Baltimore, Maryland and became the Baltimore Ravens. Booth played his final season with the Ravens playing in 11 games and earning a career high three starts. Booth retired from football after the 1996 season. During his brief career, Booth played in 36 games, earning five starts, 55 tackles, two interceptions and one forced fumble.", "title": "Issac Booth" }, { "docid": "21908497#0", "text": "John \"Jack\" Booth (birth unknown) is an English former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1940s and 1950s. He played at representative level for Yorkshire, and at club level for Wakefield Trinity (Heritage № 557), as a , or , i.e. number 8 or 10, or, 11 or 12.", "title": "John Booth (rugby league)" }, { "docid": "356864#5", "text": "Booth gained national renown in England with his performance in the title role of \"Richard III\" in 1817 at the Covent Garden Theatre. Critics compared his performances favorably with those of Edmund Kean, who was at the time the foremost tragedian in Britain. Partisans of the two actors, called Boothites and Keanites, would occasionally start rows at venues where the two were playing together. This did not stop the two from performing in the same plays; Kean and Booth acted in several Shakespearean productions at the Drury Lane Theatre from 1817 to 1821. Kean then saw Booth as a threat and orchestrated a way for the two of them to perform those roles yet again, planning to outperform his opponent. Kean’s long-standing presence contributed to Booth’s neverending comparisons to his rival.", "title": "Junius Brutus Booth" }, { "docid": "11566222#7", "text": "Since 2006, Booth has been married to Sonia Bonneventia Pule, former Miss South Africa first princess and international model whom he met in 2002. They have two sons, Nathan Katlego, and Noah Neo. Booth saved a woman from being beaten on Cape Town's nightclub strip on Long Street early on a Saturday morning. Booth had been playing for Wits in an Absa Premiership game against Ajax Cape Town, which they lost 1–0, hosted at Cape Town Stadium on the previous Friday night. After using an ATM and walking back to his friends, he saw a man assaulting the woman and rushed to her assistance. The attacker shoved Booth, who toppled onto a store’s window ledge which had spikes to prevent people sitting on the ledge. Members of the Central City Improvement District took the attacker away. Booth returned to his hotel where the team doctor attended to his injuries.", "title": "Matthew Booth (soccer)" } ]

[ { "docid": "48701#41", "text": "Cromwell was condemned to death without trial, lost all his titles and property and was beheaded on Tower Hill on 28 July 1540 in a public execution, the day of the King's marriage to Catherine Howard. The executioner had great difficulty severing the head. Cromwell made a prayer and speech on the scaffold, professing to die, \"in the traditional faith\" [Catholic] and denying that he had aided heretics. Edward Hall, a contemporary chronicler, records that Cromwell then \"so patiently suffered the stroke of the axe, by a ragged and Boocherly [butcher-like] miser, whiche very ungoodly perfourmed the Office\". Afterwards, his head was set on a spike on London Bridge.", "title": "Thomas Cromwell" }, { "docid": "48701#2", "text": "During his rise to power, Cromwell made many enemies, including his former ally Anne Boleyn. He played a prominent role in her downfall. He later fell from power, after arranging the king's marriage to German princess Anne of Cleves. Cromwell had hoped that the marriage would breathe fresh life into the Reformation in England, but Henry found his new bride unattractive and it turned into a disaster for Cromwell, ending in an annulment six months later. Cromwell was arraigned under a bill of attainder and executed for treason and heresy on Tower Hill on 28 July 1540. The king later expressed regret at the loss of his chief minister.", "title": "Thomas Cromwell" }, { "docid": "39737#11", "text": "In the final years of the decade, the conservative clerics, led by Stephen Gardiner, bishop of Winchester, were rapidly recovering their power and influence, opposing Cromwell's policies. On 28 June 1539 the Act of Six Articles became law, ending official tolerance of religious reform. Cromwell was executed on 28 July 1540. This was close to the date of the burning of Coverdale's Augustinian mentor Robert Barnes. Cromwell had protected Coverdale since at least 1527 and the latter was obliged to seek refuge again.", "title": "Myles Coverdale" } ]

[ { "docid": "22413#27", "text": "In December 1648, in an episode that became known as Pride's Purge, a troop of soldiers headed by Colonel Thomas Pride forcibly removed from the Long Parliament all those who were not supporters of the Grandees in the New Model Army and the Independents. Thus weakened, the remaining body of MPs, known as the Rump Parliament, agreed that Charles should be tried on a charge of treason. Cromwell was still in the north of England, dealing with Royalist resistance, when these events took place, but then returned to London. On the day after Pride's Purge, he became a determined supporter of those pushing for the King's trial and execution, believing that killing Charles was the only way to end the civil wars. Cromwell approved Thomas Brook's address to the House of Commons, which justified the trial and execution of the King on the basis of the Book of Numbers, chapter 35 and particularly verse 33 (\"The land cannot be cleansed of the blood that is shed therein, but by the blood of him that shed it.\").", "title": "Oliver Cromwell" }, { "docid": "22704527#5", "text": "Cromwell's body, hidden in the wall of the middle aisle of Henry VII Lady Chapel, took effort to exhume because the wood and cloth were difficult to shift. On 28 January 1661, the bodies of Cromwell and Ireton were taken to the Red Lion Inn in Holborn, joined the following day by the body of John Bradshaw, before being taken to Tyburn for execution. On the morning of 30 January 1661, the anniversary of the execution of King Charles I, the shrouded bodies in open coffins were dragged on a sledge through the streets of London to the gallows, where each body was hanged in full public view until around four o'clock that afternoon. After being taken down, Cromwell's head was severed with eight blows, placed on a wooden spike on a pole, and raised above Westminster Hall. Various conspiracy theories exist as to what happened to the body, including a rumour that Cromwell's daughter Mary had it rescued from the pit and interred at her husband's home at Newburgh Priory. A sealed stone vault was claimed to contain the remains of the headless Cromwell, but generations of the family have refused requests, including one from King Edward VII, to open it. Biographer John Morrill stated that it was more likely that Cromwell's body was thrown into the pit at Tyburn, where it remained.", "title": "Oliver Cromwell's head" }, { "docid": "22704527#0", "text": "After the defeat of King Charles I in the English Civil War and Charles's subsequent beheading, Oliver Cromwell had become Lord Protector and ruler of the English Commonwealth. Following Cromwell's death on 3 September 1658, he was given a public funeral at Westminster Abbey equal to those of the monarchs who came before him. His position passed to his son, Richard, who was overthrown by the army in 1659, after which the monarchy was re-established and King Charles II, who was living in exile, was recalled. Charles's new parliament ordered the disinterment of Cromwell's body from Westminster Abbey, and of those of other leading regicides, John Bradshaw and Henry Ireton, for a posthumous execution at Tyburn. After hanging \"from morning till four in the afternoon\", the three bodies were cut down and the heads placed on a spike above Westminster Hall (the location of the trial of Charles I). In 1685, a storm broke the pole upon which Cromwell's head stood, throwing it to the ground (although other sources put the date anywhere between 1672 and 1703), after which it was in the hands of private collectors and museum owners until 25 March 1960, when it was buried at Sidney Sussex College in Cambridge.", "title": "Oliver Cromwell's head" }, { "docid": "22413#62", "text": "Cromwell's body was exhumed from Westminster Abbey on 30 January 1661, the 12th anniversary of the execution of Charles I, and was subjected to a posthumous execution, as were the remains of Robert Blake, John Bradshaw, and Henry Ireton. (The body of Cromwell's daughter was allowed to remain buried in the Abbey.) His body was hanged in chains at Tyburn, London and then thrown into a pit. His head was cut off and displayed on a pole outside Westminster Hall until 1685. Afterwards, it was owned by various people, including a documented sale in 1814 to Josiah Henry Wilkinson, and it was publicly exhibited several times before being buried beneath the floor of the antechapel at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge in 1960. The exact position was not publicly disclosed, but a plaque marks the approximate location.", "title": "Oliver Cromwell" }, { "docid": "29409195#3", "text": "Edward Cromwell was caught up in Essex's rebellion, a futile attempt by the Earl of Essex, in January 1600 – 1601, to raise an insurrection in London. He was arrested for his role and sent to the Tower on 9 February 1601. Cromwell \"protesteth ignorance of the attempt, and that he casually fell into the Earl of Essex's company, nor was he any way partaker of any plot; which thing he protesteth may be proved by his dealing with the Lord Mayor’s.\"\nCromwell’s wife \"made humble suit to the council on behalf of her Lord that is a prisoner in the Tower, in regard that he is corpulent and sickly he may take the air.\" Her wish was granted permitting her husband, \"from time to time to take the air, but only in the company of the Lieutenant and his deputy.\" Sir Charles Danvers, a key figure among the Essex intimates during the planning and execution of the rebellion, did not include Cromwell among \"the names of such that manifested themselves in the action\" that he gave to the Privy Council. Cromwell and William Sandys, 3rd Baron Sandys (d. 1623) were brought for trial to Westminster Hall on 5 March 1601. Cromwell confessed his guilt, was fined £3,000 and imprisoned for several months, but received a special pardon from Elizabeth I on 2 July and was released on 9 July 1601.", "title": "Edward Cromwell, 3rd Baron Cromwell" }, { "docid": "29409195#8", "text": "Cromwell died at his home in Downpatrick on 27 April, and was buried in the \"ruined chancel\" of Down Cathedral, on 24 September 1607. Sir Arthur Chichester, when writing of his death to the council, 29 September 1607, expressed regret at his loss, \"both for his majesty's service and for the poor estate wherein he left his wife and children.\" He was succeeded by his son, Thomas, as 4th Baron Cromwell, later 1st Viscount Lecale who was created Earl of Ardglass in the Irish peerage on 15 April 1645. The Barony of Cromwell was held by the 1st Viscount Lecale from 22 November 1624 and by the Earls of Ardglass from 15 April 1645 until 26 November 1687, when, on the death of Vere Essex Cromwell, 4th Earl of Ardglass and 7th Baron Cromwell, both titles became extinct. His widow, Frances, later married Richard Wingfield, 1st Viscount Powerscourt. She died before 30 November 1631.", "title": "Edward Cromwell, 3rd Baron Cromwell" }, { "docid": "54522690#1", "text": "After taking Cashel and setting his headquarters there, Cromwell marched to Kilkenny to issue a summons of surrender. The envoy he sent there was captured and kept as a hostage. Upon this happening, Cromwell, absent siege weapons, had to return to Cashel to acquire them after being met with hostility. Cromwell was relying on an officer by the name of Tickle to betray the townspeople and relay the locations of the wall's weakest points. Tickle's treachery was unconvered by Third earl of Ormond and owner of Kilkenny castle James Butler. James Bulter intercepted the letters sent between Cromwell and Tickle which led to Tickle's execution. Butler, learning of Cromwell's intent, established 700 men and 100 horsemen to repel the puritan army. Facing this formidable force Cromwell decided to retreat to Cashel. In the space of time it took Cromwell to acquire siege weapons and return to Kilkenny, a plague had struck. The plague was believed to have originated in Galway on Spanish ship. Lord Castlehaven appointed James Walsh as Governor of the Castle and Sir Walter Butler as Governor of the City. In addition to this he provided 1200 men to the Kilkenny cause. By the time Cromwell returned, the plague had decimated Kilkenny city. About 300 out of the original Garrison of 1200 men remained to watch their posts.", "title": "Siege of Kilkenny" } ]

[ { "docid": "927476#6", "text": "New Zealand had more species of flightless birds (including the kiwi, several species of penguins, the takahe, the weka, the moa, and several other extinct species) than any other such location. One reason is that until the arrival of humans roughly a thousand years ago, there were no large land predators in New Zealand; the main predators of flightless birds were larger birds.", "title": "Flightless bird" }, { "docid": "17362#0", "text": "Kiwi ( ) or kiwis are flightless birds native to New Zealand, in the genus Apteryx and family Apterygidae. Approximately the size of a domestic chicken, kiwi are by far the smallest living ratites (which also consist of ostriches, emus, rheas, and cassowaries), and lay the largest egg in relation to their body size of any species of bird in the world.", "title": "Kiwi" } ]

[ { "docid": "206928#6", "text": "The penguins are a group of aquatic, flightless birds living almost exclusively in the Southern Hemisphere. Most penguins feed on krill, fish, squid, and other forms of sealife caught while swimming underwater.", "title": "List of birds of New Zealand" }, { "docid": "206915#1", "text": "New Zealand wrens are mostly insectivorous foragers of New Zealand’s forests, with one species, the New Zealand rock wren, being restricted to alpine areas. Both the remaining species are poor fliers and four of the five extinct species are known to be, or are suspected of having been, flightless (based on observations of living birds and the size of their sterna); along with the long-legged bunting from Tenerife, one of the Canary Islands, they are the only passerines known to have lost the ability to fly. Of the species for which the plumage is known, they are drab-coloured birds with brown-green plumage. They form monogamous pair bonds to raise their young, laying their eggs in small nests in trees or amongst rocks. They are diurnal and like all New Zealand passerines, for the most part, are sedentary.", "title": "New Zealand wren" }, { "docid": "23878#15", "text": "The basal penguins lived around the time of the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event somewhere in the general area of (southern) New Zealand and Byrd Land, Antarctica. Due to plate tectonics, these areas were at that time less than apart rather than the of today. The most recent common ancestor of penguins and their sister clade can be roughly dated to the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary, around 70–68 mya.\nWhat can be said as certainly as possible in the absence of direct (i.e., fossil) evidence is that, by the end of the Cretaceous, the penguin lineage must have been evolutionarily well distinct, though much less so morphologically; it is fairly likely that they were not yet entirely flightless at that time, as flightless birds have generally low resilience to the breakdown of trophic webs that follows the initial phase of mass extinctions because of their below-average dispersal capabilities (\"see also\" Flightless cormorant).", "title": "Penguin" }, { "docid": "22621#45", "text": "The birds of New Zealand evolved into an avifauna that included a large number of endemic species. As an island archipelago New Zealand accumulated bird diversity and when Captain James Cook arrived in the 1770s he noted that the bird song was deafening. The mix includes species with unusual biology such as the kakapo which is the world's only flightless, nocturnal, lek breeding parrot, but also many species that are similar to neighboring land areas. Some of the more well known and distinctive bird species in New Zealand are the kiwi, kea, takahe, kakapo, mohua, tui and the bellbird. The tuatara is a notable reptile endemic to New Zealand.", "title": "Oceania" }, { "docid": "26731341#3", "text": "The forests are home to a number of endemic species including two flightless birds that no longer survive in the lowland areas of the island, these are the western weka and the largest kiwi, the great spotted kiwi. The varied habitats in the region support a mixture of other birds found here include the kea, the New Zealand kaka parrot\" (Nestor meridionalis)\", the New Zealand pigeon or kereru \"(Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae)\" and the New Zealand falcon or karearea \"(Falco novaeseelandiae)\". Farewell Spit in particular is an important site for wading birds and is on a migration route. \nThe area is also rich in invertebrates including almost half of the known species of amber snails \"(Powelliphanta)\".", "title": "Nelson Coast temperate forest" }, { "docid": "14714476#0", "text": "The Saint Bathans mammal is a currently unnamed extinct primitive mammal from the Miocene of New Zealand. A member of the Saint Bathans Fauna, it is notable for being a late surviving \"archaic\" mammal species, neither a placental or a marsupial, as well as for providing evidence that flightless fully terrestrial mammals did in fact once live in Zealandia, in contrast with modern New Zealand, where bats and pinnipeds are the only non introduced mammals in the otherwise bird-dominated terrestrial faunas.", "title": "Saint Bathans mammal" }, { "docid": "21354690#0", "text": "The broad-billed, stout-legged moa or coastal moa (\"Euryapteryx curtus\") is an extinct species of moa. These moa lived in both the North and the South Islands of New Zealand, and on Stewart Island. Its habitat was in the lowlands (dunelands, forests, shrublands, and grasslands). It was a ratite and a member of the Struthioniformes Order. The Struthioniformes are flightless birds with a sternum without a keel. They also have a distinctive palate. The origin of these birds is becoming clearer as it is now believed that early ancestors of these birds were able to fly and flew to the southern areas that they have been found in.", "title": "Broad-billed moa" }, { "docid": "25247708#3", "text": "New Zealand has a high proportion of ground-nesting and flightless birds, due to its long geographical isolation and a lack of mammal predators. Native birds have evolved to fill niches that are occupied by mammals in most other places. Stoats are the greatest threat to these ground-nesting and hole-nesting birds, which have very limited means of escaping stoat predation. In some areas the whio population is now 70% male, from stoats attacking female ducks incubating eggs.", "title": "Stoats in New Zealand" } ]

[ { "docid": "6842085#31", "text": "The Island is home to a mysterious entity, consisting of a black mass accompanied by mechanical-like sounds and electrical activity within, dubbed the \"Smoke Monster\" or just the \"Monster\" by the survivors. The monster has been described by \"Lost\" producer Damon Lindelof as \"one of the biggest secrets\" of the mythology. The producers have often hinted that the black cloud of smoke is not a monster in the traditional sense, nor is it a cloud of nanobots (as some fans have speculated). The smoke monster is established as an antagonist in \"Lost\" from the very first episode, \"Pilot\". The producers' initial plan was for the monster to represent the id, in a manner similar to the \"id monster\" from the 1956 film \"Forbidden Planet\". This idea was changed by the end of season one, when the character Danielle Rousseau describes the monster as a \"security system\" for the Island, specifically the ruins of the temple on the Island. This plan was continued into season five, when Rousseau's husband, Robert, describes the monster as a security system that guards the island's temple. It has been repeatedly described as a \"security system.\" It emerges from vents in the ground to attack people, though it does not always attack those it encounters. The Monster is capable of lifting a grown man, and in one instance tosses a man nearly fifty feet into the air. In another it wraps a tendril of smoke around a man's arm, severing it.", "title": "Mythology of Lost" }, { "docid": "26727904#15", "text": "The smoke monster is established in \"Lost\" in the first episode, \"Pilot\". The producers' initial plan was for the monster to represent the id, in a manner similar to the \"id monster\" from the 1956 film \"Forbidden Planet\". This idea was changed by the end of season one, when the character Danielle Rousseau describes the monster as a \"security system\" that protects the island. This plan was continued into season five, when Rousseau's husband, Robert, describes the monster as a security system that guards the island's temple. It was not until season six that it was established that the monster was also the Man in Black.", "title": "Man in Black (Lost)" }, { "docid": "26727904#0", "text": "The entity referred to most frequently as the Man in Black (referred to as the Smoke Monster or simply the Monster by the main characters) is a fictional character and the main antagonist on the American ABC television series \"Lost\". He appeared primarily as a cloud of black smoke (\"The Smoke Monster\") until the final episode of season five, where he appeared as a middle-aged man dressed in black. In season six, he primarily appeared in the physical form of John Locke. He exhibited the ability to \"scan\" the minds and memories of others, allowing him to confront characters such as Mr. Eko and Ben, with \"judgment\" (a replay of their pasts), and to assume the forms and memories of the deceased, starting with the original Man in Black himself, being Jacob's brother, or Christian, Yemi, Alex, and Locke. According to Jacob, who explains this to Richard Alpert (Nestor Carbonell), it is the incarnation of evil, and its primary goal—to escape from the island—would be the \"end of everything good\".", "title": "Man in Black (Lost)" }, { "docid": "16454230#10", "text": "Season 6, the final, follows two timelines. In the first timeline, the survivors are sent to the present day, as the death of Jacob allows for his brother, the Man in Black, the human alter-ego of the Smoke Monster, to take over the island. Having assumed the form of John Locke, the Smoke Monster seeks to escape the island and forces a final war between the forces of good and evil.", "title": "Lost (TV series)" }, { "docid": "16454230#14", "text": "Episodes of \"Lost\" include a number of mysterious elements ascribed to science fiction or supernatural phenomena. The creators of the series refer to these elements as composing the mythology of the series, and they formed the basis of fan speculation. The show's mythological elements include a \"Smoke Monster\" that roams the island, a mysterious group of inhabitants whom the survivors called \"The Others\", a scientific organization called the Dharma Initiative that placed several research stations on the island, a sequence of numbers that frequently appears in the lives of the characters in the past, present, and future, and personal connections (synchronicity) between the characters of which they are often unaware.\nAt the heart of the series is a complex and cryptic storyline, which spawned numerous questions and discussions among viewers. Encouraged by \"Lost\"s writers and stars, who often interacted with fans online, viewers and TV critics alike took to widespread theorizing in an attempt to unravel the mysteries. Theories mainly concerned the nature of the island, the origins of the \"Monster\" and the \"Others\", the meaning of the numbers, and the reasons for both the crash and the survival of some passengers. Several of the more common fan theories were discussed and rejected by the show's creators, the most common being that the survivors of Oceanic flight 815 are dead and in purgatory. Lindelof rejected speculation that spaceships or aliens influenced the events on the island or that everything seen was a fictional reality taking place in someone's mind. Carlton Cuse dismissed the theory that the island was a reality TV show and the castaways unwitting housemates, and Lindelof many times refuted the theory that the \"Monster\" was a nanobot cloud similar to the one featured in Michael Crichton's novel \"Prey\" (which happened to share the protagonist's name, Jack).", "title": "Lost (TV series)" }, { "docid": "26727904#1", "text": "Various other characters have implied that his escape would be catastrophic and could even cause the destruction of reality. A longtime resident of the island that serves as the main setting of \"Lost\", the true nature of the Man in Black was long shrouded in mystery. It had been described by \"Lost\" producer Damon Lindelof as \"one of the biggest secrets\" of the mythology, and the producers have often hinted that the black cloud of smoke was not a monster in the traditional sense. \"TV Guide\" included him in their 2013 list of The 60 Nastiest Villains of All Time.", "title": "Man in Black (Lost)" } ]

[ { "docid": "11388649#4", "text": "Richard, now a slave, was chained below the deck of the \"Black Rock\", which got caught in a bad storm and shipwrecked on the Island, colliding with the four-toed statue of Tawaret in the process. The other surviving slaves were executed by Jonas Whitfield, an officer of the ship. Before Richard could be killed, the Smoke Monster arrived and killed all except him. As he worked to free himself, a vision of his wife appeared and told him they were in Hell. She was then apparently killed by the Monster as well. Still in chains below deck, Richard was visited by the Man in Black (Titus Welliver), the Smoke Monster in human form. The Man in Black freed him on the condition Alpert would help him.", "title": "Richard Alpert (Lost)" }, { "docid": "4227655#16", "text": "The writers of the television series \"Lost\" have made mention on numerous occasions that the Rover was the inspiration for the \"Smoke Monster.\"", "title": "Rover (The Prisoner)" }, { "docid": "6842085#32", "text": "In the first episode of season 6, \"LA X\", it is revealed that the \"Locke\", with whom Ben is traveling back to the island, has become The Monster, an incarnation of Jacob's nemesis. It appears in the remains of the statue of Taweret and kills five people. One of the people manages to create a ring of ash around himself, temporarily hindering the smoke monster. The monster throws a rock at the man, knocking him out of the circle and making it possible for it to kill him. After the men are all dead, the smoke monster exits, and Jacob's nemesis, in the form of John Locke, immediately appears, stating that he is sorry that Ben had to see him \"like that\". It is later revealed that The Monster used to be a man whose only goal has been leaving the Island and \"going home\". After claiming Sayid to his side, and giving the Others the chance to join him, he stormed the temple and massacred all those who did not comply. In \"Recon\", he gave Sawyer a mission to investigate Hydra Island to see if the coast was clear for him and the Others to travel over there so they could take the Ajira plane and fly off the Island. Later in the episode, it tells Kate that he is sorry about Claire. He tells her that his own mother was crazy, just like Aaron's mother, Claire. In the final episode, he is rendered mortal again, along with Jack, the new protector of the island, when the electromagnetic source at the center of the island is disabled. Trapped in the form of John Locke, the Man in Black fights Jack on the cliffs, stabs him and almost kills him. Kate shoots the Man in Black in the back, and Jack kicks him off the cliff, killing the darkness before it could cross over on a boat to Hydra Island in order to escape the Island using the plane.", "title": "Mythology of Lost" }, { "docid": "2025278#22", "text": "Sayid leaves the Temple after being asked by Dogen to kill the Smoke Monster with a blade. However, the knife proves worthless but the Smoke Monster (in Locke's form) allows Sayid to live and return to the temple with a message. Sayid indeed returns and warns everyone to leave or else they will all die. He then proceeds to confront Dogen and murders him and Lennon, allowing the Smoke Monster into the Temple to kill those who didn't defect. When Ilana's group rushes in to rescue the \"candidates\" (Jacob's choice of people to replace him as leader of the Island), Ben attempts to coax Sayid to leaving with them, but Sayid sinisterly replies otherwise. Ben runs off. The \"infection\" Dogen had spoken of appears to be a type of mind control that the Man in Black has placed over Sayid.", "title": "Sayid Jarrah" } ]

[ { "docid": "15614#3", "text": "Jonathan Swift was born on 30 November 1667 in Dublin, Ireland. He was the second child and only son of Jonathan Swift (1640–1667) and his wife Abigail Erick (or Herrick) of Frisby on the Wreake. His father was a native of Goodrich, Herefordshire, but he accompanied his brothers to Ireland to seek their fortunes in law after their Royalist father's estate was brought to ruin during the English Civil War. His maternal grandfather, James Ericke, was the vicar of Thornton, England. In 1634 the vicar was convicted of Puritan practices. Some time thereafter, Ericke and his family, including his young daughter Abilgail, fled to Ireland.", "title": "Jonathan Swift" } ]

[ { "docid": "294082#11", "text": "Born of English parents in Ireland, Jonathan Swift was working as Sir William Temple's secretary at the time he composed \"A Tale of a Tub\" (1694–1697). The publication of the work coincided with Swift's striking out on his own, having despaired of getting a good \"living\" from Temple or Temple's influence. There is speculation about what caused the rift between Swift and his employer, but, as A. C. Elias persuasively argues, it seems that the final straw came with Swift's work on Temple's \"Letters.\" Swift had been engaged to translate Temple's French correspondence, but Temple, or someone close to Temple, edited the French text to make Temple seem both prescient and more fluent. Consequently, the letters and the translations Swift provided did not gibe, and, since Swift could not accuse Temple of falsifying his letters, and because the public would never believe that the retired state minister had lied, Swift came across as incompetent.\nEven though Swift published the \"Tale\" as he left Temple's service, it was conceived earlier, and the book is a salvo in one of Temple's battles. Swift's general polemic concerns an argument (the \"Quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns\") that had been over for nearly ten years by the time the book was published. The \"Quarrel of the Ancients and Moderns\" was a French academic debate of the early 1690s, occasioned by Fontenelle arguing that modern scholarship had allowed modern man to surpass the ancients in knowledge. Temple argued against this position in his \"On Ancient and Modern Learning\" (where he provided the first English formulation of the commonplace that modern critics see more only because they are dwarves standing on the shoulders of giants), and Temple's somewhat naive essay prompted a small flurry of responses. Among others, two men who took the side opposing Temple were Richard Bentley (classicist and editor) and William Wotton (critic).", "title": "A Tale of a Tub" }, { "docid": "12668177#1", "text": "The legend of Swift's silver mine is based on accounts given in the journal of an Englishman named Jonathan Swift. Swift claimed to have preceded Daniel Boone into Kentucky, coming to the region in 1760 on a series of mining expeditions. The journal recounts how a wounded bear led Swift to a vein of silver ore in a cave, and how that for the next nine years, he made annual treks back to the site of the mine, carrying out \"silver bars and minted coins.\" An article in an 1886 edition of \"Harper's Magazine\" tells how Swift supposedly buried a good deal of the treasure at various locations:", "title": "Swift's silver mine" }, { "docid": "15614#9", "text": "Swift was studying for his master's degree when political troubles in Ireland surrounding the Glorious Revolution forced him to leave for England in 1688, where his mother helped him get a position as secretary and personal assistant of Sir William Temple at Moor Park, Farnham. Temple was an English diplomat who arranged the Triple Alliance of 1668. He had retired from public service to his country estate to tend his gardens and write his memoirs. Gaining his employer's confidence, Swift \"was often trusted with matters of great importance\". Within three years of their acquaintance, Temple had introduced his secretary to William III and sent him to London to urge the King to consent to a bill for triennial Parliaments.", "title": "Jonathan Swift" }, { "docid": "15614#15", "text": "Swift had residence in Trim, County Meath, after 1700. He wrote many of his works during this time period. In February 1702, Swift received his Doctor of Divinity degree from Trinity College, Dublin. That spring he travelled to England and then returned to Ireland in October, accompanied by Esther Johnson—now 20—and his friend Rebecca Dingley, another member of William Temple's household. There is a great mystery and controversy over Swift's relationship with Esther Johnson, nicknamed \"Stella\". Many, notably his close friend Thomas Sheridan, believed that they were secretly married in 1716; others, like Swift's housekeeper Mrs Brent and Rebecca Dingley (who lived with Stella all through her years in Ireland) dismissed the story as absurd. Swift certainly did not wish her to marry anyone else: in 1704, when their mutual friend William Tisdall informed Swift that he intended to propose to Stella, Swift wrote to him to dissuade him from the idea. Although the tone of the letter was courteous, Swift privately expressed his disgust for Tisdall as an \"interloper\", and they were estranged for many years.", "title": "Jonathan Swift" }, { "docid": "15614#5", "text": "At the age of one, child Jonathan was taken by his wet nurse to her hometown of Whitehaven, Cumberland, England. He said that there he learned to read the Bible. His nurse returned him to his mother, still in Ireland, when he was three.", "title": "Jonathan Swift" }, { "docid": "53654245#1", "text": "Born in Dundalk, Swift was educated at a Christian Brothers School. His father ran a co-operative bakery but this closed and the family endured poverty. In 1914, Swift began an apprenticeship at a bakery in Dublin, and spent much of his spare time attending meetings where Jim Larkin was speaking. He briefly joined the Irish Volunteers, but took time out following an accident, and decided not to rejoin due to Larkin's opposition to the organisation.", "title": "John Swift (trade unionist)" }, { "docid": "1879544#1", "text": "Swift was born on Nantucket Island, the son of Foster Swift and his wife, Deborah. At the age of six, he saw George Washington on Boston Common, an experience that made an indelible impression on him.\nIn 1792, the Swifts moved to Taunton, Massachusetts, where Joseph became the student of Reverend Samuel Daggat, who prepared him to enter Harvard College. Swift had read accounts of the American Revolution in his father’s diary and heard stories from a family friend, Major General David Cobb. With Cobb’s advice and assistance, Swift was appointed by President John Adams on May 12, 1800 as a cadet of artillerists and engineers. He reported for duty a month later at Newport Harbor.", "title": "Joseph Gardner Swift" }, { "docid": "15614#10", "text": "Swift took up his residence at Moor Park where he met Esther Johnson, then eight years old, the daughter of an impoverished widow who acted as companion to Temple's sister Lady Giffard. Swift was her tutor and mentor, giving her the nickname \"Stella\", and the two maintained a close but ambiguous relationship for the rest of Esther's life.", "title": "Jonathan Swift" }, { "docid": "23576614#3", "text": "Swift was born on 7 June 1874 at Hardshaw Hall, Lancashire to Thomas Swift and his second wife Emily. The male members of the family were mostly lawyers - Thomas Swift was a solicitor, three of his sons also became solicitors, his brother was a registrar and his cousin, Sir John Rigby was a barrister and later judge. After John Rigby became a King's Counsel in 1880, Thomas Swift switched paths and became a barrister. He specialised in criminal work, and served as counsel in the trial of Florence Maybrick. His career change had a great impact on the family - they moved from Lancashire to Liverpool (where Thomas Swift's Chambers were) and Rigby Swift was undoubtedly influenced by his father's career when it came to choosing one of his own.", "title": "Rigby Swift" } ]

[ { "docid": "29394#0", "text": "Shrikes () are carnivorous passerine birds of the family Laniidae. The family is composed of 31 species in four genera. They are fairly closely related to the bush-shrike family Malaconotidae.", "title": "Shrike" }, { "docid": "10347343#139", "text": "The bush-shrikes, boubous and tchagras are smallish passerine bird species. They were formerly classed with the true shrikes in the family Laniidae, but are now considered sufficiently distinctive to separate from that group as the family Malaconotidae. There are 43 species worldwide, 16 in Southern Africa.Order: Passeriformes. Family: Sturnidae (including Buphaginae, sometimes deemed a distinct family)", "title": "List of birds of Southern Africa" }, { "docid": "10347343#137", "text": "A shrike is a passerine bird of the family Laniidae known for catching insects, small birds or mammals, and impaling their bodies on thorns. This helps them tear the flesh into small convenient fragments, and serves as a \"larder\" so that the shrike can return to feed later. A typical shrike's beak is hooked, like a bird of prey, reflecting its predatory nature. There are 32 species worldwide, six in Southern Africa.Order: PasseriformesFamily: Prionopidae", "title": "List of birds of Southern Africa" }, { "docid": "3860680#34", "text": "Shrikes are passerine birds known for their habit of catching other birds and small animals and \"impaling the uneaten portions of their bodies on thorns\", (creating a larder to attract a female). A typical shrike's beak is hooked, like a bird of prey. There are 31 species worldwide and 3 North American species. The loggerhead shrike is extremely abundant in the \"low desert\"/ chaparral environment.Order: PasseriformesFamily: Vireonidae", "title": "List of birds of Yuma County, Arizona" } ]

[ { "docid": "29394#2", "text": "Most shrike species have a Eurasian and African distribution, with just two breeding in North America (the loggerhead and great grey shrikes). No members of this family occur in South America or Australia, although one species reaches New Guinea. The shrikes vary in the extent of their ranges, with some species such as the great grey shrike ranging across the Northern Hemisphere to the Newton's fiscal which is restricted to the island of São Tomé.", "title": "Shrike" }, { "docid": "10930145#39", "text": "The Old World orioles are colourful passerine birds. They are not related to the New World orioles. There are 29 species worldwide and 4 species which occur in Malawi.Order: PasseriformesFamily: Laniidae\nShrikes are passerine birds known for their habit of catching other birds and small animals and impaling the uneaten portions of their bodies on thorns. A typical shrike's beak is hooked, like a bird of prey.Order: PasseriformesFamily: Malaconotidae\nBushshrikes are similar in habits to shrikes, hunting insects and other small prey from a perch on a bush. Although similar in build to the shrikes, these tend to be either colourful species or largely black; some species are quite secretive. There are 46 species worldwide and 12 species which occur in Malawi.Order: PasseriformesFamily: Prionopidae\nThe helmetshrikes are similar in build to the shrikes, but tend to be colourful species with distinctive crests or other head ornaments, such as wattles, from which they get their name. There are 12 species worldwide and 2 species which occur in Malawi.Order: PasseriformesFamily: Dicruridae", "title": "List of birds of Malawi" }, { "docid": "269644#0", "text": "The cuckooshrikes and allies in the family Campephagidae are small to medium-sized passerine bird species found in the subtropical and tropical Africa, Asia and Australasia. The roughly 86 species are found in eight (or nine) genera which comprise five distinct groups, the 'true' cuckooshrikes (\"Campephaga\", \"Coracina\", \"Celebesica\", \"Ceblepyris\", \"Edolisoma\", \"Lobotos\", \"Pteropodocys\" and \"Campochaera\") the trillers (\"Lalage\"), the minivets (\"Pericrocotus\"), the flycatcher-shrikes (\"Hemipus\") comprise a total of 316 taxa. The woodshrikes (\"Tephrodornis\") were often considered to be in this family but are probably better placed in their own family, Tephrodornithidae, along with the philentomas and the flycatcher-shrikes. Another genus, \"Chlamydochaera\", which has one species, the black-breasted fruithunter, was often placed in this family but has now been shown to be a thrush (Turdidae).", "title": "Cuckooshrike" }, { "docid": "7123847#0", "text": "Eurocephalus is a small genus of passerine birds in the shrike family. Just two species are placed in this genus.These are large brown and white shrikes found in sub-Saharan Africa. They are gregarious species, unlike the \"Lanius\" shrikes, and have a parrot-like flight.", "title": "Eurocephalus" }, { "docid": "12475640#0", "text": "The shrike-babblers are a group of small birds in the genus Pteruthius. They are native to the Indomalayan ecozone, and were traditionally placed in the family Timaliidae before molecular phylogenetic studies in 2007 found that they were best considered as belonging to the family Vireonidae which was then thought to be restricted to the New World. They were traditionally classified into five species with several subspecies but changes in the status of these species on the basis of the phylogenetic species concept suggest more forms in a cryptic species complex. Most species are found in montane forests, with some species descending down to lower altitudes during the winter.", "title": "Shrike-babblers" }, { "docid": "10347343#138", "text": "The helmetshrikes are smallish passerine bird species. They were formerly classified with the true shrikes in the family Laniidae, but are now considered sufficiently distinctive to separate from that group as the family Prionopidae. There are 11 species worldwide, three in Southern Africa.Order: PasseriformesFamily: Malaconotidae", "title": "List of birds of Southern Africa" }, { "docid": "29394#12", "text": "The Prionopidae and Malaconotidae are quite closely related to the Laniidae, and were formerly included in the shrike family. The cuckoo-shrikes are not closely related to the true shrikes.", "title": "Shrike" } ]

[ { "docid": "14449068#0", "text": "The Commonwealth Youth Programme, also known as CYP, is an international development agency working with young people between the ages of 15 and 29. Part of the Commonwealth Secretariat, CYP is active in the Commonwealth's 54 member countries. CYP has a head office in London with four centres in Africa, Lusaka, Zambia, Asia Chandigarh, India, Caribbean Georgetown, Guyana and Pacific Honiara, Solomon Islands. Currently there are Four Regional Directors and 16 programme officers plus support staff are working there.", "title": "Commonwealth Youth Programme" } ]

[ { "docid": "21175158#59", "text": "Commonwealth countries share many links outside government, with over a hundred Commonwealth-wide non-governmental organisations, notably for sport, culture, education, law and charity. The Association of Commonwealth Universities is an important vehicle for academic links, particularly through scholarships, principally the Commonwealth Scholarship, for students to study in universities in other Commonwealth countries. There are also many non-official associations that bring together individuals who work within the spheres of law and government, such as the Commonwealth Lawyers Association and the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association.", "title": "Commonwealth of Nations" }, { "docid": "39173#2", "text": "The Commonwealth Games are overseen by the Commonwealth Games Federation (CGF), which also controls the sporting programme and selects the host cities. The games movement consists of international sports federations (IFs), (CGAs), and organising committees for each specific Commonwealth Games. There are several rituals and symbols, such as the Commonwealth Games flag and Queen's Baton, as well as the opening and closing ceremonies. Over 5,000 athletes compete at the Commonwealth Games in more than 15 different sports and more than 250 events. The first, second, and third-place finishers in each event receive Commonwealth Games medals: gold, silver, and bronze, respectively. Apart from many Olympic sports, the games also include some sports which are played predominantly in Commonwealth countries but which are not part of the Olympic programme, such as lawn bowls, netball and squash.", "title": "Commonwealth Games" }, { "docid": "738298#1", "text": "By 1949, the British Commonwealth was a group of eight countries, each having George VI as king. India, however, desired to become a republic, but not depart the Commonwealth by doing so. This was accommodated by the creation of the title \"Head of the Commonwealth\" for the King and India became a republic in 1950. Subsequently, many other nations including Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Malaysia and Singapore ceased to recognise the monarch of the United Kingdom as their respective head of state, but as members of the Commonwealth of Nations recognised the British monarch as Head of the Commonwealth.", "title": "Head of the Commonwealth" }, { "docid": "21175158#80", "text": "In 2009, to mark the 60th anniversary of the founding of the Commonwealth, the Royal Commonwealth Society commissioned a poll of public opinion in seven of the member states: Australia, Canada, India, Jamaica, Malaysia, South Africa and the United Kingdom. It found that most people in these countries were largely ignorant of the Commonwealth's activities, aside from the Commonwealth Games, and indifferent toward its future. Support for the Commonwealth was twice as high in developing countries as in developed countries; it was lowest in Britain.", "title": "Commonwealth of Nations" }, { "docid": "21175158#78", "text": "Due to their shared constitutional histories, several countries in the Commonwealth have similar legal and political systems. The Commonwealth requires its members to be functioning democracies that respect human rights and the rule of law. Most Commonwealth countries have the bicameral Westminster system of parliamentary democracy. The Commonwealth Parliamentary Association facilitates co-operation between legislatures across the Commonwealth, and the Commonwealth Local Government Forum promotes good governance amongst local government officials. Most Commonwealth members use common law, modelled on English law. The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council is the supreme court of 14 Commonwealth members.", "title": "Commonwealth of Nations" }, { "docid": "9113222#0", "text": "Wales is one of six countries to have competed in every Commonwealth Games since 1930, the others being Australia, Canada, England, New Zealand and Scotland. The Commonwealth Games is the only major sporting event where Wales takes part as a separate entity, apart from the Six Nations Rugby Championship Rugby World Cup and international association football competitions, as in other events, such as the Olympic Games, they compete under the banner of the United Kingdom.", "title": "Wales at the Commonwealth Games" }, { "docid": "31731#17", "text": "In the 2016 Brexit referendum 52% of those who voted supported \"Brexit\", and the government started negotiating to leave the European Union in 2019.\nThe UK has varied relationships with the countries that make up the Commonwealth of Nations which originated from the British Empire. Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom is Head of the Commonwealth and is Queen of 16 of its 53 member states. Those that retain the Queen as head of state are called Commonwealth realms. Over time several countries have been suspended from the Commonwealth for various reasons. Zimbabwe was suspended because of the authoritarian rule of its President and so too was Pakistan, but it has since returned. Countries which become republics are still eligible for membership of the Commonwealth so long as they are deemed democratic. Commonwealth nations such as Malaysia enjoyed no export duties in trade with the UK before the UK concentrated its economic relationship with EU member states.", "title": "Foreign relations of the United Kingdom" }, { "docid": "2483677#2", "text": "Commonwealth countries are major stakeholders in the process and success of the Doha Development Agenda. Together the Commonwealth’s 53 member countries account for 30 per cent of the world’s population and about 25 per cent of its international trade and investment. Commonwealth countries account for 40 per cent of WTO membership. CBC’s trade development objectives include encouraging\ntrade facilitation and further liberalisation of services; encouraging developing countries to play an active role in the World Trade Organization, and in new trade rounds, by maximising their negotiating strength through cooperative action.", "title": "Commonwealth Business Council" }, { "docid": "948787#0", "text": "The Association of Commonwealth Universities (ACU) was established in 1913, and has over 500 member institutions in over 50 countries across the Commonwealth. It is the world’s oldest international network of universities and its mission is to promote and support excellence in higher education for the benefit of individuals and societies throughout the commonwealth and beyond. While it is the oldest university network, it represents the future – it has a combined population of 3 billion, mainly under the age of 30, in Commonwealth countries.", "title": "Association of Commonwealth Universities" } ]

[ { "docid": "10710#1", "text": "Finland numbers some 5.5 million people and has an average population density of 17 inhabitants per square kilometre. There has not been any remarkable growth in the number of population since the inception of modern Finland. This makes it the third most sparsely populated country in Europe, after Iceland and Norway. Population distribution is very uneven: the population is concentrated on the small southwestern coastal plain. About 85% live in towns and cities, with one million living in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area alone. In Arctic Lapland, on the other hand, there are only 2 people to every square kilometre.", "title": "Demographics of Finland" }, { "docid": "10577#1", "text": "Finland's population is 5.52 million (2018), and the majority of the population is concentrated in the southern region. 88.7% of the population is Finnish and speaks Finnish, a Uralic language unrelated to the Scandinavian languages; next come the Finland-Swedes (5.3%). Finland is the eighth-largest country in Europe and the most sparsely populated country in the European Union. The sovereign state is a parliamentary republic with a central government based in the capital city of Helsinki, local governments in 311 municipalities, and one autonomous region, the Åland Islands. Over 1.4 million people live in the Greater Helsinki metropolitan area, which produces one third of the country's GDP.", "title": "Finland" } ]

[ { "docid": "15322166#2", "text": "There are close to 30 species of rodents living throughout Finland. These include the widespread Muridae, such as the house mouse, brown rat and wood mouse which live throughout Europe, and the Norway lemming, which only lives in Scandinavia. Some were introduced there, and they include the muskrat and nutria among others.There are 3 species of rabbits and hares found in Finland. The common rabbit spread there from central Europe. It is now found in practically all of Europe. The other two species are hares.There are 10 species of insectivore living in Finland. Eight of the ten are shrews, from the common shrew to the Eurasian water shrew. Shrews are very common in the forests of Finland. A species of mole and one of hedgehog are the remaining insectivores.About 13 kinds of bat live in Finland.Around 15 species of carnivore are found in Finland. Many of the larger carnivores were or are still in danger of dying out. Other than Russia and some other eastern European countries, Finland is the last stronghold for gray wolves in Europe.Pinnipeds includes all the seals, sea lions, and the walrus. Four pinnipeds are native to Finland year round (most living on the northern coast), but other species, such as the walrus, may migrate there during certain times of the year. The Saimaa ringed seal is a subspecies of ringed seal native exclusively to Finland and is a famous animal there, though it is also one of the most endangered seal subspecies in the world.The order of Artiodactyl includes all even-hooved mammals. There are about 10 species that can be found in Finland. Many species have been either introduced or reintroduced there.This order includes all the whales, toothed whales, and dolphins of the different waters. Finland does not have any large Cetacean species within its territories. Finland's only coast is on the baltic sea which is home to the Harbour Porpoise (\"Phocoena phocoena\") which is the smallest of the Dolphin Species in the world's Oceans. However, the Baltic Sea the population of Harbour Porpoise has dropped dramatically since the mid-1950s and is now at under 500. The top current threats for Baltic harbour porpoise are bycatch in fisheries, environmental toxins mostly from the Swedish Paper Industry and anthropogenic noise.", "title": "Fauna of Finland" }, { "docid": "13200243#3", "text": "Finland differs from most industrialized countries in that many of its energy needs stem from the Nordic conditions. Finland is located between 60 and 70 degrees northern latitude and a quarter of its area lies north of the Arctic Circle. In fact, one third of all people living north of the 60th parallel are Finns. The annual mean temperature in the south of the country is around 5 °C and 0 °C in the north. The population-weighted average number of heating degree days for Finland is 5000, considerably more than in Sweden and Norway (4000). Thus, the Finnish climate is the coldest in the EU and, consequently, a large share of the energy (22%) is used for the heating of buildings.", "title": "Renewable energy in Finland" }, { "docid": "10710#26", "text": "Finland is very ethnically homogeneous. Most of the population is ethnic Finnish. The earliest inhabitants of the area were hunter-gatherers, most closely related to the modern-day Sami people of Finland. There are about 4,500 Sami left in Finland who are officially recognized as a minority. The Sami people have been living north of the Arctic Circle for over 7,000 years and account for a 5% minority in the Lapland Province. Finland does not keep official statistics on ethnicity.", "title": "Demographics of Finland" }, { "docid": "11502649#12", "text": "15,000 Irish live in Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, where more than 1/2 million people regularly attend Irish music, cultural and sports events. These countries host the Nordic Feis annually, with Irish dancing schools from across the region and Irish Festivals. Irish societies and associations in Northern Europe actively arrange Irish literature, theatre, sport, music and dancing events across Scandinavia. The region hosts Irish & Celtic Studies Centres in Sweden and Denmark. Many of the more than 230 Irish Pubs have regular live Irish music, as well as live Irish sports coverage - GAA, Soccer and Rugby. Norway has a Celtic Irish association football club, Finland has a hurling club; Sweden and Denmark played each other in Gaelic football and in Hurling this past summer. Latvia hosts live GAA coverage.", "title": "Irish people in mainland Europe" }, { "docid": "10710#4", "text": "The earliest inhabitants of most of the land area that makes up today's Finland and Scandinavia were in all likehood hunter-gatherers whose closest successors in modern terms would probably be the Sami people (formerly known as the Lapps). There are 4,500 of them living in Finland today and they are recognised as a minority and speak three distinct languages: Northern Sami, Inari Sami and Skolt Sami. They have been living north of the Arctic Circle for more than 7,000 years now, but today are a 5% minority in their native Lapland Province. During the late 19th and 20th century there was significant emigration, particularly from rural areas to Sweden and North America, while most immigrants into Finland itself come from other European countries.", "title": "Demographics of Finland" }, { "docid": "17379619#6", "text": "The \"Swedish-speaking Finns\" or \"Finland-Swedes\" form a minority group in Finland. The characteristic of this minority is debated: while some see it as an ethnic group of its own some view it purely as a linguistic minority. The group includes about 265,000 people, comprising 5.10% of the population of mainland Finland, or 5.50 % if the 26,000 inhabitants of Åland are included (there are also about 60,000 Swedish-speaking Finns currently resident in Sweden). It has been presented that the ethnic group can also perceived as distinct Swedish-speaking nationality in Finland. There are also 9,000 Swedish citizens living in Finland.", "title": "Swedish diaspora" }, { "docid": "32344528#2", "text": "There are hundreds of Indian engineers working in Finland. Many of them came to work there to get a quality life and also their salary would be double than what they would get in India even though taxes erode the difference. At Nokia's research facility alone there are nearly 100 Indians working there. Wipro employed some 300 people in Finland while their competitor Tata Consultancy Services employed 600 individuals. Many of the engineers came with their spouses and children and have settled permanently in Finland.", "title": "Indians in Finland" }, { "docid": "206208#41", "text": "Of the Swedish-speaking population of Finland:There is a small community of Swedish-speaking immigrants in Finland. Many of them come from Sweden, or have resided there (about 8,500 Swedish citizens live in Finland and around 30,000 residents in Finland were born in Sweden), while others have opted for Swedish because it is the main language in the city in which they live, or because their partners are Swedish-speaking. About one quarter of immigrants in the Helsinki area would choose to integrate in Swedish if they had the option. According to a report by Finland's Swedish think tank, Magma, there is a widespread perception among immigrants that they are more easily integrated in the Swedish-speaking community than in the majority society. However, some immigrants also question whether they ever will be fully accepted as Finland Swedes. Swedish-speaking immigrants also have their own association, Ifisk and in the capital region there is a publicly financed project named \"Delaktig\" aimed at facilitating integration of immigrants who know or wish to learn Swedish. Most if not all immigrants also wish to be fluent in Finnish due to the fact that it is the dominant language in Finnish society.", "title": "Swedish-speaking population of Finland" } ]

[ { "docid": "35676775#0", "text": "Statistical language acquisition, is a branch of developmental psycholinguistics, that studies the process by which humans develop the ability to perceive, produce, comprehend, and communicate with natural language in all of its aspects (phonological, syntactic, lexical, morphological, semantic) through the use of general learning mechanisms operating on statistical patterns in the linguistic input. Statistical learning acquisition claims that infants language learning is based on pattern perception rather than an innate biological grammar. Several statistical elements such as frequency of words, frequent frames, phonotactic patterns and other regularities provide information on language structure and meaning for facilitation of language acquisition.", "title": "Statistical language acquisition" }, { "docid": "38523090#3", "text": "The role of statistical learning in language acquisition has been particularly well documented in the area of lexical acquisition. One important contribution to infants' understanding of segmenting words from a continuous stream of speech is their ability to recognize statistical regularities of the speech heard in their environments. Although many factors play an important role, this specific mechanism is powerful and can operate over a short time scale.", "title": "Statistical learning in language acquisition" }, { "docid": "38523090#0", "text": "Statistical learning is the ability for humans and other animals to extract statistical regularities from the world around them to learn about the environment. Although statistical learning is now thought to be a generalized learning mechanism, the phenomenon was first identified in human infant language acquisition.", "title": "Statistical learning in language acquisition" } ]

[ { "docid": "18614#25", "text": "The statistical abilities are effective, but also limited by what qualifies as input, what is done with that input, and by the structure of the resulting output. One should also note that statistical learning (and more broadly, distributional learning) can be accepted as a component of language acquisition by researchers on either side of the \"nature and nurture\" debate. From the perspective of that debate, an important question is whether statistical learning can, by itself, serve as an alternative to nativist explanations for the grammatical constraints of human language.", "title": "Language acquisition" }, { "docid": "35676775#12", "text": "It is possible that the kinds of language experience and knowledge gained through the statistical learning of the first language influences one's acquisition of a second language. Some research points to the possibility that the difficulty of learning a second language may be derived from the structural patterns and language cues that one has already picked up from his or her acquisition of first language. In that sense, the knowledge of and skills to process the first language from statistical acquisition may act as a complicating factor when one tries to learn a new language with different sentence structures, grammatical rules, and speech patterns.", "title": "Statistical language acquisition" }, { "docid": "35676775#9", "text": "As such, artificial language experiments are typically conducted to explore what the relevant linguistic variables are, what sources of information infants are able to use and when, and how researchers can go about modeling the learning and acquisition process. Aslin and Newport, for example, have used artificial languages to explore what features of linguistic input make certain patterns salient and easily detectable by infants, allowing them to easily contrast the detection of syllable repetition with that of word-final syllables and make conclusions about the conditions under which either feature is recognized as important.", "title": "Statistical language acquisition" }, { "docid": "38523090#16", "text": "In a review of the role of distributional learning on phonological acquisition, Werker et al. note that distributional learning cannot be the only mechanism by which phonetic categories are acquired. However, it does seem clear that this type of statistical learning mechanism can play a role in this skill, although research is ongoing.", "title": "Statistical learning in language acquisition" }, { "docid": "38523090#33", "text": "Although the phenomenon of statistical learning was first discovered in the context of language acquisition and there is much evidence of its role in that purpose, work since the original discovery has suggested that statistical learning may be a domain general skill and is likely not unique to humans. For example, Saffran, Johnson, Aslin, and Newport found that both adults and infants were able to learn statistical probabilities of “words” created by playing different musical tones (i.e., participants heard the musical notes D, E, and F presented together during training and were able to recognize those notes as a unit at test as compared to three notes that had not been presented together). In non-auditory domains, there is evidence that humans are able to learn statistical visual information whether that information is presented across space, e.g., or time, e.g.. Evidence of statistical learning has also been found in other primates, e.g., and some limited statistical learning abilities have been found even in non-primates like rats. Together these findings suggest that statistical learning may be a generalized learning mechanism that happens to be utilized in language acquisition, rather than a mechanism that is unique to the human infant’s ability to learn his or her language(s).", "title": "Statistical learning in language acquisition" }, { "docid": "18614#23", "text": "Some language acquisition researchers, such as Elissa Newport, Richard Aslin, and Jenny Saffran, emphasize the possible roles of general learning mechanisms, especially statistical learning, in language acquisition. The development of connectionist models that are able to successfully learn words and syntactical conventions supports the predictions of statistical learning theories of language acquisition, as do empirical studies of children's detection of word boundaries. In a series of connectionist model simulations Franklin Chang has demonstrated that such domain general statistical learning mechanism could explain a wide range of language structure acquisition phenomena.", "title": "Language acquisition" }, { "docid": "38523090#24", "text": "Much of the early work using statistical learning paradigms focused on the ability for children or adults to learn a single language, consistent with the process of language acquisition for monolingual speakers or learners. However, it is estimated that approximately 60-75% of people in the world are bilingual. More recently, researchers have begun looking at the role of statistical learning for those who speak more than one language. Although there are no reviews on this topic yet, Weiss, Gerfen, and Mitchel examined how hearing input from multiple artificial languages simultaneously can affect the ability to learn either or both languages. Over four experiments, Weiss et al. found that, after exposure to two artificial languages, adult learners are capable of determining word boundaries in both languages when each language is spoken by a different speaker. However, when the two languages were spoken by the same speaker, participants were able learn both languages only when they were “congruent”—when the word boundaries of one language matched the word boundaries of the other. When the languages were incongruent—a syllable that appeared in the middle of a word in one language appeared at the end of the word in the other language—and spoken by a single speaker, participants were able to learn, at best, one of the two languages. A final experiment showed that the inability to learn incongruent languages spoken in the same voice was not due to syllable overlap between the languages but due to differing word boundaries.", "title": "Statistical learning in language acquisition" } ]

[ { "docid": "18493095#0", "text": "In video games, an open world is a virtual world in which the player can explore and approach objectives freely, as opposed to a world with more linear gameplay. While games have used open-world designs since the 1980s, the implementation in \"Grand Theft Auto III\" (2001) set a standard that has been used since.", "title": "Open world" }, { "docid": "18493095#24", "text": "\"No Man's Sky\", released in 2016, is an open-world game set in a virtually infinite universe. According to the developers, through procedural generation, the game is able to produce more than 18 quintillion (18*10^15 or 18,000,000,000,000,000) planets to explore. Several critics found that the nature of the game can become repetitive and monotonous, with the survival gameplay elements being lackluster and tedious. Jake Swearingen in \"New York\" said, \"You can procedurally generate 18.6 quintillion unique planets, but you can’t procedurally generate 18.6 quintillion unique things to do.\" Subsequent updates made post-release have since aimed to address these criticisms.\nIn 2017, the open-world design of \"\" has been described by critics as being revolutionary, and by developers as a paradigm shift for open-world design. In contrast to the more structured approach of most open-world games, \"Breath of the Wild\" features a large and fully interactive world that is generally unstructured and rewards the exploration and manipulation of its world. Inspired by the original 1986 \"Legend of Zelda\", the open world of \"Breath of the Wild\" integrates multiplicative gameplay, where \"objects react to the player's actions and the objects themselves also influence each other.\" Along with a physics engine, the game's open world also integrates a chemistry engine, \"which governs the physical properties of certain objects and how they relate to each other,\" rewarding experimentation. Nintendo has described the game's approach to open-world design as \"open air\".", "title": "Open world" } ]

[ { "docid": "77041#13", "text": "Hendrick Vroom explains, \"The term \"Maya\" has been translated as 'illusion,' but then it does not concern normal illusion. Here 'illusion' does not mean that the world is not real and simply a figment of the human imagination. \"Maya\" means that the world is not as it seems; the world that one experiences is misleading as far as its true nature is concerned.\" Lynn Foulston states, \"The world is both real and unreal because it exists but is 'not what it appears to be'.\" According to Wendy Doniger, \"to say that the universe is an illusion (māyā) is not to say that it is unreal; it is to say, instead, that it is not what it seems to be, that it is something constantly being made. Māyā not only deceives people about the things they think they know; more basically, it limits their knowledge.\"", "title": "Maya (religion)" }, { "docid": "2526582#0", "text": "The closed-world assumption (CWA), in a formal system of logic used for knowledge representation, is the presumption that a statement that is true is also known to be true. Therefore, conversely, what is not currently known to be true, is false. The same name also refers to a logical formalization of this assumption by Raymond Reiter. The opposite of the closed-world assumption is the open-world assumption (OWA), stating that lack of knowledge does not imply falsity. Decisions on CWA vs. OWA determine the understanding of the actual semantics of a conceptual expression with the same notations of concepts. A successful formalization of natural language semantics usually cannot avoid an explicit revelation of whether the implicit logical backgrounds are based on CWA or OWA.", "title": "Closed-world assumption" }, { "docid": "4714823#11", "text": "Sanders situates open theism as a form of freewill theism which goes back to the early church fathers and in Protestantism, it is prominent in the Arminian-Wesleyan traditions. In freewill theism God does not micromanage the creation, as is the case in theological determinism, but instead exercises “general sovereignty” by which God enacts the overarching structures in which creatures operate. Humans have libertarian free will such that for a free act the individual could have acted differently from reality. God does not determine or tightly control what humans do which means that God takes risks that humans might do things (likebsin) that God does not want them to do. The divine will, for some things, can be thwarted. Freewill theists have emphasized reciprocal relations between humans and God when it comes to salvation and prayer. They believe that God graciously initiates the call to redemption by granting enabling grace but that humans are free to accept it or reject it. When believers petition God in prayer what the believer prays can have an effect on God. Some divine decisions are contingent upon our actions. In other words, God responds to what creatures do, and what happens in history makes a difference to the way God acts in history. When such ideas are applied to the divine attributes, freewill theists reject “strong” divine immutability (God cannot change in any respect) and “strong” impassibility (God cannot be affected by what creatures do). Freewill theists do affirm “weak” impassibility (God is not overcome by emotions as humans are apt to be) and “weak” immutability (the divine nature [love, faithfulness, power, etc.] never changes).", "title": "John E. Sanders" }, { "docid": "11247268#8", "text": "\"We designed the building from the inside out, not the outside in,” said Loretta H. Cockrum, Foram’s founder, chairman and CEO. “We wanted the most efficient office building ever designed, with no wasted space or wasted energy. This is a building of the future more than a building of the present. A lot of love has gone into that building, and a lot of pride.\"", "title": "Brickell World Plaza" }, { "docid": "41959688#0", "text": "Winfield Toll Bridge, also known as the Ross Booth Memorial Bridge, is a historic three-span cantilever Warren Truss bridge located at Winfield and Red House, Putnam County, West Virginia. It was built in 1955, and spans the Kanawha River, carrying West Virginia Route 34. The cantilever through-truss consists of two anchor spans each 245 feet in length and the main span 462 feet in length between pier center lines. The main span consists of two 128 feet, 4 inch, cantilever arms and a 205 feet, 4 inch, suspended span.", "title": "Winfield Toll Bridge" }, { "docid": "31893088#12", "text": "“Since 1776 \"The Pursuit of Happiness\" has been the great world question. Here, reflecting on modern survey techniques and results, Carol Graham drills deeper. What does happiness mean? For example, is it opportunity for a meaningful life? Or, is it blissful contentment? And why does it vary, as it does, across individuals and around the world? How does the perception of happiness differ in countries as disparate as Cuba, Afghanistan, Japan, and Russia? Carol Graham is opening up a whole new frontier in economic and social policy.” –George Akerlof, Professor of Economics at UC Berkeley and 2001 Nobel Laureate in Economics", "title": "Carol Graham" }, { "docid": "55853074#1", "text": "s͎ is represented in Unicode by an s and U+034E (Combining Upwards Arrow Below).", "title": "S͎" }, { "docid": "3217319#0", "text": "Ơ is one of the 12 Vietnamese language vowels. It is pronounced (an unrounded [o]).", "title": "Ơ" }, { "docid": "258695#3", "text": "Ŭ represents a semivowel in the orthography of Esperanto, which is an international auxiliary language publicly presented in 1887. As in Belarusian, Esperanto Ŭ is pronounced as a non-syllabic , primarily in the diphthongs \"aŭ\", \"eŭ\" and rarely \"oŭ\".", "title": "Ŭ" }, { "docid": "258680#0", "text": "Ĥ or ĥ is a consonant in Esperanto orthography, representing a voiceless velar fricative or voiceless uvular fricative . Its name in Esperanto is \"ĥo\" (pronounced ).", "title": "Ĥ" } ]

[ { "docid": "21913074#20", "text": "In 1652, the English parliament declared that Scotland was part of the Commonwealth. Various attempts were made to legitimise the union, calling representatives from the Scottish burghs and shires to negotiations and to various English parliaments, where they were always under-represented and had little opportunity for dissent. However, final ratification was delayed by Cromwell's problems with his various parliaments and the union did not become the subject of an act until 1657. The military administration in Scotland, led by General George Monck, was relatively successful. It managed to enforce law and order, suppressing the banditry of the Moss-troopers and enforcing a form of limited religious toleration, but by introducing English judges largely suspending the Scots law. In 1653–55 there was a major Royalist rising in the Highlands led by William Cunningham, 9th Earl of Glencairn and John Middleton, which was defeated at the Battle of Dalnaspidal on 19 July 1654.", "title": "Scotland in the early modern period" }, { "docid": "27912048#5", "text": "In 1652, the English parliament declared that Scotland was part of the Commonwealth. Various attempts were made to legitimise the union, calling representatives from the Scottish burghs and shires to negotiations and to various English parliaments, where they were always under-represented and had little opportunity for dissent. However, final ratification was delayed by Cromwell's problems with his various parliaments and the union did not become the subject of an Act until 1657. The military administration in Scotland, led by General George Monck, was relatively successful. It managed to enforce law and order, suppressing the banditry of the Moss-troopers and enforcing a form of limited religious toleration, but by introducing English judges largely suspending the Scots law. In 1653–1655 there was a major Royalist rising in the Highlands led by William Cunningham, 9th Earl of Glencairn and John Middleton, which was defeated at the Battle of Dalnaspidal on 19 July 1654.", "title": "Restoration (Scotland)" }, { "docid": "38710547#0", "text": "Scotland under the Commonwealth is the history of the Kingdom of Scotland between the declaration that the kingdom was part of the Commonwealth of England in February 1652, and the Restoration of the monarchy with Scotland regaining its position as an independent kingdom, in June 1660.", "title": "Scotland under the Commonwealth" }, { "docid": "21474881#19", "text": "After the execution of the king in January 1649 England was declared a commonwealth and the Scots declared his son king as Charles II. The English responded with an armed invasion and after defeats for the Scots at Dunbar in 1650 and Worcester in 1651, the English occupied the country in 1652 and Scotland was declared part of the Commonwealth. The Kirk became deeply divided, partly in the search for scapegoats for defeat. Different factions and tendencies produced rival resolutions and protests, which gave their names to the two major parties as Resolutioners, who were willing to make an accommodation with royalism, and more hard line Protesters who wished to purge the Kirk of such associations. Subsequently, the divide between rival camps became almost irrevocable. The regime accepted Presbyterianism as a valid system, but did not accept that it was the only legitimate form of church organisation and the Kirk functioned much as before. Toleration, did not extend to Episcopalians and Catholics, but if they did not call attention to themselves they were largely left alone.", "title": "History of Christianity in Scotland" }, { "docid": "14301311#2", "text": "On 28 October 1651 the English Parliament issued the \"Declaration of the Parliament of the Commonwealth of England, concerning the Settlement of Scotland\", in which it was stated that \"Scotland shall, and may be incorporated into, and become one Common-wealth with this England\". Eight English commissioners were appointed, Oliver St John, Sir Henry Vane, Richard Salwey, George Fenwick, John Lambert, Richard Deane, Robert Tichborne, and George Monck, to further the matter. The English parliamentary commissioners travelled to Scotland and at Mercat Cross in Edinburgh on 4 February 1652, proclaimed that the Tender of Union was in force in Scotland. By 30 April 1652 the representatives of the shires and Royal burghs of Scotland had agreed to the terms which included an oath that Scotland and England be subsumed into one Commonwealth. On the 13 April 1652—between the proclamation and the last of the shires to agree to the terms—a bill for an \"Act for incorporating Scotland into one Commonwealth with England\" was given a first and a second reading in Rump Parliament but it failed to return from its committee stage before the Rump was dissolved. A similar act was introduced into the Barebones Parliament but it too failed to be enacted before that parliament was dissolved.", "title": "Tender of Union" } ]

[ { "docid": "14301311#3", "text": "On 12 April 1654, the \"Ordinance for uniting Scotland into one Commonwealth with England\" issued by the Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell and proclaimed in Scotland by the military governor of Scotland, General George Monck. The Ordinance did not become an Act of Union until it was approved by the Second Protectorate Parliament on 26 June 1657 in an act that enabled several bills.", "title": "Tender of Union" }, { "docid": "7129#0", "text": "The Commonwealth was the period from 1649 to 1660 when England and Wales, later along with Ireland and Scotland, were ruled as a republic following the end of the Second English Civil War and the trial and execution of Charles I. The republic's existence was declared through \"An Act declaring England to be a Commonwealth\", adopted by the Rump Parliament on 19 May 1649. Power in the early Commonwealth was vested primarily in the Parliament and a Council of State. During the period, fighting continued, particularly in Ireland and Scotland, between the parliamentary forces and those opposed to them, as part of what is now referred to as the Third English Civil War.", "title": "Commonwealth of England" }, { "docid": "38710547#16", "text": "Toleration did not extend to Episcopalians and Catholics, but if they did not call attention to themselves they were largely left alone. It did extend to sectaries, but the only independent group to establish itself in Scotland in this period were a small number of Quakers. In general the period of the Commonwealth was looked back on as one where Protestantism flourished. Ministers, now largely barred from politics, spent more time with their flocks and placed an emphasis on preaching that emulated the sectaries. One Presbyterian noted that \"there were more souls converted to Christ in that short period of time than in any season since the Reformation\".", "title": "Scotland under the Commonwealth" }, { "docid": "996834#1", "text": "However, even after being dethroned, Sigismund did not give up on regaining the Swedish throne, and from then on, most of his policies would revolve around his attempts to conquer Sweden, even though Commonwealth nobility had little will for such a long and bloody conflict. Sigismund started his plan in 1599, when he confirmed the pacta conventa, documents with promises he signed when elected as a King of Poland, which stated that the then-Swedish territory of Estonia would now become part of the Commonwealth. Polish nobility, the szlachta, supported this particular conflict, assuming it would be limited to Estonia only, and expecting many gains in form of new lands and increases of grain export through access to Estonian ports on the Baltic Sea. In addition, szlachta did not think highly of the Swedes, and did not expect this war to drag long or be difficult. They grossly underestimated their opponent, thinking that Poland, having been nearly undefeated in battle for over a hundred years, would be easily able to parry any attacks of the Scandinavians. The Commonwealth had nearly 10 million inhabitants, almost 10 times that of 1 million in Sweden. On the other hand, szlachta forgot that the Commonwealth had one of the smallest military to population ratios in Europe, and did not know that the Swedish army was highly trained and motivated.\nSweden was able to draft a large army much more quickly than the Commonwealth, due to its centralised government and obligatory draft of free peasants. The Commonwealth was forced to fight on two fronts, as its armies were also needed south to deal with the Moldavian Magnate Wars, and Swedish forces quickly gained 3:1 numerical superiority. In the beginning of the war, in 1600, although a Commonwealth army under command of Great Lithuanian Hetman Krzysztof Mikołaj \"the Thunderbolt\" Radziwiłł striking first was able to deal the Swedish forces several defeats in the open fields, Swedes took control not only of Estonia, but of most of Livonia, the Commonwealth territory south of Estonia (the entire region was known in Poland-Lithuania as \"Inflanty\" (). The Polish-Lithuanian parliament, the Sejm, reacted by increasing funds for the army and recalling forces and commanders from the southern front (deemed less important as most of that war took part outside Commonwealth territory) to the threatened north.", "title": "Polish–Swedish wars" }, { "docid": "55548708#1", "text": "Scotland joined the Commonwealth of Nations as part of the United Kingdom in 1931.", "title": "Scotland at the 1990 Commonwealth Games" } ]

[ { "docid": "827717#48", "text": "The color of the smoke indicates the results to the people assembled in St Peter's Square. Dark smoke (fumata nera) indicates that the ballot did not result in an election, while white smoke (fumata bianca) announces that a new pope was chosen. Originally, in the event a pope was not elected, damp straw was added to the fire to create dark smoke. In the event a new pope was elected, the ballots were burned alone, creating white smoke.", "title": "Papal conclave" }, { "docid": "4154599#4", "text": "The official responsible for arrangements outside the conclave notified the cardinals that the color of the smoke had been misread and provided them with \"smoke torches from a fireworks factory\". The third day's four ballots again failed to select a pope and there was no confusion about the color of the smoke. On the afternoon of the next day, 28 October, white smoke signaled the election of a pope. On their eleventh ballot the conclave had elected Cardinal Angelo Roncalli, who took the name John XXIII.", "title": "Siri thesis" }, { "docid": "4154599#3", "text": "At 11:53am on the morning of 26 October, the first day of balloting, white smoke was seen coming from the chimney of the Sistine Chapel, a traditional signal to the crowds in the square outside that a pope has been elected. It was followed after a few minutes by black smoke. The Italian radio network and the Italian news agency had to retract their initial reports that a pope had been elected. Something similar happened in the afternoon at 5:53pm when the smoke again appeared white. At 6pm, after the smoke had continued white for several minutes, Vatican Radio told the world: \"The smoke is white... There is absolutely no doubt. A Pope has been elected.\" After about half an hour, the smoke turned black, indicating that there was no result. Vatican Radio corrected its report. The \"New York Times\" said that \"The crowd lingered for more than a half hour, apparently hoping against hope that a new Pope would appear.\" The paper reported that problems getting the straw to catch fire likely caused the morning’s problem and said \"The second signal was misunderstood because it came well after nightfall. The smoke was lighted from below by a spotlight, which made black appear white.\"", "title": "Siri thesis" }, { "docid": "27005#5", "text": "Smoke signals remain in use today. In Rome, the College of Cardinals uses smoke signals to indicate the selection of a new Pope during a papal conclave. Eligible cardinals conduct a secret ballot until someone receives a vote of two-thirds plus one. The ballots are burned after each vote. Black smoke indicates a failed ballot, while white smoke means a new Pope has been elected.", "title": "Smoke signal" }, { "docid": "327646#16", "text": "In the early 1990s, Gibson and Tom Costello hosted a video called \"Catholics, Where Has Our Church Gone?\" which is critical of the changes made within the Catholic Church by the Second Vatican Council and espouses the Siri thesis that in 1958, after the death of Pope Pius XII, the man originally elected pope was not Angelo Roncalli, but another cardinal, \"probably Cardinal Siri of Genoa\" (a staunch conservative candidate and first papabile). Gibson stated that the white smoke which emanated from a chimney in the Sistine Chapel to announce a new pope's election was done in error; black smoke signifying that the papacy was still vacant was quickly created and the public was not informed of the reason for the initial white smoke. A still photograph of a newspaper story about this event is shown. \"Had our church gone up in smoke\"? asked Gibson. He stated that the new pope was forced to resign under duress and two days later, the \"modernist Roncalli\" was elected pope and took the name \"John XXIII\". In 1962, Roncalli, as Pope John XXIII convened the Second Vatican Council. In 2006, Hutton Gibson reversed his position on the Siri thesis, asserting that this theory was based on a mistranslation of an article written on October 27, 1958 by Silvio Negro for the evening edition of the Milan-based \"Corriere della Sera\".", "title": "Hutton Gibson" }, { "docid": "77698#8", "text": "One of the functions of the Sistine Chapel is as a venue for the election of each successive pope in a conclave of the College of Cardinals. On the occasion of a conclave, a chimney is installed in the roof of the chapel, from which smoke arises as a signal. If white smoke ,which is created by burning the ballots of the election, appears, a new Pope has been elected. If a candidate receives less than a two-thirds vote, the cardinals send up black smoke — created by burning the ballots along with wet straw and chemical additives — it means that no successful election has yet occurred.", "title": "Sistine Chapel" }, { "docid": "1702080#5", "text": "On 26 August 1978 at 6:24 p.m. local time (4:24 p.m. UTC), the first signs of smoke appeared from the chimney of the Sistine Chapel. It was unclear for over an hour whether the smoke was white to indicate a pope had been elected or black to indicate that balloting would continue. Some of the cardinals had personally deposited their notes and tally sheets in the stove, darkening what should have been white smoke. Pericle Felici, as the ranking Cardinal Deacon, then stepped onto the balcony of St. Peter's Basilica and delivered the \"Habemus Papam\" in Latin, announcing Luciani's election. At 7:31 p.m. John Paul I appeared on the balcony and gave his blessing. When he appeared about to address the crowd, he was reminded that was not traditional and withdrew without speaking further. He invites the cardinal electors to remain in conclave for another night and dined with them, occupying the same chair as he had at their earlier group dinners.", "title": "August 1978 papal conclave" } ]

[ { "docid": "327646#17", "text": "A similar event happened in 1939; in that case a confusing mixture of white and black smoke emanated from the Sistine Chapel chimney. In a note to Vatican Radio, the secretary of the Papal conclave at the time, a monsignor named Santoro said that a new pope, Eugenio Pacelli, had been properly elected regardless of the color of the smoke. Pacelli took the name Pius XII.", "title": "Hutton Gibson" }, { "docid": "1702117#3", "text": "Under the latest rules, election required the votes of two thirds of those voting, in this case 54. No ballots were taken on the first day, then two each morning and two each afternoon. Because there had been confusion at the last conclave in 1958 over the color of the smoke used to indicate whether a pope had been elected, the smoke would be supplemented with electric lights.", "title": "1963 papal conclave" }, { "docid": "24028#21", "text": "The white smoke first rose from the chimney of the Sistine Chapel at 11:22 am, Cardinal Alfredo Ottaviani in his role as Protodeacon, announced to the public the successful election of Montini. When the new pope appeared on the central loggia, he gave the shorter episcopal blessing as his first Apostolic Blessing rather than the longer, traditional \"Urbi et Orbi\".", "title": "Pope Paul VI" } ]

[ { "docid": "198507#26", "text": "In 1905, Albert Einstein published the principle of special relativity, which soon became a theory. Special relativity predicted the alignment of the Newtonian principle of Galilean invariance, also termed \"Galilean relativity\", with the electromagnetic field. By omitting from special relativity the luminiferous aether, Einstein stated that time dilation and length contraction measured in an object in relative motion is inertial—that is, the object exhibits constant velocity, which is speed with direction, when measured by its observer. He thereby duplicated the Lorentz transformation and the Lorentz contraction that had been hypothesized to resolve experimental riddles and inserted into electrodynamic theory as dynamical consequences of the aether's properties. An elegant theory, special relativity yielded its own consequences, such as the equivalence of mass and energy transforming into one another and the resolution of the paradox that an excitation of the electromagnetic field could be viewed in one reference frame as electricity, but in another as magnetism.", "title": "Scientific theory" }, { "docid": "26962#0", "text": "In physics, special relativity (SR, also known as the special theory of relativity or STR) is the generally accepted and experimentally well-confirmed physical theory regarding the relationship between space and time. In Albert Einstein's original pedagogical treatment, it is based on two postulates:It was originally proposed by Albert Einstein in a paper published 26 September 1905 titled \"On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies\". The inconsistency of Newtonian mechanics with Maxwell's equations of electromagnetism and the lack of experimental confirmation for a hypothesized luminiferous aether led to the development of special relativity, which corrects mechanics to handle situations involving motions at a significant fraction of the speed of light (known as \"\"). As of today, special relativity is the most accurate model of motion at any speed when gravitational effects are negligible. Even so, the Newtonian mechanics model is still useful as an approximation at small velocities relative to the speed of light, due to its simplicity and high accuracy within its scope.", "title": "Special relativity" }, { "docid": "4022767#35", "text": "In several papers, Elie Zahar (1983, 2000) argued that both Einstein (in his June paper) and Poincaré (in his July paper) independently discovered special relativity. He said that \"\"though Whittaker was unjust towards Einstein, his positive account of Poincaré's actual achievement contains much more than a simple grain of truth\"\". According to him, it was Poincaré's unsystematic and sometimes erroneous statements regarding his philosophical papers (often connected with conventionalism), which hindered many to give him due credit. In his opinion, Poincaré was rather a \"structural realist\" and from that he concludes, that Poincaré actually adhered to the relativity of time and space, while his allusions to the aether are of secondary importance. He continues, that due to his treatment of gravitation and four-dimensional space, Poincaré's 1905/6-paper was superior to Einstein's 1905-paper. Yet Zahar gives also credit to Einstein, who introduced Mass–Energy equivalence, and also transcended special relativity by taking a path leading to the development of general relativity.", "title": "Relativity priority dispute" }, { "docid": "1608886#9", "text": "Eventually, Albert Einstein (1905) drew the conclusion that established theories and facts known at that time only form a logical coherent system when the concepts of space and time are subjected to a fundamental revision. For instance:The result is special relativity theory, which is based on the constancy of the speed of light in all inertial frames of reference and the principle of relativity. Here, the Lorentz transformation is no longer a mere collection of auxiliary hypotheses but reflects a fundamental Lorentz symmetry and forms the basis of successful theories such as Quantum electrodynamics. Special relativity offers a large number of testable predictions, such as:", "title": "Tests of special relativity" }, { "docid": "1790788#2", "text": "The failure of any known experiment to detect motion through the aether led Hendrik Lorentz, starting in 1892, to develop a theory of electrodynamics based on an immobile luminiferous aether (about whose material constitution Lorentz didn't speculate), physical length contraction, and a \"local time\" in which Maxwell's equations retain their form in all inertial frames of reference. Working with Lorentz's aether theory, Henri Poincaré, having earlier proposed the \"relativity principle\" as a general law of nature (including electrodynamics and gravitation), used this principle in 1905 to correct Lorentz's preliminary transformation formulas, resulting in an exact set of equations that are now called the Lorentz transformations. A little later in the same year Albert Einstein published his original paper on special relativity in which, again based on the relativity principle, he independently derived and radically reinterpreted the Lorentz transformations by changing the fundamental definitions of space and time intervals, while abandoning the absolute simultaneity of Galilean kinematics, thus avoiding the need for any reference to a luminiferous aether in classical electrodynamics. Subsequent work of Hermann Minkowski, in which he introduced a 4-dimensional geometric \"spacetime\" model for Einstein's version of special relativity, paved the way for Einstein's later development of his general theory of relativity and laid the foundations of relativistic field theories.", "title": "History of special relativity" }, { "docid": "1790788#29", "text": "with the following consequences for the speed of light and the theories known at that time:In order to make the principle of relativity as required by Poincaré an exact law of nature in the immobile aether theory of Lorentz, the introduction of a variety ad hoc hypotheses was required, such as the contraction hypothesis, local time, the Poincaré stresses, etc.. This method was criticized by many scholars, since the assumption of a conspiracy of effects which completely prevent the discovery of the aether drift is considered to be very improbable, and it would violate Occam's razor as well. Einstein is considered the first who completely dispensed with such auxiliary hypotheses and drew the direct conclusions from the facts stated above: that the relativity principle is correct and the directly observed speed of light is the same in all inertial reference frames. Based on his axiomatic approach, Einstein was able to derive \"all results\" obtained by his predecessors – and in addition the formulas for the relativistic Doppler effect and relativistic aberration – in a few pages, while prior to 1905 his competitors had devoted years of long, complicated work to arrive at the same mathematical formalism. Before 1905 Lorentz and Poincaré had adopted these same principles, as necessary to achieve their final results, but didn't recognize that they were also sufficient in the sense that there was no immediate logical need to assume the existence of a stationary aether in order to arrive at the Lorentz transformations. Another reason for Einstein's early rejection of the aether in any form (which he later partially retracted) may have been related to his work on quantum physics. Einstein discovered that light can also be described (at least heuristically) as a kind of particle, so the aether as the medium for electromagnetic \"waves\" (which was highly important for Lorentz and Poincaré) no longer fitted into his conceptual scheme.", "title": "History of special relativity" } ]

[ { "docid": "30694430#7", "text": "It was also claimed that special relativity cannot handle acceleration, which would lead to contradictions in some situations. However, this assessment is not correct, since acceleration actually can be described in the framework of special relativity (see Acceleration (special relativity), Proper reference frame (flat spacetime), Hyperbolic motion, Rindler coordinates, Born coordinates). Paradoxes relying on insufficient understanding of these facts were discovered in the early years of relativity. For example, Max Born (1909) tried to combine the concept of rigid bodies with special relativity. That this model was insufficient was shown by Paul Ehrenfest (1909), who demonstrated that a rotating rigid body would, according to Born's definition, undergo a contraction of the circumference without contraction of the radius, which is impossible (Ehrenfest paradox). Max von Laue (1911) showed that rigid bodies cannot exist in special relativity, since the propagation of signals cannot exceed the speed of light, so an accelerating and rotating body will undergo deformations.", "title": "Criticism of the theory of relativity" }, { "docid": "11647860#31", "text": "For all these considerations it was assumed, that both observers take into account the speed of light and their distance to all events they see in order to determine the actual times at which these events happen from their point of view.\n Another postulate of special relativity is the constancy of the speed of light. It says that any observer in an inertial reference frame measuring the vacuum speed of light relative to himself obtains the same value regardless of his own motion and that of the light source. This statement seems to be paradoxical, but it follows immediately from the differential equation yielding this, and the Minkowski diagram agrees. It explains also the result of the Michelson–Morley experiment which was considered to be a mystery before the theory of relativity was discovered, when photons were thought to be waves through an undetectable medium.", "title": "Minkowski diagram" }, { "docid": "20468824#2", "text": "First proposed by Luigi Fantappiè in 1954, the theory remained obscure until it was rediscovered in 1968 by Henri Bacry and Jean-Marc Lévy-Leblond. In 1972, Freeman Dyson popularized it as a hypothetical road by which mathematicians could have guessed part of the structure of general relativity before it was discovered. The discovery of the accelerating expansion of the universe has led to a revival of interest in de Sitter invariant theories, in conjunction with other speculative proposals for new physics, like doubly special relativity.", "title": "De Sitter invariant special relativity" }, { "docid": "1528075#71", "text": "The committee also failed to recognize the other contributions of his Annus Mirabilis papers on Brownian motion and special relativity. Often these nominations for Special Relativity were for both Hendrik Lorentz and Einstein. Henri Poincaré was also nominated at least once for his work, including on Lorentz's relativity theory. However, Kaufmann's then-experimental results (incorrectly) cast doubt on Special Relativity. These doubts were not resolved until 1915. By this time, Einstein had progressed to his general theory of relativity, including his theory of gravitation. Empirical support—in this case the predicted spectral shift of sunlight—was in question for many decades. The only piece of original evidence was the consistency with the known perihelion precession of the planet Mercury. Some additional support was gained at the end of 1919, when the predicted deflection of starlight near the sun was confirmed by Arthur Eddington's Solar Eclipse Expedition, though here again the actual results were somewhat ambiguous. Conclusive proof of the gravitational light deflection prediction was not achieved until the 1970s.", "title": "Nobel Prize controversies" }, { "docid": "1790788#51", "text": "Planck, in 1909, compared the implications of the modern relativity principle — he particularly referred to the relativity of time – with the revolution by the Copernican system. An important factor in the adoption of special relativity by physicists was its development by Minkowski into a spacetime theory. Consequently, by about 1911, most theoretical physicists accepted special relativity. In 1912 Wilhelm Wien recommended both Lorentz (for the mathematical framework) and Einstein (for reducing it to a simple principle) for the Nobel Prize in Physics – although it was decided by the Nobel committee not to award the prize for special relativity. Only a minority of theoretical physicists such as Abraham, Lorentz, Poincaré, or Langevin still believed in the existence of an aether. Einstein later (1918–1920) qualified his position by arguing that one can speak about a relativistic aether, but the \"idea of motion\" cannot be applied to it. Lorentz and Poincaré had always argued that motion through the aether was undetectable. Einstein used the expression \"special theory of relativity\" in 1915, to distinguish it from general relativity.", "title": "History of special relativity" }, { "docid": "16855603#1", "text": "Maxwell's equations, when they were first stated in their complete form in 1865, would turn out to be compatible with special relativity. Moreover, the apparent coincidences in which the same effect was observed due to different physical phenomena by two different observers would be shown to be not coincidental in the least by special relativity. In fact, half of Einstein's 1905 first paper on special relativity, \"On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies,\" explains how to transform Maxwell's equations.", "title": "Classical electromagnetism and special relativity" }, { "docid": "1790788#31", "text": "Regarding his views on Electrodynamics and the Principle of the Constancy of Light, Einstein stated that Lorentz's theory of 1895 (or the Maxwell-Lorentz electrodynamics) and also the Fizeau experiment had considerable influence on his thinking. He said in 1909 and 1912 that he borrowed that principle from Lorentz's stationary aether (which implies validity of Maxwell's equations and the constancy of light in the aether frame), but he recognized that this principle together with the principle of relativity makes any reference to an aether unnecessary (at least as to the description of electrodynamics in inertial frames). As he wrote in 1907 and in later papers, the apparent contradiction between those principles can be resolved if it is admitted that Lorentz's local time is not an auxiliary quantity, but can simply be defined as \"time\" and is connected with signal velocity. Before Einstein, Poincaré also developed a similar physical interpretation of local time and noticed the connection with signal velocity, but contrary to Einstein he continued to argue that clocks at rest in the stationary aether show the true time, while clocks in inertial motion relative to the aether show only the apparent time. Eventually, near the end of his life in 1953 Einstein described the advantages of his theory over that of Lorentz as follows (although Poincaré had already stated in 1905 that Lorentz invariance is an exact condition for any physical theory):", "title": "History of special relativity" } ]

[ { "docid": "1795879#0", "text": "Ferdinand Canning Scott Schiller (16 August 1864 – 6 August 1937), usually cited as F. C. S. Schiller, was a German-British philosopher. Born in Altona, Holstein (at that time member of the German Confederation, but under Danish administration), Schiller studied at the University of Oxford, later was a professor there, after being invited back after a brief time at Cornell University. Later in his life he taught at the University of Southern California. In his lifetime he was well known as a philosopher; after his death his work was largely forgotten.", "title": "F. C. S. Schiller" }, { "docid": "1795879#3", "text": "Born in 1864, one of three brothers and the son of Ferdinand Schiller (a Calcutta merchant), Schiller's family home was in Switzerland. Schiller grew up in Rugby. He was educated at Rugby School and Balliol College, and graduated in the first class of \"Literae Humaniores\", winning later the Taylorian scholarship for German in 1887. Schiller's first book, \"Riddles of the Sphinx\" (1891), was an immediate success despite his use of a pseudonym because of his fears concerning how the book would be received. Between the years 1893 and 1897 he was an instructor in philosophy at Cornell University. In 1897 he returned to Oxford and became fellow and tutor of Corpus Christi for more than thirty years. Schiller was president of the Aristotelian Society in 1921, and was for many years treasurer of the Mind Association. In 1926 he was elected a fellow of the British Academy. In 1929 he was appointed visiting professor in the University of Southern California, and spent half of each year in the United States and half in England. Schiller died in Los Angeles either 6, 7 or 9 August 1937 after a long and lingering illness.", "title": "F. C. S. Schiller" } ]

[ { "docid": "1795879#27", "text": "While Schiller's will to believe is a central theme of \"Riddle of the Sphinx\" (appearing mainly in the introduction and conclusion of his text), in 1891 the doctrine held a limited role in Schiller's philosophy. In \"Riddles\", Schiller only employs his version of the will to believe doctrine when he is faced with overcoming sceptic and pessimistic methods of philosophy. In 1897, William James published his essay \"The Will to Believe\" and this influenced Schiller to drastically expanded his application of the doctrine. For a 1903 volume titled \"Personal Idealism\", Schiller contributed a widely read essay titled \"Axioms as Postulates\" in which he sets out to justify the \"axioms of logic\" as postulates adopted on the basis of the will to believe doctrine. In this essay Schiller extends the will to believe doctrine to be the basis of our acceptance of causality, of the uniformity of nature, of our concept of identity, of contradiction, of the law of excluded middle, of space and time, of the goodness of God, and more. He notes that we postulate that nature is uniform because we \"need\" nature to be uniform:", "title": "F. C. S. Schiller" }, { "docid": "1795879#34", "text": "As early as 1891 Schiller had independently reached a doctrine very similar to William James' Will to Believe. As early as 1892 Schiller had independently developed his own pragmatist theory of truth. However, Schiller's concern with meaning was one he entirely imports from the pragmatisms of James and Peirce. Later in life Schiller musters all of these elements of his pragmatism to make a concerted attack on formal logic. Concerned with bringing down the timeless, perfect worlds of abstract metaphysics early in life, the central target of Schiller's developed pragmatism is the abstract rules of formal logic. Statements, Schiller contends, cannot possess meaning or truth abstracted away from their actual use. Therefore, examining their formal features instead of their function in an actual situation is to make the same mistake the abstract metaphysician makes. Symbols are meaningless scratches on paper unless they are given a life in a situation, and meant by someone to accomplish some task. They are tools for dealing with concrete situations, and not the proper subjects of study themselves.", "title": "F. C. S. Schiller" }, { "docid": "1795879#5", "text": "In 1891, F.C.S. Schiller made his first contribution to philosophy anonymously. Schiller feared that in his time of high naturalism, the metaphysical speculations of his \"Riddles of the Sphinx\" were likely to hurt his professional prospects (p. xi, \"Riddles\"). However, Schiller's fear of reprisal from his anti-metaphysical colleagues should not suggest that Schiller was a friend of metaphysics. Like his fellow pragmatists across the ocean, Schiller was attempting to stake out an intermediate position between both the spartan landscape of naturalism and the speculative excesses of the metaphysics of his time. In \"Riddles\" Schiller both, \nThe result, Schiller contends, is that naturalism cannot make sense of the \"higher\" aspects of our world (freewill, consciousness, God, purpose, universals), while abstract metaphysics cannot make sense of the \"lower\" aspects of our world (the imperfect, change, physicality). In each case we are unable to guide our moral and epistemological \"lower\" lives to the achievement of life's \"higher\" ends, ultimately leading to scepticism on both fronts. For knowledge and morality to be possible, both the world's lower and higher elements must be real; e.g. we need universals (a higher) to make knowledge of particulars (a lower) possible. This would lead Schiller to argue for what he at the time called a \"concrete metaphysics\", but would later call \"humanism\".", "title": "F. C. S. Schiller" }, { "docid": "63742#1", "text": "Friedrich Schiller was born on 10 November 1759, in Marbach, Württemberg, as the only son of military doctor (1733–1796) and (1732–1802). They also had five daughters, including Christophine, the eldest. Schiller grew up in a very religious family and spent much of his youth studying the Bible, which would later influence his writing for the theatre. His father was away in the Seven Years' War when Friedrich was born. He was named after king Frederick the Great, but he was called Fritz by nearly everyone. Kaspar Schiller was rarely home during the war, but he did manage to visit the family once in a while. His wife and children also visited him occasionally wherever he happened to be stationed. When the war ended in 1763, Schiller's father became a recruiting officer and was stationed in Schwäbisch Gmünd. The family moved with him. Due to the high cost of living—especially the rent—the family moved to the nearby town of Lorch.", "title": "Friedrich Schiller" }, { "docid": "53118524#0", "text": "Keith Schiller (born c. 1959) is a former Deputy Assistant to U.S. President Donald Trump who concurrently served as Director of Oval Office Operations. Prior to his appointment in the Trump administration, Schiller served as the Director of Security for The Trump Organization; in this capacity, he was the personal bodyguard to Trump. He has been described as \"one of Trump's most loyal and trusted aides\" and \"a constant presence at Trump's side for nearly two decades.\"", "title": "Keith Schiller" }, { "docid": "16653632#1", "text": "Schiller was born in San Francisco, California, the son of Lucille E. (Block) and Roland E. Schiller, a manufacturer. Schiller began writing for television in 1950. His credits include the 1955 CBS sitcom \"Professional Father\", starring Stephen Dunne as a child psychologist and Barbara Billingsley as his wife. That same year, he wrote for two competing series, NBC's \"The Jimmy Durante Show\" and CBS's \"It's Always Jan\", starring Janis Paige as a widowed single mother in New York City. During 1954–1955, Schiller was one of the writers for \"That's My Boy\", starring Eddie Mayehoff and Gil Stratton. Schiller's producing credits include \"The Good Guys\" and \"All's Fair\".", "title": "Bob Schiller" }, { "docid": "6643113#1", "text": "Schiller was born in Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia in March 1948. She studied psychology in Bonn and Heidelberg and became a student member of the Socialist Patients' Collective (SPK) and was one of the members who turned militant in 1970. After the SPK dissolved Schiller joined the Red Army Faction.", "title": "Margrit Schiller" }, { "docid": "30884993#1", "text": "Dr. Walter Schiller was born in Vienna in 1887, the only child of Friedrich and Emma Schiller, who were of Jewish descent. He studied in Vienna, working as a demonstrator of physiology under Sigmund Exner and pathology under Anton Weichselbaum. He received his doctorate from the University of Vienna in 1912, and worked as a bacteriologist in the Bulgarian Army during the First Balkan War in the same year. He trained in pathology under Weichselbaum, and was a \"Medizinaloffizier\" in charge of a medical laboratory in the Austro-Hungarian Army during World War I, serving in Bosnia, Russia, Turkey and Palestine.", "title": "Walter Schiller" } ]

[ { "docid": "44330919#69", "text": "In 2015, Carson reiterated his views on the Egyptian pyramids. Archaeologists reject the notion that the pyramids were used to store grain, noting that the pyramids were not hollow, ancient Egyptian granaries have been well-studied, there is evidence of burials inside the pyramids, and the ancient Egyptians left funerary instructions inside them. Additionally, the Bible states that Joseph's grain was kept in cities.", "title": "Ben Carson 2016 presidential campaign" }, { "docid": "56695079#6", "text": "The Pyramid Texts were the first religious spells to be carved into the walls of royal ancient Egyptian pyramids. Beginning in the Old Kingdom period, these texts were used exclusively by the Egyptian pharaohs to decorate the walls of their tombs. However, Egyptian Queens and high-ranking government officials soon began to use Pyramid Texts in their burial tombs as well. The purpose of these texts were to help the pharaoh successfully complete his journey through the afterlife, by conveying knowledge to the deceased about the paths he should take and the dangers he might face along the way.", "title": "Ancient Egyptian afterlife beliefs" }, { "docid": "191325#15", "text": "Erich von Däniken puts forward many beliefs about the Great Pyramid of Giza in his 1968 book Chariots of the Gods, saying that the ancient Egyptians did not have the most advanced tools to actually build the Pyramid, there is no evidence of workers, and there is too much 'intimate' knowledge about the Earth and its geography for the Egyptians to build the pyramid in that exact location. However, the technique of construction is well understood, the tools the Egyptians used are known, marks left in the quarries by those tools are still visible, and many examples of the tools are preserved in museums. Von Däniken claims that it would have taken the Egyptians too long to cut all the blocks necessary and drag them to the construction site in time to build the Great Pyramid in only 20 years; but a Nova documentary demonstrates how quickly a block of stone can be cut with the available tools and shows examples of the rollers used in their transportation. von Däniken also said that there were too many problems with their tools, and, according to him, the Egyptians had no prehistory so they could not have possibly built these large pyramids, even though there are pyramids in Egypt that were built before the Great Pyramid. Because he believed that there was no prehistory, von Däniken put forward that there is nothing known about how, when, or why these pyramids were built. Von Däniken also claims that Egyptians built perfect pyramids from the beginning, but numerous pyramid precursors survive, showing the errors made, and corrected, by Egyptian architects while they were perfecting the technique. These include simple mastabas, the Step Pyramid of Djoser, and the so-called Bent Pyramid. Not only that, but in his book, he says that there is no evidence of Egyptian workers so they had to have outside help; however, archaeologists have found evidence of buildings that workers would have resided in. Not only that, but there are also bakeries and sewer systems that the workers had in their living areas as well. There are also tombs that the workers had been buried in as well, and some of the skeletons had been found to have medical care, which helps prove that the workers were well taken care of; because of this, they were most likely Egyptian or they might not have been as well taken care of if they were not native Egyptians. Von Däniken claims that the height of the Cheops pyramid multiplied by one million is the distance to the Sun. In fact the calculation produces a figure of only 91,000 miles. Not only that, but he notes that the Great Pyramid is located on the Median line, divides the continents, and that the Egyptians could not align the edges so perfectly to true North without advanced technology that only aliens could give them. Egyptian builders, however, knew of simple methods to find North via star observation. The ancient Egyptian astronomers and, possibly, farmers spent a lot of their time studying the stars because that helped them to know how much time had passed, which they needed to know so they knew when to begin planting their crops in order to have food. Modern day Egyptologists have found artifacts and drawings of an object called a merkhet, which enabled the ancient Egyptians to determine which way was North. They figured this out just based upon the North Star and also locate other stars when they came into alignment with the merkhet. von Däniken did note in his book that the Egyptians did have plenty of time to study the stars. The ancient Egyptians were incredibly aware of the passage of time because they knew how to study the stars, so they would not have needed outside forces such as von Däniken's ancient astronauts to help them understand the relationship between stars and time.", "title": "Erich von Däniken" }, { "docid": "10331#45", "text": "The first Egyptian tombs were mastabas, rectangular brick structures where kings and nobles were entombed. Each of them contained a subterranean burial chamber and a separate, above ground chapel for mortuary rituals. In the Old Kingdom the mastaba developed into the pyramid, which symbolized the primeval mound of Egyptian myth. Pyramids were reserved for royalty, and were accompanied by large mortuary temples sitting at their base. Middle Kingdom pharaohs continued to build pyramids, but the popularity of mastabas waned. Increasingly, commoners with sufficient means were buried in rock-cut tombs with separate mortuary chapels nearby, an approach which was less vulnerable to tomb robbery. By the beginning of the New Kingdom even the pharaohs were buried in such tombs, and they continued to be used until the decline of the religion itself.", "title": "Ancient Egyptian religion" }, { "docid": "864667#4", "text": "The second historically-documented Egyptian pyramid is attributed to the architect Imhotep, who planned what Egyptologists believe to be a tomb for the pharaoh Djoser. Imhotep is credited with being the first to conceive the notion of stacking mastabas on top of each other, creating an edifice composed of a number of \"steps\" that decreased in size towards its apex. The result was the Pyramid of Djoser, which was designed to serve as a gigantic stairway by which the soul of the deceased pharaoh could ascend to the heavens. Such was the importance of Imhotep's achievement that he was deified by later Egyptians.", "title": "Egyptian pyramids" } ]

[ { "docid": "826340#9", "text": "Some writers have questioned whether the Roman pyramids were modelled on the much less steeply pointed Egyptian pyramids exemplified by the famous pyramids of Giza. However, the relatively shallow Giza-type pyramids were not exclusively used by the Egyptians; steeper pyramids of the Nubian type were favoured by the Ptolemaic dynasty of Egypt that had been brought to an end in the Roman conquest of 30 BC. The pyramid was, in any case, built during a period when Rome was going through a fad for all things Egyptian. The Circus Maximus was adorned by Augustus with an Egyptian obelisk, and pyramids were built elsewhere in the Roman Empire around this time; the Falicon pyramid near Nice in France was suspected by some to have been constructed by Roman legionaries who followed an Egyptian cult, but more recent research has indicated that it was actually built between 1803 and 1812.", "title": "Pyramid of Cestius" }, { "docid": "3245297#0", "text": "Egyptian pyramid construction techniques are the controversial subject of many hypotheses. These techniques seem to have developed over time; later pyramids were not constructed in the same way as earlier ones. Most of the construction hypotheses are based on the belief that huge stones were carved from quarries with copper chisels, and these blocks were then dragged and lifted into position. Disagreements chiefly concern the methods used to move and place the stones.", "title": "Egyptian pyramid construction techniques" }, { "docid": "864667#8", "text": "The shape of Egyptian pyramids is thought to represent the primordial mound from which the Egyptians believed the earth was created. The shape of a pyramid is thought to be representative of the descending rays of the sun, and most pyramids were faced with polished, highly reflective white limestone, in order to give them a brilliant appearance when viewed from a distance. Pyramids were often also named in ways that referred to solar luminescence. For example, the formal name of the Bent Pyramid at Dahshur was \"The Southern Shining Pyramid\", and that of Senwosret at el-Lahun was \"Senwosret is Shining\".", "title": "Egyptian pyramids" }, { "docid": "13088#36", "text": "The Red Pyramid of Egypt (c. 26th century BC), named for the light crimson hue of its exposed limestone surfaces, is the third largest of Egyptian pyramids. Menkaure's Pyramid, likely dating to the same era, was constructed of limestone and granite blocks. The Great Pyramid of Giza (c. 2580 BC) contains a huge granite sarcophagus fashioned of \"Red Aswan Granite\". The mostly ruined Black Pyramid dating from the reign of Amenemhat III once had a polished granite pyramidion or capstone, which is now on display in the main hall of the Egyptian Museum in Cairo (see Dahshur). Other uses in Ancient Egypt include columns, door lintels, sills, jambs, and wall and floor veneer. How the Egyptians worked the solid granite is still a matter of debate. Patrick Hunt has postulated that the Egyptians used emery, which has greater hardness on the Mohs scale.", "title": "Granite" }, { "docid": "864667#40", "text": "Constructing the pyramids involved moving huge quantities of stone. \nPapyri discovered at the Egyptian desert near the Red Sea, in 2013 by archaeologist Pierre Tallet, revealed the journal of Merer, an official of Egypt involved in transporting limestone along the Nile River. These papyri reveal processes in the building of the Great Pyramid at Giza, the tomb of the Pharaoh Khufu, just outside modern Cairo.\nRather than overland transport of the limestone used in building the pyramid, there is evidence that limestone blocks were transported along the Nile River, in the journal of Merer, preserved remnants of ancient canals, and transport boats discovered.", "title": "Egyptian pyramids" } ]

[ { "docid": "48566220#11", "text": "Most of the many hotels in Pontresina were either constructed as purpose built or else the result of a change of use for an existing house. The Sporthotel Pontresina's structure results from a more convoluted and iterative series of steps. The hotel that opened in 1881 still, in most respects, comprised at its heart the old \"Maison Stiffler\" guest house, which itself dated back only to 1866, but the architect brothers Ragaz also integrated into the overall building the previously separate photographic shop acquired from the photographer, named Alex Flury. On the ground floor of the former photographic shop the hotelier Stoppany installed Pontresina's (\"second\") post station, to generate customers for the hotel and its restaurant.", "title": "Sporthotel Pontresina" }, { "docid": "48566220#2", "text": "The history of the hotel goes back to the boom in Swiss tourism during the second half of the nineteenth century. The founder of the hotel, Florian Stoppany, who came from a family of bakers and confectioners, acquired the \"Maison Stiffler\", a village guest house, and employed the architect Jakob Ragaz to expand it into the mid-sized Post Hotel Pontresina, which opened in 1881. The further expansion to a first class renaissance revival hotel took place in 1895. From now on the clientele of what was now known as the Hotel Pontresina came increasingly from the German upper middle class. Following the installation of central heating, in 1906/07, for the first time, the hotel opened for a winter season.", "title": "Sporthotel Pontresina" } ]

[ { "docid": "48566220#0", "text": "The Sporthotel Pontresina was completed in 1881. It is a three star hotel in the resort village of Pontresina, slightly less than two hours (depending on road/rail conditions) to the south of Chur in Graubünden, Switzerland.", "title": "Sporthotel Pontresina" }, { "docid": "48566220#58", "text": "In 1972 the Cantonal Bank cut residual commercial ties with the Sporthotel which was sold to the Pontresina municipality. Restoration work continued, focusing in 1973 on a major reconstruction of the north wing. At the end of the 1973 summer season the directorship of Roman und Marlies Thöndury came to an end, after more than a quarter century. Their successors, Ralph und Monika Schweizer, remained in post between 1973 and 1980. During this period, in 1974, the selected the Sporthotel Pontresina as its first \"training hotel\" (\"\"Schulungshotel\"\"). This means that twice each year, always during the spring and autumn off-peak season, the hotel is used for five week blocks of study during which aspiring hotel professionals receive a combination of theoretical and hands-on training, based on rules set down by the Swiss , applying real-life conditions, managed by the trainees themselves. The original driving force behind the initiative was the Graubünden branch of the Swiss Hoteliers Association, but the idea has taken hold and today the Sporthotel Pontresina is one of four hotels in Switzerland used for these off-peak block training courses. The others are in Interlaken (BE) and Les Diablerets (VD).", "title": "Sporthotel Pontresina" }, { "docid": "48566220#35", "text": "Further innovations designed to build a winter season business included a programme of dances and costume balls arranged by the larger hotels, including the Hotel Pontresina, advertised both to their own guests and to guests of other Pontresina hotels. In January 1913 one of the balls was held as a celebration of the German Kaiser's birthday. Something of an experiment, in the view of at least one contemporary reporter, was the introduction of the \"Tango Tea party\" at the Hotel Pontresina on 27 December 1913.", "title": "Sporthotel Pontresina" }, { "docid": "48566220#44", "text": "The Hotel Pontresina had traditionally been particularly focused on guests from Germany and it was the German economy that suffered more than most in the aftermath of war. German Hyperinflation of the early 1920s made Switzerland particularly expensive for Germans, and it was particularly destructive of the economic security of the high spending upper middle classes who had provided most of the German clientele for the Hotel Pontresina before 1914.", "title": "Sporthotel Pontresina" }, { "docid": "48566220#51", "text": "In March 1934, at the end of the next financial year, Hans Beck retired as hotel director after 23 years, to be succeeded by Hans and Mary Walther. With the German economy beginning to benefit from a cyclical upswing, supported by an ongoing programme of Keynesian stimulus, the Hotel Pontresina found itself operating in a financial environment that was a little more friendly. For the first time in many years, the hotel opened for a winter season in 1934/35. However, the annual report for that year included the observation that during the many years when the Pontresina had remained closed through the winter guests had learned to take their winter holidays in competitor establishments, and the much resulting loss in business must be judged permanent. The interest burden on what was now 1.3 million Swiss francs of mortgage debt remained oppressive, taking more than 40,000 Swiss francs out of the business each year. By the end of the 1935/36 financial year the company had again eten through its share capital.Geschäftsbericht 1935/1936, verwahrt in der Dokumentensammlung \"Sporthotel Pontresina\" im Schweizerischen Wirtschaftsarchiv (SWA) in Basel, Signatur H + I E 65. At a General Meeting on 21 October 1936 the controlling shareholder - still the Graubündner Kantonalbank - again accepted a write down the nominal value of the share capital by 80%. The new share capital of 100,000 Swiss francs was provided from a further conversion of mortgage debt (also held by the bank). This second restructuring effectively wiped out the last of the minority share holders, who were left only with , while the bank owned all the voting shares apart from the few qualifying shares legally required to be held by board members. The General Meeting also decided to recognise the changed ownership structure with a name change for the hotel which now became the \"Sporthotel Pontresina\". The new name also provided an eloquesnt statement of where the hotel would be looking for its clients in the future.", "title": "Sporthotel Pontresina" }, { "docid": "48566220#41", "text": "Guest lists from the war years make clear the difficulties involved in trying to replace all the foreign guests who were staying away with Swiss guests. Even for the summer season Swiss customers tended to prefer the more competitively priced second and third rank hotels over the luxury establishments such as the Hotel Pontresina, while for the winter seasons during the war years the Pontresina simply remained shut.", "title": "Sporthotel Pontresina" }, { "docid": "48566220#4", "text": "The 1960s brought a new era of mass tourism, and during the middle of the decade the bank embarked on the hotel's first significant renovation programme in half a century, and the upgrade continued after 1972 when the hotel passed from the ownership of the bank to that of the municipality. Most of the rooms acquired en suite bathrooms, and the modernised conference and meeting rooms together with enhanced facilities for sports equipment storage and drying enabled the hotel to broaden its appeal and provided for a new start. In 2010 the municipality sold the hotel to a new company, \"Sporthotel Pontresina AG\", owned by the Pampel family.", "title": "Sporthotel Pontresina" }, { "docid": "48566220#57", "text": "In 1963, finally, the Cantonal Bank decided that the Sporthotel had no longterm commercial future, and \"Sporthotel Pontresina AG\" was placed in liquidation. On 17 August 1963 the cantonal land registry recorded a change in ownership in respect of the hotel building. The next year a new owner invested new money in a major renovation exercise. The 1913 central heating installation was replaced in 1965. The south wing, the oldest part of the hotel, was extensively reconfigured and the number of guest rooms was reduced through the substitution on the first and second floors of two large apartments. Further upgrades took place in 1967, with an increase in the number of guest rooms permanently incorporating their own en suite bathroom facilities. The large retail space at the southern end of the front facade, which had for some decades accommodated a branch of the Graubündner Kantonalbank, was rebuilt as a sports goods shop using a plan by the architect Otto Kober, opening in 1971, while the bank branch had already been relocated, in 1970, to a newly constructed extension attached to the \"Hotel Schweizerhof\".", "title": "Sporthotel Pontresina" } ]

[ { "docid": "9596342#55", "text": "Mars has an axial tilt of 25.2°. This means that there are seasons on Mars, just as on Earth. The eccentricity of Mars' orbit is 0.1, much greater than the Earth's present orbital eccentricity of about 0.02. The large eccentricity causes the insolation on Mars to vary as the planet orbits the Sun. (The Martian year lasts 687 days, roughly 2 Earth years.) As on Earth, Mars' obliquity dominates the seasons but, because of the large eccentricity, winters in the southern hemisphere are long and cold while those in the North are short and warm.", "title": "Climate of Mars" }, { "docid": "43460286#0", "text": "Mars has an orbit with a semimajor axis of 1.524 astronomical units (228 million kilometers), and an eccentricity of 0.0934. The planet orbits the Sun in 687 days and travels 9.55 AU in doing so, making the average orbital speed 24 km/s.", "title": "Orbit of Mars" }, { "docid": "30872816#26", "text": "Mars orbits the Sun in 687 days, spending about 57.25 days in each sign of the zodiac. It is also the first planet that orbits outside of Earth's orbit, making it the first planet that does not set along with the Sun. Mars has two permanent polar ice caps. During a pole's winter, it lies in continuous darkness, chilling the surface and causing the deposition of 25–30% of the atmosphere into slabs of CO ice (dry ice).", "title": "Planets in astrology" } ]

[ { "docid": "26434031#4", "text": "\"The Mars Project\" is a technical specification for a manned mission to Mars that von Braun wrote in 1948, with a provisional launch date of 1965. He envisioned an \"enormous scientific expedition\" involving a fleet of ten spacecraft with 70 crew members that would spend 443 days on the surface of Mars before returning to Earth. The spacecraft, seven passenger ships, and three cargo ships, would all be assembled in Earth orbit using materials supplied by reusable space shuttles. The fleet would use a nitric acid/hydrazine propellant that, although corrosive and toxic, could be stored without refrigeration during the three-year round-trip to Mars. Von Braun calculated the size and weight of each ship, and how much fuel each of them would require for the round trip (5,320,000 metric tons). Hohmann trajectories would be used to move from Earth- to Mars-orbit, and von Braun computed each rocket burn necessary to perform the required manoeuvres.", "title": "The Mars Project" }, { "docid": "48469754#9", "text": "Note that days active category does not necessarily equate to time in orbit, for example Mars Global Surveyor is expected remain in Mars orbit for 50 years after its arrival. The detection of derelict spacecraft in Mars orbit has some interest due to the minute risk of collision with such a spacecraft and an example of this is a proposal to use the Optical Navigation Camera on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter to search for small moons, dust rings, and old orbiters.", "title": "List of Mars orbiters" }, { "docid": "41412701#1", "text": "'s orbit is very eccentric, with an aphelion beyond the orbit of Mars and a perihelion inside the orbit of Mercury. It has an orbital period of 360.29 days (0.99 years) and makes close approaches to Earth. But makes closer approaches to other inner planets, especially Mars. Its closest approach to a planet between 1950–2200 was to Mars, as it passed from Mars on 18 March 1964, and will pass from Mars on 12 October 2065.", "title": "(66063) 1998 RO1" }, { "docid": "739799#15", "text": "The timestamps printed on the photos in the NASA press release do not correspond to the actual time that the shadow was imaged, rather they represent the \"image start time\" of a vertically much larger original image. Mars Global Surveyor orbits Mars in a Sun-synchronous polar orbit with orbital period 117.65 minutes, moving from south pole to north pole, and continuously points its camera straight down. The result is an image in the form of a very long thin vertical strip, where the pixels in the top part of the image are imaged nearly one hour after those in the bottom part of the image. In principle the image could be as much as 43200 pixels high, but \"downtrack summing\" is used to merge adjacent lines. For instance, a downtrack summing factor of 27 causes every 27 lines to be merged into one, resulting in an image 1600 pixels high. Thus to determine the actual time that the Phobos shadow was imaged, it is necessary to locate the original image and measure how many pixels from the bottom of the image the shadow is found and add the corresponding offset to the image start time.", "title": "Transit of Phobos from Mars" }, { "docid": "36627950#1", "text": "The Mars Orbiter Mission probe lifted-off from the First Launch Pad at Satish Dhawan Space Centre (Sriharikota Range SHAR), Andhra Pradesh, using a Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) rocket C25 at 09:08 UTC on 5 November 2013. The launch window was approximately 20 days long and started on 28 October 2013. The MOM probe spent about a month in Earth orbit, where it made a series of seven apogee-raising orbital manoeuvres before trans-Mars injection on 30 November 2013 (UTC). After a 298-day transit to Mars, it was inserted into Mars orbit on 24 September 2014.", "title": "Mars Orbiter Mission" }, { "docid": "36627950#31", "text": "On 19 May 2017, MOM reached 1,000 days (973 sols) in orbit around Mars. In that time, the spacecraft completed 388 orbits of the planet and relayed more than 715 images back to Earth. ISRO officials stated that it remains in good health.", "title": "Mars Orbiter Mission" }, { "docid": "6198238#1", "text": "Due to the small size of Phobos (about ) and its rapid orbital motion, an observer on the surface of Mars would never experience a solar eclipse for longer than about thirty seconds. Phobos also takes only 7 hours 39 minutes to orbit Mars, while a Martian day is 24 hours 37 minutes long, meaning that Phobos can create two eclipses per Martian day. These are annular eclipses, because Phobos is not quite large enough or close enough to Mars to create a total solar eclipse.", "title": "Solar eclipses on Mars" } ]

[ { "docid": "18680008#11", "text": "Zylom was founded in Eindhoven, the Netherlands, in 2001. Due to the success of the company it expanded fast and just a couple of years later in 2006, it was acquired by the American RealNetworks Inc.. In 2011, RealNetworks came up with one name for all their game websites, GameHouse. Zylom became part of GameHouse too, but because of the popular and well-known name of the company, it stayed Zylom for their consumers. In 2012 Zylom’s in-house game studio was closed, but Zylom still continues to develop their own game titles like the \"Delicious\" series.", "title": "Zylom" } ]

[ { "docid": "18680008#12", "text": "The nine founders of Zylom had a hard time making the website profitable in the first years. Releasing Deluxe games, advertisements, and a change of target audience was the answer. In the beginning, Zylom mainly focused on online games for young men, until extensive research revealed their games were mostly played by women. The company decided to change their target audience and focused more and more on download games that were suitable for female players. Nowadays Zylom is strongly related to www.gamehouse.com, www.realnetworks.com, and www.atrativa.com.br\nType: Subsidiary\nFounded: 2001 (Eindhoven)\nHeadquarters: Eindhoven, the Netherlands\nIndustry: Casual Games/Casual Online/Video Games Developer/Publisher/Distributor\nEmployees: 50 – 70\nWebsite: www.zylom.com", "title": "Zylom" }, { "docid": "11247268#8", "text": "\"We designed the building from the inside out, not the outside in,” said Loretta H. Cockrum, Foram’s founder, chairman and CEO. “We wanted the most efficient office building ever designed, with no wasted space or wasted energy. This is a building of the future more than a building of the present. A lot of love has gone into that building, and a lot of pride.\"", "title": "Brickell World Plaza" }, { "docid": "41959688#0", "text": "Winfield Toll Bridge, also known as the Ross Booth Memorial Bridge, is a historic three-span cantilever Warren Truss bridge located at Winfield and Red House, Putnam County, West Virginia. It was built in 1955, and spans the Kanawha River, carrying West Virginia Route 34. The cantilever through-truss consists of two anchor spans each 245 feet in length and the main span 462 feet in length between pier center lines. The main span consists of two 128 feet, 4 inch, cantilever arms and a 205 feet, 4 inch, suspended span.", "title": "Winfield Toll Bridge" }, { "docid": "19477084#6", "text": "Recent exhibitions at Tensta konsthall include\n• “Abstract Possible: The Stockholm Synergies,” with Doug Ashford, Claire Barclay, Goldin+Senneby, Wade Guyton, Mai-Thu Perret, Walid Raad, and Haegue Yang, among others\n• “Kami, Khokha, Bert and Ernie: World Heritage” by Hinrich Sachs\n• “Doing what you want: Marie-Louise Ekman accompanied by Sister Corita Kent, Mladen Stilinović, and Martha Wilson” \n• “The Society without qualities” with Sören Andreasen, Ane Hjort Guttu, Sture Johannesson, Sharon Lockhardt, and Palle Nielsen (part of “The new model” and curated by Lars Bang Larsen)\n• “Working With…” by Zak Kyes\n• “We are continuing BBDG” with Bernd Krauss\n• “Two Archives” by Babak Afrassiabi and Nasrin Tabatabai", "title": "Tensta Konsthall" }, { "docid": "38358079#15", "text": "In September 2016, after acquiring TWC, Charter indicated it would price the 2017 season above $4.50. “[The previous] deal is no longer on the table—it didn’t work,” said Charter Chief Executive Thomas Rutledge to the \"Los Angeles Times\". “We would love to sell the channel to others, but no one has bought it—and we are not giving it away. So if consumers want the Dodger channel, they’ll need to subscribe to us to get it.”", "title": "Spectrum SportsNet LA" }, { "docid": "44262278#12", "text": "① Expansion of photovoltaic power generation by citizens through financial support for 40,000 PV panels \n② Expansion of buildings’ mandatory generation of renewable and decentralized energy from 12% to 20% \n③ Full disclosure of information on energy consumption by buildings and expansion of energy performance diagnosis \n④ Replacement of all traditional public light bulbs such as street and security lights with LED bulbs \n⑤ Introduction of Driving-Mileage Program to incentivize less driving \n⑥ Creation of jobs in the energy service sector through measures like establishing 25 energy hub centers \n⑦ Promotion of innovative technologies such as BEMS and smart grids \n⑧ Job creation for the elderly and expansion of recycling through community-based recycling \n⑨ Eradication of energy poverty through provision of LED bulbs to 120,000 low-income households and support for BRP for 150 welfare facilities \n⑩ Establishment local energy governance", "title": "Seoul Sustainable Energy Action Plan" }, { "docid": "1830594#2", "text": "The factory was founded on 2nd August 1916 as the Moscow Automotive Society or AMO (). The factory was completed in 1917, just before the Revolution, and was built south of Moscow near Moscow River in Tjufeleva grove. It was a modern building with the latest in American equipment and was designed to employ 6,000 workers. The plans were to produce Fiat F-15 1.5-ton trucks under license. Because of the October Revolution and the subsequent Russian Civil War it took until 1st November 1924 to produce the first vehicle which was shown at a parade in 7th of November, the AMO-F15. Nevertheless the factory sill managed to assemble trucks bought from Italy in 1917-1919. In April 30 1923 the factory was named after an Italian coummunist Pietro Ferrero, but in 1925 was renamed to First National Automobile Factory (Russian: 1-й Государственный автомобильный завод). 2 years later in 1927 Ivan Likhachov was appointed as a head of the factory, a person whose name the factory bears from 1956. In April 1929, it was agreed on to expand the plant to build Autocar 2.5-ton truck models.", "title": "ZiL" }, { "docid": "597203#20", "text": "Tortoiseshell wares were first mentioned by Thomas Whieldon in his \"Account and Memorandum Book\" of 1749. In his \"Experiment Book\", Josiah Wedgwood states that in 1759 tortoiseshell ware was the second most important ware at the Whieldon factory, but the market was declining:“[…] But as no improvement had been made in this branch for several years, the country was grown weary of it; and though the price had been lowered from time to time, in order to increase the sale, the expedient did not answer, and something new was wanted, to give a little spirit to the business.\"Historically, tortoiseshell wares have come to be associated almost exclusively with Thomas Whieldon, however, ceramics expert Pat Halfpenny warns that:“The ‘Whieldon’ label has inhibited scholarly research and limited our understanding of the pottery production dates in North Staffordshire.”In his 1991 study of William Greatbatch, David Barker also concluded:\"Many of the wares manufactured by Whieldon are of types now known to have been made by Greatbatch and have been found on the Greatbatch site. Whieldon ware, or Whieldon-type ware are terms which are widely accepted in describing a variety of ceramics, particularly tortoiseshell wares, but which lead to problems in any objective research into the pottery of the period.\"In the absence of any supporting information, caution is therefore needed in ascribing any particular tortoiseshell wares to Thomas Whieldon.", "title": "Thomas Whieldon" }, { "docid": "30370167#11", "text": "From May 1973 to September 1974, Abdelghani Bousta lived in hiding. During this time, he realised the mistakes made when the March 1973 events were organised. In 1975, he wrote a critical analysis of UNFP on behalf of the Option Révolutionnaire (Revolutionary option) movement, harshly criticising the events and the leaders: “[…] the March 1973 events helped shed light on the internal contradictions of the Party and show the true nature of its leaders: putschist and adventurous leaders who did not see any problem in sacrificing dozens of activists in a hazardous battle.”", "title": "Abdelghani Bousta" } ]

[ { "docid": "374331#6", "text": "G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), also known as seven-transmembrane domain receptors, 7TM receptors, heptahelical receptors, serpentine receptor, and G protein-linked receptors (GPLR), comprise a large protein family of transmembrane receptors that sense molecules outside the cell and activate inside signal transduction pathways and, ultimately, cellular responses. G protein-coupled receptors are found only in eukaryotes, including yeast, choanoflagellates, and animals. The ligands that bind and activate these receptors include light-sensitive compounds, odors, pheromones, hormones, and neurotransmitters, and vary in size from small molecules to peptides to large proteins. G protein-coupled receptors are involved in many diseases, and are also the target of approximately 30% of all modern medicinal drugs.", "title": "Neurotransmitter receptor" }, { "docid": "12832#0", "text": "G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), also known as seven-(pass)-transmembrane domain receptors, 7TM receptors, heptahelical receptors, serpentine receptor, and G protein–linked receptors (GPLR), constitute a large protein family of receptors that detect molecules outside the cell and activate internal signal transduction pathways and, ultimately, cellular responses. Coupling with G proteins, they are called seven-transmembrane receptors because they pass through the cell membrane seven times.", "title": "G protein-coupled receptor" } ]

[ { "docid": "501376#8", "text": "Glycolipids are important for cell recognition, and are important for modulating the function of membrane proteins that act as receptors. Glycolipids are lipid molecules bound to oligosaccharides, generally present in the lipid bilayer. Additionally, they can serve as receptors for cellular recognition and cell signaling. The head of the oligosaccharide serves as a binding partner in receptor activity. The binding mechanisms of receptors to the oligosaccharides depends on the composition of the oligosaccharides that are exposed or presented above the surface of the membrane. There is great diversity in the binding mechanisms of glycolipids, which is what makes them such an important target for pathogens as a site for interaction and entrance. For example, the chaperone activity of glycolipids has been studied for its relevance to HIV infection.", "title": "Oligosaccharide" }, { "docid": "10212490#2", "text": "GDF2 has a role in inducing and maintaining the ability of embryonic basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCN) to respond to a neurotransmitter called acetylcholine; BFCN are important for the processes of learning, memory and attention. GDF2 is also important for the maturation of BFCN. Another role of GDF2 has been recently suggested. GDF2 is a potent inducer of hepcidin (a cationic peptide that has antimicrobial properties) in liver cells (hepatocytes) and can regulate iron metabolism. The physiological receptor of GDF2 is thought to be activin receptor-like kinase 1, ALK1 (also called ACVRL1), an endothelial-specific type I receptor of the TGF-beta receptor family. Endoglin, a type I membrane glycoprotein that forms the TGF-beta receptor complex, is a co-receptor of ALK1 for GDF2/BMP-9 binding. Mutations in ALK1 and endoglin cause hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT), a rare but life-threatening genetic disorder that leads to abnormal blood vessel formation in multiple tissues and organs of the body.", "title": "GDF2" }, { "docid": "38084797#1", "text": "Ephrin receptors, the largest subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), and their ephrin ligands are important mediators of cell-cell communication regulating cell attachment, shape, and mobility in neuronal and epithelial cells. See MIM 179610 for additional background on Eph receptors and ephrins.", "title": "EPHA10" }, { "docid": "14427879#1", "text": "The function of the 5-HT receptor is unknown due to the lack of selective pharmacological tools, specific antibodies, and permissive animal models. The 5-HT receptor gene lacks polymorphisms amongst humans (few mutations), indicating a high degree of evolutionary conservation of genetic sequence, which suggests that the 5-HT receptor has an important physiological role in humans. It is hypothesized that the 5-HT receptor is involved in the regulation of memory in humans due to the high abundance of receptors in the frontal cortex, hippocampus, and olfactory bulb, all of which are regions of the brain integral to memory regulation.", "title": "5-HT1E receptor" }, { "docid": "14316449#3", "text": "ERRα regulates genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis, gluconeogenesis, oxidative phosphorylation, and fatty acid metabolism, and brown adipose tissue thermogenesis. It was recently identified as an important regulator of the mammalian circadian clock, and its output pathways at both transcriptional and physiological levels regulated the expression of transcription factors involved in metabolic homeostasis. It has been demonstrated that ERRα is required for the maintenance of diurnal cholesterol, glucose, insulin, bile acid, and trygliceride levels as well as locomotor rhythms in mice. ERRα is related to mitochondrial function but studies involving ERRα knockout mice suggested that this receptor, while dispensable for basal cellular function, is definitely necessary to provide the levels of energy necessary to respond to physiological and pathological insults in diverse tissues, the lack of that nuclear receptor leading to impaired fat metabolism and absorption.", "title": "Estrogen-related receptor alpha" }, { "docid": "14754286#2", "text": "The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the tumor necrosis factor ligand (TNF) ligand family. This protein is a ligand for TNFRSF17/BCMA, a member of the TNF receptor family. This protein and its receptor are both found to be important for B cell development. In vivo experiments suggest an important role for APRIL in the long-term survival of plasma cells in the bone marrow. Mice deficient in APRIL have normal immune system development. However, APRIL-deficient mice have also been reported to possess a reduced ability to support plasma cell survival. In vitro experiments suggested that this protein may be able to induce apoptosis through its interaction with other TNF receptor family proteins such as TNFRSF6/FAS and TNFRSF14/HVEM. Three alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene encoding distinct isoforms have been reported.", "title": "APRIL (protein)" }, { "docid": "23789332#7", "text": "The physiological function of the AH receptor has been the subject of continuous research. One obvious function is to increase the activity of enzymes breaking down foreign chemicals or normal chemicals of the body as needed. There may be other functions, however, related to growth of various organs or other regulatory functions. The AH receptor is phylogenetically highly conserved transcription factor with a history of at least 500 million years, and found in all vertebrates, and its ancient analogs are important regulatory proteins even in more primitive species. In fact, knock-out animals with no AH receptor are prone to illness and developmental problems. Taken together, this implies the necessity of a basal degree of AH receptor activation to achieve normal physiological function.", "title": "2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin" }, { "docid": "11247268#8", "text": "\"We designed the building from the inside out, not the outside in,” said Loretta H. Cockrum, Foram’s founder, chairman and CEO. “We wanted the most efficient office building ever designed, with no wasted space or wasted energy. This is a building of the future more than a building of the present. A lot of love has gone into that building, and a lot of pride.\"", "title": "Brickell World Plaza" }, { "docid": "41959688#0", "text": "Winfield Toll Bridge, also known as the Ross Booth Memorial Bridge, is a historic three-span cantilever Warren Truss bridge located at Winfield and Red House, Putnam County, West Virginia. It was built in 1955, and spans the Kanawha River, carrying West Virginia Route 34. The cantilever through-truss consists of two anchor spans each 245 feet in length and the main span 462 feet in length between pier center lines. The main span consists of two 128 feet, 4 inch, cantilever arms and a 205 feet, 4 inch, suspended span.", "title": "Winfield Toll Bridge" }, { "docid": "12832#49", "text": "The G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) are protein kinases that phosphorylate only active GPCRs. G-protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) are key modulators of G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling. They constitute a family of seven mammalian serine-threonine protein kinases that phosphorylate agonist-bound receptor. GRKs-mediated receptor phosphorylation rapidly initiates profound impairment of receptor signaling and desensitization. Activity of GRKs and subcellular targeting is tightly regulated by interaction with receptor domains, G protein subunits, lipids, anchoring proteins and calcium-sensitive proteins.", "title": "G protein-coupled receptor" } ]

[ { "docid": "9919458#2", "text": "Some objected to this usage as the new Queen was in fact only the first Elizabeth to reign over the United Kingdom or indeed Great Britain, Elizabeth I having been solely the Queen of England. In 1953, John MacCormick took legal action against the Lord Advocate in the case of \"MacCormick v Lord Advocate\" challenging the right of the Queen to call herself Elizabeth the Second. The case failed on the grounds that the matter was within the Royal Prerogative and thus the Queen was free to adopt any title she saw fit. However, a submission by the Crown stated that the Royal title was decided to reflect the highest number from either the Kingdom of England or the Kingdom of Scotland and while Elizabeth II was not the second Elizabeth of the United Kingdom, she was the second Elizabeth in the territory which now made up the United Kingdom.", "title": "Pillar Box War" }, { "docid": "23957213#0", "text": "The coronation of Elizabeth II took place on 2 June 1953 at Westminster Abbey, London. Elizabeth II ascended the throne at the age of 25 upon the death of her father, George VI, on 6 February 1952, being proclaimed queen by her privy and executive councils shortly afterwards. The coronation was held more than one year later because of the tradition of allowing an appropriate length of time to pass after a monarch dies before holding such festivals. It also gave the planning committees adequate time to make preparations for the ceremony. During the service, Elizabeth took an oath, was anointed with holy oil, invested with robes and regalia, and crowned Queen of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Pakistan, and Ceylon (now Sri Lanka).", "title": "Coronation of Elizabeth II" } ]

[ { "docid": "30740492#1", "text": "Named by Order in Council as the \"Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee Medal\", the Canadian medal was designed by Cathy Bursey-Sabourin, Fraser Herald of the Canadian Heraldic Authority, and manufactured by the Royal Canadian Mint. It takes the form of a disc with, on the obverse, a crowned effigy of the Queen circumscribed by the words \"ELIZABETH II DEI GRATIA REGINA • CANADA\" (Latin for \"Elizabeth II, by the Grace of God, Queen • Canada\"). The reverse features Elizabeth's royal cypher crowned and superimposed upon a diamond shield, behind which is a bed of four maple leaves and a ribbon with the dates 1952 and 2012 to the left and right of the shield and \"VIVAT REGINA\" (long live the Queen) below, all on a field of diamonds.", "title": "Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal" }, { "docid": "296235#17", "text": "The issue arose again with the accession of the current monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, as Scotland has never before had a regnant Queen Elizabeth, the previous queen of that name having been queen of England only. Objections were raised, and sustained, to the use of the Royal Cypher ER anywhere in Scotland, resulting in several violent incidents, including the destruction of one of the first new ER pillar boxes in Scotland, at Leith in late 1952. Since that time, the cipher used in Scotland on all government and Crown property and street furniture has carried no lettering, but simply the Crown of Scotland from the Honours of Scotland. A court case, \"MacCormick v Lord Advocate,\" contesting the style \"Elizabeth II\" within Scotland, was decided in 1953 that the numbering of monarchs was part of the royal prerogative, and that the plaintiffs had no title to sue the Crown.", "title": "Regnal number" }, { "docid": "30740492#2", "text": "In the United Kingdom, the medal, more properly known as \"The Queen's Diamond Jubilee Medal\", was designed by Timothy Noad, a calligrapher and illuminator. It depicts on the obverse the Ian Rank-Broadley effigy of the Queen crowned with a tiara and is circumscribed by the inscription \"ELIZABETH II DEI GRATIA REGINA FID DEF\" (Latin for \"Elizabeth II by the Grace of God, Queen, Defender of the Faith\"). The reverse shows a faceted hexagon with a crowned royal cipher, inscribed with the years 1952 and 2012.\nEight Commonwealth realms in the Caribbean—Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Grenada, Jamaica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines—have each issued a Diamond Jubilee medal. The obverse bears the same effigy of the Queen as does the British medal circumscribed by the words \"DIAMOND JUBILEE HM QUEEN ELIZABETH II\". The reverse shows the royal cypher of Elizabeth II with \"CARIBBEAN REALMS\" above and the years \"1952–2012\" below. The medal itself is rhodium plated.", "title": "Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal" }, { "docid": "23957213#15", "text": "Preceding the Queen into Westminster Abbey was St Edward's Crown, carried into the abbey by the Lord High Steward of England, then the Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope, who was flanked by two other peers, while the Archbishops and Bishops Assistant of the Church of England, in their copes and mitres, waited outside the Great West Door for the arrival of the Queen. When the Queen arrived at about 11:00 am, she found that the friction between her robes and the carpet caused her difficulty moving forward, and she said to the Archbishop of Canterbury, Geoffrey Fisher, \"Get me started!\" Once going, the procession, which included the various High Commissioners of the Commonwealth carrying banners bearing the shields of the coats of arms of their respective nations, moved inside the abbey, up the central aisle and through the choir to the stage, as the choirs sang \"I was glad\", an imperial setting of Psalm 122, vv. 1–3, 6, and 7 by Sir Hubert Parry. As Elizabeth prayed at and then seated herself on the Chair of Estate to the south of the altar, the Bishops carried in the religious paraphernalia—the bible, paten and chalice—and the peers holding the coronation regalia handed them over to the Archbishop of Canterbury, who, in turn, passed them to the Dean of Westminster, Alan Campbell Don, to be placed on the altar.\nAfter the Queen moved to stand before King Edward's Chair (Coronation Chair), she turned, following as Fisher, along with the Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain (the Viscount Simonds), Lord Great Chamberlain of England (the Marquess of Cholmondeley), Lord High Constable of England (the Viscount Alanbrooke) and Earl Marshal of the United Kingdom (the Duke of Norfolk), all led by the Garter Principal King of Arms (George Bellew), asked the audience in each direction of the compass separately: \"Sirs, I here present unto you Queen Elizabeth, your undoubted Queen: wherefore all you who are come this day to do your homage and service, are you willing to do the same?\" The crowd would reply \"God save Queen Elizabeth\" every time, to each of which the Queen would curtsey in return.", "title": "Coronation of Elizabeth II" }, { "docid": "188171#26", "text": "In 1952, Princess Elizabeth and her husband Prince Philip were on holiday at the Treetops Hotel in Kenya when her father, King George VI, died in his sleep. The young princess cut short her trip and returned home immediately to take her throne. She was crowned Queen Elizabeth II at Westminster Abbey in 1953 and as British hunter and conservationist Jim Corbett (who accompanied the royal couple) put it, she went up a tree in Africa a princess and came down a queen.", "title": "Kenya" }, { "docid": "2987#3", "text": "Despite attempts by Edward I to conquer Scotland in the late 13th and early 14th centuries, the two countries were entirely separate. However, when Elizabeth I became Queen of England in 1558, a union became increasingly likely as she neither married or had children. From 1558 onwards, her heir was her Catholic cousin Mary, Queen of Scots who pledged herself to a peaceful union between the two kingdoms. In 1567, Mary was forced to abdicate as Queen of Scots and replaced by her infant son James VI and I, who was brought up as a Protestant and became heir to the English throne. After Elizabeth died in 1603, the two Crowns were held in personal union by James and his Stuart successors but England and Scotland remained separate entities.", "title": "Acts of Union 1707" }, { "docid": "423014#1", "text": "A decision was reached by Elizabeth's prime ministers at the Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference of 1952, whereby the Queen would accord herself different styles and titles in each of her realms, reflecting that in each state she acted as monarch of that particular country, regardless of her other roles. Canada's preferred format was: \"Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God, Queen of Canada and of Her other realms and territories, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith\". However, as Australia wished to have the United Kingdom mentioned in all the Queen's titles, the resolution reached was a designation that included the United Kingdom as well as, for the first time, separate reference to the other Commonwealth realms. Thereafter, separate but parallel royal styles and titles acts were passed in each of the Commonwealth realms, granting Elizabeth a distinct but similarly constituted title in each state, meaning that when Elizabeth was crowned in the same year, she held seven separate titles.", "title": "List of titles and honours of Elizabeth II" }, { "docid": "31130871#1", "text": "Elizabeth I had become queen of England in 1558. She was the successor of Mary I of England, who had conducted a reign of terror against Protestants in an attempt to restore the Catholic Church in England. Mary had married Philip II, the king of Spain in her final years. Elizabeth I supported Protestants and over time began to see the Catholics as potential enemies and supporters of Philip II.", "title": "Triple Alliance (1596)" } ]

[ { "docid": "18933396#68", "text": "Pinochet was stripped of his parliamentary immunity in August 2000 by the Supreme Court, and indicted by judge Juan Guzmán Tapia. Guzmán had ordered in 1999 the arrest of five militarists, including General Pedro Espinoza Bravo of the DINA, for their role in the Caravan of Death following the coup on 11 September. Arguing that the bodies of the \"disappeared\" were still missing, he made jurisprudence, which had as effect to lift any prescription on the crimes committed by the military. Pinochet's trial continued until his death on 10 December 2006, with an alternation of indictments for specific cases, lifting of immunities by the Supreme Court or to the contrary immunity from prosecution, with his health a main argument for, or against, his prosecution.", "title": "Augusto Pinochet" }, { "docid": "18933396#0", "text": "Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte (; ; 25 November 1915 – 10 December 2006) was a Chilean general, politician and US-backed dictator of Chile between 1973 and 1990 who remained the Commander-in-Chief of the Chilean Army until 1998 and was also President of the Government Junta of Chile between 1973 and 1981.\nPinochet assumed power in Chile following a United States-backed coup d'état on 11 September 1973 that overthrew the democratically elected socialist Unidad Popular government of President Salvador Allende and ended civilian rule. Several academics – including Peter Winn, Peter Kornbluh and Tim Weiner – have stated that the support of the United States was crucial to the coup and the consolidation of power afterward. Pinochet had been promoted to Commander-in-Chief of the Army by Allende on 23 August 1973, having been its General Chief of Staff since early 1972. In December 1974, the ruling military junta appointed Pinochet Supreme Head of the nation by joint decree, although without the support of one of the coup's instigators, Air Force General Gustavo Leigh. Following his rise to power, Pinochet persecuted leftists, socialists, and political critics, resulting in the executions of from 1,200 to 3,200 people, the internment of as many as 80,000 people and the torture of tens of thousands. According to the Chilean government, the number of executions and forced disappearances was 3,095.", "title": "Augusto Pinochet" }, { "docid": "6674238#0", "text": "General Augusto Pinochet was indicted for human rights violations committed in his native Chile by Spanish magistrate Baltasar Garzón on 10 October 1998. He was arrested in London six days later and held for a year and a half before finally being released by the British government in March 2000. Authorized to freely return to Chile, Pinochet was there first indicted by judge Juan Guzmán Tapia, and charged with a number of crimes, before dying on 10 December 2006, without having been convicted in any case. His arrest in London made the front-page of newspapers worldwide as not only did it involve the head of the military dictatorship that ruled Chile between 1973 and 1990, but it was the first time that several European judges applied the principle of universal jurisdiction, declaring themselves competent to judge crimes committed by former heads of state, despite local amnesty laws.", "title": "Indictment and arrest of Augusto Pinochet" } ]

[ { "docid": "13141354#14", "text": "In July 2006, after having denounced Augusto Pinochet's involvement in the cocaine trade, former DINA director Manuel Contreras asserted in a judicial document handed to Judge Claudio Pavez, presiding over the investigation concerning the 1992 assassination of Colonel Gerardo Huber, that Berríos was in fact alive and now worked for the DEA. Contreras' lawyer, Fidel Reyes, alleged that the corpse discovered in El Pinar belonged in reality to a foreigner, and that Berríos allegedly had in 2004 attended the funeral, in Chile, of one of his close relative. According to Contreras' deposition, the cocaine (which was \"black cocaine\" especially made to be undetectable) was produced by Berríos in a military installation in Talagante, and both Pinochet's son, Marco Antonio Pinochet, and the businessman Edgardo Bathich were involved in the drug trade. The money from the trade was allegedly directly put in Pinochet's bank accounts abroad.", "title": "Eugenio Berríos" }, { "docid": "58547461#2", "text": "On a military junta toppled President Salvador Allende in a coup d'état and installed General Augusto Pinochet as head of the new regime. This was a dictatorial, authoritarian regime which trampled on human rights with the use of torture, disappearances, illegal and secret arrest, and extrajudicial killings. Thousands were being detained, and hundreds killed by the regime. It was in this context, that the first opposition to the Pinochet regime appeared in 1973, when several religious groups led by the Archdiocese of Santiago organized the Committee of Cooperation for Peace in Chile in 1973 in order to support human rights of those persecuted by the regime of General Augusto Pinochet.", "title": "Association of Families of the Detained-Disappeared" }, { "docid": "18933396#24", "text": "Protests continued, however, during the 1980s, leading to several scandals. In March 1985, the murder of three Communist Party members led to the resignation of César Mendoza, head of the Carabineros and member of the \"junta\" since its formation. During a 1986 protest against Pinochet, 21-year-old American photographer Rodrigo Rojas DeNegri and 18-year-old student Carmen Gloria Quintana were burnt alive, with only Carmen surviving.", "title": "Augusto Pinochet" }, { "docid": "18933396#69", "text": "The Supreme Court affirmed, in March 2005, Pinochet's immunity concerning the 1974 assassination of General Carlos Prats in Buenos Aires, which had taken place in the frame of Operation Condor. However, he was deemed fit to stand trial for Operation Colombo, during which 119 political opponents were \"disappeared\" in Argentina. The Chilean justice also lifted his immunity on the Villa Grimaldi case, a detention and torture center in the outskirts of Santiago. Pinochet, who still benefited from a reputation of righteousness from his supporters, lost legitimacy when he was put under house arrest on tax fraud and passport forgery, following the publication by the US Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of a report concerning the Riggs Bank in July 2004. The report was a consequence of investigations on financial funding of the 11 September 2001 attacks in the US. The bank controlled between US$4 million and $8 million of Pinochet's assets, who lived in Santiago in a modest house, dissimulating his wealth. According to the report, Riggs participated in money laundering for Pinochet, setting up offshore shell corporations (referring to Pinochet as only \"a former public official\"), and hiding his accounts from regulatory agencies. Related to Pinochet's and his family secret bank accounts in United States and in Caribbean islands, this tax fraud filing for an amount of 27 million dollars shocked the conservative sectors who still supported him. Ninety percent of these funds would have been raised between 1990 and 1998, when Pinochet was chief of the Chilean armies, and would essentially have come from weapons traffic (when purchasing French 'Mirage' fighter aircraft in 1994, Dutch 'Leopard 2' tanks, Swiss 'MOWAG' armored vehicles or by illegal sales of weapons to Croatia, during the Balkans war.) His wife, Lucía Hiriart, and his son, Marco Antonio Pinochet, were also sued for complicity. For the fourth time in seven years, Pinochet was indicted by the Chilean justice.", "title": "Augusto Pinochet" }, { "docid": "8220780#57", "text": "Writing as president of HRF in the American conservative magazine \"National Review\", Thor Halvorssen participated in NR's symposium on the death of Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet, and was noted as the only one of the six commentators to condemn Pinochet unequivocally, writing: \"Augusto Pinochet took full control of Chile – by force. He shut down parliament, suffocated political life, banned trade unions, and made Chile his sultanate. His government disappeared 3,000 opponents, arrested 30,000 (torturing thousands of them), and controlled the country until 1990.\"", "title": "Human Rights Foundation" }, { "docid": "18399460#2", "text": "Army General Augusto Pinochet took power on 11 September 1973 in a coup d'état which deposed the democratically elected Socialist President Salvador Allende. Allende killed himself as the presidential palace was being bombarded. A military junta — led by Pinochet, Air Force General Gustavo Leigh, Navy Admiral José Toribio Merino, and Carabinero Chief General César Mendoza — was sworn in the same evening. The following day, the four drafted an official document suspending the 1925 constitution and Congress and establishing the Junta as the country's supreme authority. Pinochet was designated as its first president, and the four verbally agreed to rotate the office. Shortly after, the Junta established an advisory committee, which Pinochet was successful in staffing with Army officers loyal to himself. One of their first recommendations was to discard the idea of a rotating presidency, arguing it would create too many administrative problems and lead to confusion. In March 1974, six months after the Junta's establishment, Pinochet verbally attacked the Christian Democratic Party and stated that there was no set timetable for a return to civilian rule. On 18 December 1974 Pinochet was declared Supreme Leader of the nation. After that date, the junta functioned strictly as a legislative body until the return to democracy in 1990.", "title": "1988 Chilean national plebiscite" }, { "docid": "39254421#30", "text": "The Chilean Military Dictatorship under General Augusto Pinochet erected a complex web of legal instruments that it used to repress anyone deemed to be \"subversive.\" Pinochet was extremely tactical in his attempts to camouflage the human rights violations committed by the state. He called for a National Plebiscite in 1980 to approve the 1980 Political Constitution of the Republic of Chile— a seemingly democratic motive. The General promised to cut back inflation, which was around 30-35% in 1978; he was intent on restructuring both the economic and political institutions of the region. These agendas were part of a broader scheme to garner approval from the state, making it more feasible to prosecute, imprison, and execute civilians suspected of subversion. The military and armed personnel under Pinochet were able to operate offensively without restrictions, as the Chilean Government had been restructured to Pinochet's liking. Even the Constitution was drafted to give the General impunity. The military dictatorship utilized its own justice system to adjudicate the regime's enemies.\nAdditionally, the Amnesty Law decreed in 1978 by the General, guaranteed impunity to those responsible for the \"systematic and widespread human rights violations and was a major obstacle to bringing Augusto Pinochet to justice in Chile. Even today, \"the Amnesty Law is still in force. It was recently applied by the Chilean Supreme Court in December 2007.\" While Pinochet was detained under house arrest on October 30, 2006, over \"charges including, murder, torture and kidnapping in the years following his 1973 coup, he was never formally convicted. He died before the investigation process reached a conclusion. Pinochet's Amnesty Law effectively insulated the military regime from retribution for even the most brutal and horrific human rights violations.", "title": "Human rights violations in Pinochet's Chile" }, { "docid": "18933396#6", "text": "In January 1971, Pinochet was promoted to division general and was named General Commander of the Santiago Army Garrison. At the beginning of 1972, he was appointed General Chief of Staff of the Army. With rising domestic strife in Chile, after General Prats resigned his position, Pinochet was appointed commander-in-chief of the Army on 23 August 1973 by President Salvador Allende just the day after the Chamber of Deputies of Chile approved a asserting that the government was not respecting the Constitution. Less than a month later, the Chilean military deposed Allende.", "title": "Augusto Pinochet" } ]

[ { "docid": "2053256#28", "text": "The corresponding affirmation is:\nThose elected to the House of Commons, to the Scottish Parliament, or to the Welsh Assembly who refuse to take the oath or affirmation are barred from participating in any proceedings, and from receiving their salaries. Members of the House of Commons could also be fined £500 and, have their seat declared vacant “as if [they] were dead” if they attempt to do so. Under the Parliamentary Oaths Act 1866, any peer voting, or sitting in the House of Lords without having taken the oath, is subject, for every such offence, to a penalty of £500. Members of the Scottish Parliament must take the oath within 2 months of being elected, failing which they cease to be members and their seat is vacated.", "title": "Oath of Allegiance (United Kingdom)" }, { "docid": "22879440#19", "text": "Members of the House of Lords are not salaried. They can opt to receive a £305 per day attendance allowance, plus travel expenses and subsidised restaurant facilities. Peers may also choose to receive a reduced attendance allowance of £150 per day instead.", "title": "Salaries of Members of the United Kingdom Parliament" } ]

[ { "docid": "849952#2", "text": "The Leader of the Opposition, the Opposition Chief Whip and Opposition Deputy Chief Whip are the only Members of the Official Opposition to draw remuneration for their Opposition roles in addition to their salaries as Members of Parliament. The Leader of the Opposition and the Opposition Chief Whip in the House of Lords also receive a salary.", "title": "Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet (United Kingdom)" }, { "docid": "24170#100", "text": "Although there is no casual access to the interior of the Palace, there are several ways to gain admittance. UK residents may obtain tickets from an MP for a place in the viewing (\"strangers\") gallery of the House of Commons, or from a Lord for a seat in the gallery of the House of Lords. It is also possible for both UK residents and overseas visitors to queue for admission to them at any time of the day or night when either House is in session, but capacity is limited and there is no guarantee of admission. Either House may exclude \"strangers\" if it desires to sit in private. Members of the public can also queue for a seat in a committee session, where admission is free and places cannot be booked, or they may visit the Parliamentary Archives for research purposes. Booking an appointment is necessary in the latter case, along with a proof of identity.\nFree guided tours of the Palace are held throughout the parliamentary session for UK residents, who can apply through their MP or a member of the House of Lords. The tours last about 75 minutes and include the state rooms, the chambers of the two Houses and Westminster Hall. Paid-for tours are available to both UK and overseas visitors during the summer recess. UK residents may also tour the Elizabeth Tower, by applying through their local MP; overseas visitors and small children are not allowed.\nArchitectural historian Dan Cruickshank selected the Palace as one of his five choices for the 2006 BBC television documentary series \"Britain's Best Buildings\".", "title": "Palace of Westminster" }, { "docid": "22879440#14", "text": "In the UK the first £30,000 of severance pay is tax free. As stated above, the amount retiring MPs, or those who lose their seats receive, depends on how old they are and how long they have served in the House. For example, an MP who stays in office for one term (say 5 years) and then leaves office will currently receive tax-free severance pay of 50% of his current salary, or £32,383 at current rates – equivalent to an annual salary increment of over £12,000 at current tax rates and pay scales.", "title": "Salaries of Members of the United Kingdom Parliament" }, { "docid": "18716641#19", "text": "The House of Commons is unique in many ways. I believe the main foundation of the position it holds among the parliaments of the world is the condition of volunteered unremunerated service.\nIn spite of the sneers from disappointed or flippant persons, a seat in the House of Commons remains one of the highest prizes of citizen life. There is no reason why any constituency desiring to do so may not return a member on the terms of paying him a salary. It is done in several cases, in two at least with the happiest results. \nIt would be a different thing to throw the whole place open with standing advertisement for eligible Members at a salary. The horde of impecunious babblers and busybodies attracted by such a bait would trample down the class of man who compose the present House of Commons and who are, in various ways, in touch with all the multiform interests of the nation. \"Strand Magazine\", 1883", "title": "Henry Lucy" }, { "docid": "24150#98", "text": "In 2010 the Prime Minister received £142,500 including a salary of £65,737 as a member of parliament. Until 2006, the Lord Chancellor was the highest paid member of the government, ahead of the Prime Minister. This reflected the Lord Chancellor's position at the head of the judicial pay scale. The Constitutional Reform Act 2005 eliminated the Lord Chancellor's judicial functions and also reduced the office's salary to below that of the Prime Minister.", "title": "Prime Minister of the United Kingdom" }, { "docid": "87198#42", "text": "Judicial appeals were heard by Lords of Appeal in Ordinary and Lords of Appeal under the age of seventy-five. Lords of Appeal in Ordinary were entitled to emoluments. Thus, Lords of Appeal in Ordinary ceased to be paid at the time they ceased to hold office and became Lords of Appeal. The Senior Lord of Appeal in Ordinary received £185,705 as of 2009 (the Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales was the only judicial figure who received a higher salary). The other Lords of Appeal in Ordinary received £179,431.", "title": "Judicial functions of the House of Lords" }, { "docid": "1457212#10", "text": "By Royal Warrant on 4 July 2006, the Queen declared that the Lord Speaker would have rank and precedence immediately after the Speaker of the House of Commons. The Lord Speaker earns a salary of £101,038, less than the Speaker of the House of Commons. The Lord Speaker, like the Speaker of the House of Commons, is entitled to a grace and favour apartment in the Parliamentary Estate.", "title": "Lord Speaker" }, { "docid": "13828#38", "text": "The term \"Member of Parliament\" by modern convention means members of the House of Commons. These members may, and almost invariably, use the post-nominal letters \"MP\". The annual salary of each member is £74,962, effective from 1 April 2016. Members may also receive additional salaries for other offices they hold (for instance, the Speakership). Most members also claim for various office expenses (staff costs, postage, travelling, etc.) and, in the case of non-London-area members, for the costs of maintaining a home in the capital.", "title": "House of Commons of the United Kingdom" } ]

[ { "docid": "52266#53", "text": "In 1744 the Italian war became serious. Prior to the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714) Spain and Austria had been ruled by the same (Habsburg) royal house. Consequently, the foreign policies of Austria and Spain in regards to Italy had a symmetry of interests and these interests were usually opposed to the interests of Bourbon controlled France. However, since the Treaty of Utrecht and the end of the War of the Spanish Succession, the childless last Habsburg monarch (Charles II) had been replaced by the Bourbon grandson of the French king Louis XIV Philip of Anjou, who became Philip V in Spain. Now the symmetry of foreign policy interests in regards to Italy existed between Bourbon France and Bourbon Spain with Habsburg Austria usually in opposition. King Charles Emmanuel of Savoy had followed the long-established foreign policy of Savoy of opposing Spanish interference in northern Italy. Now in 1744, Savoy was faced with a grandiose military plan of the combined Spanish and French armies (called the Gallispan army) for conquest of northern Italy.", "title": "War of the Austrian Succession" }, { "docid": "34584497#64", "text": "Thus, the War of the Spanish Succession began. The war, over a decade long, was concluded by the treaties of Utrecht (1713) and Rastatt (1714). The allies were bent on removing Philip V from the succession to the French throne; he only agreed to this after the semi-Salic law was successfully enacted in Spain.", "title": "Succession to the French throne" }, { "docid": "1866310#21", "text": "The centre of Spanish military power shifted dramatically in the early 18th century. The War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714) was both a civil and international war in which the French backed the Bourbon contender for the Spanish throne and an alliance led by Austria, the Netherlands and Britain backed the Habsburg contender while a divided Spain fought on both sides. The war secured the Spanish throne for the Bourbon Philip as Philip V of Spain at the Peace of Utrecht but in the war's settlement, Spain had to give up the Spanish Netherlands, Naples, Milan, Sardinia, Sicily, Gibraltar and Menorca to the Habsburg allies. Spain's defeat by the combined alliance of France, Britain, the Netherlands and Austria in the War of the Quadruple Alliance (1718–1720) confirmed the decline from her former dominance, whilst the successful deployment of the Britain's Royal Navy into the Mediterranean, by exploiting the fortress of Gibraltar, gained in 1704 by an Anglo-Dutch force during the war of succession, would create considerable difficulties in the following years.", "title": "Military history of Spain" } ]

[ { "docid": "13299#2", "text": "During this period, Spain was involved in all major European wars, including the Italian Wars, the Eighty Years' War, the Thirty Years' War, and the Franco-Spanish War. In the later 17th century, however, Spanish power began to decline, and after the death of the last Habsburg ruler, the War of the Spanish Succession ended with the relegation of Spain, now under Bourbon rule, to the status of a second-rate power with a reduced influence in European affairs. The so-called Bourbon Reforms attempted the renewal of state institutions, with some success, but as the century ended, instability set in with the French Revolution and the Peninsular War, so that Spain never regained its former strength.", "title": "History of Spain" }, { "docid": "8091353#8", "text": "The main goals of Spain were the recovery of Gibraltar and Menorca from the British, who had owned them since 1704 and to damage British trade through the actions of privateers. The siege of Gibraltar, June 16, 1779 to February 7, 1783, was the longest lasting Spanish action in the war. Despite the larger size of the besieging Franco-Spanish army, at one point numbering 33,000, the British under George Augustus Elliott were able to hold out in the fortress and were resupplied by sea three times. Luis de Córdova y Córdova was unable to prevent Howe's fleet returning home after resupplying Gibraltar in October 1782. The combined Franco-Spanish invasion of Menorca in 1781 met with more success; Menorca surrendered the following year, and was restored to Spain after the war, nearly eighty years after it was first captured by the British. In 1780 and 1781, Luis de Córdova's fleet captured America-bound British convoys, doing much damage to British military supplies and commerce.", "title": "Spain and the American Revolutionary War" }, { "docid": "15055916#1", "text": "During the War of the Spanish Succession, Spain lost Gibraltar to an Anglo-Dutch fleet and when the war finished in 1714, Spain was forced to accept the loss of Gibraltar in the Treaty of Utrecht. Despite this it was a long-term goal of Spain to recover both Gibraltar and the island of Menorca from the British.", "title": "Anglo-Spanish War (1727–1729)" }, { "docid": "214079#10", "text": "The last great event of the War of the Spanish Succession was the Duke of Berwick's storming of Barcelona, after a long siege, on 11 September 1714. In that year, he was appointed a Knight of the Golden Fleece. Trying to explain the violent failure of the Jacobite Risings, the Old Pretender \"never forgave his half-brother, The Blues ex-colonel, Berwick, now an experienced and competent commander, for declining to lead his forces\". Soon afterwards, Berwick was appointed military governor of the province of Guienne, where he became friendly with Montesquieu. In December 1718 he led an army to Spain, against Philip V, in the War of the Quadruple Alliance, bombarding San Sebastián and occupying the districts of Gipuzkoa and Biscay. Many years of peace followed this campaign that ended the following March. The King of Spain sued for peace in January 1720 and Berwick was not called to serve again in the field until 1733. In that year he was chosen to lead the Army of the Rhine in the War of the Polish Succession, successfully besieging Kehl in 1733. A year later he was decapitated by a cannonball at the Siege of Philippsburg, on 12 June 1734.", "title": "James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick" }, { "docid": "18842471#5", "text": "The 19th century was a turbulent time for Spain. Those in favour of reforming Spain's government vied for political power with conservatives, who tried to prevent reforms from taking place. Some liberals, in a tradition that had started with the Spanish Constitution of 1812, sought to limit the power of the monarchy of Spain and to establish a liberal state. The reforms of 1812 did not last after King Ferdinand VII dissolved the Constitution and ended the Trienio Liberal government. Twelve successful coups were carried out between 1814 and 1874. Until the 1850s, the economy of Spain was primarily based on agriculture. There was little development of a bourgeois industrial or commercial class. The land-based oligarchy remained powerful; a small number of people held large estates called \"latifundia\" as well as all the important government positions.", "title": "Spanish Civil War" }, { "docid": "120223#2", "text": "The War of Jenkins' Ear (named for a 1731 incident in which a Spanish commander chopped off the ear of British merchant captain Robert Jenkins and told him to take it to his king, George II) broke out in 1739 between Spain and Great Britain, but was confined to the Caribbean Sea and conflict between Spanish Florida and the neighboring British Province of Georgia. The War of the Austrian Succession, nominally a struggle over the legitimacy of the accession of Maria Theresa to the Austrian throne, began in 1740, but at first did not involve either Britain or Spain militarily. Britain was drawn diplomatically into that conflict in 1742 as an ally of Austria and an opponent of France and Prussia, but open hostilities between them did not take place until 1743 at Dettingen, and war was only formally declared between Britain and France in March 1744. Massachusetts did not declare war until June 2.", "title": "King George's War" }, { "docid": "23107496#19", "text": "The Seven Years' War lasted between 1756–1763, arraying Prussia, Great Britain and Hanover (with the British king as its prince-elector) against Austria, France, Russia, Sweden, and most smaller German states. Spain was drawn into the conflict later in 1761, on the side of France. British colonies in the Americas were on this war, but had to pay long, heavy taxes. In that period, Spain lost control of Florida to Great Britain but recovered the territory years later during the Treaty of Paris 1789, receiving New Orleans and the Louisiana Territory west of the Mississippi River from the French instead.", "title": "Spain–United Kingdom relations" } ]

[ { "docid": "1157333#5", "text": "Humans evolved to live as simple hunter-gatherers in small tribal bands. Contemporary humans now have a very different environment and way of life. This change makes present humans vulnerable to a number of health problems, termed \"diseases of civilization\" and \"diseases of affluence\". Stone-age humans evolved to live off the land, taking advantage of the resources that were readily available to them. Evolution is slow, and the rapid change from stone-age environments and practices to the world of today is problematic because we are still adapted to stone-age circumstances that no longer apply. This misfit has serious implications for our health. \"Modern environments may cause many diseases such as deficiency syndromes like scurvy and rickets\".)", "title": "Evolutionary medicine" }, { "docid": "29219#83", "text": "The image of the caveman is commonly associated with the Stone Age. For example, a 2003 documentary series showing the evolution of humans through the Stone Age was called \"Walking with Cavemen\", but only the last programme showed humans living in caves. While the idea that human beings and dinosaurs coexisted is sometimes portrayed in popular culture in cartoons, films and computer games, such as \"The Flintstones\", \"One Million Years B.C.\" and \"Chuck Rock\", the notion of hominids and non-avian dinosaurs co-existing is not supported by any scientific evidence.", "title": "Stone Age" }, { "docid": "5366970#2", "text": "The presence of a water spring is believed to be the reason why humans first settled in the area where present-day Bonchurch is located. A prehistoric race lived in the area around the Undercliff, land which was wild forest. Evidence has also been found showing that men that lived during the Stone Age had lived near to the water spring. Five burial mounds have been discovered at St. Boniface Down. Evidence has also been discovered showing that the Romans established a settlement in the area.", "title": "Bonchurch" }, { "docid": "4589979#2", "text": "Archaeological excavation in this area proved that humans lived in what is now Quảng Bình province in the Stone Age. Many artifacts, such as ceramic vases, stone tools, and china, have been unearthed in Quảng Bình.", "title": "Đồng Hới" } ]

[ { "docid": "13986031#5", "text": "\"Homo sapiens\" proper (\"Homo sapiens sapiens\", the Cro-Magnon type) appears in the Upper Paleolithic, which lasted from 40,000 to 9,000 BCE. During the coldest part of this Ice age period, 20,000 to 15,000 BCE, humans did not inhabit Poland. The latter, warmer part, after the climatic discontinuity and the reappearance of humans, is considered the Late Paleolithic.", "title": "Stone-Age Poland" }, { "docid": "12495504#6", "text": "Tools of the Middle Stone Age are also in abundance in the area, particularly on top of hills and mountains in the region where these humans were apparently using overlooks and high spots to scout for game. On top of many hills, at particularly good outlooks, can be found quite literally thousands of Middle Stone age knives, scrapers and spear-points. The Middle Stone Age begins around 250,000 years ago and ends around 25 – 35 thousand years ago. It holds within this temporal period not only the origins of a new and more complex toolkit used by humans, but the origin in Africa of modernity itself – it is during the middle part of this period that we see not only the emergence of the modern human brain and physical features but modern human culture – our infinite toolkit, artwork and burial of the dead.", "title": "Makuleke" }, { "docid": "44260471#2", "text": "Stone artifacts found on the site have been dated to show that humans have inhabited Corinthia since the Neolithic Era. Small samples of pottery dating to the last era of the Bronze Age (1600-1200 BC) show that people were still living in Isthmia during this time. During the Greek Dark Ages, the population declined throughout Greece, and with it came a deterioration of material wealth in Isthmia.", "title": "Isthmia (ancient city)" }, { "docid": "4624191#4", "text": "At the Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka humans lived throughout the Upper Paleolithic (10th to 8th millennia BCE), revealing cave paintings dating to c. 30,000 BCE, and there are small cup like depressions at the end of the Auditorium Rock Shelter, which is dated to nearly 100,000 years; the Sivaliks and the Potwar (Pakistan) region also exhibit many vertebrate fossil remains and paleolithic tools. Chert, jasper and quartzite were often used by humans during this period.", "title": "South Asian Stone Age" }, { "docid": "6148828#2", "text": "During the Paleolithic era (20,000-10,000 BC) humans lived in several caves above the valley floor during the summer. The caves, Schnurenloch, Mamilchloch, Zwergliloch and Chniechälebalm, contained about 5,000 bones from the now extinct cave bear which the inhabitants had butchered. While no human remains were discovered, a number of stone tools were found. Today the tools and bones are at the Historical Museum of Bern while the caves can be visited with tour groups. These caves and other nearby rock shelters continued to be used through the Neolithic, the late Bronze Age and into the Middle Ages. After the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, Alamanni tribes settled in the Simmen valley and established villages and alpine pastures.", "title": "Oberwil im Simmental" }, { "docid": "2805113#12", "text": "In the Upper Paleolithic, anatomically modern humans began living longer, often reaching middle age, by today’s standards. Rachel Caspari argues in “Human Origins: the Evolution of Grandparents,” that life expectancy increased during the Upper Paleolithic in Europe (Caspari 2011). She also describes why elderly people were highly influential in society. Grandparents assisted in childcare, perpetuated cultural transmission, and contributed to the increased complexity of stone tools (Caspari 2011). The woman found at Dolni Vestonice was old enough to have been a grandparent. Although human lifespans were increasing, elderly individuals in Upper Paleolithic societies were still relatively rare. Because of this, it is possible that the woman was attributed with great importance and wisdom, and revered because of her age. Because of her advanced age, it is also possible she had a decreased ability to care for herself, instead relying on her family group to care for her, which indicates strong social connections.", "title": "Dolní Věstonice (archaeology)" } ]

[ { "docid": "448049#0", "text": "Pars Province (; , \"Ostān-e Pārs\", ) also known as Fars (, \"Fārs\") or Persia in the Greek sources in historical context, is one of the thirty-one provinces of Iran and known as the cultural capital of the country. It is in the south of the country, in Iran's Region 2, and its administrative center is Shiraz. It has an area of 122,400 km². In 2011, this province had a population of 4.6 million people, of which 67.6% were registered as urban dwellers (urban/suburbs), 32.1% villagers (small town/rural), and 0.3% nomad tribes. The etymology of the word \"Persian\" (From Latin \"Persia\", from Ancient Greek , \"Persís\"), found in many ancient names associated with Iran, is derived from the historical importance of this region. Fars Province is the original homeland of the Persian people.", "title": "Fars Province" }, { "docid": "3092592#3", "text": "Since Antiquity there has always been much interaction between Ancient Armenia and Persia (Iran). The Armenian people are amongst the native ethnic groups of northwestern Iran (known as Iranian Azerbaijan), having millennia long recorded history there while the region (or parts of it) have had made up part of historical Armenia numerous times in history. These historical Armenian regions that nowadays include Iranian Azerbaijan are Nor Shirakan, Vaspurakan, and Paytakaran. Many of the oldest Armenian chapels, monasteries and churches in the world are located within this region of Iran.", "title": "Iranian Armenians" }, { "docid": "952063#1", "text": "The beliefs, activities, and cultural events of the ancient Iranians in ancient Iran are complex matters. The ancient Iranians made references to a combination of several Aryans and non-Aryan tribes. Aryans, or ancient Iranians, worshiped natural elements such as the sun, sunlight and thunder, but they eventually shifted their attention mostly to a single god, whilst acknowledging others. The Iranian ancient prophet, Zoroaster, reformed Iranian religious beliefs to a form of Henotheism. The Gathas, hymns of Zoroaster's Avesta, brought monotheistic ideas to Persia, while through the Yashts and Yasna, mentions are made to Polytheism and earlier creeds. The Vedas and the Avesta have both served researchers as important resources in discovering early Aryan beliefs and ideas.Some religionists made syncretic teachings of Islam and local Zoroastrianism.", "title": "Iranian religions" } ]

[ { "docid": "141013#60", "text": "Gobineau saw Persia as a land without a future that was destined to be conquered by the West sooner or later, which for him was a tragedy for the West as he believed that Western men would all too easily be seduced by the beautiful Persian women, thus causing more miscegenation to further \"corrupt\" the West. However, Gobineau was obsessed with ancient Persia, seeing in Achaemenid Persia a great and glorious Aryan civilization, now sadly gone, that was to preoccupy him for the rest of his life. Gobineau loved to visit the ruins of Achaemenid period as his mind was fundamentally backward looking, preferring to contemplate past glories rather what he saw as a dismal present and even bleaker future. Gobineau's time in Persia inspired two books, \"Mémoire sur l'etat social de la Perse actuelle\" (1858) and \"Trois ans en Asie\" (1859). Through Gobineau was less than complimentary about modern Persia, writing to Prokesch-Osten that there was no \"Persian race\" as modern Persians were \"a breed mixed from God knows what!\", but he loved ancient Persia as the great Aryan civilization par excellence, noting that Iran means \"the land of the Aryans\" in Farsi. Gobineau was less Euro-centric than one might expect in his writings on Persia, believing that the origins of European civilization could be traced to Persia and criticized western scholars for their \"collective vanity\" in being unable to admit to the West's \"huge\" debt to Persia.", "title": "Arthur de Gobineau" }, { "docid": "3830344#6", "text": "Reza Shah went on to ask the international community to use the native name of \"Iran\" in 1935 to address to his country. Although the country has been known as Iran to the native people themselves for many centuries, Westerners came to know the nation as Persia through ancient Greek accounts. The goal was to distract attention from the traditional Western designation “Persia” (a term Greek in origin). “Persian” was the historical name of one of the ethnic groups in Iran. With the reforms Reza Shah was implementing, the adoption of a new name for the country was seen as restoring Iran’s historical legacy. While Persia had fallen victim to imperialism, Iran would be free from foreign control.", "title": "Germany–Iran relations" }, { "docid": "3180403#11", "text": "On the long-term impact of this battle, Sir Muhammad Iqbal wrote: \"If you ask me what is the most important event in the history of Islam, I shall say without any hesitation: “The Conquest of Persia.” The battle of Nehawand gave the Arabs not only a beautiful country, but also an ancient civilization; or, more properly, a people who could make a new civilisation with the Semitic and Aryan material. Our Muslim civilisation is a product of the cross-fertilisation of the Semitic and the Aryan ideas. It is a child who inherits the softness and refinement of his Aryan mother, and the sterling character of his Semitic father. But for the conquest of Persia, the civilisation of Islam would have been one-sided. The conquest of Persia gave us what the conquest of Greece gave to the Romans.\"", "title": "Battle of Nahāvand" }, { "docid": "33191133#9", "text": "During the Tang Dynasty a number of rhinoceroses were presented to the imperial court from south-east Asian countries, including Champa, Chinrap, and Kalinga, as well as Tibet and a country named as Persia. At least some of these rhinoceroses were specimens of the Greater One-horned Rhinoceros (\"Rhinoceros unicornis\"). Performing elephants and rhinoceroses took part in the entertainments for Emperor Xuanzong of Tang (reigned 712–756).", "title": "Rhinoceroses in ancient China" }, { "docid": "1275748#65", "text": "The Arab conquest of Persia led to a period of extreme urbanisation in Iran, starting with the ascension of the Abbasid dynasty and ending in the 11th century CE. This was particularly true for the eastern parts of the country, for regions like Khorasan and Transoxiana. During this period, Iran saw the development of massive metropolises, some reaching population numbers of up to 200,000 people. Before this period, the important Persian cities had been situated outside of Persia proper, especially in Mesopotamia. This period of extreme urbanisation was followed in the 11th century by a collapse of the Iranian economy, which led to large scale emigrations of Iranians into Central Asia, India, the rest of the Middle East, and Anatolia. This catastrophe has been cited by some as reason for the Persian language becoming widespread throughout Central Asia and large parts of the Middle East.", "title": "Muslim conquest of Persia" }, { "docid": "92016#16", "text": "In 316 BC, Persepolis was still the capital of Persia as a province of the great Macedonian Empire (see Diod. xix, 21 seq., 46; probably after Hieronymus of Cardia, who was living about 326). The city must have gradually declined in the course of time. The lower city at the foot of the imperial city might have survived for a longer time; but the ruins of the Achaemenids remained as a witness to its ancient glory. It is probable that the principal town of the country, or at least of the district, was always in this neighborhood.", "title": "Persepolis" }, { "docid": "66540#20", "text": "The Persians were defeated by a primarily Athenian naval force at the Battle of Salamis, and in 479 defeated on land at the Battle of Plataea. The alliance against Persia continued, initially led by the Spartan Pausanias but from 477 by Athens, and by 460 Persia had been driven out of the Aegean. During this period of campaigning, the Delian league gradually transformed from a defensive alliance of Greek states into an Athenian empire, as Athens' growing naval power enabled it to compel other league states to comply with its policies. Athens ended its campaigns against Persia in 450 BC, after a disastrous defeat in Egypt in 454 BC, and the death of Cimon in action against the Persians on Cyprus in 450.", "title": "Ancient Greece" } ]

[ { "docid": "7629286#54", "text": "The rights for the first four novels in the series were sold to Warner Bros. for £1,000,000 by J.K. Rowling. After the release of the fourth book in July 2000, the first film, \"Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone\", was released on 16 November 2001. In its opening weekend, the film grossed $90 million in the United States alone, which set a record opening worldwide. The succeeding three motion picture adaptations followed suit in financial success, while garnering positive reviews from fans and critics. The fifth film, \"Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix\", was released by Warner Bros. on 11 July 2007 in English-speaking countries, except for the UK and Ireland, which released the movie on 12 July. The sixth, \"Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince\", was released on 15 July 2009 to critical acclaim and finished its theatrical run ranked as the number two grossing film of 2009 on the worldwide charts.", "title": "Harry Potter (film series)" }, { "docid": "16027#22", "text": "In October 1998, Warner Bros. purchased the film rights to the first two novels for a seven-figure sum. A film adaptation of \"Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone\" was released on 16 November 2001, and \"Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets\" on 15 November 2002. Both films were directed by Chris Columbus. The film version of \"Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban\" was released on 4 June 2004, directed by Alfonso Cuarón. The fourth film, \"Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire\", was directed by Mike Newell, and released on 18 November 2005. The film of \"Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix\" was released on 11 July 2007. David Yates directed, and Michael Goldenberg wrote the screenplay, having taken over the position from Steve Kloves. \"Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince\" was released on 15 July 2009. David Yates directed again, and Kloves returned to write the script. Warner Bros. filmed the final instalment of the series, \"Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows\", in two segments, with part one being released on 19 November 2010 and part two being released on 15 July 2011. Yates directed both films.", "title": "J. K. Rowling" }, { "docid": "667361#0", "text": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (released in the United States and India as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone) is a 2001 fantasy film directed by Chris Columbus and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures. It is based on J. K. Rowling's 1997 novel of the same name. The film is the first instalment of the \"Harry Potter\" film series and was written by Steve Kloves and produced by David Heyman. Its story follows Harry Potter's first year at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry as he discovers that he is a famous wizard and begins his education. The film stars Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter, with Rupert Grint as Ron Weasley, and Emma Watson as Hermione Granger.", "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film)" }, { "docid": "7629286#0", "text": "Harry Potter is a British-American film series based on the \"Harry Potter\" novels by author J. K. Rowling. The series is distributed by Warner Bros. and consists of eight fantasy films, beginning with \"Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone\" (2001) and culminating with \"Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2\" (2011). A spin-off prequel series that will consist of five films started with \"Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them\" (2016), marking the beginning of the Wizarding World shared media franchise.", "title": "Harry Potter (film series)" } ]

[ { "docid": "9834441#20", "text": "The first official picture from the first film was released on , showing Harry, Ron and Hermione in a London street. A clip was officially released on with the release of \"Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince\" on Blu-ray and DVD. At the 2010 ShoWest convention, Alan F. Horn premiered unfinished footage from both films. The 2010 MTV Movie Awards premiered more footage from \"Deathly Hallows\". Following this was the release of the official teaser poster, which shows the release date of both \"Part 1\" and \"Part 2\" and a destroyed Hogwarts castle. ABC Family broadcast interviews and additional scenes from both parts during their \"Harry Potter\" weekend, which began on 8 July 2010. A two-minute trailer for the film was released worldwide on 22 September 2010.", "title": "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1" }, { "docid": "667368#1", "text": "The film was released in theatres in the United Kingdom and the United States on 15 November 2002. It became a critical and commercial success, grossing $879 million at the box office worldwide. It was the second highest-grossing film of 2002 behind \"\". The movie was nominated for many awards including the BAFTA Award for Best Production Design, Best Sound, and Best Special Visual Effects. It was followed by six sequels, beginning with \"Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban\" in 2004 and ending with \"Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2\" in 2011, nearly ten years after the first film's release.", "title": "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (film)" }, { "docid": "5032848#0", "text": "Lego \"Harry Potter\" is a Lego theme based on the films of the \"Harry Potter\" series. Lego models of important scenes, vehicles and characters were made for the first six films and all the books released. The first sets appeared in 2001, to coincide with the release of the first film, \"Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone\" (\"Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone\" in the United States). Subsequent sets were released alongside the new films, until \"Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix\". The line then went dormant for three years, with sets being released in 2010 and 2011. In 2018, it was announced that more sets based on the \"Harry Potter\" franchise would be released, including new sets based on \"Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them\" and its sequel, \"\".", "title": "Lego Harry Potter" }, { "docid": "153295#8", "text": "The release of \"Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone\" (released as \"Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone\" in the United States) took place in 2001. Radcliffe received a seven figure salary for the lead role, but asserted that the fee was \"not that important\" to him; his parents chose to invest the money for him. The film was highly popular and was met with positive reviews, and critics took notice of Radcliffe: \"Radcliffe is the embodiment of every reader's imagination. It is wonderful to see a young hero who is so scholarly looking and filled with curiosity and who connects with very real emotions, from solemn intelligence and the delight of discovery to deep family longing,\" wrote Bob Graham of the \"San Francisco Chronicle\".\nA year later Radcliffe starred in \"Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets\", the second installment of the series. Reviewers were positive about the lead actors' performances but had polarised opinions on the movie as a whole. The 2004 release \"Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban\" was the third film in the series. Radcliffe's performance was panned by \"New York Times\" journalist A. O. Scott, who wrote that Watson had to carry him with her performance. Next was \"Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire\" in 2005. The film was the second-highest grossing \"Harry Potter\" film at that point, and Radcliffe singled out the humour as being a reason for the movie's creative success.", "title": "Daniel Radcliffe" }, { "docid": "667372#32", "text": "In the United States, the first five Harry Potter films were released on HD DVD and Blu-ray disc on 11 December 2007. The fourth film has since become available in numerous box sets containing the other films released in the series, including the \"Harry Potter: Complete 8-Film Collection\" and \"Harry Potter Wizard's Collection\". An Ultimate Edition of \"Goblet of Fire\" was released on 19 October 2010, featuring behind-the-scenes footage, trailers, additional scenes, and a feature-length special \"Creating the World of Harry Potter Part 4: Sound & Music\". Despite not being included in the Ultimate Edition, an extended version has been shown during certain television airings with a running time of about 167 minutes.", "title": "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (film)" }, { "docid": "11927826#13", "text": "In 2000, in the lead-up to the release of the first \"Harry Potter\" film, \"Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone\"; Warner Bros., the film's distributor, sent a series of letters to owners of \"Harry Potter\" fansites, demanding that, to protect their copyright, they hand over their domain names. The action resulted in negative publicity for the company when Claire Field, the then 15-year-old webmaster of the British fansite harrypotterguide.co.uk, was reduced to tears by what were described by her father as unnecessary bully tactics. Eventually the corporation backed down in the face of media opposition and declared that, as the site was non-commercial, it did not violate the trademark.", "title": "Legal disputes over the Harry Potter series" }, { "docid": "667371#2", "text": "The film was released on 31 May 2004 in the United Kingdom and on 4 June 2004 in North America, as the first \"Harry Potter\" film released into IMAX theatres and to be using IMAX Technology. It was also the last \"Harry Potter\" film to be released on VHS in the U.S. The film was nominated for two Academy Awards, Best Original Music Score and Best Visual Effects at the 77th Academy Awards in 2004.", "title": "Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (film)" }, { "docid": "7629286#45", "text": "On 12 June 2010, filming of the \"Deathly Hallows – Part 1\" and \"Deathly Hallows – Part 2\" was completed with actor Warwick Davis stating on his Twitter account, \"The end of an Era – today is officially the last day of principal photography on 'Harry Potter' – ever. I feel honoured to be here as the director shouts cut for the very last time. Farewell Harry & Hogwarts, it's been magic!\". However, reshoots of the epilogue scene were confirmed to begin in the winter of 2010. The filming was completed on 21 December 2010, marking the official closure of filming the \"Harry Potter\" franchise. Exactly four years earlier on that day, author J. K. Rowling's official website revealed the title of the final novel in the series – \"Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows\".", "title": "Harry Potter (film series)" } ]

[ { "docid": "17054160#19", "text": "He shared the 2008 EPS Europhysics Prize with Novoselov \"for discovering and isolating a single free-standing atomic layer of carbon (graphene) and elucidating its remarkable electronic properties\". In 2009 he received the Körber European Science Award. The US National Academy of Sciences honoured him with the 2010 John J. Carty Award for the Advancement of Science \"for his experimental realisation and investigation of graphene, the two-dimensional form of carbon\". He was awarded one of six Royal Society 2010 Anniversary Research Professorships. The Royal Society added its 2010 Hughes Medal \"for his revolutionary discovery of graphene and elucidation of its remarkable properties\". He was awarded honorary doctorates from Delft University of Technology, ETH Zürich, the University of Antwerp and the University of Manchester. In 2010, Geim was appointed as Knight Commander of the Order of the Netherlands Lion for his contribution to Dutch Science.", "title": "Andre Geim" }, { "docid": "55264361#9", "text": "One of the first patents pertaining to the production of graphene was filed in October 2002 and granted in 2006. It detailed one of the first large scale graphene production processes. Two years later, in 2004 Geim and Novoselov extracted single-atom-thick crystallites from bulk graphite. They pulled graphene layers from graphite and transferred them onto thin silicon dioxide () on a silicon wafer in a process called either micromechanical cleavage or the Scotch tape technique. The electrically isolated the graphene and weakly interacted with it, providing nearly charge-neutral graphene layers. The silicon beneath the could be used as a \"back gate\" electrode to vary the charge density in the graphene over a wide range. , filed in 2002, describes how to process expanded graphite to achieve a graphite thickness of one hundred-thousandth of an inch (0.25 nm). The key to success was high-throughput visual recognition of graphene on a properly chosen substrate that provides a small but noticeable optical contrast.", "title": "History of graphene" }, { "docid": "53214#37", "text": "Graphene was discovered at the University of Manchester in 2004 under Prof Sir Andre Geim and Sir Konstantin Novoselov.\nAt the Calico Printers' Association in Manchester in 1941, John Rex Whinfield and James Tennant Dickson discovered polyethylene terephthalate, known as PET, a common polyester compound found in plastic bottles and food, and also known as Terylene or Dacron. Cheslene and Crepes of Macclesfield discovered crimplene (the fabric that is now referred to as polyester). ICI Dyestuffs at Hexagon House, in Blackley in north Manchester, discovered Procion dyes. At the Winnington Laboratory on 27 March 1933, Eric Fawcett and Reginald Gibson discovered polythene in an ICI laboratory in Northwich, when reacting benzaldehyde with ethene at a pressure of 2,000 atmospheres; the process was improved in 1935 by Sir Michael Perrin.", "title": "North West England" }, { "docid": "911833#72", "text": "One of the first patents pertaining to the production of graphene was filed in October 2002 and granted in 2006. Two years later, in 2004 Geim and Novoselov extracted single-atom-thick crystallites from bulk graphite and transferred them onto thin silicon dioxide () on a silicon wafer, which electrically isolated the graphene. The cleavage technique led directly to the first observation of the anomalous quantum Hall effect in graphene, which provided direct evidence of graphene's theoretically predicted Berry's phase of massless Dirac fermions. The effect was reported by Geim's group and by Kim and Zhang, whose papers appeared in \"Nature\" in 2005. Geim and Novoselov received awards for their pioneering research on graphene, notably the 2010 Nobel Prize in Physics.", "title": "Graphene" } ]

[ { "docid": "20305069#35", "text": "Graphene oxide has been used in DNA analysis applications. The large planar surface of graphene oxide allows simultaneous quenching of multiple DNA probes labeled with different dyes, providing the detection of multiple DNA targets in the same solution. Further advances in graphene oxide based DNA sensors could result in very inexpensive rapid DNA analysis. \nRecently a group of researchers, from university of L'Aquila (Italy), discovered new wetting properties of graphene oxide thermally reduced in ultra-high vacuum up to 900 °C. They found a correlation between the surface chemical composition, the surface free energy and its polar and dispersive components, giving a rationale to the wetting properties of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide.\nGraphene oxide has been demonstrated as a flexible free-standing battery anode material for room temperature lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries. It is also being studied as a high surface area conducting agent in lithium-sulfur battery cathodes. The functional groups on graphene oxide can serve as sites for chemical modification and immobilization of active species. This approach allows for the creation of hybrid architectures for electrode materials. Recent examples of this have been implemented in lithium ion batteries, which are known for being rechargeable at the cost of low capacity limits. Graphene oxide-based composites functionalized with metal oxides and sulfides have been shown in recent research to induce enhanced battery performance. This has similarly been adapted into applications in supercapacitors, since the electronic properties of graphene oxide allow it to bypass some of the more prevalent restrictions of typical transition metal oxide electrodes. Research in this field is developing, with additional exploration into methods involving nitrogen doping and pH adjustment to improve capacitance. Additionally, research into reduced graphene oxide sheets, which display superior electronic properties akin to pure graphene, is currently being explored. Reduced graphene oxide applications greatly increases the conductivity and efficiency, while sacrificing some flexibility and structural integrity.", "title": "Graphite oxide" }, { "docid": "57322715#1", "text": "The thermal decomposition of bulk SiC was first reported in 1965 by Badami. He annealed the SiC in vacuum to around 2180 °C for an hour to obtain a graphite lattice. In 1975, Bommel et al. then achieved to form monolayer graphite on the C-face as well as the Si-face of hexagonal SiC. The experiment was carried out under UHV with a temperature of 800 °C and hints for a graphene structure could be found in LEED patterns and the change in the carbon Auger peak from a carbided character to a graphite character.\nNew insights in the electronic and physical properties of graphene like the Dirac nature of the charge carriers, fractional quantum Hall effect or the observation of the 2D electron gas behaviour were first measured on multilayer graphene from de Heer et al. at the Georgia Institute of Technology in 2004.\nStill, the Nobel Prize in Physics ″for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene″ in 2010 was awarded to Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov. An official online document of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences about this awarding got under fire. Walter de Heer mentions several objections about the work of Geim and Novoselov who apparently have measured on many-layer graphene, also called graphite, which has different electronic and mechanical properties.\nEmtsev et al. improved the whole procedure in 2009 by annealing the SiC-samples at high temperatures over 1650 °C in an argon environment to obtain morphologically superior graphene.", "title": "Epitaxial graphene growth on silicon carbide" }, { "docid": "25449405#4", "text": "His nanotube work led to consideration of the properties of \"opened\" carbon nanotubes and the development of graphene-based electronics, starting in 2001. Anticipating that patterned graphene structures would behave like interconnected carbon nanotubes, he proposed several avenues of graphene preparation, including exfoliation of graphite flakes to oxidized silicon wafers and epitaxial growth on silicon carbide. The latter was deemed most promising for large-scale integrated electronics, and was funded by Intel Corporation in 2003. In 2004, the group was awarded additional funding from the National Science Foundation for the pursuit of graphene science. The first paper, \"Two dimensional electron gas properties of ultrathin epitaxial graphite\", was presented in March 2004 at a meeting of the American Physical Society and published in December under the title, \"Ultrathin epitaxial graphite: Two dimensional electron gas properties and a route towards graphene based electronics\". This paper, based primarily on data documented in 2003, describes the first electrical measurements of epitaxial graphene, reports fabrication of the first graphene transistor, and outlines the desirable properties of graphene for use in graphene-based electronics. De Heer and coworkers Claire Berger and Phillip First hold the first patent on graphene-based electronics, provisionally filed in June 2003. The approach championed by de Heer has the advantage of producing graphene directly on a high-quality electronic material (silicon carbide) and does not require isolation or transfer to any other substrate.", "title": "Walter de Heer" }, { "docid": "42358324#3", "text": "Hong is also the founder of GSI pioneered the large-scale synthesis of graphene by chemical vapor deposition (CVD), which triggered chemical research toward the practical application of graphene. His first report on CVD synthesis of graphene (\"Nature\" 2009) has recorded the world highest citations in chemistry among the papers published since 2009 (roughly 5000 times). One year later, he developed the synthesis of ultra-large graphene based on roll-to-roll methods and its application to flexible touch screens (\"Nature Nanotechnology\". 2010), which is believed to be the first demonstration of application of graphene materials in practical electronic devices. For this contribution, he was invited to give a talk in the Nobel Symposium on Graphene (2010). He made more than 90 patent applications on graphene synthesis and applications, which corresponds to the world 2nd graphene-related inventor. Hong's research has been highlighted by Bloomberg, Businessweek, BBC, CNBC, New York Times, Financial Times, Russia Today, MIT Technology Review, C&EN News (cover story), Physics Today, and Physics World. He is now acting as Scientific Advisory Committee member of €1 billion Graphene Flagship project together with 4 Nobel Laureates and as Scientific Advisory Member of Cambridge Graphene Center, UK. He is currently an Advisory Member for CTO of LG Electronics. He served as a member of R&D Strategy and Planning Committee for Korean National Graphene Commercialization Project.", "title": "Hong Byung-hee" }, { "docid": "46176674#4", "text": "Chang-Hua et al. implemented graphene in an infrared photodetector by sandwiching an insulating barrier of Ta2O5 between two graphene sheets. The graphene layers became electrically isolated and exhibited an average Fermi difference of 0.12eV when a current was passed through the bottom layer (figure 3). When the photodetector is exposed to light, excited hot electrons transitioned from the top graphene layer to the bottom, a process promoted by the structural asymmetry of the insulating Ta2O5 barrier. A consequence of the hot electron transition, the top layer accumulates positive charges and induces a photogating effect on the lower graphene layer, which is measured as a change in current correlating with photon detection. Utilizing graphene both as a channel for charge transport and light absorption, the graphene ultra-broadband photodetectors ably detects the visible to mid-infrared spectrum. Nanometers thin and functional at room temperature, graphene ultra-broadband photodetectors show promise in lens application.", "title": "Graphene lens" }, { "docid": "59442761#4", "text": "Working at the University of Manchester, Haigh became interested in graphene and other 2D materials. She is a member of the National Graphene Institute. Haigh has used TEM to study graphene-boron nitride heterostructures and found that hydrocarbons group in isolated pockets. She used focused ion beam TEM to reveal that graphene layers within electronic devices have perfect alignment. Haigh has discussed 2D materials on BBC Radio 4. She won the 2013 IOM3 Silver Medal for her research and education activities. She used a graphene 'petri dish' to help image nanomaterials, using graphene-boron nitride liquid crystal cells. She demonstrated that graphene-oxide membranes could be used as a sieve to remove the salt from seawater. In 2018 her group identified a new bending behaviour in 2D Materials, that folds were delocalised over several atoms. She demonstrated that catalytic materials could be used to recover energy from waste water.", "title": "Sarah Haigh" } ]

[ { "docid": "51006585#1", "text": "The album garnered positive reviews from music critics and became a commercial success. \"Encore un soir\" topped the charts in France, Canada, Belgium and Switzerland, and was certified Diamond in France, 2× Platinum in Canada and Platinum in Belgium and Switzerland. It became the best-selling album of 2016 in Belgium, the second best-selling album of 2016 in France (best-selling album by a female artist), the seventh best-selling album of 2016 in Switzerland and the eighth best-selling album in Canada (the only Francophone album on the list). \"Encore un soir\" also became Dion's first French-language album to appear on the US \"Billboard\" charts. It has sold over 1.5 million copies worldwide.", "title": "Encore un soir (album)" }, { "docid": "49030494#1", "text": "Overall, BTS' album \"Wings\" was Gaon Album Chart best selling album of 2016, selling 751,301 copies in a year. With \"Wings\", BTS breaks the highest-selling album ever recorded on Gaon Music Chart since the chart’s inception in 2010. Five months earlier, BTS' album \"\" already topped Gaon Album Chart second place for the first half of 2016, selling 368,369 copies overall at the end of the year. BTS earned Artist of The Year at 2016 Mnet Asian Music Awards, Album of The Year at 2016 Melon Music Awards, Album of The Year (4th Quarter) at 6th Gaon Chart Music Awards and Disk Bonsang at 31th Golden Disc Awards. EXO sold South Korea best-selling album of 2016 with all standard \"Ex'Act (korean ver)\" and each of its reissue \"Ex'Act (chinese ver)\", \"Lotto (korean ver)\" and \"Lotto (chinese ver)\" albums selling a total of 1,149,743 units overall.", "title": "List of Gaon Album Chart number ones of 2016" }, { "docid": "48870668#0", "text": "The highest-selling albums and EPs in the United States are ranked in the \"Billboard\" 200, which is published by \"Billboard\" magazine. The data are compiled by Nielsen Soundscan based on each album's weekly physical and digital sales, as well as on-demand streaming and digital sales of its individual tracks. In 2016, a total of 33 albums claimed the top position of the chart. One of which, English singer Adele's \"25\" started its peak issue dated December 12, 2015. Canadian hip hop soul artist Drake's fourth studio album, \"Views\", became the second best-selling overall album with 1.04 million equivalent album units, selling 852,000 copies in its first week of release, and achieving over 245 million streams, more than previous record 115.2 million by Beyoncé's \"Lemonade\". \"Lemonade\" is the third overall best-seller, incurring 485,000 copies in its first week (653,000 with additional album-equivalent units).", "title": "List of Billboard 200 number-one albums of 2016" }, { "docid": "49587862#1", "text": "Twice's second EP, \"Page Two\", and its lead single \"Cheer Up\", were released in April 2016. \"Cheer Up\" debuted at No. 1 on the Gaon Digital Chart, making the group's first No. 1 hit on that chart and eventually becoming the best-performing digital song of 2016 in South Korea. In October 2016, the group released their third EP, \"\" with the single \"TT\". The EP became the best-selling album by a K-pop girl group and the fifth overall in 2016, selling 350,852 units at year-end. In October 2018, it was reported that \"Twicecoaster: Lane 1\" had surpassed 427,854 sales, becoming the highest-selling album by a K-pop girl group since \"The Boys\" (2011) by Girls' Generation, which sold nearly 465,000 copies.", "title": "Twice discography" }, { "docid": "50293518#35", "text": "\"Lemonade\" also peaked atop the charts in Brazil, Croatia, Czech Republic, Flanders, Ireland, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Scotland, South Korea, and Sweden. By the end of 2016, the album sold 2.5 million copies worldwide according to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI), being the best-selling album of 2016 worldwide and the third best-selling album of the year in the United States . As of late 2018 Lemonade has sold over 1.9 million copies in pure sales in the United States and over 3.5 million copies worldwide.", "title": "Lemonade (Beyoncé album)" } ]

[ { "docid": "47695978#11", "text": "The album debuted at number one on the \"Billboard\" 200, with 190,000 album-equivalent units. It also earned Panic! at the Disco its best sales week yet for an album, as it sold 169,000 in pure album sales. In its second week, the album fell to number 5 on the \"Billboard\" 200 while selling 39,000 equivalent album units (down 79 percent). It was the twelfth best-selling album of 2016 with 506,000 copies sold, which also made it the second best selling rock album of 2016. Including streams and tracks sales, the album has totaled 845,000 units in the United States in 2016. The album was also certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for combined sales and album-equivalent units of over a million units in the United States.", "title": "Death of a Bachelor" }, { "docid": "46629777#7", "text": "The album sold 685,000 copies in the United States in 2015. In February 2016, \"Traveller\" was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), and double platinum in September. It became the fourth best-selling album of 2016 in the nation, and the top selling country album, with 1.04 million copies sold that year. The album surpassed the 2 million sales mark in the US in July 2017, and it was the second best-selling country album of 2017 (after Stapleton's second album \"\". It hold the records for the most weeks atop the Americana/Folk Albums chart (42 in total as of March 2018). It topped the \"Billboard\" Year-End Top Country Albums chart in 2016 and 2017. It was cetified triple platinum in May, and has sold 2.4 million copies in the country as of January 2019.", "title": "Traveller (Chris Stapleton album)" }, { "docid": "505052#16", "text": "\"Purple Rain\" sold over 1.5 million copies its first week in stores, and sold over 13 million copies in the United States alone, with a total of 25 million copies sold worldwide.April 2016, the album re-charted at No. 2 on the \"Billboard 200\" after Prince's death, selling over 69,000 copies in the following week, and one of the best-selling albums of the year in the US with 487,000 sold in 2016. According to Billboard, within less than a month after Prince's death, four of the top ten songs on the Hot Rock Songs belonged to tracks off \"Purple Rain\", with the title track coming in at No. 1. \"Purple Rain\" posthumously won \"Soundtrack of the Year\" at the American Music Awards in 2016. \"Purple Rain\" was the thirteenth best selling album of 2016 with 487,000 album sales. After a deluxe edition was released in 2017, \"Purple Rain\" re-entered many top-ten charts around the world including the US, UK and Austria. It debuted at No. 4 on the Billboard 200 with 52,000 copies sold.", "title": "Purple Rain (album)" }, { "docid": "163213#15", "text": "In the United Kingdom, \"1\" became the Beatles' 15th number 1 album with sales of 319,126 copies (achieving record sales for only one week in 2000). On 18 December 2000, Ananova.com reported that the album has \"become 2000's biggest-selling album—in only five weeks.\" \"1\" was the first album to stay at the top spot for nine weeks in almost ten years (the last being the Eurythmics's \"Greatest Hits\"), the best-selling album of 2000, and the fourth best-selling album of the 2000s so far in the UK. In its eleventh week, \"1\" sold a total of two million copies in the UK. It spent a total of 46 weeks inside the Top 75. In July 2013 it was certified 10× platinum by the BPI, for over 3 million copies sold in the UK. It is the 21st best-selling album in the UK—according to an assessment by the Official Charts Company and the British Phonographic Industry that counted album sales in the UK from 28 July 1956 to the present day—, and the second best-selling Beatles album in that country (only beaten by \"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band\", which is the UK's third best-selling album). As of July 2016, the album has sold over 3,230,000 copies in the UK.", "title": "1 (Beatles album)" }, { "docid": "48414801#1", "text": "The album received mixed reviews from critics. Commercially, it topped the UK Albums Chart, and peaked at number two in the United States, Australia, Canada, and Italy where it was held off the top spot by Adele's \"25\". At the 2016 Brit Awards the album was nominated for British Album of the Year. It was the eighth-best-selling album of 2015 with 1.9 million copies sold worldwide, according to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry. It was the ninth-best-selling album of 2016, with 1.4 million copies sold worldwide, according to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry. As of November 2017, the album has sold over six million copies worldwide. It was supported by five singles: \"Adventure of a Lifetime\", \"Hymn for the Weekend\", \"Up & Up\", the title track, and \"Everglow\". A 5.1 Surround Blu-ray Audio version of the album was released via the band's website on 23 September 2016. The album was promoted by the successful A Head Full of Dreams Tour, that lasted two years.", "title": "A Head Full of Dreams" } ]

[ { "docid": "2125860#11", "text": "Among one million Polish soldiers fighting the Germans in September 1939, 13 percent (130,000) were Polish citizens of Jewish background, who fought in all branches of Polish Armed Forces. It is estimated that during the entirety of World War II as many as 32,216 Jewish soldiers and officers died and 61,000 were taken prisoner by the Germans; the majority did not survive. The soldiers and non-commissioned officers who were released ultimately found themselves in the ghettos and labor camps and suffered the same fate as other Jewish civilians. Germans killed about 20 000 civilians in September 1939, a number of them Jewish. For example, in Częstochowa 227 civilians were murdered on September the 4th, 22 of them Jewish.", "title": "History of the Jews in 20th-century Poland" }, { "docid": "37088665#33", "text": "The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum believes that \"The Nazi terror was, in scholar Norman Davies's words, \"much fiercer and more protracted in Poland than anywhere in Europe.\" Reliable statistics for the total number of Poles who died as a result of Nazi German policies do not exist. Many others were victims of the 1939-1941 Soviet occupation of eastern Poland and of deportations to Central Asia and Siberia. Records are incomplete, and the Soviet control of Poland for 50 years after the war impeded independent scholarship.The changing borders and ethnic composition of Poland as well as vast population movements during and after the war also complicated the task of calculating losses In the past, many estimates of losses were based on a Polish report of 1947 requesting reparations from the Germans; this often cited document tallied population losses of 6 million for all Polish \"nationals\" (Poles, Jews, and other minorities). Subtracting 3 million Polish Jewish victims, the report claimed 3 million non-Jewish victims of the Nazi terror, including civilian and military casualties of war.'Documentation remains fragmentary, but today scholars of independent Poland believe that 1.8 to 1.9 million Polish civilians (non-Jews) were victims of German Occupation policies and the war.\"", "title": "World War II casualties of Poland" }, { "docid": "37088665#0", "text": "Approximately six million Polish citizens perished during World War II: about one fifth of the pre-war population. Most were civilian victims of the war crimes and crimes against humanity during the occupation by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. Statistics for Polish World War II casualties are divergent and contradictory. This article provides a summarization of these estimates of Poland's human losses in the war and their causes.", "title": "World War II casualties of Poland" }, { "docid": "37088665#1", "text": "The official Polish government report on war damages prepared in 1947 put Poland's war dead at 6,028,000; 3.0 million ethnic Poles and 3.0 million Jews not including losses of Polish citizens from the Ukrainian and Belarusian ethnic groups. This figure was disputed when the communist system collapsed by the Polish historian Czesław Łuczak who put total losses at 6.0 million; 3.0 million Jews, 2.0 million ethnic Poles, and 1.0 million Polish citizens from the other ethnic groups not included in the 1947 report on war damages. In 2009 the Polish government-affiliated Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) published the study \"\"Polska 1939–1945. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami\"\" \"(Poland 1939-1945. Human Losses and Victims of Repression Under the Two Occupations)\" that estimated Poland's war dead at between 5.6 and 5.8 million Poles and Jews, including 150,000 during the Soviet occupation. Poland's losses by geographic area include about 3.5 million within the borders of present-day Poland, and about two million in the Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union. Contemporary Russian sources include Poland's losses in the Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union with Soviet war dead. In Poland this is viewed as inflating Soviet casualties at Poland's expense. Todays scholars of independent Poland believe that 1.8 to 1.9 million Polish civilians (non-Jews) and 3 million Polish Jews were victims of German Occupation policies and the war.\"\nMost Polish citizens who perished in the war were civilian victims of the war crimes and crimes against humanity during the occupation by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. The Polish Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) estimates total deaths under the German occupation at 5,470,000 to 5,670,000 Jews and Poles, 2,770,000 Poles, 2.7 to 2.9 million Polish Jews According to IPN research there were also 150,000 victims of Soviet repression.Approximately three million Polish Jews were victims of the Holocaust. In 2009 the Polish Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) put the total of Jewish deaths at 2.7 to 2.9 million. Polish researchers estimate that 1,860,000 Polish Jews were murdered in the Nazi death camps, the remainder perished inside the Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland, aboard Holocaust trains, and in mass shooting actions. The Nazi extermination camp overall death toll is estimated at 2,830,000; including 1,860,000 Polish Jews: 490,000 killed at Belzec; 60,000 at Sobibor; 800,000 at Treblinka; 150,000 at Chełmno; 300,000 at Auschwitz; and 60,000 at Majdanek. An additional 660,000 Jews from other countries, were transported to Auschwitz and murdered. Over a million Jews deported from Western countries to camps and ghettos set up in occupied Poland perished in the Holocaust. The Nazi death camps located in Poland are sometimes incorrectly described as Polish death camps.According to the figures published by the Polish government in exile in 1941 the ethnic Polish population was 24,388,000 at the beginning of the war in September 1939. The IPN puts the death toll of ethnic Poles under the German occupation at 2,770,000 and 150,000 due to Soviet repression", "title": "World War II casualties of Poland" } ]

[ { "docid": "461582#72", "text": "It was not only Polish citizens who died at the hands of the occupying powers but many others. Tadeusz Piotrowski estimates that two million people belonging to fifty different nationalities from 29 countries were exterminated by the Germans in occupied Poland. This includes one million foreign Jews transported from across Europe to die in the Nazi extermination camps on Polish soil, along with 784,000 Soviet POWs and 22,000 Italian POWs.", "title": "War crimes in occupied Poland during World War II" }, { "docid": "416798#58", "text": "The number of Jews in Poland on 1 September 1939, amounted to about 3,474,000 people. One hundred thirty thousand soldiers of Jewish descent, including Boruch Steinberg, Chief Rabbi of the Polish Military, served in the Polish Army at the outbreak of the Second World War, thus being among the first to launch armed resistance against Nazi Germany. During the September Campaign some 20,000 Jewish civilians and 32,216 Jewish soldiers were killed, while 61,000 were taken prisoner by the Germans; the majority did not survive. The soldiers and non-commissioned officers who were released ultimately found themselves in the Nazi ghettos and labor camps and suffered the same fate as other Jewish civilians in the ensuing Holocaust in Poland.\nIn 1939, Jews constituted 30% of Warsaw's population. With the coming of the war, Jewish and Polish citizens of Warsaw jointly defended the city, putting their differences aside. Polish Jews later served in almost all Polish formations during the entire World War II, many were killed or wounded and very many were decorated for their combat skills and exceptional service. Jews fought with the Polish Armed Forces in the West, in the Soviet formed Polish People's Army as well as in several underground organizations and as part of Polish partisan units or Jewish partisan formations.", "title": "History of the Jews in Poland" }, { "docid": "629572#9", "text": "After the Soviet invasion of Poland following the corresponding German invasion that marked the start of World War II in 1939, the Soviet Union annexed eastern parts (known as \"Kresy\" to the Polish) of the Second Polish Republic. During 1939–1941, 1.45 million people inhabiting the region were deported by the Soviet regime, of whom 63.1% were Poles and 7.4% were Jews. Previously it was believed that about 1.0 million Polish citizens died at the hands of the Soviets, but recently Polish historians, based mostly on queries in Soviet archives, estimate the number of deaths at about 350,000 people deported in 1939–1945. From the newly conquered Eastern Poland, 1.5 million people were deported.", "title": "Population transfer in the Soviet Union" }, { "docid": "59908#47", "text": "The 2001 UK Census found that most of the Polish-born people had stayed or returned after serving with British forces during World War II. Swindon and Nottingham were parts of this settlement. Data from that census showed that 566 Swindonians were Poland-born. Notes to those data read: ‘The Polish Resettlement Act of 1947, which was designed to provide help and support to people who wished to settle here, covered about 190,000 people ... at the time Britain did not recognise many of the professional [qualifications] gained overseas ... [but] many did find work after the war; some went down the mines, some worked on the land or in steel works. Housing was more of a problem and many Poles were forced to live in barracks previously used for POWs ... The first generation took pains to ensure that their children grew up with a strong sense of Polish identity.'", "title": "Swindon" }, { "docid": "461582#71", "text": "During World War II, Jews in Poland suffered the worst percentage loss of life compared to all other national and ethnic groups. The vast majority were civilians. On average, 2800 Polish citizens died per day during its occupation. Poland's professional classes suffered higher than average casualties with doctors (45%), lawyers (57%), university professors (40%), technicians (30%), clergy (18%) and many journalists.", "title": "War crimes in occupied Poland during World War II" }, { "docid": "37088665#11", "text": "An estimated 50,000 to 100,000 ethnic Poles were killed in an ethnic cleansing operation carried out by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) beginning in March 1943 and lasting until the end of 1944 in the Nazi occupied Volhynia and Eastern Galicia. The Institute of National Remembrance maintains that 7,500 ethnic Ukrainians were also killed during this interethnic conflict The figure of 5.6 to 5.8 million war dead estimated by the IPN was for only the Jewish and ethnic Polish population. They did not provide figures for the death toll of Polish citizens from the other ethnic minorities.According to the figures published by the Polish government in exile in 1941 there were about 7.0 million Polish citizens from ethnic minorities at the beginning of the war in September 1939, mostly Ukrainians, Belarusians, Polishchuks and Lithuanians living in the eastern regions of Poland annexed by the USSR. The IPN did not estimate the death toll of Polish citizens from these ethnic minorities. The IPN maintains that accurate figures for these losses are not available because of border changes and population transfers, according to their figures 308,000 Polish citizens from the ethnic minorities were deported into the interior of the Soviet Union and were conscripted into the Soviet armed forces. During the German occupation Polish citizens from ethnic minorities were deported to Germany for forced labor.In prewar Poland about 800,000 persons were identified as ethnic Germans. According to the IPN 5,437 ethnic Germans were killed in the 1939 military campaign. The IPN also puts the number of Polish citizens conscripted into the German armed forces at 250,000 of whom 60,000 were killed in action. Tens of thousands of ethnic Germans were killed during the Nazi evacuation from Poland in 1944 and 1945, and as a result of repression NKVD and Red Army or died in post war internment camps. During the war the Nazi occupiers instituted the Volksliste in the Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany to register ethnic Germans in Poland. Many Polish citizens were pressured to sign the Volksliste in order to avoid Nazi reprisals. About 1 million persons were on Volksliste groups 1 and 2 that included Polish citizens of German descent; Volksliste groups 3 and 4 included 1.7 Polish citizens that were subject to future Germanisation. In addition 61,000 . ethnic Germans were living in the General Government. During the war 522,149 ethnic Germans from other nations were settled in Poland by the Third Reich. By 1950 670,000 ethnic Germans from prewar Poland had fled or were expelled and about 40,000 remained in Poland; about 200,000 Polish citizens who were on Volksliste groups 1 and 2 during the war were rehabilitated as Polish citizens.", "title": "World War II casualties of Poland" }, { "docid": "461582#40", "text": "Citizens of Poland, but especially ethnic Poles and Polish Jews, were imprisoned in nearly every camp of the extensive concentration camp system in German-occupied Poland and in the Reich. A major labour camp complex at Stutthof, east of Gdańsk/Danzig was begun as an internment camp in September 1939. An estimated 20,000 Poles died there as a result of hard labour, executions, disease and starvation. Some 100,000 Poles were deported to Majdanek concentration camp with subcamps in Budzyn, Trawniki, Poniatowa, Kraśnik, Puławy, as well as the \"Airstrip\", and Lipowa added in 1943. Tens of thousands of prisoners died there. An estimated 20,000 Poles died at Sachsenhausen outside Poland, 20,000 at Gross-Rosen, 30,000 at Mauthausen, 17,000 at Neuengamme, 10,000 at Dachau, and 17,000 at Ravensbrück. In addition, tens of thousands of Polish people were executed or died in their thousands at other camps, including special children's camps such as in Łódź and its subcamp at Dzierżązna, in prisons and other places of detention inside and outside Poland.", "title": "War crimes in occupied Poland during World War II" }, { "docid": "15800775#10", "text": "Approximately 100,000 Polish citizens were arrested during the two years of Soviet occupation. The prisons soon got severely overcrowded, with all detainees accused of anti-Soviet activities. The NKVD had to open dozens of ad-hoc prison sites in almost all towns of the region. The wave of arrests and mock convictions contributed to the forced resettlement of large categories of people (\"kulaks\", Polish civil servants, forest workers, university professors, \"osadniks\") to the Gulag labour camps and exile settlements in remote areas of the Soviet Union. Altogether the Soviets sent roughly a million people from Poland to Siberia. According to Norman Davies, almost half had died by the time the Sikorski-Mayski Agreement had been signed in 1941. Around 55% of the deportees to Siberia and Soviet Central Asia were Polish women.", "title": "Soviet repressions of Polish citizens (1939–1946)" } ]

[ { "docid": "169721#8", "text": "8:46:40: Flight 11 crashes into the north face of the North Tower (1 WTC) of the World Trade Center, between floors 93 and 99. The aircraft enters the tower intact.", "title": "Timeline for the day of the September 11 attacks" }, { "docid": "169721#49", "text": "8:46:40: Flight 11 crashes at roughly 466 mph (790 km/h or 219 m/s or 425 knots) into the north face of the North Tower (1 WTC) of the World Trade Center, between floors 93 and 99. The aircraft enters the tower intact. It plows to the building's core, severing all three gypsum-encased stairwells, dragging combustibles with it. A powerful shock wave travels down to the ground and up again. The combustibles and the remnants of the aircraft are ignited by the burning fuel. As the building lacks a traditional full cage frame and depends almost entirely on the strength of a narrow structural core running up the center, fire at the center of the impact zone is in a position to compromise the integrity of all internal columns. People below the severed stairwells start to evacuate, but no one above the impact zone is able to do so.", "title": "Timeline for the day of the September 11 attacks" } ]

[ { "docid": "600094#4", "text": "The film then segues into the September 11 attacks. Moore says Bush was informed of the first plane hitting the World Trade Center on his way to an elementary school. Bush is then shown sitting in a Florida classroom with children. When told that a second plane has hit the World Trade Center and that the nation is \"under attack\", Bush allows the students to finish their book reading, and Moore notes that he continued reading for nearly seven minutes.", "title": "Fahrenheit 9/11" }, { "docid": "3837375#1", "text": "On September 11, 2001, Port Authority Police Officers John McLoughlin and Will Jimeno are patrolling the Port Authority Bus Terminal in Midtown Manhattan when they see a plane fly dangerously low overhead. As all of the Police return to the station, they see on TV that the North Tower of the World Trade Center has been hit by the plane. Sergeant McLoughlin assigns many of the officers to assist in a precautionary evacuation attempt of the North Tower and they board a Metropolitan Transit Authority bus. On the bus, they hear reports that the South Tower is also hit by another plane. When they arrive at the World Trade Center, they realize the extent of the disaster, and see one of the victims jump out of the towers to certain death. The men proceed to get safety equipment from Building 5 and enter the concourse between the towers.", "title": "World Trade Center (film)" }, { "docid": "3835137#7", "text": "He was in New York on 11 September 2001 attending a United Nations conference. He was staying in a flat 3 km north of the World Trade Center when the first plane hit.", "title": "Lou Lieberman" }, { "docid": "7015856#17", "text": "Proponents of World Trade Center controlled demolition theories allege that 7 World Trade Center—a 47-story skyscraper that stood across Vesey Street north of the main part of the World Trade Center site—was intentionally destroyed with explosives. Unlike the Twin Towers, 7 World Trade Center was not hit by a plane, although it was hit by debris from the Twin Towers and was damaged by fires which burned for seven hours, until it collapsed completely at about 5:20 p.m. on the evening of September 11 (a new building has been erected on the site of the old and opened in May 2006). Several videos of the collapse event exist in the public domain, thus enabling comparative analysis from different angles of perspective. Proponents typically say the collapse of 7 World Trade Center was not mentioned in the 9/11 Commission Report and that the federal body charged with investigating the event, NIST, required seven years to conduct its investigation and issue a report.", "title": "World Trade Center controlled demolition conspiracy theories" }, { "docid": "2328261#3", "text": "Rieckhoff left Wall Street on September 7, 2001, with plans to travel and complete additional military schooling. On the morning of September 11, Rieckhoff was at his apartment in Manhattan when the first plane hit the World Trade Center. He participated in the rescue efforts at ground zero. His unit was formally activated for rescue and security operations later that evening.", "title": "Paul Rieckhoff" }, { "docid": "19372829#2", "text": "On Tuesday, September 11th, 2001, the opening of the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) was delayed after the first plane crashed into the World Trade Center's North Tower, and trading for the day was canceled after the second plane crashed into the South Tower. NASDAQ also canceled trading. The New York Stock Exchange was then evacuated as well as nearly all banks and financial institutions on Wall Street and in many cities across the country. The London Stock Exchange and other stock exchanges around the world were also closed down and evacuated in fear of follow-up terrorist attacks. The New York Stock Exchange remained closed until the following Monday. This was the third time in history that the NYSE experienced prolonged closure, the first time being in the early months of World War I and the second being March 1933 during the Great Depression. Trading on the United States bond market also ceased; the leading government bond trader, Cantor Fitzgerald, was based in the World Trade Center. The New York Mercantile Exchange was also closed for a week after the attacks.", "title": "Economic effects of the September 11 attacks" }, { "docid": "490568#4", "text": "Television coverage of the September 11 attacks and their aftermath was the longest uninterrupted news event in the history of U.S. television, as the major U.S. broadcast networks were on the air for 93 continuous hours. From the moment the networks broadcast the news that the first plane hit the North Tower of the World Trade Center, all programs and commercials were suspended, with all four networks broadcasting uninterrupted news coverage. This was the first time since the advent of cable and satellite television that a vast number of cable networks would suspend programming to air live news coverage of events. Programming on the cable and satellite channels was also altered in the immediate aftermath, as only appropriate re-runs were aired, and commercials were either changed, suspended, or replaced by PSA messaging to help the attack's victims. Millions of television viewers, watching live broadcasts of the attacks unfolding, would see the second plane hit the South Tower and both towers collapse.", "title": "List of entertainment affected by the September 11 attacks" }, { "docid": "20456104#4", "text": "After retiring from baseball, Tepedino served as a firefighter for the New York City Fire Patrol. During the September 11 attacks, Tepedino's son called him and asked if he had heard a plane hit the World Trade Center. Tepedino had no knowledge of the event. He realized it was a terrorist attack when the second plane hit the World Trade Center a short time later. Tepedino drove to the World Trade Center with three others, and when they got there, it had already collapsed. During an assembly at Rocky Point High School six years afterward, Tepedino said, \"I lost 343 friends on September 11, 2001,\" referring to his colleagues on the New York City Fire Department who died during the terrorists' attacks. \"I didn't know them all personally, but they were all my friends.\" On October 11, 2001, one month after the attacks, Tepedino threw out the first pitch at the second game of the American League Division Series at Yankee Stadium.", "title": "Frank Tepedino" }, { "docid": "10238268#2", "text": "On September 11, 2001, Janssens was heading to Columbia University and saw one of the planes hit the World Trade Center.", "title": "Mark Janssens" }, { "docid": "28046#12", "text": "PATH started evacuating passengers from its Manhattan trains and tracks within minutes of the first plane crash. The PATH station at World Trade Center was heavily damaged (a train parked in the station was crushed by debris and was removed during the excavation process in January 2002) and all service there was suspended. For several hours, PATH did not run any trains to Manhattan, but was able to restore service on the Uptown Hudson Tubes to 33rd Street by the afternoon. Exchange Place was unusable since the switch configuration at the time required all trains to continue to World Trade Center. As a result, PATH ran a modified service: Hoboken-Journal Square, Hoboken-33rd Street, and Newark-33rd Street. Exchange Place reopened with modifications on June 29, 2003; a temporary station replacing World Trade Center opened on November 23.", "title": "Closings and cancellations following the September 11 attacks" } ]

[ { "docid": "21001056#0", "text": "The Last House on the Left is a 2009 American horror-thriller film directed by Dennis Iliadis and written by Carl Ellsworth and Adam Alleca. It is a remake of the 1972 film of the same name, and stars Tony Goldwyn, Monica Potter, Garret Dillahunt, Spencer Treat Clark, Martha MacIsaac, and Sara Paxton. The film follows the parents (Goldwyn and Potter) of Mari Collingwood (Paxton), who attempt to get revenge on a group of strangers, led by a man named Krug (Dillahunt), that have taken shelter at their home during a thunderstorm.", "title": "The Last House on the Left (2009 film)" }, { "docid": "461335#0", "text": "The Last House on the Left is a 1972 American exploitation horror film written, edited, and directed by Wes Craven and produced by Sean S. Cunningham. The film stars Sandra Peabody, Lucy Grantham, David A. Hess, Fred Lincoln, Jeramie Rain, and Marc Sheffler. The plot revolves around two teenage girls who are taken into the woods and tortured by a gang of murderous thugs. The story is inspired by the 1960 Swedish film \"The Virgin Spring\", directed by Ingmar Bergman, which in turn is based on a Swedish ballad, \"Töres döttrar i Wänge\".", "title": "The Last House on the Left (1972 film)" }, { "docid": "461335#10", "text": "Sandra Peabody and Lucy Grantham were cast in the roles of the doomed Mari and Phyllis. The role of the lead villain, Krug Stillo, was given to David Hess, also a musician and songwriter. Jeramie Rain, who was twenty-one at the time, was playing Susan Atkins in an Off-Broadway production based on the Manson family murders; despite the fact that the original script called for an actress in her forties, Rain was awarded the part of Sadie. Fred Lincoln, who had appeared in pornographic films, was cast as Krug's criminal partner, while Mark Sheffler was given the role of Krug's heroin-addicted son. According to Lincoln, he and Peabody were acquaintances prior to filming and had the same agent at the time.", "title": "The Last House on the Left (1972 film)" } ]

[ { "docid": "2348231#9", "text": "Paxton starred in the remake of \"The Last House on the Left\", playing the lead female character, Mari. The film opened March 13, 2009.", "title": "Sara Paxton" }, { "docid": "751724#10", "text": "Critic Luke Y. Thompson of \"The New Times\" stated that \"defenders of the film have argued that it's actually pro-woman, due to the fact that the female lead wins in the end, which is sort of like saying that cockfights are pro-rooster because there's always one left standing\". Film critic Mark Kermode has opined that it is \"deeply, deeply problematic at the very best of times\" and is not as interesting as earlier exploitation films such as \"The Last House on the Left\". Critic David Keyes named it the worst film of the 1980s. This led to the film's removal from a major theatre.", "title": "I Spit on Your Grave" }, { "docid": "21001056#20", "text": "Based on 149 reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes, \"The Last House on the Left\" has an overall 42% approval rating from critics and an average score of 4.9 out of 10. The consensus reads: \"Excessive and gory, this remake lacks the intellectual punch of the 1972 original.\" By comparison, on Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the film has received an average score of 42 based on 27 reviews. CinemaScore polls reported that the average grade cinemagoers gave the film was \"B\" on an A+ to F scale, with exit polling showing that 57% of the audience was female, 60% was under 25, and with Hispanics and Caucasians making up 36% and 35%, respectively.", "title": "The Last House on the Left (2009 film)" }, { "docid": "21001056#7", "text": "In August 2006, Rogue Pictures finalized a deal to remake \"The Last House on the Left\" with original writer and director Wes Craven as a producer. The company intended to preserve the storyline of the original film. In September 2006, it was announced that Craven had formed a production company, Midnight Pictures, under the umbrella of Rogue Pictures, and the remake for \"The Last House on the Left\" was selected as the company's first project. One of the reasons Craven agreed to remake \"The Last House on the Left\" was because of the money involved. In 1972, he did not have the budget to film every piece of the story he wanted to tell. With the 2009 remake, a larger budget allowed the filmmakers to pace themselves more during filming, taking more care while shooting, and expand the scope of the story more. One of the ways to accomplish this was for the producers to find a \"rising young director to bring a new perspective for the story\". According to the producers, who were impressed with \"Hardcore\"—which explored the world of teenage prostitution—director Dennis Iliadis was the person they were looking for. Co-producer Cody Zwieg stated, \"\"Hardcore\" wasn't a genre or a horror film but showed completely believable characters in horrific, realistic situations. Many directors could handle the surface elements, the blood and shock moments of \"Last House\", but Dennis proved that he could do it all without exploiting his characters and their situations.\" According to Iliadis, the director was quick to accept the responsibility of remaking \"The Last House on the Left\", having already been a fan of Craven's and seen all of his films.", "title": "The Last House on the Left (2009 film)" }, { "docid": "33558632#4", "text": "Grantham revealed in the interview that the scene in \"The Last House on the Left\" in which her character was forced to urinate, it was not a bag containing liquid, in fact, it was Grantham who urinated herself for the sake of making the film, despite the fact that in David A. Szulkin's book on the making of the film it notes that a wet makeup sponge was concealed in her jeans. In 2002, Grantham appeared in the documentary \"It's Only a Movie: The Making of Last House on the Left\", included in the film's 30th anniversary DVD release.", "title": "Lucy Grantham" }, { "docid": "4791635#2", "text": "Her first film appearance was as a murder victim in \"Night Train Murders\" (1975), an Italian \"Last House on the Left\"-clone. Her most prestigious role was in Alan Parker's \"Midnight Express\" (1978), a worldwide box office success. For her role as the girlfriend of the incarcerated protagonist, she won the Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year - Female. Miracle followed that film with another major role in Dario Argento's \"Inferno\" (1980), as a woman who comes to believe the New York City apartment building she lives in also houses a centuries-old witch. Since then, she has continued her acting work, while also writing, directing and producing.", "title": "Irene Miracle" }, { "docid": "461335#19", "text": "Critical response to \"The Last House on the Left\" upon its original release was largely centered on its depictions of violence. Gene Siskel of the \"Chicago Tribune\" derided the film, writing: \"My objection to \"The Last House on the Left\" is not an objection to the graphic representations of violence per se, but to the fact that the movie celebrates violent acts, particularly adult male abuse of young women ... I felt a professional obligation to stick around to see if there was any socially redeeming value in the remainder of the movie and found none.\" Howard Thompson of \"The New York Times\" wrote that he walked out of the theater during a screening: \"When I walked out, after 50 minutes (with 35 to go), one girl had just been dismembered with a machete. They had started in on the other with a slow switch blade. The party who wrote this sickening tripe and also directed the inept actors is Wes Craven. It's at the Penthouse Theater, for anyone interested in paying to see repulsive people and human agony.\"", "title": "The Last House on the Left (1972 film)" } ]

[ { "docid": "98543#0", "text": "Syngman Rhee (, ; Lunisolar calendar , 1875 – July 19, 1965) was a South Korean politician, the first and the last Head of State of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea, and President of South Korea from 1948 to 1960. His three-term presidency of South Korea (August 1948 to April 1960) was strongly affected by Cold War tensions on the Korean Peninsula.", "title": "Syngman Rhee" }, { "docid": "39212496#1", "text": "The party was established in Shanghai by Kim Koo in 1928, uniting a faction of conservative members of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea headed by Kim. When Kim was able to return to Korea in 1945, the KIP began operating in the country. Kim was initially supportive of Syngman Rhee, but a dispute over holding separate elections in South Korea (Kim was opposed, Rhee was for) led to a split and the party did not participate in the 1948 parliamentary elections in South Korea. However, Kim was a candidate in the indirect presidential elections in July 1948, losing heavily to Rhee.", "title": "Korea Independence Party" }, { "docid": "199078#11", "text": "In total, nine people served twenty-four terms as the Heads of States of the Provisional Government between September 1919 and August 1948, when the last Chairman of the State Council Syngman Rhee became the first President of South Korea.", "title": "List of Presidents of South Korea" }, { "docid": "27019#12", "text": "Despite the initial plan of a unified Korea in the 1943 Cairo Declaration, escalating Cold War antagonism between the Soviet Union and the United States eventually led to the establishment of separate governments, each with its own ideology, leading to the division of Korea into two political entities in 1948: North Korea and South Korea. In the South, Syngman Rhee, an opponent of communism, who had been backed and appointed by the United States as head of the provisional government, won the first presidential elections of the newly declared Republic of Korea in May. In the North, however, a former anti-Japanese guerrilla and communist activist, Kim Il-sung was appointed premier of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea in September.", "title": "South Korea" }, { "docid": "2258054#0", "text": "The First Republic of Korea () was South Korea's first independent government, ruling the country from 1948 to 1960. It succeeded USAMGIK, the United States military government, which ruled the area from 1945 to 1948. The Philippines recognized South Korea on 15 August 1948. The First Republic was established on August 15, 1948, with Syngman Rhee as the first president. Like subsequent governments, it claimed sovereignty over the entire Korean Peninsula, although it only had power over the area south of the 38th parallel. The investiture of the Rhee government followed the general election of May 10, 1948. The country's first constitution had been promulgated by the first National Assembly on July 17. It established a system with a strong president, who was elected indirectly by the National Assembly. The April Revolution in 1960 led to the resignation of Syngman Rhee and the transition to the Second Republic of South Korea.", "title": "First Republic of Korea" }, { "docid": "98543#18", "text": "On July 20, 1948, Rhee was elected president of the Republic of Korea in the South Korean presidential election, 1948 with 92.3% of the vote; the second candidate, Kim Gu, received 6.7% of the vote. On August 15, the Republic of Korea was formally established in South Korea and Rhee was inaugurated as the first President of the Republic of Korea. The next month, on September 9, the north also proclaimed statehood as the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. Rhee himself had been an independence activist, and his relations with the \"chinilpa\" Korean elites who had collaborated with the Japanese were, in the words of the South Korean historian Kyung Moon Hwang, often \"contentious,\" but in the end an understanding was reached in which, in exchange for their support, Rhee would not purge the elites. In particular, the Koreans who had served in the colonial-era National Police, whom the Americans had retained after August 1945, were promised by Rhee that their jobs would not be threatened by him. Upon independence in 1948, 53% of South Korean police officers were men who had served in the National Police during the Japanese occupation.", "title": "Syngman Rhee" } ]

[ { "docid": "199078#6", "text": "The Great Korean Republic (대한공화국) was proclaimed in Seoul on April 23, 1919, by 24 representativse gathered from 13 provinces of Korea. It is commonly known as the Seoul Government (한성정부). Syngman Rhee was elected by the assembled representatives as the Consul-President (집정관 총재). Rhee sent letters to foreign heads of state including those of the United States, Japan and the United Kingdom notifying these countries of the proclamation of the Republic and his election as the President. It was agreed at the time of the amalgamation with the Governments of Shanghai and Vladivostok that the new unified Provisional Government is the successor government of the legitimacy of the Seoul Government.", "title": "List of Presidents of South Korea" }, { "docid": "199078#7", "text": "The Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea (대한민국 임시정부) was established in Shanghai on 11 April 1919 as a result of the first meeting of the Provisional Assembly from the previous night (10 April 1919). Syngman Rhee was elected as the Chancellor (국무총리). The Government was amalgamated with the Governments proclaimed in Seoul and Vladivostok on 11 September 1919 to form the unified Provisional Government.", "title": "List of Presidents of South Korea" }, { "docid": "32449177#10", "text": "In the interim, three separate Provisional Governments of Korea (PGK) had been established, one each in Seoul, Vladivistok and Shanghai. By September 1919, these had merged into a single government in Shanghai, with Syngman Rhee (in absentia) appointed as president. Park was offered the position of Minister of Foreign Affairs in the Provisional Government. Park, having finished his duties with the American Expeditionary Force, arrived in Shanghai in March 1920. However, it seems that Park was only part of the PGK for a few months, if at all. It is possible that the selection of Syngman Rhee as head of the PKG was a factor in deterring Park from playing a more significant role with the PKG.", "title": "Park Yong-man" }, { "docid": "2198844#80", "text": "The KLA failed to initiate Operation Eagle, a plan to liberate the Korean Peninsula by first attacking the capital region (Seoul and Incheon), on August 18, 1945. The Office of Strategic Services of the United States also promised to assist the KLA with warplanes, submarines, and airborne troops during the operation. However, the plan failed due to the early surrender of Japan on August 15, 1945. The Provisional Government also faced heavy opposition from the United States Army Military Government in Korea after World War II. In addition, other governments in the Treaty of San Francisco did not recognize the Provisional Government as a member of the Allies. The government of the Republic of Korea was established on August 15, 1948, under President Syngman Rhee, and the Provisional Government was disbanded officially.", "title": "Allies of World War II" }, { "docid": "296498#3", "text": "Kim Il-sung led a Korean independence movement, which was active in the border areas of China and Russia, particularly in areas with considerable ethnic Korean populations. Kim founded North Korea, and his descendants have still not signed a peace treaty with Japan. The Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea, led by (later) South Korea's first president Syngman Rhee, moved from Shanghai to Chongqing. Lee lobbied in the United States and was recognized by the South Korean administrator by Douglas MacArthur. Japanese control of Korea ended on September 9, 1945, when the Governor-General of Korea signed the surrender document of the United States in Seoul.", "title": "Japan–Korea disputes" } ]

[ { "docid": "22290028#4", "text": "The term \"shell shock\" came into use to reflect an assumed link between the symptoms and the effects of explosions from artillery shells. The term was first published in 1915 in an article in \"The Lancet\" by Charles Myers. Some 60–80% of shell shock cases displayed acute neurasthenia, while 10% displayed what would now be termed symptoms of conversion disorder, including mutism and fugue.", "title": "Shell shock" }, { "docid": "36013687#14", "text": "During the World War I era, Southard conducted early studies of shell shock. He believed that shell shock resulted from the mind's inability to align the sensory experiences of war with other life events. Southard said that this process, which could also have physical causes, resulted in disorientation and transformed the events of war into a mental condition. In \"Shell Shock and Other Neuropsychiatric Problems\", he called the term \"shell shock\" advantageous because it \"compared with the more acutely terrible and life-in-the-balance thing we know as traumatic or surgical shock.\" The condition initially captured public interest, at least in part because it was thought to result from a traumatic force to the head. When shell shock became known as not resulting from physical injuries, patients were stigmatized and arguments over its cause interfered with effective treatment.", "title": "Elmer Ernest Southard" }, { "docid": "1019091#2", "text": "In World War I, shell shock was considered a psychiatric illness resulting from injury to the nerves during combat. The horrors of trench warfare meant that about 10% of the fighting soldiers were killed (compared to 4.5% during World War II) and the total proportion of troops who became casualties (killed or wounded) was 56%. Whether a shell-shock sufferer was considered \"wounded\" or \"sick\" depended on the circumstances. When faced with the phenomenon of a minority of soldiers mentally breaking down, there was an expectation that the root of this problem lay in character of the individual soldier, not because of what they experienced on the front lines during the war. These sorts of attitudes helped fuel the main argument that was accepted after the war and going forward that there was a social root to shell shock that consisted of soldiers finding the only way allowed by the military to show weakness and get out of the front, claiming that their mental anguish constituted a legitimate medical diagnosis as a disease. The large proportion of World War I veterans in the European population meant that the symptoms were common to the culture.", "title": "Combat stress reaction" }, { "docid": "19466336#92", "text": "At the time Posttraumatic stress disorder (known as \"shell shock\" because it was initially wrongly thought to be caused by concussion damage to the membranes of the brain) was beginning to be recognised and was - in principle - admissible in defence; it was classified as a war injury, although there were concerns that soldiers accused of offences tried falsely to claim shell shock as a defence. One historian writes that \"in no case was a soldier whom the medical staff certified as suffering from shell shock actually executed\", that \"there appear to have been very few cases where men who alleged shell shock, but whose claim was denied, were actually executed\", and that the suggestions of modern campaigners that most of the executed men suffered from shell shock are \"palpably untrue\". However, another historian has pointed out that there was a great deal of chance in whether a soldier's claim of shell-shock would be taken seriously, and gives examples of soldiers being given cursory medical examinations or none; specific references to shell-shock are uncommon, and records usually refer to dizziness, \"queer turns\", bad nerves etc. Such trauma was still poorly understood at that time.", "title": "British Army during World War I" }, { "docid": "22290028#1", "text": "During the War, the concept of shell shock was ill-defined. Cases of \"shell shock\" could be interpreted as either a physical or psychological injury, or simply as a lack of moral fibre. The term \"shell shock\" is still used by the Veterans Administration to describe certain parts of PTSD, but mostly it has entered into popular imagination and memory, and it is often identified as the signature injury of the War.", "title": "Shell shock" }, { "docid": "22290028#6", "text": "At the same time an alternative view developed describing shell shock as an emotional, rather than a physical, injury. Evidence for this point of view was provided by the fact that an increasing proportion of men suffering shell shock symptoms had not been exposed to artillery fire. Since the symptoms appeared in men who had no proximity to an exploding shell, the physical explanation was clearly unsatisfactory.", "title": "Shell shock" } ]

[ { "docid": "22290028#18", "text": "Some men suffering from shell shock were put on trial, and even executed, for military crimes including desertion and cowardice. While it was recognised that the stresses of war could cause men to break down, a lasting episode was likely to be seen as symptomatic of an underlying lack of character. For instance, in his testimony to the post-war Royal Commission examining shell shock, Lord Gort said that shell shock was a weakness and was not found in \"good\" units. The continued pressure to avoid medical recognition of shell shock meant that it was not, in itself, considered an admissible defence.", "title": "Shell shock" }, { "docid": "358103#2", "text": "In 1984, Johnston adopted the stage name \"Michelle Shocked,\" a play on the expression \"shell shocked,\" she said in a 1992 interview with \"Green Left Weekly\": \"The term 'Miss shell shocked' is a direct reference to the thousand-yard stare, which was a term that they first used to describe the victims of shell-shock in World War I. These people from outward appearances had survived the war quite well when in fact inside their minds were blown. I first used that name in 1984 at the Democratic Convention in San Francisco where I was arrested for protesting and demonstrating against corporations who contribute money to both the Democratic Party and the Republican Party campaigns.\"", "title": "Michelle Shocked" }, { "docid": "15767764#49", "text": "Although there was a general lack of knowledge about its mechanisms, a review of patients seen during WWI combat reveals the symptoms of post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) in many soldiers. The term shell shock was used to refer to the acute psychological state that accompanied exposure to exploding shells, and more generally, exposure to combat conditions. There are a number of documented cases of shell shock victims. These soldiers commonly displayed dizziness, varying degrees of consciousness, a loss of non-traumatic personal information, and a lack of normal self-awareness lasting anywhere from hours to days. Many of the symptoms of shell shock are highly similar to those of PTA. The following excerpt from a case report illustrates the loss of personal information observed in one patient:\nResearchers found that physicians had documented reports of combatants where \"[b]oth central and peripheral details of the traumatic experience were lost.\" Patients displayed gaps in memory recollection for the period following the trauma, sometimes up to the time of hospitalization, which could be weeks later.", "title": "Post-traumatic amnesia" }, { "docid": "42464743#0", "text": "Shell Shock, also known as 82nd Marines Attack, is a 1964 film B-movie directed and co-written by John Hayes and produced by and starring Beach Dickerson. The film takes place in Italy during World War II, and tells the story of a sergeant with his group of soldiers.", "title": "Shell Shock (film)" } ]

[ { "docid": "4479015#3", "text": "In Brazil, when the Vice President dies, resigns or is removed from office, or when a Vice President succeeds to the Presidency, the Vice Presidency remains vacant until the inauguration of the Vice President chosen in the next election. That election is usually the presidential election held in the last year of the presidential term to choose the President and Vice President that will serve in the next four-year presidential term. Only when both the Presidency and the Vice Presidency become vacant at the same time are special elections summoned to elect a new President and Vice President to complete the pending presidential term.", "title": "Brazilian presidential line of succession" }, { "docid": "222506#2", "text": "If the president dies, resigns or is removed from office, the vice president automatically becomes president. Likewise, were a president-elect to die during the transition period, or decline to serve, the vice president-elect would become president on Inauguration Day. A vice president can also become the acting president if the president becomes incapacitated. If the presidency and vice presidency both become vacant however, the statutory successor called upon would not become president, but would only be acting as president. To date, two vice presidents—George H. W. Bush (once) and Dick Cheney (twice)—have been acting president. No one lower in the line of succession has yet been called upon to act as president.", "title": "Acting President of the United States" } ]

[ { "docid": "26795063#22", "text": "On December 23, 2016, Paladino took part in an interview with alternative weekly newspaper \"Artvoice\". When asked what he would like to see happen in 2017, Paladino replied it was President Barack Obama dying of mad cow disease, stating: \"Obama catches mad cow disease after being caught having relations with a Her[e]ford. He dies before his trial and is buried in a cow pasture next to [senior White House advisor] Valerie Jarret[t], who died weeks prior, after being convicted of sedition and treason, when a Jihady cell mate mistook her for being a nice person and decapitated her.\" After then being asked \"what he would most like to see go in 2017\", he replied: \"Michelle Obama. I'd like her to return to being a male and let loose in the outback of Zimbabwe where she lives comfortably in a cave with Maxie, the gorilla.\"", "title": "Carl Paladino" }, { "docid": "60563#11", "text": "Whenever the office of Chancellor has fallen vacant, which happens if the Chancellor dies or resigns, or if a newly elected \"Bundestag\" (\"Federal Diet\", the German Parliament) meets for the first time, the Chancellor is elected by a majority of the members of the \"Bundestag\" upon the proposal of the President (\"Bundespräsident\", literally \"Federal President\") (\"1st voting phase\"). This vote is one of the few cases in which a decision requires a majority of all elected members of the \"Bundestag\", not just a majority of those assembled at the time. This is referred to as the \"Kanzlermehrheit\" (\"chancellor majority\"), and is intended to ensure the establishment of a stable government. It has in the past occasionally forced ill or pregnant members to attend parliament when a party's majority was only slim.", "title": "Chancellor of Germany (1949–present)" }, { "docid": "59412046#7", "text": "On December 23, 2016, Carl Paladino, a member of the Buffalo School Board, took part in an interview with alternative weekly newspaper \"Artvoice\". When asked what he would like to see happen in 2017, Paladino replied it was President Barack Obama dying of mad cow disease, stating: \"Obama catches mad cow disease after being caught having relations with a Her[e]ford. He dies before his trial and is buried in a cow pasture next to [senior White House advisor] Valerie Jarret[t], who died weeks prior, after being convicted of sedition and treason, when a Jihady cell mate mistook her for being a nice person and decapitated her.\" After then being asked \"what he would most like to see go in 2017\", he replied: \"Michelle Obama. I'd like her to return to being a male and let loose in the outback of Zimbabwe where she lives comfortably in a cave with Maxie, the gorilla.\" The statements sparked backlash and outrage. New York Governor Andrew Cuomo released a statement calling Paladino's remarks \"racist, ugly, reprehensible remarks,\" while Buffalo School Board president Barbara Nevergold called for Paladino to be ousted from his position, arguing that if a student had made Paladino's comments on social media, they would have been suspended. Erie County Executive Mark Poloncarz called for Paladino to resign and Trump's transition team called his comments \"absolutely reprehensible\".", "title": "MaryEllen Elia" }, { "docid": "20107159#26", "text": "If the Vice President-elect dies or resigns \"before\" the meeting of the Electoral College in December, the National Committee of the winning party would, in consultation with the president-elect, choose a replacement to receive the electoral votes of the Vice Presidential nominee in the same manner as would happen if the former Vice Presidential nominee had become President-elect due to the death of the apparent winner. Assuming the requisite number the electors agreed to vote for the replacement candidate, that person would then become the Vice President-elect. If such a vacancy were to occur \"after\" the electoral votes had been cast in the states, most authorities maintain that no replacement would be chosen and the new President (after taking office) would nominate a Vice President, per the provisions of the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the Constitution.", "title": "President-elect of the United States" }, { "docid": "23676585#2", "text": "After extensive R&D during 1977 and early 1978, in which research was conducted on taste, color and carbonation levels, Sunkist made a grand introduction in New York by franchising it to The Coca-Cola Bottling Company of New York City, where Edward F. O'Reilly was president. At the time of introduction, Sunkist Soft Drinks had only five key employees: Mark Stevens, President; Peter Murphy, VP Sales; Dr. John Leffingwell, VP R&D; Ray Sissom, VP Finance; and Jim DeDreu, NE Regional Manager. It went national soon thereafter by being franchised mainly to leading Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola bottlers. The advertising slogan was \"fun, sun and the beach\" using TV and radio commercials with the Beach Boys' hit song \"Good Vibrations\" as the brand's theme. In 1980, Sunkist Orange Soda became the #1 orange soda in the USA and the 10th best selling soft drink. Unlike many other competing orange sodas, Sunkist contains caffeine (41.0mg). After finding two different labels for the same SKU of Diet Sunkist in WV and OH retail stores, a call to the Sunkist consumer hotline on December 11, 2018 confirmed that Sunkist was in the process of introducing a slightly changed formulation with a slightly different order of ingredients and a reduction in caffeine content from 41 mg / 12 oz can to 19 mg per can for Diet Sunkist; this version still has the same SKU number, but the formulation change is shown on the packaging with a new logo \"Diet Sunkist Orange\" on cans and boxes. In 2010, there was a consumer recall after a batch was accidentally mixed with 6 times amount of the caffeine, sickening consumers.", "title": "Sunkist (soft drink)" }, { "docid": "41959688#0", "text": "Winfield Toll Bridge, also known as the Ross Booth Memorial Bridge, is a historic three-span cantilever Warren Truss bridge located at Winfield and Red House, Putnam County, West Virginia. It was built in 1955, and spans the Kanawha River, carrying West Virginia Route 34. The cantilever through-truss consists of two anchor spans each 245 feet in length and the main span 462 feet in length between pier center lines. The main span consists of two 128 feet, 4 inch, cantilever arms and a 205 feet, 4 inch, suspended span.", "title": "Winfield Toll Bridge" }, { "docid": "20107159#14", "text": "If the apparent winner dies between the College's December vote and its counting in Congress in January, the Twelfth Amendment stipulates that all electoral ballots cast shall be counted, presumably even those for a dead candidate. The U.S. House committee reporting on the proposed Twentieth Amendment said the \"Congress would have 'no discretion' [and] 'would declare that the deceased candidate had received a majority of the votes.'\"", "title": "President-elect of the United States" }, { "docid": "24147412#22", "text": "Sitting presidents who die while in office may lie in repose in the East Room of the White House. Former presidents may lie in repose in their home or adopted state, usually at their presidential library, before traveling to Washington, D.C. when thereafter, lying in state in the United States Capitol Rotunda will occur. Dwight D. Eisenhower was an exception to this general rule. Following his death at Walter Reed Army Hospital in 1969, Eisenhower lay in repose in the Bethlehem Chapel at Washington National Cathedral for 28 hours, rather than at his presidential library in Abilene, Kansas.", "title": "State funerals in the United States" } ]

[ { "docid": "1123132#31", "text": "\"Fright Night\" holds a 91% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes; the average rating is 7.3/10 based on 33 reviews. The site's consensus reads: \"\"Fright Night\" deftly combines thrills and humor in this ghostly tale about a man living next to a vampire.\" Roger Ebert gave the film three out of four stars and wrote, \"Fright Night is not a distinguished movie, but it has a lot of fun being undistinguished\". \"Variety\" praised Sarandon's performance, citing that he \"is terrific as the vampire, quite affable and debonair until his fingernails start to grow and his eyes get that glow\".", "title": "Fright Night" }, { "docid": "27756811#14", "text": "\"Fright Night\" received generally positive reviews from critics. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a rating of 72%, based on 163 reviews, with an average rating of 6.3/10. The site's critical consensus reads, \"It may not have been necessary to remake the 1985 cult classic, but the new \"Fright Night\" benefits from terrific performances by Colin Farrell and David Tennant -- and it's smart, funny, and stylishly gory to boot.\" On Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out to reviews from mainstream critics, gives the film a score of 64 out of 100, based on 30 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\". CinemaScore polls reported that the average grade moviegoers gave the film was a \"B-\" on an A+ to F scale.", "title": "Fright Night (2011 film)" }, { "docid": "4909628#1", "text": "Antti J. Ravelin at AllMusic gave \"Fright Night\" 2.5 stars out of 5, describing it as lacking variety and criticising the band for not playing particularly well together. He nonetheless recommended the album for fans of 1980s heavy metal and rock, saying that it was an important part of Stratovarius' discography.", "title": "Fright Night (album)" } ]

[ { "docid": "40448773#11", "text": "The film was released on DVD, Blu-ray and Digital HD in both rated and unrated versions on October 1, 2013. The rated version runs 31 seconds shorter, with 5 cuts of explicit gore and nudity from the scene in which Gerri lures a local woman into her lair. The DVD and Blu-ray feature identical extras: an audio commentary with director Eduardo Rodriguez and producers Alison Rosenzweig and Michael Gaeta, \"Fright Night\" webisodes and a \"Dracula Revealed\" featurette which includes interviews with principal cast and crew members.", "title": "Fright Night 2: New Blood" }, { "docid": "1123132#1", "text": "The film was released on August 2, 1985 and grossed $24.9 million at the box office. Since its release, it has received positive reviews from critics and has become a cult classic. The film was followed by a sequel, \"Fright Night Part 2\", in 1988, and a remake in 2011, which was in turn followed by \"\" in 2013. In 1989, a Bollywood remake was produced in Hindi entitled \"Wohi Bhayakar Raat\" (वही भंयकर रात), starring Kiran Kumar as the vampire.", "title": "Fright Night" }, { "docid": "1123132#12", "text": "Due to a mix-up, Stephen Geoffreys had an awkward audition for Anthony Michael Hall's role in \"Weird Science\", and he made an indelible impression on Jackie Burch, who suggested him for \"Fright Night\". Although he wasn't a horror movie fan, Geoffreys loved the script, so he called his agent and emphatically declared that he'd love to audition for Charley Brewster. “No, Steve,\" his agent replied, \"you’re wanted for the part of Evil Ed.” Geoffreys was simultaneously baffled and heartbroken. \"What do they see in me that they think I should be this… well anyway, it worked out.\"", "title": "Fright Night" }, { "docid": "696758#14", "text": "\"Fright Nights\", formerly \"Fright Nites\" is Thorpe Park's terrifying annual halloween event and also its largest Halloween event in the UK. It's an event that has been running at Thorpe Park since 2002, celebrating Halloween with the park staying open until late at night, as well as operating a range of temporary halloween attractions. Roaming actors in costume or with make up can also be found around the park. During Fright Nights, the park stays open until 10pm, with a range of scare mazes available for guests, who normally enter in groups of 8-10. \"Face it Alone\" has sometimes been available as an upcharge, where a guest enters unaccompanied and must sign a disclaimer before entering.", "title": "Thorpe Park" }, { "docid": "40448773#3", "text": "He tries to report this to the police, but they are convinced he is committing a prank. He tries to tell Amy, but she does not believe him either. The next morning he tells Ed, and Ed identifies Gerri as Elisabeth Bathory, one of the most powerful vampires. They decide to find Peter Vincent, the host of the paranormal investigation show \"Fright Night\". Finding him at a strip club, he agrees to solve their problem for a fee. They leave and meet Amy at a train station. Boarding a train, they find Gerri waiting for them. Peter flees, leaving the others to face Bathory. Ed sacrifices himself so that Charley and Amy can escape into the catacombs. Gerri turns Ed into a vampire, then pursues Charley and Amy, but her quarry escape to the surface. Gerri finds and attacks them again as they try to escape in a taxi, and Amy is taken.", "title": "Fright Night 2: New Blood" }, { "docid": "27756811#1", "text": "Upon its release, \"Fright Night\" grossed $41 million against a production budget of $30 million. It received generally positive reviews, with many praising its humor and \nthe cast performances, notably Farrell's acting.", "title": "Fright Night (2011 film)" }, { "docid": "44814950#5", "text": "There was a revolving door of staff members, with only editor-in-chief Tony Caputo and editor Katherine Llewellyn sticking with the book for its entire run from 1988-90. Llewellyn was credited and worked in numerous capacities, editing stories, coloring frames, checking continuity and writing scripts. Lenin Delsol penciled the adaptations of both films as well as some of the early issues, but presumably he got tied up with other works as three issues were credited as \"guest-penciled by Doug Murphy.\" Neil Vokes agreed to come to work for NOW Comics with the proviso he be allowed to work on \"Fright Night\", which he's cited as a favorite film, but he became disenchanted with the work environment and eventually quit. Future regular \"Guardians of the Galaxy\" penciler Kevin West got his start picking up where Vokes left off and continued to work on \"Fright Night\" until the end - though issue #18 was inexplicably penciled by James Lyle. The writing was slightly more consistent. The adaptations of the films followed the source material fairly closely, and then James Van Hise took over writing duties for the first batch of original stories. Tony Caputo took the reins for issues #8-12, injecting a slightly more comedic tone, and then Mark Wheatley penned a single issue which was a complete and total departure from the ongoing plot. Beginning with issue #14, Katherine Llewellyn was credited as both writer and editor, and she closely followed the storyline that Caputo had established before handing off the writing to Diane M. Piron-Gelman (aka novelist D.M. Pirrone).", "title": "Fright Night (comics)" } ]

[ { "docid": "9241790#3", "text": "Trench foot can be prevented by keeping the feet clean, warm, and dry. It was also discovered in World War I that a key preventive measure was regular foot inspections; soldiers would be paired and each made responsible for the feet of the other, and they would generally apply whale oil to prevent trench foot. If left to their own devices, soldiers might neglect to take off their own boots and socks to dry their feet each day, but if it were the responsibility of another, this became less likely. Later on in the war, instances of trench foot began to decrease, probably as a result of the introduction of the aforementioned measures; of wooden duckboards to cover the muddy, wet, cold ground of the trenches; and of the increased practice of troop rotation, which kept soldiers from prolonged time at the front.", "title": "Trench foot" }, { "docid": "1528350#33", "text": "Trench foot is a medical condition caused by prolonged exposure of the feet to damp, unsanitary, and cold conditions at temperatures as warm as for as few as 13 hours. Exposure to these environmental conditions causes deterioration and destruction of the capillaries and leads to morbidity of the surrounding flesh. Affected feet may become numb, affected by erythema (turning red) or cyanosis (turning blue) as a result of poor blood supply, and may begin emanating a decaying odour if the early stages of necrosis (tissue death) set in. As the condition worsens, feet may also begin to swell. Advanced trench foot often involves blisters and open sores, which lead to fungal infections. If left untreated, trench foot usually results in gangrene, which may require amputation. If trench foot is treated properly, complete recovery is normal, though it is marked by severe short-term pain when feeling returns. Trench foot affected tens of thousands of soldiers engaged in trench warfare in World War I. Keeping feet warm and dry, or at least changing into warm and dry replacement footgear, is the best way to avoid trench foot.", "title": "Cold-weather warfare" }, { "docid": "22290717#1", "text": "\"Trench foot \" is a medical condition caused by prolonged exposure of the feet to damp, unsanitary, and cold conditions. The use of the word \"trench\" in the name of this condition is a reference to trench warfare, mainly associated with World War I. Affected feet may become numb, affected by erythrosis (turning red) or cyanosis (turning blue) as a result of poor vascular supply, and feet may begin to have a decaying odour due to the possibility of the early stages of necrosis setting in. As the condition worsens, feet may also begin to swell. Advanced trench foot often involves blisters and open sores, which lead to fungal infections; this is sometimes called tropical ulcer (jungle rot).", "title": "Immersion foot syndromes" } ]

[ { "docid": "9241790#1", "text": "Affected feet may become numb, by erythema (turning red) or cyanosis (turning blue) as a result of poor blood supply, and may begin emanating a decaying odor if the early stages of necrosis (tissue death) set in. As the condition worsens, feet may also begin to swell. Advanced trench foot often involves blisters and open sores, which lead to fungal infections; this is sometimes called tropical ulcer (jungle rot). If left untreated, trench foot usually results in gangrene, which may require amputation. If trench foot is treated properly, complete recovery is normal, though it is marked by severe short-term pain when feeling returns.", "title": "Trench foot" }, { "docid": "9241790#6", "text": "Trench foot made a reappearance in the British Army during the Falklands War in 1982. Some people were even reported to have developed trench foot at the 1998 and 2007 Glastonbury Festivals, the 2009 and 2013 Leeds Festivals, as well as the 2012 Download Festival, as a result of the sustained cold, wet, and muddy conditions at the events.", "title": "Trench foot" }, { "docid": "1310315#79", "text": "Stretcher-bearers worked four to a stretcher, reinforced by pioneers, men from divisional supply trains and anyone else who could be spared, including prisoners. From Gueudecourt to the Longueval tramway, the carry was in three stages. Illness increased in the British armies but routine measures to prevent trench foot, by rubbing feet with whale oil and donning dry socks, reduced the number of cases compared to 1915, despite the increase in the size of the BEF. Combined frostbite and trench foot admissions to hospital in 1916 were against year previous. On the week ending 28 October, there were next week and the next two weeks. By 30 December, had been admitted in the British Expeditionary Force in the year, about as measured by ration strength.", "title": "Battle of Le Transloy" }, { "docid": "43393608#6", "text": "In June 2016, after 3 years of construction, Pakistan completed a 1,100 km trench along the Afghan border in Balochistan province to ensure proper border-management. The excavation was carried out by the Pakistani Frontier Corps. The purpose of the trench is to tighten border security by countering the flow of militants, smugglers, illegal movement and narcotics. Three Balochistan construction companies were contracted to supply manpower and arrangements. The 11-foot deep and 14-foot wide ditch will be extended along the whole border.", "title": "Afghanistan–Pakistan barrier" }, { "docid": "41959688#0", "text": "Winfield Toll Bridge, also known as the Ross Booth Memorial Bridge, is a historic three-span cantilever Warren Truss bridge located at Winfield and Red House, Putnam County, West Virginia. It was built in 1955, and spans the Kanawha River, carrying West Virginia Route 34. The cantilever through-truss consists of two anchor spans each 245 feet in length and the main span 462 feet in length between pier center lines. The main span consists of two 128 feet, 4 inch, cantilever arms and a 205 feet, 4 inch, suspended span.", "title": "Winfield Toll Bridge" }, { "docid": "55853074#1", "text": "s͎ is represented in Unicode by an s and U+034E (Combining Upwards Arrow Below).", "title": "S͎" }, { "docid": "19043007#0", "text": "O͘ is one of the six Taiwanese Hokkien vowels as written in the Peh-oe-ji (POJ) orthography. It is a normal o followed by Unicode , and is not to be confused with the Vietnamese Ơ. It is pronounced .", "title": "O͘" } ]

[ { "docid": "52916667#48", "text": "\"The New Edition Story\" has garnered positive reviews from critics. On Metacritic, the series holds a score of 76 out of 100. It currently has a 100% rating, with an average score of 7.2/10 on Rotten Tomatoes, along with the consensus being, \"\"The New Edition Story\" colorfully showcases its subjects with honesty and clarity while offering an entertainingly paced overview that leaves room for plenty of the group's greatest hits\". The film received rave reviews for the child actors who portrayed younger versions of New Edition in the first part of the series. Sylvia Obell of Buzzfeed praised the casting as \"absolute perfection\" and rated it an A+. Obell compared the film to another iconic television miniseries -- \"it is on its way to being the best black TV biopic since \"\"\" which aired on ABC in 1992. The most talked about similarities is the uncanny \"jawdropping\" striking resemblance of the young Bobby Brown, portrayed by Tyler Marcel Williams, who nailed the looks, demeanor and Bobby's most iconic \"body roll\". Also another uncanny resemblance were of the vocals of the young Ralph Tresvant, portrayed by Jahi Di'Allo Winston. For viewers, hearing his first lead solo appearance in the film singing \"Candy Girl\" gave chills for nailing every note. Trey Mangum of Blavity said that BET \"outdid\" themselves, saying \"With the warm reception and open arms that the world received The New Edition Story with, it's clear that this story needed to be told, and this was the perfect time.\" Mangum complimented the \"spot-on\" casting of both the young and adult casts, as well as the fact both casts recorded their own vocals, a rarity for musical biopics.", "title": "The New Edition Story" } ]

[ { "docid": "1552614#7", "text": "By the late 1990s, as its similarly formatted syndicated competitors had already begun waning in the ratings, the program tweaked its format in an effort to retain viewers. While its focus continued to revolve partly around entertainment and crime stories, it also began phasing in additional hard news content (consisting of select major headlines of given warranty and other notable general news and legal-related stories) as well as lifestyle and human interest features. In the late 2000s, as video sharing websites such as YouTube came into prominence, \"Inside Edition\" began incorporating viral videos in most broadcasts, either those in relating to a news story covered in that day's edition or, more commonly, humorous or amazing videos (including clever marriage proposals, people and animals displaying interesting talents or stunts, active military personnel returning home from duty surprising family members and practical jokes); videos of the latter type are typically included in the \"D\" block which closes each broadcast.", "title": "Inside Edition" }, { "docid": "3837243#3", "text": "The show's early ratings proved disappointing, resulting in several cast re-shuffles that saw most of the original characters written out of the series, and new actors brought in, including Stephen Whittaker, Gerard Sont, Danielle Fairclough, Ciri Thompson, Kevin J. Wilson, Abigail, Lynda Stoner and Patsy Stephen. Attempts to boost the ratings saw an increase in sex and nudity, including storylines involving bondage and lesbianism. These sexual elements provoked considerable controversy, with some TV watchdogs attacking \"Chances\" as \"teleporn\". The program's storylines also became increasingly bizarre and fantasy-oriented, with new stories involving the Asian Triads, ghosts, an angel on a Harley Davidson motorcycle, an Egyptian Sun Goddess, laser-wielding vampires, man-eating plants, and neo-Nazis hunting valuable Third Reich artifacts (in Melbourne, bizarrely). \"The Age\" noted that \"Chances\" became \"notorious\" because of these elements. These changes provoked much discussion and comment within the press and the public; however, they did not lead to a strong increase in ratings. Because of its \"camp\" elements, \"Chances\" did gain a small but devoted audience.", "title": "Chances (TV series)" }, { "docid": "78343#15", "text": "In the California Health Care Quality Report Card 2011 Edition, Aetna received 2 out of 4 stars in Meeting National Standards of Care and 1 out of 4 in Members Rate Their HMO.\nIn the California Health Care Quality Report Card 2010 Edition, Aetna received 3 out of 4 stars in both Meeting National Standards of Care and How Members Rate Their HMO, for a rating of \"Good\" (out of \"Poor, \" \"Fair, \" \"Good, \" or \"Excellent\").", "title": "Aetna" }, { "docid": "41959688#0", "text": "Winfield Toll Bridge, also known as the Ross Booth Memorial Bridge, is a historic three-span cantilever Warren Truss bridge located at Winfield and Red House, Putnam County, West Virginia. It was built in 1955, and spans the Kanawha River, carrying West Virginia Route 34. The cantilever through-truss consists of two anchor spans each 245 feet in length and the main span 462 feet in length between pier center lines. The main span consists of two 128 feet, 4 inch, cantilever arms and a 205 feet, 4 inch, suspended span.", "title": "Winfield Toll Bridge" }, { "docid": "38358079#15", "text": "In September 2016, after acquiring TWC, Charter indicated it would price the 2017 season above $4.50. “[The previous] deal is no longer on the table—it didn’t work,” said Charter Chief Executive Thomas Rutledge to the \"Los Angeles Times\". “We would love to sell the channel to others, but no one has bought it—and we are not giving it away. So if consumers want the Dodger channel, they’ll need to subscribe to us to get it.”", "title": "Spectrum SportsNet LA" }, { "docid": "19477084#6", "text": "Recent exhibitions at Tensta konsthall include\n• “Abstract Possible: The Stockholm Synergies,” with Doug Ashford, Claire Barclay, Goldin+Senneby, Wade Guyton, Mai-Thu Perret, Walid Raad, and Haegue Yang, among others\n• “Kami, Khokha, Bert and Ernie: World Heritage” by Hinrich Sachs\n• “Doing what you want: Marie-Louise Ekman accompanied by Sister Corita Kent, Mladen Stilinović, and Martha Wilson” \n• “The Society without qualities” with Sören Andreasen, Ane Hjort Guttu, Sture Johannesson, Sharon Lockhardt, and Palle Nielsen (part of “The new model” and curated by Lars Bang Larsen)\n• “Working With…” by Zak Kyes\n• “We are continuing BBDG” with Bernd Krauss\n• “Two Archives” by Babak Afrassiabi and Nasrin Tabatabai", "title": "Tensta Konsthall" }, { "docid": "11247268#8", "text": "\"We designed the building from the inside out, not the outside in,” said Loretta H. Cockrum, Foram’s founder, chairman and CEO. “We wanted the most efficient office building ever designed, with no wasted space or wasted energy. This is a building of the future more than a building of the present. A lot of love has gone into that building, and a lot of pride.\"", "title": "Brickell World Plaza" }, { "docid": "55853074#1", "text": "s͎ is represented in Unicode by an s and U+034E (Combining Upwards Arrow Below).", "title": "S͎" }, { "docid": "30370167#11", "text": "From May 1973 to September 1974, Abdelghani Bousta lived in hiding. During this time, he realised the mistakes made when the March 1973 events were organised. In 1975, he wrote a critical analysis of UNFP on behalf of the Option Révolutionnaire (Revolutionary option) movement, harshly criticising the events and the leaders: “[…] the March 1973 events helped shed light on the internal contradictions of the Party and show the true nature of its leaders: putschist and adventurous leaders who did not see any problem in sacrificing dozens of activists in a hazardous battle.”", "title": "Abdelghani Bousta" } ]

[ { "docid": "29269#27", "text": "In 1947, India gained independence from the British Empire. The empire was in decline but adapted to these circumstances by creating the British Commonwealth—since 1949 the Commonwealth of Nations—which is a free association of equal states. As India obtained its independence, multiple ethnic conflicts emerged in relation to the formation of a statehood during the Partition of India which resulted in Islamic Pakistan and Secular India. Before the advent of the British, no empire based in mainland India had controlled any part of what now makes up the country's Northeast, part of the reason for the ongoing insurgency in Northeast India. In 1971 Bangladesh obtained independence from Pakistan.", "title": "Self-determination" }, { "docid": "14604#19", "text": "India's relations with the world have evolved since the British Raj (1857–1947), when the British Empire monopolised external and defence relations. When India gained independence in 1947, few Indians had experience in making or conducting foreign policy. However, the country's oldest political party, the Indian National Congress, had established a small foreign department in 1925 to make overseas contacts and to publicise its independence struggle. From the late 1920s on, Jawaharlal Nehru, who had a long-standing interest in world affairs among independence leaders, formulated the Congress stance on international issues. As a member of the interim government in 1946, Nehru articulated India's approach to the world.", "title": "Foreign relations of India" }, { "docid": "634021#2", "text": "India gained its independence on 15 August 1947, after which the process of preparing a constitution was started. The Constitution was passed on 26 November 1949 in the Constituent Assembly. It was adopted on 26 January 1950 with a democratic government system. 26 January was selected, because it was this day in 1930 when the Declaration of Indian Independence was passed.\nIndia achieved independence from British rule on 15 August 1947 following the Indian independence movement noted for largely peaceful nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience led by the Indian National Congress. The independence came through the Indian Independence Act 1947 (10 & 11 Geo 6 c. 30), an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that partitioned British India into the two new independent Dominions of the British Commonwealth (later Commonwealth of Nations): India and Pakistan. India obtained its independence on 15 August 1947 as a constitutional monarchy with George VI as head of state and the Earl Mountbatten as governor-general. The country, though, did not yet have a permanent constitution; instead its laws were based on the modified colonial Government of India Act 1935. On 28 August 1947, the Drafting Committee was appointed to draft a permanent constitution, with Dr.B. R. Ambedkar as chairman. While India's Independence Day celebrates its freedom from British Rule, the Republic Day celebrates of coming into force of its constitution.", "title": "Republic Day" }, { "docid": "2437143#6", "text": "During a part of Ghani Khan’s life, modern-day Pakistan did not exist. India was under British rule (hence called British India) and was fighting for its independence from the British. On August 15, 1947, India finally gained its independence. And a day before, on August 14, 1947, Pakistan had been born, becoming independent of British India. Hence, before all this independence, the Pashtuns who are now in Pakistan (all except the Swati Pashtuns, since Swat was an independent, princely state until 1964) were under the rule of British India before the partition of India and Pakistan. This is where and why Bacha Khan’s work was significant.", "title": "Khan Abdul Ghani Khan" }, { "docid": "13890#5", "text": "From the late 18th century to the mid-19th century, large areas of India were annexed by the British East India Company of the British Empire. Dissatisfaction with Company rule led to the Indian Rebellion of 1857, after which the British provinces of India were directly administered by the British Crown and witnessed a period of rapid development of infrastructure, economic decline and major famines. During the first half of the 20th century, a nationwide struggle for independence was launched, led by the Indian National Congress, which was later joined by other organisations. The Indian subcontinent gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1947, after the British provinces were partitioned into the dominions of India and Pakistan and the princely states all acceded to one of the new states.", "title": "History of India" }, { "docid": "4721#53", "text": "The pro-decolonisation Labour government, elected at the 1945 general election and led by Clement Attlee, moved quickly to tackle the most pressing issue facing the empire: Indian independence. India's two major political parties—the Indian National Congress (led by Mahatma Gandhi) and the Muslim League (led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah)—had been campaigning for independence for decades, but disagreed as to how it should be implemented. Congress favoured a unified secular Indian state, whereas the League, fearing domination by the Hindu majority, desired a separate Islamic state for Muslim-majority regions. Increasing civil unrest and the mutiny of the Royal Indian Navy during 1946 led Attlee to promise independence no later than 30 June 1948. When the urgency of the situation and risk of civil war became apparent, the newly appointed (and last) Viceroy, Lord Mountbatten, hastily brought forward the date to 15 August 1947. The borders drawn by the British to broadly partition India into Hindu and Muslim areas left tens of millions as minorities in the newly independent states of India and Pakistan. Millions of Muslims subsequently crossed from India to Pakistan and Hindus vice versa, and violence between the two communities cost hundreds of thousands of lives. Burma, which had been administered as part of the British Raj, and Sri Lanka gained their independence the following year in 1948. India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka became members of the Commonwealth, while Burma chose not to join.", "title": "British Empire" } ]

[ { "docid": "14604#127", "text": "Both nations were colonised by the British Empire; India supported independence of Trinidad and Tobago from colonial rule and established its diplomatic mission in 1962 – the year that Trinidad and Tobago officially gained independence from British rule. They possess diverse natural and economic resources and are the largest economies in their respective regions. Both are members of the Commonwealth of Nations, the United Nations, G-77 and the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM).", "title": "Foreign relations of India" }, { "docid": "16243#73", "text": "Nehru led newly independent India from 1947 to 1964, during its first years of independence from British rule. Both the United States and the Soviet Union competed to make India an ally throughout the Cold War. Nehru also maintained good relations with the British Empire. Under the London Declaration, India agreed that, when it became a republic in January 1950, it would join the Commonwealth of Nations and accept the British monarch as a \"symbol of the free association of its independent member nations and as such the Head of the Commonwealth.\" The other nations of the Commonwealth recognised India's continuing membership of the association. The reaction back home was favourable; only the far-left and the far-right criticised Nehru's decision.", "title": "Jawaharlal Nehru" }, { "docid": "34423600#1", "text": "Both nations were colonised by the British Empire; India supported independence of Trinidad and Tobago from colonial rule and established its diplomatic mission in 1962 - the year that Trinidad and Tobago officially gained independence from British rule. They possess diverse natural and economic resources and are the largest economies in their respective regions. Both are members of the Commonwealth of Nations, G-77 and the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM).", "title": "India–Trinidad and Tobago relations" }, { "docid": "18053104#2", "text": "Both nations were colonised by the British Empire; India supported independence of African countries from colonial rule and established its diplomatic mission in 1958 – two years before Nigeria officially gained independence from British rule. Since the restoration of democracy in 1998, Nigeria has joined India in becoming the largest democracies in their respective regions with diverse religious and ethnic populations. They possess diverse natural and economic resources and are the largest economies in their respective regions. Both are members of the Commonwealth of Nations, G-77 and the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM).", "title": "India–Nigeria relations" } ]

[ { "docid": "21456588#3", "text": "Scott William Pilgrim is the 23-year-old (22 in film and 24 in volumes 5-6) protagonist. He is the bass player for the band Sex Bob-Omb with his friends Stephen Stills and Kim Pine; he plays a Rickenbacker 4001c64, 4003 in the film. Though initially unemployed, he later gets a job as a dish washer and food prep trainee at The Happy Avocado vegetarian restaurant. The character's name was inspired by the song \"Scott Pilgrim\" from Plumtree's 1998 album \"Predicts the Future\". He believes that smoking is evil, drinks \"only on occasions\", and doesn't hit girls. Scott seems to suffer from memory problems, which his friends chalk up to his stupidity, though the memory problems began after his break-up with Envy Adams whom he dated through college. The series also references a \"dark side\" of Scott's personality which he avoids as much as possible. He is initially devastated by his break-up with Envy Adams and begins dating Knives Chau, before meeting Ramona. Ramona and Scott begin dating, but Scott is plagued by Ramona's elusive past and her \"7 evil exes\" led by the mysterious \"Gideon\", all of whom challenge him in succession for the right to date her. Despite his limited intelligence and poor memory capacity, Scott is often able to defeat his opponents through cunning rather than brute strength: in volume 2, he manages to goad Lucas Lee into performing a dangerous skateboarding trick and in the film adaptation, he successfully tricks Todd Ingram into consuming dairy products despite Todd's psychic powers. Scott is a surprisingly skilled fighter in unarmed combat and sword fighting. His hair is usually \"messed up\" after Ramona laughed at Scott when he had straight hair. He often dreams of stupid games until Ramona tells him to get a job.", "title": "List of Scott Pilgrim characters" }, { "docid": "1626358#3", "text": "His first original graphic novel was \"Lost at Sea\" (2003). On July 20, 2010, he released the sixth and final volume for the \"Scott Pilgrim\" series (2004–2010). All have been published by Oni Press. In July 2014, his graphic novel \"Seconds\" was released by Ballantine Books.", "title": "Bryan Lee O'Malley" }, { "docid": "1631590#27", "text": "All of these ancillary stories are available to read on the Scott Pilgrim Website. A collector's box containing all six volumes and a fold-in poster was released in North America on November 3, 2010.", "title": "Scott Pilgrim" }, { "docid": "1631590#1", "text": "The series consists of six digest size black-and-white volumes, released between August 2004 and July 2010, by Portland-based independent comic book publisher Oni Press. It was later republished by Fourth Estate, an imprint of HarperCollins. Full-colour hardback volumes, coloured by Nathan Fairbairn, were released from August 2012 to April 2014.", "title": "Scott Pilgrim" } ]

[ { "docid": "1631590#7", "text": "O'Malley said that he expected \"Scott Pilgrim\" to sell around 1,000 copies. He did not expect the series to sell millions of copies and to produce a film adaptation. O'Malley cited the United States comics industry and how it differs from the Japanese comics industry; the United States comic book companies specialize in superhero comics and many newer concepts originate from underground comics. The United States also lacks weekly and monthly comic book magazines and American comic companies generally do not have the system of story editors and assistants that Japanese comic companies have.", "title": "Scott Pilgrim" }, { "docid": "1631590#8", "text": "O'Malley said that the most difficult portion of \"Scott Pilgrim\" to write was the ending. O'Malley deliberately did not consider constructing the ending until he began writing Volume 5. He intended for Volumes 5 and 6 to reflect one single story, with 5 being the \"darkest hour\" and 6 being \"the redemption arc.\" O'Malley said \"there was a lot of stuff to juggle, a lot of plot lines to tie up, and I just had to try and focus on the stuff that mattered most in the time I had.\" In addition, he wanted to create an ending that would \"compete[...] a little\" with the ending of the film version; he was aware of \"how BIG the finale was\". About the ending, O'Malley said, \"I think the stuff with the girls and the relationships works pretty well and the stuff with Gideon and the glow is weaker. But hey, some people love it warts and all, and it’s not like I’m gonna go back and change it.\"", "title": "Scott Pilgrim" }, { "docid": "17574075#9", "text": "After artist Bryan Lee O'Malley completed the first volume of \"Scott Pilgrim\", his publisher Oni Press contacted producer Marc Platt to propose a film adaptation. O'Malley originally had mixed feelings about a film adaptation, stating that he \"expected them to turn it into a full-on action comedy with some actor that I hated\" but ultimately \"didn't even care. I was a starving artist, and I was like, 'Please, just give me some money.'\" Universal Studios contracted director Edgar Wright, who had just finished \"Shaun of the Dead\" (2004) and agreed to adapt the \"Scott Pilgrim\" comics. In May 2005, the studio signed Michael Bacall to co-write the screenplay. Wright cited Mario Bava's \"\" (1968) as an influence on his approach to \"Scott Pilgrim\", describing it as an \"Italian influence, a sense of completely unbridled imagination. They don't make any attempt to make it look realistic. Mario Bava's composition and staging has a real try-anything attitude.\" Bacall said that he wanted to write the \"Scott Pilgrim\" film because he felt strongly about its story and empathized with its characters. By 2010, casting had been completed and the film was titled \"Scott Pilgrim vs. the World\". Wright said that O'Malley was \"very involved\" with the script of the film from the start, contributing lines and adding polish. Due to the long development, several lines from various scripts written by Wright and Bacall were used in later \"Scott Pilgrim\" comics. No material from \"Scott Pilgrim's Finest Hour\", the sixth \"Scott Pilgrim\" volume, appeared in the film, as the comic was not complete at the time of the film's production. O'Malley contributed suggestions for the film's ending and gave the producers his notes for the sixth volume, but stated that the film's ending was \"their ending\".", "title": "Scott Pilgrim vs. the World" }, { "docid": "1631590#33", "text": "In 2005, O'Malley won the Doug Wright Award for Best Emerging Talent for the first volume of \"Scott Pilgrim\" and was nominated for three Harvey Awards (Best New Talent, Best Cartoonist and Best Graphic Album of Original Work).", "title": "Scott Pilgrim" }, { "docid": "1631590#29", "text": "Publishers Weekly ranked the third volume, \"Scott Pilgrim & The Infinite Sadness\", as one of the best comic books of 2006 in a critics' poll.", "title": "Scott Pilgrim" }, { "docid": "1631590#31", "text": "In 2007, O'Malley was interviewed by The A.V. Club for the fourth volume. Written by Jason Heller, the article states that \"Gets It Together\" is \"his best to date.\" The article goes on to praise O'Malley's consistent bold stylistic choices, saying that he \"has raised the bar, art-wise: His deceptively basic style is suddenly deeper, richer, and more mature, while his eye for dynamics and graphic economy has gotten even keener.\"\nIn 2011 Scott Pilgrim was ranked 69th in IGN's list of the top 100 comic book heroes.", "title": "Scott Pilgrim" } ]

[ { "docid": "17948#10", "text": "Lake Michigan has a surface area of 22,404 sq.mi (58,026 km); (13,237 square miles, 34,284 km lying in Michigan state, 7,358 square miles, 19,056 km in Wisconsin, 234 square miles, 606 km in Indiana, & 1,576 square miles, 4,079 km in Illinois) making it the largest lake entirely within one country by surface area (Lake Baikal, in Russia, is larger by water volume), and the fifth-largest lake in the world. It is the larger half of Lake Michigan–Huron, which is the largest body of fresh water in the world by surface area. It is long by wide with a shoreline long. The lake's average depth is 46 fathoms 3 feet (279 ft; 85 m), while its greatest depth is 153 fathoms 5 feet (923 ft; 281 m). It contains a volume of 1,180 cubic miles (4,918 km³) of water. Green Bay in the northwest is its largest bay. Grand Traverse Bay in its northeast is another large bay. Lake Michigan's deepest region, which lies in its northern-half, is called Chippewa Basin (named after prehistoric Lake Chippewa) and is separated from South Chippewa Basin, by a relatively shallower area called the Mid Lake Plateau.", "title": "Lake Michigan" } ]

[ { "docid": "17948#11", "text": "Twelve million people live along Lake Michigan's shores, mainly in the Chicago and Milwaukee metropolitan areas. The economy of many communities in northern Michigan and Door County, Wisconsin is supported by tourism, with large seasonal populations attracted by the beauty and recreational opportunities offered by Lake Michigan. Seasonal residents often have summer homes along the waterfront and return home for the winter. The southern tip of the lake near Gary, Indiana is heavily industrialized. Cities on the shores of Lake Michigan include:\nIllinois", "title": "Lake Michigan" }, { "docid": "16766935#10", "text": "The state has numerous large islands, the principal ones being the Manitou, Beaver, and Fox groups in Lake Michigan; Isle Royale and Grande Isle in Lake Superior; Drummond, Marquette, Bois Blanc, and Mackinac islands in Lake Huron; and Neebish and Sugar islands in St. Mary's River. Michigan has about 150 lighthouses, the most of any U.S. state. The first lighthouses in Michigan were built between 1818 and 1822. They were built to project light at night and to serve as a landmark during the day to safely guide the passenger ships and freighters traveling the Great Lakes. See Lighthouses in the United States.", "title": "Geography of Michigan" }, { "docid": "18859#0", "text": "Michigan () is a state in the Great Lakes and Midwestern regions of the United States. The state's name, Michigan, originates from the Ojibwe word \"mishigamaa\", meaning \"large water\" or \"large lake\". With a population of about 10 million, Michigan is the tenth most populous of the 50 United States, with the 11th most extensive total area, and is the largest state by total area east of the Mississippi River. Its capital is Lansing, and its largest city is Detroit. Metro Detroit is among the nation's most populous and largest metropolitan economies.", "title": "Michigan" }, { "docid": "18859#50", "text": "The Great Lakes that border Michigan from east to west are Lake Erie, Lake Huron, Lake Michigan and Lake Superior. It has more public golf courses, registered boats and lighthouses than any other state. The state is bounded on the south by the states of Ohio and Indiana, sharing land and water boundaries with both. Michigan's western boundaries are almost entirely water boundaries, from south to north, with Illinois and Wisconsin in Lake Michigan; then a land boundary with Wisconsin and the Upper Peninsula, that is principally demarcated by the Menominee and Montreal Rivers; then water boundaries again, in Lake Superior, with Wisconsin and Minnesota to the west, capped around by the Canadian province of Ontario to the north and east.\nThe heavily forested Upper Peninsula is relatively mountainous in the west. The Porcupine Mountains, which are part of one of the oldest mountain chains in the world, rise to an altitude of almost above sea level and form the watershed between the streams flowing into Lake Superior and Lake Michigan. The surface on either side of this range is rugged. The state's highest point, in the Huron Mountains northwest of Marquette, is Mount Arvon at . The peninsula is as large as Connecticut, Delaware, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island combined but has fewer than 330,000 inhabitants. They are sometimes called \"Yoopers\" (from \"U.P.'ers\"), and their speech (the \"Yooper dialect\") has been heavily influenced by the numerous Scandinavian and Canadian immigrants who settled the area during the lumbering and mining boom of the late 19th century.\nThe Lower Peninsula is shaped like a mitten and many residents hold up a hand to depict where they are from. It is long from north to south and from east to west and occupies nearly two-thirds of the state's land area. The surface of the peninsula is generally level, broken by conical hills and glacial moraines usually not more than a few hundred feet tall. It is divided by a low water divide running north and south. The larger portion of the state is on the west of this and gradually slopes toward Lake Michigan. The highest point in the Lower Peninsula is either Briar Hill at , or one of several points nearby in the vicinity of Cadillac. The lowest point is the surface of Lake Erie at .", "title": "Michigan" }, { "docid": "12010#19", "text": "The lakes also moderate seasonal temperatures to some degree, but not with as large an influence as do large oceans; they absorb heat and cool the air in summer, then slowly radiate that heat in autumn. They protect against frost during transitional weather, and keep the summertime temperatures cooler than further inland. This effect can be very localized and overridden by offshore wind patterns. This temperature buffering produces areas known as \"fruit belts\", where fruit can be produced that is typically grown much farther south. For instance, Western Michigan has apple and cherry orchards, and vineyards cultivated adjacent to the lake shore as far north as the Grand Traverse Bay and Nottawasaga Bay in central Ontario. The eastern shore of Lake Michigan and the southern shore of Lake Erie have many successful wineries because of the moderating effect, as does the Niagara Peninsula between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. A similar phenomenon allows wineries to flourish in the Finger Lakes region of New York, as well as in Prince Edward County, Ontario on Lake Ontario's northeast shore. Related to the lake effect is the regular occurrence of fog over medium-sized areas, particularly along the shorelines of the lakes. This is most noticeable along Lake Superior's shores.", "title": "Great Lakes" }, { "docid": "19780#1", "text": "The largest of all the islands is Isle Royale in Lake Superior, which, in addition to its waters and other surrounding islands, is organized as Isle Royale National Park. Isle Royale itself is . The most populated island is Grosse Ile with approximately 10,000 residents, located in the Detroit River about south of Detroit. The majority of Michigan's islands are uninhabited and very small. Some of these otherwise unusable islands have been used for the large number of Michigan's lighthouses to aid in shipping throughout the Great Lakes, while others have been set aside as nature reserves. Many islands in Michigan have the same name, even some that are in the same municipality and body of water, such as Gull, Long, or Round islands.", "title": "List of islands of Michigan" }, { "docid": "18859#27", "text": "Michigan is the leading auto-producing state in the US, with the industry primarily located throughout the Midwestern United States, Ontario, Canada, and the Southern United States. With almost ten million residents, Michigan is a large and influential state, ranking tenth in population among the fifty states. Detroit is the centrally located metropolitan area of the Great Lakes Megalopolis and the second-largest metropolitan area in the U.S. linking the Great Lakes system.\nThe Metro Detroit area in Southeast Michigan is the state's largest metropolitan area (roughly 50% of the population resides there) and the eleventh largest in the USA. The Grand Rapids metropolitan area in Western Michigan is the state's fastest-growing metro area, with over 1.3 million residents . Metro Detroit receives more than 15 million visitors each year. Michigan has many popular tourist destinations, including areas such as Frankenmuth in The Thumb, and Traverse City on the Grand Traverse Bay in Northern Michigan. Tourists spend about $17 billion annually in Michigan supporting 193,000 jobs.", "title": "Michigan" }, { "docid": "33188559#0", "text": "Platte Lake (sometimes referred to as Big Platte Lake) is one of the many lakes located in the northwestern part of Michigan's lower peninsula. There are two lakes in Benzie County, Michigan based on the name Platte, the other being Little Platte. Platte Lake covers 2,516 acres and is 3.3 miles long and 1.6 miles wide. The average depth of Platte Lake is 24 feet deep. The deepest point of the lake is measured at 95 feet deep. The Platte River flows through the lake at a speed of 120 cubic feet per second. This means the residence time for the water in Platte Lake is 6 months. Also meaning that every hour 3.3 million gallons of water are passing through Platte Lake. The Platte River flows through Platte Lake and continues downstream through Loon Lake until it finally reaches Lake Michigan.", "title": "Platte Lake (Michigan)" }, { "docid": "796184#0", "text": "Crystal Lake, the largest lake of this name in Michigan, is located near Lake Michigan in Benzie County about 25 miles (40 km) southwest of Traverse City and about 2 miles (3 km) northeast of Frankfort at . It measures approximately 2.5 by 8 miles (4 by 13 km), and has a maximum depth of 165 feet (50 m). At , it is Michigan's ninth largest inland lake. Up to and through the American Civil War years Crystal Lake was known as \"Cap Lake\" due to the frequent whitecaps visible on its surface. Crystal Lake is adjacent to the southern reaches of the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore.", "title": "Crystal Lake (Benzie County, Michigan)" } ]

[ { "docid": "14729#2", "text": "In the past, various definitions of \"Italic\" have prevailed. This article uses the classification presented by the \"Linguist List\": Italic includes the Latin subgroup (Latin and the Romance languages) as well as the ancient Italic languages (Faliscan, Osco-Umbrian and two unclassified Italic languages, Aequian and Vestinian). Venetic (the language of the ancient Veneti), as revealed by its inscriptions, shared some similarities with the Italic languages and is sometimes classified as Italic. However, since it also shares similarities with other Western Indo-European branches (particularly Celtic languages), some linguists prefer to consider it as an independent Indo-European language.", "title": "Italic languages" }, { "docid": "14729#0", "text": "The Italic languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family, originally spoken by Italic peoples. They include Latin and its descendants (the Romance languages), as well as a number of extinct languages of the Italian Peninsula, including Umbrian, Oscan, Faliscan, South Picene, and possibly Venetic and Sicel.", "title": "Italic languages" }, { "docid": "42589952#97", "text": "The Italic languages are a subfamily of the Indo-European language family originally spoken by Italic peoples. They include the Romance languages derived from Latin (Italian, Sardinian, Spanish, Catalan, Portuguese, French, Romanian, Occitan, etc.); a number of extinct languages of the Italian Peninsula, including Umbrian, Oscan, Faliscan, South Picene; and Latin itself. At present, Latin and its daughter Romance languages are the only surviving languages of the Italic language family.", "title": "Indo-European migrations" }, { "docid": "14729#17", "text": "Finally in Veneto to the northeast, we have Venetic, the language of the Eastern culture of the Iron Age in the Italian Peninsula. There seems to be no doubt of its relationship with Indo-European because it has similarities with the Germanic and Italic languages, although some linguists see it as a separate group within the Indo-European languages. There are more than 200 short inscriptions that were written from the sixth century BC until the first century BC, there being toponymic evidence linking the territory of the \"Veneti\" with the \"Liburnian\" tribes of the Adriatic in the Balkans.\nThe Italic peoples came from the north to the Italian Peninsula in the 2nd millennium BC. There were two waves - an earlier one (the Latino-Faliscan languages, including Sicel, which has gone far to the south) and later (the Osco-Umbrian languages). Previously, it was customary to identify the first wave with the Terramare culture, and the second one with the Proto-Villanovan culture; modern archaeologists point to more complex processes.", "title": "Italic languages" } ]

[ { "docid": "14729#42", "text": "From the point of view of Proto-Indo-European, the Italic languages are fairly conservative. In phonology, the Italic languages are centum languages by merging the palatals with the velars (Latin \"centum\" has a /k/) but keeping the combined group separate from the labio-velars. In morphology, the Italic languages preserve six cases in the noun and the adjective (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, ablative, vocative) with traces of a seventh (locative), but the dual of both the noun and the verb has completely disappeared. From the position of both morphological innovations and uniquely shared lexical items, Italic shows the greatest similarities with Celtic and Germanic, with some of the shared lexical correspondences also being found in Baltic and Slavic.", "title": "Italic languages" }, { "docid": "14729#21", "text": "General and specific characteristics of the Italic languages:Strictly speaking, the label of \"Italic languages\" can be applied to any language spoken in the Italian region in antiquity, whether or not of Indo-European stock. In this broad sense, the languages that are commonly considered non-Indo-European, such as Etruscan, Rhaetian and the language of Stele di Novilara (North Picene), are also considered to be Italic; the attribution of Ligurian is controversial, while too little is known about Sicanian and Elymian to allow reasonably founded hypotheses. Traditionally, however, it reserves the expression of \"Italic languages\" only for Indo-European languages spoken in ancient times in Italy and not those belonging to other Indo-European families, thus excluding Messapian, Illyrian, Gaulish and Lepontic, the last two Celtic.", "title": "Italic languages" }, { "docid": "14729#29", "text": "A Proto-Italic homeland outside Italy is just as elusive as the home of the hypothetical Greek-speaking invaders. No early form of Italic is available to match Mycenaean Greek. The Italic languages are first attested in writing from Umbrian and Faliscan inscriptions from the 7th century BC. The alphabets used are based on the Old Italic alphabet, which is itself based on the Greek alphabet. The Italic alphabets themselves show minor influence from the Etruscan alphabet and somewhat more from the Ancient Greek alphabet. There is no guarantee that the intermediate phases between Italic and Indo-European will be found. The question of whether Italic originated outside Italy or developed by assimilation of Indo-European and other elements within Italy, approximately on or within its current range there, remains. Silvestri says:", "title": "Italic languages" }, { "docid": "14729#4", "text": "In the intermediate view, the Italic languages are one of the ten or eleven major subgroups of the Indo-European language family and might therefore have had an ancestor, Common Italic or Proto-Italic, from which its daughter languages descended. Moreover, there are similarities between major groups, but the interpretation of these similarities is one of the major debated issues in the historical linguistics of Indo-European. The linguist Calvert Watkins suggested, among the ten major groups, a four-way division of East, West, North and South Indo-European. He considered them to be \"dialectical divisions within Proto-Indo-European which go back to a period long before the speakers arrived in their historical areas of attestation\". It is not to be considered a nodular grouping; in other words, there was not necessarily any common Western Indo-European serving as a node from which the subgroups branched, but a hypothesised similarity between the dialects of Proto-Indo-European that developed into the recognised families.", "title": "Italic languages" }, { "docid": "30138690#0", "text": "The Proto-Italic language is the ancestor of the Italic languages, including notably Latin and thus its descendants, the Romance languages. It is not directly attested in writing, but has been reconstructed to some degree through the comparative method. Proto-Italic descended from the earlier Proto-Indo-European language.\nProto-Italic had the following diphthongs:", "title": "Proto-Italic language" }, { "docid": "30138690#46", "text": "More characteristic of Italic are the interactions of laryngeals with sonorant consonants. Here, R represents a sonorant, and C a consonant.Further changes occurred during the evolution of individual Italic languages. This section gives an overview of the most notable changes. For complete lists, see History of Latin and other articles relating to the individual languages.", "title": "Proto-Italic language" }, { "docid": "14729#34", "text": "In the same way as the theory of the Italo-Celtic relationship, many authors have rejected the idea that all the similarities of the Italic languages are due to the existence of a linguistic stage called common Italic, whose diversification resulted in the attested languages. In fact, several authors have proposed to explain some of the common characteristics as a sprachbund phenomenon that would affect the so-called medium-Italic linguistic area.", "title": "Italic languages" } ]

[ { "docid": "19614253#99", "text": "Quebec cider is considered a traditional alcoholic beverage. It is generally sold in 750 ml bottles, has an alcohol content generally between 7% and 13% (with aperitifs ciders having alcohol content up to 20%), and can be served as a substitute for wine. As in the rest of the world, sparkling cider is getting more and more popular in Quebec and thanks to the law cider sold in the province can only be made from 100% pure apple juice. Cider making was, however, forbidden from the early years of British rule as it was in direct conflict with established British brewers' interests (most notably John Molson). In recent years, a new type called ice cider has been sold. This type of cider is made from apples with a particularly high level of sugar caused by natural frost.", "title": "Cider" }, { "docid": "18948043#4", "text": "Cider or cyder ( ) is a fermented alcoholic drink made from any fruit juice; apple juice (traditional and most common), peaches, pears (\"Perry\" cider) or other fruit. Cider alcohol content varies from 1.2% ABV to 8.5% or more in traditional English ciders. In some regions, cider may be called \"apple wine\".", "title": "Alcoholic drink" }, { "docid": "42765403#3", "text": "– cider is a fermented alcoholic drink made from apple juice. Cider alcohol content varies from 1.2% ABV to 8.5% or more in traditional English ciders. In some regions, cider may be called \"apple wine\".", "title": "List of drinks" }, { "docid": "19614253#1", "text": "The juice of any variety of apple can be used to make cider, but cider apples are best. The addition of sugar or extra fruit before a second fermentation increases the ethanol content of the resulting beverage. Cider alcohol content varies from 1.2% to 8.5% ABV or more in traditional English ciders, and 3.5% to 12% in continental ciders. In UK law, it must contain at least 35% apple juice (fresh or from concentrate), although CAMRA (the Campaign for Real Ale) says that \"real cider\" must be at least 90% fresh apple juice. In the US, there is a 50% minimum. In France, cider must be made solely from apples.", "title": "Cider" }, { "docid": "19614253#5", "text": "Modern, mass-produced ciders closely resemble sparkling wine in appearance. More traditional brands tend to be darker and cloudier. They are often stronger than the mass-produced varieties and taste more strongly of apples. Almost colourless, white cider has the same apple juice content as conventional cider but is harder to create because the cider maker has to blend various apples to create a clearer liquid. White ciders tend to be sweeter and more refreshing. They are typically 7–8 % ABV in strength. Black cider, by contrast, is dry amber premium cider which has an alcohol content of 7–8 % ABV. The descriptor black usually comes after the brand name such as \"Union Black\" and \"Barnstormer Black\".", "title": "Cider" }, { "docid": "17527833#34", "text": "No specific Basque legislation exists surrounding cider but there is national Spanish legislation which states defines natural cider as \"la sidra elaborada siguiendo las prácticas tradicionales, sin adición de azúcares, que contiene gas carbónico de origen endógeno exclusivamente. Su graduación alcohólica adquirida será superior a 4'5 grados\" \"cider produced following traditional methods without the addition of sugars, containing only endeogenous carbon gas. The alcohol content must exceed 4.5%\". The other relevant pieces of legislation are Law 25/1970 and Decree 835/1972 which regulate address issues connected to the chemical composition of cider and cider production such as maximum sugar content, rules on production and prohibited methods (such as adding wine or alcohol).", "title": "Sagardotegi" } ]

[ { "docid": "6040734#0", "text": "This is a list of cider brands. Cider is an alcoholic beverage made exclusively from the juice of apples, although most commercial ciders have very little apple content and tend to be mostly made up of water and chemicals, including artificial sweeteners like aspartame. Any apple content normally comes from a minimal mix of apple concentrate syrup, and not the freshly picked, ripe fruit often depicted on clever marketing campaigns. Craft cider makers claim this mass-produced drink isn't actually cider at all because of this production process. \nThis list does not include perry, which is a similar alcoholic beverage made from pear varieties.", "title": "List of cider brands" }, { "docid": "19614253#98", "text": "Cider is produced commercially in every Canadian province except Manitoba, Newfoundland and Labrador and Saskatchewan, usually with a 5–7% alcohol content although the term is also used for some non-fermented apple juices. According to the Canadian Food and Drug Regulations, alcoholic cider is an alcoholic fermentation of apple juice that does not contain more than 13% absolute alcohol by volume (ABV) or less than 2.5% ABV.", "title": "Cider" }, { "docid": "19614253#47", "text": "Despite a strong apple tradition, Denmark has little cider production. Six places that produce cider in Denmark are Pomona (since 2003), Fejø Cider (since 2003), Dancider (since 2004), Ørbæk Bryggeri (since 2006), Ciderprojektet (since 2008), and Svaneke Bryghus (since 2009). All are inspired mainly by English and French cider styles. The assortment of imported ciders has grown significantly since 2000, prior to that only ciders from Sweden, primarily non-alcoholic, were generally available. The leading cider on the Danish market is made by CULT A/S.\nIn 2008, Carlsberg launched an alcoholic cider in Denmark called Somersby cider which has an alcohol content of 4.7% and a sweet taste.", "title": "Cider" }, { "docid": "46965069#21", "text": "Until 2005, the market-leading White Lightning brand was being sold on an almost continual 50% extra free promotion, giving 3 litres of 7.5% cider for a typical selling price of £2.99. Scottish Courage, which owned the brand, decided that year to restrict bottle size to 2 litres as part of its responsible drinking strategy. A spokesman for the company spoke of white cider in general, \"It is the cheapest way to buy alcohol in the UK. This is pocket money these days. There is no other alcohol category that has the same challenge as white cider. One three litre plastic bottle of white cider contains almost the full recommended weekly alcohol intake for a male drinker\" (225 ml, 22.5 units, of pure alcohol content compared with the recommended maximum of 28 units).\nThis led to a 70% drop in sales of White Lightning,\nbut increased sales of the brand owner's weaker, more profitable brands. Other manufacturers followed by increasing prices and scrapping their 3-litre bottles.", "title": "Cider in the United Kingdom" }, { "docid": "19614253#10", "text": "Specialty style ciders are open to a lot more manipulation than modern or heritage style ciders. There is no restriction to apple varieties used and the list of specialty styles continues to expand. Listed on the USACM Cider Style Guide, specialty styles include: fruit, hopped, spiced, wood-aged, sour, and iced ciders. Fruit ciders have other fruit or juices added before or after fermentation, like cherries, blueberries, and cranberries. Hopped cider is fermented with added hops, common hop varieties being Cascade, Citra, Galaxy, and Mosaic. Spiced ciders have various spices added to the cider before, during, or after fermentation. Spices like cinnamon and ginger are popular to use in production. Wood-aged ciders are ciders that are either fermented or aged in various types of wood barrels, to aid in extraction of woody, earthy flavors. Sour ciders are high acid ciders that are produced with non-standard, non-Saccharomyces yeast and bacteria, which enhance acetic and lactic acid production, in order to reach a sour profile. Ice ciders can be made by using pre-pressed frozen juice or frozen whole apples. Whole apples either come frozen from the orchard, dependent on harvest date, or are stored in a freezer prior to pressing. When the pre-pressed juice or whole apples freeze, sugars are concentrated and mostly separated from the water. Whole apples are then pressed in order to extract the concentrated juice and for the pre-pressed juice, the concentrated solution is drawn off while thawing occurs. Although, according to the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau (TTB) cider producers can only label a product 'Ice Cider' if it is produced from apples naturally frozen outdoors.", "title": "Cider" } ]

[ { "docid": "152465#3", "text": "The optic nerve leaves the orbit (eye socket) via the optic canal, running postero-medially towards the optic chiasm, where there is a partial decussation (crossing) of fibers from the temporal visual fields (the nasal hemi-retina) of both eyes. The proportion of decussating fibers varies between species, and is correlated with the degree of binocular vision enjoyed by a species. Most of the axons of the optic nerve terminate in the lateral geniculate nucleus from where information is relayed to the visual cortex, while other axons terminate in the pretectal nucleus and are involved in reflexive eye movements. Other axons terminate in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and are involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle. Its diameter increases from about 1.6 mm within the eye to 3.5 mm in the orbit to 4.5 mm within the cranial space. The optic nerve component lengths are 1 mm in the globe, 24 mm in the orbit, 9 mm in the optic canal, and 16 mm in the cranial space before joining the optic chiasm. There, partial decussation occurs, and about 53% of the fibers cross to form the optic tracts. Most of these fibers terminate in the lateral geniculate body.", "title": "Optic nerve" } ]

[ { "docid": "152465#1", "text": "The optic nerve is the second of twelve paired cranial nerves and is technically part of the central nervous system, rather than the peripheral nervous system because it is derived from an out-pouching of the diencephalon (optic stalks) during embryonic development. As a consequence, the fibers of the optic nerve are covered with myelin produced by oligodendrocytes, rather than Schwann cells of the peripheral nervous system, and are encased within the meninges. Peripheral neuropathies like Guillain–Barré syndrome do not affect the optic nerve. However, most typically the optic nerve is grouped with the other eleven cranial nerves and considered to be part of the peripheral nervous system.", "title": "Optic nerve" }, { "docid": "3509453#0", "text": "Optic nerve sheath meningiomas (ONSM) are rare benign tumors of the optic nerve. 60–70% of cases occur in middle age females, and is more common in older adults (mean age 44.7 years). It is also seen in children, but this is rare. The tumors grow from cells that surround the optic nerve, and as the tumor grows, it compresses the optic nerve. This causes loss of vision in the affected eye. Rarely, it may affect both eyes at the same time.", "title": "Optic nerve sheath meningioma" }, { "docid": "7407460#5", "text": "Medical examination of the optic nerve with an ophthalmoscope may reveal a swollen optic nerve, but the nerve may also appear normal. Presence of an afferent pupillary defect, decreased color vision, and visual field loss (often central) are suggestive of optic neuritis. Recovery of visual function is expected within 10 weeks. However, attacks may lead to permanent axonal loss and thinning of the retinal nerve fiber layer.", "title": "Optic neuropathy" }, { "docid": "7407460#13", "text": "The most recognized cause of a toxic optic neuropathy is methanol intoxication. This can be a life-threatening event that normally accidentally occurs when the victim mistook, or substituted, methanol for ethyl alcohol. Blindness can occur with drinking as little as an ounce of methanol, but this can be counteracted by concurrent drinking of ethyl alcohol. The patient initially has nausea and vomiting, followed by respiratory distress, headache, and visual loss 18–48 hours after consumption. Without treatment, patients can go blind, and their pupils will dilate and stop reacting to light.The inherited optic neuropathies typically manifest as symmetric bilateral central visual loss. Optic nerve damage in most inherited optic neuropathies is permanent and progressive.The optic nerve contains axons of nerve cells that emerge from the retina, leave the eye at the optic disc, and go to the visual cortex where input from the eye is processed into vision. There are 1.2 million optic nerve fibers that derive from the retinal ganglion cells of the inner retina.", "title": "Optic neuropathy" }, { "docid": "42067609#1", "text": "The leaked documents describe the users under surveillance as \"unselected\", meaning that data was collected indiscriminately in bulk from users regardless of whether they were an intelligence target or not. The vast majority of affected users would have been completely innocent of any crime or suspicion of a crime. Optic Nerve as described in the documents collected one still image every 5 minutes per user, attempting to comply with human rights legislation. The images were collected in a searchable database, and used for experiments in facial recognition, to monitor known targets, and to discover new targets. The choice of Yahoo! for surveillance was taken because \"Yahoo webcam is known to be used by GCHQ targets\". Unlike the US NSA, the UK GCHQ is not required by law to minimize the collection from domestic citizens, so UK citizens could have been targeted on the same level as non-UK citizens.", "title": "Optic Nerve (GCHQ)" }, { "docid": "265002#2", "text": "The optic nerve hypoplasia is generally manifested by nystagmus (involuntary eye movements, often side-to-side) and a smaller-than-usual optic disc. The degree of visual impairment is variable, and ranges from normal vision to complete blindness. When nystagmus develops, it typically appears by 1–8 months of age, and usually indicates that there will be a significant degree of visual impairment, but the severity is difficult to predict in infancy. Although there are many measures to compensate for visual impairment, there are few treatments available to induce normal optic nerve function.", "title": "Septo-optic dysplasia" }, { "docid": "199351#17", "text": "The British intelligence agency Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ)'s secret mass surveillance program Optic Nerve and National Security Agency (NSA) were reported to be indiscriminately collecting still images from Yahoo webcam streams from millions of mostly innocent Yahoo webcam users, among other things creating a database for facial recognition for future use. Optic Nerve took a still image from the webcam stream every 5 minutes.", "title": "Yahoo! Messenger" }, { "docid": "1607681#2", "text": "In the initial self-published issues, as well as the first eight Drawn & Quarterly issues (1995-2001), \"Optic Nerve\" was typically a collection of short stories. After an extended hiatus, Tomine resumed the comic in fall of 2004 and began his first multi-issue storyline, \"Shortcomings,\" with #9.\nIssue one contains five stories entitled \"Sleepwalk,\" \"Echo Ave.,\" \"Long Distance,\" \"Drop\" and \"Lunch Break.\" Published by Drawn and Quarterly in April 1995. Issue two contains four stories entitled \"The Connecting Thread,\" \"Summer Job,\" \"Pink Frosting\" and \"Layover.\" Published by Drawn and Quarterly in November 1995", "title": "Optic Nerve (comics)" }, { "docid": "32539059#30", "text": "The use of optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) for the assessment of ICP dates back to 1987 when Cennamo and colleagues demonstrated a linear relationship between ICP and the sheath diameter measured with a trans-orbital ultrasound probe in an A-scan mode (principally equivalent to the time-of-the-flight measurements of the cranium diameter). The original measurement method was technically difficult and unreliable because of the nearly coaxial alignment of the optic nerve and propagation axis of the ultrasound wave, but the precision was significantly improved with the use of B-scan (or planar) ultrasound which provided longitudinal cross-section images of the optic nerve and its sheath. Since then, the method has been successfully validated in several relatively large studies that included patients with severe head trauma, hydrocephalus, intracranial hemorrhage or stroke, liver failure, and climbers with acute mountain sickness. While the ONSD can at any given point along the optic nerve be measured with a precision of <1mm, the reliability of derived ICP levels is plagued by inter-individual variability and the dependence of ONSD magnitude on the point along the nerve at which the measurement was taken. Almost all validation studies so far have recommended that ONSD to be used for identification of patients with intracranial hypertension that requires treatment (ICP>20mmHg, i.e. ONSD>5mmHg) rather than for a measurement of ICP.", "title": "Non-invasive measurement of intracranial pressure" } ]

[ { "docid": "2107029#2", "text": "Kahlenberg is 484 meters high and lies in the northeastern foothills of the Eastern Alps. The mountain is mostly flysch, which is composed of quartz, limestone, marl, and other conglomerates. East of Kahlenberg is Leopoldsberg; and to the west are Reisenberg, Latisberg, and Hermannskogel.", "title": "Kahlenberg" } ]

[ { "docid": "2715720#0", "text": "The Kahlenberg Transmitter is a facility for FM- and TV on the Kahlenberg near Vienna. It was established in 1953 and used until 1956 an antenna on the observation tower Stefaniewarte. From 1956 to 1974 a 129 metre high guyed mast built of lattice steel was used. Since 1974 a 165 metre high guyed steel tube mast has been used, which is equipped with rooms of technical equipment.", "title": "Kahlenberg Transmitter" }, { "docid": "2107029#1", "text": "The Kahlenberg lies in the Vienna Woods and is one of the most popular destinations for day-trips from Vienna, offering a view over the entire city. Parts of Lower Austria can also be seen from \"Stefaniewarte\" at the peak. Next to Stefaniewarte is a 165-meter high steel tower that serves as the transmitter for the ORF, the Austrian Broadcast Corporation. Two terraces are located on the mountain: one at a small church called St. Josef and one at a restaurant built in the 1930s by architect Erich Boltenstern. Parts of the restaurant and a nearby abandoned hotel have been torn down and replaced by a modern restaurant and MODUL University Vienna, a private university established in 2007, focusing on Social and Economic Development, in particular in the areas of tourism, information technology and public governance. The demolition was opposed by the local historical society and by some architects who believed the building was worth protecting. There is also a spiritual recovery center and a center for a Catholic reform movement, the Schönstattbewegung Österreich.", "title": "Kahlenberg" }, { "docid": "18948359#37", "text": "MODUL University Vienna is situated on Kahlenberg, a mountain () located in the 19th district of Vienna, Austria (Döbling). Kahlenberg lies in the Wienerwald (Vienna forest) and is one of the most popular destinations for day-trips from Vienna, offering a view over the entire city. Student accommodation arranged by MU Vienna is available in the 19th and 20th districts of Vienna. Many students live in other parts of Vienna or in their home cities and countries and commute to the campus. Kahlenberg can be reached by car or by bus (Bus line 38A) via the Höhenstraße, part of which is cobblestone.", "title": "MODUL University Vienna" }, { "docid": "2107029#7", "text": "Kahlenberg can be reached by car or by bus (Bus line 38A) via the picturesque Höhenstraße, part of which is cobblestone. The first Austrian cog railway was built to Kahlenberg in 1872 and 1873 and opened in 1874. It was designed by Carl Maader. The track climbed 316 meters over 5.5 km and started from the train station in Nußdorf (today the end station of the tram-line D) and connected through Grinzing and Krapfenwaldl to the Kahlenberg Hotel, which opened in 1872. An average of 180,000 passengers used the train line each year. After World War I, the Vienna municipality converted the trams to electric power. The surrounding citizens had already dismantled large parts of the track during the war. On September 21, 1920, the line was finally shut down.", "title": "Kahlenberg" }, { "docid": "84274#0", "text": "The Battle of Vienna ( or \"Kahlenberg\" (Battle of the Bald Mountains); or \"odsiecz wiedeńska\" (The Relief of Vienna); Modern Turkish: \"İkinci Viyana Kuşatması\", Ottoman Turkish: \"Beç Ḳalʿası Muḥāṣarası\") took place at Kahlenberg Mountain near Vienna on 1683 after the imperial city had been besieged by the Ottoman Empire for two months. The battle was fought by the Habsburg Monarchy, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Holy Roman Empire, under the command of King John III Sobieski against the Ottomans and their vassal and tributary states. The battle marked the first time the Commonwealth and the Holy Roman Empire had cooperated militarily against the Ottomans, and it is often seen as a turning point in history, after which \"the Ottoman Turks ceased to be a menace to the Christian world\". In the ensuing war that lasted until 1699, the Ottomans lost almost all of Hungary to the Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I.", "title": "Battle of Vienna" }, { "docid": "11247268#8", "text": "\"We designed the building from the inside out, not the outside in,” said Loretta H. Cockrum, Foram’s founder, chairman and CEO. “We wanted the most efficient office building ever designed, with no wasted space or wasted energy. This is a building of the future more than a building of the present. A lot of love has gone into that building, and a lot of pride.\"", "title": "Brickell World Plaza" }, { "docid": "41959688#0", "text": "Winfield Toll Bridge, also known as the Ross Booth Memorial Bridge, is a historic three-span cantilever Warren Truss bridge located at Winfield and Red House, Putnam County, West Virginia. It was built in 1955, and spans the Kanawha River, carrying West Virginia Route 34. The cantilever through-truss consists of two anchor spans each 245 feet in length and the main span 462 feet in length between pier center lines. The main span consists of two 128 feet, 4 inch, cantilever arms and a 205 feet, 4 inch, suspended span.", "title": "Winfield Toll Bridge" }, { "docid": "49690912#0", "text": "ㅜ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅜ is U+315C.", "title": "ㅜ" }, { "docid": "49691504#0", "text": "ㅟ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅟ is U+315F.", "title": "ㅟ" } ]

[ { "docid": "33256286#3", "text": "The world's largest ethnic group is Han Chinese with Mandarin being the world's most spoken language in terms of native speakers.", "title": "Demographics of the world" } ]

[ { "docid": "781460#14", "text": "One of his works, \"Man's Most Dangerous Myth\", was written while race was considered the determinant of people's character and intelligence (Rowman and Littlefield). Montagu presented a unique theory for his time: \"in biology race is defined as a subdivision of species which inherits physical characteristics distinguishing it from other populations of the species. In this sense there are many human 'races.' But this is not the sense in which many anthropologists, race-classifiers, and racists have used the term.\" He admits that in a biological sense, there is the existence of races within mankind. However, he also believes that not all of mankind can be classified. Part of his reasoning has to do with mixed origin, which has resulted in “overlapping” of physicalities. Instead of races and subspecies, he prefers mixed ethnic groups. His writing further emphasizes the complexity of our descent and rejects claims that support one race being superior when compared to others. He also says profoundly that the \"so-called\" main divisions of mankind are species instead of races.", "title": "Ashley Montagu" }, { "docid": "1918632#113", "text": "The Rohingya people have been described as \"one of the world's least wanted minorities\" and \"some of the world's most persecuted people\". Médecins Sans Frontières claimed that the discrimination and human rights challenges the Rohingya people have faced at the hands of the country's government and military are \"among the world's top ten most under-reported stories of 2007.” In February 1992, Myanmar's Ministry of Foreign Affairs stated in a press release, “In actual fact, although there are (135) national races living in Myanmar today, the so-called Rohingya people is not one of them. Historically, there has never been a 'Rohingya' race in Myanmar.\"", "title": "Rohingya people" }, { "docid": "4070099#3", "text": "The prominent German zoologist Ernst Haeckel mentioned Müller when he formulated his own racialist theory about higher and lower races:\nThe Caucasian, or Mediterranean man (\"Homo Mediterraneus\"), has from time immemorial been placed at the head of all the races of men, as the most highly developed and perfect. It is generally called the Caucasian race, but as, among all the varieties of the species, the Caucasian branch is the least important, we prefer the much more suitable appellation proposed by Friedrich Müller, namely, that of \"Mediterranese\". For the most important varieties of this species, which are moreover the most eminent actors in what is called “Universal History,” first rose to a flourishing condition on the shores of the Mediterranean.… This species alone (with the exception of the Mongolian) has had an actual history; it alone has attained to that degree of civilization which seems to raise men above the rest of nature.\nBesides contributing largely on comparative philology and etnnology to the \"Mitteilungen der anthropologischen Gesellschaft\" and the \"Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes\", and editing these periodicals for a time, Müller wrote:", "title": "Friedrich Müller (linguist)" }, { "docid": "19477084#6", "text": "Recent exhibitions at Tensta konsthall include\n• “Abstract Possible: The Stockholm Synergies,” with Doug Ashford, Claire Barclay, Goldin+Senneby, Wade Guyton, Mai-Thu Perret, Walid Raad, and Haegue Yang, among others\n• “Kami, Khokha, Bert and Ernie: World Heritage” by Hinrich Sachs\n• “Doing what you want: Marie-Louise Ekman accompanied by Sister Corita Kent, Mladen Stilinović, and Martha Wilson” \n• “The Society without qualities” with Sören Andreasen, Ane Hjort Guttu, Sture Johannesson, Sharon Lockhardt, and Palle Nielsen (part of “The new model” and curated by Lars Bang Larsen)\n• “Working With…” by Zak Kyes\n• “We are continuing BBDG” with Bernd Krauss\n• “Two Archives” by Babak Afrassiabi and Nasrin Tabatabai", "title": "Tensta Konsthall" }, { "docid": "27788167#2", "text": "Throughout Rosecroft's history, it has featured notable races. From 1984 to 1988, it hosted segments of the Breeders Crown. Starting in 1990 and ending in 1995, the racetrack hosted the Messenger Stakes, the second leg of the Triple Crown of Harness Racing for Pacers. Rosecroft hosted the Potomac Stakes, Maryland most successful harness race, from 1990 to 1992. Rosecroft features the Maryland Sire Stakes, which showcases the best standardbred horses in Maryland. Besides the races, Rosecroft has had famous people and horses work and race at the track. John Wager, Maryland's all-time most winning driver, has been working at Rosecroft since 1974. Several famous people—Lyndon B. Johnson, Elizabeth Taylor, and Nancy Pelosi, among others—have visited Rosecroft. Cam's Card Shark raced at Rosecroft in 1994 and challenged the single-season record for most money won in a season by winning over $2 million, and Robust Hanover set a track record while winning the Breeders Crown in 1985.", "title": "Rosecroft Raceway" }, { "docid": "41959688#0", "text": "Winfield Toll Bridge, also known as the Ross Booth Memorial Bridge, is a historic three-span cantilever Warren Truss bridge located at Winfield and Red House, Putnam County, West Virginia. It was built in 1955, and spans the Kanawha River, carrying West Virginia Route 34. The cantilever through-truss consists of two anchor spans each 245 feet in length and the main span 462 feet in length between pier center lines. The main span consists of two 128 feet, 4 inch, cantilever arms and a 205 feet, 4 inch, suspended span.", "title": "Winfield Toll Bridge" }, { "docid": "11247268#8", "text": "\"We designed the building from the inside out, not the outside in,” said Loretta H. Cockrum, Foram’s founder, chairman and CEO. “We wanted the most efficient office building ever designed, with no wasted space or wasted energy. This is a building of the future more than a building of the present. A lot of love has gone into that building, and a lot of pride.\"", "title": "Brickell World Plaza" }, { "docid": "49690867#0", "text": "ㅛ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅛ is U+315B.", "title": "ㅛ" }, { "docid": "37367511#0", "text": "ㅋ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅋ is U+314B.", "title": "ㅋ" }, { "docid": "49690912#0", "text": "ㅜ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅜ is U+315C.", "title": "ㅜ" }, { "docid": "33256286#56", "text": "Worldwide, English is used widely as a lingua franca and can be seen to be the dominant language at this time. The world's largest language by native speakers is Mandarin Chinese which is a first language of around 960 million people, or 12.44% of the population, predominantly in Greater China. Spanish is spoken by around 330 to 400 million people, predominantly in the Americas and Spain. Arabic is spoken by around 280 million people. Bengali is spoken by around 250 to 300 million people worldwide, predominantly in Bangladesh and India. Hindi is spoken by about 200 million speakers, mostly in India. Portuguese is spoken by about 230 million speakers in Portugal, Brazil, East Timor, and Southern Africa.", "title": "Demographics of the world" } ]

[ { "docid": "47710089#19", "text": "The novel mentions the Union Pacific Railroad and sets the “legendary Kwan Kung as foreman of the Chinese laborers building the Central Pacific Railroad” in the 1860s. The book deals with the issue that these Chinese laborers didn’t get the credit they deserved for building the railroad. Although Kwan Kung, who is a famous general of “the late Eastern Han Dynasty and Three Kingdoms era of China,” (quoted from Kwan Kung's Wikipedia entry) wasn’t actually there when the railroad was built, the building of the railroad by Chinese workers did take place. It also references the lives and treatment of Chinese Americans who lived in Chinatown during the mid/late 20th century. This book altogether deals with “racist U.S. exclusion laws, the nineteenth century exploitation of Chinese laborers, the distortion of classic Chinese philosophy and literature, the erasure of Chinese-American history, [and] the emasculating stereotypes of Chinese in the American media”.\nDonald Duk earned Chin a 1992 Lannan Literary Award, as well as a selection as one of the Best Books for Young Adults by the New York Public Library. Chin was the first Asian American to receive recognition from the Lannan Foundation.", "title": "Donald Duk" }, { "docid": "5996132#1", "text": "He worked on the First Transcontinental Railroad as the foreman of a group of Chinese railroad workers, many of whom Chin, himself, recruited and helped to gain passage into the United States. His leadership was important to the construction of the railroad because Chinese railroad workers were used to lay the steel rails. Following the completion of the railroad in 1869 he settled for a time in Black Hawk, Colorado where he was the unofficial leader of a group of Chinese immigrants who settled in a community called Cottonwood.", "title": "Chin Lin Sou" }, { "docid": "48999#4", "text": "The Chinese came to California in large numbers during the California Gold Rush, with 40,400 being recorded as arriving from 1851–1860, and again in the 1860s, when the Central Pacific Railroad recruited large labor gangs, many on five-year contracts, to build its portion of the Transcontinental Railroad. The Chinese laborers worked out well and thousands more were recruited until the railroad's completion in 1869. Chinese labor provided the massive workforce needed to build the majority of the Central Pacific's difficult route through the Sierra Nevada mountains and across Nevada.", "title": "Chinese Americans" }, { "docid": "1713399#6", "text": "The episode follows the construction of the First Transcontinental Railroad, the first transcontinental rail system, which would unite the eastern and western seaboards of the United States. Started in Sacramento by a consortium of local shopkeepers with no experience in building a railroad, the episode follows their efforts to build from west to east through the forbidding Sierra Nevada mountains with the help of Chinese labourers whilst simultaneously following the efforts of the workers of the Union Pacific to build from east to west, and their problems in dealing with the lawless nature of the Wild West, attacks by hostile Indians, and financial corruption and scandal.", "title": "Seven Wonders of the Industrial World" } ]

[ { "docid": "48999#3", "text": "In the 1850s, Chinese workers migrated to the United States, first to work in the gold mines, but also to take agricultural jobs, and factory work, especially in the garment industry. Chinese immigrants were particularly instrumental in building railroads in the American west, and as Chinese laborers grew successful in the United States, a number of them became entrepreneurs in their own right. As the numbers of Chinese laborers increased, so did the strength of anti-Chinese attitude among other workers in the American economy. This finally resulted in legislation that aimed to limit future immigration of Chinese workers to the United States, and threatened to sour diplomatic relations between the United States and China; The Chinese Exclusion Act", "title": "Chinese Americans" }, { "docid": "53866424#0", "text": "The Chinese Underground Railroad was an imaginary route through the borderland between the United States and Mexico, especially around El Paso, Texas. Because of the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act, Chinese immigrants, with the help of Chinese laborers living in Mexico and smugglers, would illegally enter the United States in order to bypass the act. Similar to the Underground Railroad that brought African-American slaves to free states in northern United States and Canada, the Chinese underground railroad was not actually a railroad. Additionally, the secret route allowed Chinese immigrants from the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century enter the United States during a time of discrimination against Chinese people.", "title": "Chinese Underground Railroad" }, { "docid": "41817437#2", "text": "The American China Development Company then pursued the right to build the southern leg, from Wuchang across the river from Hankou to Guangzhou (\"Canton\") on the Pearl River. America, unlike the Russian, French, German, Japanese, or British empires, did not have a political stake in the Chinese economy and had significant experience building railroads, which made the American China Development Company an attractive option. In April 1898, the Chinese minister in Washington and A.W. Bash came to an agreement for a loan in which the American company had to market bonds worth 4,000,000, to oversee the construction of the railroad, and to operate it during the fifty years of the loan period. The concession also allowed the company to operate coal mines nearby. The Guangzhou–Wuchang line was the only railway project secured by an American company after 1895, but even this railway line would be lost within seven years.", "title": "American China Development Company" }, { "docid": "1607228#20", "text": "Nyerere and Kaunda pursued different avenues for the construction of a rail route. When Nyerere visited Beijing in February 1965, he was hesitant to raise the issue of the railway out of concern that China was also a poor country. President Liu Shaoqi offered to assist Tanzania and Zambia in building a railway between the two countries. Chairman Mao Zedong told Nyerere, \"You have difficulties as do we, but our difficulties are different. To help you build the railway, we are willing to forsake building railways for ourselves.\" Chinese leaders assured Nyerere that Tanzania and Zambia would have full ownership of the completed railway, along with transferred technology and equipment. Nyerere did not immediately accept the Chinese offer but sought to use it to induce Western backing for the railway, but none was forthcoming. He did, however, accept a team of Chinese surveyors, who produced a short report in October 1966.", "title": "TAZARA Railway" }, { "docid": "53866424#2", "text": "The underground railroad from Mexico to the United States was not actually a railroad, but it did follow the railroad lines between Sonora and Arizona. The underground railroad was found throughout the American-Mexican border, but its most common route was through El Paso. The route smuggled Chinese immigrants, as well as drugs (mainly opium) and diamonds to cities in the United States, such as Los Angeles to Chicago. Anglo-Americans and Chinese immigrants would team up to bring Chinese immigrants to the United States through Mexico. In the early 1900s, smugglers took advantage of the less populated regions in the borderland to bring Chinese immigrants into the United States. Smugglers would begin in Mexican cities such as Salina Cruz, Manzanillo, Mazatlán, and Guaymas and travel through Nogales, Arizona and Nogales Sonora, which were twin border cities, until they reached the United States.", "title": "Chinese Underground Railroad" }, { "docid": "538951#9", "text": "Congress distrusted the Union Pacific Railroad (UP) and in 1884 forced it to hire Adams as the new president. Adams had long promoted various reform ideas, as in his book \"Railroads, Their Origin and Problems\" (1878), but he had little practical experience in management. As railroad president, he was successful in getting a good press for the UP, and set up libraries along the route to allow his employees to better themselves. He had poor results dealing with the Knights of Labor labor union. When the Knights of Labor refused extra work in Wyoming in 1885, Adams hired Chinese workers. The result was the Rock Springs massacre, that killed scores of Chinese, and drove all the rest out of Wyoming. He tried to build a complex network of alliances with other businesses, but they provided little help to the UP. He had great difficulty in making decisions, and in coordinating his subordinates. Adams was unable to stanch the worsening financial condition of the UP, and in 1890 the railroad's owner Jay Gould forced his resignation.", "title": "Charles Francis Adams Jr." } ]

[ { "docid": "33025689#0", "text": "American Indian Model Schools (AIM Schools) is a charter school system based in Oakland, California. Started with the American Indian Public Charter School, a middle school in the late 1990s to serve Native American students, in 2007 it expanded to include another middle school and a high school. The main campus is in the Laurel area and includes American Indian Public Charter School (AIPCS), a middle school of grades 5-8, and American Indian Public High School (AIPHS), a high school (9-12). AIPHS students can also take select classes at Merritt College. American Indian Public Charter School II (AIPCS II) has grades K-8 at a second campus located in Oakland's Chinatown. By 2012 the student population of the AIM schools had become 90% Asian American.", "title": "American Indian Model Schools" }, { "docid": "33025689#27", "text": "As of 2017, the system includes three schools, American Indian Public Charter School (AICPS), middle school with grades 5-8; American Indian Public Charter School II (AIPCS II), K-8; and American Indian Public High School (AIPHS), a high school (9-12).", "title": "American Indian Model Schools" }, { "docid": "33025689#55", "text": "In May 2009, American Indian Public Charter School had an Academic Performance Index (API) of 967. Mitchell Landsberg said that the other two AIM schools \"are not far behind.\" The state API target is 800. The state average of public middle and high schools is 750. The state average of schools with underprivileged students is 650. Of the public schools in California, during that year four middle schools and three high schools had higher API scores than AIPCS; none of them had student bodies of mostly underprivileged students. Mitchell Landsberg of the \"Los Angeles Times\" stated that while critics of the school often said that the high number of Asian American students causes the test scores to be high, the African American and Hispanic students \"do roughly as well -- in fact, better on some tests\" so \"[t]hat makes American Indian a rarity in American education, defying the axiom that poor black and Latino children will lag behind others in school.\" In 2008, Janet Roberts, the head of the AIM system, said that the speculation that the increased numbers of Asian students caused test scores to go higher demonstrated that the educational establishment has low expectations of low-income African American, Hispanic and Latino, and Native American children.", "title": "American Indian Model Schools" } ]

[ { "docid": "33025689#56", "text": "Landsberg said that the school system has high performance because it \"attracts academically motivated students, relentlessly (and unapologetically) teaches to the test, wrings more seat time out of every school day, hires smart young teachers, demands near-perfect attendance, piles on the homework, refuses to promote struggling students to the next grade and keeps discipline so tight that there are no distractions or disruptions. Summer school is required.\" Landsberg added \"There is no secret to any of this. Portions of the American Indian model resemble methods used by the KIPP charter schools or, for that matter, urban parochial schools.\"", "title": "American Indian Model Schools" }, { "docid": "33025689#12", "text": "By 2002 the school's enrollment tripled, and its test scores were increasing. For the school year 2006-2007, Chavis and his board founded the American Indian Model School system, adding the American Indian Charter High School with the beginning of the school year in September 2006.", "title": "American Indian Model Schools" }, { "docid": "33036082#0", "text": "American Indian Public High School is a charter school in Oakland, California (USA) and is part of the American Indian Model Schools charter school system. In 2011, the school ranked fourth in California in the Academic Performance Index (API). American Indian Public High School ranked first on a \"Washington Post\" list of the most challenging high schools in the United States. Approximately 77 percent of the school's students are from low-income households. It was ranked the 9th best charter school in the U.S. and the 38th best public high school in the U.S. by \"U.S. News & World Report\" in 2013.", "title": "American Indian Public High School" }, { "docid": "23018630#2", "text": "The American Indian Model Schools charter system developed from the AIPCS in order to expand the offerings to students. Since 2007, under new management, it has operated three schools in the city, two middle schools (one had grades K-4 added in 2012), and a high school, American Indian Public High School. The charter for the AIMS schools was threatened in 2012 because of discoveries of financial mismanagement and concerns about leadership. Although the Oakland School District voted to revoke the charter, the school system gained a preliminary injunction that allowed it to operate the three schools. With new leaders, it gained a 5-year renewal of its charter in 2013.", "title": "American Indian Public Charter School" }, { "docid": "23018630#34", "text": "In 2007 the American Indian Model Schools system opened AIPCS II, located in Oakland's Chinatown neighborhood; 67% of its students were Asian. In 2005-2006 the entering students came to the middle school almost exclusively from the nearby public Lincoln Elementary School. Its students have had high test scores and are predominantly Asian.", "title": "American Indian Public Charter School" }, { "docid": "23018630#11", "text": "In 2007, the AIPCS board expanded its operation, and founded the American Indian Model Schools system (see related article.) It opened a second middle school campus, AIPCS II, and a high school, the American Indian Public High School (AIPHS). In the same year, Chavis resigned as head of school after several controversies, but he was retained by the board in an executive role until January 2012.\nOn March 20, 2013, the Oakland School Board in a 4 - 3 vote decided to revoke the three schools' charters. This included the charter for the AIPCS elementary school attended by Chavis' own children. On July 15, 2013, Alameda County Superior Court Judge Evelio Grillo granted the school system a preliminary injunction, allowing all three campuses to remain open.", "title": "American Indian Public Charter School" }, { "docid": "33025689#28", "text": "The school system has two campuses. The original American Indian Public Charter School and the main campus of American Indian High School occupy a converted church located off MacArthur Boulevard, in the Laurel area of Oakland. AIPCS II is located on another campus in the city's Chinatown. Students at AIPHS who attend dual credit classes with Merritt College attend some classes at the Merritt campus.", "title": "American Indian Model Schools" }, { "docid": "33025689#1", "text": "The Oakland Unified School District (OUSD) granted the charter to the school system and oversees it. The American Indian Model School system has its own school board and internal policies.", "title": "American Indian Model Schools" } ]

[ { "docid": "3275887#0", "text": "Ursula is a fictional character who appears in Walt Disney Pictures' 28th animated feature film \"The Little Mermaid\" (1989). Voiced by American actress Pat Carroll, Ursula is a villainous sea witch who tricks a mermaid princess named Ariel into trading her voice for a pair of human legs, at first appearing to be providing the character with an opportunity to become human by temporarily transforming her into one so that she may earn the love of Prince Eric within three days. However, Ursula is, in fact, determined to sabotage Ariel's chances at any expense so that she can ultimately replace the mermaid's father King Triton as ruler over Atlantica.", "title": "Ursula (The Little Mermaid)" }, { "docid": "3275887#6", "text": "Ursula is voiced by American actress and comedian Pat Carroll. Carroll was not the filmmakers' first choice for the role; Clements, Musker and Ashman had long debated who should voice the villainness, the casting of whom was long and tedious, spanning an entire year. In his book \"Makin' Toons: Inside the Most Popular Animated TV Shows and Movies\", author Allan Neuwirth documented that the filmmakers searched \"for just the right performer who could put across the deep-voiced, world-weary, deadpan villainness they had in mind–but never quite snaring their catch\". While Ashman was interested in actress Joan Collins because he was a fan of her performance as Alexis Colby in the soap opera \"Dynasty\", Clements and Musker favored actress Bea Arthur, for whom they had actually written the role, describing Ursula as \"having a Bea Arthur-type basso voice\" in early drafts of their screenplay. Clements and Musker expected Arthur to accept the role because she had already been working for Disney's Touchstone Television on the sitcom \"The Golden Girls\". However, Arthur's agent resented the directors-writers for insinuating that her client voice a witch, refusing to even present the script to the actress.", "title": "Ursula (The Little Mermaid)" }, { "docid": "3275887#8", "text": "Carroll first learned of \"The Little Mermaid\" from her agent, and immediately agreed to audition for Ursula because she had always wanted to voice a Disney character. However, the actress felt that her chances were slim to none upon realizing that her competition largely consisted of famous film and television actresses. Musker described Carroll's audition approach as a hybrid of actors Maurice Evans and Tallulah Bankhead. Although confident in both her acting and singing auditions, Carroll did not hear back from her agent about the role until a year afterward, by which time she had already forgotten she had ever auditioned. Upon being cast, Carroll was entirely committed to the role, giving it complete precedence over all other jobs and projects at the time. Carroll's first task was to record \"Poor Unfortunate Souls\", her approach to which was remarkably different than Stritch's, first asking Howard to demonstrate exactly how he would like her to perform the song before attempting it. Carroll completely credits Ashman with her delivery, explaining, \"I got the whole attitude from him ... and his shoulders would twitch a certain way, and his eyes would go a certain way ... I got more about that character from Howard singing that song than from anything else.\" Carroll also borrowed Ursula's habit of saying \"innit\" instead of \"isn't it\" from Ashman. Despite their strong working relationship, Carroll described working with Ashman and composer Alan Menken as a \"brutal\" experience because of the songwriters' \"military\" approach; she would often return home from recording sessions with blown vocal chords. Carroll recalled her daughter, filmmaker Tara Karsian, reassuring her that \"you're in something that fifty years from now may be shown ... What you're working on now will be seen by our children, and our grandchildren, and our great-grandchildren\" after complaining to her about one of her recording sessions. Describing her own performance as Shakespearean, Carroll perceived Ursula as an \"ex-Shakespearean actress who now sold cars\", which inspired her dry, theatrical interpretation. Carroll also deepened her own voice for the role. When Carroll watched the completed film for the first time, she was frightened by her own performance, comparing it to actress Margaret Hamilton's performance as the Wicked Witch of the West in the film \"The Wizard of Oz\" (1939). Actress Jodi Benson, who voices Ariel, briefly provides the voice of \"Vanessa\", Ursula's beautiful human alter-ego, in lieu of Carroll. With the writing and recording of \"Poor Unfortunate Souls\", Ursula became the first Disney villainness to receive her own song.", "title": "Ursula (The Little Mermaid)" }, { "docid": "13055668#9", "text": "Irvin also provided the voice of the character Ursula in the 2007 \"George of the Jungle\" cartoon series which aired on the Cartoon Network, making her the first (and currently only) person ever to voice a cartoon character in a series remake, where the character had originally been voiced by June Foray in the original. Foray had originally voiced the character Ursula in the original \"George of the Jungle\" series from the 1960s – though the character is significantly different in the 2007 series than in the 1967 series. The series aired for only one season.", "title": "Britt Irvin" } ]

[ { "docid": "3275887#31", "text": "The episode \"Poor Unfortunate Soul\" contains further flashbacks to Ursula's youth, when she was a teenage mermaid living under the sea with her father King Poseidon (Ernie Hudson). Ursula was gifted with a beautiful voice, which Poseidon wanted her to use to lure pirates to their death, in order to avenge the murder of Ursula's mother at the hands of an unnamed pirate. Ursula refused and instead befriended a pirate, Captain Hook (Colin O'Donoghue), who supported her desire for freedom. Ursula and Hook's friendship fell apart when Hook sealed Ursula's singing voice inside an enchanted shell, in order to punish Poseidon for destroying a weapon Hook wanted for himself. Ursula, angered and disappointed with both merfolk and humans, used Poseidon's trident to transform her tail into tentacles, emulating the ancient sea goddess that she was named after.", "title": "Ursula (The Little Mermaid)" }, { "docid": "3275887#14", "text": "Ursula debuted in \"The Little Mermaid\" (1989) as a sea witch who is scheming to take advantage of the ambitions of King Triton's youngest daughter Princess Ariel in order to usurp the throne and turning merpeople into polyps for her garden. When Ariel saves and falls in love with a human named Prince Eric much to her father's chagrin, Ursula temporarily grants Ariel's wish to live as a human for three days in return for her voice. If she successfully earns a kiss from Eric by the end of the third day, Ariel will remain human permanently; if she fails, she will turn back into a mermaid and belong to Ursula forever. However, Ursula is determined to sabotage Ariel's and Eric's budding romance at any cost; when she realizes that Ariel and Eric are falling in love, Ursula transforms herself into a beautiful young woman named \"Vanessa\" and hypnotizes Eric, tricking him into agreeing to marry her instead. Ariel manages to thwart Ursula and Eric's wedding. Eric realizes that it was Ariel who saved him when her voice returns to her and is about to kiss her, but as the sun sets Ariel transforms back into a mermaid and is captured by Ursula. Triton confronts Ursula and agrees to give up himself and his magical trident in return for Ariel's freedom. Ursula then uses the trident to expand into monstrous proportions and attempts to kill Ariel and Eric, but Eric manages to impale Ursula with the splintered bowsprit of a wrecked ship, and she dies. With Ursula defeated, her power's cease, the merpeople turn back to normal, Triton's power is restored, and Ariel marries Eric once she is permanently transformed into a human.", "title": "Ursula (The Little Mermaid)" }, { "docid": "3275887#1", "text": "Created by directors and screenwriters Ron Clements and John Musker, Ursula is based on the sea witch character who appears in the fairy tale \"The Little Mermaid\" by Hans Christian Andersen. However, her minor role was greatly expanded into that of a much more prominent villain for the film. Disney had struggled to cast Ursula for a year, during which the role was well sought after by several coveted television actresses at the time. Clements and Musker disagreed with lyricist Howard Ashman about who should voice the character. While the directors had written the role with Bea Arthur in mind, Ashman intended to offer it to soap opera star Joan Collins; both actresses rejected the part. When Ashman cast his second choice, Broadway actress Elaine Stritch, as Ursula, both stage veterans disagreed about the manner in which Ursula's song \"Poor Unfortunate Souls\" would be performed, and Pat Carroll was finally hired to replace Stritch after Ashman fired her. Deepening her own voice for the role, Carroll based her performance on a combination of Shakespearean actresses and car salespeople.", "title": "Ursula (The Little Mermaid)" }, { "docid": "3275887#28", "text": "Ursula the Sea Goddess appears in Season 3, where she is voiced by Yvette Nicole Brown. In the episode \"Ariel\", Ursula is described as a sea goddess whom no one has seen for a thousand years. According to Ariel, Ursula gave merfolk the ability to gain legs once a year, when the tide is highest. Ariel uses this ability to visit Prince Eric at his castle, where he is having a ball honoring Ursula. Later, the Evil Queen (Lana Parrilla) disguises herself as Ursula in order to make a deal with Ariel and trick her into capturing Snow White. This physical disguise includes short white hair and tentacles, similar to Ursula's animated appearance. Although the Queen considers Ursula to be \"a long-dead octopus\", she is shocked when the real Ursula possesses a statue and warns the queen not to impersonate her again.", "title": "Ursula (The Little Mermaid)" }, { "docid": "3275887#11", "text": "About.com's David Nusair observed that \"There’s no limit to how low Ursula will stoop to achieve her goal\"; the character often relies on a combination of sorcery and deception to achieve them. \"A bargainer of the worst kind\", Ursula only agrees to help the less fortunate when she's confident that she can gain something from them in return. Identifying Ursula as Ariel's binary due to the character's experience and authority, \"Collision of Realities: Establishing Research on the Fantastic in Europe\" author Lars Schmeink described Ursula as a \"more complex and mature character\" than Ariel, embodying everything that the mermaid can potentially become. To Ariel, Ursula represents \"the matronly image\" who \"instigate[s] the young princess' epic journey\" as she longs to achieve the witch's \"sage-like knowledge and power\". Ursula teaches Ariel about womanhood, a theme \"From Mouse to Mermaid: The Politics of Film, Gender, and Culture\" author Elizabeth Belle noticed is absent in Anderson's story. According to Bell, \"Ursula can retrieve Ariel from her destined alliance with patriarchy\", observing that the witch actually \"teaches Ariel that performance and voice and manifestations\" are \"liberations of gender\". \"Teen Ink\"'s Emma James believes that Ursula's death ultimately prevents Ariel from experiencing and learning from the consequences of her actions, concluding, \"Ariel never really owns up to all the mishap she caused.\" Observing that Ursula actually warns Ariel about the consequences should she fail to earn a kiss from Eric, Laura Stampler of \"Time\" described the character as a \"Savvy contract negotiator\". Writing for Collider, Dave Trumbore identified Ursula as the film's \"Crossroads Demon\". According to Gary Thompson of the \"Philadelphia Daily News\", Ursula is similar to businesswoman Leona Helmsley.", "title": "Ursula (The Little Mermaid)" }, { "docid": "50444775#8", "text": "On June 10, 2016, China Anne McClain, who was already voicing Freddie on the \"Descendants\" spinoff series \"\", was announced to be playing Ursula's daughter, Uma, in \"Descendants 2\". In July 2016 it was revealed that Thomas Doherty would play the role of Harry, the son of Captain Hook. In August 2016, Sarah Jeffery who portrays Audrey revealed that she would not be returning, while Brenna D'Amico revealed that she would be returning in \"Descendants 2\", as were as Dianne Doan, Jedidiah Goodacre, and Zachary Gibson. On July 19, 2017, it was announced on \"The View\" that Whoopi Goldberg would be providing the voice for Ursula, the Sea Witch and Uma's mother.", "title": "Descendants 2" } ]

[ { "docid": "779804#15", "text": "The children of William Smith O'Brien and Lucy O'Brien were Edward William (Ned) (1831–1909), William Joseph (1839–1867), Lucy Josephine (1840–1907), Lucius Henry (1842–1913), Robert Donough (1844–1917), Charlotte Grace (1845–1909) and Charles Murrough (1849–1877). The elder daughter Lucy Josephine O'Brien married Rev John Gwynn and their children included writer and MP Stephen Gwynn, Lucy Gwynn who was the first woman registrar of Trinity College, Dublin, and Edward Gwynn who was Provost of Trinity College, Dublin. O'Brien's younger daughter Charlotte Grace O'Brien was a campaigner for the better treatment of Irish emigrants.", "title": "William Smith O'Brien" }, { "docid": "24029990#1", "text": "William O'Brien was the son of William O'Brien, 2nd Earl of Inchiquin and Lady Margaret Boyle. He married his cousin Mary Villiers, daughter of Sir Edward Villiers of Richmond and Frances Howard, the youngest daughter of Theophilus Howard, 2nd Earl of Suffolk and Elizabeth Hume.", "title": "William O'Brien, 3rd Earl of Inchiquin" }, { "docid": "20696210#2", "text": "William O'Brien married Elizabeth Rebecca Trotter (1775–1852), daughter of Thomas Trotter of Duleek co Meath on 16 September 1799.\nThey had no son but four daughters:", "title": "William O'Brien, 2nd Marquess of Thomond" } ]

[ { "docid": "20844602#1", "text": "He was born in Noel, Nova Scotia, the son of Isaac O'Brien and Mary Denny. In 1807, he married Jane F. Johnson. In 1809, he married Ann Putnam. He died in Noel at the age of 69.", "title": "William O'Brien (Nova Scotia politician)" }, { "docid": "31991113#1", "text": "James O'Brien was the son of William O'Brien, 3rd Earl of Inchiquin, and his wife, Mary Villiers, daughter of Sir Edward Villiers. He was born in 1701 at Inchiquin, County Clare. Not long after his birth, his family relocated to Charleville, County Cork. He married Mary Jephson, the daughter of the Very Reverend William Jephson, Dean of Kilmore, and Anne Barry.", "title": "James O'Brien (1695–1771)" }, { "docid": "66604#4", "text": "O'Brien was married to Hazel Ruth Collette in 1925 and they had two sons together, William and Willis, Jr., but the marriage was an unhappy one, which O'Brien was reportedly forced into and rebelled against with drinking, gambling, and extra-marital affairs. The couple had divorced by 1930 and the two boys remained with their mother, who had begun to show unbalanced behaviour. By 1931 Hazel had been diagnosed with cancer and tuberculosis, while William also contracted tuberculosis resulting in blindness in one eye and then the other.", "title": "Willis H. O'Brien" }, { "docid": "3049509#6", "text": "O'Brien was married to Catherine \"Kate\" Lyons. They were the parents of four sons and three daughters; William, James, Thomas, Edward, Geraldine, Anna, and Estelle.", "title": "James H. O'Brien" }, { "docid": "58247205#1", "text": "Frances Marcella O'Brien was born at Peafield near Ennis, County Clare, on 24 June 1840. Her parents were William O'Brien, a farmer, and his wife Marcella (née Burke-Browne) of Newgrove, County Clare. She was the second youngest child of three sons and two daughters. Marcella O'Brien died at age 30, when her children were still young, and William married again to a Miss Taylor of Mulpit, County Galway. Due to financial hardship, the O'Brien family emigrated to New York City in 1849. Due to O'Brien's asthma she was unable to join them, and remained in Ireland with her mother's family at Newgrove. As she was in poor health, she didn't receive a formal education. She was widely read and got direction from her aunt and the parish priest. She became friends with Timothy Daniel Sullivan and the editor of the \"Irish Monthly\", Fr Matthew Russell. It was in the \"Irish Monthly\" that O'Brien published poetry and fiction, firstly under \"A. O'B.\" and then under her nickname \"Attie O'Brien\". One of the first poems of note by O'Brien was published in 1877, \"Probatica\". In 1878 she published 6 more poems.", "title": "Frances O'Brien" }, { "docid": "779804#14", "text": "While studying in London O'Brien met Mary Ann Wilton and fathered two children born to her. In Autumn 1832 he married Lucy Caroline Gabbett (1811–1861) of County Limerick. They had five boys and two girls.", "title": "William Smith O'Brien" }, { "docid": "21858331#1", "text": "He was born in Thornhill, Upper Canada, the son of Edward G. O'Brien, an immigrant from Ireland, and was educated at Upper Canada College. In 1864, he married Elizabeth Loring, a descendant of United Empire Loyalist Joshua Loring. He was called to the Ontario bar in 1874. O'Brien was an unsuccessful candidate for a seat in the House of Commons in 1878. He was a lieutenant-colonel in the militia and commanded a regiment during the North-West Rebellion of 1885. In 1889, O'Brien introduced a motion in the House of Commons that the Jesuit Estates Act, which had been passed by the Quebec assembly, be struck down by the federal parliament; that motion was defeated. He was defeated when he ran for reelection in 1896.", "title": "William Edward O'Brien" } ]

[ { "docid": "731893#14", "text": "The whiteness or darkness of clouds is a function of their depth. Small, fluffy white clouds in summer look white because the sunlight is being scattered by the tiny water droplets they contain, and that white light comes to the viewer's eye. However, as clouds become larger and thicker, the white light cannot penetrate through the cloud, and is reflected off the top. Clouds look darkest grey during thunderstorms, when they can be as much as 20,000 to 30,000 feet high.", "title": "Grey" }, { "docid": "28779877#9", "text": "The color of a cloud, as seen from the Earth, tells much about what is going on inside the cloud. Dense deep tropospheric clouds exhibit a high reflectance (70% to 95%) throughout the visible spectrum. Tiny particles of water are densely packed and sunlight cannot penetrate far into the cloud before it is reflected out, giving a cloud its characteristic white color, especially when viewed from the top. Cloud droplets tend to scatter light efficiently, so that the intensity of the solar radiation decreases with depth into the gases. As a result, the cloud base can vary from a very light to very dark grey depending on the cloud's thickness and how much light is being reflected or transmitted back to the observer. Thin clouds may look white or appear to have acquired the color of their environment or background. High tropospheric and non-tropospheric clouds appear mostly white if composed entirely of ice crystals and/or supercooled water droplets.", "title": "Atmospheric optics" }, { "docid": "17599355#40", "text": "Clouds are white for the same reason as ice. They are composed of water droplets or ice crystals mixed with air, very little light that strikes them is absorbed, and most of the light is scattered, appearing to the eye as white. Shadows of other clouds above can make clouds look gray, and some clouds have their own shadow on the bottom of the cloud.", "title": "White" }, { "docid": "47515#55", "text": "The luminance or brightness of a cloud is determined by how light is reflected, scattered, and transmitted by the cloud's particles. Its brightness may also be affected by the presence of haze or photometeors such as halos and rainbows. In the troposphere, dense, deep clouds exhibit a high reflectance (70% to 95%) throughout the visible spectrum. Tiny particles of water are densely packed and sunlight cannot penetrate far into the cloud before it is reflected out, giving a cloud its characteristic white color, especially when viewed from the top. Cloud droplets tend to scatter light efficiently, so that the intensity of the solar radiation decreases with depth into the gases. As a result, the cloud base can vary from a very light to very-dark-grey depending on the cloud's thickness and how much light is being reflected or transmitted back to the observer. High thin tropospheric clouds reflect less light because of the comparatively low concentration of constituent ice crystals or supercooled water droplets which results in a slightly off-white appearance. However, a thick dense ice-crystal cloud appears brilliant white with pronounced grey shading because of its greater reflectivity.", "title": "Cloud" }, { "docid": "47515#57", "text": "Striking cloud colorations can be seen at any altitude, with the color of a cloud usually being the same as the incident light. During daytime when the sun is relatively high in the sky, tropospheric clouds generally appear bright white on top with varying shades of grey underneath. Thin clouds may look white or appear to have acquired the color of their environment or background. Red, orange, and pink clouds occur almost entirely at sunrise/sunset and are the result of the scattering of sunlight by the atmosphere. When the sun is just below the horizon, low-level clouds are gray, middle clouds appear rose-colored, and high clouds are white or off-white. Clouds at night are black or dark grey in a moonless sky, or whitish when illuminated by the moon. They may also reflect the colors of large fires, city lights, or auroras that might be present.", "title": "Cloud" } ]

[ { "docid": "3218853#4", "text": "The game contains three types of clouds: white clouds, which follow the avatar; gray, neutral clouds, which become white when touched; and black clouds, which may be combined with white clouds to cause rain, dissolving both clouds. A large number of white clouds more easily dissolves a small number of dark clouds than an equal number, and vice versa. White clouds stop following the avatar if the player moves too quickly and they resume following if approached again. Each of the four missions in \"Cloud\" has a different objective, including forming patterns in the sky with clouds, eliminating black clouds, and creating rain over each of the islands.", "title": "Cloud (video game)" }, { "docid": "20998785#0", "text": "White Cloud Airport is a public airport owned and operated by the City of White Cloud located 1m (1.6 km) north of White Cloud, a city in Newaygo County, Michigan, United States. The airport in uncontrolled, and is used for general aviation purposes. It is included in the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2017–2021, in which it is categorized as a basic general aviation facility.", "title": "White Cloud Airport" }, { "docid": "114533#0", "text": "White Cloud (Ioway: \"Chína Maxúthga\" pronounced or \"Chína Maxúhga\" pronounced , meaning \"Village Cloud-White\") is a city in Doniphan County, Kansas, United States. It was named for James White Cloud, son of Chief White Cloud of the Iowa people. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 176. White Cloud is the seat of government for the Iowa Tribe of Kansas and Nebraska.", "title": "White Cloud, Kansas" }, { "docid": "23785372#8", "text": "Although it is a small fish, the White Cloud Mountain minnow is sometimes used as a pond fish, especially in ponds intended for frogs to breed. Adult White Cloud Mountain minnows will sometimes eat frog eggs as the tadpoles begin to move about or wait for them to hatch. Once tadpoles are a couple of days old they are out of danger. White Cloud Mountain minnows will effectively control the breeding of mosquitoes. They will breed readily in ponds as long as there are no other fish. While they can endure temperatures as low as 5 °C (41 °F), they should have good heating systems in the pond to prevent the water from freezing over in climates where this occurs regularly, making them more ideal for Subtropical climates (similar to their native habitat).", "title": "White Cloud Mountain minnow" }, { "docid": "23785372#0", "text": "The White Cloud Mountain Minnow (\"Tanichthys albonubes\") is a hardy species of freshwater fish and coldwater fish often kept in aquaria. The species is a member of the carp family (family Cyprinidae) of the order Cypriniformes, native to China. The White Cloud Mountain minnow is practically extinct in its native habitat, due to pollution and tourism. It was believed to be extinct for over 20 years in 1980, but an apparently native population of this fish was discovered on Hainan Island, well away from the White Cloud Mountain. They are bred in farms and are easily available through the aquarium trade. However, inbreeding in farms has led to genetically weak stock that is vulnerable to disease and prone to physical deformities.", "title": "White Cloud Mountain minnow" } ]

[ { "docid": "7331512#1", "text": "The Sahara is a vast desert of northern Africa, measuring about 932 miles from north to south and 2484 miles from east to west, and dotted with oases which are centres of population. Eight years after the journey of the French explorer Henri Duveyrier (1859–61), which had important scientific results, Pope Pius IX on 6 August 1868 appointed the Archbishop of Algiers, Mgr Charles Lavigerie, delegate Apostolic of the Sahara and the Sudan. In the same year the Jesuits established themselves at Laghouat, the extremity occupied by French arms. In 1871 they sent to Mgr Lavigerie a long report in which they advocated the establishment of dispensaries and schools. In 1872 Father Charmetant and two other White Fathers (Missionary Fathers of Africa of Algiers) replaced the Jesuits at Laghouat. In 1873 the White Fathers established themselves at Biskra, Ouargla, Touggart and Gerryville. Later a station was founded at Melili in M'zab.\nTwo successive attempts were made by the White Fathers to reach the Sudan region by crossing the Sahara, thus reaching Timbuktu, a large market for black slaves, there to join in the struggle against slavery. The first attempt was made in December, 1878, by Fathers Menoret, Paulmier and Bouchand; they were slain in April, 1876 by their Touarag guides, being the first martyrs of the Society of White Fathers, and the cause of their beatification was introduced at Rome in 1909. After this disaster the White Fathers founded two stations, not farther north in the desert, but to the north-east, at Tripoli and Ghadames, both in Libya. The massacre of the explorer Flatters and his companions (1880–81) did not discourage the White Fathers in their second attempt to cross the Sahara. In 1881 Father Richard set out from Ghadames, having become so Arabian in speech and bearing that no one suspected his nationality. He intended to establish himself with Fathers Morat and Pouplard at Ghat in the midst of the Libyan desert, but all three were assassinated.", "title": "Apostolic Vicariate of Sahara" } ]

[ { "docid": "21714#4", "text": "South of the Atlas Mountains is the dry and barren expanse of the Sahara desert, which is the largest sand desert in the world. In places the desert is cut by irregular watercourses called wadis—streams that flow only after rainfalls but are usually dry. The Sahara’s major landforms include ergs, large seas of sand that sometimes form into huge dunes; the hammada, a level rocky plateau without soil or sand; and the reg, a level plain of gravel or small stones. The Sahara covers the southern part of Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia, and most of Libya. Only two regions of Libya are outside the desert: Tripolitania in the northwest and Cyrenaica in the northeast. Most of Egypt is also desert, with the exception of the Nile River and the irrigated land along its banks. The Nile Valley forms a narrow fertile thread that runs along the length of the country.", "title": "North Africa" }, { "docid": "27068#4", "text": "The surface of the desert ranges from large areas of sand dunes (erg), to stone plateaus (hamadas), gravel plains (reg), dry valleys (wadis), and salt flats. The only permanent river that crosses the ecoregion is the Nile River, which originates in central Africa and empties northwards into the Mediterranean Sea. Some areas encompass vast underground aquifers resulting in oases, while other regions severely lack water reserves.\nThe Sahara Desert features a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification \"BWh\"). The Sahara Desert is one of the driest and hottest regions of the world, with a mean temperature sometimes over and the average high temperatures in summer are over for months at a time, and can even soar to . In desert rocky mountains such as the Tibesti in Libya or the Hoggar in Algeria, average highs in summer are slightly moderated by the high elevation and are between at elevation. Daily variations may also be extreme: a swing from has been observed. Typical temperature swings are between .", "title": "Sahara Desert (ecoregion)" }, { "docid": "27068#1", "text": "The Sahara Desert is the world's largest hot desert, located in North Africa. It stretches from the Red Sea to the Atlantic Ocean. The vast desert encompasses several ecologically distinct regions. The Sahara Desert ecoregion covers an area of in the hot, hyper-arid center of the Sahara, surrounded on the north, south, east, and west by desert ecoregions with higher rainfall and more vegetation.", "title": "Sahara Desert (ecoregion)" }, { "docid": "14612089#18", "text": "The Sahara Desert was chosen as an ideal location for solar farms as it is exposed to bright sunshine nearly all the time, roughly between 80% and 97% of the daylight hours in the best cases. This is the sunniest year-round area on the planet. In the world's largest hot desert, there is an extremely vast area, covering almost the whole desert, that receives more than 3,600 h of yearly sunshine. There is also a very large area in excess of 4,000 h of sunshine annually. The highest solar radiation received on the planet is in the Sahara Desert, under the Tropic of Cancer. This results from a general, strong lack of cloud cover year-round and a geographical position under the tropics.", "title": "Desertec" }, { "docid": "18955999#46", "text": "The potential for generating solar energy from the Sahara Desert is huge, the highest found on the globe. Professor David Faiman of Ben-Gurion University has stated that the technology now exists to supply all of the world's electricity needs from 10% of the Sahara Desert. Desertec Industrial Initiative was a consortium seeking $560 billion to invest in North African solar and wind installations over the next forty years to supply electricity to Europe via cable lines running under the Mediterranean Sea. European interest in the Sahara Desert stems from its two aspects: the almost continual daytime sunshine and plenty of unused land. The Sahara receives more sunshine per acre than any part of Europe. The Sahara Desert also has the empty space totalling hundreds of square miles required to house fields of mirrors for solar plants.", "title": "Desert" }, { "docid": "14612089#30", "text": "As also parts of the desert regions in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) come with high wind potential, Dii is examining in which geographic regions the installation of wind farms is suitable. Wind turbines produce electricity by wind turning the blades, which spin a shaft, which connects to a generator which produces electricity. The Sahara Desert is one of the windiest areas on the planet, especially on the western coast where lies the Atlantic coastal desert along Western Sahara and Mauritania. The annual average wind speed at the ground greatly exceeds 5 m/s in most of the desert, and even approach 8 m/s or 9 m/s along the western ocean coast. It's important to note that wind speed increases with height. The regularity and the constancy of winds in arid regions are major assets for wind energy, too. The winds blow nearly constantly over the desert and there are generally no windless days during throughout the year. Therefore, the desert of North Africa is also an ideal location to install large-scale wind parks and wind turbines with very good productivity.", "title": "Desertec" }, { "docid": "27068#0", "text": "The Sahara Desert ecoregion, as defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), includes the hyper-arid center of the Sahara, between 18° and 30° N. It is one of several desert and xeric shrubland ecoregions that cover the northern portion of the African continent.", "title": "Sahara Desert (ecoregion)" }, { "docid": "325363#46", "text": "The Kiffian culture is a prehistoric industry, or domain, that existed between 10,000 and 8,000 years ago in the Sahara, during the Neolithic Subpluvial. Human remains from this culture were found in 2000 at a site known as Gobero, located in Niger in the Ténéré Desert. The site is known as the largest and earliest grave of Stone Age people in the Sahara desert. The Kiffians were skilled hunters. Bones of many large savannah animals that were discovered in the same area suggest that they lived on the shores of a lake that was present during the Holocene Wet Phase, a period when the Sahara was verdant and wet. The Kiffian people were tall, standing over six feet in height. Craniometric analysis indicates that this early Holocene population was closely related to the Late Pleistocene Iberomaurusians and early Holocene Capsians of the Maghreb, as well as mid-Holocene Mechta groups. Traces of the Kiffian culture do not exist after 8,000 years ago, as the Sahara went through a dry period for the next thousand years. After this time, the Tenerian culture colonized the area.", "title": "Sahara" }, { "docid": "14612089#19", "text": "The annual average insolation, which represents the total amount of solar radiation energy received on a given area and on a giver period, is about 2,500 kWh/(m² year) over the region and this number can soar up to almost 3,000 kWh/(m² year) in the best cases. The weather features of the Sahara Desert, especially the insolation, have a pronounced nature. The annual electricity production reaches 1,300,000 TWh at maximum in this sun-drenched area if the whole desert is covered in solar panels.\nThe desert is also extremely vast covering about some 9,000,000 km² (3,474,920 sq mi), being almost as large as China or the United States and is sparsely populated, making it possible to set up large solar farms without a negative impact on inhabitants of the region, too. Lastly, sand deserts can provide silicon, a raw material that is essential in the production of solar panels.", "title": "Desertec" } ]

[ { "docid": "2876009#5", "text": "Apart from the twenty years as a seminary in the late nineteenth century, this site has a 330-year tradition of contributing to the education of young women. The school building was designed by John Francis Bentley, also responsible for Westminster Cathedral. In 1993 Cardinal Basil Hume, Archbishop of Westminster, visited the school for a Mass to celebrate its 100th anniversary.", "title": "Sacred Heart High School, Hammersmith" } ]

[ { "docid": "391897#36", "text": "The founder of Westminster Cathedral, Cardinal Herbert Vaughan laid great emphasis on the beauty and integrity of the cathedral's liturgy. Initially, he determined there should be a community of Benedictine monks at the new cathedral, performing the liturgies and singing the daily Office. This caused great resentment amongst the secular clergy of the diocese, who felt they were being snubbed. In the end, negotiations with both the English Benedictines and the community of French Benedictines at Farnborough failed and a 'traditional' choir of men and boys was set up instead. Despite great financial problems, the Choir School opened on 5 October 1901 with eleven boy choristers, in the building originally intended for the Benedictine monks. Cardinal Vaughan received the boys with the words \"You are the foundation stones\". The Cathedral Choir was officially instituted three months later in January 1902. Sung Masses and Offices were immediately established when the cathedral opened for worship in 1903, and have continued without interruption ever since. Today, Westminster Cathedral Choir is the only professional Catholic choir in the world to sing daily Mass and Vespers.", "title": "Westminster Cathedral" }, { "docid": "391897#37", "text": "When the question of a musical director was first considered, the choice fell on the singer Sir Charles Santley, who had conducted the choir of the pro-cathedral in Kensington on several occasions. But Santley knew his limitations and refused. Richard Runciman Terry —Director of Music at Downside Abbey School— then became the first director of music of Westminster Cathedral. It proved to be an inspired choice. Terry was both a brilliant choir trainer and a pioneering scholar, one of the first musicologists to revive the great works of the English and other European Renaissance composers. Terry built Westminster Cathedral Choir's reputation on performances of music —by Byrd, Tallis, Taverner, Palestrina and Victoria, among others- that had not been heard since the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and Mass at the cathedral was soon attended by inquisitive musicians as well as the faithful. The performance of great Renaissance Masses and motets in their proper liturgical context remains the cornerstone of the choir's activity.", "title": "Westminster Cathedral" }, { "docid": "391897#46", "text": "Westminster Cathedral has published a monthly magazine since 1896, before the building work was completed. The latest in a series of titles is \"Oremus\", which first appeared in 1996. (The Latin word \"oremus\" translates into English as \"Let us pray\".) \"Oremus\" is a 32-page colour magazine, which contains features and articles by well-known members of the Catholic community, as well as non-Catholic commentators and leading figures within British society. It is the successor of titles such as the \"Westminster Cathedral Record\", selling at 6d per copy from January 1896, the \"Westminster Cathedral Chronicle\", a monthly, available from January 1907 at 2d a copy or 3/- a year, post paid, and the \"Westminster Cathedral Bulletin\", first published in 1974. Dylan Parry, who edited the magazine between 2012 and August 2016, took the decision to make \"Oremus\" a free publication in 2013. The magazine is also available to download via Westminster Cathedral's website.", "title": "Westminster Cathedral" }, { "docid": "391897#1", "text": "The site on which the cathedral stands in the City of Westminster was purchased by the Diocese of Westminster in 1885, and construction was completed in 1903. Westminster Cathedral is the largest Catholic church building in England and Wales and the seat of the Archbishop of Westminster.", "title": "Westminster Cathedral" }, { "docid": "391897#28", "text": "It was not until the visit of Pope John Paul II in 1982 that the next mosaic was installed above the northwest entrance. Rather than a scene, this mosaic is an inscription: \"Porta sis ostium pacificum par eum qui se ostium appellavit, Jesus Christum\" (May this door be the gate of peace through Him who called Himself the gate, Jesus Christ). In 1999 the mosaic of Saint Patrick, holding a shamrock and a pastoral staff as well as trampling on a snake, was installed at the entrance to the chapel in his honour. In 2001 a striking mosaic of Saint Alban, strongly influenced by the style of early Byzantine iconography, was installed by the designer, Christopher Hobbs. Due to the very favourable reception of this work, Hobbs was commissioned for further mosaics: the chapel to Saint Joseph which contains mosaics of the Holy Family (2003) and men working on Westminster Cathedral (2006). Hobbs also did the chapel in honour of Saint Thomas Becket illustrating the saint standing in front of the old Canterbury Cathedral on the chapel's east wall and the murder of Thomas on the west wall. The vault is decorated with a design of flowers, tendrils and roundels. (2006). As of 2011, there were plans for further mosaics, for example Saint Francis of Assisi and Saint Anthony in the narthex", "title": "Westminster Cathedral" }, { "docid": "1309105#43", "text": "The monuments include those to George Ogden who died in 1781, by Hayward, to Anne Matthews who died in 1793, by Thomas Banks, to John Philips Buchanan who died at Waterloo in 1815, to the first Duke of Westminster, designed by C. J. Blomfield, and two memorial plaques to members of the Egerton family. On the wall of the southwest crossing pier are monuments which include a cenotaph to the casualties in HMS \"Chester\" in the Battle of Jutland in 1916 who included the 16-year-old John Cornwell VC. The west wall of the south transept has many memorials, including cenotaphs to the Cheshire Regiment, the Royal Air Force and the Free Czech Forces.", "title": "Chester Cathedral" }, { "docid": "99199#9", "text": "Scott was appointed architect to Westminster Abbey in 1849. In 1853 he built a Gothic terraced block adjoining the abbey in Broad Sanctuary. In 1858 he designed Christchurch Cathedral, Christchurch, New Zealand which now lies partly ruined following the earthquake in 2011 and subsequent attempts to demolish the cathedral by the Anglican Church authorities. Demolition was blocked after appeals by the population of Christchurch but the future of this historic building is still in dispute", "title": "George Gilbert Scott" }, { "docid": "39825003#1", "text": "The design by John Pollard Seddon – then diocesan architect for London – and Edward Beckitt Lamb (son of Edward Buckton Lamb) was based on earlier schemes that each had proposed separately, and was one of many extensions proposed for Westminster Abbey in late 19th and early 20th centuries by architects such as George Gilbert Scott, George John Shaw Lefevre, James Fergusson, and Henry Travis. In particular, the clergy at Westminster Abbey were concerned that the church was becoming crowded with monuments, and more space was needed. Some of the proposed designs were considered by a Royal Commission in 1891, and the issue was given added impetus after the coronation of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra in August 1902 by a desire for Westminster Abbey to become a fitting Imperial monument, to compete with the baroque St Paul's Cathedral where Queen Victoria had commemorated her Diamond Jubilee in 1897.", "title": "Imperial Monumental Halls and Tower" }, { "docid": "7851202#13", "text": "At Truro they were commissioned by John Loughborough Pearson to design windows for the new Cathedral, and of these windows it is claimed - \"“The stained glass which was made by Clayton and Bell is thought to be the finest Victorian stained glass in England and tells the story of the Christian Church, starting with the birth of Jesus and finishing with the building of Truro Cathedral.” \" \nIn London, another new cathedral was under construction- the Byzantine style, enormously ornate (and as yet incompletely decorated), Catholic Cathedral of Westminster, designed by John Francis Bentley. Many designers were employed as the cathedral has a series of chapels, each different in concept. Lord Brampton, a recent convert to Roman Catholicism, selected Clayton and Bell to fill his commission for an altarpiece for the Chapel of Saints Augustine and Gregory, representing the conversion of England to Christianity. Clayton designed the mosaics in much the way that he designed stained glass, in a Victorian Gothic manner, but with a gold background, traditional to the ancient mosaics of Venice. Although the work was to be assembled by Salviati’s workshop on Murano, the tiles were English, having been made by a technique developed by the stained glass firm of James Powell and Sons and manufactured by that firm. Clayton despatched the cartoons and the tiles to Venice, where the expert mosaicists selected and glued them face down to the drawing, a technique said to have been devised by Salviati. The tiles were then adhered to the wall surface and the paper removed, leaving the mosaic intact. Lord Brampton died in 1907, to be commemorated by a mosaic of the “Just Judge”. One of Clayton’s last commissions was the design for another mosaic for the chapel “Non Angli sed Angeli”, donated by the Choir in 1912.", "title": "Clayton and Bell" } ]

[ { "docid": "8171044#4", "text": "In 2007, de la Huerta was cast in the role of Linda for the film \"Enter the Void\", a psychedelic melodrama set in neon-lit nightclub environments of Tokyo. Director Gaspar Noé found her after holding auditions in New York City. \"I met Paz and I really liked her. She had the profile for the character because she likes screaming, crying, showing herself naked—all the qualities for it.\" The crew filmed in Tokyo from 19 October to 15 December 2007. Flashback scenes were shot in Montreal over the course of four weeks the following spring, until 16 May 2008.", "title": "Paz de la Huerta" }, { "docid": "22740984#14", "text": "The role of Linda was the first to be cast. Noé found Paz de la Huerta after holding auditions in New York City. \"I met Paz and I really liked her. She had the profile for the character because she likes screaming, crying, showing herself naked—all the qualities for it.\" Due to a desire that Linda and Oscar should be believable as siblings, Nathaniel Brown, a non-professional, was cast because of his resemblance to Huerta. Noé feared that a professional actor would be frustrated by being shown almost exclusively from behind, but he felt that Brown, an aspiring director, would find it stimulating to merely be present on the set. Auditions were held for westerners living in Japan for other Tokyo-based roles. Cyril Roy went to an audition with a friend only because he wanted to talk with the director, whose previous films he admired. Roy was cast as Alex, since Noé found his talkative personality suitable for the role. Noé said about Brown and Roy:", "title": "Enter the Void" }, { "docid": "22740984#3", "text": "Oscar (Nathaniel Brown) lives in Tokyo with his younger sister Linda (Paz de la Huerta) and supports himself by dealing drugs, against the advice of his friend Alex (Cyril Roy), who attempts to turn Oscar's interest toward \"The Tibetan Book of the Dead\", a Buddhist book about the afterlife. The first segment begins with Linda leaving for work (at a local strip club) and then follows Oscar's nightly routine through strict point-of-view shots, including momentary blackouts that represent blinking, private internal thoughts, and extended sequences of a DMT-induced hallucination.", "title": "Enter the Void" } ]

[ { "docid": "8171044#0", "text": "María de la Paz Elizabeth Sofía Adriana de la Huerta y Bruce (born September 3, 1984), known by her stage name Paz de la Huerta , is an American actress and model. De la Huerta is notable for her roles in the films \"The Cider House Rules\" (1999), \"A Walk to Remember\" (2002), \"Choke\" (2008), \"Enter the Void\" (2009), \"Nurse 3D\" (2013) and as Lucy Danziger in the HBO drama series \"Boardwalk Empire\".", "title": "Paz de la Huerta" }, { "docid": "23878902#1", "text": "Brown played the lead role in the 2009 Gaspar Noé thriller \"Enter the Void\", alongside Paz De La Huerta.", "title": "Nathaniel Brown" }, { "docid": "8171044#6", "text": "\"Enter the Void\" holds a 70-percent approval rating on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 88 English-language reviews, with an average rating of 6.7/10. On Metacritic, the film holds a score of 69 out of 100, based on 19 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews.\"\nPeter Bradshaw included the film in \"The Guardian\"s top 50 films of the decade so far, and gave it five stars out of five. In a 2016 international critics' poll conducted by BBC, three critics listed \"Enter the Void\" as one of the greatest motion pictures since 2000.", "title": "Paz de la Huerta" }, { "docid": "22740984#0", "text": "Enter the Void is a 2009 English-language drama art film written and directed by Gaspar Noé and starring Nathaniel Brown, Paz de la Huerta, and Cyril Roy. Set in the neon-lit nightclub environments of Tokyo, the story follows Oscar, a young American drug dealer who gets shot by the police, but continues to watch subsequent events during an out-of-body experience. The film is shot from a first-person viewpoint, which often floats above the city streets, and occasionally features Oscar staring over his own shoulder as he recalls moments from his past. Noé labels the film a \"psychedelic melodrama\".", "title": "Enter the Void" }, { "docid": "8171044#13", "text": "The next year, de la Huerta played Pepper in the drama film \"Bare\", opposite Diana Agron. The film follows a young woman living in a small desert town in Nevada, who becomes romantically involved with a female drifter who leads her into a life of drugs, stripping, and psychedelic spiritual experiences. \nDirector Natalia Leite wanted to cast two women who were willing to be totally raw and exposed on camera in the leading roles. She stated: \"I wanted to find two women who were very different from each other to put those two contrasting energies together.\" The film had a world premiere at the Tribeca Film Festival on April 19, 2015. The film was scheduled to be released in a limited release and through video on demand on October 30, 2015. \nRotten Tomatoes reports that 43 percent of seven surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating is 5.9/10. Frank Scheck of \"The Hollywood Reporter\" wrote that de la Huerta was perfectly cast for her role as Pepper, though the film has a \"mundane storyline.\" John Stewart of The Slanted wrote, \"The film is an wonderful departure for Glee’s Dianna Agron and her performance with Paz de la Huerta is sure to spark a lot more work in the future for both rising stars.\"", "title": "Paz de la Huerta" }, { "docid": "8171044#11", "text": "In July 2011, de la Huerta signed on to play Abby Russell, the protagonist in the horror film \"Nurse 3D\". Principal photography began in Toronto on September 6, 2011 and wrapped on October 21. Following completion, the film was shelved for two years before its rights were acquired by Lionsgate. Critical reception of the film has been mixed; the film holds a 55-percent \"fresh\" rating on \"Rotten Tomatoes\" (based on 20 reviews) while also holding a rating of 29 on \"Metacritic\" (based on 7 reviews). Much of the film's criticism centered upon the film's script, which Neil Genzlinger commented \"doesn’t have any of the wit that a film like this needs to give it campy coolness.\" A sequel for \"Nurse\" had been rumored by de la Huerta on her Twitter page with her stating that \"Nurse 2\" would start shooting soon. However, In 2015, it was reported that de la Huerta was suing the filmmakers, for ruining her career.", "title": "Paz de la Huerta" }, { "docid": "8171044#2", "text": "De la Huerta began modeling in her adolescence and became a runway model before transitioning into film. She made her film debut with a small role in the 1998 romantic comedy \"The Object of My Affection\", and the next year appeared opposite Michael Caine and Charlize Theron in \"The Cider House Rules\".", "title": "Paz de la Huerta" } ]

[ { "docid": "1181418#4", "text": "Australia registered the Anatolian Shepherd Dog breed in 1985 when it was imported as a guard dog for livestock, people and property. Australia’s expansive sheep and goat enterprises contributed to the breed’s acceptance as a livestock guardian dog beyond Turkey, and developed the sheep and goat guard dog of the Turkish Shepherd into an imposing guard dog of livestock and farm assets for Agriultural and Farming Industry. The working conditions and requirements of the dogs in Australia and the assets of Australian farmers, are very different to the generally impoverished Shepherd in Turkey and his herd of goats and sheep. Australian farmland is fenced, and the dogs are required to protect valuable assets against four and two legged threats. \n“Anatolian Karabash Guard Dogs. Guarding sheep cattle, goats, deer, poultry, ocean vessels, persons and property etc\nAgainst: predators (dingoes, wild dogs, foxes, eagles), stock thieves, trespassers and raiding wild life (kangaroos etc)”", "title": "Anatolian Shepherd" }, { "docid": "1181418#2", "text": "The Karabaş (Blackhead) is descended from ancient livestock guardian dog types that migrated with the transhumance, guarding flocks of sheep from wolves and cheetahs. It is probable that dogs of this type existed 6,000 years ago in what is now Turkey.\nAnatolian Shepherd Dogs are members of a very old breed, probably descended from powerful hunting dogs from Mesopotamia. This mountain dog breed was developed over time to meet a specific set of circumstances. The most formative were climate (very hot, dry summers and very cold winters), lifestyle (sedentary, semi-nomadic and nomadic) and duties (guarding flocks moving great distances on the Central Anatolian Plateau).", "title": "Anatolian Shepherd" } ]

[ { "docid": "1068967#14", "text": "In the US, the first purebred breeding programs for Kangal Shepherd Dogs began in the early 1980s. The Kangal Shepherd Dog is recognized by the United Kennel Club in the US, and by the national kennel clubs of South Africa and New Zealand. Many Kangal Shepherd Dogs are being bred in Germany as well, mostly by immigrant workers. Some are registered as Anatolians, that being the only registration option open to them in Germany; most are unregistered.", "title": "Kangal Shepherd Dog" }, { "docid": "19678636#6", "text": "The Karst Shepherd is named after the Karst Plateau in Slovenia and more generally after the Karst landscape that extends to Croatia and partly in Bosnia and Herzegovina, from the Gulf of Trieste to the Dinaric Alps. Mostly bred in Slovenia and Istria in Croatia. The ancestral type of the modern day breed travelled with shepherds through this area, and most likely came with ancient nomadic pastoralists. In 1689, the ethnographer Johann Weikhard von Valvasor mentioned the shepherd's dogs of the area in his work \"The Glory of the Duchy of Carniola\" without description of dogs. In the 20th century, when the landrace shepherd dogs began to be documented as a modern breed, it was first referred to as the Illyrian Shepherd (1939). Karst Shephard and Šarplaninac were considered Type A and B of the Illyrian Shepherd Dog by the Yugoslavian Federation of Cynology for some time, leading to some cases of crossing between both breeds. After comparing typical dogs of both \"Types\" the Federation recognised Karst Shephard and Šarplaninac as two distinct breeds in 1968.", "title": "Karst Shepherd" }, { "docid": "1181418#3", "text": "In the 1970s, breeders in the West became interested in these dogs and began developing the landrace natural breeds as modern breeds by documenting their descent from particular ancestors and writing breed standards. The Anatolian Shepherd Dog was imported from central Turkey into the United Kingdom by author and archaeologist Charmian Hussey..", "title": "Anatolian Shepherd" }, { "docid": "1181418#8", "text": "According to Turkish shepherds, three Anatolian Shepherd Dogs are capable of overcoming a pack of wolves and injuring one or two of them. These dogs like to roam, as they were bred to travel with their herd and to leave the herd to go hunt for predators before the predators could attack the flock. Therefore, it is recommended to microchip and tag pets.", "title": "Anatolian Shepherd" }, { "docid": "1042034#1", "text": "Almonte's first European-bred settler was David Shepherd, who in 1818 was given by the Crown to build and operate a mill. The site became known as Shepherd's Falls. That name was never official, however, and Shepherd sold his patent after his mill burned down. The buyer of the patent, Daniel Shipman, rebuilt the mill and the settlement became known as Shipman's Mills by about 1821.", "title": "Almonte, Ontario" }, { "docid": "10061709#11", "text": "On 3 November 2013, a leopard was killed after it attacked a shepherd in Diyarbakır Province in the country's southern region.", "title": "Anatolian leopard" }, { "docid": "6861578#10", "text": "The earliest surviving woven rugs were found in Konya, Beyşehir and Fostat, and were dated to the 13th century. These carpets from the Anatolian Seljuq Period (1243–1302) are regarded as the first group of Anatolian rugs. Eight fragments were found in 1905 by F.R. Martin in the Alaeddin Mosque in Konya, four in the Eşrefoğlu Mosque in Beyşehir in Konya province by R.M. Riefstahl in 1925. More fragments were found in Fostat, today a suburb of the city of Cairo.", "title": "Anatolian rug" }, { "docid": "8275776#7", "text": "The breed was created in 1930-1950s as a working dog adapted for service in the Army and police as guard dogs and sniffer dogs in various climatic conditions. \nThe first standard which has formed the breed type of the East European Shepherd was approved in 1964 by the Cynological Council of the Ministry of Agriculture of the USSR.\nThe founder of the first line of the east european type of the German Shepherd was Abrek (owner Osmolovskaya, VRKSS #1). It should be noted that USSR used only pure blood German Shepherds in the development of the East European Shepherd and, despite popular misconception, no other breeds were used.", "title": "East-European Shepherd" } ]

[ { "docid": "317311#11", "text": "An especially strong Walker circulation causes a La Niña, resulting in cooler ocean temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean due to increased upwelling. La Niña (, ) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon that is the counterpart of El Niño as part of the broader El Niño Southern Oscillation climate pattern. The name La Niña originates from Spanish, meaning \"the girl\", analogous to El Niño meaning \"the boy\". During a period of La Niña, the sea surface temperature across the equatorial eastern central Pacific will be lower than normal by 3–5 °C. In the United States, an \"appearance\" of La Niña happens for at least five months of La Niña conditions. However, each country and island nation has a different threshold for what constitutes a La Niña event, which is tailored to their specific interests. The Japan Meteorological Agency for example, declares that a La Niña event has started when the average five month sea surface temperature deviation for the NINO.3 region, is over 0.5 °C (0.90 °F) cooler for 6 consecutive months or longer.", "title": "El Niño–Southern Oscillation" }, { "docid": "483039#2", "text": "The roots of the TOGA program can be traced back to the 1920s and the work of Sir Gilbert Walker on what became known as the Southern Oscillation, an apparent linkage between atmospheric pressure anomalies throughout the Pacific Ocean that appeared to be a major driver of weather patterns. This work was furthered by Jacob Bjerknes in the 1960s when he solidified the link between the El Nino phenomena, a winter warm anomaly in the normally cool water off the coast of Peru, with the southern oscillation. The combined El Nino – Southern Oscillation, or ENSO, turned out to be a major contributor to seasonal climate variability with both human and economic implications. Study of these linked phenomena continued through the 1970s and 1980s via a variety observational and modeling studies which included the discovery of equatorial kelvin waves, a potential precursor to the ENSO phenomena.", "title": "Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere program" }, { "docid": "78469#0", "text": "La Niña (, ) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon that is the counterpart of El Niño as part of the broader El Niño–Southern Oscillation climate pattern. The name La Niña originates from Spanish, meaning \"the little girl\", analogous to El Niño meaning \"the little boy\". It has also in the past been called \"anti-El Niño\", and El Viejo (meaning \"the old man\"). During a period of La Niña, the sea surface temperature across the equatorial Eastern Central Pacific Ocean will be lower than normal by . In the United States, an \"appearance\" of La Niña persists for at least five months. It has extensive effects on the weather in North America, even affecting the Atlantic and Pacific hurricane seasons.", "title": "La Niña" } ]

[ { "docid": "4303333#35", "text": "The year 1998, however, brought additional challenges for the Eddie Bauer enterprise and, subsequently, for Bauer's parent company. Warmer than usual winter weather, brought about by a highly publicized weather phenomenon known as El Nino, once again hurt Bauer's sales figures. Spiegel's overall revenues for the year dropped to $2.94 billion as a result.", "title": "Spiegel (catalog)" }, { "docid": "22075962#27", "text": "According to the United Nations Development Programme in Vietnam and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (Vietnam) the industry was under serious threat in 2010 due to a heat wave of above 35 °C for at least three consecutive months as of March, 2010. This weather phenomenon is attributed to the El Nino effect. The Yunnar region in China which forms the upper region of the river basin has also experienced drought conditions and the reservoirs do not have storages to release even though they are used for non consumptive use of generating hydropower. River levels are extremely low and at least 100,000 hectares of land is under threat, with as high as 500,000–800,000 hectares of rice-producing areas expected, if the drought continues.", "title": "Rice production in Vietnam" }, { "docid": "10531#21", "text": "El Nino affects the global climate and disrupts normal weather patterns, which as a result can lead to intense storms in some places and droughts in others.", "title": "El Niño" }, { "docid": "24926293#14", "text": "Hamaker also believed that increased tectonic activity occurring with snow and ice buildup, could heat up tropical oceans through sea floor volcanism, and in addition to the intensified greenhouse effect, be a prime cause of the El Nino phenomenon.", "title": "John D. Hamaker" }, { "docid": "61910#36", "text": "In South America, a phenomenon known as the El Nino Oscillation Cycle, between floods and drought on the Pacific Coast has made as much as a 35% difference in Global yields of wheat and grain.", "title": "Climate change and agriculture" }, { "docid": "10531#3", "text": "Currently, each country has a different threshold for what constitutes an El Niño event, which is tailored to their specific interests. For example, the Australian Bureau of Meteorology looks at the trade winds, SOI, weather models and sea surface temperatures in the Nino 3 and 3.4 regions, before declaring an El Niño. The United States Climate Prediction Center (CPC) and the International Research Institute for Climate and Society (IRI) looks at the sea surface temperatures in the Niño 3.4 region, the tropical Pacific atmosphere and forecasts that NOAA's Oceanic Niño Index will equal or exceed + for several seasons in a row. However, the Japan Meteorological Agency declares that an El Niño event has started when the average five month sea surface temperature deviation for the NINO.3 region, is over warmer for six consecutive months or longer. The Peruvian government declares that a coastal El Niño is under way if the sea surface temperatures in the Niño 1 and 2 regions equal or exceed + for at least three months.", "title": "El Niño" } ]

[ { "docid": "798#8", "text": "The obsolete constellations introduced in Aries (Musca Borealis, Lilium, Vespa, and Apes) have all been composed of the northern stars. Musca Borealis was created from the stars 33 Arietis, 35 Arietis, 39 Arietis, and 41 Arietis. In 1612, Petrus Plancius introduced Apes, a constellation representing a bee. In 1624, the same stars were used by Jakob Bartsch to create a constellation called Vespa, representing a wasp. In 1679 Augustin Royer used these stars for his constellation Lilium, representing the fleur-de-lis. None of these constellation became widely accepted. Johann Hevelius renamed the constellation \"Musca\" in 1690 in his \"Firmamentum Sobiescianum\". To differentiate it from Musca, the southern fly, it was later renamed Musca Borealis but it did not gain acceptance and its stars were ultimately officially reabsorbed into Aries.", "title": "Aries (constellation)" }, { "docid": "211825#2", "text": "Musca was one of the 12 constellations established by the Dutch astronomer Petrus Plancius from the observations of the southern sky by the Dutch explorers Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser and Frederick de Houtman, who had sailed on the first Dutch trading expedition, known as the \"Eerste Schipvaart\", to the East Indies. De Houtman included it in his southern star catalogue in 1598 under the Dutch name \"De Vlieghe\", \"The Fly\". They assigned four stars to the constellation, with a star that would be later designated as Beta Muscae marking the head, Gamma the body, and Alpha and Delta the left and right wings, respectively. It first appeared on a 35-cm-diameter (14-in) celestial globe published in 1598 in Amsterdam by Plancius with Jodocus Hondius, though was unnamed. The first depiction of this constellation in a celestial atlas was in the German cartographer Johann Bayer's \"Uranometria\" of 1603, though Bayer termed it Apis— \"the Bee\", a name by which it was known for the next two centuries. A 1603 celestial globe by Willem Blaeu depicts it as providing nourishment for the nearby constellation Chamaeleon—its tongue trying to catch the insect.", "title": "Musca" } ]

[ { "docid": "211825#1", "text": "Many of the constellation's brighter stars are members of the Scorpius–Centaurus Association, a loose group of hot blue-white stars that appears to share a common origin and motion across the Milky Way. These include Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Zeta and (probably) Eta Muscae, as well as HD 100546, a blue-white Herbig Ae/Be star that is surrounded by a complex debris disk containing a large planet or brown dwarf and possible protoplanet. Two further star systems have been found to have planets. The constellation also contains two cepheid variables visible to the naked eye. Theta Muscae is a triple star system, the brightest member of which is a Wolf–Rayet star.", "title": "Musca" }, { "docid": "20400299#0", "text": "Delta Muscae, Latinized from δ Muscae, often catalogued as HD 112985, is a spectroscopic binary star system and the closest to the Earth in the southern hemisphere constellation of Musca (the Fly) at a distance of approximately 27.8 parsecs (91.0 light years). The main star is classified as a giant star with an orange tint. It is one of the stars given a Bayer designation by astronomer Johann Bayer. It was recorded in Bayer's 1603 publication \"Uranometria\". In addition it is one of the main stars used in the visual formation of the Musca constellation.", "title": "Delta Muscae" }, { "docid": "20448467#0", "text": "Lambda Muscae (λ Mus, λ Muscae), often catalogued HD 102249 or HIP 57363, is the fourth-brightest star in the Southern Hemisphere constellation of Musca (the Fly). Lambda Muscae visibly makes up the far end of the tail of the visual Musca constellation. It is a star in a dual system according to studies, and one of the stars catalogued in astronomer Johann Bayer's 1603 publications \"Uranometria\". Lambda Muscae more recently has been recorded as having a stellar classification of A7III. Thus, Lambda Muscae has a white tint and burns significantly hotter than the Sun.", "title": "Lambda Muscae" }, { "docid": "20411253#0", "text": "Beta Muscae, Latinized from β Muscae, is a binary star in the southern circumpolar constellation of Musca. With a combined apparent visual magnitude of 3.07, it is the second brightest star (or star system) in the constellation. Judging by the parallax results, it is located at a distance of roughly from the Earth.", "title": "Beta Muscae" }, { "docid": "41453139#0", "text": "Zeta Muscae, Latinized from ζ Muscae, is a star in the southern constellation of Musca. Its apparent magnitude is 5.16. This is a white main sequence star of spectral type A5V around 330 light-years distant from Earth. Like several other stars in the constellation, it is a member of the Lower Centaurus Crux subgroup of the Scorpius–Centaurus Association, a group of predominantly hot blue-white stars that share a common origin and proper motion across the galaxy. It is part of a triple star system with faint companions at 0.5 and 32.4 arc seconds distance. The former is an infrared source, the latter has a visual magnitude of 10.7.", "title": "Zeta2 Muscae" }, { "docid": "9189659#0", "text": "Alpha Muscae (α Muscae, α Mus) is a star in the southern circumpolar constellation of Musca. With an apparent visual magnitude of +2.7, it is the brightest star in the constellation. The distance to this star has been determined using parallax measurements, giving an estimate of about from Earth.", "title": "Alpha Muscae" }, { "docid": "20400299#2", "text": "Even though Delta Muscae is the closest star to Earth in the Musca constellation, nearly 3800 stars are closer in proximity to the Earth as stated by the Gliese Catalogue of Nearby Stars, which includes stars within twenty-five parsecs of the Sun.", "title": "Delta Muscae" }, { "docid": "37994221#0", "text": "Eta Muscae (η Mus) is a star in the constellation Musca. A multiple star system, the two main components form an eclipsing binary that has a spectral type of B8V and an apparent magnitude of 4.77 that dips by 0.05 magnitude every 2.39 days. Further away are stars of magnitude 7.3 and 10—termed Eta Muscae B and C. It is unclear if these stars are gravitationally bound to the main pair.", "title": "Eta Muscae" }, { "docid": "41453711#0", "text": "Zeta Muscae, Latinized from ζ Muscae, is a star in the constellation Musca. Its apparent magnitude is 5.74. Located around 326 light-years distant, it is an orange giant of spectral type K0III, a star that has used up its core hydrogen and is cooling and expanding. The star is radiating 64 times the Sun's luminosity.", "title": "Zeta1 Muscae" }, { "docid": "211825#0", "text": "Musca () is a small constellation in the deep southern sky. It was one of 12 constellations created by Petrus Plancius from the observations of Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser and Frederick de Houtman, and it first appeared on a celestial globe in diameter published in 1597 (or 1598) in Amsterdam by Plancius and Jodocus Hondius. The first depiction of this constellation in a celestial atlas was in Johann Bayer's \"Uranometria\" of 1603. It was also known as Apis () for 200 years. Musca remains below the horizon for most Northern Hemisphere observers.", "title": "Musca" } ]

[ { "docid": "768407#2", "text": "When the Portland Trail Blazers franchise was awarded for 1970, the Memorial Coliseum became the team's home court, capable of seating 12,666 when configured for basketball. Three NBA Finals have been (partially) played in the Coliseum; in 1977 (when the Trail Blazers won) and in 1990 and 1992. The Blazers were 10–0 in the Coliseum during the 1977 playoffs.", "title": "Veterans Memorial Coliseum (Portland, Oregon)" }, { "docid": "19353405#0", "text": "The Portland Trail Blazers are an American professional basketball team based in Portland, Oregon. The Trail Blazers play in the Northwest Division of the Western Conference in the National Basketball Association (NBA). The franchise entered the NBA in 1970. The Trail Blazers sold out 814 consecutive home games from through , the longest such streak in American professional sports. The team has played their home games at the Moda Center (formerly the Rose Garden) since the 1995–96 NBA season. The Trail Blazers are owned by Paul Allen, and Neil Olshey is their general manager.", "title": "List of Portland Trail Blazers head coaches" }, { "docid": "35208404#0", "text": "The Portland Trail Blazers, commonly known as the Blazers, are an American professional basketball team based in Portland, Oregon. They play in the Northwest Division of the Western Conference in the National Basketball Association (NBA). The Trail Blazers originally played their home games in the Memorial Coliseum, before moving to the Rose Garden (renamed the Moda Center in 2013) in 1995. The franchise entered the league in 1970, and Portland has been its only home city. The franchise has enjoyed a strong following; from 1977 through 1995, the team sold out 814 consecutive home games, the longest such streak in American major professional sports. The Trail Blazers are one of two teams in the major professional North American sports leagues located in the state of Oregon, with the other being the Portland Timbers. The Trail Blazers are also currently the only NBA team based in the binational Pacific Northwest, after the Vancouver Grizzlies relocated to Memphis and became the Memphis Grizzlies in 2001, and the Seattle SuperSonics relocated to Oklahoma City and became the Oklahoma City Thunder in 2008.", "title": "Portland Trail Blazers all-time roster" }, { "docid": "7896624#0", "text": "The Portland Trail Blazers are a professional basketball team which joined the Western Conference of the National Basketball Association in 1970. They play at the Moda Center in the Lloyd District of Portland. They are owned by the estate of the late Microsoft co-founder and Vulcan Inc. chairman Paul Allen, who purchased the team in 1988. The team is often referred to as \"Rip City\", which was coined by play-by-play announcer Bill Schonely during their inaugural season. The Trail Blazers have retired several players jerseys, including Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame members Clyde Drexler and Bill Walton. Jack Ramsay, who was the Trail Blazers head coach from 1976 to 1986, had the number 77 retired in honor of Portland's only NBA Finals victory in 1977. Portland has had four NBA Rookies of the Year; Geoff Petrie (1971), Sidney Wicks (1972), Brandon Roy (2007) and Damian Lillard (2013). The only NBA Most Valuable Player that earned the award as a member of the Trail Blazers was Bill Walton in 1978.", "title": "History of the Portland Trail Blazers" } ]

[ { "docid": "31813209#0", "text": "The 1977–78 Portland Trail Blazers season was the eighth season of the Portland Trail Blazers in the National Basketball Association (NBA). Fresh off their first NBA Championship win the previous season, the Blazers led the league with a franchise-best 58–24 record, earning a first-round bye in the 1978 NBA Playoffs. However, they were defeated by the eventual Western Conference champion Seattle SuperSonics four games to two.", "title": "1977–78 Portland Trail Blazers season" }, { "docid": "17060327#0", "text": "The 1976–77 season was the Portland Trail Blazers' 7th season in the National Basketball Association (NBA). The revamped Blazers would end up getting off to a terrific start winning 22 of their first 31 games. The Blazers won their last 5 games to post a record of 49–33. The Blazers made the playoffs for the first time in franchise history and proceeded to stampede through the postseason. By the time the Blazers had made it to the 1977 NBA Finals, the city of Portland was truly in the grips of \"Blazermania\". After losing the first two games of the championship series at Philadelphia, the Trail Blazers won four in a row to bring the trophy to Portland. The championship capped the team's first winning season. The Blazers had a remarkable 45–6 record at home, which included a perfect 10–0 mark in the playoffs.", "title": "1976–77 Portland Trail Blazers season" }, { "docid": "17064285#0", "text": "The Portland Trail Blazers were one of three new teams to join the NBA. They played their first game in Portland, beating their expansion brethren, the Cleveland Cavaliers, 115-112 on October 16. The Blazers would finish last in the Pacific Division with a record of 29–53. Of the three expansion teams, their record was the best. The Blazers won seven more games than the Buffalo Braves and 14 more than the Cavaliers. The leading scorer for the Blazers was Geoff Petrie. He averaged 24.8 points per game while sharing Rookie of the Year honors with Boston Celtics star Dave Cowens.", "title": "1970–71 Portland Trail Blazers season" }, { "docid": "31813303#0", "text": "The 1978–79 Portland Trail Blazers season was the ninth season of the Portland Trail Blazers in the National Basketball Association (NBA).", "title": "1978–79 Portland Trail Blazers season" }, { "docid": "17065454#3", "text": "The Portland Trail Blazers were formed by Harry Glickman, who created the franchise through the financers turned co-owners Larry Weinberg, Herman Sarkowsky and Robert Shmertz. They hired former college basketball coach Rolland Todd as the franchise's first head coach. The Blazers' selections included former first overall pick Fred Hetzel and former third pick Larry Siegfried. However, Hetzel was waived without playing a game for the Blazers and Siegfried was immediately traded to the San Diego Rockets in exchange for Jim Barnett. Six players from the expansion draft joined the Blazers for their inaugural season, but only three played more than one season for the team.", "title": "1970 NBA Expansion draft" }, { "docid": "72897#2", "text": "Sports promoter Harry Glickman sought a National Basketball Association (NBA) franchise for Portland as far back as 1955 when he proposed two new expansion teams, the other to be located in Los Angeles. When the Memorial Coliseum was opened in 1960 Glickman saw the potential it could serve as a professional basketball venue but it was not until February 6, 1970, that the NBA board of governors granted him the rights to a franchise in Portland. To raise the money for the $3.7 million admission tax, Glickman associated himself to real estate magnates Robert Schmertz of New Jersey, Larry Weinberg of Los Angeles and Herman Sarkowsky of Seattle. Two weeks later, on February 24, team management held a contest to select the team's name and received more than 10,000 entries. The most popular choice was \"Pioneers\", but that name was excluded from consideration as it was already used by sports teams at Portland's Lewis & Clark College. The name \"Trail Blazers\" received 172 entries, and was ultimately selected by the judging panel, being revealed on March 13 in the halftime of a SuperSonics game at the Memorial Coliseum. Derived from the trail blazing activity by explorers making paths through forests, Glickman considered it a name that could \"reflect both the ruggedness of the Pacific Northwest and the start of a major league era in our state.\" Despite initial mixed response, the Trail Blazers name, often shortened to just \"Blazers\", became popular in Oregon.", "title": "Portland Trail Blazers" } ]

[ { "docid": "80207#0", "text": "Sodium chloride , also known as salt (though sea salt also contains other chemical salts), is an ionic compound with the chemical formula NaCl, representing a 1:1 ratio of sodium and chloride ions. With molar masses of 22.99 and 35.45 g/mol respectively, 100 g of NaCl contains 39.34 g Na and 60.66 g Cl. Sodium chloride is the salt most responsible for the salinity of seawater and of the extracellular fluid of many multicellular organisms. In its edible form of table salt, it is commonly used as a condiment and food preservative. Large quantities of sodium chloride are used in many industrial processes, and it is a major source of sodium and chlorine compounds used as feedstocks for further chemical syntheses. A second major application of sodium chloride is de-icing of roadways in sub-freezing weather.", "title": "Sodium chloride" }, { "docid": "1555251#0", "text": "Salt, also referred to as table salt or by its chemical formula NaCl, is an ionic compound made of sodium and chloride ions. All life has evolved to depend on its chemical properties to survive. It has been used by humans for thousands of years, from food preservation to seasoning. Salt's ability to preserve food was a founding contributor to the development of civilization. It helped to eliminate dependence on seasonal availability of food, and made it possible to transport food over large distances. However, salt was often difficult to obtain, so it was a highly valued trade item, and was considered a form of currency by certain peoples. Many salt roads, such as the via Salaria in Italy, had been established by the Bronze age.", "title": "History of salt" }, { "docid": "1605200#0", "text": "Salt is a mineral composed primarily of sodium chloride (NaCl), a chemical compound belonging to the larger class of salts; salt in its natural form as a crystalline mineral is known as rock salt or halite. Salt is present in vast quantities in seawater, where it is the main mineral constituent. The open ocean has about of solids per liter of sea water, a salinity of 3.5%.", "title": "Salt" } ]

[ { "docid": "4047274#0", "text": "Gold salts are ionic chemical compounds of gold. The term, a misnomer, is a synonym for the gold compounds used in medicine. \"Chrysotherapy\" and \"aurotherapy\" are the applications of gold compounds to medicine. Contemporary research on the effect of gold salts treatment began in 1935, primarily to reduce inflammation and to slow disease progression in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The use of gold compounds has decreased since the 1980s because of numerous side effects and monitoring requirements, limited efficacy, and very slow onset of action. Most chemical compounds of gold, including some of the drugs discussed below, are not salts, but are examples of metal thiolate complexes.", "title": "Gold salts" }, { "docid": "4240179#0", "text": "Reinecke's salt is a chemical compound with the formula NH[Cr(NCS)(NH)]·HO. The dark-red crystalline compound is soluble in boiling water, acetone, and ethanol. The chromium atom is surrounded by six nitrogen atoms in an octahedral geometry. The NH ligands are mutually \"trans\" and the Cr–NCS groups are linear. The salt crystallizes with one molecule of water.", "title": "Reinecke's salt" }, { "docid": "15939727#0", "text": "Roussin's black salt is a chemical compound with the formula NaFeS(NO) first described by Zacharie Roussin. It consists of the sodium salt of the [FeS(NO)] anion and is classified as metal nitrosyl compound. The cluster anion has the geometry of an incomplete cubane-type cluster with \"C\" symmetry. The dark colour of the complex is attributed to a number of charge-transfer interactions.", "title": "Roussin's black salt" }, { "docid": "27558#11", "text": "Common salt-forming cations include:Common salt-forming anions (parent acids in parentheses where available) include:Salts with varying number of hydrogen atoms, with respect to the parent acid, replaced by cations can be referred to as \"monobasic\", \"dibasic\" or \"tribasic\" salts (\"polybasic\" salts refer to those with more than one hydrogen atom replaced):Salts are formed by a chemical reaction between:Strong salts or strong electrolyte salts are chemical salts composed of strong electrolytes. These ionic compounds dissociate completely in water. They are generally odourless and nonvolatile.", "title": "Salt (chemistry)" }, { "docid": "666#4", "text": "Sodium compounds have been known since ancient times; salt (sodium chloride) has been an important commodity in human activities, as testified by the English word \"salary\", referring to \"salarium\", money paid to Roman soldiers for the purchase of salt. While potash has been used since ancient times, it was not understood for most of its history to be a fundamentally different substance from sodium mineral salts. Georg Ernst Stahl obtained experimental evidence which led him to suggest the fundamental difference of sodium and potassium salts in 1702, and Henri-Louis Duhamel du Monceau was able to prove this difference in 1736. The exact chemical composition of potassium and sodium compounds, and the status as chemical element of potassium and sodium, was not known then, and thus Antoine Lavoisier did not include either alkali in his list of chemical elements in 1789.", "title": "Alkali metal" }, { "docid": "6301567#0", "text": "An alkalide is a chemical compound in which alkali metal atoms are anions (negative ions) with a charge or oxidation state of –1. Until the first discovery of alkalides in the 1970s, alkali metals were only known to appear in salts only as cations (positive ions) with a charge or oxidation state of +1. These types of compounds are of theoretical interest due to their unusual stoichiometry and low ionization potentials. Alkalide compounds are chemically related to the electrides, salts in which trapped electrons are effectively the anions.", "title": "Alkalide" }, { "docid": "2531152#0", "text": "Diazonium compounds or diazonium salts are a group of organic compounds sharing a common functional group where R can be any organic group, such as an alkyl or an aryl, and X is an inorganic or organic anion, such as a halogen. Alkyldiazonium compounds are generally unstable and nonisolable, due to the extreme leaving group ability of N in S1/E1 (secondary and tertiary alkyldiazonium salts) or S2 (methyl and primary alkyldiazonium salts) substitution and elimination reactions. They have been used as substrates in physical organic chemistry studies, but their uncontrolled reactivity generally renders them synthetically unimportant. (As an exception, a methyldiazonium carboxylate ion pair is believed to be a fleeting intermediate in the methylation of carboxylic acids by diazomethane). On the other hand, aryldiazonium salts are more stable (though still dangerously explosive under certain conditions) and are highly versatile reagents for chemical synthesis and important intermediates in the organic synthesis of azo dyes.", "title": "Diazonium compound" } ]

[ { "docid": "3310224#0", "text": "Bethany Platt is a fictional character from the British ITV soap opera, \"Coronation Street\". She was born on-screen during the episode broadcast on 4 June 2000. She was played by Mia in 2000 and by twins Amy and Emily Walton from 2000 until 30 December 2007 when the character departed. The character was reintroduced with Lucy Fallon taking over the role and Bethany made her return on 20 March 2015.", "title": "Bethany Platt" }, { "docid": "47625315#3", "text": "Fallon's first television role came in 2015 when she was cast as Bethany Platt, the daughter of Sarah Platt (Tina O'Brien), in the ITV soap opera \"Coronation Street\". A returning character, Bethany had been played by child actors Mia Cookson (2000) and twins Amy and Emily Walton (2000–2007), before Fallon took over. The actress was nineteen when she was cast to play the fourteen-year-old Bethany. She was offered the role after it emerged that the actress who was originally chosen for the part lied about her age.", "title": "Lucy Fallon" }, { "docid": "21370123#61", "text": "Bethany Britney Platt, played by Lucy Fallon, made her first appearance on 4 June 2000. Amy and Emily Walton shared the role of Bethany Platt from the character's birth in 2000 until 2007 when Tina O'Brien chose to quit. Mia Cookson also played the role of Bethany alongside the Walton twins in 2000. On 23 October 2014, it was announced that Bethany, now 14 years old, would return to the show. Katie Redford was initially cast in the role, but was sacked just days later before filming began after it was revealed that she was 25 years old, not 19 as she and her management had claimed. On 29 January Blackpool-born Lucy Fallon was confirmed as her replacement. She returned on 20 March 2015. Bethany's storylines have included her taking ecstasy tablets when her uncle, David Platt (Jack P. Shepherd) hid them in a toy, her infatuation with Callum Logan as well as being caught up with her family's feud with Callum.", "title": "List of Coronation Street characters (2000)" }, { "docid": "3310224#20", "text": "With the announcement of Sarah's return soon came the announcement of her daughter Bethany's return with actress Katie Redford being cast in the role. Speaking of the announcement Redford said: \"Until I'm actually on set, I genuinely don't think it will sink in that I'm joining the cast of Coronation Street. I know it sounds clichéd but it really feels like a dream come true. Bethany Platt is going to be such a fun and witty character to play and I hope everyone enjoys her return as much as I'm going to!\" It was later revealed that Redford would be replaced in the role of Bethany with Lucy Fallon taking over the role. Speaking of her casting, Fallon commented: \"Walking onto the set was surreal and nerve wracking, but everyone has been really welcoming and I am thrilled to have been given this great opportunity.\" Bethany made her return on screen on 20 March 2015, and Sarah made her return on 30 March 2015.", "title": "Bethany Platt" }, { "docid": "5974406#22", "text": "With the announcement of Sarah's return soon came the announcement of her daughter Bethany's return with Katie Redford being cast in the role. Speaking of the announcement Redford said: \"Until I'm actually on set, I genuinely don't think it will sink in that I'm joining the cast of \"Coronation Street\". I know it sounds clichéd but it really feels like a dream come true. Bethany Platt is going to be such a fun and witty character to play and I hope everyone enjoys her return as much as I'm going to!\" It was later revealed that Redford would be replaced in the role of Bethany with Lucy Fallon taking over the role. Speaking of her casting, Fallon commented: \"Walking onto the set was surreal and nerve wracking, but everyone has been really welcoming and I am thrilled to have been given this great opportunity.\" Bethany made her return on screen on 20 March 2015, while Sarah made her return on 30 March 2015.", "title": "Sarah Platt" }, { "docid": "31191842#1", "text": "Sarah-Louise Platt (née Tilsley; previously Grimshaw) is a fictional character from the British soap opera \"Coronation Street\". She was born on screen during the episode broadcast on 2 February 1987. She was played by Leah King in 1987 and by Lynsay King from 1987 until 8 October 1999 when King opted to leave to focus on her education. Tina O'Brien took over the role on 31 October 1999; she opted to leave in 2007 and made her final on-screen appearance on 30 December 2007. A number of false rumours about O'Brien returning to the role surfaced during her absence from the serial. In October 2014, it was announced that O'Brien had reprised the role, she returned to filming in February 2015 and returned on screen on 30 March 2015. Sarah's storylines have included a controversial and ground-breaking underage pregnancy which saw her giving birth to Bethany Platt (Amy & Emily Walton, Lucy Fallon) and saw Sarah deal with motherhood in her teens, internet grooming, her friendship with Candice Stowe (Nikki Sanderson), her relationships with Todd (Bruno Langley) and Jason Grimshaw (Ryan Thomas) as well as her sibling rivalry between her and her half-brother David Platt (Thomas Ormson, Jack P. Shepherd). Her exit storyline saw her leave Weatherfield to start a new life with Bethany in Milan. Her return storyline saw her track down Bethany who had run away from home and returned to Weatherfield and begin a relationship with brother David's enemy Callum Logan (Sean Ward). Sarah was a central character in the shows third live episode which was aired to commemorate 60 years of ITV.", "title": "List of Coronation Street characters (1987)" }, { "docid": "21370123#40", "text": "Neil Fearns is revealed as the father of Sarah-Louise Platt's (Tina O'Brien) daughter, Bethany (Amy and Emily Walton). He is an \"absent father\" and has nothing to do with Bethany, although his family do send a card for her first birthday.", "title": "List of Coronation Street characters (2000)" }, { "docid": "8587771#103", "text": "Drug dealer Callum Logan (Sean Ward), the biological father of Max Turner (Harry McDermott), harasses the Platt family for custody of Max for several months. He particularly antagonises David Platt (Jack P. Shepherd), due to his remarks about Max's mother and David's wife, Kylie (Paula Lane). Callum begins a relationship with Sarah Platt (Tina O'Brien), to the Platts' dismay. Callum manipulates Sarah's teenage daughter Bethany Platt (Lucy Fallon) to buy drugs for him whilst he films her. Sarah splits up with Callum in August 2015 after Max finds a gun in his bedroom in Callum's flat. Callum shows Sarah the footage of Bethany buying the drugs. Sarah warns Bethany to stay away from Callum.", "title": "Storylines of Coronation Street" } ]

[ { "docid": "21370123#41", "text": "In 2003, it is revealed that Neil has died in a car accident. Martin (Sean Wilson) and Gail Platt (Helen Worth) break the news to Sarah, who is shocked at Neil's death but not overly emotional. At Martin's insistence, Sarah takes Bethany to Neil's funeral where she meets his mother. Neil's mother, Brenda (Julia Deakin), becomes mentally unstable, following Neil's death. She becomes attached to Bethany and kidnaps her after she begins visiting her regularly. Bethany is later safely returned to her mother, and Brenda is left sobbing in the back of an ambulance.", "title": "List of Coronation Street characters (2000)" }, { "docid": "3310224#18", "text": "Bethany is introduced in 2000 when the show tackled the controversial subject of teenage pregnancy, using the character of 13-year-old Sarah-Louise Platt, recently recast to 16-year-old Tina O'Brien. The storyline was praised by health minister Yvette Cooper, saying \"we need to make sure that young people themselves are aware of just how easy it is to get pregnant and just how hard it is to be a parent, if we are to get teenage pregnancy rates down\" and praised Granada TV \"on having the courage to include a storyline in Coronation Street about teenage pregnancy.\"", "title": "Bethany Platt" } ]

[ { "docid": "46233379#0", "text": "The largest living snakes in the world, measured either by length or by weight, are various members of the Boidae and Pythonidae families. They include anacondas, pythons, and boa constrictors, which are all non-venomous constrictors. The longest \"venomous\" snake, with a length up to , is the king cobra, and the heaviest venomous snake is likely to be the Gaboon viper (which also has the longest fangs and delivers the largest amount of venom) or possibly the Eastern diamondback rattlesnake – all three of which reach maximum weights in the range of .", "title": "List of largest snakes" }, { "docid": "88595#0", "text": "The reticulated python (\"Python reticulatus\") is a species of python found in South Asia and Southeast Asia. They are the world's longest snakes and longest reptiles, and among the three heaviest snakes. Like all pythons, they are nonvenomous constrictors. There have been people who have been killed (and in at least two reported cases, eaten) by reticulated pythons.", "title": "Reticulated python" }, { "docid": "800083#18", "text": "Two of the largest snakes in the world, the reticulated python and rock python, as well as the longest venomous snake in the world, the king cobra, inhabit the park. Other snakes found here include the Indian cobra, monocled cobra, Russell's viper, and the common krait.\nMonitor lizard species found in the park include the Bengal monitor and the Asian water monitor. Other reptiles include fifteen species of turtle, such as the endemic Assam roofed turtle and one species of tortoise, the brown tortoise. 42 species of fish are found in the area, including the \"Tetraodon\".", "title": "Kaziranga National Park" }, { "docid": "46233379#4", "text": "Although it is generally accepted that the reticulated python is the world's longest living snake, most length estimates longer than 6.35 m (20 ft 10 in) have been called into question. It has been suggested that confident length records for the largest snakes must be established from a dead body soon after death, or alternatively from a heavily sedated snake, using a steel tape and in the presence of witnesses, and must be published (and preferably recorded on video). At least one reticulated python was measured under full anesthesia at , and somewhat less reliable scientific reports up to have appeared.", "title": "List of largest snakes" } ]

[ { "docid": "52640782#3", "text": "\"S. kinghorni\" has been known to attain a total length (including tail) up to approximately 7 meters (about 24 feet), with some field measurements claiming to be even longer, making this snake one of Australia's largest and longest snakes, if not, the largest and longest of Australia. This snake is commonly considered arboreal or tree-dwelling, making it one of the world's largest and longest arboreal species of snakes. This snake has an ornate back pattern consisting of browns and tans, with many different natural variations. Its belly is usually white, sometimes with some yellows.", "title": "Morelia kinghorni" }, { "docid": "6166854#0", "text": "The mulga snake (\"Pseudechis australis\") is a species of venomous snake found in Australia. It is one of the longest venomous snakes in the world, and is the second-longest in Australia (surpassed only by the coastal taipan). Its alternative common name is king brown snake, although it is a species in the genus \"Pseudechis\" (black snakes) and only distantly related to true brown snakes.", "title": "Mulga snake" }, { "docid": "168503#0", "text": "The king cobra (\"Ophiophagus hannah\"), also known as the hamadryad, is a venomous snake species in the family Elapidae, endemic to forests from India through Southeast Asia. It is threatened by habitat destruction and has been listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List since 2010.\nIt is the world's longest venomous snake. Adult king cobras are long. The longest known individual measured .\nDespite the word \"cobra\" in its common name, this species does not belong to genus \"Naja\" but is the sole member of its own. It preys chiefly on other snakes and occasionally on some other vertebrates, such as lizards and rodents. It is a dangerous snake that has a fearsome reputation in its range, although it typically avoids confrontation with humans when possible.\nThe king cobra is a prominent symbol in the mythology and folk traditions of India, Sri Lanka and Myanmar. It is the national reptile of India.", "title": "King cobra" }, { "docid": "52640782#0", "text": "Simalia kinghorni, commonly known as the Australian scrub python, is a species of snake in the family Pythonidae. The species is indigenous to forests of northern Australia. It is one of the world's longest and largest snakes, and is the longest and largest in Australia. Recently, it has been reclassified to the genus \"Simalia\" along side a few other former \"Morelia\" species, but there is still a bit of scientific debate over this.", "title": "Morelia kinghorni" }, { "docid": "1992443#1", "text": "Adults grow to an average of 2 to 2.5 m (6½-8 feet), although 3 m (10 feet) is not too unusual. The largest recorded specimen was almost 3.65 m (12 feet) long, making this the largest of all vipers and the longest venomous snake in the western hemisphere. \"Lachesis muta\" is the third longest venomous snake in the world. Weight in this species is estimated at an average of , somewhat less than the heaviest rattlesnakes or \"Bitis\" vipers, such as gaboon viper, and rhinoceros vipers.", "title": "Lachesis muta" }, { "docid": "7355916#6", "text": "105 species of lizards, in 35 genera from nine families, are now known from Borneo. The reticulated python is the biggest python in the world, and the longest snake in the world. This reptile can have a size of 6 m or more. The longer snakes have a size of ten meters.", "title": "Fauna of Borneo" } ]

[ { "docid": "260089#14", "text": "The town is governed by a Town Supervisor, which is a similar position to that of a Mayor, and four councilmembers elected on an at-large basis. There is also a Town Clerk and Receiver of Taxes, both duly elected. All of the elected officials serve staggered four year terms that are up for election in odd years, except when special elections are held pursuant to state law. The current supervisor is Angie Carpenter, a Republican, who was formerly the Suffolk County Treasurer. She succeeded Tom Croci after he was elected to the New York State Senate in 2015.", "title": "Islip, New York" } ]

[ { "docid": "37736238#2", "text": "On November 29, 1683, William Nicoll (Nicholls) founder of the Town of Islip, NY, a son of New York City Mayor Matthias Nicoll, was awarded the first ”Royal Patent” of the east end of what is now the Town of Islip. Mr. Nicoll purchased land from Sachem (Chief) Winnequaheagh of Connetquot. He named his 50,000 acre (8 x 10 mile tract of land (210 km2)) plantation \"Islip Grange,\" in honor of Nicoll's ancestral home in East Northamptonshire, England, from which Matthias emigrated in 1664: Islip, England. Significantly, this eventually became the largest manor on Long Island.", "title": "Winnequaheagh" }, { "docid": "550297#8", "text": "William Nicoll, a son of New York City Mayor Matthias Nicoll, became a patentee in the 1680s of the east end of what is now the Town of Islip. He accumulated over and named his estate Islip, after the Nicolls' ancestral home in East Northamptonshire, England. His domain included what are now the hamlets of Islip, East Islip, Bayport, Sayville, West Sayville, Oakdale, Great River, Islip Terrace, Central Islip, Hauppauge, Holbrook, Bohemia, Brentwood, Holtsville, and a portion of Ronkonkoma. This land was purchased from Winnequaheagh, Sachem of Connetquot in 1683. The annual fee paid to Governor Thomas Dongan of New York was five bushels of good winter wheat or 25 shillings.", "title": "Islip (hamlet), New York" }, { "docid": "127295#6", "text": "On November 29, 1683, William Nicoll (Nicolls), founder of the Town of Islip and son of New York City Mayor Matthias Nicoll, was awarded the first royal patent to the east end of what is now the Town of Islip. Nicoll purchased land from Sachem (Paramount chief) Winnequaheagh of Connetquot. He named his plantation (an tract of land) \"Islip Grange\", in honor of his ancestral home of Islip (UK) in East Northamptonshire, England, from which Matthias emigrated in 1664. Nicoll's domain extended from East Islip to Bayport and embraced the present-day communities of Sayville, West Sayville, Oakdale, Great River, Islip Terrace, Central Islip, Hauppauge, Holbrook, Bohemia, Brentwood, Holtsville, and a portion of Ronkonkoma. Nicoll paid an annual quit-rent (tax) to Thomas Dongan, 2nd Earl of Limerick and Governor of the Province of New York, of five bushels of good winter wheat or twenty-five (25) shillings payable annually on March 25.", "title": "Great River, New York" }, { "docid": "25419669#0", "text": "Tom Cilmi (born June 5, 1964) is a Republican Legislator who currently serves constituents for the Tenth Legislative District of New York, and was first inaugurated in January 2010. The 10th District in Suffolk County encompasses Islip, East Islip, Hauppauge, Islip Terrace, Great River, Bohemia, Ronkonkoma, Bay Shore and Islandia. He formerly served as the president of the Islip Chamber of Commerce.", "title": "Tom Cilmi" }, { "docid": "11714768#0", "text": "Islip is a station on the Montauk Branch of the Long Island Rail Road, off NY 111 (Islip Avenue) and Nassau Avenue, north of Suffolk CR 50 (Union Boulevard), and south of Moffitt Boulevard in Islip, New York, but the official description of its location isn't as precise. The MTA describes the station as being located at the same address, but also between Sunrise Highway (NY 27) and NY 27A, and does not include Nassau Avenue. Full Service and Daily Ticket Machines are on the north side of the station building.", "title": "Islip station (LIRR)" }, { "docid": "58586251#1", "text": "Nicoll was born in the village of Islip, Northamptonshire in England in 1657. He was the son of Abigail (née Johns) Nicoll and Matthias Nicoll, who served as the 6th Mayor of New York City from 1672 to 1673. His sister, Margaret Nicoll, was married to Col. Richard Floyd Jr., the colonel of provincial troops of Suffolk County and judge of the Court of Common Pleas and grandfather of William Floyd.", "title": "William Nicoll (speaker)" }, { "docid": "15895867#1", "text": "Islip was doubtless a member of the family which rose to ecclesiastical importance in the person of Archbishop Simon Islip. John entered the monastery of Westminster about 1480, and showed his administrative capacity in minor offices, till in 1498 he was elected prior, and on 27 October 1500 abbot of Westminster. The first business which he undertook was to claim for the abbey of Westminster the possession of the body of HenryVI, for whose canonisation Henry VII was pressing at Rome. The claim was disputed by Windsor and Chertsey Abbey, and the question was argued before the privy council, which decided in favour of Westminster. Henry VI's remains were removed from Windsor at a cost of £500. Islip had next to advise Henry VII in his plan for removing the old lady chapel of the abbey church and the erection instead of the chapel which still bears Henry VII's name. The old building was pulled down, and on 24 January 1503 Islip laid the foundation-stone of the new structure. The indentures between the king and Abbot Islip relating to the foundation of Henry VII's chantry and the regulation of its services are in the Harleian MS. 1498. They are splendidly engrossed, and have two initial letters which represent the king giving the document to Islip and the monks who kneel before him. The face of Islip is so strongly marked that it seems to be a real portrait.", "title": "John Islip" }, { "docid": "260089#7", "text": "Matthias Nicoll relocated to New York from Islip, Northamptonshire, England, in 1664.\nHis son, William Nicoll, became a royal patentee of the east end of what is now the Town of Islip, and his domain reached from East Islip to Bayport and included Sayville, West Sayville, Oakdale, Great River, Islip Terrace, Central Islip, Hauppauge, Holbrook, Bohemia, Brentwood, Holtsville and a portion of Ronkonkoma. All of this land was bought from Winne-quaheagh, Sachem (chief) of Connetquot in 1683. The yearly fee paid to Governor Thomas Dongan of New York was five bushels of quality winter wheat or 25 shillings. Other early land patentees were Andrew Gibb (Islip Hamlet), John Mowbray (Bay Shore, originally Awixa), Stephan Van Cortlandt (Sagtikos Manor), and Thomas Willets (West Islip).", "title": "Islip, New York" }, { "docid": "260089#12", "text": "Lowell Harrelson, the owner of the garbage, tried to negotiate for the \"Mobro\" to dock near Queens, whence the refuse would be carried back to Islip by trucks. Claire Shulman, the borough president of Queens, was not consulted, however; she obtained a temporary restraining order that forced the waste to stay at sea. The \"Mobro\" and its decaying cargo stayed off the shores of Brooklyn until July, when the vessel was granted a federal anchorage in New Jersey. The court hearings ran until October, when it was agreed that the cargo should be incinerated in Brooklyn. The 430 tons of ash that remained from this process was added to the landfill in Islip.", "title": "Islip, New York" } ]

[ { "docid": "140471#42", "text": "Charlie Brown is the manager and pitcher of a baseball team which frequently loses. His entire team is not skilled, especially his right fielder Lucy van Pelt, who is the worst baseball player in the entire \"Peanuts\" universe. Charlie Brown's dog Snoopy, who is his shortstop, is purported to be his best player, his best friend Linus was his second baseman, and his next closest friend Schroeder, his catcher, once commanded the team on \"Bon Voyage, Charlie Brown (and Don't Come Back!!)\" when Charlie Brown, Linus, Peppermint Patty, Marcie, Snoopy and Woodstock traveled to France. Charlie Brown is often hit by a line drive back through the box on the same ball he pitched, resulting in him being stripped of all his clothes with the exception of his shorts, a literal example of being \"undressed\" by a hard hit ball. Despite the fact that his team almost always loses, usually with no runs scored, he remained determined and acted as an ambitious commander of a team of players who often appeared to be uncooperative; aside from this, none of the other players seem to share his determination. His apparent admirable strength as a leader was shown in his scoldings and advice to his players; an example of his strict attitude was shown when he yelled at Lucy \"Go back to right field where you belong!\" when she continued to annoy him. While the team frequently loses, it has some wins. While terrible misfortune has placed some of Charlie Brown's team's wins when Charlie Brown is \"not \"playing, there are times in which Charlie Brown has heroically led his team to a championship although it never wins any of them.", "title": "Charlie Brown" }, { "docid": "16640411#0", "text": "Charlie Brown (born March 8, 1938 in Williston, South Carolina) is an American politician who is a Democratic member of the Indiana House of Representatives. He has represented the 3rd District since 1982. Brown, who is African-American, is a member of the Indiana Black Legislative Caucus. In 2017, Brown announced that he would not be running for reelection to the State House.", "title": "Charlie Brown (Indiana politician)" }, { "docid": "140471#36", "text": "Charlie Brown is a meek, kind, innocent, gentle-hearted character with many anxieties, and is depicted as being shy. He is a child possessed with significant determination and hope but often fails due to his insecurities. Charlie Brown is always referred to by his full name (with the exception of Peppermint Patty who calls him 'Chuck,' and Marcie and Eudora who call him 'Charles') and his usual catchphrase is \"good grief\". Like Schulz, Charlie Brown is the son of a barber. The character is an example of \"the great American un-success story\" in that he fails in almost everything he does with an almost continuous streak of bad luck; but still keeps trying with large efforts and work, resulting either in more losses or great victories. Some of these victories are hitting a game-winning home run off a pitch by a minor character named Royanne on a strip from 1993, and his victory over Joe Agate (another minor character) in a game of marbles on a strip from 1995. Although Charlie Brown is often unlucky within the strip's storylines, in some ways Charles M. Schulz created through the ever-persevering character \"the most shining example of the American success story in the comic strip field.\"", "title": "Charlie Brown" }, { "docid": "140471#0", "text": "Charlie Brown (also known as Charles Brown, Esq. and nicknamed Chuck by Peppermint Patty) is the lead role of the comic strip \"Peanuts\", syndicated in daily and Sunday newspapers in numerous countries all over the world. Depicted as a \"lovable loser,\" Charlie Brown is one of the great American archetypes and a popular and widely recognized cartoon character. Charlie Brown is characterized as a person who frequently suffers, and as a result is usually nervous and lacks self-confidence. He shows both pessimistic and optimistic attitudes: on some days, he is reluctant to go out because his day might just be spoiled, but on others, he hopes for the best and tries as much as he can to accomplish things. He is easily recognized by his trademark zigzag patterned shirt. There is only one exception: whenever he's a costumed character, he wears a red baseball cap on top of his head most of the time, rather than just wearing a white one during baseball seasons in comic strips and animation.", "title": "Charlie Brown" }, { "docid": "140471#63", "text": "Charlie Brown is frequently bothered by his younger sister Sally, who often complains about different sorts of things. He is often forced to do her homework, and he either willingly agrees or scolds her for it. They are rather kind to each other, but Charlie Brown is frequently disrespected by Sally. He has also occasionally firmly put his foot down on any of her truly unacceptable behavior, such as lying about taking a crayon from school or reading his letters.", "title": "Charlie Brown" } ]

[ { "docid": "3638012#0", "text": "Charlie Cotton is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera \"EastEnders\", played by Christopher Hancock. Charlie is a recurring character, introduced in March 1986 as the estranged husband of Dot Cotton (June Brown). He appears in stints until producers made the decision to kill the character off-screen in 1991, to aid development of characters connected to him. June Brown, who plays Dot, was openly against the killing of Charlie. Charlie appears one last time, in the October 2000 spin-off, \"Return of Nick Cotton\", as an apparition, warning his son Nick Cotton (John Altman) to change his ways.", "title": "Charlie Cotton" }, { "docid": "113226#0", "text": "A Charlie Brown Christmas is a 1965 animated television special based on the comic strip \"Peanuts\", by Charles M. Schulz. Produced by Lee Mendelson and directed by Bill Melendez, the program made its debut on CBS on December 9, 1965. In the special, lead character Charlie Brown finds himself depressed despite the onset of the cheerful holiday season. Lucy suggests he direct a neighborhood Christmas play, but his best efforts are ignored and mocked by his peers. After Linus tells Charlie Brown about the true meaning of Christmas, Charlie Brown cheers up, and the Peanuts gang unites to celebrate the Christmas season.", "title": "A Charlie Brown Christmas" }, { "docid": "9561471#0", "text": "Charles Brown (born October 29, 1958) is a former professional American football wide receiver in the National Football League (NFL) for six seasons for the Washington Redskins (and helped win Super Bowl XVII in his rookie season) and Atlanta Falcons. He was traded by the Redskins to the Falcons on August 26, 1985, in exchange for Pro Bowl guard R.C. Thielemann. He was nicknamed \"Good ol' Charlie Brown\" in reference to the eponymous comic strip character.", "title": "Charlie Brown (wide receiver)" }, { "docid": "33859784#1", "text": "According to the band, \"Charlie Brown\" was the first song recorded during sessions for the band's then-upcoming fifth studio album, with the intention of being included on what later became \"Mylo Xyloto\".\nThe lyrics of an early version of the song included a mention of Charlie Brown, the famous \"Peanuts\" character. The character's name, however, \"was left out of the final recording but the name stuck as the band couldn't think of an alternative.\" During the writing and recording sessions of \"Mylo Xyloto\", the song took on other names, such as \"Cartoon Heart\", before eventually being titled \"Charlie Brown\". It was written by Chris Martin in his daughter's doll's house. The doll's house was converted into a studio when Martin's daughter said she didn't like it.", "title": "Charlie Brown (Coldplay song)" }, { "docid": "140471#38", "text": "Charlie Brown cares very deeply for his family and friends, even if he was maltreated by them. His care for his sister is shown on a strip from May 26, 1959 (the strip in which his little sister Sally was born), when he exclaims: \"A BABY SISTER?! I'M A FATHER! I mean my DAD's a father! I'M a brother! I have a baby sister! I'M a brother!\" at her birth, and two strips later threw a celebration over it by handing over chocolate cigars to his friends. When Charlie Brown was maltreated by his companions (most often Lucy, Violet and Patty), he does not usually take out his anger on them, but often retaliates and even manages to turn the tables. An example is a strip from 1951, which features Violet and Patty telling Charlie Brown that they are not going to invite him to their party, with Charlie Brown replying that he does not wish to go their \"dumb ol' party\" anyway, leading the two girls to invite him.", "title": "Charlie Brown" } ]

[ { "docid": "396382#1", "text": "The Russian Federation has a multi-party system. six parties have members in the federal parliament, the State Duma, with one dominant party (United Russia).", "title": "Political parties in Russia" }, { "docid": "3666797#7", "text": "Russia has formed close ties with Eurosceptic and populist parties belonging to both ends of the political spectrum. By the end of 2014, a number of European far-right and far-left parties were receiving different forms of financial or organisational support from Russia in an attempt to build a common anti-European and pro-Russian front in the European Union. Among the far-right parties involved were the Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ), Alternative for Germany (AfD), National Democratic Party of Germany (NPD), France's National Front, Italy's Lega Nord, Hungary's Jobbik, Bulgaria's Attack (Ataka), and Latvian Russian Union. Among far-left parties, representatives of Die Linke, Communist Party of Greece, Syriza and others attended numerous events organized by Russia such as \"conservative conferences\" and the Crimean referendum. In the Europarliament, the European United Left–Nordic Green Left are described as \"reliable partner\" of Russian politics, voting against resolutions condemning events such as Russia's military intervention in Ukraine, and supporting Russian policies e.g. in Syria.\nKonstantin Rykov and Timur Prokopenko, both closely tied to United Russia and Russian Federation's Presidential Administration, were the key figures in funneling money to these parties. \"Agence France-Presse\" stated that \"From the far right to the radical left, populist parties across Europe are being courted by Russia's Vladimir Putin who aims to turn them into allies in his anti-EU campaign\" and that \"A majority of European populist parties have sided with Russia over Ukraine.\" During the Russian military intervention in Ukraine, British politicians Nigel Farage of the far-right and Jeremy Corbyn of the far-left both defended Russia, saying the West had \"provoked\" it.", "title": "Russia–European Union relations" }, { "docid": "396382#5", "text": "All parties registered by the Ministry of Justice have the right to participate in any elections all over the country. The list is placed on the Justice Ministry website. In December 2012, there were 48 registered parties in Russia; 6 of them are currently represented in the State Duma as of 2017.", "title": "Political parties in Russia" } ]

[ { "docid": "32260296#41", "text": "No openly LGBT Russian has been elected to the parliament. The United Russia, Communist Party of the Russian Federation, Liberal Democratic Party of Russia and the A Just Russia are the four major political parties in Russia and they tend to embrace LGBT-rights issues or endorse a progressivist stance in opposition. A similar stance tends to be taken with the smaller political parties. The conservative Patriots of Russia and Right Cause expressly oppose LGBT rights while the liberal Yabloko supports a human rights platform, but generally avoids taking a public stance on LGBT rights.", "title": "LGBT history in Russia" }, { "docid": "37318776#1", "text": "The ballots in governors’ elections in the Amur, Belgorod and Ryazan regions had four names to choose from. The ballot in the Novgorod region contains three names. Totally, 17 candidates from six political parties will compete for five governor seats. The parties represent the State Duma’s \"big four\" United Russia, the Communists, the Liberal-Democratic Party and A Just Russia, as well as Right Cause and Patriots of Russia. Candidates from LDPR and the Liberal-Democratic Party competed in four regions, those from the Communist Party of the Russian Federation in three, Right Course and Patriots of Russia are represented in two regions, and A Just Russia in one.", "title": "2012 Russian gubernatorial elections" }, { "docid": "396382#2", "text": "After the Perestroika reforms in the 1980s Russia had over 100 registered parties, but the people elected to the State Duma represented only a small number of parties. After 2000, during Vladimir Putin's first presidency (2000-2008), the number of parties quickly decreased. From 2008 to 2012 there were only seven parties in Russia, and every new attempt to register new, independent parties was blocked. The last-registered party of this period was the government-organized Right Cause (registered on 18 February 2009). Before the 2011 parliamentary elections, about 10 opposition parties were denied registration. However, after a series of mass protests and a 2011 European Court decision on the case of the Republican Party of Russia, the law changed and the number of registered parties quickly increased to more than 48 .", "title": "Political parties in Russia" }, { "docid": "396382#4", "text": "These parties have been considered parties of power:According to studies, United Russia voters in 2007 were younger and more market-oriented than the average voter. The party's electorate includes a substantial share of government employees, pensioners and military personnel, who are dependent on the state for their livelihood. Sixty-four percent of United Russia supporters are female. According to researchers, this could be because women place a great value on stability. In the run-up to the 2011 Duma elections, it was reported that support for United Russia was growing among young people.", "title": "Political parties in Russia" }, { "docid": "396334#42", "text": "United Russia is a large and diverse party and has several internal subdivisions. The party has 4 internal groupings, organized around common policy interests. In addition, the party makes use of four internal political clubs to debate policy: liberal conservative 4 November Club, social conservative Centre for Social Conservative Politics, conservative liberal State Patriotic Club and liberal Liberal Club. Based on this division, the party considered entering the 2007 Duma elections as three separate \"columns\" (liberal, conservative and social), but the idea was subsequently abandoned.", "title": "United Russia" }, { "docid": "396334#0", "text": "United Russia () is the ruling political party of the Russian Federation. United Russia is the largest party in Russia and it holds 335 (or 74.44%) of the 450 seats in the State Duma.", "title": "United Russia" }, { "docid": "57747396#19", "text": "Russia lacked a strong party system, thus partisan divides were less a factor for campaigns as they were in democracies with more developed party systems, such as France, the United Kingdom and the United States. In both the 1993 and 1995 parliamentary elections, half of Russia's parliamentary seats were decided by voting in single-mandate districts. However, the other half was determined by a national system of proportional representation. Proportional representation encouraged the existence of a plethora of political parties and little incentive for party consolidation. In 1993, thirteen separate parties contested in legislative elections. In 1995, forty-three different parties did. This was seen by the campaign's new leadership as being problematic to Yeltsin's candidacy. They believed that in order to win he would need to convince voters that he was the lesser evil, which he would be unable to effectively do without first convincing voters that they had only two options. Essentially, the strategy was to manufacture a public perception that there existed a political duopoly consisting of Yeltsin and Zyuganov's Communist Party. They would instill such a perception in spite of the fact that Russia had a multi-party system.", "title": "1996 Boris Yeltsin presidential campaign" } ]

[ { "docid": "25645497#3", "text": "The euro was founded on 1 January 1999, when it became the currency of over 300 million people in Europe. For the first three years of its existence it was an invisible currency, only used in accountancy. Euro cash was not introduced until 1 January 2002, when it replaced the national banknotes and coins of the countries in eurozone 12, such as the Finnish markka.", "title": "200 euro note" }, { "docid": "25406811#3", "text": "The euro was founded on 1 January 1999, when it became the currency of over 300 million people in Europe. For the first three years of its existence it was an invisible currency, only used in accountancy. Euro cash was not introduced until 1 January 2002, when it replaced the national banknotes and coins of the countries in eurozone 12, such as the Belgian franc and the Greek drachma.", "title": "20 euro note" }, { "docid": "25645441#3", "text": "The euro was founded on 1 January 1999, when it became the currency of over 300 million people in Europe. For the first three years of its existence it was an invisible currency, only used in accountancy. Euro cash was not introduced until 1 January 2002, when it replaced the national banknotes and coins of the countries in eurozone 12, such as the French franc and the Spanish peseta.", "title": "100 euro note" }, { "docid": "24190481#3", "text": "The euro was founded on 1 January 1999, when it became the currency of over 300 million people in Europe. For the first three years of its existence it was an invisible currency, only used in accountancy. Euro cash was not introduced until 1 January 2002, when it replaced the national banknotes and coins of the countries in eurozone 12, such as the Irish pound and the Austrian schilling.", "title": "5 euro note" }, { "docid": "25406770#2", "text": "The euro was founded on 1 January 1999, when it became the currency of over 300 million people in Europe. For the first three years of its existence it was an invisible currency, only used in accountancy. Euro cash was not introduced until 1 January 2002, when it replaced the national banknotes and coins of the countries in eurozone 12, such as the Italian lira and the German mark.", "title": "10 euro note" }, { "docid": "25645761#2", "text": "The euro was founded on 1 January 1999, when it became the currency of over 300 million people in Europe. For the first three years of its existence it was an invisible currency, only used in accountancy. Euro cash was not introduced until 1 January 2002, when it replaced the national banknotes and coins of the countries in eurozone 12, such as the Luxembourgish franc.", "title": "500 euro note" }, { "docid": "25406902#3", "text": "The euro was founded on 1 January 1999, when it became the currency of over 300 million people in Europe. For the first three years of its existence it was an invisible currency, only used in accounting. Euro cash was not introduced until 1 January 2002, when it replaced the national banknotes and coins of the 12 countries in the eurozone, such as the Dutch guilder and the Portuguese escudo.\nToday, the €50 note is used by some 332 million Europeans and in the 22 countries which have it as their sole currency (with 20 legally adopting it).", "title": "50 euro note" }, { "docid": "28897#18", "text": "When the euro was introduced in January 1999, it replaced the mark and franc; the basket was then composed of the U.S. dollar, the euro, the British pound and the Japanese yen.", "title": "Special drawing rights" } ]

[ { "docid": "9472#20", "text": "The currency was introduced in non-physical form (traveller's cheques, electronic transfers, banking, etc.) at midnight on 1 January 1999, when the national currencies of participating countries (the eurozone) ceased to exist independently. Their exchange rates were locked at fixed rates against each other. The euro thus became the successor to the European Currency Unit (ECU). The notes and coins for the old currencies, however, continued to be used as legal tender until new euro notes and coins were introduced on 1 January 2002.", "title": "Euro" }, { "docid": "8459263#13", "text": "The currency was introduced in non-physical form (traveller's cheques, electronic transfers, banking, etc.) at midnight on 1 January 1999, when the national currencies of participating countries (the eurozone) ceased to exist independently in that their exchange rates were locked at fixed rates against each other, effectively making them mere non-decimal subdivisions of the euro. The euro thus became the successor to the European Currency Unit (ECU). The notes and coins for the old currencies, however, continued to be used as legal tender until new notes and coins were introduced on 1 January 2002 (having been distributed in small amounts in the previous December). Beginning on 1 January 1999, all bonds and other forms of government debt by eurozone nations were denominated in euros.", "title": "History of the euro" } ]

[ { "docid": "208092#0", "text": "A food pyramid or diet pyramid is a triangular diagram representing the optimal number of servings to be eaten each day from each of the basic food groups. The first pyramid was published in Sweden in 1974. The 1992 pyramid introduced by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) was called the \"Food Guide Pyramid\" or \"Eating Right Pyramid\". It was updated in 2005 to \"MyPyramid\", and then it was replaced by \"MyPlate\" in 2011.", "title": "Food pyramid (nutrition)" }, { "docid": "208092#1", "text": "Amid high food prices in 1972, Sweden's National Board of Health and Welfare developed the idea of \"basic foods\" that were both cheap and nutritious, and \"supplemental foods\" that added nutrition missing from the basic foods. Anna-Britt Agnsäter, chief of the \"test kitchen\" for Kooperativa Förbundet (a cooperative Swedish retail chain), held a lecture the next year on how to illustrate these food groups. Attendee Fjalar Clemes suggested a triangle displaying basic foods at the base. Agnsäter developed the idea into the first food pyramid, which was introduced to the public in 1974 in KF's \"\" magazine. The pyramid was divided into basic foods at the base, including milk, cheese, margarine, bread, cereals and potato; a large section of supplemental vegetables and fruit; and an apex of supplemental meat, fish and egg. The pyramid competed with the National Board's \"dietary circle,\" which KF saw as problematic for resembling a cake divided into seven slices, and for not indicating how much of each food should be eaten. While the Board distanced itself from the pyramid, KF continued to promote it.", "title": "Food pyramid (nutrition)" }, { "docid": "31974159#4", "text": "Amid high food prices in 1972, Sweden's National Board of Health and Welfare developed the idea of \"basic foods\" that were both cheap and nutritious, and \"supplemental foods\" that added nutrition missing from the basic foods. KF, a consumer co-op that worked with the Board, sought to illustrate these food groups. KF developed a food pyramid because it could depict basic foods as its base, and introduced the guide to the public in 1974 in their magazine, \"\". At the base were bread, cereals, potatoes, milk, cheese and margarine; above it was a large section of supplemental vegetables and fruit; and at the top was an apex of supplemental meat, fish and eggs. The pyramid competed with the National Board's \"dietary circle,\" which KF saw as problematic for resembling a cake divided into seven slices, and for not indicating how much of each food should be eaten. While the Board distanced itself from the pyramid, KF continued to promote it, and food pyramids were developed in other Scandinavian countries, plus West Germany, Japan and Sri Lanka. The United States later developed its first food pyramid in 1992.", "title": "List of nutrition guides" }, { "docid": "208092#2", "text": "Food pyramids were developed in other Scandinavian countries, as well as West Germany, Japan and Sri Lanka. The United States later developed its first food pyramid in 1992.", "title": "Food pyramid (nutrition)" }, { "docid": "21525#19", "text": "In 1992, The U.S. Department of Agriculture introduced the Food Guide Pyramid. This replaced the Four Food Groups (1956-1992) and was superseded by the concept of MyPlate (2011–present).", "title": "Nutrition" }, { "docid": "208092#6", "text": "The USDA food pyramid was created in 1992 and divided into six horizontal sections containing depictions of foods from each section's food group. It was updated in 2005 with colorful vertical wedges replacing the horizontal sections and renamed MyPyramid. MyPyramid was often displayed with the food images absent, creating a more abstract design.\nIn an effort to restructure food nutrition guidelines, the USDA rolled out its new MyPlate program in June 2011. My Plate is divided into four slightly different sized quadrants, with fruits and vegetables taking up half the space, and grains and protein making up the other half. The vegetables and grains portions are the largest of the four.", "title": "Food pyramid (nutrition)" }, { "docid": "31974016#6", "text": "The introduction of the USDA's food guide pyramid in 1992 attempted to express the recommended servings of each food group, which previous guides did not do. 6 to 11 servings of bread, cereal, rice and pasta occupied the large base of the pyramid; followed by 3 to 5 servings of vegetables; then fruits (2 to 4); then milk, yogurt and cheese (2 to 3); followed by meat, poultry, fish, dry beans, eggs, and nuts (2 to 3); and finally fats, oils and sweets in the small apex (to be used sparingly). Inside each group were several images of representative foods, as well as symbols representing the fat and sugar contents of the foods.", "title": "History of USDA nutrition guides" } ]

[ { "docid": "5355#7", "text": "Along with changes in food, starting early in the 20th century, governments have issued nutrition guidelines, leading to the food pyramid (introduced in Sweden in 1974). The 1916 \"Food For Young Children\" became the first USDA guide to give specific dietary guidelines. Updated in the 1920s, these guides gave shopping suggestions for different-sized families along with a Depression Era revision which included four cost levels. In 1943, the USDA created the \"Basic Seven\" chart to make sure that people got the recommended nutrients. It included the first-ever Recommended Daily Allowances from the National Academy of Sciences. In 1956, the \"Essentials of an Adequate Diet\" brought recommendations which cut the number of groups that American school children would learn about down to four. In 1979, a guide called \"Food\" addressed the link between too much of certain foods and chronic diseases, but added \"fats, oils, and sweets\" to the four basic food groups.", "title": "Cooking" }, { "docid": "30865992#0", "text": "MyPyramid, released by the USDA Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion on April 19, 2005, was an update on the earlier American food guide pyramid. It was used until June 2, 2011, when the USDA's MyPlate replaced it. The icon stresses activity and moderation along with a proper mix of food groups in one's diet. As part of the MyPyramid food guidance system, consumers were asked to visit the MyPyramid website for personalized nutrition information. Significant changes from the previous food pyramid include:MyPyramid was designed to educate consumers about a lifestyle consistent with the January 2005 \"Dietary Guidelines for Americans\", an 80-page document. The guidelines, produced jointly by the USDA and Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), represented the official position of the U.S. government and served as the foundation of Federal nutrition policy.", "title": "MyPyramid" }, { "docid": "208092#16", "text": "In April 1991, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) halted publication of its Eating Right Pyramid, due to objections raised by meat and dairy lobbying groups concerning the guide’s display of their products. Despite the USDA’s explanations that the guide required further research and testing, it was not until one year later—after its content was supported by additional research—that the Eating Right Pyramid was officially released. This time, even the guide’s graphic design was altered to appease industry concerns. This incident was only one of many in which the food industry attempted to alter federal dietary recommendations in their own economic self-interest.", "title": "Food pyramid (nutrition)" } ]

[ { "docid": "144241#14", "text": "Molecular masses are calculated from the standard atomic weights of each nuclide, while molar masses are calculated from the atomic mass of each element. The atomic mass takes into account the isotopic distribution of the element in a given sample (usually assumed to be \"normal\"). For example, water has a molar mass of 18.0153(3) g/mol, but individual water molecules have molecular masses which range between 18.010 564 6863(15) u (HO) and 22.027 7364(9) u (DO).", "title": "Molar mass" } ]

[ { "docid": "2279144#2", "text": "There are a variety of probes with different membrane and shaft length combinations available. The molecular weight cutoff of commercially available microdialysis probes covers a wide range of approximately 6-100kD, but also 1MD is available. While water-soluble compounds generally diffuse freely across the microdialysis membrane, the situation is not as clear for highly lipophilic analytes, where both successful (e.g. corticosteroids) and unsuccessful microdialysis experiments (e.g. estradiol, fusidic acid) have been reported. However, the recovery of water-soluble compounds usually decreases rapidly if the molecular weight of the analyte exceeds 25% of the membrane’s molecular weight cutoff.", "title": "Microdialysis" }, { "docid": "477588#2", "text": "The upper molecular-weight limit for a small molecule is approximately 900 daltons, which allows for the possibility to rapidly diffuse across cell membranes so that it can reach intracellular sites of action. This molecular weight cutoff is also a necessary but insufficient condition for oral bioavailability as it allows for transcellular transport through intestinal epithelial cells. In addition to intestinal permeability, the molecule must also possess a reasonably rapid rate of dissolution into water and adequate water solubility and moderate to low first pass metabolism. A somewhat lower molecular weight cutoff of 500 daltons (as part of the \"rule of five\") has been recommended for oral small molecule drug candidates based on the observation that clinical attrition rates are significantly reduced if the molecular weight is kept below this limit.", "title": "Small molecule" }, { "docid": "14283#2", "text": "A molecule of heavy water has two deuterium atoms in place of the two protium atoms of ordinary \"light\" water. The weight of a heavy water molecule, however, is not substantially different from that of a normal water molecule, because about 89% of the molecular weight of water comes from the single oxygen atom rather than the two hydrogen atoms. The colloquial term \"heavy water\" refers to a highly enriched water mixture that contains mostly deuterium oxide , but also some hydrogen-deuterium oxide (HDO) and a smaller amount of ordinary hydrogen oxide . For instance, the heavy water used in CANDU reactors is 99.75% enriched by hydrogen atom-fraction—meaning that 99.75% of the hydrogen atoms are of the heavy type. For comparison, ordinary water (the \"ordinary water\" used for a deuterium standard) contains only about 156 deuterium atoms per million hydrogen atoms, meaning that 0.0156% of the hydrogen atoms are of the heavy type.", "title": "Heavy water" }, { "docid": "1778123#6", "text": "In many web sources, particularly in relation to safety considerations at commercial and industrial facilities in the U.S., vapour density is defined with respect to air, not hydrogen. Air is given a vapour density of one. For this use, air has a molecular weight of 28.97 atomic mass units, and all other gas and vapour molecular weights are divided by this number to derive their vapour density. For example, acetone has a vapour density of 2 in relation to air. That means acetone vapour is twice as heavy as air. This can be seen by dividing the molecular weight of Acetone, 58.1 by that of air, 28.97, which equals 2.", "title": "Vapour density" }, { "docid": "1965792#4", "text": "Chloropicrin's chemical formula is CClNO and its molecular weight is 164.38 grams/mole. Pure chloropicrin is a colorless liquid, with a boiling point of 112 °C. Chloropicrin is sparingly soluble in water with solubility of 2000 mg/L at 25 °C. It is volatile, with a vapor pressure of 23.2 millimeters of mercury (mmHg) at 25 °C; the corresponding Henry's law constant is 0.00251 atmosphere-cubic meter per mole. The octanol-water partition coefficient (\"K\") of chloropicrin is estimated to be 269. Its soil adsorption coefficient (\"K\"; normalized to soil organic matter content) is 25 cm/g.", "title": "Chloropicrin" }, { "docid": "2551403#1", "text": "Schizophyllan has a molecular weight of 450,000 Da, and a specific rotation in water of +18-24°. A chemically analogous polysaccharide, scleroglucan, is formed by the fungus \"Athelia rolfsii\". Both polysaccharides share the chemical structure of the backbone with curdlan. It is known for several things, including its ability to stimulate the immune system, carry metals in water, aid in delivering drugs, and use in some nanofibers.", "title": "Schizophyllan" }, { "docid": "14582412#2", "text": "Mass (m) per unit volume (V) is the density m/V. Mass is conserved on mixing, but the volume of 1 cm of ethanol mixed with 1 cm of water is reduced to less than 2 cm due to the formation of ethanol-water bonds. The plot of volume or density versus molecular fraction of ethanol in water is a quadratic curve. However, the plot of index of refraction versus molecular fraction of ethanol in water is linear, and the weight fraction equals the fractional density (d; Teertstra 2005).", "title": "Gladstone–Dale relation" }, { "docid": "26855865#2", "text": "The molecular weight of the polymer is perhaps one of the most important properties to consider when determining antimicrobial properties because antimicrobial activity is markedly dependent on the molecular weight. It has been determined that optimal activity is achieved when polymers have a molecular weight in the range of 1.4x10 Da to 9.4x10 Da. Weights larger than this range show a decrease in activity. This dependence on weight can be attributed to the sequence of steps necessary for biocidal action. Extremely large molecular weight polymers will have trouble diffusing through the bacterial cell wall and cytoplasm. Thus much effort has been directed towards controlling the molecular weight of the polymer.", "title": "Antimicrobial polymer" }, { "docid": "305679#1", "text": "By weight, the average human adult male is approximately 60% water and the average adult female is approximately 55%. There can be considerable variation in body water percentage based on a number of factors like age, health, water intake, weight, and sex. In a large study of adults of all ages and both sexes, the adult human body averaged ~65% water. However, this varied substantially by age, sex, and adiposity (amount of fat in body composition). The figure for water fraction by weight in this sample was found to be 58 ±8% water for males and 48 ±6% for females. The body water constitutes as much as 93% of the body weight of a newborn infant, whereas some obese people are as little as 15% water by weight. This is due to how fat tissue does not retain water as well as lean tissue. These statistical averages will vary with factors such as type of population, age of people sampled, number of people sampled, and methodology. So there is not, and cannot be, a figure that is exactly the same for all people, for this or any other physiological measure.", "title": "Body water" }, { "docid": "144241#0", "text": "In chemistry, the molar mass \"M\" is a physical property defined as the mass of a given substance (chemical element or chemical compound) divided by the amount of substance. The base SI unit for molar mass is kg/mol. However, for historical reasons, molar masses are almost always expressed in g/mol.", "title": "Molar mass" }, { "docid": "144241#3", "text": "The molar mass of atoms of an element is given by the Standard atomic weight of the element multiplied by the molar mass constant, \"M\" = 1 × 10 kg/mol = 1 g/mol:\nMultiplying by the molar mass constant ensures that the calculation is dimensionally correct: standard relative atomic masses are dimensionless quantities (i.e., pure numbers) whereas molar masses have units (in this case, grams/mole).", "title": "Molar mass" } ]

[ { "docid": "72979#2", "text": "Lake Victoria occupies a shallow depression in Africa. The lake has a maximum depth of between 80 and and an average depth of . Its catchment area covers . The lake has a shoreline of when digitized at the 1:25,000 level, with islands constituting 3.7 percent of this length, and is divided among three countries: Kenya (6 percent or ), Uganda (45 percent or ), and Tanzania (49 percent or ).", "title": "Lake Victoria" } ]

[ { "docid": "72979#11", "text": "Most of these lakes are relatively shallow (like Victoria) and part of the present-day upper Nile basin. The exception is Lake Kivu, which is part of the present-day Congo River basin, but is believed to have been connected to Lakes Edward and Victoria by rivers until the uplifting of parts of the East African Rift. This deep lake may have functioned as an \"evolutionary reservoir\" for this haplochromine group in periods where other shallower lakes in the region dried out, as happened to Lake Victoria about 15,000 years ago. In recent history only Lake Kyoga was easily accessible to Victoria cichlids, as further downstream movement by the Victoria Nile (to Lake Albert) is prevented by a series of waterfalls, notably Murchison. In contrast, the Owen Falls (now flooded by a dam) between Victoria and Kyoga were essentially a series of rapids that did not effectively block fish movements between the two lakes.", "title": "Lake Victoria" }, { "docid": "24873931#1", "text": "The main church in Nether Wasdale is St Michaels and All Angels Church, which was built in the 16th century. The church has a maypole in front of it: now a listed structure, it was built originally to celebrate Queen Victoria's diamond jubilee.. The nearby Wastwater is, at 258' deep the deepest of all of the Lake District lakes. Nether Wasdale is served by the ancient Bridle Path \"Guards Lonning\" that runs from Lane Side east of Gosforth along to Guards Head, between Blengdale Forest and the newly planted Bamse's Wood, across a wooden footbridge at Kid Beck and down between Yew Tree Farm and Windsor Farm into Nether Wasdale.", "title": "Nether Wasdale" }, { "docid": "72979#5", "text": "The only outflow from Lake Victoria is the Nile River, which exits the lake near Jinja, Uganda. In terms of contributed water, this makes Lake Victoria the principal source of the longest branch of the Nile. However, the most distal source of the Nile Basin, and therefore the ultimate source of the Nile, is more often considered to be one of the tributary rivers of the Kagera River (the exact tributary remains undetermined), and which originates in either Rwanda or Burundi. The uppermost section of the Nile is generally known as the Victoria Nile until it reaches Lake Albert. Although it is a part of the same river system known as the White Nile and is occasionally referred to as such, strictly speaking this name does not apply until after the river crosses the Uganda border into South Sudan to the north.", "title": "Lake Victoria" }, { "docid": "58951322#0", "text": "Deep Lake is a body of water lying south of Olympia in Thurston County, Washington. It is deep at its deepest point and has a water volume of . The lake drains into Black River by way of Beaver Creek and Scott Lake. Deep Lake is located in Section 3, Township 16N, Range 2W, Willamette. The lake is bordered on two sides by Millersylvania State Park. An RV resort camp occupies the lake's eastern shore. The lake's fish population includes stocked rainbow trout and naturally reproducing largemouth bass, bluegill, yellow perch, and pumpkinseed.", "title": "Deep Lake (Thurston County, Washington)" }, { "docid": "49691494#0", "text": "ㅞ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅞ is U+315E.", "title": "ㅞ" }, { "docid": "11318675#0", "text": "Lake Tali Karng is a natural lake in the Alpine region of Victoria, in eastern Australia. At in area and in depth, the lake is the only deep lake in Victoria. The lake was formed by a landslide 1,500 years ago and is the only lake in the Alpine region.", "title": "Lake Tali Karng" }, { "docid": "48869534#0", "text": "The Bridge in Tredyffrin Township was a historic stone arch bridge carrying Gulph Road across Trout Creek in Tredyffrin Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania, USA. It had one span, a solid, semicircular stone arch long. There were stone wing walls at each end, with roughly squared stone voussoirs forming the arch ring. The vault of the arch had been sealed with gunite when the bridge was surveyed in 1982, and the parapets had also been topped with concrete. The bridge was built at an unknown date in the late 19th or early 20th century, and was a well-preserved, typical example of stone arch bridge construction in that period.", "title": "Bridge in Tredyffrin Township" }, { "docid": "49691484#0", "text": "ㅝ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅝ is U+315D.", "title": "ㅝ" }, { "docid": "49691504#0", "text": "ㅟ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅟ is U+315F.", "title": "ㅟ" } ]

[ { "docid": "1021213#29", "text": "The International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List does not list subspecies. The brown bear species, of which the Kodiak subspecies is a member, is listed as Lower Risk or Least Concern. The Kodiak is not listed as an endangered species by the Endangered Species Act of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife service.", "title": "Kodiak bear" }, { "docid": "1021213#2", "text": "Encounters between people and Kodiak bears have been very frequent since ancient times. Today, these encounters have become more common as a result of the increase in the human population in the region. Such encounters have included the hunting of bears by humans for their fur or meat, and, less commonly, attacks by bears upon humans. More recently, as conservation efforts have become more commonplace, concerns over the sustenance and stability of the Kodiak bear population have arisen. The IUCN classifies \"Ursus arctos\", the species to which the Kodiak belongs, as being of \"least concern\" in terms of endangerment or extinction. However, the IUCN does not differentiate between subspecies; therefore, it is unknown whether the Kodiak bear population is as healthy as is stated. As a result, the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, along with, to a lesser extent, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, closely monitors the number of bears hunted in the state.", "title": "Kodiak bear" } ]

[ { "docid": "4402#22", "text": "The largest subspecies are the Kodiak bear (\"U. a. middendorffi\") and the questionably-distinct peninsular or coastal brown bear (\"U. a. gyas\"). Also the extinct California grizzly bear (\"U. a. californicus\") was rather large. Once mature, the typical female Kodiak bear can range in body mass from and from sexual maturity onward males range from . According to the \"Guinness Book of World Records\" the average male Kodiak bear is in total length (head-to-tail) and has a shoulder height of . When averaged between their spring low and fall high weights from both localities, males from Kodiak island and coastal Alaska weighed from with a mean body mass of while the same figures in females were with a mean body mass of . By the time they reach or exceed eight to nine years of age, male Kodiak bears tend to be much larger than newly mature six-year-old males, potentially tripling their average weight within three years' time, and can expect to average between . The reported mean adult body masses for both sexes of the polar bear are very similar to the peninsular giant and Kodiak bears. Due to their roughly corresponding body sizes, the two subtypes and the species can both legitimately be considered the largest living member of the bear family Ursidae and largest extant terrestrial carnivores. The largest widely-accepted size for a wild Kodiak bear, as well as for a brown bear, was for a bear killed in English Bay on Kodiak Island in fall 1894 as several measurements were made of this bear, including a body mass of , and a hind foot and a voucher skull were examined and verified by the \"Guinness Book of World Records\". Claims have been made of larger brown bears, but these appear to be poorly documented and unverified and some, even if recited by reputable authors, may be dubious hunters' claims.", "title": "Brown bear" }, { "docid": "1021213#3", "text": "Taxonomist C.H. Merriam was first to recognize the Kodiak bear as a unique subspecies of the brown bear, and he named it \"\"Ursus middendorffi\"\" in honor of the celebrated Baltic naturalist, Dr. A. Th. von Middendorff. Subsequent taxonomic work merged all North American brown bears into a single species (\"Ursus arctos\"). \nGenetic samples from bears on Kodiak have shown that they are related to brown bears on the Alaska Peninsula and Kamchatka, Russia, and all brown bears roughly north of the US. Kodiak bears have been genetically isolated since at least the last ice age (10,000 to 12,000 years ago) and very little genetic diversity exists within the population. Although the current population is healthy and productive, and has shown no overt adverse signs of inbreeding, it may be more susceptible to new diseases or parasites than other, more diverse brown bear populations.", "title": "Kodiak bear" }, { "docid": "1021213#15", "text": "Bears live throughout the archipelago, adapting to local resources and retaining relatively small home ranges and comparable densities in most habitats. Emerging vegetation and animals that died during the winter are the first foods bears eat in the spring. As summer progresses, a wide variety of vegetation supplies nutritional needs until salmon return. Salmon runs extend from May through September on most of the archipelago and bears consume the five species of Pacific salmon that spawn in local streams and lakes. In the late summer and early fall, bears consume several types of berries. Bears also feed on wind-rowed seaweed and invertebrates on some beaches throughout the year. Although deer are abundant on the archipelago and mountain goats are abundant on Kodiak Island, few Kodiak bears actively prey on them. Another food source available year-round is the garbage supplied by the human population of Kodiak Island. As climate change causes elderberries to ripen earlier, berry season is now overlapping with salmon season and some bears are abandoning salmon runs to focus on the berries.", "title": "Kodiak bear" }, { "docid": "12762956#1", "text": "Founded in 1927, the zoo is home to a wide selection of mammals and reptiles of the North America region and all over the world, including some endangered species. At one time, Space Farms was host to the largest bear in captivity in the world, a Kodiak bear named Goliath. The 2,000-pound (900 kg) Goliath still stands tall in front of a diverse taxidermy exhibit in the main hall of the museum. He was preserved in an imposing upright position after his death in 1991. His abnormally large skull is upstairs, where one can compare it to skulls of other animals.", "title": "Space Farms Zoo and Museum" }, { "docid": "1021213#13", "text": "Bears on Kodiak are naturally active during the day, but when faced with competition for food or space, they adopt a more nocturnal (active at night) lifestyle. This behavior is especially evident in the bears that live near and within Kodiak City. Kodiak bears do not defend territories, but they do have traditional areas that they use each year (home ranges). Because of the rich variety of foods available on Kodiak, the bears on the archipelago have some of the smallest home ranges of any brown bear populations in North America and a great deal of overlap occurs among the ranges of individual bears. Home ranges of adult sows on Kodiak Island average , while boar home ranges average .", "title": "Kodiak bear" }, { "docid": "1021213#0", "text": "The Kodiak bear (\"Ursus arctos middendorffi\"), also known as the Kodiak brown bear, sometimes the Alaskan brown bear, inhabits the islands of the Kodiak Archipelago in southwest Alaska. It is the largest recognized subspecies of brown bear, and one of the two largest bears alive today, the other being the polar bear.", "title": "Kodiak bear" }, { "docid": "1021213#22", "text": "Professional interest in guided Kodiak bear hunts and a concern for unregulated resource use in frontier lands such as Alaska prompted the territorial government’s newly established Alaska Game Commission to abolish commercial bear hunting (selling the hides) on the archipelago in 1925. The impacts of the new regulations seemed to restore bear populations on the Kodiak islands. By the 1930s, ranchers on northeast Kodiak reported an increase in bear problems and demanded action. Bears were also seen as a threat to the expanding commercial salmon-fishing industry. To address the dilemma of conserving bears while protecting cattle, salmon, and people, President Franklin D. Roosevelt created the Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge by executive order in 1941. The refuge roughly encompasses the southwestern two-thirds of Kodiak Island, Uganik Island, the Red Peaks area on northwestern Afognak Island, and all of Ban Island.", "title": "Kodiak bear" }, { "docid": "1021213#1", "text": "Physiologically, the Kodiak bear is very similar to the other brown bear subspecies, such as the mainland grizzly bear (\"Ursus arctos horribilis\") and the now-extinct California grizzly bear (\"U. a. californicus\"†), with the main difference being in size. While there is generally much variation in size between brown bears in different areas, most usually weigh between 115 and 360 kg (254 and 794 lb). The Kodiak bear, on the other hand, commonly reaches sizes of , and has even been known to exceed weights of . Despite this large variation in size, the diet and lifestyle of the Kodiak bear does not differ greatly from that of other brown bears.", "title": "Kodiak bear" } ]

[ { "docid": "6906551#0", "text": "The First Celtiberian (181-179 BC) was the first of three major rebellions by the Celtiberians against the Roman presence in Hispania. The other two were the Second Celtiberian War (154-151 BC) and the Numantine War (143-133 BC). Hispania was the name the Romans gave to the Iberian Peninsula. The peninsula was inhabited by various ethnic groups and numerous tribes. The Celtiberians were a confederation of five tribes which lived in a large area of east central Hispania, to the west of Hispania Citerior. The eastern part of their territory shared a stretch of the border of this Roman province. The Celtiberian tribes were the Pellendones, the Arevaci, the Lusones, the Titti and the Belli.", "title": "First Celtiberian War" }, { "docid": "1458751#3", "text": "The Celtiberian inscriptions have been found mainly in the Ebro valley and near the sources of the Tagus and Douro rivers, where Roman and Greek sources place the Celtiberian people. The Celtiberian inscriptions were made on different types of objects (silver and bronze coins, ceramic receptacles, bronze plaques and tesseras, amphores, stones, spindle-whorls, etc.). There are just under two hundred surviving inscriptions, one of which is exceptionally long: the third Botorrita bronze plaque (Zaragoza) with more than three thousand signs containing a census of nearly 250 people. Almost always the direction of the writing is left to right. The fact that nearly all the Celtiberian inscriptions were found out of archaeological context does not allow a precise chronology to be established, but it seems that the earliest inscriptions in the Celtiberian script date from the 2nd century BCE while the latest ones date from the 1st century BCE.", "title": "Celtiberian script" }, { "docid": "461337#6", "text": "The cultural stronghold of Celtiberians was the northern area of the central \"meseta\" in the upper valleys of the Tagus and Douro east to the \"Iberus\" (Ebro) river, in the modern provinces of Soria, Guadalajara, Zaragoza and Teruel. There, when Greek and Roman geographers and historians encountered them, the established Celtiberians were controlled by a military aristocracy that had become a hereditary elite. The dominant tribe were the Arevaci, who dominated their neighbors from powerful strongholds at Okilis (Medinaceli) and who rallied the long Celtiberian resistance to Rome. Other Celtiberians were the Belli and Titti in the Jalón valley, and the Lusones to the east.", "title": "Celtiberians" }, { "docid": "461337#0", "text": "The Celtiberians were a group of Celts or Celticized peoples inhabiting the central-eastern Iberian Peninsula during the final centuries BC. They were explicitly mentioned as being Celts by several classic authors (e.g. Strabo). These tribes spoke the Celtiberian language and wrote it by adapting the Iberian alphabet. The numerous inscriptions that have been discovered, some of them extensive, have allowed scholars to classify the Celtiberian language as a Celtic language, possibly one of the Hispano-Celtic (also known as Iberian Celtic) languages that were spoken in pre-Roman and early Roman Iberia. Archaeologically, many elements link Celtiberians with Celts in Central Europe, but also show large differences with both the Hallstatt culture and La Tène culture.", "title": "Celtiberians" }, { "docid": "1405133#0", "text": "Celtiberian or Northeastern Hispano-Celtic is an extinct Indo-European language of the Celtic branch spoken by the Celtiberians in an area of the Iberian Peninsula lying between the headwaters of the Douro, Tagus, Júcar and Turia rivers and the Ebro river. This language is directly attested in nearly 200 inscriptions dated to the 2nd century BC and the 1st century BC, mainly in Celtiberian script, a direct adaptation of the northeastern Iberian script, but also in Latin alphabet. The longest extant Celtiberian inscriptions are those on three Botorrita plaques, bronze plaques from Botorrita near Zaragoza, dating to the early 1st century BC, labelled Botorrita I, III and IV (Botorrita II is in the Latin language). In the northwest was another Celtic language, Gallaecian (also known as Northwestern Hispano-Celtic), that was closely related to Celtiberian.", "title": "Celtiberian language" }, { "docid": "461337#13", "text": "The Celtiberian presence remains on the map of Spain in hundreds of Celtic place-names. The archaeological recovery of Celtiberian culture commenced with the excavations of Numantia, published between 1914 and 1931.", "title": "Celtiberians" } ]

[ { "docid": "461337#7", "text": "Excavations at the Celtiberian strongholds \"Kontebakom-Bel\" Botorrita, \"Sekaisa\" Segeda, Tiermes complement the grave goods found in Celtiberian cemeteries, where aristocratic tombs of the 6th to 5th centuries BC give way to warrior tombs with a tendency from the 3rd century BC for weapons to disappear from grave goods, either indicating an increased urgency for their distribution among living fighters or, as Almagro-Gorbea and Lorrio think, the increased urbanization of Celtiberian society. Many late Celtiberian \"oppida\" are still occupied by modern towns, inhibiting archaeology.", "title": "Celtiberians" }, { "docid": "6878247#2", "text": "In 154 BC, the Roman senate objected to the Belli town of Segeda building a circuit of walls, and declared war. Thus, the Second Celtiberian War (154–152 BC) started. At least three tribes of Celtiberians were involved in the war: the Titti, the Belli (towns of Segeda and Nertobriga) and the Arevaci (towns of Numantia, Axinum and Ocilis). After some initial Celtiberian victories, the consul Marcus Claudius Marcellus inflicted some defeats and made peace with the Celtiberians. The next consul, Lucius Licinius Lucullus, attacked the Vaccaei, a tribe living in the central Duero valley which was not at war with Rome. He did so without the authorisation of the senate, with the excuse that the Vaccaei had mistreated the Carpetani. The Second Celtiberian War overlapped with the Lusitanian War of (154–150 BC).", "title": "Celtiberian Wars" }, { "docid": "6480414#1", "text": "In 154 BC, the Roman senate objected to the Belli town of Segeda building a circuit of walls, and declared war. At least three tribes of Celtiberians were involved in the war: the Titti, the Belli (towns of Segeda and Nertobriga) and the Averaci (towns of Numantia, Axinum and Ocilis). After some initial Celtiberian victories, the consul Marcus Claudius Marcellus inflicted some defeats and made peace with the Celtiberians. The next consul, Lucius Licinius Lucullus, attacked the Vaccaei, a tribe living in the central Duero valley which was not at war with Rome. He did so without the authorisation of the senate, with the excuse that the Vaccaei had mistreated the Carpetani. The Second Celtiberian War overlapped with the Lusitanian War of 155–150 BC.", "title": "Second Celtiberian War" }, { "docid": "6878247#14", "text": "Appian wrote that this war broke out because Segeda (near Zaragoza), a powerful city of the Celtiberian tribe of the Belli, persuaded the people of some smaller towns to settle there and was building a circuit of walls seven kilometres long. It also forced the neighbouring Titti to join in. The Belli had agreed to the treaties Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus had made with tribes in Hispania at the end of the First Celtiberian War. Rome considered that Segeda was breaking the treaty. It forbade the building of the wall, demanded the tribute and the provision of a contingent for the Roman army in accordance with the stipulations of Gracchus' treaty. The Segedans replied that the treaty forbade the construction of new towns, but did not forbid the fortification existing ones. They also said that they had been subsequently released from the tribute and the military contingent by the Romans. This was true, but the senate argued that when it granted such exemptions it always specified that they were to continue only during its pleasure. The senate must have decided to withdraw the exemptions because it was worried about the development of Segeda into a powerful city in the land of the Celtiberians, who had a history of rebellions. Rome prepared for war.", "title": "Celtiberian Wars" } ]

[ { "docid": "48244111#0", "text": "Church of the Holy Spirit is a Lutheran church and the oldest existing building in Bauska, Latvia. Built between 1591 and 1594 for the needs of the city's Baltic German population. The original building did not have a tower, which was built in 1614 and completed in 1623 by master craftsman Michael Ulrich from Arnstadt who built cupola and high steeple tower. In 1799 the steeple was ruined by a direct lightning strike and the tower was covered by a temporary wooden structure. In 1815 the damaged tower was hit by a lightning once again and the temporary four-sloped roof become permanent.", "title": "Bauska Church of the Holy Spirit" } ]

[ { "docid": "46503043#1", "text": "Gas pipeline from Lithuanian border to Iecava with the diameter of 500 mm was built in 1962. It is the oldest pipeline in Latvia. In 2013 construction works for enhancement of capacity of interconnection was finished. New discharge capacity will allow transmissions of 6.48 million cubic metres per day from Lithuania to Latvia and 6.24 million cubic metres per day from Latvia to Lithuania. The expansion is set to start operating in 2019-2020. The pipeline is linked with Estonia–Latvia Interconnection.", "title": "Lithuania–Latvia Interconnection" }, { "docid": "616306#1", "text": "Salaspils is one of the oldest settlements in Latvia. Archaeological excavations of 1964–1975 (during the construction of Riga HES) in ancient settlements, burial grounds and castle mounds give evidence of very dense population of the region. At this time, the remains of 11,000-year-old reindeer hunters were found (the oldest known human settlement in all of Latvia) and 3500-year-old remains of Baltic hunters, buried in hollowed-out oak-tree trunks, were found as well. There is evidence that both Livs and Balts built hill forts in the region.", "title": "Salaspils" }, { "docid": "8635290#0", "text": "The Constitution of Latvia () is the fundamental law of the Republic of Latvia. Satversme is the oldest Eastern or Central European constitution still in force and the sixth oldest still-functioning republican basic law in the world. It was adopted, as it states itself in the text, by the people of Latvia, in their freely elected Constitutional Assembly of Latvia on 15 February 1922 and came into force on 7 November 1922. It was heavily influenced by Germany's Weimar Constitution and the Swiss Federal Constitution. The constitution establishes the main bodies of government (Saeima, State President, Cabinet of Ministers, Courts, State Auditor); it consists of 115 articles arranged in eight chapters.", "title": "Constitution of Latvia" }, { "docid": "459167#2", "text": "The red-white-red Latvian flag () is first mentioned in the medieval \"Rhymed Chronicle of Livonia\" (\"Livländische Reimchronik\"), which covers the period from 1180 to 1343, and is thus among the oldest flags in the world. The chronicle tells of a battle that took place around 1279, in which ancient Latvian tribes from Cēsis, a city in the northern part of modern-day Latvia, went to war, bearing a red flag with a white stripe.", "title": "Flag of Latvia" }, { "docid": "168935#29", "text": "Jūrmala Park (Seaside Park) is located in the western part of the city at the seaside. The park is long with a total area of 70 ha and is one of the largest planted parks in Latvia. It was developed at the end of the 19th century\nAt the end of Peldu Street are Latvia's largest drums – one of the objects of Liepāja's environmental design which reminds one that Liepāja is the music capital of Latvia.\nThe open-air concert stage Pūt, vējiņi! (Blow, wind, blow!) was built in 1964. It has been the venue for a good many concerts and festivals, with the festival \"Liepājas Dzintars\" (\"Amber of Liepāja\") being the most famous among them, as it could be regarded as the oldest rock festival of the former Soviet Union. It was held for the first time in 1968.\nAlongside the stage is an interesting building, the former Bath House built in 1902 and designed by Max Paul Bertschy. At the beginning of the 19th century Liepāja was a renowned health resort and the Russian tsar and his family had been visiting Liepāja. This all encouraged other aristocrats from Russia and Europe to spend their summers in Liepāja as well.", "title": "Liepāja" }, { "docid": "32431540#2", "text": "The Lapeer County Courthouse is among the earliest of its kind built in the state. It is recognized as the oldest original courthouse structure still in use in the state of Michigan and one of the 10 oldest such structures in all of the country. Lapeer County was formed in 1822 with the city of Lapeer being established as the county seat in 1831. The structure is recognized as having been first constructed in 1839, although this represents an earlier structure built on the site. The date on the pediment states 1846, which is the date that the current structure was completed—having been started the previous year. It was commissioned by state representative and state senator Alvin N. Hart, who lobbied successfully for Lapeer to continue to serve as the county seat. Hart sold the structure to the Board of Supervisors of Lapeer County for $4,500 in 1853. The first local Grange in Michigan was founded at this site in 1872. Since its construction, the only alteration to the structure occurred when three doorways were cut into the portico in 1938.", "title": "Lapeer County Courthouse" }, { "docid": "89515#8", "text": "One of the oldest performances is bird healing. Birds symbolized evil and disease. By driving them away from the fences and fields, it was believed that all evil and accidents would be dispelled.", "title": "Easter in Latvia" }, { "docid": "497735#2", "text": "Kuldīga is the pearl of Kurzeme, Latvia's western region.\nIt is an ancient town with unique, distinctive architecture. Saint Catherine is believed to be the patron saint of Kuldīga, and thus the oldest church of the town has been named after St Catherine. The foundation of the building was laid as early as in 1252; later the church was remodelled a number of times.\nThe small River Alekšupīte runs through the very centre of the Kuldīga old town, along the walls of the houses. The Old Town around the small river itself is unique: it is the only remaining 17th–18th-century ensemble of this kind in the Baltic states. A 4.5 m high waterfall on the Alekšupīte is the highest in Latvia.\nThe pride of Kuldīga is the Venta Rapid, a 240-meter wide natural rapid which is the widest in Europe. \nNot far from the rapid there is the Kuldīga brick bridge built in 1874, one of the longest bridges of this type in Europe.\nKuldīga was recognized an EDEN destination in 2007.", "title": "Kuldīga" }, { "docid": "31299732#0", "text": "Jelgava Gymnasium or Academia Petrina is the oldest higher educational establishment in Latvia. Based on an idea by Friedrich Wilhelm von Raison, it was established in Mitau, capital of the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia, by Duke Peter von Biron in 1775. The duke wanted to attract professors like Immanuel Kant and Johan Gottfried Herder, but they refused.", "title": "Jelgava Gymnasium" } ]

[ { "docid": "34020006#15", "text": "\"Fortnite\"s early development hit a number of roadblocks. First, Epic began using \"Fortnite\" as the testing ground for the new Unreal Engine 4, which slowed some development. A further factor was recognizing that to maintain interest in the game, it needed to have deep systems for player progression and itemization, similar to computer role-playing games. They reached out and brought in system designers from popular massively multiplayer online games, including Darren Sugg, to gain input on how to create these types of systems. A culminating issue in the slowdown was the investment from Tencent in Epic Games in 2012, which transitioned a number of high-level executives, including Bleszinski, out of the company. Epic had recognized they needed to prepare for offering games that followed the games as a service model. Tencent had excelled at this in China, and agreed to help Epic in exchange for significant ownership in Epic. Epic choose to use \"Fortnite\" as the spearhead for Epic's games-as-a-service model which created additional road bumps, according to Mustard. Further, with the transition of executives, new leadership was needed to take over for \"Fortnite\"s development team. Sugg, for example, had been discussing the various game systems in depth with Bleszinski, who otherwise was leading the design. With Bleszinski's departure, Sugg had to take over as lead design to try to continue the vision that Bleszinski's team had.", "title": "Fortnite: Save the World" }, { "docid": "56819881#34", "text": "Journalists attributed \"Fortnite Battle Royale\"s success over \"PlayerUnknown Battlegrounds\" as a combination of several factors: besides being free-to-play and available on consoles, the game was released at a time when \"Battlegrounds\" was struggling with game cheaters and a toxic community, and that it features a less violent, cartoonish quality to it that, like \"Minecraft\", was able to draw in a younger and mixed-gendered audiences to play. Further, Epic has maintained frequent updates for the game, adding new weapons and in-game tools alongside limited-time events and longer-term narrative elements that help to further draw in players. The high interest in the game within March 2018, which has been able to draw larger audiences compared to existing multiplayer games like \"Grand Theft Auto Online\" and \"Destiny 2\", has had a financial impact on competing publishers Take-Two Interactive and Activision Blizzard, their stocks having fallen during this period, according to analysts from Morgan Stanley and KeyBanc Capital Markets Inc. Activision's CEO Bobby Kotick, on their quarterly results released May 2018, stated that \"Fortnite is definitely a lot of competition right now...it’s been a really important catalyst in attracting new gamers to gaming\", and the company is looking to develop its own battle royale title. Electronic Arts CEO Blake Jorgensen also considered both \"Fortnite Battle Royale\" and \"Battlegrounds\" as having a significant market impact. Jorgensen said \" [Fortnite is] bringing younger people into the marketplace and younger people into first-person shooters, and I think that's good for the long run health of that category for all of us in the industry\". Non-video game entertainment companies have also seen the impact of \"Fortnite\". Netflix, in reporting its Q4 2018 results, stated that their competition is more with \"Fortnite\", including streaming content related to the game, rather than rival television network stations like HBO.", "title": "Fortnite Battle Royale" } ]

[ { "docid": "16709162#39", "text": "These massively multiplayer online games include \"Call of Duty Online\", a massively multiplayer online game that consists of previous \"Call of Duty\" titles with added content;\" Dungeon Fighter Online\", a side-scrolling online beat 'em up game; \"QQ Fantasy\", a 2D online game that incorporates elements from Chinese mythology; \"Xunxian\", a 3D, online RPG; \"QQ Sanguo\", an online casual role playing game set during the historical three kingdoms period; \"QQ Huaxia\", an online RPG; \"QQ Dancer\", an online musical dancing game that offers QQ IM interactivity; \"QQ Nanaimo\", an online game set on a desert island where players maintain houses and pets; \"QQ Speed\", a casual online racing game; \"QQ R2Beat\", an online in-line skating game; \"QQ Tang\", an \"advanced casual game\" with gameplay derived from Chinese literature; \"QQ PET\", and a QQ IM-based desktop virtual pet game. Tencent also develop and publish mobile games such as the MOBA title \"Honor of Kings\" (\"Arena of Valor\"), fully own \"League of Legends\", and partly own battle royale games such as \"Fortnite\" and \"PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds\".\nIn 2017, 21 April, Tencent announced the rebranding of its Chinese 'Tencent game platform' as WeGame, which was launched in September 2017. Tencent has since announced plans to develop a Hong Kong edition of WeGame that can be used by players outside of China, potentially setting up the platform to compete with Valve Corporation's Steam platform.", "title": "Tencent" }, { "docid": "59208482#6", "text": "Nintendo Switch Online is required to access online multiplayer on the majority of titles. Some free-to-start multiplayer games, such as \"Fortnite Battle Royale\" and \"Warframe\", are exempt from this requirement, and can be played online freely without a subscription.", "title": "Nintendo Switch Online" }, { "docid": "57813623#11", "text": "\"Fortnite Battle Royale\" has also become a cultural online phenomenon, with several celebrities reporting they play the game, and athletes using \"Fortnite\" emotes as victory celebrations. A notable streaming event in March 2018, with streamer Ninja playing \"Fortnite Battle Royale\" alongside Drake, Travis Scott, Kim DotCom, and Pittsburgh Steelers wide receiver JuJu Smith-Schuster, broke viewership records for Twitch to date, and led to Epic arranging a \"Fortnite Battle Royale\" pro–am with 50 pairs of streamers and professional players matched with celebrities at the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2018 in June 2018. Epic Games is working to develop organized eSports competitions around \"Fortnite Battle Royale\", including a \"Fortnite\" World Cup tournament in 2019.", "title": "Fortnite" }, { "docid": "573199#17", "text": "Epic continued on its goal to deliver games as a service following these departures. \"Fortnite\" was to serve as their testbed for living games, but with the shifts in staff, as well as shifting its engine from Unreal Engine 3 to 4, its release suffered some setback. Epic started additional projects; the free-to-play and community-developed \"Unreal Tournament\", first announced in 2014, and the free-to-play multiplayer online battle arena game \"Paragon\", launched in 2016 for Microsoft Windows and PlayStation 4. Epic also released a remastered version of \"Shadow Complex\" for newer consoles and computers in 2015, and their first foray into virtual reality with the release of \"Robo Recall\" for the Oculus Rift.", "title": "Epic Games" }, { "docid": "57813623#0", "text": "Fortnite is an online video game developed by Epic Games and released in 2017. It is available in three distinct game mode versions that otherwise share the same general gameplay and game engine: \"\", a cooperative shooter-survival game for up to four players to fight off zombie-like creatures and defend objects with fortifications they can build, \"Fortnite Battle Royale\", a free-to-play battle royale game where up to 100 players fight to be the last person standing, and \"Fortnite Creative\", where players are given complete freedom to create worlds and battle arenas. The first two game modes were released in 2017 as early access titles and \"Creative\" was released on December 6, 2018. \"Save the World\" is available only for Windows, macOS, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One, while \"Battle Royale\" has been released for those platforms in addition for Nintendo Switch, iOS and Android devices.", "title": "Fortnite" }, { "docid": "5512956#0", "text": "Fury was a player versus player (PvP) competitive online role-playing game and massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) developed by Auran. The game was published by Gamecock Media Group on October 16, 2007, and was the first game they published. Less than two months later, the developer announced it had laid off all employees. The game switched to a free-to-play model, but in October 2008 Auran shutdown the game servers meaning the game would no longer be playable.", "title": "Fury (video game)" }, { "docid": "1236562#0", "text": "Vendetta Online is a twitch-based, science fiction massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) developed by Guild Software for the operating systems Android, Linux, Mac OS X, iOS, and Microsoft Windows. It uses the NAOS game engine, a fully real-time flight model and combat system, to offer first-person/third-person shooter-style player versus player and player versus environment battle action against the backdrop of a massively multiplayer universe. \"Vendetta Online\" shipped as a commercial MMORPG on November 1, 2004 with a subscription-based business model, although it has been running continuously since April 2002. \"Vendetta Online\" is available to play across a wide array of platforms, including the Oculus Rift virtual reality display, allowing all users to directly interact in a single, contiguous galaxy. It is also notable for its twitch combat and fidelity to real physics.", "title": "Vendetta Online" }, { "docid": "34020006#18", "text": "By 2014, \"Fortnite\" was at a \"pretty functional prototype\" with most of the Unreal 4 engine elements smoothed out, according to Mustard. Epic anticipated it would still take about three more years to complete, not only in polishing and balancing the game, but setting in place the necessary backend elements for the games-as-a-service model. To help support development and get player feedback, Epic used a series of closed alpha test periods. The game's first closed alpha, called Online Test 1, ran from December 2 to 19, 2014, while Online Test 2 ran from March 24 to April 14, 2015. Epic said the first alpha was designed to help it \"make sure all of our basic systems are working\" and establish \"a baseline for how people play in order to make Fortnite better.\" After being demoed at WWDC 2015 on Mac, \"Fortnite\" entered closed beta testing in the fall of 2015. Approximately 50,000 players participated in these periods.", "title": "Fortnite: Save the World" }, { "docid": "57813623#6", "text": "Near the same time that Epic released \"Fortnite\" into early access, \"PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds\" had become a worldwide phenomenon, having sold over 5 million copies three months from its March 2017 release, and drawing strong interest in the battle royale genre. Epic recognized that with the \"Fortnite\" base game, they could also do a battle royale mode, and rapidly developed their own version atop \"Fortnite\" in about two months. By September 2017, Epic was ready to release this as a second mode from \"Save the World\" in the paid-for earlier access, but then later decided to release it as a free game, \"Fortnite Battle Royale\", supported with microtransactions. This version quickly gained players, with over 10 million players during its first two weeks of release, and leading Epic to create separate teams to continue the \"Fortnite Battle Royale\" development apart from the \"Save the World\" mode, outside of common engine elements and art assets. This allowed \"Fortnite Battle Royale\" to expand to other platforms otherwise not supported by the \"Save the World\" mode, including iOS and Android mobile devices and the Nintendo Switch.", "title": "Fortnite" } ]

[ { "docid": "4128691#0", "text": "Hans Georg Wenzeslaus von Knobelsdorff (17 February 1699 – 16 September 1753) was a painter and architect in Prussia.", "title": "Georg Wenzeslaus von Knobelsdorff" }, { "docid": "4128691#6", "text": "Georg Wenzeslaus von Knobelsdorff, the son of Silesian landed gentry, was born on February 17, 1699 on the estate of Kuckädel (now Polish Kukadlo) near Crossen (now the Polish city Krosno Odrzańskie) on the Oder River. After the early death of his father he was raised by his godfather, the chief senior forester Georg von Knobelsdorff. In keeping with family tradition he began his professional career in the Prussian army. Already at 16 years of age he participated in a campaign against King Charles XII of Sweden, and in 1715 in the siege of Stralsund.", "title": "Georg Wenzeslaus von Knobelsdorff" } ]

[ { "docid": "4128691#1", "text": "Knobelsdorff was born in Kuckädel, now in Krosno Odrzańskie County. A soldier in the service of Prussia, he resigned his commission in 1729 as captain so that he could pursue his interest in architecture. In 1740 he travelled to Paris and Italy to study at the expense of the new king, Frederick II of Prussia.", "title": "Georg Wenzeslaus von Knobelsdorff" }, { "docid": "4128691#5", "text": "Karl Begas the younger created a statue of Knobelsdorff in 1886. This originally stood in the entrance hall of the Altes Museum (in Berlin) and is now in a depot of the state museum.", "title": "Georg Wenzeslaus von Knobelsdorff" }, { "docid": "4128691#3", "text": "Knobelsdorff was the head custodian of royal buildings and head of a privy council on financial matters. In 1746 he was fired by the king, and Johann Boumann finished all his projects, including Sanssouci.", "title": "Georg Wenzeslaus von Knobelsdorff" }, { "docid": "4128691#9", "text": "Knobelsdorff acquired the expertise needed for his new profession again primarily in self-study, after a brief period of training under the architects Kemmeter and von Wangenheim. This breed of \"gentlemen architects\" was not unusual in the 16th and 17th centuries, and they were esteemed both socially and because of their specialized competence. They trained themselves by studying actual buildings on extensive travels as well as collections of engravings showing views of classical and contemporary buildings. Knobelsdorff's ideal models, the Englishmen Inigo Jones (1573–1652) and William Kent (1684–1748) as well as the Frenchman Claude Perrault (1613–1688), likewise grew into their professions in a roundabout way and were no longer young men when they turned to architecture.", "title": "Georg Wenzeslaus von Knobelsdorff" }, { "docid": "4128691#4", "text": "Knobelsdorff died in Berlin. His grave is preserved in the Protestant \"Friedhof I der Jerusalems- und Neuen Kirchengemeinde\" (Cemetery No. I of the congregations of Jerusalem's Church and New Church) in Berlin-Kreuzberg, south of Hallesches Tor.", "title": "Georg Wenzeslaus von Knobelsdorff" }, { "docid": "4128691#38", "text": "\"'Jakob Friedrich Baron von Bielfeld\"', who was for a time part of the crown prince's retinue in Rheinsberg, wrote in 1739: \"Mr. von Knobelsdorff is a gentleman of serious disposition and with a somewhat stern visage, but of considerable merit. His external appearance is neither charming nor courtly, but that makes him no less admirable. I compare him to a beautiful oak tree, and you know, it is not at all necessary for all the trees in a garden to be trimmed into arches as gracefully as in Marly\" (translation).", "title": "Georg Wenzeslaus von Knobelsdorff" }, { "docid": "4128691#2", "text": "Knobelsdorff was influenced as an architect by French Baroque Classicism and by Palladian architecture. With his interior design and the backing of the king, he created the basis for the Frederician Rococo style at Rheinsberg, which was the residence of the crown prince and later monarch.", "title": "Georg Wenzeslaus von Knobelsdorff" }, { "docid": "4128691#29", "text": "In 1753 Knobelsdorff's long-time liver disease became more troublesome. A journey to the Belgian therapeutic baths at Spa brought no relief. On September 7, 1753, only a short while before his death, Knobelsdorff wrote to the king, \"when the pain briefly stopped\". He thanked him \"for all the kindness and all the benefits Your Majesty has showered on me during my lifetime\". At the same time he requested that his two daughters be recognized as his legal heirs. That was problematic because the girls came from a liaison not befitting his social class. The long-time bachelor Knobelsdorff had entered into a relationship with the \"middle class\" daughter of the Charlottenburg sacristan, Schöne, in 1746, thereby earning the disapproval of court society. Frederick II agreed to his request, however with the restriction that his title of nobility not be bequeathed.", "title": "Georg Wenzeslaus von Knobelsdorff" } ]

[ { "docid": "13849806#11", "text": "Even though urban governments showed rare signs of democracy they were primarily an oligarchic system marked by an exclusive hierarchy. Class divisions, however were not as deep as in other European states, and the rights that the common class possessed did not differ much from what the intellectuals could practice. There was a cultural harmony and it prevented the formation of two completely divided classes and allowed for a social participation of all. Similarly, the basis of education was the same for all, and this allowed for a social bond. The difference in rights that the upper and lower classes possessed was reduced to the amount of money available to the individual. If one was wealthy, he could afford higher-level education. However, this alone did not earn him any political privileges or extensive political rights but only the ability to earn more wealth. \nThe whole population of the Dutch Republic did not have the choice of voting for the representative of the Country inasmuch as there was not a choice between a democracy and an aristocracy but rather between an aristocracy and a monarchy. The stadtholder would be a member of the House of Orange-Nassau.", "title": "History of Dutch nationality" } ]

[ { "docid": "53344931#8", "text": "The party opposes the European Union and campaigns for a referendum on Dutch EU membership. It also adopts a nationalist viewpoint in which the Dutch culture should be protected; the party is in favor of reinstating border controls and ending what it perceives as mass immigration. It campaigns against unchecked immigration, and says it would introduce a \"Dutch Values Protection Act\" and wants to ban Islamic face veils and other face coverings.", "title": "Forum for Democracy (Netherlands)" }, { "docid": "24084236#14", "text": "In 2002, the legal scholar Afshin Ellian, a refugee from Iran, advocated a monocultural \"Rechtsstaat\" in the Netherlands. A liberal democracy cannot be multicultural, he argued, because multiculturalism is an ideology and a democracy has no official ideology. What is more, according to Ellian, a democracy must be monolingual. The Dutch language is the language of the constitution, and therefore it must be the only public language — all others must be limited to the private sphere. The Netherlands, he wrote, had been taken hostage by the left-wing multiculturalists, and their policy was in turn determined by the Islamic conservatives. Ellian stated that there were 800 000 Muslims in the country, with 450 mosques, and that the Netherlands had legalised the \"feudal system of the Islamic Empire\". Democracy and the rule of law could only be restored by abolishing multiculturalism.", "title": "Multiculturalism in the Netherlands" }, { "docid": "3341621#0", "text": "The Youth Organisation Freedom and Democracy (, JOVD) is a Dutch political youth organisation. The JOVD cooperates with the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD), but is a politically independent organisation. Having trained many well known members of the House of Representatives, as well as ministers and the current Prime Minister, the JOVD is a well renowned political school. The JOVD is a member of the liberal umbrella organisations European Liberal Youth (LYMEC) and International Federation of Liberal Youth (IFLRY).", "title": "Youth Organisation Freedom and Democracy" }, { "docid": "19477084#6", "text": "Recent exhibitions at Tensta konsthall include\n• “Abstract Possible: The Stockholm Synergies,” with Doug Ashford, Claire Barclay, Goldin+Senneby, Wade Guyton, Mai-Thu Perret, Walid Raad, and Haegue Yang, among others\n• “Kami, Khokha, Bert and Ernie: World Heritage” by Hinrich Sachs\n• “Doing what you want: Marie-Louise Ekman accompanied by Sister Corita Kent, Mladen Stilinović, and Martha Wilson” \n• “The Society without qualities” with Sören Andreasen, Ane Hjort Guttu, Sture Johannesson, Sharon Lockhardt, and Palle Nielsen (part of “The new model” and curated by Lars Bang Larsen)\n• “Working With…” by Zak Kyes\n• “We are continuing BBDG” with Bernd Krauss\n• “Two Archives” by Babak Afrassiabi and Nasrin Tabatabai", "title": "Tensta Konsthall" }, { "docid": "41959688#0", "text": "Winfield Toll Bridge, also known as the Ross Booth Memorial Bridge, is a historic three-span cantilever Warren Truss bridge located at Winfield and Red House, Putnam County, West Virginia. It was built in 1955, and spans the Kanawha River, carrying West Virginia Route 34. The cantilever through-truss consists of two anchor spans each 245 feet in length and the main span 462 feet in length between pier center lines. The main span consists of two 128 feet, 4 inch, cantilever arms and a 205 feet, 4 inch, suspended span.", "title": "Winfield Toll Bridge" }, { "docid": "41526431#13", "text": "MADE’s permanent exhibition used innovative digital immersion to engage visitors with the questions: What is democracy and why do we care? Why has it been fought for, yesterday and today? What does it feel like to be without power? Combining contemporary technology with historic objects, the role of the people as the centre of democracy was explored. How are decisions made? Who are they made for? What influence do you have in our contemporary democracy today?", "title": "Museum of Australian Democracy at Eureka" }, { "docid": "25582501#18", "text": "Fundamental changes in penal philosophy resulted from the national concern that was registered over these ever-escalating prison waitlists. The Dutch Ministry of Justice report, \"Law in Motion\", in fact advocated, “[w]hat is at stake is nothing less than the credibility of constitutional government and its democratic and social values…Our highest policy priority is, of necessity, to combat crime by preventive and repressive means…[.]” In response to the concerns of the populace, a substantial increase in the construction of prisons was undertaken in the 1980s and again in the 1990s. Increased incarceration capacity was a direct result of criticism emanating from burgeoning prison waitlists. The far severer sentencing of offenders also increased the need for additional prison capacity. Approximately 13,000 unsuspended prison sentences were imposed totaling 2,100 detention years in 1970. Yet, in 2000, while the number of unsuspended prison sentences doubled, the number of detention years imposed increased nearly eightfold to 16,000. Following the prison construction boom of the 1980s, prison capacity increased from 3,300 occupants to approximately 12,800. In the 1990s, capacity was further increased by an additional 3,500 individuals, bringing the total prison capacity to approximately 16,300 persons. This trend is likely to continue into the future. At least one commentator has noted that the enactment of a “three strikes law” has the potential to raise the Dutch incarceration rate to that of American levels. For 2002, the incarceration rate was 93 inmates per 100,000 citizens. Prosecutors’ prior widespread discretion over cases has declined since the enactment of new penological guidelines. Guidelines previously imposed a presumption in favour of dismissal, whereas now the guidelines impose a presumption to not dismiss cases.", "title": "Criminal justice system of the Netherlands" }, { "docid": "27688863#13", "text": "During the explorations of Lubbers, a preliminary agreement was reached. For the first time in political history, The Netherlands might be governed by a minority cabinet supported by a third party \"outside\" the government. There would be two contracts drawn up: the actual government agreement between VVD and CDA and a so-called \"\"gedoogakkoord\"\" (tolerance agreement) between the cabinet and PVV. The agreement would handle matters such as immigration, integration, asylum, and law and order. This means there could be agreements on issues raised especially by the PVV in its campaign, like family reunification, on newcomers paying into social security before being eligible to receive it. Even more controversially regulations on the clothing of civil servants could be introduced – which means headscarves and other religious symbols might be banned in the civil service. Informateur Lubbers called it a “special majority cabinet” rather than a minority government.", "title": "2010 Dutch cabinet formation" }, { "docid": "11247268#8", "text": "\"We designed the building from the inside out, not the outside in,” said Loretta H. Cockrum, Foram’s founder, chairman and CEO. “We wanted the most efficient office building ever designed, with no wasted space or wasted energy. This is a building of the future more than a building of the present. A lot of love has gone into that building, and a lot of pride.\"", "title": "Brickell World Plaza" } ]

[ { "docid": "410750#4", "text": "Calendars fall into four types, lunisolar, solar, lunar, seasonal, besides calendars with \"years\" of fixed length, with no intercalation. Most pre-modern calendars are lunisolar. The seasonal calendars rely on changes in the environment rather than lunar or solar observations. The Islamic and some Buddhist calendars are lunar, while most modern calendars are solar, based on either the Julian or the Gregorian calendars.", "title": "List of calendars" } ]

[ { "docid": "1659874#4", "text": "There are many types of calendar, serving a wide variety of uses.", "title": "Calendar (stationery)" }, { "docid": "1659874#1", "text": "Ancient documents and inscriptions, such as from Rome and China, include early forms of calendars. Printing gave rise to many related types of publication which track dates, of which calendars are just one. The modern calendar evolved alongside others such as almanacs, which collected religious, cultural, meteorological, astronomical and astrological information in a table format; practica, which gave astrological predictions for the year ahead; and diaries for personal and professional use. The introduction of broadside printing allowed a calendar to be printed on a single large sheet of paper, differentiating the basic calendar from more detailed diaries and practica. In the absence of accurate clocks, calendars doubled as timekeeping aids - by noting the times of sunrise and moonrise, calendars helped farmers tell the time while in the fields.", "title": "Calendar (stationery)" }, { "docid": "11773835#1", "text": "The basic element to the calendar is Sunday, which is a festival of Jesus’ resurrection. However, Christian Churches have historically observed other festivals which commemorate events in the life of Jesus or of significant individuals in the history of the Church. The purpose of the liturgical calendar is to guide commemorations as a part of the daily worship of the Lutheran Church. There is some variation associated with the observance of the calendar, as each Lutheran Church creates its own calendar and each congregation must choose independently how many individuals will be commemorated within a given year and how many festivals and lesser festivals they will publicly celebrate, especially if they do not coincide with a Sunday.", "title": "Liturgical calendar (Lutheran)" }, { "docid": "22734942#4", "text": "Three types of calendars can be found in Africa: lunar, solar, and stellar. Most African calendars are a combination of the three. African calendars include the Akan calendar, Egyptian calendar, Berber calendar, Ethiopian calendar, Igbo calendar, Yoruba calendar, Shona calendar, Swahili calendar, Xhosa calendar, Borana calendar, and Luba calendar.", "title": "History of science and technology in Africa" }, { "docid": "51175231#3", "text": "A new version of Calendar with a text-heavy was added to Windows 8 as one of many apps written to run full-screen or snapped as part of Microsoft's Metro design language philosophy. It is one of three apps on Windows that originate from Microsoft Outlook, the other two being Mail and People apps. Structurally, the three apps are one and are installed and uninstalled as such. But each has its own user interface. Calendar in Windows 8 originally supported Outlook.com, Exchange, Google Calendar, and Facebook calendars. Because of API changes, Facebook and Google calendars can no longer be directly synced on Windows 8. Like many Microsoft apps introduced for Windows 8, many of the features are hidden in the charms or a menu at the bottom of the screen that is triggered by right clicking. Different calendars can be labeled with different colors. When a user with a Microsoft account adds a calendar account on one computer with Windows 8 Calendar, the account will be automatically added to all other Windows 8 computers the user is logged into. .ics files are not supported in this version.", "title": "Calendar (Windows)" }, { "docid": "4730032#3", "text": "Google Calendar allows users to create and edit events. Events have a set start time and stop time, with an option for an \"All-day event\". Users can enable a \"Recurring\" functionality with optional parameters for frequency. Users can add a color to an event for recognition or to distinguish the event from others. Users can optionally set notifications, with options for type (email, mobile push notification) and time. Locations can be added for easy understanding of an event's place. Events are viewable in different types of setups, including day, week, month, or schedule. Users can invite other people to events; for other Google Calendar users, the event becomes visible in their calendar, and for non-Google Calendar users, an email will have options for \"Yes\", \"No\", or \"Maybe\". Privacy settings allow the user to define the levels of public visibility of the entire calendar or individual events. Although the calendar defaults to showing users event times in their local time, users can specify a different time zone for an event. Users can enable or disable the visibility of special calendars, including a Birthdays calendar, that automatically retrieves dates of births from a user's Google contacts and displays the dates on a yearly basis, and a Holidays calendar, a country-specific calendar featuring dates of special occasions.", "title": "Google Calendar" }, { "docid": "1227385#5", "text": "The calendar recognizes two types of months: synodic month and sidereal month. The Synodic months are used to compose the years while the 27 lunar sidereal days (Sanskrit: \"nakshatra\"), alongside the 12 signs of the zodiac, are used for astrological calculations. (The Burmese calendar also recognizes a solar month called \"Thuriya Matha\", which is defined as 1/12th of a year. But the solar month varies by the type of year such as tropical year, sidereal year, etc.)", "title": "Buddhist calendar" }, { "docid": "201400#14", "text": "Hinduism and Buddhism were the prominent religions of southeast Asia in the 1st millennium CE, prior to the Islamic conquest that started in the 14th century. The Hindus prevailed in Bali, Indonesia and they have two types of Hindu calendar. One is a 210-day based Pawukon calendar which likely is a pre-Hindu system, and another is similar to lunisolar calendar system found in South India and it is called the Balinese saka calendar which uses Hindu methodology. The names of month and festivals of Balinese Hindus for the most part are different, though the significance and legends have some overlap.", "title": "Hindu calendar" }, { "docid": "53198#58", "text": "Aztec religious life was organized around the calendars. As most Mesoamerican people, the Aztecs used two calendars simultaneously: a ritual calendar of 260 days called the \"tonalpohualli\" and a solar calendar of 365 days called the \"xiuhpohualli\". Each day had a name and number in both calendars, and the combination of two dates were unique within a period of 52 years. The tonalpohualli was mostly used for divinatory purposes and it consisted of 20 day signs and number coefficients of 1–13 that cycled in a fixed order. The \"xiuhpohualli\" was made up of 18 “months” of 20 days, and with a remainder of 5 “void” days at the end of a cycle before the new \"xiuhpohualli\" cycle began. Each 20-day month was named after the specific ritual festival that began the month, many of which contained a relation to the agricultural cycle. Whether, and how, the Aztec calendar corrected for leap year is a matter of discussion among specialists. The monthly rituals involved the entire population as rituals were performed in each household, in the \"calpolli\" temples and in the main sacred precinct. Many festivals involved different forms of dancing, as well as the reenactment of mythical narratives by deity impersonators and the offering of sacrifice, in the form of food, animals and human victims.", "title": "Aztecs" } ]

[ { "docid": "12157938#1", "text": "She was named in honor of Reginald Aubrey Fessenden, born in Brome County, Quebec, Canada, 6 October 1866. He served as head chemist with Thomas Edison's East Orange, New Jersey, laboratories. In 1890 he began concentrating on electrical engineering, and through the next years made many important inventions and improvements in existing devices. His great contributions in the field of radio (particularly the invention of radio-telephony were of marked benefit not only to the Navy but to all seamen. He died 22 July 1932, at his home on Bermuda.", "title": "USS Fessenden (DE-142)" } ]

[ { "docid": "21707086#0", "text": "The list of Reginald Fessenden patents contains the innovation of his pioneering experiments. Reginald Aubrey Fessenden received hundreds of patents for devices in fields such as high-powered transmitting, sonar, and television.", "title": "List of Reginald Fessenden patents" }, { "docid": "96883#0", "text": "Reginald Aubrey Fessenden (October 6, 1866 – July 22, 1932) was a Canadian-born inventor, who did a majority of his work in the United States and also claimed U.S. citizenship through his American-born father. During his life he received hundreds of patents in various fields, most notably ones related to radio and sonar.", "title": "Reginald Fessenden" }, { "docid": "25522#16", "text": "Having few resources, he had to rely on friends to push his project. Despite great difficulty, three patents were awarded: \"The Wave Transmitter\" (October 11, 1904), which is the precursor of today's radio transceiver; \"The Wireless Telephone\" and the \"Wireless Telegraph\", both dated November 22, 1904.\nThe next advancement was the vacuum tube detector, invented by Westinghouse engineers. On Christmas Eve 1906, Reginald Fessenden used a synchronous rotary-spark transmitter for the first radio program broadcast, from Ocean Bluff-Brant Rock, Massachusetts. Ships at sea heard a broadcast that included Fessenden playing \"O Holy Night\" on the violin and reading a passage from the Bible. This was, for all intents and purposes, the first transmission of what is now known as amplitude modulation or AM radio.", "title": "History of radio" }, { "docid": "96883#30", "text": "At the outbreak of World War I, Fessenden volunteered his services to the Canadian government and was sent to London where he developed a device to detect enemy artillery and another to locate enemy submarines. Other efforts included a version of microfilm, that helped him to keep a compact record of his inventions, projects and patents. He also patented the basic ideas leading to reflection seismology, a technique important for its use in exploring for petroleum, and received patents for diverse subjects that included tracer bullets, paging, television apparatus, and a turbo electric drive for ships.", "title": "Reginald Fessenden" }, { "docid": "96883#31", "text": "An inveterate tinkerer, Fessenden eventually became the holder of more than 500 patents. He could often be found in a river or lake, floating on his back, a cigar sticking out of his mouth and a hat pulled down over his eyes. At home he liked to lie on the carpet, a cat on his chest. In this state of relaxation, Fessenden could imagine, invent and think his way to new ideas. Fessenden also had a reputation for being temperamental, although in his defense his wife later stated that \"Fessenden was never a difficult man to W O R K with but he was an intensely difficult man to play politics with.\" However, one of his former assistants, Charles J. Pannill, recalled that \"He was a great character, of splendid physique, but what a temper!\", while a second, Roy Weagant, ruefully noted that \"He could be very nice at times, but only at times.\"", "title": "Reginald Fessenden" }, { "docid": "7306042#2", "text": "On December 23, 1900, Reginald Aubrey Fessenden sent and received the first intelligible speech by electromagnetic waves on a pair of masts high and apart on Cobb Island.\nFessenden was using a spark transmitter with the Kintner-Brashear interrupter.", "title": "Cobb Island (Maryland)" }, { "docid": "41234#2", "text": "In 1901, Reginald Fessenden demonstrated a direct-conversion heterodyne receiver or beat receiver as a method of making continuous wave radiotelegraphy signals audible. Fessenden's receiver did not see much application because of its local oscillator's stability problem. A stable yet inexpensive local oscillator was not available until Lee de Forest invented the triode vacuum tube oscillator. In a 1905 patent, Fessenden stated that the frequency stability of his local oscillator was one part per thousand.", "title": "Heterodyne" }, { "docid": "96883#32", "text": "In 1925, \"Radio News\", saluting Fessenden as \"one of the greatest American radio inventors\", began a monthly autobiographical series titled \"The Inventions of Reginald A. Fessenden\", with the intention of publishing the completed installments as a book. However, instead of reviewing his radio work, Fessenden immediately went on a series of tangents, including discussions of which races he believed were the most capable of producing inventions, and the proper approach that government institutions should be taking in order to support inventors. (At the close of the seventh installment, \"Radio News\" included a disclaimer that it was \"not responsible for any opinions expressed in Dr. Fessenden's article\".) After eleven installments Fessenden had only covered his life up to 1893, having discussed virtually nothing about radio, and the series was quietly terminated at this point.", "title": "Reginald Fessenden" }, { "docid": "7260875#3", "text": "In response to Edison's patent, Reginald Fessenden invented the bi-pin connector for the 1893 World's Fair. Other lamp bases include the bayonet mount and wedge base.", "title": "Edison screw" } ]

[ { "docid": "4283006#0", "text": "The Cockrell School of Engineering at the University of Texas at Austin has more than 7,800 students enrolled in nine undergraduate degrees and thirteen graduate programs. The college is ranked fourth in the world according to the Academic Ranking of World Universities and eighth nationally by \"U.S. News & World Report\", while all graduate programs are ranked in the top twenty nationally. Annual research expenditures are over $150 million and the school has the fourth-largest number of faculty in the National Academy of Engineering.", "title": "Cockrell School of Engineering" } ]

[ { "docid": "4283006#10", "text": "The Cockrell School of Engineering is home to over 80 student organizations under the supervision of the Engineering Student Life Office. These organizations offer a wide variety of student groups that provide academic, professional development, service, and social opportunities. The majority are student chapters of national and international professional engineering organizations. Among the organizations are:", "title": "Cockrell School of Engineering" }, { "docid": "4283006#8", "text": "Joe H. Gill and his engineering friends thoughtfully considered how to make a holiday of April Fool's Day. After an unsuccessful attempt involving tying cans around dogs' tails and releasing them to disrupt class, the group of students saw a wooden statue about five feet high while getting refreshments, which they requested to borrow. The next day, Gill presented the statue as their patron saint and traced his ancestry back to ancient times between classes. The presentation successfully broke up classes, and led to his christening as Alexander Frederick Claire, patron saint of UT engineers, exactly one year later. Alec was at the center of a friendly rivalry between law and engineering students for many years, and was subject to numerous escapades such as kidnappings and amputations. Today, what is left of the original wooden statue is safely preserved in the engineering library.", "title": "Cockrell School of Engineering" }, { "docid": "4283006#9", "text": "Every year, engineering groups on campus build new Alecs which are then voted on by the students. The winner is announced on April 1 during Alec's birthday party.The Cockrell School of Engineering has formal organized research units that coordinate and promote faculty and student research. These units provide and maintain specialized research facilities for faculty within a designated field.", "title": "Cockrell School of Engineering" }, { "docid": "56238778#0", "text": "Ahmed H. Tewfik is an Egyptian-American electrical engineer, professor and college administrator who currently serves as the chair of the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the Cockrell School of Engineering at the University of Texas at Austin since October 1, 2010. He holds the Cockrell Family Chair in Engineering #1 at UT Austin. For his research and contributions to the field of Signal Processing he was awarded the 2017 IEEE Signal Processing Society Technical Achievement Award as well as the IEEE Third Millennium Award in 2000. He is the 2018–2019 IEEE Signal Processing Society President-Elect.", "title": "Ahmed Tewfik" }, { "docid": "11899299#6", "text": "In 1910, The University of Texas at Austin College of Engineering (now known as the Cockrell School of Engineering) began offering a professional degree in architecture. Two years later, the program had over 30 registered students. The school was expanded over the next two decades under the leadership of Frederick Giesecke and Goldwin Goldsmith. In 1925, the school became the first in Texas to be accepted for membership in the Association of Collegiate Schools of Architecture. The program was accredited in 1935 by the National Architectural Accreditation Board. The school moved into its permanent home in the Architecture Building (Goldsmith Hall, named after Goldwin Goldsmith) in 1933 and became the School of Architecture in 1948. The school's first graduate was Bertram Ernst Giesecke, who was officially licensed as an architect in 1927.UTSOA is home to:", "title": "University of Texas at Austin School of Architecture" }, { "docid": "7954422#28", "text": "Seven schools provide undergraduate programs and an additional seven provide graduate and professional programs. Students pursuing graduate degrees in departments of these schools are enrolled in the Graduate School. The School of Continuing Education and Summer Sessions offers programs for college and high school students, professionals, and other adults. Of the 15,182 undergraduate students, 4,602 (30.3%) are affiliated with the largest college by enrollment, Arts and Sciences, followed by 3,203 (21.1%) in Engineering and 3,101 (20.4%) in Agriculture and Life Sciences. By student enrollment, the smallest of the seven undergraduate colleges is Architecture, Art, and Planning, with 503 (3.3%) students.", "title": "Cornell University" }, { "docid": "46937553#4", "text": "Prior to his role as executive vice president and provost of UT Austin from 2013 to 2015, he was appointed as the eighth dean of the Cockrell School of Engineering at UT Austin in 2008 and served in that capacity for five years. In 2015, he was selected as the 29th president of UT Austin.", "title": "Gregory L. Fenves" }, { "docid": "38669534#4", "text": "Dr. Santoso joined the faculty at the Cockrell School of Engineering at the University of Texas at Austin in 2003. He teaches courses in the broad area of electric power systems, particularly in power quality, modeling and simulation of electrical transients and wind power systems. Since becoming professor, he has graduated seven doctoral and twenty-four master’s students.", "title": "Surya Santoso" }, { "docid": "275339#36", "text": "The Cooper Union School of Engineering's enrollment includes about 550 students, and is the largest of the three schools by a significant margin. It is one of the most prestigious and selective engineering schools in the United States, consistently ranked within the top ten undergraduate engineering programs among non-doctorate-awarding schools nationwide. The school offers ABET-accredited Bachelor of Engineering (B.E.) programs in chemical, civil, electrical, and mechanical engineering. In addition, Cooper Union offers an interdisciplinary engineering program, leading to a Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools-accredited Bachelor of Science in Engineering (B.S.E.) degree.", "title": "Cooper Union" } ]

[ { "docid": "3402926#1", "text": "Judge began creating \"King of the Hill\" during his time making the MTV series \"Beavis and Butt-Head\", which he also created and voiced. After pitching the pilot to Fox, Judge was paired with Greg Daniels, an experienced writer who previously worked on \"The Simpsons\". The series debuted on the Fox network as a mid-season replacement in 1997, quickly becoming a hit. The series' popularity led to worldwide syndication, and reruns aired on Adult Swim from 2009 until 2018. As of July 24, 2018, reruns aired on Comedy Central. The show became one of Fox's longest-running series (third-longest as an animated series, behind \"The Simpsons\" and \"Family Guy\").. A total of 259 episodes aired over the course of its 13 seasons. The final episode aired on Fox on September 13, 2009. Four episodes from the final season were to have aired on Fox, but later premiered in nightly syndication from May 3 to 6, 2010.", "title": "King of the Hill" } ]

[ { "docid": "3385206#0", "text": "King of the Hill season box sets have been released on DVD since 2003 in region 1, region 2 and in region 4. Seasons one to thirteen have been released in region 1 and seasons one to five in region 2 and region 4. The first six seasons were issued by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment; releases of seasons seven and onwards were by Olive Films, who acquired the rights in 2014. For details on episodes listed below, refer to the List of \"King of the Hill\" episodes.", "title": "List of King of the Hill home video releases" }, { "docid": "40183032#2", "text": "Because FOX wanted to make room for new shows on their \"Animation Domination\" line-up, the final six DABE episodes were cut down to two (\"The Boy Can't Help It\" and \"To Sirloin with Love\"). Both episodes aired as a special one-hour series finale on September 13, 2009. The other four unaired episodes (\"The Honeymooners,\" \"Bill Gathers Moss,\" \"When Joseph Met Lori, and Made Out with Her in the Janitor's Closet,\" and \"Just Another Manic Kahn-Day\") did not air on FOX, but did appear in syndicated reruns and on Cartoon Network's Adult Swim line-up, as well as appearing on streaming platforms Netflix and Amazon Prime. \"To Sirloin with Love\" is still considered by most to be the final episode of the series, despite not being the last episode to air, as it was the last episode produced and written for the series.", "title": "King of the Hill (season 13)" }, { "docid": "2134949#0", "text": "\"King of the Hill\" is an American animated television series created by Mike Judge and Greg Daniels. The series focuses on the Hills, a middle-class American family in the fictional city of Arlen, Texas. It originally aired on Fox from January 12, 1997 to September 13, 2009; with four episodes from the final season premiering in syndication from May 3 to May 6, 2010. A total of 259 episodes aired over the course of 13 seasons.", "title": "List of King of the Hill episodes" }, { "docid": "40183032#1", "text": "The showrunners for the season were John Altschuler and Dave Krinsky. Beginning with the episode \"Lucky See, Monkey Do\", \"King of the Hill\" started being produced in 720p high-definition. 20th Century Fox Television initially ordered 13 DABE production episodes, but decided to keep the show in production for four additional episodes (DABE14–DABE17).", "title": "King of the Hill (season 13)" }, { "docid": "3402926#16", "text": "Because it was scheduled to lead off Fox's Sunday-night animated programming lineup, portions of \"King of the Hill\" episodes were often pre-empted by sporting events that ran into overtime; in season nine especially, whole episodes were pre-empted. Ultimately, enough episodes were pre-empted that the majority of the series' 10th season—initially intended to be the final season, consisted of unaired ninth-season episodes.", "title": "King of the Hill" }, { "docid": "3385206#2", "text": "This is the first \"King of the Hill\" box set, released on July 1, 2003. It contains all thirteen episodes produced (only 12 were aired in season 1, one episode was held over for broadcast with season 2) from the first season (1997) spread across three DVD-9s (single-sided, dual layer).", "title": "List of King of the Hill home video releases" }, { "docid": "40183032#0", "text": "The thirteenth and final season of \"King of the Hill\" originally aired Sunday nights on the Fox Broadcasting Company from September 28, 2008 to September 13, 2009. Four episodes from this season originally premiered in syndication from May 3 to May 6, 2010. Actress Brittany Murphy, who voiced Luanne Platter, died of pneumonia on December 20, 2009, five months before the final four episodes aired.", "title": "King of the Hill (season 13)" }, { "docid": "2047802#0", "text": "\"King of the Hill\" is the twenty-third episode in the ninth season of the American animated television series \"The Simpsons\". It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on May 3, 1998. It was written by John Swartzwelder and directed by Steven Dean Moore, and guest stars Brendan Fraser and Steven Weber. The episode sees Homer trying to climb a large mountain to impress Bart after he humiliates him at a church picnic with his lack of fitness.", "title": "King of the Hill (The Simpsons)" }, { "docid": "40181216#1", "text": "The showrunners for the season were John Altschuler and Dave Krinsky. The wackier stories from recent years began to be phased out. Series creator Mike Judge described the episodes from this season as \"small personal stories like we did in the second season.\"", "title": "King of the Hill (season 7)" } ]

[ { "docid": "540025#9", "text": "The procedure of the experiment was very similar to the one conducted during 1961. Children between the ages of 2.5 to 6 years watched a movie of a mediated model punching and screaming aggressively at a Bobo doll. Depending on the experimental group, the movie ended with a scene in which the model was rewarded with candies or punished with the warning, \"Don't do it again\". In the neutral condition the movie ended right after the aggression scene toward the Bobo doll. Regardless of the experimental group the child was in, after watching the movie the child stayed in a room with many toys and a Bobo doll. The experimenter found that the children often showed less similar behavior toward the model when they were shown the movie that ended with the punishment scene as compared to the other conditions. Also, boys showed more imitative aggression than girls toward the Bobo doll. That is the measure of the performance and it confirms the results of the experiment of 1961.", "title": "Bobo doll experiment" }, { "docid": "237253#14", "text": "In 1961 Bandura conducted a controversial experiment known as the Bobo doll experiment, designed to show that similar behaviors were learned by individuals shaping their own behavior after the actions of models. Bandura's results from this experiment changed the course of modern psychology, and were widely credited for helping shift the focus in academic psychology from pure behaviorism to cognitive psychology. Moreover, the Bobo doll experiment emphasized how young individuals are influenced by the acts of adults. When the adults were praised for their aggressive behavior, the children were more likely to keep on hitting the doll. However, when the adults were punished, they consequently stopped hitting the doll as well. The experiment is among the most lauded and celebrated of psychological experiments.", "title": "Albert Bandura" }, { "docid": "540025#0", "text": "The Bobo doll experiment (or experiments) is the collective name for the experiments performed by Albert Bandura during 1961 and 1963 when he studied children's behavior after they watched a human adult model act aggressively towards a Bobo doll, a doll-like toy with a rounded bottom and low center of mass that rocks back to an upright position after it has been knocked down. There are different variations of the experiment. The most notable experiment measured the children's behavior after seeing the human model get rewarded, get punished, or experience no consequence for physically abusing the Bobo doll. The experiments are empirical methods to test Bandura's social learning theory. The social learning theory claims that people learn largely by observing, imitating, and modeling. It demonstrates that people learn not only by being rewarded or punished (behaviorism), but they can also learn from watching somebody else being rewarded or punished (observational learning). These experiments are important because they resulted in many more studies concerning the effects of observational learning. The new data from the studies has practical implications, for example by providing evidence of how children can be influenced by watching violent media.", "title": "Bobo doll experiment" }, { "docid": "13279771#4", "text": "The concept of behavioral modeling was most memorably introduced by Albert Bandura in his famous 1961 Bobo Doll Experiment. In this study, 72 children from ages three to five were divided into groups to watch an adult confederate interact with an assortment of toys in the experiment room, including an inflated Bobo doll. For children assigned the non-aggressive condition, the confederate ignored the doll. For children assigned the aggressive condition, the confederate spent the majority of the time physically aggressing the doll and shouting at it.", "title": "Modeling (psychology)" }, { "docid": "540025#8", "text": "Albert Bandura followed his 1961 study two years later with another that again tested differences in children's learning/behavior or actual performance after seeing a model being rewarded, punished, or experiencing no consequences for aggressive behavior towards a Bobo doll (here and following, ) .", "title": "Bobo doll experiment" } ]

[ { "docid": "540025#12", "text": "For the experiment, 32 girls and 32 boys were divided into three groups and one control group. Group 1 watched a live model become aggressive towards a Bobo doll. Group 2 watched a movie version of the human model become aggressive to a Bobo doll, and group 3 watched a cartoon version of a cat become aggressive towards a Bobo doll. Each child watched the aggressive acts individually. After the exposure to the models all four groups of children were then placed individually in a room with an experimenter where they were exposed to a mildly frustrating situation to elicit aggression. Next the children were allowed to play freely in an adjoining room, which was full of toys, including the Bobo doll and the \"weapons\" that were used by the models. The researchers observed the children and noted any interaction with the Bobo doll.", "title": "Bobo doll experiment" }, { "docid": "33994346#16", "text": "The Bobo doll experiment was a study carried out by Albert Bandura who was a professor at Stanford University. It focused on the study of aggression using three groups of preschoolers as the subjects. Bandura took inflatable plastic toys called Bobo dolls and weighted them down to always stand upright. The preschoolers were divided into three groups by gender, and then into six subgroups. One of the groups would observe an adult act aggressively towards the bobo doll, another group would observe an adult with non-aggressive behaviors, and the last group would not be exposed to any behavior models. The study found the preschoolers exposed to the aggressive behavior had imitated the aggressiveness towards the doll, regardless of gender. The other two groups showed significantly less hostility towards the doll. The study had showed aggressive and non-aggressive behaviors were learned by observing others and had a significant effect on the subjects even after the study was concluded.", "title": "Social experiment" }, { "docid": "7715915#16", "text": "Following that study, Albert Bandura tested whether the same was true for models presented through media by constructing an experiment he called \"Bobo Doll Behavior: A Study of Aggression\". In this experiment Bandura exposed a group of children to a video featuring violent and aggressive actions. After the video he then placed the children in a room with a Bobo doll to see how they behaved with it. Through this experiment, Bandura discovered that children who had watched the violent video subjected the dolls to more aggressive and violent behavior, while children not exposed to the video did not. This experiment displays the social cognitive theory because it depicts how people reenact behaviors they see in the media. In this case, the children in this experiment reenacted the model of violence they directly learned from the video.", "title": "Social cognitive theory" }, { "docid": "28149080#8", "text": "In addition, to the behavioral symptoms of children, a source that supports this article is about a study that has been done by Albert Bandura (1977). The study that was presented was about introducing children to a role model that is aggressive, non-aggressive and a control group that showed no role model. This study is called, \"The Bobo Doll Experiment\", the experiment has influenced the children to act similar to their role model towards the doll itself. The children who were exposed to violence acted with aggression, the children who were exposed to a non-aggressive environment were quite friendly. As a result, children can be highly influenced by what is going on in their environment.", "title": "Effects of domestic violence on children" }, { "docid": "7715915#15", "text": "To illustrate that people learn from watching others, Albert Bandura and his colleagues constructed a series of experiments using a Bobo doll. In the first experiment, children were exposed to either an aggressive or non-aggressive model of either the same sex or opposite sex as the child. There was also a control group. The aggressive models played with the Bobo doll in an aggressive manner, while the non-aggressive models played with other toys. They found that children who were exposed to the aggressive models performed more aggressive actions toward the Bobo doll afterward, and that boys were more likely to do so than girls.", "title": "Social cognitive theory" }, { "docid": "540025#18", "text": "These experiments relate empirically to Bandura's social learning theory. This social science theory suggests that people learn by observing, imitating, and modeling; moreover, it suggests specifically that people learn not only by being rewarded or punished (as is claimed by behaviorism), but also by watching others being rewarded or punished (observational learning). The experiments are important because they resulted in much further study related to observational learning. As well, the data offered further practical working hypotheses, e.g., regarding how children might be influenced from watching violent media.", "title": "Bobo doll experiment" } ]

[ { "docid": "17900#3", "text": "Charles-Édouard Jeanneret was born on 6 October 1887 in La Chaux-de-Fonds, a small city in the French-speaking Neuchâtel canton in north-western Switzerland, in the Jura mountains, just across the border from France. It was an industrial town, devoted to the manufacture of watches. (He adopted the pseudonym of \"Le Corbusier\" in 1920.) His father was an artisan who enameled boxes and watches, while his mother gave piano lessons. His elder brother Albert was an amateur violinist. He attended a kindergarten that used Fröbelian methods.", "title": "Le Corbusier" }, { "docid": "17900#0", "text": "Charles-Édouard Jeanneret (6 October 1887 – 27 August 1965), known as Le Corbusier (), was a Swiss-French architect, designer, painter, urban planner, writer, and one of the pioneers of what is now called modern architecture. He was born in Switzerland and became a French citizen in 1930. His career spanned five decades, and he designed buildings in Europe, Japan, India, and North and South America.", "title": "Le Corbusier" } ]

[ { "docid": "17900#65", "text": "Against his doctor's orders, on 27 August 1965, Le Corbusier went for a swim in the Mediterranean Sea at Roquebrune-Cap-Martin, France. His body was found by bathers and he was pronounced dead at 11 a.m. It was assumed that he may have suffered a heart attack. His funeral took place in the courtyard of the Louvre Palace on 1 September 1965, under the direction of writer and thinker André Malraux, who was at the time France's Minister of Culture. He was buried alongside his wife in the grave he had designated at Roquebrune.", "title": "Le Corbusier" }, { "docid": "41959688#0", "text": "Winfield Toll Bridge, also known as the Ross Booth Memorial Bridge, is a historic three-span cantilever Warren Truss bridge located at Winfield and Red House, Putnam County, West Virginia. It was built in 1955, and spans the Kanawha River, carrying West Virginia Route 34. The cantilever through-truss consists of two anchor spans each 245 feet in length and the main span 462 feet in length between pier center lines. The main span consists of two 128 feet, 4 inch, cantilever arms and a 205 feet, 4 inch, suspended span.", "title": "Winfield Toll Bridge" }, { "docid": "17900#50", "text": "Le Corbusier had submitted his plan for the Secretariat, called Plan 23 of the 58 submitted. In Le Corbusier's plan, where offices, council chambers and General Assembly hall were in a single block in the center of the site. He lobbied hard for his project, and asked the younger Brazilian architect, Niemeyer, to support and assist him on his plan. Niemeyer, to help Le Corbusier, refused to submit his own design and did not attend the meetings until the Director, Harrison, insisted. Niemeyer then submitted his plan, Plan 32, with the office building and councils and General Assembly in separate buildings. After much discussion, the Committee chose Niemeyer's plan, but suggested that he collaborate with Le Corbusier on the final project. Le Corbusier urged Niemeyer to put the General Assembly Hall in the center of the site, though this would eliminate Niemeyer's plan to have a large plaza in the center. Niemeyer agreed with Le Corbusier's suggestion, and the headquarters was built, with minor modifications, according to their joint plan.", "title": "Le Corbusier" }, { "docid": "11247268#8", "text": "\"We designed the building from the inside out, not the outside in,” said Loretta H. Cockrum, Foram’s founder, chairman and CEO. “We wanted the most efficient office building ever designed, with no wasted space or wasted energy. This is a building of the future more than a building of the present. A lot of love has gone into that building, and a lot of pride.\"", "title": "Brickell World Plaza" }, { "docid": "927403#1", "text": "Bucher was born in Pocatello, Idaho, where he was given up for adoption by his birth mother, and was orphaned at an early age (his adoptive mother dying of cancer when he was 3). He was raised by his father, grandparents, various other family members, his father again, then drifted through a series of Catholic orphanages in Idaho until he read a magazine article about Father Flanagan's Boy's Town in Nebraska. He wrote to Flanagan and was surprised when he received a reply. Bucher was accepted at Boy's Town in the summer of 1941, and for the rest of his life considered it to be his home. He flourished at Boy's Town, making honor roll the majority of his time there and playing football, basketball, track and baseball.", "title": "Lloyd M. Bucher" }, { "docid": "538837#2", "text": "Louis Marie-Anne Couperus was born on 10 June 1863 at Mauritskade 11 in The Hague, Netherlands. He was the eleventh and youngest child of John Ricus Couperus (1816–1902) and Catharina Geertruida Reynst (1829–1893). Four of the ten siblings had died before Louis was born. Couperus was baptized on 19 July 1863 in the \"Eglise wallonne\" in The Hague. When Louis reached the age of five, his youngest sister, Trudy, was twelve years old and his youngest brother, Frans, eleven. In The Hague he followed lessons at the boarding school of Mr. Wyers, where he first met his later friend Henri van Booven. On 6 November 1872 the Couperus family left home, travelled by train to Den Helder and embarked on the steamboat \"Prins Hendrik\", which would bring them to the Dutch East Indies. They arrived on 31 December 1872 in Batavia, where they spent the night at the then famous Hotel des Indes. The family settled in a house in Batavia, located on the Koningsplein and the mother of Couperus and his brother Frans (who was suffering from peritonitis) returned to the Netherlands in December 1873; his mother returned to the Dutch East Indies in April 1874. So Couperus spent part of his youth (1873–1878) in the Dutch East Indies, going to school in Batavia.", "title": "Louis Couperus" }, { "docid": "47263646#3", "text": "Bujor was born in Berești, Covurlui County (now Galați County), on August 2 (Old Style: July 20), 1862. Some sources suggest that his father Gavril was a modest farmer or laborer, but he actually worked as a clerk; his mother, Nastasia, was a housewife. According to philologist Livia Ciupercă, Bujor made efforts to conceal his true origins, and, for this reason, eventually broke all contact with his relatives. Hosted by his grandfather Varlaam, then by an aunt, Pavel attended primary school in Bârlad, followed by the town's Gheorghe Roșca Codreanu National College. As he recalled, during his early years there he received a school inspection from poet Vasile Alecsandri. While living there, he was also roommates with Alexandru Vlahuță, with whom he shared an enthusiasm for Mihai Eminescu's poetry. Vlahuță reportedly wrote his celebrated poem \"Dormi iubito!\" (\"Sleep, My Love!\"), inspired by the sudden death of a Bârlad belle, while recovering in Bujor's room at the boarding school. Bujor remained close friends with the slightly older writer, and stayed over in his house \"sometimes for days on end\". He later described his meetings, through Vlahuță, with two other major Romanian writers, Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu and Barbu Ștefănescu Delavrancea, claiming that he and Vlahuță also helped \"recluse\" painter Nicolae Grigorescu organize his first-ever retrospective exhibit.", "title": "Paul Bujor" }, { "docid": "4961700#1", "text": "Born in Paterson, New Jersey, in September 1934. Kluger grew up living with his mother, Ida, and older brother, Alan, on the Upper West Side of New York after his parents were divorced when he was seven. Though neither of his parents completed high school, they made sure their two sons had the advantage of a good education. He grew up on the Upper West Side of Manhattan. Kluger enrolled in the Columbia School of Journalism but did not graduate. He attended the Horace Mann School in the Riverdale section of the Bronx and Princeton University, attaining honors as an English major, but his principal pursuit at college was the school newspaper where he was the 1955–56 chair of the \"Daily Princetonian\".", "title": "Richard Kluger" } ]

[ { "docid": "52615924#1", "text": "Taylor Swift's \"Reputation\" was the best selling album of 2017. Singer Ed Sheeran's \"÷\" is the second best-selling album with 451,000 album-equivalent units, of which 322,000 were pure album sales. Rapper Kendrick Lamar's fourth studio album, \"Damn\", went on to become the third best-seller with 603,000 album-equivalent units in its first week of release (353,000 in pure album sales). In the meantime, another Canadian artist Drake's \"playlist\", \"More Life\", which broke many streaming records, sustained 505,000 album-equivalent units, of which 226,000 were pure sales. As of September 2017, the album has moved over 1,864,000 album-equivalent units in the United States, of which 352,000 were pure sales.", "title": "List of Billboard 200 number-one albums of 2017" }, { "docid": "55007426#1", "text": "\"Reputation\" received generally positive reviews from music critics and reached number one in 13 countries including the United Kingdom, and United States. In the US, the album sold 1.216 million copies in its first week of release, making it the country's best-selling album of 2017, while with global sales of 4.5 million copies, it was the second best-selling album of 2017 worldwide.", "title": "Reputation (Taylor Swift album)" } ]

[ { "docid": "53766025#11", "text": "The album was ranked number 22 on the list of the top 40 biggest albums of 2017 on the UK Album Chart. It was the fourth best selling album by a British artist worldwide in 2017. According to IFPI, it was the ninth best selling album of 2017, with 1 million copies shipped globally. The album was Sony Music's biggest global seller in the second quarter of 2017. It was the sixth best selling album of 2017 in Mexico.", "title": "Harry Styles (album)" }, { "docid": "30528002#23", "text": "On 3 January 2018, \"Shape of You\" was named the best selling single of 2017 in the UK, and the best selling single of 2017 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 in the US. The same day, \"÷\" was named the best selling album of 2017 in the UK, and the US. At the 2018 Brit Awards held at the O Arena in London on 21 February, Sheeran performed \"Supermarket Flowers\", and received the Global Success Award from Elton John and Rolling Stones guitarist Ronnie Wood. In April 2018, the IFPI named \"÷\" the best-selling album worldwide of 2017. At the 2018 \"Billboard\" Music Awards on 20 May, Sheeran performed \"Galway Girl\" from Phoenix Park in Dublin, Ireland, and picked up six awards, including Top Artist and Top Hot 100 Artist.", "title": "Ed Sheeran" }, { "docid": "46629777#7", "text": "The album sold 685,000 copies in the United States in 2015. In February 2016, \"Traveller\" was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), and double platinum in September. It became the fourth best-selling album of 2016 in the nation, and the top selling country album, with 1.04 million copies sold that year. The album surpassed the 2 million sales mark in the US in July 2017, and it was the second best-selling country album of 2017 (after Stapleton's second album \"\". It hold the records for the most weeks atop the Americana/Folk Albums chart (42 in total as of March 2018). It topped the \"Billboard\" Year-End Top Country Albums chart in 2016 and 2017. It was cetified triple platinum in May, and has sold 2.4 million copies in the country as of January 2019.", "title": "Traveller (Chris Stapleton album)" }, { "docid": "25653393#3", "text": "As of 2017, Jose Mari Chan's \"Constant Change\" (1989) and \"Christmas in Our Hearts\" (1990) still remain as the best-selling albums in the country with the estimated sales of more than 800,000 copies each. Regine Velasquez is considered as the best-selling artist of all time in the Philippines with 7 million certified albums locally and 1.5 million certified albums in Asia. Other artists such as Eraserheads and Rivermaya have three albums on the list, while Gary Valenciano, Jaya, Jolina Magdangal, Jose Mari Chan, MYMP, Smokey Mountain and Westlife each have two.", "title": "List of best-selling albums in the Philippines" }, { "docid": "38270389#1", "text": "The only albums by foreign artists to top the Italian year-end chart were \"1\" by The Beatles in 2000, and \"÷\" by Ed Sheeran in 2017. Vasco Rossi achieved five annual best-selling albums in Italy with the records \"Stupido hotel\" in 2001, \"Tracks\" in 2002, \"Buoni o cattivi\" in 2004, \"Vivere o niente\" in 2011 and \"Sono innocente\" in 2014. Other multiple toppers of the year-end chart were Eros Ramazzotti, whose albums \"9\" and \"e²\" were the best-selling records of 2003 and 2007, respectively, and Tiziano Ferro, which achieved the first position on the annual chart in 2009 with \"Alla mia età\" and in 2012 with \"L'amore è una cosa semplice\". More recently, Luciano Ligabue had two annual best-selling albums in Italy, with \"Arrivederci, mostro!\" and \"Mondovisione\" being the best-selling album in 2010 and 2013, respectively, and Jovanotti achieved the same result with \"Safari\" (2008) and \"Lorenzo 2015 CC.\" (2015).", "title": "List of best-selling albums by year (Italy)" }, { "docid": "52156331#5", "text": "The album was certified Gold by the RIAA on November 8, 2017. It was fifth best-selling country album of 2017, with 297,800 copies (503,000 album-equivalent units) sold. it has sold 496,900 copies in the United States as of January 2019.", "title": "Kane Brown (album)" }, { "docid": "54976995#1", "text": "\"Carry Fire\" received positive reviews from critics. On Metacritic, the album holds a score of 84/100 based on 15 reviews, indicating \"universal acclaim\".\nThe album was selected as the 37th best album of 2017 by Rolling Stone magazine.\nThe album was honoured as the best selling UK Americana album at the 2018 UK Americana Awards.", "title": "Carry Fire" }, { "docid": "36715953#2", "text": "Worldwide, \"Red\" has sold 7 million copies as of 2017. It was Swift's third consecutive top-selling album of the year in the United States, managing to be the second best-selling album of 2012 across all genres only two months after its release. This made it the fourth time Swift had an album ranked in the year's top three sellers in the United States. According to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI), it was the second global best-selling album of 2012 with sales of 5.2 million copies. \"Red\" has been certified seven times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), making it Swift's fourth consecutive album to exceed the quadruple platinum status.", "title": "Red (Taylor Swift album)" } ]

[ { "docid": "15735696#11", "text": "The following table employs 2000 census data. Caution should be exercised with Thai census data on first language. In Thai censuses, the four largest Tai-Kadai languages of Thailand (in order, Central Thai, Isan (majority Lao), Kam Mueang, Pak Tai) are not provided as options for language or ethnic group. People stating such a language as a first language, including Lao, are allocated to 'Thai'. This explains the disparity between the two tables. For instance, self-reporting as Lao has been prohibited, due to the prohibition of the Lao ethnonym in the context of describing Thai citizens, for approximately one hundred years. This was due to the promotion of a 'Thai' national identity to cement Siamese claims over the Lao city-states of what is now Northern and Northeast Thailand following the 1893 Franco Siamese War and subsequent threat posed by French Indochina to Lao tributary states of Siam. Some historian argued that the birth of a homogenizing Thai ethnocentric national identity sufficient to begin transforming Siam from an absolute monarchy into a modern nation-state was achieved by assimilating the Lao within this Thai 'identity', equivalent to what is now known as the Tai–Kadai_languages, under a 'Greater Thai Empire', and can be traced back to at least 1902. But this view neglects the fact that \"Lao\", as a unified ethnic group, was also created by the French in order to sever the Siamese influence over Lan Xang and to justify the annexation of \"Laos\" -- as a created territory -- to its Indochinese \"protectorate.\" The 2011 Country Report data is therefore more comprehensive and better differentiates between the large Tai-Kadai languages of Thailand. As a country submission to a UN convention ratified by Thailand, it is also arguably more authoritative. ไทย", "title": "Languages of Thailand" }, { "docid": "30131#18", "text": "The following table shows official first languages in Thailand with 400,000 or more speakers according to the Royal Thai Government's 2011 Country Report to the Committee Responsible for the \"International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination\".\nThe following table employs 2000 census data. Caution should be exercised with Thai census data on first language. In Thai censuses, the four largest Tai-Kadai languages of Thailand (in order, Central Thai, Isan (majority Lao), Kam Mueang, Pak Tai) are not provided as options for language or ethnic group. People declaring one of these as a first language, including Lao, are assigned to \"Thai\". This explains the disparity between the two tables. For instance, self-reporting as Lao has been prohibited, due to the prohibition of the Lao ethnonym in the context of describing Thai citizens for approximately one hundred years. This was due to the promotion of \"Thai\" national identity to cement Siamese claims over the Lao city-states of what is now northern and northeast Thailand following the 1893 Franco Siamese War and subsequent threats posed by French Indochina to the Lao tributary states of Siam. The birth of a homogenizing Thai ethnocentric national identity sufficient to begin transforming Siam from an absolute monarchy into a modern nation-state was achieved by assimilating the Lao with this Thai \"identity\", equivalent to what is now known as the Tai–Kadai_languages, under a \"Greater Thai Empire\", and can be traced back to at least 1902. This homogenization began affecting the Thai census from 1904 onwards. The 2011 UN report data is therefore more comprehensive and better differentiates between the large Tai-Kadai languages of Thailand. As a country submission to a UN convention ratified by Thailand, it is also arguably more authoritative.", "title": "Demographics of Thailand" }, { "docid": "15735696#4", "text": "The sole official language of Thailand is Central Thai, a Kra-Dai language closely related to Lao, Shan in Burma, and numerous smaller languages of southern China and northern Vietnam. It is the principal language of education and government and is spoken throughout the country. The standard is written in the Thai alphabet, an abugida that evolved from the Khmer script. However, Central Thais speak an folk language in Central (including the metropolitan area), Eastern, Southwestern Thailand and Nakhon Ratchasima Province.", "title": "Languages of Thailand" }, { "docid": "48647#2", "text": "Thai is the official language of Thailand, natively spoken by, according to Ethnologue, over 20 million people (2000). In reality, the number of native Thai speakers is likely to be much higher, since the Thai people of ethnic Chinese origins throughout the country learn it as their first language. The populations of western and eastern parts of Thailand, which had since ancient time formed the core territory of Siam, also speak central Thai as their first language. Moreover, most Thais in the northern and the northeastern (Isaan) parts of the country today are bilingual speakers of Central Thai and their respective regional dialects due to the fact that (Central) Thai is the language of television, education, news reporting, and all forms of media. A recent research finds that the speakers of Northern Thai language (or Kham Mueang) have become so few, as most people in northern Thailand now invariably speak standard Thai, such that they are now using mostly central Thai words and seasoning their speech only with \"kham mueang\" accent. Standard Thai is based on Ayutthaya dialect, and register in the educated classes.\nIn addition to Central Thai, Thailand is home to other related Tai languages. Although some linguists classify these dialects as related but distinct languages, there is a high degree of mutual intelligibility between these regional dialects/languages. Nonetheless, it is often claimed that the language policy of the Thai government has shaped the dominant view that these languages are only regional variants or dialects of the \"same\" Thai language, or as \"different kinds of Thai\".\nCentral Thai is composed of several distinct registers, forms for different social contexts:", "title": "Thai language" }, { "docid": "30128#116", "text": "The official language of Thailand is Thai, a Tai–Kadai language closely related to Lao, Shan in Myanmar, and numerous smaller languages spoken in an arc from Hainan and Yunnan south to the Chinese border. It is the principal language of education and government and spoken throughout the country. The standard is based on the dialect of the central Thai people, and it is written in the Thai alphabet, an abugida script that evolved from the Khmer alphabet.", "title": "Thailand" } ]

[ { "docid": "15735696#0", "text": "An ethnolinguistic map of Thailand. Thailand, and its neighbor Laos, are dominated by languages of the Southwestern Tai family. Karen languages are spoken along the border with Burma, Khmer is spoken near Cambodia and Malay in the south near Malaysia. The following table comprises all 62 ethnic groups recognised by the Royal Thai Government in the 2011 Country Report to the UN Committee responsible for the \"International Convention for the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination\", available from the Department of Rights and Liberties Promotion of the Thai Ministry of Justice.", "title": "Languages of Thailand" }, { "docid": "501222#12", "text": "The Isan language is spoken in the 20 provinces that make up the Isan region of north-eastern Thailand, approximately the size of England and Wales combined. It is also the native language of large portions of Uttaradit and Phitsanulok provinces of Northern Thailand and northern areas of most provinces of Eastern Thailand that border the Isan region. The preservation of the Lao language in Isan was aided by its isolation, as the region was separated from Thai speakers by the Phetchabun and Dong Phaya Yen mountain ranges to the west and the Sankamphaeng Range to the south-west of Isan. Lao speakers, as well as speakers of the archaic Northern Khmer language, were separated from Khmer speakers by the Dângrêk Mountains to the south. To the north and east of the region, the Mekong River serves as the 'boundary' with the Lao language proper as spoken in Laos, although the border has always been fairly porous with thousands of people crossing to the river every day for trade, travel and business.", "title": "Isan language" }, { "docid": "501222#15", "text": "The Lao (Isan) language in Thailand is classified by \"Ethnologue\" as a \"\"de facto\" language of provincial identity\" which is defined as a language that \"is the language of identity for citizens of the province, but this is not mandated by law. Neither is it developed enough or known enough to function as the language of government business.\" It continues to be an important regional language for the ethnic Lao and other minorities that live beside them, but it does not have any official status in Thailand. Although the population of Lao speakers is much smaller in Laos, the language there enjoys official status, and it is the primary language of government, business, education, and inter-ethnic communication. Even with close proximity to Laos, Isan speakers must master Thai and very few Isan people can read the Lao script due to lack of exposure.", "title": "Isan language" }, { "docid": "15735696#2", "text": "The Thai hill tribes speak numerous small languages, many Chinese retain varieties of Chinese, and there are half a dozen sign languages. The Ethnologue reports 73 living languages are used in Thailand. The Royal Thai Government's 2011 Country Report to the Committee Responsible for the \"International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination\", relying mainly on the 2005 Ethnolinguistic Maps of Thailand data, lists 62 languages.", "title": "Languages of Thailand" }, { "docid": "4409360#0", "text": "Thai Sign Language (TSL) or Modern Standard Thai Sign Language (MSTSL), is the national sign language of Thailand's deaf community and is used in most parts of the country by the 20 percent of the estimated 56,000 pre-linguistically deaf people who go to school. Thai Sign Language was acknowledged as \"the national language of deaf people in Thailand\" in August 1999, in a resolution signed by the Minister of Education on behalf of the Royal Thai Government. As with many sign languages, the means of transmission to children occurs within families with signing deaf parents and in schools for the deaf. A robust process of language teaching and acculturation among deaf children has been documented and photographed in the Thai residential schools for the deaf.", "title": "Thai Sign Language" } ]

[ { "docid": "307541#23", "text": "PC Data, which tracked computer game sales in the United States, reported that \"Descent: FreeSpace\" earned nearly $4 million and sold around 100,000 copies by October 1999.", "title": "Descent: FreeSpace – The Great War" } ]

[ { "docid": "167782#47", "text": "\"\" was released by Volition in 1998. It shared the \"Descent\" name, but otherwise had no connection to the series; it was given the \"Descent\" prefix to avoid trademark issues with \"FreeSpace\", a disk compression utility (in Europe, it was released as \"Conflict: FreeSpace – The Great War\"). \"FreeSpace\" was a space simulator, and while it was still technically a 3D shooter, it did not retain \"Descent\"s characteristic \"six degrees of freedom\" control scheme, save for a cheat code that would force the player's ship to loosely mimic \"Descent\"s physics. Some early drafts of the \"FreeSpace\" story had the pilot searching for \"Descent\"s \"Material Defender\", but the story of the finished game was unrelated.", "title": "Descent (1995 video game)" }, { "docid": "307541#1", "text": "\"Descent: FreeSpace\" was well received as a single-player space simulation that integrated all the desired features of its genre, from competent AI wingmen, to the presence of large capital ships that not only dwarf the fighters piloted by the player, but also explode spectacularly when destroyed. However, the game's multiplayer mode was criticised, as it was plagued by lag and inaccurate tracking of statistics. An expansion for the game, which was less well received, was also released in 1998 under the title of \"Silent Threat\", and focuses on events after the main game's campaign with the player working for an intelligence branch of the Terrans' armed forces that later attempt to overthrow the Terran government. A sequel to \"Descent: FreeSpace\" entitled \"FreeSpace 2\", was released in 1999 to critical acclaim.", "title": "Descent: FreeSpace – The Great War" }, { "docid": "307541#0", "text": "Descent: FreeSpace – The Great War, also known as Conflict: FreeSpace – The Great War in Europe, or simply just FreeSpace; is a 1998 space combat simulation IBM PC compatible computer game developed by Volition, when it was split off from Parallax Software, and published by Interplay Productions. In 2001, it was ported to the Amiga platform as FreeSpace: The Great War by Hyperion Entertainment. The game places players in the role of a human pilot, who operates in several classes of starfighter and combats against opposing forces, either human or alien, in various space-faring environments, such as in orbit above a planet or within an asteroid belt. The story of the game's single player campaign focuses on a war in the 24th century between two factions, one human and the other alien, that is interrupted in its fourteenth year by the arrival of an enigmatic and militant alien race, whose genocidal advance forces the two sides into a ceasefire in order to work together to halt the threat.", "title": "Descent: FreeSpace – The Great War" }, { "docid": "307541#24", "text": "\"Descent: FreeSpace\" received generally good reviews following its launch, with \"PC Gamer UK\" placing it 20th in its 1999 Top 100 Awards. However reviewers were split on several aspects of the game. While many praised the graphics of the game, some approving of how well rendered an in-game asteroid stood out before the background of softly glowing nebulae, galaxies and stars, others felt the 3D effects were not \"spectacular\" to those of the software rendered version, commenting that rendered nebulae were unconvincing and that the models of in-game ships lacked detail and had blurry textures. Despite the differences between them, all reviewers unanimously agreed that the explosions effects in the game, including the many small details of the capital ships upon breaking up, were the most impressive they had seen (at the time).", "title": "Descent: FreeSpace – The Great War" }, { "docid": "307541#20", "text": "Apogee Software announced on December 12, 1997 that they would be exclusively publishing \"FreeSpace\" for the first three months before handing the publishing rights back to Interplay Entertainment. This was part of their agreement with Interplay for the latter's purchase of the rights to \"Descent\", and Apogee decided to release \"FreeSpace\" as shareware, with themselves as the merchant of the registered version. Interplay, however, bought the full rights to \"FreeSpace\" from Apogee in late April, 1998, keeping the ownership of the game solely to themselves.", "title": "Descent: FreeSpace – The Great War" }, { "docid": "307541#18", "text": "\"FreeSpace\" was Volition's first project after the split from Parallax Software, which also spawned Outrage Entertainment. It is not part of the canon of the \"Descent\" computer game series, and contained none of its ideas and only small portions of its code. It was only prefixed with \"Descent\" to avoid trademark issues with Mijenix Corporation's \"FreeSpace\", a disk compression utility. Volition also used the term \"FreeSpace\" in the game to initially describe what became later known as subspace. The game was conceived by Adam Pletcher, with all the features of space simulator games his team had found to be fun. The games \"\" and \"Wing Commander\" were their primary inspirations, and those influences made their way into the game's flight model, along with the influence of historical WWII dogfights. Themes from the fiction of \"Star Wars\", \"\", and \"Ender's Game\" form a part in shaping the background and story of the \"FreeSpace\" world. The chaotic battles between masses of ships commonly found in science-fiction anime became one of the features of \"FreeSpace\".", "title": "Descent: FreeSpace – The Great War" }, { "docid": "307541#28", "text": "The Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences nominated \"Descent: FreeSpace\" for its 1998 \"Simulation Game of the Year\" award, although it lost to \"\". \"Descent: FreeSpace\" was a finalist for \"Computer Games Strategy Plus\"s \"Sci-Fi Simulation of the Year\" and \"Computer Gaming World\"s \"Best Space Sim\" awards in 1998, both of which ultimately went to \"I-War\". The editors of \"Computer Gaming World\" called it \"an excellent game, featuring some of the best wing-man AI to hit the genre, but it was too derivative of previous space sims.\" \"PC Gamer US\" nominated it as the year's best action game, and its editors wrote that \"\"Freespace\" came from nowhere to wrest the 3D space combat crown from the \"Wing Commander\" series with style.\" However, this award went to \"Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six\".", "title": "Descent: FreeSpace – The Great War" }, { "docid": "307541#22", "text": "On December 14, 1999, Hyperion Entertainment announced their acquisition of the license to port \"FreeSpace\" to the Amiga system. The publisher was changed to Haage & Partner Computer on October 18, 2001. Despite the game's official release being announced for December 2001, the approval to do so could only be gotten on January 7, 2002. The game was shipped without a printed manual, but had additional German and French language support. Hyperion had stated they would port over \"Silent Threat\" if the \"FreeSpace\" port sold well. To date, \"Silent Threat\" has yet to be ported over to the Amiga platform.", "title": "Descent: FreeSpace – The Great War" }, { "docid": "14204085#7", "text": "Some notable original mods and campaigns have been created, such as \"Wings of Dawn\" which takes place in an anime-style world, and \"Blue Planet\" which offers a continuation of \"Freespace 2\", telling of a civil war between Earth and the GTVA. \"The FreeSpace Port\", sometimes called FSPort, ports the original \"Descent: FreeSpaceThe Great War\" to the \"FreeSpace 2\" and SCP engine with many graphical enhancements, and serves as a base for many mods set in the FreeSpace: Great War era, such as \"Shrouding the Light\" and \"Awakenings\". \"Silent Threat: Reborn\" similarly ports the \"Silent Threat\" expansion for Descent: Freespace into the Freespace 2 SCP engine.", "title": "FreeSpace 2 Source Code Project" } ]

[ { "docid": "5598260#1", "text": "London is made of 40% public green space, including 3,000 parks and totaling 35,000 acres.", "title": "Parks and open spaces in London" }, { "docid": "17867#55", "text": "The London Natural History Society suggest that London is \"one of the World's Greenest Cities\" with more than 40 per cent green space or open water. They indicate that 2000 species of flowering plant have been found growing there and that the tidal Thames supports 120 species of fish. They also state that over 60 species of bird nest in central London and that their members have recorded 47 species of butterfly, 1173 moths and more than 270 kinds of spider around London. London's wetland areas support nationally important populations of many water birds. London has 38 Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs), two National Nature Reserves and 76 Local Nature Reserves.", "title": "London" } ]

[ { "docid": "79445#27", "text": "Since 1955 London's green belt has extended significantly, stretching some 35 miles out in places. London's green belt now covers an area of 516,000 hectares, an area broadly three times larger than that of London itself. The London Society began debate about the city's green belt in 2014 with publication of a report entitled \"Green Sprawl\". Other organisations, including the Planning Officers Society, have since responded with specific calls for a review and proposals to balance land release with environmental protection. In 2016, the London Society and All Party Parliamentary Group (APPG) for London's Planning and Built Environment published plans for a 'green web' to replace the green belt in some locations. The ambition is to create a \"multifunctional green infrastructure landscape\" in which new-build and publicly accessible natural space sat side-by-side.", "title": "Green belt (United Kingdom)" }, { "docid": "5598260#0", "text": "There are many parks and open spaces in Greater London, England. Green space in central London consists of five of the capital's eight Royal Parks, supplemented by a number of small garden squares scattered throughout the city centre. Open space in the rest of the region is dominated by the remaining three Royal Parks and many other parks and open spaces of a range of sizes, run mainly by the local London boroughs, although other owners include the National Trust and the City of London Corporation.", "title": "Parks and open spaces in London" }, { "docid": "4871890#3", "text": "In 1938, the Greater London area became the first region in Britain to use a green belt policy and introduced the Metropolitan Green Belt in order to combat urban sprawl. A 2005 agricultural census carried out by ADAS showed that 423 holdings were located in the London part of the metropolitan green belt, around 0.25% of the total number in Britain. The total land managed was 13,608 hectares, half of which was rented. Less than 10% of the land farmed was used for cultivation of organic materials, and the total contribution that farming made to the economy, excluding diversification activities, was less than £8 m. However, London's agricultural industry was shown to be much more reliant on activities pertaining to diversification, with just under a third of farm income attributed to it, exceeding the national average. The report stated that whilst farming was not a significant part of London's economy, it did have a vital role to play.", "title": "Agriculture in London" }, { "docid": "367460#3", "text": "The population of Greater London and those counties adjacent to the green belt was 18,868,800 in 2011. Much of the undeveloped part of this area lies within the designated Metropolitan Green Belt, which covers nearly all of Surrey, eastern Berkshire, southern Buckinghamshire, southern and mid Hertfordshire, southern Bedfordshire, south-west Essex, and western Kent. In addition, three Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (the Chiltern Hills, Surrey Hills and North Downs AONBs) surrounding the Thames basin are within the commuter belt.", "title": "London commuter belt" }, { "docid": "39953532#0", "text": "London is one of the largest urban areas in Europe, with an area of 1,572 km (607 sq mi). Its boundaries were set in 1965 when Greater London, which covers the 32 London boroughs and the City of London, was created. Almost two-thirds of it is green space and wetlands. Its population according to the 2011 census was 8.17 million.", "title": "List of local nature reserves in Greater London" }, { "docid": "48932986#0", "text": "Freiburg im Breisgau's parks, green spaces, recreational facilities, playgrounds, roadside greeneries and the \"Mundenhof\" add up to an area of 397 ha (3.97 km), which corresponds to 18.05 m of green space per Freiburg citizen. On average, major cities in Baden-Württemberg have 22.66 m green space/citizen. However, there is an area of 2600 ha (26 km) of forest in the close proximity of Freiburg as well as additional recreational area like the Rieselfeld district (a former sewage farm). The majority of the green spaces came into existence from the 1960s on.", "title": "Green spaces in Freiburg" }, { "docid": "11247268#8", "text": "\"We designed the building from the inside out, not the outside in,” said Loretta H. Cockrum, Foram’s founder, chairman and CEO. “We wanted the most efficient office building ever designed, with no wasted space or wasted energy. This is a building of the future more than a building of the present. A lot of love has gone into that building, and a lot of pride.\"", "title": "Brickell World Plaza" }, { "docid": "2882173#0", "text": "The London Borough of Harrow is one of the northern outer London boroughs: as such much of the Metropolitan Green Belt land is within the Borough boundaries. Parks and open spaces range from the large area around Harrow-on-the-Hill to the smaller gardens and recreation grounds; there are also a number of spaces taken up with golf courses . It has been suggested that Harrow is continuously losing its green space and trees.", "title": "Parks and open spaces in the London Borough of Harrow" } ]