wiki_qa · Datasets at Hugging Face

question_id stringlengths 2 5	question stringlengths 14 103	document_title stringlengths 3 67	answer stringlengths 3 637	label class label 2 classes
Q222	how tall Russian President Dmitry Medvedev	Dmitry Medvedev	When he took office at the age of 42, he was the youngest of the three Russian Presidents who have served.	00
Q222	how tall Russian President Dmitry Medvedev	Dmitry Medvedev	Born to a family of academics, Medvedev graduated from the Law Department of Leningrad State University in 1987.	00
Q222	how tall Russian President Dmitry Medvedev	Dmitry Medvedev	He defended his dissertation in 1990 and worked as a docent at his alma mater, now renamed to Saint Petersburg State University , where he taught civil and Roman law until 1999.	00
Q222	how tall Russian President Dmitry Medvedev	Dmitry Medvedev	Medvedev's political career began as the election campaign manager and later an adviser of St. Petersburg Mayor Anatoly Sobchak .	00
Q222	how tall Russian President Dmitry Medvedev	Dmitry Medvedev	During this time, Medvedev befriended Vladimir Putin .	00
Q222	how tall Russian President Dmitry Medvedev	Dmitry Medvedev	In November 1999, Medvedev was hired in the Russian presidential administration , where he worked as deputy chief of staff.	00
Q222	how tall Russian President Dmitry Medvedev	Dmitry Medvedev	In the 2000 Presidential elections , Medvedev was Putin's campaign manager.	00
Q222	how tall Russian President Dmitry Medvedev	Dmitry Medvedev	On 14 November 2005, Medvedev was appointed First Deputy Prime Minister and was tasked with overseeing National Priority Projects .	00
Q222	how tall Russian President Dmitry Medvedev	Dmitry Medvedev	He also worked as the Chairman of Gazprom 's board of directors, a post which he held until 2008.	00
Q222	how tall Russian President Dmitry Medvedev	Dmitry Medvedev	On 10 December 2007, Medvedev was informally endorsed as a candidate for the forthcoming presidential elections by four political parties : United Russia , Fair Russia , Agrarian Party of Russia and Civilian Power , and was officially endorsed by United Russia on 17 December 2007.	00
Q222	how tall Russian President Dmitry Medvedev	Dmitry Medvedev	Medvedev's candidacy was backed by the popular outgoing President Vladimir Putin, giving a significant boost to his popularity.	00
Q222	how tall Russian President Dmitry Medvedev	Dmitry Medvedev	The 2008 presidential election , held on 2 March 2008, was won by Medvedev with 70.28% of the popular vote, and he was inaugurated on 7 May 2008.	00
Q222	how tall Russian President Dmitry Medvedev	Dmitry Medvedev	Although he did not run for a second term as President, Medvedev was appointed Prime Minister by Putin, who won the 2012 presidential election .	00
Q222	how tall Russian President Dmitry Medvedev	Dmitry Medvedev	On 26 May 2012 he also was appointed officially as the Leader of United Russia Party.	00
Q222	how tall Russian President Dmitry Medvedev	Dmitry Medvedev	Widely regarded as more liberal than his predecessor, Medvedev's top agenda as President was a wide-ranging modernisation programme , aiming at modernising Russia's economy and society, and lessening the country's reliance on oil and gas.	00
Q222	how tall Russian President Dmitry Medvedev	Dmitry Medvedev	During Medvedev's tenure, Russia emerged victorious in the 2008 South Ossetia war and recovered from the late-2000s recession .	00
Q222	how tall Russian President Dmitry Medvedev	Dmitry Medvedev	Recognising corruption as one of Russia's most severe problems, Medvedev has launched an anti-corruption campaign and initiated a substantial law enforcement reform .	00
Q222	how tall Russian President Dmitry Medvedev	Dmitry Medvedev	In foreign policy, his main achievements include the signing of the New START treaty, a "reset" of the Russia – United States relations which were severely strained following Russia's war with Georgia, as well as increasing Russia's cooperation with the BRICS-countries , as well as Russia 's admission into the WTO in 2011.	00
Q224	How does Chronic Kidney Disease stage 4 effect Diabetics	Chronic kidney disease	Chronic kidney disease (CKD), also known as chronic renal disease, is a progressive loss in renal function over a period of months or years.	00
Q224	How does Chronic Kidney Disease stage 4 effect Diabetics	Chronic kidney disease	The symptoms of worsening kidney function are non-specific, and might include feeling generally unwell and experiencing a reduced appetite .	00
Q224	How does Chronic Kidney Disease stage 4 effect Diabetics	Chronic kidney disease	Often, chronic kidney disease is diagnosed as a result of screening of people known to be at risk of kidney problems, such as those with high blood pressure or diabetes and those with a blood relative with chronic kidney disease.	00
Q224	How does Chronic Kidney Disease stage 4 effect Diabetics	Chronic kidney disease	Chronic kidney disease may also be identified when it leads to one of its recognized complications, such as cardiovascular disease , anemia or pericarditis .	00
Q224	How does Chronic Kidney Disease stage 4 effect Diabetics	Chronic kidney disease	Chronic kidney disease is identified by a blood test for creatinine .	00
Q224	How does Chronic Kidney Disease stage 4 effect Diabetics	Chronic kidney disease	Higher levels of creatinine indicate a lower glomerular filtration rate and as a result a decreased capability of the kidneys to excrete waste products.	00
Q224	How does Chronic Kidney Disease stage 4 effect Diabetics	Chronic kidney disease	Creatinine levels may be normal in the early stages of CKD, and the condition is discovered if urinalysis (testing of a urine sample) shows that the kidney is allowing the loss of protein or red blood cells into the urine.	00
Q224	How does Chronic Kidney Disease stage 4 effect Diabetics	Chronic kidney disease	To fully investigate the underlying cause of kidney damage, various forms of medical imaging , blood tests and often renal biopsy (removing a small sample of kidney tissue) are employed to find out if there is a reversible cause for the kidney malfunction.	00
Q224	How does Chronic Kidney Disease stage 4 effect Diabetics	Chronic kidney disease	Recent professional guidelines classify the severity of chronic kidney disease in five stages, with stage 1 being the mildest and usually causing few symptoms and stage 5 being a severe illness with poor life expectancy if untreated.	00
Q224	How does Chronic Kidney Disease stage 4 effect Diabetics	Chronic kidney disease	Stage 5 CKD is often called End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) and is synonymous with the now outdated terms chronic kidney failure (CKF) or chronic renal failure (CRF).	00
Q224	How does Chronic Kidney Disease stage 4 effect Diabetics	Chronic kidney disease	There is no specific treatment unequivocally shown to slow the worsening of chronic kidney disease.	00
Q224	How does Chronic Kidney Disease stage 4 effect Diabetics	Chronic kidney disease	If there is an underlying cause to CKD, such as vasculitis , this may be treated directly to slow the damage.	00
Q224	How does Chronic Kidney Disease stage 4 effect Diabetics	Chronic kidney disease	In more advanced stages, treatments may be required for anemia and bone disease .	00
Q224	How does Chronic Kidney Disease stage 4 effect Diabetics	Chronic kidney disease	Severe CKD requires renal replacement therapy , which may involve a form of dialysis , but ideally constitutes a kidney transplant .	00
Q232	what experiments are being performed on the iss	Materials International Space Station Experiment	MISSE's logo	00
Q232	what experiments are being performed on the iss	Materials International Space Station Experiment	The Materials International Space Station Experiment (MISSE), is a series of experiments mounted externally on the International Space Station (ISS) that investigates the effects of long-term exposure of materials to the harsh space environment.	00
Q232	what experiments are being performed on the iss	Materials International Space Station Experiment	The MISSE project evaluates the performance, stability, and long-term survivability of materials and components planned for use by NASA, commercial companies and the Department of Defense (DOD) on future low Earth orbit (LEO), synchronous orbit and interplanetary space missions.	00
Q232	what experiments are being performed on the iss	Materials International Space Station Experiment	The Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF), which was retrieved in 1990 after spending 68 months in LEO, revealed that space environments are very hostile to many spacecraft materials and components.	00
Q232	what experiments are being performed on the iss	Materials International Space Station Experiment	Atomic oxygen , which is the most prevalent atomic species encountered in low earth orbit, is highly reactive with plastics and some metals, causing severe erosion .	00
Q232	what experiments are being performed on the iss	Materials International Space Station Experiment	There is also extreme ultraviolet radiation due to the lack of an atmospheric filter .	00
Q232	what experiments are being performed on the iss	Materials International Space Station Experiment	This radiation deteriorates and darkens many plastics and coatings.	00
Q232	what experiments are being performed on the iss	Materials International Space Station Experiment	The vacuum in space also alters the physical properties of many materials.	00
Q232	what experiments are being performed on the iss	Materials International Space Station Experiment	Impacts of meteoroids and orbiting man-made debris can damage all materials exposed in space.	00
Q232	what experiments are being performed on the iss	Materials International Space Station Experiment	The combined effects of all of these environments on spacecraft can only be investigated in space.	00
Q232	what experiments are being performed on the iss	Materials International Space Station Experiment	MISSE evaluates materials currently being used and those planned for use in future space missions.	00
Q232	what experiments are being performed on the iss	Materials International Space Station Experiment	MISSE is a direct successor of the Mir Environmental Effects Payloads (MEEP) that were attached for over a year to the Mir Docking Module of the space station Mir between shuttle flights STS-76 and STS-86 ; and is a descendant of the Long Duration Exposure Facility .	00
Q232	what experiments are being performed on the iss	Materials International Space Station Experiment	Also MEEPS can trace their inception to the Passive Optical Sample Array (POSA) sample trays flown on STS-1 and STS-2 , and their successor Effects of Oxygen Interaction with Materials (EOIM) on STS-3 and STS-5 .	00
Q232	what experiments are being performed on the iss	Materials International Space Station Experiment	MISSE PEC closed	00
Q232	what experiments are being performed on the iss	Materials International Space Station Experiment	MISSE PEC closed	00
Q236	how did crater lake get its color	Crater lake	Crater Lake is a caldera lake located in the south-central region of the U.S. state of Oregon .	00
Q236	how did crater lake get its color	Crater lake	It is the main feature of Crater Lake National Park and famous for its deep blue color and water clarity.	00
Q236	how did crater lake get its color	Crater lake	The lake partly fills a nearly deep caldera that was formed around 7,700 (± 150) years ago by the collapse of the volcano Mount Mazama .	00
Q236	how did crater lake get its color	Crater lake	Human interaction is traceable back to the indigenous Native Americans witnessing the eruption of Mount Mazama.	00
Q236	how did crater lake get its color	Crater lake	There are no rivers flowing into or out of the lake; the evaporation is compensated for by rain and snowfall at a rate such that the total amount of water is replaced every 250 years.	00
Q236	how did crater lake get its color	Crater lake	At 1,943 feet (592 meters), it is the deepest lake in the United States, and the seventh deepest in the world.	00
Q236	how did crater lake get its color	Crater lake	Crater Lake is known for the " Old Man of the Lake ", a full-sized tree which is now a stump that has been bobbing vertically in the lake for more than a century.	00
Q236	how did crater lake get its color	Crater lake	The low temperature of the water has slowed the decomposition of the wood, hence the longevity of the bobbing tree.	00
Q236	how did crater lake get its color	Crater lake	Two islands are in Crater Lake, with Wizard Island from a cinder cone that erupted after Crater Lake began to fill with water, and Phantom Ship Island with seven different trees living on it.	00
Q236	how did crater lake get its color	Crater lake	There are also colonies of violet green swallows, and several varieties of wildflowers and lichens living there.	00
Q236	how did crater lake get its color	Crater lake	While having no indigenous fish population, the lake was stocked from 1888 to 1941 with a variety of fish.	00
Q236	how did crater lake get its color	Crater lake	Several species have formed self-sustaining populations.	00
Q236	how did crater lake get its color	Crater lake	Since 2002, one of the state's regular-issue license plate designs has featured Crater Lake.	00
Q236	how did crater lake get its color	Crater lake	The commemorative Oregon State Quarter , which was released by the United States Mint in 2005, features an on its reverse.	00
Q242	how does a dim sum restaurant work	Dim sum	Dim sum () refers to a style of Cantonese food prepared as small bite-sized or individual portions of food traditionally served in small steamer baskets or on small plates.	11
Q242	how does a dim sum restaurant work	Dim sum	Dim sum is also well known for the unique way it is served in some restaurants, wherein fully cooked and ready-to-serve dim sum dishes are carted around the restaurant for customers to choose their orders while seated at their tables.	11
Q242	how does a dim sum restaurant work	Dim sum	Eating dim sum at a restaurant is usually known in Cantonese as going to "drink tea" ( yum cha , 飲茶), as tea is typically served with dim sum.	11
Q243	what color is hazel	Eye color	Close up of a human iris	00
Q243	what color is hazel	Eye color	Eye color is a polygenic phenotypic character determined by two distinct factors: the pigmentation of the eye 's iris and the frequency-dependence of the scattering of light by the turbid medium in the stroma of the iris .	00
Q243	what color is hazel	Eye color	In humans, the pigmentation of the iris varies from light brown to black, depending on the concentration of melanin in the iris pigment epithelium (located on the back of the iris), the melanin content within the iris stroma (located at the front of the iris), and the cellular density of the stroma.	00
Q243	what color is hazel	Eye color	The appearance of blue, green, as well as hazel eyes results from the Rayleigh scattering of light in the stroma, a phenomenon similar to that which accounts for the blueness of the sky.	00
Q243	what color is hazel	Eye color	Neither blue nor green pigments are ever present in the human iris or ocular fluid.	00
Q243	what color is hazel	Eye color	Eye color is thus an instance of structural color and varies depending on the lighting conditions, especially for lighter-colored eyes.	00
Q243	what color is hazel	Eye color	The brightly colored eyes of many bird species result from the presence of other pigments, such as pteridines , purines , and carotenoids .	00
Q243	what color is hazel	Eye color	Humans and other animals have many phenotypic variations in eye color.	00
Q243	what color is hazel	Eye color	The genetics of eye color are complicated, and color is determined by multiple genes.	00
Q243	what color is hazel	Eye color	So far, as many as 15 genes have been associated with eye color inheritance.	00
Q243	what color is hazel	Eye color	Some of the eye-color genes include OCA2 and HERC2.	00
Q243	what color is hazel	Eye color	The once-held view that blue eye color is a simple recessive trait has been shown to be incorrect.	00
Q243	what color is hazel	Eye color	The genetics of eye color are so complex that almost any parent-child combination of eye colors can occur.	00
Q243	what color is hazel	Eye color	However, OCA2 gene polymorphism, close to proximal 5′ regulatory region, explains most human eye-color variation.	00
Q248	what division is tsu football	Texas Southern University	Texas Southern University (shortened to Texas Southern or simply TSU) is a historically black university (HBCU) located in Houston , Texas , United States, accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools .	00
Q248	what division is tsu football	Texas Southern University	The University was established in 1927 as the Houston Colored Junior College, through its private college phase as Houston Colored College.	00
Q248	what division is tsu football	Texas Southern University	On March 3, 1947, the state declared this to be the first state university in Houston and it was renamed Texas State University for Negroes.	00
Q248	what division is tsu football	Texas Southern University	In 1951, the name changed to Texas Southern University.	00
Q248	what division is tsu football	Texas Southern University	Texas Southern University is one of the largest and most comprehensive HBCUs in the nation and one of only four independent public universities in Texas (those not affiliated with any of Texas' six public university systems).	00
Q248	what division is tsu football	Texas Southern University	TSU is the only HBCU in Texas recognized as one of America's Top Colleges by Forbes .	00
Q248	what division is tsu football	Texas Southern University	TSU is also recognized as the leading producer of college degrees to African-Americans and Hispanics in Texas and ranks fourth (4th) in the nation in African-American conferred doctoral and professional degrees.	00
Q248	what division is tsu football	Texas Southern University	The University is a member-school of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund .	00
Q254	what city was the convention when gerald ford was nominated	1976 Republican National Convention	The 1976 Republician National Convention was a United States political convention of the Republican Party that met from August 16 to August 19, 1976 to select the party's nominee for President .	00
Q254	what city was the convention when gerald ford was nominated	1976 Republican National Convention	Held in Kemper Arena in Kansas City , Missouri , the convention nominated President Gerald Ford for a full term, but only after narrowly defeating a strong challenge from former California Governor Ronald Reagan .	11
Q254	what city was the convention when gerald ford was nominated	1976 Republican National Convention	The convention also nominated Senator Robert J. Dole of Kansas for Vice President , instead of Vice President Nelson Rockefeller .	00
Q254	what city was the convention when gerald ford was nominated	1976 Republican National Convention	The keynote address was delivered by Tennessee Senator Howard Baker .	00
Q262	how did dottie west die	Dottie West	Dottie West (October 11, 1932 – September 4, 1991) was an American country music singer and songwriter.	00
Q262	how did dottie west die	Dottie West	Along with her friends and co-recording artists Patsy Cline and Loretta Lynn , she is considered one of the genre's most influential and groundbreaking female artists.	00
Q262	how did dottie west die	Dottie West	Dottie West's career started in the early 1960s, with her Top 10 hit, " Here Comes My Baby Back Again ," which won her the first Grammy Award for Best Female Country Vocal Performance in 1965.	00
Q262	how did dottie west die	Dottie West	In the 1960s, West was one of the few female country singers working in what was then a male-dominated industry, influencing other female country singers like Lynn Anderson , Crystal Gayle , Barbara Mandrell , Dolly Parton , and Tammy Wynette .	00
Q262	how did dottie west die	Dottie West	Throughout the 1960s, West had country hits within the Top 10 and 20.	00
Q262	how did dottie west die	Dottie West	In the early 1970s, West wrote a popular commercial for the Coca-Cola company, titled " Country Sunshine ", which she nearly brought to the top of the charts in 1973.	00
Q262	how did dottie west die	Dottie West	In the late-70s, she teamed up with country-pop superstar, Kenny Rogers for a series of duets, which brought her career in directions it had never gone before, earning Platinum selling albums and No. 1 records for the very first time.	00
Q262	how did dottie west die	Dottie West	Her duet recordings with Rogers, like " Every Time Two Fools Collide ," " All I Ever Need Is You ," and " What Are We Doin' In Love ," eventually became country-music standards.	00
Q262	how did dottie west die	Dottie West	In the mid-1970s, her image and music underwent a major metamorphosis, bringing her to the very peak of her popularity as a solo act, and reaching No. 1 for the very first time on her own in 1980 with " A Lesson in Leavin' ".	00
Q265	how much does baby ruth candy	Baby Ruth	Baby Ruth is an American candy bar made of peanuts , caramel and chocolate-flavored nougat covered in chocolate .	00

Q222

how tall Russian President Dmitry Medvedev

Dmitry Medvedev

When he took office at the age of 42, he was the youngest of the three Russian Presidents who have served.

00

Q222

how tall Russian President Dmitry Medvedev

Dmitry Medvedev

Born to a family of academics, Medvedev graduated from the Law Department of Leningrad State University in 1987.

00

Q222

how tall Russian President Dmitry Medvedev

Dmitry Medvedev

He defended his dissertation in 1990 and worked as a docent at his alma mater, now renamed to Saint Petersburg State University , where he taught civil and Roman law until 1999.

00

Q222

how tall Russian President Dmitry Medvedev

Dmitry Medvedev

Medvedev's political career began as the election campaign manager and later an adviser of St. Petersburg Mayor Anatoly Sobchak .

00

Q222

how tall Russian President Dmitry Medvedev

Dmitry Medvedev

During this time, Medvedev befriended Vladimir Putin .

00

Q222

how tall Russian President Dmitry Medvedev

Dmitry Medvedev

In November 1999, Medvedev was hired in the Russian presidential administration , where he worked as deputy chief of staff.

00

Q222

how tall Russian President Dmitry Medvedev

Dmitry Medvedev

In the 2000 Presidential elections , Medvedev was Putin's campaign manager.

00

Q222

how tall Russian President Dmitry Medvedev

Dmitry Medvedev

On 14 November 2005, Medvedev was appointed First Deputy Prime Minister and was tasked with overseeing National Priority Projects .

00

Q222

how tall Russian President Dmitry Medvedev

Dmitry Medvedev

He also worked as the Chairman of Gazprom 's board of directors, a post which he held until 2008.

00

Q222

how tall Russian President Dmitry Medvedev

Dmitry Medvedev

On 10 December 2007, Medvedev was informally endorsed as a candidate for the forthcoming presidential elections by four political parties : United Russia , Fair Russia , Agrarian Party of Russia and Civilian Power , and was officially endorsed by United Russia on 17 December 2007.

00

Q222

how tall Russian President Dmitry Medvedev

Dmitry Medvedev

Medvedev's candidacy was backed by the popular outgoing President Vladimir Putin, giving a significant boost to his popularity.

00

Q222

how tall Russian President Dmitry Medvedev

Dmitry Medvedev

The 2008 presidential election , held on 2 March 2008, was won by Medvedev with 70.28% of the popular vote, and he was inaugurated on 7 May 2008.

00

Q222

how tall Russian President Dmitry Medvedev

Dmitry Medvedev

Although he did not run for a second term as President, Medvedev was appointed Prime Minister by Putin, who won the 2012 presidential election .

00

Q222

how tall Russian President Dmitry Medvedev

Dmitry Medvedev

On 26 May 2012 he also was appointed officially as the Leader of United Russia Party.

00

Q222

how tall Russian President Dmitry Medvedev

Dmitry Medvedev

Widely regarded as more liberal than his predecessor, Medvedev's top agenda as President was a wide-ranging modernisation programme , aiming at modernising Russia's economy and society, and lessening the country's reliance on oil and gas.

00

Q222

how tall Russian President Dmitry Medvedev

Dmitry Medvedev

During Medvedev's tenure, Russia emerged victorious in the 2008 South Ossetia war and recovered from the late-2000s recession .

00

Q222

how tall Russian President Dmitry Medvedev

Dmitry Medvedev

Recognising corruption as one of Russia's most severe problems, Medvedev has launched an anti-corruption campaign and initiated a substantial law enforcement reform .

00

Q222

how tall Russian President Dmitry Medvedev

Dmitry Medvedev

In foreign policy, his main achievements include the signing of the New START treaty, a "reset" of the Russia – United States relations which were severely strained following Russia's war with Georgia, as well as increasing Russia's cooperation with the BRICS-countries , as well as Russia 's admission into the WTO in 2011.

00

Q224

How does Chronic Kidney Disease stage 4 effect Diabetics

Chronic kidney disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD), also known as chronic renal disease, is a progressive loss in renal function over a period of months or years.

00

Q224

How does Chronic Kidney Disease stage 4 effect Diabetics

Chronic kidney disease

The symptoms of worsening kidney function are non-specific, and might include feeling generally unwell and experiencing a reduced appetite .

00

Q224

How does Chronic Kidney Disease stage 4 effect Diabetics

Chronic kidney disease

Often, chronic kidney disease is diagnosed as a result of screening of people known to be at risk of kidney problems, such as those with high blood pressure or diabetes and those with a blood relative with chronic kidney disease.

00

Q224

How does Chronic Kidney Disease stage 4 effect Diabetics

Chronic kidney disease

Chronic kidney disease may also be identified when it leads to one of its recognized complications, such as cardiovascular disease , anemia or pericarditis .

00

Q224

How does Chronic Kidney Disease stage 4 effect Diabetics

Chronic kidney disease

Chronic kidney disease is identified by a blood test for creatinine .

00

Q224

How does Chronic Kidney Disease stage 4 effect Diabetics

Chronic kidney disease

Higher levels of creatinine indicate a lower glomerular filtration rate and as a result a decreased capability of the kidneys to excrete waste products.

00

Q224

How does Chronic Kidney Disease stage 4 effect Diabetics

Chronic kidney disease

Creatinine levels may be normal in the early stages of CKD, and the condition is discovered if urinalysis (testing of a urine sample) shows that the kidney is allowing the loss of protein or red blood cells into the urine.

00

Q224

How does Chronic Kidney Disease stage 4 effect Diabetics

Chronic kidney disease

To fully investigate the underlying cause of kidney damage, various forms of medical imaging , blood tests and often renal biopsy (removing a small sample of kidney tissue) are employed to find out if there is a reversible cause for the kidney malfunction.

00

Q224

How does Chronic Kidney Disease stage 4 effect Diabetics

Chronic kidney disease

Recent professional guidelines classify the severity of chronic kidney disease in five stages, with stage 1 being the mildest and usually causing few symptoms and stage 5 being a severe illness with poor life expectancy if untreated.

00

Q224

How does Chronic Kidney Disease stage 4 effect Diabetics

Chronic kidney disease

Stage 5 CKD is often called End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) and is synonymous with the now outdated terms chronic kidney failure (CKF) or chronic renal failure (CRF).

00

Q224

How does Chronic Kidney Disease stage 4 effect Diabetics

Chronic kidney disease

There is no specific treatment unequivocally shown to slow the worsening of chronic kidney disease.

00

Q224

How does Chronic Kidney Disease stage 4 effect Diabetics

Chronic kidney disease

If there is an underlying cause to CKD, such as vasculitis , this may be treated directly to slow the damage.

00

Q224

How does Chronic Kidney Disease stage 4 effect Diabetics

Chronic kidney disease

In more advanced stages, treatments may be required for anemia and bone disease .

00

Q224

How does Chronic Kidney Disease stage 4 effect Diabetics

Chronic kidney disease

Severe CKD requires renal replacement therapy , which may involve a form of dialysis , but ideally constitutes a kidney transplant .

00

Q232

what experiments are being performed on the iss

Materials International Space Station Experiment

MISSE's logo

00

Q232

what experiments are being performed on the iss

Materials International Space Station Experiment

The Materials International Space Station Experiment (MISSE), is a series of experiments mounted externally on the International Space Station (ISS) that investigates the effects of long-term exposure of materials to the harsh space environment.

00

Q232

what experiments are being performed on the iss

Materials International Space Station Experiment

The MISSE project evaluates the performance, stability, and long-term survivability of materials and components planned for use by NASA, commercial companies and the Department of Defense (DOD) on future low Earth orbit (LEO), synchronous orbit and interplanetary space missions.

00

Q232

what experiments are being performed on the iss

Materials International Space Station Experiment

The Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF), which was retrieved in 1990 after spending 68 months in LEO, revealed that space environments are very hostile to many spacecraft materials and components.

00

Q232

what experiments are being performed on the iss

Materials International Space Station Experiment

Atomic oxygen , which is the most prevalent atomic species encountered in low earth orbit, is highly reactive with plastics and some metals, causing severe erosion .

00

Q232

what experiments are being performed on the iss

Materials International Space Station Experiment

There is also extreme ultraviolet radiation due to the lack of an atmospheric filter .

00

Q232

what experiments are being performed on the iss

Materials International Space Station Experiment

This radiation deteriorates and darkens many plastics and coatings.

00

Q232

what experiments are being performed on the iss

Materials International Space Station Experiment

The vacuum in space also alters the physical properties of many materials.

00

Q232

what experiments are being performed on the iss

Materials International Space Station Experiment

Impacts of meteoroids and orbiting man-made debris can damage all materials exposed in space.

00

Q232

what experiments are being performed on the iss

Materials International Space Station Experiment

The combined effects of all of these environments on spacecraft can only be investigated in space.

00

Q232

what experiments are being performed on the iss

Materials International Space Station Experiment

MISSE evaluates materials currently being used and those planned for use in future space missions.

00

Q232

what experiments are being performed on the iss

Materials International Space Station Experiment

MISSE is a direct successor of the Mir Environmental Effects Payloads (MEEP) that were attached for over a year to the Mir Docking Module of the space station Mir between shuttle flights STS-76 and STS-86 ; and is a descendant of the Long Duration Exposure Facility .

00

Q232

what experiments are being performed on the iss

Materials International Space Station Experiment

Also MEEPS can trace their inception to the Passive Optical Sample Array (POSA) sample trays flown on STS-1 and STS-2 , and their successor Effects of Oxygen Interaction with Materials (EOIM) on STS-3 and STS-5 .

00

Q232

what experiments are being performed on the iss

Materials International Space Station Experiment

MISSE PEC closed

00

Q232

what experiments are being performed on the iss

Materials International Space Station Experiment

MISSE PEC closed

00

Q236

how did crater lake get its color

Crater lake

Crater Lake is a caldera lake located in the south-central region of the U.S. state of Oregon .

00

Q236

how did crater lake get its color

Crater lake

It is the main feature of Crater Lake National Park and famous for its deep blue color and water clarity.

00

Q236

how did crater lake get its color

Crater lake

The lake partly fills a nearly deep caldera that was formed around 7,700 (± 150) years ago by the collapse of the volcano Mount Mazama .

00

Q236

how did crater lake get its color

Crater lake

Human interaction is traceable back to the indigenous Native Americans witnessing the eruption of Mount Mazama.

00

Q236

how did crater lake get its color

Crater lake

There are no rivers flowing into or out of the lake; the evaporation is compensated for by rain and snowfall at a rate such that the total amount of water is replaced every 250 years.

00

Q236

how did crater lake get its color

Crater lake

At 1,943 feet (592 meters), it is the deepest lake in the United States, and the seventh deepest in the world.

00

Q236

how did crater lake get its color

Crater lake

Crater Lake is known for the " Old Man of the Lake ", a full-sized tree which is now a stump that has been bobbing vertically in the lake for more than a century.

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Q236

how did crater lake get its color

Crater lake

The low temperature of the water has slowed the decomposition of the wood, hence the longevity of the bobbing tree.

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Q236

how did crater lake get its color

Crater lake

Two islands are in Crater Lake, with Wizard Island from a cinder cone that erupted after Crater Lake began to fill with water, and Phantom Ship Island with seven different trees living on it.

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Q236

how did crater lake get its color

Crater lake

There are also colonies of violet green swallows, and several varieties of wildflowers and lichens living there.

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Q236

how did crater lake get its color

Crater lake

While having no indigenous fish population, the lake was stocked from 1888 to 1941 with a variety of fish.

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Q236

how did crater lake get its color

Crater lake

Several species have formed self-sustaining populations.

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Q236

how did crater lake get its color

Crater lake

Since 2002, one of the state's regular-issue license plate designs has featured Crater Lake.

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Q236

how did crater lake get its color

Crater lake

The commemorative Oregon State Quarter , which was released by the United States Mint in 2005, features an on its reverse.

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Q242

how does a dim sum restaurant work

Dim sum

Dim sum () refers to a style of Cantonese food prepared as small bite-sized or individual portions of food traditionally served in small steamer baskets or on small plates.

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Q242

how does a dim sum restaurant work

Dim sum

Dim sum is also well known for the unique way it is served in some restaurants, wherein fully cooked and ready-to-serve dim sum dishes are carted around the restaurant for customers to choose their orders while seated at their tables.

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Q242

how does a dim sum restaurant work

Dim sum

Eating dim sum at a restaurant is usually known in Cantonese as going to "drink tea" ( yum cha , 飲茶), as tea is typically served with dim sum.

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Q243

what color is hazel

Eye color

Close up of a human iris

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Q243

what color is hazel

Eye color

Eye color is a polygenic phenotypic character determined by two distinct factors: the pigmentation of the eye 's iris and the frequency-dependence of the scattering of light by the turbid medium in the stroma of the iris .

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Q243

what color is hazel

Eye color

In humans, the pigmentation of the iris varies from light brown to black, depending on the concentration of melanin in the iris pigment epithelium (located on the back of the iris), the melanin content within the iris stroma (located at the front of the iris), and the cellular density of the stroma.

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Q243

what color is hazel

Eye color

The appearance of blue, green, as well as hazel eyes results from the Rayleigh scattering of light in the stroma, a phenomenon similar to that which accounts for the blueness of the sky.

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Q243

what color is hazel

Eye color

Neither blue nor green pigments are ever present in the human iris or ocular fluid.

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Q243

what color is hazel

Eye color

Eye color is thus an instance of structural color and varies depending on the lighting conditions, especially for lighter-colored eyes.

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Q243

what color is hazel

Eye color

The brightly colored eyes of many bird species result from the presence of other pigments, such as pteridines , purines , and carotenoids .

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Q243

what color is hazel

Eye color

Humans and other animals have many phenotypic variations in eye color.

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Q243

what color is hazel

Eye color

The genetics of eye color are complicated, and color is determined by multiple genes.

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Q243

what color is hazel

Eye color

So far, as many as 15 genes have been associated with eye color inheritance.

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Q243

what color is hazel

Eye color

Some of the eye-color genes include OCA2 and HERC2.

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Q243

what color is hazel

Eye color

The once-held view that blue eye color is a simple recessive trait has been shown to be incorrect.

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Q243

what color is hazel

Eye color

The genetics of eye color are so complex that almost any parent-child combination of eye colors can occur.

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Q243

what color is hazel

Eye color

However, OCA2 gene polymorphism, close to proximal 5′ regulatory region, explains most human eye-color variation.

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Q248

what division is tsu football

Texas Southern University

Texas Southern University (shortened to Texas Southern or simply TSU) is a historically black university (HBCU) located in Houston , Texas , United States, accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools .

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Q248

what division is tsu football

Texas Southern University

The University was established in 1927 as the Houston Colored Junior College, through its private college phase as Houston Colored College.

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Q248

what division is tsu football

Texas Southern University

On March 3, 1947, the state declared this to be the first state university in Houston and it was renamed Texas State University for Negroes.

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Q248

what division is tsu football

Texas Southern University

In 1951, the name changed to Texas Southern University.

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Q248

what division is tsu football

Texas Southern University

Texas Southern University is one of the largest and most comprehensive HBCUs in the nation and one of only four independent public universities in Texas (those not affiliated with any of Texas' six public university systems).

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Q248

what division is tsu football

Texas Southern University

TSU is the only HBCU in Texas recognized as one of America's Top Colleges by Forbes .

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Q248

what division is tsu football

Texas Southern University

TSU is also recognized as the leading producer of college degrees to African-Americans and Hispanics in Texas and ranks fourth (4th) in the nation in African-American conferred doctoral and professional degrees.

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Q248

what division is tsu football

Texas Southern University

The University is a member-school of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund .

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Q254

what city was the convention when gerald ford was nominated

1976 Republican National Convention

The 1976 Republician National Convention was a United States political convention of the Republican Party that met from August 16 to August 19, 1976 to select the party's nominee for President .

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Q254

what city was the convention when gerald ford was nominated

1976 Republican National Convention

Held in Kemper Arena in Kansas City , Missouri , the convention nominated President Gerald Ford for a full term, but only after narrowly defeating a strong challenge from former California Governor Ronald Reagan .

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Q254

what city was the convention when gerald ford was nominated

1976 Republican National Convention

The convention also nominated Senator Robert J. Dole of Kansas for Vice President , instead of Vice President Nelson Rockefeller .

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Q254

what city was the convention when gerald ford was nominated

1976 Republican National Convention

The keynote address was delivered by Tennessee Senator Howard Baker .

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Q262

how did dottie west die

Dottie West

Dottie West (October 11, 1932 – September 4, 1991) was an American country music singer and songwriter.

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Q262

how did dottie west die

Dottie West

Along with her friends and co-recording artists Patsy Cline and Loretta Lynn , she is considered one of the genre's most influential and groundbreaking female artists.

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Q262

how did dottie west die

Dottie West

Dottie West's career started in the early 1960s, with her Top 10 hit, " Here Comes My Baby Back Again ," which won her the first Grammy Award for Best Female Country Vocal Performance in 1965.

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Q262

how did dottie west die

Dottie West

In the 1960s, West was one of the few female country singers working in what was then a male-dominated industry, influencing other female country singers like Lynn Anderson , Crystal Gayle , Barbara Mandrell , Dolly Parton , and Tammy Wynette .

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Q262

how did dottie west die

Dottie West

Throughout the 1960s, West had country hits within the Top 10 and 20.

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Q262

how did dottie west die

Dottie West

In the early 1970s, West wrote a popular commercial for the Coca-Cola company, titled " Country Sunshine ", which she nearly brought to the top of the charts in 1973.

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Q262

how did dottie west die

Dottie West

In the late-70s, she teamed up with country-pop superstar, Kenny Rogers for a series of duets, which brought her career in directions it had never gone before, earning Platinum selling albums and No. 1 records for the very first time.

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Q262

how did dottie west die

Dottie West

Her duet recordings with Rogers, like " Every Time Two Fools Collide ," " All I Ever Need Is You ," and " What Are We Doin' In Love ," eventually became country-music standards.

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Q262

how did dottie west die

Dottie West

In the mid-1970s, her image and music underwent a major metamorphosis, bringing her to the very peak of her popularity as a solo act, and reaching No. 1 for the very first time on her own in 1980 with " A Lesson in Leavin' ".

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Q265

how much does baby ruth candy

Baby Ruth

Baby Ruth is an American candy bar made of peanuts , caramel and chocolate-flavored nougat covered in chocolate .

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