Datasets:

vblagoje

/

lfqa

like 16

{ "a_id": [ "cvdb29l", "cvdb42z", "cvdcd9o", "cvdg9jg" ], "score": [ 3, 2, 3, 5 ], "text": [ "Imagine an enormous crowd, tens of thousands or even *hundreds* of thousands of people, you might see this as at a musical performance or a mass protest of some kind.\n\nThen imagine there was some kind of emergency like a fire or gunmen started shooting or something. Everyone's running and it's total chaos. It would be very easy for hundreds of people to fall down and end up trampled to death by the crowd. ", "Lots of people + enclosed area + panic = bad times.\n\nHaving hundreds of deaths due to stampedes at religious festivals is sadly very common in the third world. Saudi Arabia has at least one of these a year at Mecca, and every few of years they cause a hundred or more fatalities.\n\nThe 2005 Al-Aaimmah bridge stampede killed over 900 people during a religious festival in Iraq.", "Usually it's at the bottom of a little hill. You get a few people pushing at the top. Each layer of people can add around 100 pounds of force, until it gets to around 200-300 pounds per person, and then the people under that much force stop pushing. But they're a bit disoriented and off balance, and they let their weight rest on the person below them, instead of standing on their own feet. Since there's a slight slope, the pressure goes up with each additional person down the hill. When it gets high enough, and stays that way for a few minutes, people die of asphyxiation. It's mostly asphyxiation, not \"trampling\".\n\nThe Haaj seems to have this happen fairly regularly. It's the largest pedestrian event in the world, nobody does it more than once a year, and a large fraction of the people are rural folk who rarely travel otherwise, and are rarely in cities, let alone mass pedestrian pileups.", "I was once trapped in a bad situation, a crushing crowd. It was New Years Eve, in Paris. My wife and I were with friends. When it started getting bad, we all held hands, but that wasn’t enough; our friends were slowly ripped away from us and we wouldn’t see them till the next day. My wife and I stayed together by hugging face to face and wrapping our arms around each other.\n\nNobody died that night. There were injuries, though.\n\nAll this happened without there being any reason for panic or urgency. There was no fire, no gate suddenly slammed shut, no bridge swaying dangerously. There was no hill pushing people down. If everybody had just stood still we would have been fine.\n\nHere’s what happened: Everybody wanted to move towards the exits, which were inadequate. The whole crowd moved in that direction but people got squeezed. There were times when my wife and I, our bodies were literally pressed between other people, and we couldn’t do anything but ride it like we were caught in an underwater current. There are times you can’t move your legs, and you could just lift them off the ground and be carried along. Some people started stumbling. When you fall in a situation like that, you may die. When somebody next to you falls in a situation like that, you may not have a choice but to go over them. But you try, right? Somebody next to you falls, you back up to give them a little space. That’s what you do. It’s human nature.\n\nBut now you have this point in the crowd where a ring of people have decided to back away from somebody who is vulnerable, somebody who tripped, or a little kid. There were lots of kids that night. And that protective gesture sends ripples and waves throughout the crowd beyond, because it’s so dense. Like ripples and waves in a pond, they can interfere with each other, sometimes adding together to make a more powerful wave. I doubt they ever really cancel each other out, though, because if you were pushed from behind and a split second later pushed from the front, you wouldn’t remain still, you’d stumble, right? And the waves just keep going, magnifying, as a wave makes people stumble, which makes more waves. A wave would hit a wall, and the people who were already pressed against it would be crushed, and then the wave would rebound in a different direction. You can see the waves in the crowd. Or, if you’re not tall (I’m not) you can hear it, hear the screams of people, and try not to freak out when the screams are coming your way.\n\nSo even when there was no reason for anybody to panic -- it was just show’s over, time to leave -- there were pockets of sheer terror. The general pressure from the back moving forward to the exits wasn’t the threat -- it was ripples and waves in that dense crowd, running counter and crosswise to the main current." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "fbfk8ie" ], "score": [ 25 ], "text": [ "Well, let's just take your list and see if it happened. \n\n\n > Went blind in one eye from a boxing match while he was president. \n\n[Teddy Roosevelt's little-known secret](_URL_2_)\n\n > Of the White House incident in which he was blinded, Roosevelt wrote in his autobiography: \n > \n > \"I had to abandon boxing as well as wrestling, for in one bout a young captain of artillery cross-countered me on the eye, and the blow smashed the little blood vessels. Fortunately it was my left eye, but the sight has been dim ever since, and if it had been the right eye I should have been entirely unable to shoot. \n > \n > \"Accordingly I thought it better to acknowledge that I had become an elderly man and would have to stop boxing. I then took up jiujitsu for a few years.\"\n\nSo that one is true\n\n > Killed a mountain lion with a knife so it wouldn’t kill any of his hunting dogs.\n\n\n[Teddy Roosevelt's Tiffany Bowie Knife ](_URL_0_)\n\n > Theodore Roosevelt’s Letters to His Children:\n\n > Keystone Ranch, Colo., Jan. 14th, 1901 -\n > \"Soon we saw the lion in a treetop, with two of the dogs so high up among the branches that he was striking at them. He was more afraid of us than of the dogs, and as soon as he saw us he took a great flying leap and was off, the pack close behind. In a few hundred yards they had him up another tree. This time, after a couple of hundred yards, the dogs caught him, and a great fight followed. They could have killed him by themselves, but he bit or clawed four of them, and for fear he might kill one I ran in and stabbed him behind the shoulder, thrusting the knife right into his heart. I have always wished to kill a cougar as I did this one, with dogs and the knife.”\n\nTwo are correct, lets see about three\n\nPursued boat thieves down a frozen river on a boat he made from scratch with his hunting buddies, eventually overpowering and arresting the thieves.\n\n\n[Roosevelt Pursues Boat Thieves](_URL_3_)\n\n > “But we never carried out our intentions, for next morning one of my men, who was out before breakfast, came back to the house with the startling news that our boat was gone – stolen ... \"Accordingly we at once set to work in our turn to build a flat-bottomed scow wherein to follow them ... For three days, the three men navigated the icy, winding river among the colorful clay buttes hoping to take the thieves captive without a fight. ... [Roosevelt] kept guard over the three prisoners, who were huddled into a sullen group some twenty yards off, just the right distance for the buckshot in the double-barrel\n\nThree for three, going for four\n\n > Delivered an hour-long speech just after being shot.\n\n[When Teddy Roosevelt Was Shot in 1912, a Speech May Have Saved His Life](_URL_4_)\n\n\n > The horrified audience in the Milwaukee Auditorium on October 14, 1912, gasped as the former president unbuttoned his vest to reveal his bloodstained shirt. “It takes more than that to kill a bull moose,” the wounded candidate assured them. He reached into his coat pocket and pulled out a bullet-riddled, 50-page speech. Holding up his prepared remarks, which had two big holes blown through each page, Roosevelt continued. “Fortunately I had my manuscript, so you see I was going to make a long speech, and there is a bullet—there is where the bullet went through—and it probably saved me from it going into my heart. The bullet is in me now, so that I cannot make a very long speech, but I will try my best.”\n\n > Only two days before, the editor-in-chief of The Outlook characterized Roosevelt as “an electric battery of inexhaustible energy,” and for the next 90 minutes the 53-year-old former president proved it.\n\nFour! What about five?\n\n > Led the Rough Riders’ famous uphill charge.\n\n[The Rough Riders Storm San Juan Hill, 1898](_URL_1_)\n\n > \"Colonel Roosevelt, on horseback, broke from the woods behind the line of the Ninth, and finding its men lying in his way, shouted: 'If you don't wish to go forward, let my men pass, please.' The junior officers of the Ninth, with their Negroes, instantly sprang into line with the Rough Riders, and charged at the blue block-house on the right. I speak of Roosevelt first because, with General Hawkins, who led Kent's division, notably the Sixth and Sixteenth Regulars, he was, without doubt, the most conspicuous figure in the charge.\n\nFive, lets see if we can make it a perfect six.\n\nUnfortunately, I wasn't able to find anything I considered good enough for this one. However, it is very widely considered a fact that he had the Roosevelt crest as a Chest tattoo and perhaps the least of the accomplishments listed.\n\nWas Teddy Roosevelt as badass as the stories say? Based on this list, I think it is very likely that he was." ] }

[]

[]

[ [ "http://www.knifecollector.net/RooseveltsKnife.html", "http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/roughriders.htm", "https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2002-10-07-0210070158-story.html", "https://www.nps.gov/thro/learn/historyculture/roosevelt-pursues-boat-thieves.htm", "https://www.history.com/news/shot-in-the-chest-100-years-ago-teddy-roosevelt-kept-on-talking" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cywi24j" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "I don't know how old you are, or what dental treatment you have had in the past but here goes:\n\n- As you get older, your gums recede leaving your teeth with less structure around them\n- If you smoke or drink alcohol or have an unhealthy diet, this will also cause gum recession\n- If you haven't been to the dentist in quite a long time, and you get a clean it will feel like they're loose as anything\n- Vitamin C deficiency, genetic disease will also cause a loose feeling\n- you need to be brushing your teeth twice a day\n- go and see a dentist please\n- eating raw, fresh vegetables can assist with your gums coming back as they stimulate blood flow into the gum area and increase your mouth health" ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cvryejx" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "The sheets are cut in twos, stacked, folded in half, bound to the cover, and cut to size and uniformity. When the pages are folded, the sheets shift causing the red margin to be in slightly different places on each page" ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cokr722" ], "score": [ 11 ], "text": [ "Your kitty cat and you have different tummys. Your kitty gets to eat chipmunks and birds and cat food with its tummy, and you get to eat chocolate and ice cream and human food with your tummy." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cmi5kvz", "cmi5m67", "cmi5nyp" ], "score": [ 3, 5, 7 ], "text": [ "Wrong. Copper is very expensive, aluminum very cheap. Price (and availability) is what drives this. For reference, the current London Metal Exchange (the world metal standard) price for aluminum is $2071.00 per tonne and for copper is $6515.00 per tonne. Copper is more than triple the price of aluminum by weight. While the difference for the small amount of metal in your computers heat sink might be slight, multiply that by the tens of thousands of devices made by the manufacturer and you start to get into real money.", "It's a combination of price and cost.\n\nCopper is more expensive per pound than aluminum. This is why there are thefts of copper wiring and other copper products because the copper can be melt down and sold. Aluminum can be collected but it does not sell for as much.\n\nCopper is also denser than aluminum. This means that the same volume of copper is heavier than aluminum. A heavy heatsink will pull at the motherboard and may cause structural issues based on how it's mounted on a vertical motherboard. \n\nThis is also the reason why the long high voltage wires are made of aluminum instead of copper (this is for electrical conductivity, not thermal). Even though aluminum is more lossy for electricity transfer, it is much lighter and cheaper so the wires do not sag as much and you can buy more of it.", " > To my knowledge pricing cannot be the reason as aluminum and copper are both relatively cheap raw materials.\n\nCopper costs more than three times as much as aluminum. " ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "d54ddq9", "d54dfsr", "d54dnfg", "d54dwxz", "d54dy6e", "d54fy3c", "d54hwya", "d54jg1w", "d54k86p" ], "score": [ 48, 5, 10, 4, 97, 5, 263, 6, 4 ], "text": [ "For police, the risk of there actually being a problem and ignoring it greatly outweighs the risk of visiting some nerd while he plays TF2.", "All you need is the persons address and the number for the police office in their town and you can report them for almost anything that would get them swatted. In the past people have said that streamers were holding people hostage, have people kidnapped and locked in their attic, anything scary enough for the police to respond. Police always have to respond to this kind of stuff because it's a matter of public safety.", "It's 2016 people knowingly and often unknowingly dump all of their personal info online. Stuff like face book twitter skype ect. Sometimes a simple google search on a person will give you all the info you need to swat someone it really can be that simple. The fact that steamers and youtubers are so visible and popular online only makes it easier.", "They get the person's address, which could be obtained in numerous ways. Someone might hack into the data of a company they're registered with, they could impersonate them, or you could be tricked into surrendering your information to someone impersonating a customer service rep or something like that. There's also figuring out where they live based on youtube videos - which is why a lot of youtubers now go to a lot of effort to avoid showing windows or the neighborhood they live in. \n As for how it's so simple, the police have to respond to these calls. I think some streamers/YTers have an understanding with their local police force that someone might try to maliciously report them. But in most situations the police have to check it out just in case. ", "Assuming you aren't talking about the mechanics of obtaining name/address to give to the police - how can they ignore a call? Someone calls them and says \"I hear gunshots at xyz address!\" they can't just say \"lolnope!\", they have to go. There's plenty of hate for police lately, but you can't expect them to go in against a potential shooter without minimising their own risk, which often means increasing the risk of the victim. So, victim is in for a bad time. ", "Could you please define what you mean by \"swatting\" ? I have found several definitions for this and so I would appreciate knowing what you're referring to. Thanks.", "There was a [pretty good AMA](_URL_0_) earlier this week after the Keemstar/SWAT incident which would answer some of your follow-up questions.\n\nA few key points:\n\nSome popular YouTubers will notify their police department of their online presence and give a heads up that they might be a potential target for a SWAT call.\n\nThe punishment for calling a false SWAT claim is difficult to enforce for a number of reasons. A caller could claim they heard noise like gunshots coming from a property, and it would be hard to prove they sincerely did not or they mistook it for something else. The caller is frequently from another country or calling through a proxy line. However, if a false caller is caught and admits to his crime, he could face a severe fine and a month jail. It depends on the jurisdiction.\n\nIf a SWAT response is determined to be from a false call, the city (taxpayers) replace all damaged property.\n\nIf you are the victim of a SWATing, the best course of action is to lay face down on the floor (feet towards the door), and stretch out your arms. Do not get up. Wait for the SWAT team to get to you, and explain it was a \"false call.\"\n\nProtocol for aggressive dogs is to pepper spray them. Not shoot them.\n\nMustaches are not standard issue. You have to earn it.", "In other countries they don't send SWAT n the first place. Only after confirmed contact.\nBTW: less people get shot in these countries", "Hacker finds IP/location of streamer, Calls local PD from an untracable line, reports seeing a person with a weapon breaking into a house/holding hostages. Police are legally obliged to respond to any reported crimes, and swat go anywhere a gun is reported.\n\nThe penalty's for making false claims vary from place to place, but can be extremely hefty. And will range from at minimum reimbursing the department for the cost of sending out a swat team, to jail time.\n\nTo simplify, \n\nMeany pants tell teacher Tommy is doing something bad, teacher has to check on Tommy and sees he isn't doing anything bad. Teacher sends meany pants to principle for detention." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [], [], [], [], [ "https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/4r4s0t/iama_streamer_who_is_on_swat_ama/" ], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cxsp9b6", "cxsp9ri" ], "score": [ 5, 2 ], "text": [ "It is enjoyable once you start doing it.\n\nThe reason it's found hard to start is because as a rule of thumb, it is evolutionarily beneficial to save energy rather than \"wasting\" it in superfluous exercise. The problem is that in our society, you can almost get around moving altogether; but that hasn't been going on for too long, so evolution has not \"programmed\" it into us yet.", "I don't know about you but I find exercising very enjoyable. Great way to and a stressful day" ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "c4av05t" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "The [Miller and Urey experiment](_URL_0_) sought to recreate conditions they think existed on the earth long before life existed here. They succeeded in creating amino acids from inorganic precursors.\n\nThey did not create life but showed an important fist step was possible.\n\nOn earth now the conditions are not necessarily ripe for producing new life via abiogenesis. Even if such life was spontaneously produced the biological niches on the planet are pretty well filled. Such life would have to out-compete existing life which has a head start on being adept at living in its niche.\n\nIn short, if it happens, it'd probably never be witnessed.\n" ] }

[]

[]

[ [ "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller%E2%80%93Urey_experiment" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "emg5x2o" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Avalability of oil, political sanctions and teriffs (tax), disputes between the countries providing the oil, and cost of refining to fuel as well as transport." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "f8vnx2q", "f8x29n4" ], "score": [ 10, 3 ], "text": [ "The bot responds to the \"pull trigger\" key by twitching the weapon's aimpoint onto the nearest target first. The user kits a key and the game sees a mouse move and key sequence that produces a better score. You have to be pretty close and \"target-ness\" needs to be well defined, so it's hardly a perfect thing. However, it's clearly cheating.", "1. Aimbots read the game memory somehow(hooking into the game or another software process and reading the game memory from it, or reading it directly by using kernel drivers, ...)\n\n2. Certain memory offsets are read to get coordinates of enemy players.\n(the offsets change everytime the game gets updated)\n\n3. 2-argument arctangent is used to calculate the necessary angle to aim at the nearest player.\n\nCheaters bind this feature to a mouse button or key and press when needed." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cwclrik", "cwcls65" ], "score": [ 4, 3 ], "text": [ " > Because the pointer is normally at the top left tip, which is the part that is restricted to the screen boundaries. The rest of the cursor is just a graphic that helps in visually locating this tip. This graphic is not restricted, and in fact can't be - if the cursor graphic was trapped you would not be able to click on the very right or bottom edges of the screen. \n\n_URL_0_", "Because only the pixel on the tip of the \"mice\" is actually useful when you click, if you move your mouse to the bottom right corner you will still see 1 pixel of your mice despite most of it being hidden. It is disappeared because if it doesn't, a small area in your screen will be unclickable." ] }

[]

[]

[ [ "http://superuser.com/questions/397476/why-the-mouse-cursor-can-pass-the-right-border-of-the-screen-and-not-the-left-on" ], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "df59uoi" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "On a basic level... The hotter something is, the faster its molecules move. \n\nWhen you touch a super hot object, it actually damages the cells in the skin because the molecules are excited, and at a certain point, actually begins to overheat the water in the cells. That's what causes burns... As well as actually \"cooking\" the skin and its cells. \n\nOn the opposite, extreme cold kills the feeling that nerve endings give us. The body is designed to operate in a certain temp range. The cold feeling you get, is water molecules in your body beginning to \"freeze\". That's what frostbite is... When ice actually begins to form under skin. So when something gets colder.... Its molecules begin to slow down. Electrical signals from nerves, as well as cellular respiration begin to slow... Causing damage to the tissue. " ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dlcwtdc" ], "score": [ 26 ], "text": [ "There is substantial evidence that the ancestors of those who would call themselves Israelites followed religious practices common in Canaan, and that they themselves were a subgroup of the what would broadly be considered Canaanites. Canaan itself would have been a sort of area between the great bronze-age empires of the day, encompassing modern Israel/Palestine, Lebanon, and Syria.\n\nCanaanite religion centered around two main figures El and Asherah. El is also referred to with other epithets such as Ba'al (who may be identified as the same as El, or as a separate storm god, or as a title given to lesser gods and kings), and was often conflated with, if not considered the same as, Yahweh. There is often inconsistency in naming and even whether a word refers to a god's personal name, attributes, or is used as a title. It can be rather confusing to us but I believe the ancients were generally comfortable with this sort of ambiguity. \n\nEl's consort was Asherah, who seems to have been a fertility/mother goddess often worshiped or honored in the form of a live tree or wooden pole. She and El were considered to have been the parents of the numerous lesser gods of the Canaanites.\n\nIn the Bible itself, complaints against worship of Asherah and Asherah poles by early Israelites are numerous, as are commands to cut down and burn these poles.\n\nI think its fair to say that identifying Yahweh as a deity distinct from Ba'al or El, and certainly as the only one worth worshipping (\"you shall have no other gods before/besides me\") were an innovation and were key to the early self-identity of the Israelites. Asherah must have been considered quite a threat to his primacy given the strident admonishments against her worship.\n\nIt's interesting to note that even in the name Israel one finds the appellation \"El\", the term meaning anything from \"El is just\" to \"El strives\" or \"Triumphant with El\" and in Exodus God reveals he had been known as \"El Shaddai\" but now shall be referred to as Yahweh, or Lord. El and Yahweh may be translated Lord and/or God and El Shaddai as God Almighty - though these names may have been understood differently by different people in their own times.\n\nYou can find more information here:\n_URL_0_\n" ] }

[]

[]

[ [ "https://people.brandonu.ca/nollk/canaanite-religion/" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cyvmqlg" ], "score": [ 9 ], "text": [ "Ming is the \"golden age\" of Chinese eunuchs, that's the period with the most of them running around, so you have made a solid choice! One of the [few good English texts on Chinese eunuchs](_URL_0_) is just about this period. \n\nEunuchs of this period would have been majority voluntary or semi-voluntary, both adult men who elected to be castrated to join the palace service, and some would be castrated under the auspices of their parents as children for service. \n\nAs to why... I know it's insane to think about now. But (assuming you're male, and that you've had sufficient education to type this post, and sufficient privileges in life to find and use a computer) it's just hard for you to imagine this as a very do-able sacrifice for a better life. You have to think outside of your situation a bit. If you were a poor farmer with many sons, castrating 1 or 2 and sending then to the city to find service in a royal family or (with luck!) inside the palace is a reasonable gamble, considering. And if you're an adult, I mean, wouldn't you be tempted if you could be [super rich and powerful?](_URL_2_) It is a more accessible option to a poor and uneducated man than the Imperial examination, which required extensive education. Consider very high ranking eunuchs would outstrip in rank just about everyone, your \"career\" options are virtually unlimited once you get in the palace, and even if you were just sweeping corridors you would be given food, clothes, money, medicine, and if you were promising, education. If you were an adult man with a wife and children (which did happen) you could send money home. If you were an adult child of poor farmers you could also send money home. Castration is a reasonable choice, which you have few others. \n\nOther than the book I linked above, which is certainly decent but the author doesn't like eunuchs much so I'm not fond if it, there a [very interesting article about Jesuit missionaries observing Chinese eunuchs in the Late Ming period.](_URL_1_) " ] }

[]

[]

[ [ "http://www.worldcat.org/title/eunuchs-in-the-ming-dynasty/oclc/32626529&referer=brief_results", "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02757206.2012.675794", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Jin" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "c1txber", "c1txh2v", "c1txied", "c1txjhr", "c1txl11" ], "score": [ 5, 2, 2, 6, 3 ], "text": [ "Out of shape?", "1. breathe\n2. talk\n3. repeat.\n\n\nbe careful not to mix up the order.", "This happens to me! I'll be talking, but it's more like a \"burp\" or something, but no air comes out. Like my lungs or diaphragm have to reset. ", "Are you forgetting to breathe when you talk? That's not snark, that's an actual question. When you talk, make sure to pause and take a breath. That's also a good time to think about what you're saying.", "I know exactly what you mean. It's like suddenly my throat needs to close for a second before I can continue talking. Hiccup thing definitely resonates with me. I stop, start again and I'm fine.\n\nI always thought this was what the old colloquialism \"Having a frog in your throat\" was referring to." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "c4nattb", "c4ncbk3" ], "score": [ 13, 2 ], "text": [ "Relevant Studies that investigate correlations between handwriting and personality variables:\n\n_URL_1_\n\n\n_URL_2_\n\n\nMaybe the most relevant to your question:\n\n_URL_0_", "I haven't seen any studies, but I work with eating disorder patients (AN, BN) and can absolutely attest that as their symptoms get worse, their handwriting gets SMALLER and MORE PRECISE. When their symptoms are mostly resolved and they are in remission, their handwriting gets bigger and messier. \n" ] }

[]

[]

[ [ "http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/1412252", "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00223891.1971.10119716", "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165027099000801" ], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "d0opuua" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Sorry, we don't allow [\"trivia seeking\" questions](_URL_0_). These tend to produce threads which are collections of disjointed, partial responses, and not the in-depth discussions about a particular topic we're looking for. If you have a specific question about an historical event, period, or person, please feel free to re-compose your question and submit it again. Alternatively, questions of this type can be directed to more appropriate subreddits, such as /r/history /r/askhistory, or /r/tellmeafact. For further explanation of the rule, feel free to consult [this META thread](_URL_1_).\n\nI would very much suggest to narrow this question down to just the US and post it since it's very interesting." ] }

[]

[]

[ [ "https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/wiki/rules#wiki_no_.22trivia_seeking.22_questions", "https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/3nub87/rules_change_throughout_history_rule_is_replaced/" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "e0rdt1x", "e0royas" ], "score": [ 8, 2 ], "text": [ "The short answer is: Different densities of water and temperature. Salt water meeting fresh water is a great example of this. Check this out ---- > _URL_0_", "Do you mean underground water bodies?" ] }

[]

[]

[ [ "https://oceantoday.noaa.gov/lakesinanocean/" ], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cmismh3", "cmj19po", "cmj4xe4" ], "score": [ 7, 5, 2 ], "text": [ "I can't speak to static defenses, but the main deterrent to a cross-Channel invasion were the RAF and the Royal Navy. The Germans had little chance of a cross-channel invasion after they were unable to win the Battle of Britain. Making an amphibious landing without air superiority would have been difficult, particularly because it would mean that the potent British Navy would be able to take part in the defense. Even if the RAF and Navy could be somehow neutralized, the Germans had insufficient landing craft to make the attempt (river barges were considered for transports, but they would have been hideously vulnerable in the Channel). There were also army units waiting for any potential invasion.\n\nBut my favorite defense was the tiny [Romney Hythe & Dymchurch light railway coastal armored defense train](_URL_0_). The efficacy of a 15 inch gauge armored train is *highly* questionable. To me, though, it epitomizes the idea of 'British pluck.' The idea being that, hey, we have a tiny railway here. Get me a train and some cars, slap some armor on it, we'll grab some guns, and we'll punch Jerry in the mouth if he has the temerity to cross the Channel. Would a tiny train with a couple machine guns and antitank rifles really have done much? I don't know. But I know that it shows the determination of the British military to resist any such invasion.\n\nChristian Wolmar says only a few words about this train in his book *Engines of War*, but the book is a treat if you're into military history and trains.\n\nPerhaps another of our experts can chime in regarding ground defenses--static and mobile.", "As /u/Domini_canes says, Britain's first line of defence against invasion was the Royal Navy and RAF, but there were extensive preparations on land as well. Sir Edmund Ironside, Commander-in-Chief Home Forces, drew up initial defensive plans as G.H.Q. Operation Instruction Number 3 with three main elements: a \"crust\" along the coast to disrupt initial landings, a line of anti-tank obstacles further inland, and mobile reserves behind the anti-tank line to react to enemy sea or air landings; there are [minutes of the Chiefs of Staff discussing the plan with details and notes from late June 1940] (_URL_2_). One of the major problems was the ability to form the crucial mobile reserve, as the highly mechanised British Expeditionary Force containing the majority of modern equipment was deployed in France as the possibility of invasion first arose, and lost almost all their transportation (Churchill puts the number at 82,000 vehicles in *Their Finest Hour*) during the evacuation from Dunkirk, so considerable effort was put into the \"stop lines\", fortifications covering natural anti-tank obstacles such as canals and rivers where possible, trenches and obstacles where not, with thousands of pillboxes built across England. Though the usual Wikipedia caveats apply, the article on [British hardened field defences of World War II] (_URL_0_) is a good starting point with plans of the various types of pillboxes built and photographs of remaining example. Artillery was also in short supply, Emergency Coastal Batteries scraping together old naval guns to cover the most vulnerable landing points. Obstacles were erected in open fields to prevent enemy air landing, though they were also a hazard to RAF pilots trying to make a forced landing as related in a couple of instances in *Ten Fighter Boys*. \n\nThe Local Defence Volunteers, soon afterwards renamed The Home Guard, were formed to augment Regular and Territorial units, though at first they lacked even small arms and with regular army units having priority were forced to improvise with petrol-based anti-tank weapons; there was certainly determination, as per the previously mentioned tiny armoured train, if not necessarily wisdom. [Operation Banquet] (_URL_1_) would have thrown anything that could fly at an invading force, including Tiger Moth biplane trainers with 20lb bombs flown by student pilots, and there were experiments in fitting 20mm cannon to the spats of a Westland Lysander for strafing landing barges. \n\nOthers in the army like Brooke and Montgomery were highly sceptical of Ironside's focus on static defences, and convinced Churchill, resulting in Ironside being replaced by Brooke in July, and a much greater focus on a mobile defence. Rather than stop lines that would useless if flanked or penetrated, key points would be be reinforced as \"islands\" with all-round defensive capability to harass and delay the enemy advance until the mobile reserve could be brought up. As industry geared up to re-equip the army this became a more realistic proposition, and with the Luftwaffe failing to secure air superiority the threat of invasion gradually receded.", "Many of the static defences are still standing and visible today - you can often spot them by railway bridges or bridges over streams and rivers.\n\nIn Surrey, where I live, a line of defences was constructed along the mole valley. I see one pillbox out of the train window every day on the way to work and another on my way back from my trip to the shops.\n\nThe latter is this [one](_URL_0_), if I'm not mistaken, which is variant of the [Type 24](_URL_1_)\n\nI'm not sure where you live, but if you are in the UK or ever visit, its worth keeping your eye out for this type of thing." ] }

[]

[]

[ [ "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Romney%2C_Hythe_and_Dymchurch_armoured_train.jpg" ], [ "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_hardened_field_defences_of_World_War_II", "http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C588239", "http://www.ukwarcabinet.org.uk/documents/701" ], [ "http://www.exploringsurreyspast.org.uk/collections/getrecord/SHHER_6159", "http://www.pillbox-study-group.org.uk/index.php/types-of-pillbox/type-24-pillbox/" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cg2x5ut", "cg30cq3", "cg32a0o", "cg33xkt" ], "score": [ 14, 2, 2, 9 ], "text": [ "You should watch [THIS VIDEO](_URL_0_).\n\nThey liken it to colors - just because you have the ending color doesn't mean you know what the exact original colors were.\n\n", "It's not that \"you can't decrypt something that you have encrypted\". You know what the starting plain text was so of course you know what it is. \n\nBut someone else, knowing just the public key, can't decrypt your message. ", "You put something in the box.\n\nYou lock the box.\n\nThe key is needed to unlock the box.\n\nWho has the key?", "Since you want a mathematical answer, let me explain it this way:\n\n(I have explained an example of RSA public key cryptography.)\n\nYou want to send the number **31** to your friend without anybody else knowing about it.\n\nYour friend's public key is (2773,17) and private key is (~~2773~~, ~~157~~).\n\nEncryption can be done like:\n\n 31^17 (mod 2773) = 587\n\nThis way you got **587** which you will be sending to your friend. You, or anybody else, are not knowing what your friend's private key is. The public and private keys are inter-related mathematically [1].\n\nYour friend will decrypt your 587 in the following manner with the private key:\n\n 587^157 (mod 2773) = 31\n\nYour friend got 31 by using the private key **157**, while you had encrypted 31 by using **17** which is the public key. 2773 was common for both the cases.\n\n[1] Let me explain how the two keys are interrelated:\n\nWe took two random prime numbers, in this case 47 and 59. We get `2773 = 47*59`.\n\nNext, we take 17 in our case. 17 should be a number which is less than (47-1)*(59-1) = 2668 and is coprime to 2773\n\nThis becomes our **public key: 2773, 17**\n\nNow we compute the private key. The private key (Pk) should be:\n\n 17 * Pk = 1(mod 2668)\n\nGives Pk = 157\n\nThus, we get the **private key: 2773, 157**\n\n* In a way both the keys 157 and 17 are interrelated, as we used one of the key to derive on by using some method. This process is very tough to be reversed. For explanation small prime numbers are used, while in real large primes are used to increase the complexity.\n\n* You know what function we used to encrypt your message: 31. What you have is (2773,17) and the encrypted message: 587. Can you solve the function to get 31 from these numbers? It becomes much more complex when we use large prime numbers like 492876847 and 982451653 for cryptography." ] }

[]

[]

[ [ "http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3QnD2c4Xovk" ], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cii3ruf" ], "score": [ 6 ], "text": [ "Just because there aren't widely used clinical tests for HPV in men does not mean that we don't have ways of detecting HPV in males. [PCR](_URL_0_), which amplifies DNA, can be used to detect HPV in a variety of locations such as [on the penis](_URL_1_), [in the rectum, and in the mouth](_URL_2_). PCR can also be performed directly on tumors such as is shown in [this paper about penile cancer](_URL_3_). Alternatively, there are histological (under the microscope) methods of identifying cells with HPV infection." ] }

[]

[]

[ [ "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pcr", "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=24517172", "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3961332/", "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3914298/" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "c52t8d9" ], "score": [ 7 ], "text": [ "This question has [already been asked](_URL_0_)\n\ntl;dr — it's not the density that results in black holes, but curvature, and uniformly distributed matter doesn't generate the necessary curvature." ] }

[]

[]

[ [ "http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/fehhw/if_at_the_beginning_of_big_bang_matter_in" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "c3o0u1b" ], "score": [ 7 ], "text": [ "IVF (In Vitro Fertilization) often uses this exact mechanism. (Any professional biologists feel free to chime in and correct me if I slip up somewhere.)\n \nShort and sweet background on IVF: \n\nPotential mothers are given hormones (primarily FSH) for ~3 weeks before the procedure. Around 24 hours before the extraction of the eggs (mature follicles), doses of HCG are administered. During the procedure, a tool (needle) is inserted through the vaginal wall and the ovaries are scanned for mature follicles (which are extracted). These are then mixed with sperm and incubated. Those that are fertilized are kept, and those that are not are discarded.\n\nOf these fertilized eggs, usually two or three will be chosen for implantation into the uterus, often after being screened for diseases. Those that are not implanted are contained in liquid nitrogen almost indefinitely; there are cases of twins being [born years apart.](_URL_1_)\n\nIn other words, yes. Hopefully I answered your question.\n\nHere's another resource just for further reading. It's funny you asked this question, because I just finished a unit on human reproduction with a side lesson on IVF. [_URL_0_](_URL_0_)" ] }

[]

[]

[ [ "http://www.ivf.com/cryoperm.html", "http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-16418642" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "f8vxl4r", "f8w9uwx" ], "score": [ 8, 7 ], "text": [ "After a long period of starvation, the body has learned to not secrete digestive juices. Stomach muscles shrink as they have no work. All the glands are on holiday and don't know when duty again calls. (Without food in the stomach the stomach acid will severely damage the thick stomach lining). Pancreas and liver also go on conservation mode. Then the necessary nutrients are drawn from within the body, mainly from fatty tissues.\n\nThe digestive system takes some time to relearn its role and judge the quantity of stomach acid to be secreted, when starvation conditions disappear. The stomach muscles have lost their tone and need to relearn. Think, how you would feed a baby and do somewhat similarly. Start off on water only. After a few hours some quantity of fresh fruit juices. Administration of solid foods in small quantity starts the next day. About 3-4 days should be sufficient to revert to old routine. A medic should preferably be consulted while breaking extended starvation.", "The reason this occurs is something called refeeding syndrome. When you are severely malnourished, the supply of things like electrolytes and other micronutrients are depleted from your cells along with everything else. The big problem is phosphate. When you eat after being starved, the body uses the phosphate to get sugar into the cells. However, there is not enough left over to do other things. Without getting too much into the biochemistry of it, phosphate is crucial for providing energy for your body. Obviously, no energy = bad. Also, the electrolyte levels get screwed up. The heart (among much else) needs proper electrolyte balance to work properly. If it gets severe enough, the heart will beat irregularly or not at all. The way to avoid this is to feed the person slowly, so that the body can replenish things without getting too out of balance." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "clswpwa", "clswzv9", "clsxhw5" ], "score": [ 2, 2, 3 ], "text": [ "If you've already read it, ignore me, but Evans's Third Reich trilogy is a very good, comprehensive work on the political, economic, and ideological state of things during the Nazi period.", "Richard Grunberger's *A Social History of the Third Reich* is pretty comprehensive, with sections on the family, party, civil service etc.", "Part of the problem with your google search might be that \"class\" is often a highly nebulous term and despite its importance to social historians, it is often highly difficult to nail down. \n\nMost of the works using a socioeconomic lens to examine the Third Reich deal primarily with the issue of the Nazi seizure of power and trying to examine what electoral group bears responsibility for voting for the Nazis. older historiography emphasized that Nazism was a largely middle-class movement, but recent scholarship has qualified this assessment. Both Conan Fischer's *The Rise of the Nazis* and *The Nazi Voter: The Social Foundations of Fascism in Germany, 1919-1933* by Thomas Childers assert that while the lower middle-class was one of the stablest of the Nazi's constituency, they managed to branch out into other groups. Claus-Christian W. Szejnmann's *Nazism in Central Germany: The Brownshirts in 'red' Saxony* largely examines the small but significant inroads the NSDAP made among Saxony's proletariat, which many prior scholars had assumed were immune to the appeal of the NSDAP. *Neighbors and Enemies: The Culture of Radicalism in Berlin, 1929-1933* by Pamela E. Swett is an excellent readable urban study of how violence ensconced itself into Berlin's working class culture and neighborhoods. \n\nFor the period 1933-39, a good survey is Richard Evans's *The Third Reich in Power*, which covers more than just class but is a good grounding for understanding this period. lthough it's both old and a biography, Ronald Smelser's *Robert Ley: Hitler's Labor Front Leader* is a good window into both the promise and the shortcomings of the German Labor Front, which the Third Reich intended to be the worker's voice in the new order it was creating. Historians are also increasingly turning less to class as a category or statement of identity and instead examining how class was experienced by people, particularly with their consumption of material goods. Two of the books that typifies this new approach to class is *Strength through Joy: Consumerism and Mass Tourism in the Third Reich* by Shelley Baranowski and *Nazi 'Chic'?: Fashioning Women in the Third Reich* by Irene Gunther. Both historians examine how the Third Reich tried to have its cake and eat it too; it pursued a consumer strategy that promised the good life for all Germans, but then had to both make the dream possible and define it in such a way that it would distinguish itself from both American-style mass consumption and older middle-class patterns of consumerism. \n\nObviously, this is just scratching the surface of a vast historiography upon the Third Reich and I don't doubt that others on here can weigh in with suggestions. \n\t\n\n" ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "ckxa5ka", "ckxdz89", "ckxea93", "ckxj6yx" ], "score": [ 8, 5, 3, 3 ], "text": [ "Because she is incredibly dense. A mixture of her over-friendly non-Canadian Canadian joyfulness pings a bad ring with many people especially with a mix of how she talks about thinks like she knows about things but is sadly mistaken when put to the test.\n\nAlso the very idea this woman could have been an American Vice President is a sad reminder of how Democracy can sometimes screw us over.\n\nAlso, everyone secretly wants to have sex with her.", " People are offended that somebody who can't string a comprehensive sentence together and really comes across as thick can be in a position of power. \nIt certainly offends me. It was only two generations ago that scientists, philosophers, artists, engineers and inventors were celebrated and given positions of power. Now it's fuckwits like this thing. It's just sad.", "Because she just won't shut up and go away. ", "As an American, I do not approve of the ignorance she seems to radiate. As a woman, I do not approve of the way she seems to sell out her gender instead of empowering it. As a human, her desire for war and her complete lack of regard for the environment are too dangerous to even consider making her any kind of leader.\n\nDo I hate her? Not really. I just don't like her....and I certainly don't trust her." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "c9key4b", "c9kf48o" ], "score": [ 17, 40 ], "text": [ "I believe this is best explained by entropy. ( wikipedia will be able to explain it much better than me). The universe has a driving force to be random. This overcomes the small differences in densities. Larger differences in densities are not negligible. I am talking small scale though. I do not know if there is a more general layering on a large scale such as the earth's atmosphere.\n\nTLDR do the cords behind you TV stay untangled just like you left them? No! Stupid TV cords. \n\nedit: spelling", "[Turbulence keeps gasses mixed in the lower parts of the atmosphere:](_URL_1_)\n > The homosphere and heterosphere are defined by whether the atmospheric gases are well mixed. In the homosphere the chemical composition of the atmosphere does not depend on molecular weight because the gases are mixed by turbulence.[11] The homosphere includes the troposphere, stratosphere, and mesosphere. Above the [turbopause](_URL_0_) at about 100 km (62 mi; 330,000 ft) (essentially corresponding to the mesopause), the composition varies with altitude. This is because the distance that particles can move without colliding with one another is large compared with the size of motions that cause mixing. This allows the gases to stratify by molecular weight, with the heavier ones such as oxygen and nitrogen present only near the bottom of the heterosphere. The upper part of the heterosphere is composed almost completely of hydrogen, the lightest element." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [ "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbopause", "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth#Other_layers" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cientif", "cienwsb", "cieny4u", "cienyka", "cienzwi" ], "score": [ 5, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "The countries do send in their best possible premier team, just every country is different. I am assuming you are referring to the comments related to Christiano Ronaldo's club team Real Madrid as opposed to his national team Portugal. \n\nReal Madrid is one of the wealthiest teams in the world and simply buys the top talent available. Essentially that team is comprised of the best players of variety of nations to make a super team. \n\nPortugal can only use Portuguese citizens (FIFA rules for national teams). While Ronaldo is an amazing player, there aren't any other players that are eligible to play on the national team that are as good as him. ", "Each International football team has a manager. The manager decides what players to use in the teams. Almost all the time the player he chooses are the best in a certain role from that nation.\n\nYour question was slightly confusing but what I think you mean is players like Ronaldo are used to playing the best of the best due to being at Real Madrid (A very good club). He has played almost every great team in the world, this means he has had experience in playing the greats. When he plays international teams like Russia or USA, the players from their teams don't necessarily play for good clubs so they seem less known and have less experience, but often, they could be the best players for that nation, only the manager would know. However, it could be a good thing that Ronaldo hasn't played USA players or Russian players because he doesn't know what to expect, he doesn't know their weaknesses. \n\nI hope I have explained somewhat most of what the question asked, if you are stuck, feel free to ask another question.", "When national teams are required to choose their squad for tournaments, they must select their best 23 players available. There could be issues such as injury which prevent some countries from being able to select all the players they would like. For example, Colombia were unable to pick their best player, Falcao, after he suffered a knee injury playing for his club, Monaco, in January.\n\nUltimately, very few countries have 23 players which can be considered \"world class\". Spain are probably the closest example in recent memory of a team which features players who are all important at club level. Regardless, as each country is required to select 23 players, you end up seeing a variance of talent.\n\nUltimately, tournaments aren't always dictated by which country has the most amount of players playing for top teams. As we've seen, Spain and England, who both have players that play for the best teams in Europe, are already eliminated from this year's World Cup. Costa Rica, on the other hand, have very few players from the top teams in the World, yet have already qualified for the next round.", "First of all, they mostly do send in their best players, but very few nations have 20 top-tier players, like for example Spain or Brazil arguably does. Secondly, they have to pick players according to positions. If a country has five excellent goalkeepers then they still rarely use more than two of them throughout the cup. Thirdly, coaches must choose players that fit their gameplans. The best players will be able to adapt to most styles, but using a player the wrong way could be a waste of talent. Wayne Rooney for example, who played on the wing for England, rarely gets that position on Manchester United, as he is much better as the center forward.\n\nAnd off course, some of the best players in the world are from teams that didn't make it through the qualification rounds, like Zlatan Ibrahimovic, who is Swedish.", "I think people are getting a little confused over the use of the word \"premier\". A premier team could mean the best team or a number 1 team, however many times when talking about football, a \"Premier team\" refers to a team that plays in the Premier League - the highest football league in England (though a few Welsh teams play in it as well). It's well acknowledged that Premier League players are amongst the best in the world (along with players from La Liga/The Bundesliga etc.). \n\nHowever, when a relatively small country has one outstanding player - like with Portugal and Ronaldo - that player might be well used to playing with other players of a similar ability in the domestic leagues they play in (and for Ronaldo, he used to play for Man Utd, so is often still referred to as a Premier League player, even though he isn't anymore), however when playing for their country, will have to get used to playing with other players not as such a standard.\n\nSo country-wise, they're all \"premier players\" in that they're the best people eligible to play for their country, but club-wise, only some may be \"Premier players\". You see the same with countries like Wales - players like Gareth Bale playing alongside other not as technically skilled players." ] }

[]

[ "http://www.reddit.com/r/AdviceAnimals/comments/28twtc/from_an_american_to_ronaldo/" ]

[ [], [], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "ff5v54d", "ff5w73h", "ff644ov", "ff692qc", "ff6a7s7", "ff6idcq", "ff6ja1e", "ff6u6k2" ], "score": [ 24, 106, 653, 5, 3, 2, 4, 2 ], "text": [ "Óir bodies are very good at keeping everything compact. While aided by gravity, one can digest anything in 0-G, and even upside down, since the entire process is muscularly controlled.\n\nBut no - astronauts get extensive training to *not* throw up. Most are/were former fighter pilots and have really good control.", "Our intestines are actually kept together by a membrane called peritoneum, so even on Earth they're not moving around that freely. In space, due to the absence of gravity, organs do tend to go slightly upward.. however nausea isn't caused by the \"organs moving around\", but by the brain that has to adapt to the no-gravity condition and causes us to have balance and coordination problems. And honestly the major problem for astronauts is that if they don't do workouts while in space, they'd weaken their bones and muscles. \n\nEdit: I realized that my answer was not pertinent, hope this answers your question. \nWhen we ingest food, the muscle force that on Earth pushes food down to our stomach is strong enough to do it when we're upside-down or even in space. After that, food reaches the stomach: processes that transform food into a sort of fluid (while breaking up fats and proteins in their simple forms) actually works the same even without gravity and the food they eat is full of nutrients but is pretty light, to prevent nausea... \n\nEnglish is not my first language, I apologize in advance for any mistakes...", "A stomach is also more a wet bag than a box or bottle. There's no big open space to fill. The contents can slosh around when you fill it up.\n\nYou have a sphincter (round muscle like your butthole) that holds things in at each end. There's a lower esophagal sphincter at the top of the stomach that keeps the digesting food down, and a pyloric sphincter at the bottom that lets it into the intestines when it's digested enough to move on.\n\nWhen that esophagal sphincter gets weak, the result is reflux. It would be very unpleasant to be in space and have that aggravated.", "Space sickness is a common side effect of micro-gravity. Vomiting is controlled more by the ear than the stomach. It is when what the eyes see doesn't match what the ears are experiencing. Space sickness is similar to all motion sickness. Your eyes see that you are moving while your ear registers you are standing still. Most astronauts experience this for the first few days up to week in space. The space program usually selects people less prone to this for space flight. \n\n\nI know you didn't ask, but I find this stuff fascinating. The real bodily function problem of micro-gravity is defecating. Gravity is the main force to separate stool from the anus. Early astronauts had to use their hands and a bag to separate stool. Now most spaceships have a vacuum.\n\nEdit: Reversed eyes/ears. \n\n > Space sickness is a kind of motion sickness that can occur when one's surroundings visually appear to be in motion, but without a corresponding sense of bodily motion.\n\n_URL_0_", "Most people can hang upside-down without puking. The human digestive tract is lined with muscles that keep everything in place and moving in the right direction. If you can physically keep from puking at -1G (by your frame of reference) then you can certainly keep your lunch down in 0G.\n\nGoing beyond your question though, space sickness happens because the bones and fluid in your inner ear that determine your orientation float around. You can have the ceiling as your frame of reference as \"up\" and then a small shift causes your inner ear to register it as down, left up, behind. You get nauseated from that and you puke.", "Think of the stomach like a muscular water balloon with two ends being held shut. The ends are held shut with muscles like your butt hole called sphincters. When it’s empty, it’s “deflated,” and when you fill it, it expands to hold the solids or liquids you put in it. If you were to hang upside down on earth, the upper sphincter keeps the stuff in. Just like in space, the sphincters hold it all in. During digestion, the stomach muscles expand and contract to squish and mix the stuff inside. When it’s broken down the foods enough, the lower sphincter opens and the stomach muscles squeeze the stuff out to move it along to the next stage of digestion, like letting go of the end of a water ballon, it will squeeze it all out. Think of squishing and shaking a water balloon. There’s not much open space in your stomach, unless you ingest a lot of gas, for stuff to “bounce around,” and your stomach contents are always being squished and mixed. Though gravity can help, digestion doesn’t rely on it to work. The muscular action the body uses to move liquids and solids through it is called peristalsis and is why we can eat,l and drink while upside down or laying down.\n\nIf you did feel like vomiting in space, it would likely be an issue called space sickness, which is a form of motion sickness where your visual system and your vestibular system tell your brain two different things about your motion. But that’s another ELI5", "Do we throw up every time someone does a cartwheel? Your stomach is capable of withstanding being upside down, on your side. It’s contained", "Do you start vomiting when lying in your bed? Gravity is no longer pulling your ingested food down, is it?\n\nOnly if you have problems with the muscles on top of your stomach, which is called acid reflux. The contents of the stomach are held down by muscles, not by gravity." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [], [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_adaptation_syndrome" ], [], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cpkxhup", "cpkxj9t", "cpkxlxh", "cpl8d0w" ], "score": [ 2, 12, 2, 5 ], "text": [ "With steam you download it directly from their servers, which have a really high upload speed.\n\nWhen you're downloading a torrent you're actually downloading it from other people, they have to upload it so you can download it from them, if there aren't enough seeders(uploaders) for all the leechers(downloaders)/only seeders with low upload speed you can't download faster then they upload.", "Your download speeds depend both on your connection to the server and the server's capacity. If you're connecting to a server on the other side of the world, you'll probably get a crappy download speed, even if both you and the server have a super fast connection to your ISP. Because of this, large networks like Steam have data centres all over the world that replicate the same content. This is called a Content Delivery Network or CDN. This means that you'll always connect to a Steam server that's close to you and that you'll have a good connection. \n\nRegarding BitTorrent, you are always downloading from multiple other users simultaneously. So even if your connection is slow to one peer, you can make parallel connections to other peers. Together a lot of slower speeds can add up to quite a lot. Also you might get someone who is on the same network as you. The speed would be super fast in that case, since there is only minimal routing involved.", "Until your maximum download speed is reached, you are limited by how fast the server you are accessing can upload. Most servers aren't as fast as steam's. When torrenting you keep connecting to more users until your maximum download speed is reached. ", "When you want to print a 100 page pdf and ask a secretary to do it she prints it out 1 by 1 and hands each page to you.\n\nIf you ask 100 other secretaries who each have their own printer, they each print a different page and send them to you making it 100 times faster." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dit7ovu" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "As some examples:\n\nCDC tracks the spread of diseases, looking for the source, transmission vector, and that sort of thing. \n\nCDC also maintains the ‘strategic national stockpile’ of medicine, which is basically something from an action move. They can get tons of medical products to basically anywhere in the US in 12 hours (and I mean tons in the literal sense). \n\n > These so-called push packages are warehoused in a dozen, classified, non-descript facilities under 24-hour, contractor armed guard protection. Geographically situated to allow rapid delivery anywhere in the Continental U.S., material will deploy by unmarked trucks and/or airplanes within 12 hours of the receipt of the request by CDC. The U.S. Marshal provides armed security from these federal sites to local destinations.\n\n_URL_0_\n\nHow cool is that?\n\n" ] }

[]

[]

[ [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_National_Stockpile" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "djedplr" ], "score": [ 5 ], "text": [ "It is counted as a stable orbit because it is gravitationally bound to the sun. It will repeat its motion around the sun indefinitely. Why would it not be stable? The only unstable orbit would be due to a) gravitational interactions which deposit large amounts of momentum into the body and cause it to eject from the system (for example due to a large solar system body like Jupiter) or b) orbits so wide that they are torn from the sun by the influence of other bodies (namely stars)." ] }

[]

[ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/90377_Sedna" ]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cy8598k" ], "score": [ 16 ], "text": [ "The ambulance comes. They get cared for, taken to the emergency room, get treated. \n\nThen they start getting really large bills that they cannot pay and end up declaring bankruptcy." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "ckxucal" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ " > I assume that mushroom clouds are a result of the explosion moving away from the surface of the earth. \n\nKind of. They happen when less dense gases form (in this case due to an explosion), and rise rapidly forming a vortex. That's the column. The head of the mushroom comes from the gases reaching an altitude/temperature where they are no longer less dense than the surroundings, and therefore are pushed out rather than up by the still-rising column beneath.\n\nThe mushroom cloud is visible because of debris and water vapour. In the absence of either you clearly wouldn't get one: so for example there would be no mushroom cloud if you detonated a nuclear weapon in interplanetary space.\n\nThere probably isn't an exact height at which you cease to get a mushroom cloud, you'd find the shape just became less and less distinct as you gained in altitude, before disappearing entirely as you left the atmosphere.\n\n > Also, just for interests sake, do other kinds of bombs \"mushroom\".\n\nSure, depending on conditions. Probably the most well known to do this are fuel-air bombs like the so-called Daisy Cutter." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "e5e0ntc", "e5e0x6n", "e5e14qf", "e5e3c5j", "e5e5p1d" ], "score": [ 13, 2, 11, 3, 2 ], "text": [ "As far as I know citizen arrests can only be done if you witness someone committing an indictable offense or a felony. And you can only interfere if you are there when it is happening you can't go get them after ", "Poorly. It would work poorly. \n\nThe rules for citizens arrest depend on the jurisdiction, but even at the best of times they are generously dangerous for a citizen to enact, and don't generally afford you the sorts of protections police possess in their line of work. They can expose you to significant liability, including charges like kidnapping, depending on your actions. Whether your scenario would even be a viable target for a citizen's arrest could depend on the jurisdiction. \n\nBeyond that, trying it on a cop is also likely to put you on a bad footing with the legal system from the get-go.", "Just report the cop, citizen arrests in the U.S are highly discouraged because not only is this is a stupid idea, but there's no reason to do a citizen's arrest for a stop sign. \n\nIt's commonly used when there's violence, if the suspect needs to be incapacitated immediately for safety. Another is stopping a thief while waiting for police.\n\nNot only is citizens arrest stupid to do on a police officer alone, but doing this at all can land you in a lawsuit, for trying to be hero.", "In most jurisdictions, you can only make citizen's arrests in very limited situations, usually involving felonies or theft on your property. In theory, if you documented the violation and file a complaint, a ticket could be issued, but that is unlikely even with a private citizen, must less a police officer.\n\nAlso, be aware the police officers different levels of response codes, from \"swing by when you get a chance\" to \"full speed, sirens blazing, lives depend on it\". There are response codes in between that mean \"get there quickly but inconspicuously\", where rolling through stop signs and flashing the light bar to go through a red are permitted.\n\nThat is not to say police do not abuse the hell of out these to get away with breaking traffic laws, but it is not necessarily the case the one you witness did the same.\n\nAlso, no discussion of citizen's arrest would be complete without mentioning that even when it is allowed, it is almost always a terrible idea to try to make a citizen's arrest.", "Here are the conditions that *must* be met in order for you to not go to prison for trying to do a citizens arrest (don't know if it's state specific, but this comes from my father, an ex police chief):\n\n-The crime witnessed *must* be a felony\n\n-They *must* be found guilty\n\nMost people aren't aware of if every crime is considered a felony or not. I mean you see someone murdering someone and yea you have a pretty good case but they also have to be found guilty and lots of things can cause what seems like an obvious verdict to go wrong." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "d1pv7zt" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Phenomenology considers the “subjective conscienciousness”, where and individual’s consciousness creates meaning based on experiences. It concerns understanding of the underlying meaning of “things”, stripping away assumptions based on how we perceive the world, influenced by cultural norms.\n\nSymbolic interactionism, on the other hand, looks more at how people’s actions are aligned to perceptions of how others might act but is also concerned with the meanings that individuals ascribe to things. Symbolic interaction sees this process as something which is constantly in a state of flux." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "d0bjah2" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Officially, no purpose. The first lady is just the president's wife (and sometimes not even that, Emily Donelson was Andrew Jackson's Niece and served as First Lady because Jackson's wife died).\n\nUnofficially, the first Lady plays a huge role in both the president's public image and are now almost expected to use the position to push for some charitable or public service good (such as Michele Obama's push for healthier food in schools)." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dhe60wl", "dhe7v3v" ], "score": [ 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Apnea is \"not breathing\" sleep apnea is when you have something wrong with you that will make you stop breathing while you sleep. \n\nIt happens if your throat is partly paralyzed, swollen for some reason or just a huge fat neck. \n\nIt makes it so you never sleep right and are always sleeping and also makes your brain slowly die if it's bad. If it gets very bad it makes your brain quickly die and you just die. ", "You can ask your doctor for a sleep study. You will sleep for 4 hours hooked up with a million wires and they will document what you do while you're asleep.\n\nIf you don't want to do that, have someone watch you while you sleep (it's better if it's a longer time, not like a nap). It's easy to note when a person stops breathing. Count the number of times per minute the breathing stops, and how long the breathing stops, as well as what happens when the breathing starts again. Is it more violent, like gasping for air? Sleep on your back. This is usually what prompts it. Someone with sleep apnea will be kind of disturbing to watch. If whoever is watching you feels like you weren't really out of the ordinary, you're probably fine (or just mild). When mine was bad, I would wake up gasping many times throughout the night. Even with my CPAP machine it still happens on occasion." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "d5g999r" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "In part we can look to the prevalence of collegiate sports programs across the nation as an alternate form.\n\nNew York City for instance at one time all had Columbia, Fordham, NYU, St. John's, and just up the river, West Point, fielding teams with Yale, Princeton, and Rutgers just outside the City, attracting young men to play, and everyone else to watch. \n\nTo get a sense of just how many schools still today are playing NCAA Football this map shows their location. [And there are a lot across all 3 divisions](_URL_1_)\n\nSo we can say that college sports drew much of the early interest, development, and focus of competitive sports, that other nations saw in club sports. Gridiron football was born and nurtured on the campuses of the Ivy League after all. \n\nThough there are a plethora of more independent professional, and semi professional teams across the North East and Mid West. Many of who either couldnt sustain themselves, closed during the Depression, or were left out in the various mergers and consolidations that ensured the early NFL could make a profit. \n\nIts wiki but take a look at the list of defunct NFL teams and their geographic concentration: _URL_0_" ] }

[]

[]

[ [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_defunct_National_Football_League_franchises", "http://footballscoop.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/allshot.jpg" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "c8l6x40", "c8l716h" ], "score": [ 8, 11 ], "text": [ "Pretty sure it is a Middle school girls shot put. I believe a 6lb cannon ball would be a good site larger.", "I think it is a small [shot put](_URL_0_), not a cannonball. Sorry, I know that's not as exciting! However, it's a reasonable size for a shot, and while I can't think of a reason why a cannonball would be labeled by weight, a shot should be.\n\nEdit: drat, beaten to the punch while I looked up a link!" ] }

[]

[ "http://i.imgur.com/8qa9eU5.jpg", "http://i.imgur.com/5k9zwFX.jpg" ]

[ [], [ "http://www.amazon.com/Champion-Sports-lb-Iron-Shot/dp/B000GBCZ0G" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "do9smej", "do9tosb", "do9ushm", "doa08l9" ], "score": [ 2, 22, 7, 2 ], "text": [ "It is a focused beam of energy that can potentially damage the retina.\n\nEver have a bright light suddenly shine into your eyes, temporarily blinding you as you try to blink away the bright afterimage?\n\nThat short period of temporarily blindness *could* mean a plane crashing into something.", "Lasers spread out the farther they travel. That \"tiny dot of light\" isn't so tiny after it travels 1000 feet through the air. If it hits the plexiglas cockpit window, it diffuses out even more. The result looks [something like this](_URL_0_). \n\nYou're right that it only flashes for a split second, but that's all it takes. When people say that it blinds pilots, it doesn't mean that the laser is burning out their retina and causing permanent blindness. They're talking about *flash blindness*, the temporary dazzling effect you get when a bright light flashes in your eye. Like when someone uses a camera flash in a dark room, and you have to blink away the aftereffect for a few seconds? Imagine trying to land a plane during that.", "I’ve been lasered a few times, with varying degrees of shittiness. A couple times a minor nuisance. One time in particular it did temporarily blind us. The laser hits the window and lights up everything. Can be disorienting as well as temporarily blinding. ", "First, they don't blind pilots thousands of feet in the air, and if they do, it usually isn't a big deal once you are up that high an airplane flies itself.\n\nThe danger is with pilots much closer to the ground, particularly during night landings. Due to refraction, a laser can light up an entire plexiglass cabin window, which isn't only distracting, but it interferes with the pilot's night vision, which can take minutes to reset." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [ "http://images.mentalfloss.com/sites/default/files/styles/insert_main_wide_image/public/second-pizza-gif.gif" ], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "catm5hg" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Many nursery rhymes have legendary or unclear history. However, the nursery rhymes you mentioned all originate in England or Britain. The lyrics to Twinkle Twinkle were indeed, as far as we know, written by Jane Taylor. The Wikipedia article shows she was born in London, which is near Colchester. Old King Cole's origins are very obscure and nobody knows who he really was. However, Geoffrey of Monmouth does associate him with Colcester by writing that he may have been King of Britons after the reign of the Romans ~300A.D. -Wikipedia, again. Humpty Dumpty could have been a riddle because the rhyme does not say that he was an egg. Many do believe that 'Humpty Dumpty' was a canon used at St. Mary-at-the-wall by the defending royalists in the Siege of Colchester -1648. \nI hope this all helped." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cx77c5u", "cx77f32", "cx7fjtv" ], "score": [ 4, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Japan was under a brutal Imperial rule where civilians were told to kill themselves rather than surrender, with mass horrors committed on Japanese soil. When Japan surrendered, its people were already heavily demoralized after the dropping of the Nuclear weapons and the social conditions that were enforced during the war.\n\nThey didn't see the US are conquering oppressors but occupying freedom bringers. ", "There was some opposition movements, but General MacArthur ruled very effectively by applying a generally \"soft touch,\" with an iron fist as the alternative. He worked very hard to improve things for the Japanese, and quickly granted liberties that the Japanese had not known before, such as universal suffrage and a free press--but he absolutely did not tolerate support for militarism and Communism, and these were banned subjects.\n\nIt was, in short, a carrot and stick approach. Because a lot of the Japanese political and social system was left intact, those who knew what was good for them wanted to cooperate, because they knew being uncooperative could lead to them losing all their power.\n\nIt also helps that the Emperor personally requested the peaceful surrender of the military and the Japanese people.", "Something to remember is that the Japanese public was, by and large, out of steam with regards to war by that point. Multiple memoirs and pieces of writing refer to women who were far, far more glad that they might see their husbands and children again than were ashamed of their country's defeat. People were hungry, tired, struggling to get out of places like China and Korea before the populations took revenge on them for the Japanese occupation, and utterly demoralized in large part. Air raids in Japan left about 5 million people homeless within a period of months, according to some sources. The people had far more pressing needs to worry about, like basic survival. \n\nJapan's militant policies threw things out not only internationally but domestically due to the repurposing of industry towards the war efforts, the shift of populations both into and out of Japan, and the simple loss of life. This meant that even if people had homes or were able to get home to Japan from the former colonies, the situation wasn't exactly better.\n\nThe US occupation was much, much kinder than people had been led to believe by propaganda, and they were also dealing with a populace that was, quite simply, exhausted. There was no fight left in many people and many (the vast majority according to most scholars I've read) had not been hard-line right-wing militarists in the first place, just normal people." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dru0x8l" ], "score": [ 1300 ], "text": [ "It's absurd to say that Lincoln not being on the ballot in 1860 is the principal cause of the Civil War. The only way that even makes minimal sense as a southern grievance is if southern state governments and a large portion of the white populace in the slave states wanted Lincoln on the ballot. They didn't and *that was the whole point.* The simple threat of an antislavery president was enough to trigger an existential crisis for the section. One actually winning pushed the most enslaving states over the edge because they believed he was coming for their human property, whether directly or indirectly. That's the cause of the Civil War and everything else that gets tossed up either as secondary causes or as a distraction, to the degree they have any historical basis at all, flows from it.\n\nBut you asked about the why and that requires going into how elections worked at the time. Today, we go into the booth and there's a ballot paper printed by the state with all the candidates on it that qualify under whatever eligibility requirements the state has. You go into a little booth or otherwise secure your privacy, mark your ballot however your precinct does that, hand it in and go home.\n\nThis is not how the middle nineteenth century runs elections at all. Ballots are produced by partisan printers. They will have the full ticket filled in correctly: just the names of the people the printer endorses for each spot. If you want to change that, you've got to scratch out their name and write in the one you prefer. Then you have to actually cast the ballot, which is done in public. Printers usually run off ballots on different colors of paper and/or different sizes too, so everybody around can see who you vote for.\n\nVoting for an \"abolitionist\" (which Lincoln is not, but white Southerners rarely care for fine distinctions in these things) is a good way to get yourself mobbed in much of the South. Election violence isn't exactly common (though it is more so the further west one goes) but it's regular enough that everyone knows the score. Furthermore, freelance violence against people not deemed sufficiently proslavery is a regular part of southern political life. Simply debating the merits of slavery can risk violence, let alone voting for an antislavery ticket. Even in Kentucky, which is more permissive than most of the South, antislavery speakers can literally get stabbed for the deed.\n\nBut that assumes you can get your hands on a GOP ballot, if you even want to. (Most of the white South has been all-in on slavery for decades by the time 1860 rolls around.) Most printers are local, so they're part of and subject to the same community pressures as ordinary voters. Given the expense of a steam press and the ease with which a mob can wreck one, as well as their requirement for the goodwill of the community for their business to continue, they're probably more vulnerable than usual.\n\nIt's true that Lincoln isn't on ballots in the South for all those reasons...except that he is in a few slave states. (He loses them.) The thing is that his not being an option for voters is what the South intends from the start. They're not upset that they couldn't vote for him, but rather angry that their proscriptions didn't settle the election in their favor. That suggests to the white South that their regime is unstable to a new degree, particularly as the GOP is keen to expand its reach in the Border South. \n\nThere are small Republican parties operating in Maryland and Missouri already. What happens if Lincoln uses the spoils system, as every president did, to seed the rest of the section with antislavery men? They would be the nucleus of new state GOPs that might build the infrastructure that makes slavery debates unavoidable. The two-party system was only tolerable in the slave states so long as both parties competed over who was the most proslavery, which the GOP will not do. Breaking the appearance of white uniformity can underscore its genuine absence (though the GOP was always too optimistic about having hordes of antislavery whites who just needed a vehicle) and will, in the minds of enslavers, embolden the people they enslave. That will, again their estimation, inevitably bring bloody slave revolts which can easily snowball into a genocidal race war. White southerners expect to win that one, because they're white supremacists, but they know it'll be bloody and probably cost them a lot of lives on top of the tremendous profits at stake.\n\n**Sources**\n\n*Liberty & Slavery* by William Cooper\n\n*Road to Disunion* (2 vols) by William Freehling\n\n*The Fiery Trial* by Eric Foner" ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "di7y6jc", "di8wma8" ], "score": [ 2, 2 ], "text": [ "The shoulder blade spot-on treatments are absorbed through the skin, go into the blood, and are then ingested by the adult fleas when they bite the animal. The best flea treatments generally have two active ingredients. There is the \"adulticide\" (e.g., permethrin) which kills the biting adults, and also an insect growth regular (e.g. pyriproxyfen) that suppresses eggs/larvae/pupae. I believe some preparations are meant to be applied to the whole fur, and have a local killing effect.\nI have no authority on this matter", "Almost all modern flea meds are insect neurotoxins that effect receptors that mammals do not have. \n\nIt depends on the treatment but imidacloprid (Advantage), indoxacarb (Activyl) and Fipronil (Frontline, pet Armor, others) are dispersed over the body by natural skin oils and muscle movements. This can take 24-48 hours to happen completely. This is also why you should not bathe your animal with detergent soap during the month. The medications ARE NOT systemically absorbed. This is why there are over the counter. \n\nSelemectin (Revolution) is systemically absorbed and works from that direction\n\nThe orals are obviously systemic (capstar, Bravecto, Nexguard, Comfortis/trifexis)\n\nSentinal/Program (leufenuron) is systemic, but acts very differently. These are insect growth regulators and prevent chitenization. This keeps early life stages of the flea from developing. Think \"birth control\" for fleas. It does not kill the adult flea. \n\nSource: Veterinarian 12 years Veterinary industry 23\n" ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cvlu43d", "cvluijc", "cvluixc", "cvluptz" ], "score": [ 2, 6, 6, 3 ], "text": [ "If we abolished all guns completely, and rendered the nation defenseless, there will be no more gun crime to worry about. Every step or restriction placed in the way, that makes it more difficult for a person to acquire means to defend themselves, is one step closer towards achieving that aim. \n\nSo, would any of the laws have stopped the mass murders? It's like asking if we could have passed laws that would have prevented 9/11. They are looking at it after the fact, and supposing that some law in the place would have prevented *that* shooting, or *that* event. \n\nHowever, even if all guns were abolished. That does not prevent someone from having the ability to kill people. Creativity is far stronger than some law written in a book, and they will come up with whatever would be the most convenient means. ", "Today you can buy guns legally, at a gun store, or illegally, from a criminal in a bad part of town late at night. Changing the laws only impacts the first transaction. \n\nPot was completely, totally, illegal in all states 20 years ago; and yet we have people running for president that admit they were able to buy it under those strict laws. That's because banning the sale of something only shifts the balance between the two possible types of purchases.\n\nCompletely honest, civic minded, law abiding, sane people won't buy a gun from a criminal because they don't want to break the law. None of the people who committed mass murder fit that definition. That's because killing people is also illegal, has been ever since \"Thou shalt not kill\", it's one law everybody seems to agree on. But some folks just won't obey it.", "While they often get there guns in a variety of ways, the guns they obtain are legal for people to purchase. So, if they type of gun that they used was unavailable to purchase they almost certainly wouldn't have gotten a hold of the gun used in the shooting.\n\nThe main way that people get guns for mass shooting is to steal it from someone. Usually from a close family member, like a parent. The parent that originally got the gun usually obtained it through legal means. If the parent leaves the gun laying around and not in a safe it becomes easy for a potential shooter to get the gun, although just because it's in a safe doesn't guarantee that they won't be able to get the gun.\n\nOtherwise they can get the gun legally through faultily background checks, or background checks that don't go far enough. The Chattanooga shooter got his gun because the FBI didn't get the information that he shouldn't be able to buy the gun in time. Those that legally purchase their gun likely wouldn't if a mental check was required for purchase. \n\nIn short, yes, gun laws would likely help to stop mass shooting because the gun wouldn't be available to the general public and thus a criminal would not be able to obtain it illegally, because it wouldn't be around in the first place. A second thing that would help would be an increase in mental health help. If these individuals had gotten help for their mental health it is unlikely that the shootings would happen in the first place. ", "The problem with most of these mass shootings is the people obtained the firearms legally.\n\nThey are able to do this because they have no felonies or mental history to throw up a red flag. Or they obtain the firearms from their parents negligence in leaving them to be freely taken.\n\nSo the problem is the fact that one day these people are normal everyday citizens, until they finally lose their shit. So unless you have a crystal ball that tells the future you will never know when someone can completely lose their shit and do something awful. No gun law or gun free zone can prevent that.\n\nIMO the only way to fix this problem is for one the media to stop sensatializing these fucking stories. Bare minimum media should be run about these shootings. Stop plastering the peoples names and pictures all over the television.\n\nSecondly we have to recognize that we need protection in places like school, churches. Wherever a psychopath is going to go to prey on either weak or unarmed people. Guns are not going away in this country and mass shootings only happen to people without the means to combat that threat themselves." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cjoy8jt", "cjozmr6" ], "score": [ 28, 14 ], "text": [ "From circa 1925, Japanese political/social culture shifted significantly — away from the democratic experiments of the Taishō era and towards the nationalist, militarist, expansionist and ultimately totalitarian state structure that characterised the Shōwa period. \n\nSo, for example: the Peace Preservation Law of 1925 massively reduced personal freedoms and squashed political dissent, and under a series of prime ministers Japanese foreign policy evolves in direct opposition to the Western powers (widely seen as having manipulated, strong-armed and Japan since the end of *[Sakoku](_URL_3_)*.) \n\nBy the late 1930s, they had developed the concept of the [Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere](_URL_1_); the idea of a Japanese empire in east Asia as a national right. The idea was that Asia shouldn't be part of a European sphere of influence; they took \"Asia for the Asiatics!\" as their slogan — and believed that, naturally, Japan should and would be the dominant influence in the region.\n\nThe Japanese regime from the late 1920s until 1945 is commonly described as 'fascist', but that's not strictly true. Japanese politics in the post-Meiji era is a case study in syncretism; it simply doesn't fit the conventional Western left/right paradigm. Japanese imperialism is a similar case: it doesn't fit the colonial model of the Western powers, but was undoubtedly influenced by it — it's been described as '[mimetic imperialism](_URL_6_)'.\n\nBut fascist or not, Japan identified ideologically more closely with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy because those regimes also saw themselves as natural opponents of and successors to the traditional, liberal-democratic global powers (Britain, France and the United States.) You see that goal explicitly stated in [the text of the Tripartite Pact](_URL_2_) (the 1940 military alliance between Japan, Germany and Italy):\n\n > The governments of Germany, Italy and Japan, considering it as a condition precedent of any lasting peace that all nations of the world be given each its own proper place, have decided to stand by and co-operate with one another in regard to their efforts in greater East Asia and regions of Europe respectively **wherein it is their prime purpose to establish and maintain a new order of things** calculated to promote the mutual prosperity and welfare of the peoples concerned.\n > \n > [...]\n > \n > Accordingly, the governments of Germany, Italy and Japan have agreed as follows:\n > \n > ARTICLE ONE\n > \n > Japan recognizes and respects the leadership of Germany and Italy in establishment of a new order in Europe.\n > \n > ARTICLE TWO\n > \n > Germany and Italy recognize and respect the leadership of Japan in the establishment of a new order in greater East Asia.\n\n\nIn the late 1930s, Japan saw opportunities for expansion in east Asia: they invaded China in 1937 (the [Second Sino-Japanese War](_URL_7_)) — that, incidentally, is in large part why China eventually became one of the Allied powers. Their invasions of Western territories in Asia — Hong Kong, Singapore, the Philippines, French Indochina, and so on — had dual motives: to secure strategic resources (oil and rubber, in particular) and to break Western colonial power in the Far East.\n\nJapan came into conflict with the US ultimately as a result of [a US-led oil embargo](_URL_4_) that cut off almost 90% of Japan's oil imports, leaving them with just three years of petroleum reserves. The attack on Pearl Harbor was in large part an effort to knock out America's strategic influence in the Pacific.\n\nA couple of good overview from the historiography on Shōwa-era Japanese foreign policy and imperialism:\n\n* W. G. Beasley, *[Japanese Imperialism, 1894-1945](_URL_5_)* (1987) \n* R. Myers & M. Pettie, eds., *[The Japanese Colonial Empire, 1895-1945](_URL_0_)* (1984)\n\nThere's plenty more that's worth reading — the historiography on Japan is huge. But those two are a good starting point.", "Japan and Germany had been aligned since the 1936 Anti-Comintern pact against communism in general and the Soviet Union in particular. Around this time, Japanese militarism was at an all time high. Their military wanted to expand Japan's borders to gather the resources needed to fuel her empire. Hence their outright seizure of Manchuria during the Mukden incident of 1933. This in turn led to severe Sino-Japanese tensions that had several outbursts of violence shortly before the Marco Polo incident. The Mukden incident itself left a lasting impression on the military: namely, that it could essentially do what it wanted and the civilian government could do nothing about it. We saw this during the Marco Polo bridge incident, where ironically the man who was virtually single-handedly responsible for the Mukden incident, now promoted to general, tried to stabilize the situation but was essentially ignored by the more militant factions of the military. The Second Sino-Japanese War started, and it antagonized many of the Western Powers.\n\nHowever, in 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union signed the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. This infuriated Japan as they believed that Germany had just stabbed them in the back. It also didn't help that Germany had been on very good terms with China until 1938, including sending military advisers, industrial support, arms dealing, trade, training cadres, and so forth to support China's effort to modernize and fight the Japanese (which is in itself a fascinating topic but for another time). To try and soothe the Japanese, the Germans and Italians formalized the new Tripartite Pact to show that they were not abandoning Japan, whom Hitler wanted as an ally against the Soviets. Unfortunately for him, the Japanese ended up signing a non-aggression pact with the Soviets and didn't want to denounce it as it would expose Manchuria to a Soviet attack. So when Germany invaded in June of 1941, Japan decided to maintain the pact. Diplomacy is hard, yo.\n\nThe problem with Japan feeling like it needed to take sides was that it had already felt that the West had betrayed them after WWI. They were denied a large amount of the territory that they had wanted, and they were denied a \"racial equality\" clause in the Charter of the League of Nations, which was intended by Japan to give Japan equal recognition with the other Powers but scared the colonial powers. There was also considerable angst from the Washington Naval Treaties, where Japan, already smarting from Britain's abrogation of the Anglo-Japanese alliance, was given a smaller fleet allocation than the US and the UK. \n\nThe real kick in the nuts, so to speak, was the US oil and especially scrap metal embargo in 1940 in response to the Sino-Japanese War and the Japanese occupation of French Indochina. While as k1990 says the Japanese were running out of oil, they were running out of scrap metal even quicker. To secure these resources quickly, they chose to invade the Dutch East Indies. The problem with invading the DEI was that Britain had a firm commitment to defend Dutch sovereignty, and that the Philippines was between Japan and the Dutch East Indies, being an existential threat to a hypothetical supply route between the DEI and Japan. Thus, for Japan to secure the DEI, the only feasible option was to attack the Philippines and by extension the United States.\n\nThen again, the only \"really\" feasible option for Japan by the time the embargo came around was to stop the war and beg for mercy, really.\n\n" ] }

[]

[]

[ [ "http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KqNiaX7b4bgC&dq=the+japanese+colonial+empire+peattie+myers&source=gbs_navlinks_s", "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_East_Asian_Co-Prosperity_Sphere", "http://avalon.law.yale.edu/wwii/triparti.asp", "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakoku", "http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/united-states-freezes-japanese-assets", "http://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Japanese_Imperialism_1894_1945.html?id=Ik4mclWXq7cC&redir_esc=y", "http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/532291", "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" ], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cv8aj6x", "cv8axxd" ], "score": [ 4, 2 ], "text": [ "You probably mean Printed Circuit Boards (PCB's)? They form a firm structure to hold electric components an replace loose wires by having one or more layers of copper that are removed except from small connecting 'paths' that are actually needed to connect the electric components.", "A basic PCB or 'Printed Circuit Board' starts off as a layer of copper on an insulated board. \n\nThe board is then masked off, so it can then be etched using an acid bath of some sort, removing the rest of the copper and leaving the tracks you want. Remove the mask material and the circuit board is done. \n\nThen, holes can be drilled in it, and components can be inserted into the holes and soldered in place. \n\nSimple circuit boards can be made using a Sharpie to mark out the tracks, and indeed that's how very early ones were done, very much by hand. \n\n[Here's](_URL_0_) a hand-made board \n\nBefore circuit boards, electrical circuits were created by wiring electrical components together directly. [As you can see](_URL_1_) it made for not particularly clear and easy-to-fix circuitry. " ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [ "http://www.desdes.com/pictures/design/Design%20design%20early%20reference.JPG", "http://i.imgur.com/g6muqSR.jpg" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "d7sklp7", "d7sknio", "d7srl07", "d7sskql", "d7sxik0", "d7t79ws" ], "score": [ 123, 49, 8, 6, 5, 3 ], "text": [ "It [might not](_URL_0_) be as helpful as we'd like to think.\n\n > Painting roofs white has been—like changing lightbulbs—one of the well-cited easy ways out of climate change. By reflecting more light and heat back to the atmosphere, a white roof should act like a natural anti-warming device, while also reducing your energy costs by keeping your house cool in the summer. Turns out, painting your roof white would be simply a massive waste of white paint.\n\n > As it is, Mark Jacobson, a professor of civil and environmental engineering at Stanford and his colleague, research student John Ten Hoeve, found in a new paper in the Journal of Climate that while white surfaces cooled houses, they also reduced cloudiness, allowing more sunlight to reach the ground. That conclusion complements a recent study by the National Center for Atmospheric Research that found that the positive effect of white roofs in the summer would be offset by a negative effect in the winter. \n\n > \"There does not seem to be a benefit from investing in white roofs,\" says Jacobson. \"The most important thing is to reduce emissions of the pollutants that contribute to global warming.\"\n\n > Solar panels are a better idea than white paint, he says. \"The better thing to do is to put a solar panel on the roof because that not only cools the house by absorbing the sunlight to make electricity. It also offsets fossil fuel generation at power plants.\"", "It wouldn't really help that much. For starters 70% of the Earth's surface is water. of the 30% land, very little of it has houses and roads on it. Maybe it looks filled in the city, but get 30-60 minutes outside the city limits and it all turns into farmland. ", "The issue with this is that the atmosphere is the problem, not so much the earth's surface. \n\nThe atmosphere acts as a blanket over the earth, so when more carbon dioxide or methane is in the atmosphere, less sunlight can escape into space. It bounces off earth and into the atmosphere, hits the carbon gases and then reflects back to earth. ", "I worked in an office in a 1 story building. It was hot in the summer, even with the A/C on. One of the guys painted the black tarred roof white, and it cooled of by 10 degrees F.\n\nI don't know if that can be scaled globally, but it worked fr us.", "What I want to know is how rising sea levels will effects the worlds freshwater supply. Will aquifers fill faster? Will we see agriculture booms? ", "Yes, changing albedo does have that effect. This not be as helpful in the cooler regions because it would also require more heating in the winter for them. However, in places that are usually hot an d rarely use heating in the winter this will reduce the amount of A/C that is used for the buildings in the summer.\n\nSolar panels are good also and so is using sod on your roof, if your building can support it. \n\nPainting every building's roof white might not be that helpful as it is too general and buildings don't cover enough of the Earth's surface to drastically change Earth's albedo. However, requiring buildings in the South West deserts and Florida to use a light albedo roofing color when re-roofing or being built could do something to help without people having to go out of their way or spend any extra money. \n\nGetting massive building regulations passed might be difficult then you would need enforcement. " ] }

[]

[]

[ [ "https://www.fastcompany.com/1790991/painting-your-roof-white-doesnt-work" ], [], [], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dql4n57", "dql510t", "dqlu5jd" ], "score": [ 2, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "trickle down is tax rich people less so they will spend more money on businesses, and thus that money will grow the economy. That works if people like investing more then they like just keeping money.\n\nSupply side is invest in/tax less factories and companies that produce things. The idea being that it will encourage companies to spend more money. To me this makes more sense because they are beholden to their stockholders so growth is their #1 priority.\n\nBut ya its giving money to companies to produce things (supply side) vs giving money to rich people to improve companies/businesses. ", "Trickle-down economics is basically a hoax. The principles of money 'trickling down' from rich to poor is baseless, and no major economics philosophical schools believe it.\n\nHowever, today we live in a 'consumer based' economy, where artificial importance is placed on people spending money. However, improved products, cheaper products, innovation, and things that make workers more valuable *don't come from consumers, they come from suppliers*. So the idea of changing your tax policy, for example, lowering *income* taxes and other taxes which fall heavily on producers, is not an unreasonable idea.\n\nPart of this principle is that making it easier to expand a business or start a business isn't 'trickling down', **it's dumping large amounts of money into starting or expanding that business.** Employees (those normal people, right!) get paid at the end of the week, but the expanding company or entrepreneur won't get paid for *years*.\n\nTL:DR; Trickle down is propaganda. Supply side economics is a perfectly reasonable economic policy or philosophy.", "'Trickle down' is a pejorative often used to refer to supply-side economics. It isn't actually an economic theory.\n\nThe issue revolves around how best to stimulate an economy. A 'demand-side' stimulus would involve putting money in the pockets of consumers so they'd spend more. A 'supply-side' stimulus would involve putting money in the pockets of companies so they'd ramp up production.\n\nThese terms are often used politically... and poorly. For example, FDR's primary economic impact was via the supply-side while George W. Bush's was via the demand-side. Yet most people would automatically assume the reverse.\n\nFor an economist, supply-side and demand-side are less about politics than economic conditions. In a situation where the commercial lending market isn't functioning well, you'd almost always want to engage in supply-side economics - businesses are limited in what they can produce to meet demand. In contrast, in a situation where you've got factories idling, you probably want demand-side economics - there is insufficient demand for the products you're already producing.\n\nHowever, if you're just going to blindly pick a policy, supply-side is generally safer. If you implement a supply-side policy and it doesn't solve your problems, you've at least invested in domestic industry. If you implement a demand-side policy and it doesn't work, that generally means that you're shipping money overseas.\n\nI would say that 99% of the time you encounter 'supply side' in the press, it's being used inaccurately. 100% of the time you see 'trickle down' it's being used as a way to denigrate a policy without addressing the underlying economic impacts." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "darbhdv" ], "score": [ 7 ], "text": [ "It's more correct to say that the termination shock is the point where the solar wind velocity slows down to subsonic speeds due to interactions with the interplanetary medium. The interplanetary medium, while extremely sparse, has a constant pressure, whereas the pressure of the solar wind decreases according to inverse-square law. Now, the speed of sound in a medium is dependent on its pressure and density. The speed of sound in the ISM is around 100km/h, whereas the initial solar wind velocity is ~400km/h. However, its pressure decreases, and will continue to decrease until the point where the solar wind cannot maintain a supersonic flow relative to the speed of sound in an ISM, and a shockwave forms.\n\nYes, there is localized heating and differences in particle flows, but... there's also a shockwave and corresponding fluid flow and heating effects when a supersonic jet airliner exceeds the speed of sound in air. The mechanism is extremely similar, with the exception that the ISM (and the solar wind at the termination shock) is *extremely* sparse. Were you there it would be impossible for you to notice - we need sensitive magnetometers and particle counters to see details in the edge of the heliosphere.\n\nFor reference, Voyager 1 crossed the termination shock on December 16th, 2004. Here are some plots from the CRS (Cosmic Ray Subsystem) particle detector, showing changes and increases in detected particle counts at the transition point:\n_URL_3_\nAnd some more details showing a linear increase in particle count after crossing the termination shock:\n_URL_2_\nAnd more detailed plots of CRS fluxes for the low-energy particle telescope:\n_URL_0_\nAnd the same for the low-energy and ion detectors on the LECP (Low Energy Charged Particles) instrument:\n_URL_1_\n\nAs can be seen, this is a fairly subtle effect. It's even more subtle for the magnetometer data (which I couldn't get plots of... curse you cohoweb! :P) where the solar magnetic field is so weak that we're almost at the detection limits of the Voyager magnetometers. (In theory (and in practise, it turns out! though unlike theory, the galactic magnetic field is not flowing in the opposite direction to the solar one, but rather in the same direction), at the termination shock the solar magnetic field should form \"bubbles\" and the interstellar magnetic field's interactions with it should be detectable)." ] }

[]

[]

[ [ "http://i.imgur.com/k18bRsK.gif", "http://i.imgur.com/ehiVoZE.gif", "http://i.imgur.com/FtLoIvE.jpg", "http://i.imgur.com/FS9lx8Z.jpg" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dhxu2zb", "dhxu2ze", "dhxva21" ], "score": [ 11, 5, 2 ], "text": [ " > Why do abuse victims frequently become abusers themselves?\n\nThey don't BUT many abusers were abused. It is an important distinction. Most abuse victims do not become abusers but many of those who are abusers were abused. ", "Because being a non-abuser requires learning a completely new way to deal with life. If a person is not strong enough or cognizant enough of the difficulties associated with it, they'll \"go with what they know\". \n\nThe road from being abused to not being an abuser can be very difficult for some. Long term abuse can lead to complex ptsd and a very long road to recovery.\n\nThere is a sub reddit of r/CPTSD that you might be interested in if you want to learn how difficult it can be.", "Because it's very difficult to draw specific lines like that. In any long term abusive relationship, eventually both parties are playing both roles at times. Then when the less abusive one leaves, he or she takes that mindset into the next relationship. You have to realize that abusive relationships have a level of passion that is hard to emulate without the extremes and that can be addicting." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "c4837l5" ], "score": [ 13 ], "text": [ "3000 cubic feet of air would contain about 1520 moles of oxygen. Wikipedia says that modern flamethrowers use propane.\n\nPropane combusts as follows:\n\nC3H8 + 5 O2 - > 3 CO2 + 4 H2O\n\nSo 1520 moles of oxygen could combust 304 moles of propane. 304 moles of propane has a mass of 13.4 kg.\n\nUnfortunately, i'm unable to find out how much fuel a flamethower consumes, so anything beyond this point is speculation.\n\nHowever, let's assume that the flamethrower uses 500 grams of propane per minute, you'd deplete all the oxygen in the room in about 27 minutes. However you'd die once the carbon dioxide levels reach 10%. Not to mention how hot it'd get from using a flame thrower in such a small space.\n\ntl;dr you'd die long before you'd deplete all the oxygen.\n" ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "ddirxe0", "ddis6kp", "ddiscxg" ], "score": [ 3, 2, 3 ], "text": [ "Having a \"moral\" people can be useful in foreign relations with other countries. \n\nI thought for a solid minute. All I could come up with. ", "You can't ask this question without considering religion. A significant portion of the population, even those not deeply religious, have their morals defined via religion. One of those morals, and more over themes throughout many religious texts is the sanctity of reproduction. Anything (such as birth control) used to effect this process is deemed amoral. \n\nAbortions are a bit less grey, terminating a potential member of society is seen as amoral. \n\nYes from every aspect of economic benefit and general welfare of the populous all the way to emotional impact it is clear that abortions and birth control have a positive effect. At the same time though, morals are paramount in society. ", "It's a moral or ethical question. If killing an unborn human is OK, why not any human at any age? Most abortions are not about the safety of the mother, but about the child being unwanted.\n\nIf you take it to the next level, what is the moral reason for a mother not being able to abort a whiny 2 year old. There is only a 18 month difference.\n\nLet's take it up to the next level, why can't a nation terminate the life of unwanted citizens at any time? Stalin, Hitler, Mao. They all did just that.\n\nWhere and why do you draw a line?" ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cg4dmyk", "cg4etf2" ], "score": [ 2, 3 ], "text": [ " > If you were to use a different atom, the explosion would be a lot smaller. Right?\n\nNo, just much, much harder to get a chain reaction going.\n\n > radiation\n\nNo, radiation is a byproduct of splitting atoms. You'll always get that if you're splitting enough atoms to create a fissile explosion.", "Only a small number of specific types of atoms (isotopes) can be used in an atomic (fission) bomb. This is because they need to have several properties:\n\n* they need to be easily split by the kinds of neutrons that are released with fission (splitting) happens\n\n* they need to release neutrons when they fission (split)\n\n* they need to be producible in large quantities\n\nThe first two are important because these work by chain reactions — the splitting of one atom releases neutrons that split two more atoms that release neutrons that split more atoms and so on. \n\nOnly three types of atoms hit all three of those points: U-235 (enriched uranium), Pu-239 (plutonium), and U-233 (another type of uranium that can be made in a reactor). There are a few other obscure elements that can do the first two but are hard to produce. \n\nThe radioactivity produces is a by-product of the splitting itself. Splitting is a violent act for an atom. It releases a lot of energy and some of that energy comes in the form of immediate gamma rays and neutrons. The two \"chunks\" of the atom that are left over after splitting are always misshapen and radioactive as well, and these are what are responsible for the contaminating radiation you get from nuclear explosions.\n\n > If you were to use a different atom, the explosion would be a lot smaller. Right? \n\nNo. The explosion size mostly has to do with how many of those atoms are split, not what type of atom they are. " ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cfifivu" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "They are covered by US federal law, and people born there are considered US citizens (some exceptions in the case of Somoa). Basically, the individuals have most of the same rights as any other citizen in the US, but they have limited power in congress. If they chose to do so, the territories can go through a process to apply for statehood." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "fbdgbmd" ], "score": [ 6 ], "text": [ "Artistic evidence says that they could mount a horse, armoured, unassisted, foot in stirrup and hands on saddle (basically similarly to mounting a saddled horse unarmoured). Textual evidence suggests that at least some could leap onto horseback - this appears to mean mounting without using the stirrup, presumably with hand on saddle/horse for assistance, like mounting bareback.\n\nThis nice lecture, \"How to Mount a Horse in Armor and Other Chivalric Problems\", courtesy of the Met Museum,\n\n* _URL_1_\n\ndiscusses just this question. The main discussion on mounting horses is from about 23:00 to 34:00, and presents multiple pieces of artwork showing armoured knights mounting horses as described above, and finishes (33:30-34:00) with a film clip showing an armoured curator mounting a horse in this fashion.\n\nModern jousters will often use a mounting block, and old-time knights could have used a stool or a helping hand to make it easier to mount (as discussed in the lecture above).\n\nWell-fitted armour gives sufficient freedom of movement to mount a horse, and to do plenty more. One essential task that requires a certain amount of freedom of movement is fighting, whether with a pollaxe, sword, lance, or wrestling. Equestrian armour need to allow the wearer to ride, and to mount, dismount, etc. Sacrifices in protection are made to achieve this - equestrian armours often leave much of the inside and back of the legs and buttocks exposed, which is a vulnerability if fighting dismounted. Freedom of movement of arms and shoulders means that arm protection has gaps, armpits have gaps (at least in terms of coverage by plate - mail can be used to protect where the plate doesn't).\n\nA couple of video clips showing the kind of motion that is possible in plate armour:\n\n* _URL_0_ (see attempt to jump onto a \"horse\" at 0:40)\n\n* _URL_2_\n\nModern re-enactors are often more encumbered by their armour than knights would have been. Often, they wear off-the-shelf armour that isn't fitted to them (and worse, sometimes poorly designed). Their armour often has heavier arms and legs than historical armours (because historical arms and legs often used thin plates that would be badly dented in re-enactment fighting). Re-enactors are often very part-time, and unfit. It's often a safe assumption that if re-enactors can do something in their modern armour, a Medieval knight would have been able to do the same, more easily." ] }

[]

[]

[ [ "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q-bnM5SuQkI", "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NqC_squo6X4", "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qzTwBQniLSc" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cdbxg3r" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Similar to how kids today join gangs. From a rational expectations perspective, no one should even consider a gang - you're very likely to either end up in jail or dead. People join because they don't have many other options, it looks cool, everyone else around them is doing it, and you get to be a man with a gun and fight. \n\nAdding on to SpareLiver's explanation of motivation, if you attach a \"greater cause\" to the reason's I've listed above, plus a healthy dose of brainwashing, you can convince quite a few people to resort to terrorism." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dszpn4l" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "Woman have always fought wars of course but normally informally. Female pirates, women fighting in drag, women fighting because their town was attacked and it was fight or die, etc. You do see occassional records of female fighters within the formal military (there's records of female samurai and ninjas, viking burials indicate female vikings, there's female military leaders in a bunch of cultures) but they tend to be exceptions among majority male military forces.\n\nIf you're looking for all female front line military units, there is only one pre 20th century example generally accepted as having happened. And that's the Dahomey Amazons in western Africa during most of the 19th century.\n\n'Amazons of Black Sparta' by Stanley B. Alpern is a very good book about them, if you're interested.\n\nThe gender relations of dahomey are fascinating generally and worth looking into. Check out 'The Ewe-Speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast of West Africa' and some of the articles by Lorella Rouster for more on the general role of woman in west african kingdoms during the 19th century. It was mostly hugely regressive with sex slavery, human sacrifice, ritual servitude and submission of women to their husbands.\n\nBut Dahomey itself essentially created a new culture, government type and economy after the old fon style, of individual towns ran by their own headman under the loose moral rather than real leadership of a capital town, had collapsed due to the slave trade so it did a lot of things that nobody else did. (Again how successful they were at state building is well worth reading further into. I.A. Akinjogbin 'dahomey and it's neighbours' is the most positive view of the dahomion reforms I've seen with Karl Polanyi's 'Dahomey and the slave trade' being the most negative. Though both of those were written in the 1960s so might be well out of date.)\n\nOne of the things they did is bring woman into roles that they hadn't held previously. So because their king was an absolute ruler who ruled by power rather than moral leadership and because the state took direct control of the country in a way that hadn't previously happened in benin (including laws on what crops you could grow and when you could let farm animals run wild etc.) they needed a bureaucracy. And because the dahomey religion believed in duality, the way the bureaucracy worked was each male bureaucrat was assigned a 'mother', a female bureaucrat who would check his work and make sure he wasn't lying to the king about how much tax he was collecting for instance. Which set a precedent of the King relying increasingly on woman to keep the men in check as he could rely on their loyalty as they were outside of the traditional power structure. King Ghezo went a step further and relied mainly on foreign, non fon, women who he had taken by his slavers from nigerian and togoloese families so they'd be twice the outsider (he even gave one of these woman as a gift to queen Victoria where she became a british lady). Anyway women were part of the dahomian bureaucracy from the beginning which led to female palace guards and female elephant hunters. And because dahomey fought a lot of wars, they eventually needed more manpower then they could recruit and the inevitable result was female front line units. Which by the time of the late 19th century they had a decent amount of and again nobody else prior to that did.\n\nHow they managed to arm such a large amount of their woman and also maintain the ritual servitude and submission of women to their husbands is questionable but lots of other societies armed serfs and peasants. Richard Burton, a welsh diplomat who visited dahomey in the 1860s, argued it was because the amazons (the female soldiers) didn't consider themselves women but men, that they'd been given the male gender by their king and so were entitled to male privileges. That's debatable but we do know that they had their own female servants/slaves and sang a war song that went 'we are men, we are not women'. They were also banned from having any sexual relations with men let alone marrying them so whether or not they were actually viewed as men, they were certainly taken out of the usual role for women and treat as a separate case.\n\nA.B. Ellis, who visited dahomey in 1895, claimed the dahomians themselves viewed women as superior to men so that was why there was no push back against the amazons (to some extent, you can trace this back to the religion and the belief in duality. The god mawu-Lisa was sometimes depicted as two siblings, a male lisa and a female mawu, but also sometimes as a dual spirited single entity with male and female parts, you can see how that might lead to a different view of women than a purely male creator god) but he also wrote about the hundreds of woman kept in servitude as wives to the king or the priests so if they did think that, they didn't live up to their ideals. The average non amazon woman doesn't seem to have been well treated at all, beyond anything else we have eye witness reports by the crew of the HMS Bonetta of the bloody execution of female slaves by men at the annual customs.\n\nIn terms of their effectiveness, the military of the dahomey kingdom were more effective than most of their African neighbours with the amazons participating in victories against the mahi, aja, oyo and badagry but suffered brutal defeats against European and American armies. Missionaries from the Southern Baptist Convention wiped out hundreds of the amazons at Abeokuta in 1851 for instance (according to the eye witness report of Thomas Jefferson Bowen). And the French made short work of them in 1890 and 1892. But you could say that for any African army of that time period." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "db0gy5g", "db0mwg8", "db0n83g", "db0obji", "db0pave" ], "score": [ 38, 2, 28, 3, 20 ], "text": [ "[This website explains the derivation of the quadratic formula really well](_URL_0_). Basically in ax^2 + bx + c = 0, you're just solving for x, and the quadratic formula is a shortcut so you don't have to do it by hand every time.", "begin with the genetral formula for a quadratic equation, then go through the procedure of completing the square: the method you use without the quadratic formula.\n\nIf you do it right, the quadratic formula will be your solution.", "Gonna assume you know how to expand out a bracket and all that. \n\nSo if you have some equation like *(x + a)^2*, it expands out to *x^2 + 2ax + a^2*. So if we've got an equation that looks like the second one, we know how to condense it down, which is what we do to figure out what x is when y is 0. For example, if we have *x^2 + 6x + 9^2*, since if you halve 6, you get 3, then square it, you get 9 so it follows that pattern and we can condense it down to (x + 3)^2 so if y is 0, x is -3.\n\nBut what if we don't have a nice equation like that? Well then, we just rearrange things until it is nice. So, you might have *x^2 + 6x + 5 = 0* as your equation. This doesn't follow our nice square pattern but if we add. 4 to each side, giving us *x^2 + 6x + 9 = 4*, suddenly the left hand side does fit our pattern. So we can condense that down into *(x + 3)^2 = 4*. Square rooting both sides, we get x + 3 = +/-2, then x = -3 +/- 2, or x is -5 or -1.\n\nThis is a process called completing the square and this is exactly what the quadratic formula does. You can use a generic equation, *ax^2 + bx + c = 0* and go through similar steps to above to derive the quadratic equation just through completing the square. \n\nEDIT: Fixed a typo", "If you prefer a lively video explanation, check this out: _URL_0_", "You can work it out yourself.\n\nThe trick is something called completing the square. If you can get one side of a quadratic into the form (x + d)^2 (for any d) then you can solve it because you can then just square root both sides. So what is (x + d)^2 ? Well just expand the brackets\n\n(x + d)^2 = (x + d)(x + d) = x^2 + 2dx + d^2\n\nSo what you're looking to do is turn one side of a quadratic into that x^2 + 2dx + d^2 form, because once you get there you know you can solve it. Ok now take the generic quadratic:\n\nax^2 + bx + c = 0\n\n x^2 + (b/a)x + c/a = 0 (just divide by a)\n\n x^2 + (b/a)x = - c/a (moving c/a over)\n\nOk so what could your d be to get the left half of that into the form we're looking for? Well if 2d is in the position b/a is in now then d could be half b/a. You'd still be missing a d^2 so add that in too, and add it in the other side to keep things even\n\n x^2 + (b/a)x + (b/2a)^2 = - c/a + (b/2a)^2\n\nSo now you've got it into the shape we want so we can simplify the left side to\n\n(x + b/2a)^2 = - c/a + (b/2a)^2\n\nNow it's easy\n\nx + b/2a = Root (- c/a + (b/2a)^2 )\n\nx = Root (- c/a + (b/2a)^2 ) - b/2a \n\nyou can then simplify and neaten that up to \n\nx = (-b + Root (b^2 - 4ac) / 2a" ] }

[]

[]

[ [ "https://www.mathsisfun.com/algebra/quadratic-equation-derivation.html" ], [], [], [ "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3tvIxLGe8K4" ], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "etlnyic", "etlnz6i" ], "score": [ 6, 2 ], "text": [ "sleep isn't for collecting energy, it's for cleaning up chemical buildup in your brain (which is why you can't think right) and your muscles (which is why you feel fatigued)", "Nobody knows. There's not really a conclusive answer as to \"why\" we need to sleep.\n\nOne theory is that it's when our brain takes time to organise itself while it has a break from other sensory information." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cwz28ao" ], "score": [ 7 ], "text": [ "Dances were important social occasions, and people studied to dance well, if they wanted to make an impression. There were dancing masters ( you can see a caricature of one, up on his toes with his typical kit fiddle in [one](_URL_0_) of Hogarth's series The Rake's Progress). There were also plenty of dance manuals- there's a good [collection](_URL_1_) of them at the Library of Congress, available online. The link is to one by Louis-Julien Clarchies, who led a very popular dance orchestra in France circa 1800, perhaps notable for also being black, born in Curacao.\n\nYou can find dancing masters and manuals going back into the 16th century, and manuals can be good sources for tunes. Thoinot Arbeau's [Orchesographie]( _URL_2_) was the source for Peter Warlock's Capriole Suite ( and supplied the melody for the carol Ding Dong Merrily On High, found there as Bransle de l'Official) , and many of the dances and tunes in the Playford Dance books (printed 1650 into the 1700's) are still in use." ] }

[]

[]

[ [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Rake's_Progress#/media/File:William_Hogarth_022.jpg", "http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=musdi&fileName=043//musdi043.db&recNum=0&itemLink=r?ammem/musdibib:@field%28NUMBER+@od1%28musdi+043%29%29&linkText=0&presId=musdibib", "http://www.graner.net/nicolas/arbeau/chapitres.html" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cwfujq1", "cwfunmo", "cwfurcj" ], "score": [ 6, 6, 2 ], "text": [ "It's that same atomic repulsion that causes friction, which causes human flesh to be scraped, cut, etc. The object that causes the injury is pushing your flesh out of its way.", "Just because you don't actually touch the razor blade, doesn't mean there is not an interaction. This interaction, after all, is what prevents your hand from falling through the table. The forces that prevent the atoms from passing through each other are the same ones that are responsible for the razor \"passing through\" but only after damaging your skin, the \"cutting\".\n\nYes, you can use your hand to compress a material. Think about how water reacts when you push on it. Or play dough. Or a spring. Most solids have an ability to absorb some amount of this force into the interatomic relationships with no permanent changes, elastic deformation. But for some amounts of force, you will cause permanent changes to the material, plastic deformation.", "Ah, I think I understand now. Thank you u/whatsiteverwas and u/stcamellia" ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dj5s8dh" ], "score": [ 4 ], "text": [ "\"auto\" means \"self\" and \"optos\" means \"to see,\" so the sense here is that when we dissect another human, we are inspecting ourselves. Since animals aren't humans, when we dissect them, we are only inspecting \"necros,\" or \"death.\"" ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dbyhqu4" ], "score": [ 4 ], "text": [ "Typically countries use a lot of spice when spices grow well in their climate, or when their climate is very warm and thus foods are prone to go bad.\n\nCountries with neither of these attributes tend to have mild food, other than immigrant groups who came from spicy-food countries." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "d220t66" ], "score": [ 5 ], "text": [ "Obviously more experienced troops will perform better than green troops, but it depends what you really mean as green. True a lot of Allied troops that landed in Normandy were relatively green, but the Allies had been preparing for Overlord for a long time and the troops had large amounts of training. This is massively different to a soldier who has just had a rifle shoved into their hands and told to fight.\n\nI'm not going to say that combat experience made no difference to battle outcomes, but i will say that it is often overstated. In reality soldiers in the war gathered experience relatively quickly, but soon reached a level of diminishing returns after that. For example, a unit with 6 months combat experience performed much better than one with no experience at all, but would not perform much worse than one with say 2 years of experience. Therefore soldiers were able to reach a level of parity with the opposition relatively quickly. So while having experienced troops is a bonus, i would argue that it's less of a factor that manpower, weaponry, technology, tactics and strategy etc. \n\nThe main advantage of experienced troops is a certain coolness under fire which makes them less likely to panic. This works better when the veteran soldiers are mixed into formations made of relatively green troops because having people who know what theyre doing improves the morale and fighting ability of less experienced soldiers dramatically. Germany divisions towards the end of the war were often a mix of veteran soldiers and new conscripts. While a veteran unit fighting together is formidible, the logic went that mixing veterans in with new recruits made a much larger force fight more effectively and was therefore worth it\n" ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cevd50u", "cevfneb" ], "score": [ 3, 2 ], "text": [ "Try this guy.\n\n_URL_0_\n\n", "If it must be the age of discovery and not run of the mill you can look at the exploration and exploitation of the artic (Spitzbergen, Novaya Zemlya, Greenland).\n\nSome wiki articles;\n\nAn explorer stuck for a winter near Spitzbergen (trying to find a northern route to China);\n\n_URL_0_\n\n_URL_1_\n\nDutch compagnie with the monopoly of whale oil on dutch markets (comparable to the VOC and the WIC, although smaller).\n_URL_2_\n\nStill the scale really wasn't minor (from the history of svalbard Wiki article);\n\n*By the late 17th century there were between 200 and 300 ships and in excess of 10,000 whalers around Spitsbergen. The first overwintering was involuntarily undertaken by an English group in Bellsund in 1630–31. The first planned overwintering was done by Noordsche Compagnie in 1633–34.*" ] }

[]

[]

[ [ "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Qian" ], [ "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_Barentsz", "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Svalbard", "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noordsche_Compagnie" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cn3lsel" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "The old fellow is a *xian*, or immortal sage. Cranes are a symbol of longevity and immortality.\n\nThere are couple specific possibilities. \n\nIn the carpet, I'm guessing there are two more figures not pictured, and that he's [Zhongli Quan](_URL_3_) or maybe [Zhang Guo](_URL_7_) (is that possibly a phoenix behind him?). Those are the two beardiest of the Eight Immortals, a really common folk art motif. \n\nZhongli Quan is usually showing off his belly, while Zhang Guo is usually older than the rest of the group. \n\nThe statue - and I'm less comfortable here - looks like Shou (or Sau), one of the trio of [Fu Lu Shou](_URL_0_). He's called the \"god of longevity,\" and identified with [the South Pole Star, Canopus](_URL_2_). He's often pictured flying [around with a crane](_URL_1_). \n\nShou in general looks a little like Zhongli Quan to me... and the statue *could* be Zhongli if (as it seems) his robe is open and those are supposed to be his ribs showing. If there's a fan somewhere, that might also clinch it. \n\nThe stick might also lean him closer to another of the Eight Immortals, [Iron-crutch Li](_URL_5_), especially if there's a bottle somewhere on his belt or underfoot. His face doesn't look grouchy enough for that for me, but it's hard without seeing the other seven figures in the same style. \n\nBut really, he looks an awful lot like Shou, and Shou is more commonly seen without cohorts than any of the Eight Immortals. \n\nSo probably Shou on two, Zhongli Quan on one. \n\nThere's an outside chance either of them could be some other immortal or sage ... there are [Seven Taoist Masters](_URL_4_), *Quanzhen qizi*, who are sometimes pictured together (or [written about](_URL_6_)) like the Eight Immortals, and cranes are, as I said, a general symbol of longevity or immortality. \n\nThe fact that the dude in the statue has one leg raised is not a coincidence... he's being crane-like, whoever he is, in a way that seems like the internal arts cultivated by the fellow who taught the Seven Masters. \n\n \n\n" ] }

[]

[ "http://i.imgur.com/XFcl4g9.jpg", "http://www.reddit.com/r/ChineseHistory/comments/2q7cdt/xpost_askhistory_help_identify_the_origin_of_this/", "http://imgur.com/fBlJozZ" ]

[ [ "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fu_Lu_Shou", "http://yang-sheng.com/?p=9827", "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Man_of_the_South_Pole", "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhongli_Quan", "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quanzhen_School#Branch_and_Sect", "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Tieguai", "http://books.google.com/books/about/Seven_Taoist_Masters.html?id=EXrXAAAAMAAJ", "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Guolao" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dtp8p5i", "dtpc68q", "dtplyfe", "dtpmo1b", "dtpmq51", "dtpmzr9", "dtpoo3x", "dtpp5sd", "dtpsd4l", "dtq3clp", "dtq3qd5", "dtqoean" ], "score": [ 274, 4306, 28, 62, 2, 49, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 2 ], "text": [ "UHD - means \"ultra HD\" its a nonsense marketing term for 4K and pretty antiquated.\n\n4K means 4K resolution\n\nSuper UHD - is a nonsense term, the \"super\" doesn't mean anything its just a tv line, like a Toyota \"Corolla\". These aren't even the top end TVs they make. Complete non-meaning in any way.\n\nHDR: this is an image format. Its somewhat complimentary to 4K. 4K is all about resolution, HDR is saying it has a better way to display colors. HDR makes stuff really pop, and will kinda be a bigger deal than 4K, but adoption is even slower in content as you need an HDR tv to see HDR, and its really just starting to be put into mass market tv sets.\n\nDolby Vision: There are a few different ways to implement HDR, Dolby vision is the newest one being widely adopted and seems to be becoming an industry standard going forward.\n\nFurther, if you're buying a TV now, and can afford it, buying a 4K HDR TV capable of Dolby Vision is pretty much the baseline standard.\n\nEdit: To the people complaining that UHD has technical meaning, thats not wrong, but you're getting sold on what it means for tv. Its specifically written into TV names as marketing jargon (not technical jargon) to confuse consumers. Again, its complete nonsense... the marketing departments at Samsung, etc. are clearing doing their job well to draw such a response.", "UHD is a standard resolution of 3840x2160 pixels. This is the next step up from FHD (Full HD) which has a resolution of 1920x1080 pixels and HD which has a resolution of 1280x720 pixels.\n\nUHD has exactly four times the pixels per field as FHD and maintains the same 16:9 aspect ratio.\n\nUHD 4K is a marketing term used to distinguish the display from other \"4K\" display formats that use different field sizes and aspect ratios.\n\nHDR is a term used in video processing that has different meanings based on context but all relate to contrast. **High Dynamic Range Rendering** has been used in video games for more than a decade to more accurately reproduce reflections of bright lights without artificially brightening the whole scene.\n\n**High Dynamic Range Video** is a two part display requirement. First, the display must exceed specific peak brightness, darkness, and peak contrast ratio values. Second, the display must be capable of processing 10 bit per sample colour values.\n\nHDRR and HDRV are entirely distinct technologies. HDRR does not require an HDRV display and a standard display will look much better when HDRR is enabled. On the other hand, HDRV is useless if the source material is restricted to a standard dynamic range.\n\nPlasma Display Panels long ago met the darkness and contrast requirements but fell behind in peak brightness. LCDs met the brightness requirement but had terrible darkness and contrast. Only in recent years have LCDs been able to match the colour reproduction of PDPs that are considered obsolete. Moreover, 10 bit sampling was foreign to consumer devices until very recently. Historically, it's use has been restricted to professional devices.\n\nDolby Vision is a mastering format designed to facilitate accurate encoding and reproduction of colour and brightness by the display. Dolby Vision compatible displays have greater knowledge of how the master was *intended* to look and can use that information to reproduce it as accurately as possible.", "Dolby Vision content is mastered in up to 12-bit colour depth, compared to 10-bit of HDR10. 12-bit color depth allows for over 68 billion colors, compared to just 1 billion with 10-bit. Dolby vision reads metadata embedded in the frames to adjust other display options such as brightness on the fly the way the director intended. \n\nSome additional somewhat unrelated info on resolutions:\n\n* UHD 4k: 3840x2160 @30fps 4:2:2 or 4:2:0\n* True 4k: 4096x2160 @60fps 4:4:4\n\n* 4:4:4 no color subsampling, full color\n* 4:2:2 or 4:2:0 colors aren't as rich\n* 30 frames per second will make movement more blurred, keep in mind most movies are shot at 24fps\n* 60 frames per second is good for gaming or sports, and movement is smoother and crisp\n", "One distinction missing in this thread so far is that Dolby Vision uses dynamic metadata whereas HDR10 uses static metadata. Metadata refers to information carried with the video stream to indicate (for example) the maximum light level of any single pixel and the maximum average light level of all 8 megapixels in a complete frame of UHD video. These values are used by the display when decoding the video stream and rendering the frame images. Dynamic metadata (Dolby Vision) means that you can have different light parameters for different scenes within the program, whereas static metadata (HDR10) means you need a single set of parameters that will be used for the entire program. You should get greater dynamic range in Dolby Vision if the program includes both dark scenes and bright scenes. But it is more difficult to decode (requires Dolby proprietary chip set) so HDR10 is more commonly available. ", "4K and UHD (Ultra-High Definition) are essentially the same thing when it comes to TVs. It means the screen has a resolution of 3840x2160 pixels.\n\nHDR (High Dynamic Range) refers to a wider range of colors and brightness levels than an SDR (standard dynamic range). A true HDR TV can display over a billion more shades of color than an SDR TV. Premium HDR TVs can maintain those billion plus colors at much higher brightness levels than an SDR TV (at least three times brighter typically when speaking of LED TVs).\n\nDolby Vision is one of many HDR formats and probably the second most adopted behind HDR10. While it is more robust of a format than HDR10 (meaning it can potentially show more colors at an even higher brightness level), it is also a proprietary format owned by Dolby, which makes it more expensive to implement than the open format HDR10. There is also a newer version of HDR10 called HDR10 plus, which expands the capabilities of HDR10.", "There's some good explains already given, but also still incorrect information in those answers. There's some really clear explanations of these terms in Rtings.\n\n4K and UHD\n_URL_2_\n\nHDR\n_URL_3_\n\nHDR10 Vs Dolby Vision\n_URL_1_\n\nQLED, OLED and LCD\n_URL_0_\n\n(Note I've nothing to do with Rtings, I just find their explains correct and clear)", "so where would you put LG 3440x1440 10 bit capable? my pc moniter, 34\" Ultrawide 21:9. It defaults to Dolby Vision when possible. ", "Why some 4k TVs are way cheaper now than the new ones even tho those are the same size. Older ones might even be bigger than newer tvs. Is this because of the capability of dolby vision newer tvs have?", "I started watching this series on Netflix yesterday that on my LG OLED switched automatically to Dolby Vision.\nAnd that kind-of had that \"guys in a room\" effect, like it had the motion reduction option turned high.\nis that possible? because that´s the first thing you switch off when you calibrate your tv, so it really not cool to have that built in a setting you cant edit like DolbyVision.", "Other people have good explanations for the other terms, but this is what I tell people\n\nHDR: HDR is like Oxiclean for your TV. Brighter colors and darker darks. ", "Can anyone tell me why some of these formats make movies seem like they have that “live filming” or “soap opera-y” effect? Watching movies that seem so realistic feels very different. Is that intentional? I know it is subjective, but is that considered better?", "So I'm not sure if anyone else mentioned this, I tried to skim the comments. You've gotten excellent answers to your questions. But I just want to point out that a super 4k hd tv will use WAY more bandwidth on Netflix if that's what you have the viewing setting on. You can change it in your Netflix account, choosing a lower quality. When we got a super 4k, I got a notice on my next internet bill that we exceeded our data usage. Where we normally were using 40%-60% of our 300gb plan, we used 126% that month. " ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [], [], [], [ "https://www.rtings.com/tv/reviews/by-type/qled-vs-oled-vs-led", "https://www.rtings.com/tv/learn/hdr10-vs-dolby-vision", "https://www.rtings.com/tv/learn/4k-ultra-hd-uhd-vs-1080p-full-hd-tvs-and-upscaling-compared", "https://www.rtings.com/tv/learn/hdr-vs-sdr" ], [], [], [], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "c91jbg7", "c920lir" ], "score": [ 41, 4 ], "text": [ "We know that chess was played in 11th c. Scandinavia and the British Isles and the most evocative evidence of its popularity are the beautifully carved [Lewis Chessmen](_URL_0_) which were made of Walrus ivory and Whale's teeth. They are currently held at the [British Museum](_URL_1_) and the Museum of Scotland. The materials and intricacy of carving suggest they were high status items and the figures depicted show that the game had been adapted to reflect local culture. The Knights and Bishops that we know feature, along side Beserkers and characters from Norse saga. However the set remains enigmatic, we don't know who made them or who owned them. ", "I would highly recommend reading [The Immortal Game](_URL_0_) it covers the history of chess and how it's influence everything from warfare to psychology" ] }

[]

[]

[ [ "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Lewis-chessmen08.jpg", "http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/pe_mla/t/the_lewis_chessmen.aspx" ], [ "http://books.google.com/books?id=lWf71WaEnLgC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+immortal+game&hl=en&sa=X&ei=aERQUYbYDPOn4APfkYCIDA&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAQ" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "ckr31zv", "ckr3dmv", "ckr4ofl", "ckr5tca" ], "score": [ 3, 3, 2, 2 ], "text": [ " > when it seems the benefits a system-wide update would outweigh the associated costs?\n\nApparently, the management doesn't think so.\n\nOr, they may not be tech-competent. Lots of people aren't, especially people old enough to be managers/business owners.", "The biggest factor (which no one has noticed yet) is risk.\n\nMany large corporates *hate* risk. Even if there'd be a benefit of doing something, there's a very small risk that it might go wrong, and the consequences of it going wrong could be major. This risk will be enough to stop that change from happening.\n\nAnother big factor is that corporates are interested in their core activity. Does having newer computers make better widgets, or make widgets faster, or have any impact on how well they can make widgets? Does it directly make them money? Probably not. And if not, then any benefit from upgrading the computers is not a benefit which the company is interested in.\n\nCombine the risk factor with the fact that IT is not their core business and so they're not interested in it, and you can see why so many corporates use out of date technology.", "I am not sure if you are talking about software in the datacenter or laptops and local client software, but I'll go with datacenter.\n\nFirst thing to remember is that IT is almost always a cost center, that means that it is not revenue generating for the company. This in turn mean that IT is dependent on a budget from profit centers in the business. The IT budget is typically set based on current op ex and cap ex costs that are calculated by the CIO or IT director, this goes to the board and is approved, or in some cases not approved. Another difficulty here is that since IT is a cost center, it will be #1 in line for cuts when the company sees a slump and need to rely on profit centers to pull them up.\n\nSo let's say that you want to upgrade/replace a system, in order to manage to get the budget you would have to present an investment case. The investment case needs a few important things, upfront cost (cost of hardware, labor, design, training, rollout costs) and it also needs running costs (support, power/cooling, facility, salary, licenses). Now that you have the costs you would calculate the investment and also the cost should you stay on the system. Here is where you can get sly, for example I introduce risks and sometimes efficiency increases, these things are hard to quantify and I use them sparingly, and only if they can be game changers. Risks are what would the cost be for a service interruption, data loss etc, and efficiency is looking to availability of the system. I always associate risk with the current system and efficiencies with the proposed solution, a bit of a psych gamble.\n\n Once I have all costs, I'll do a comparison between the two scenarios and come up with cost avoidance and on going cost savings, this is then used to produce the next phase. Here comes the tricky part, you need to show that it is beneficial for the company to invest, you need to show a positive Return on Investment (ROI) and more crucially, a high Internal Rate of Return (IRR). \n\nTo make it more basic, when you have an IRR of 0, that means you break even on the investment so to make it more interesting you need a high IRR since that will mean a good return on the investment. The time periods I use to show IRR are mostly 3 and 5 years, this is chosen because most companies have a depreciation period of 3 or 5 years, i.e the write off of the investment costs for the item over that period. Of course, the sooner you can show a positive IRR the better the investment. A period of longer than five years is not a good scenario to show.\n\nSo, if you are able to show this all is good and you might get the funds needed, if you can't you better pray that there are some other compelling arguments such as government regulation or obsolete software/hardware, because otherwise you are smoked.\n\nSo this is in a nutshell why so many companies are still using VAX, DOS and similar systems. \n\n**EDIT** Wanted to add one thing, I have done these calculations for many companies and I have seen companies that looks at all the projects IRR and approves the ones with the highest, disregarded the strategic value of a project with a smaller, yet positive IRR.", "The cost of a rollout of new software to a large organization is the hardware, the software (which is probably heavily customized code), the IT staff to deploy it, the training costs of educating all of said low-level employees. \n\nWorse yet, it probably has to be contracted out to Oracle/IBM (which inflates costs rather dramatically) if the organization isn't particularly tech-savvy... and lets just hope you're not in government (particularly federal) as large-scale tech projects have a truly bizarre and horrific procurement process that guarantees slow moving and expensive deployments. \n\nIt doesn't take long before your talking millions of dollars and months or more for a decent sized organization.\n\nThen there's the inevitable temporary disruption / loss of production caused by the transition.\n\nAll that risk and upfront cost for the benefit of *slightly* improving the productivity of the lowest-level employees. As long as you have a machine that's a money press as-is, why bother until the math and competition forces you to? You can always throw more cheap bodies at it." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "ee041h0" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "Ibuprofen, Naproxen, and aspirin are all non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). All are used to reduce fever and inflammation, as well as help with pain. \n\nAcetaminophen (Tylenol) is not an NSAID, which means it does not reduce inflammation. It still reduces fevers and helps with pain, but since it does not have anti-inflammatory properties, it usually cannot help with pain as much as NSAIDs do. \n\nI've read that combining ibuprofen with acetaminophen can work even better to help with pain, but I'm not sure on the specifics of that. " ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "ccvvhnp", "ccvzhc2" ], "score": [ 10, 3 ], "text": [ "You should read the biographical accounts of Admiral Don Blas de Lazo. Whilst the article I will cite is not academic, I found it very entertaining. _URL_0_\n\nAdmiral Don Blas de Lazo lost his eye, leg and hand in the service of the Spanish Navy. He had a peg leg, an eye-patch and a hook hand, pretty much all the stereotypical appurtenances associated with a grizzled mariner, albeit excluding the talking parrot on the shoulder.", "Pirates lived in wooden sailing ships on a rolling sea, an environment where a misplaced hand or foot could bring sudden injury or death. The loss of binocular vision by covering a good eye with a patch would cause more problems than it would solve." ] }

[]

[]

[ [ "http://www.badassoftheweek.com/blasdelezo.html" ], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cbk64jl", "cbk8y9r" ], "score": [ 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Cast-iron seasoning is technically, just oil that has slightly soaked into the metal. This soaking-in is also why the pan is heated to season it as heat expands the molecules of iron allowing room for oil to soak in.\n\nAs for cleaning and taste:\n\nYou can wash cast-iron with soap and water every time, but then you must immediately re-season it by coating with oil and heating, else it rusts fast. This mostly clears the flavors from previously cooked dishes.\n\nAlternatively, you can clean cast-iron (without soap) using hot or boiling water, then put a small amount of oil on. Recommend to do this while pan is still hot from cooking, if possible. This method leaves behind many of the previous flavors and is no less sanitary than re-using deep fryer oil.\n\n", "Cook bacon in it after every meal. Everything tastes better with a little bacon flavor and it will oil your pan at the same time." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dfbut04" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "Barometric pressure, as the pressure rises and falls with different weather patterns, the steam in your shower will stay around longer or shorter. " ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "d230un6", "d233nc1" ], "score": [ 4, 15 ], "text": [ "Your phone has a higher pixel density than your TV. Plus your TV probably has larger pixels too. So the image sharpness would be better on your phone.\n\nAs for why you would prefer to watch a movie on your TV despite the phone looking just as big: The phone is still physically closer to you and your eyes know this. It is more comfortable to focus on something further away. This is one of the challenges that Vive and Oculus Rift had to deal with to make prolonged use tolerable while having small screens so close to your eyes.", "Maybe it's because you have to force your eye's lens to focus close things (your phone). And for far images, you don't. " ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "d3ypkwp", "d3yr87w", "d3yrl7t" ], "score": [ 4, 3, 2 ], "text": [ "Nothing: it's like taking a 5\" radius circular piece of paper and saying 'this represents the universe' and then asking what's written 6\" from the centre: nothing! \nOn the other hand, depending on the 'shape' (or more correctly the geometry) of the universe, this might become more meaningful: if the paper is rolled into a tube you can 'go off the top' and end up at the bottom. You'd need to ask someone with a better knowledge of tensor calculus than I have though...", "The usual analogy used to answer these types of question is:\n\n > Asking what happened before the big bang is like asking what is north of the North Pole.\n\nOr, asking what is outside the universe is like asking what is north of the North Pole.\n\nIt's a question that doesn't make sense. The North Pole is as north as you can go. The big bang is as back in time as you can go, and without time there is no 15 billion years ago. \n", "The circle would expand infinitely in all directions at the speed of light and would be filled with infinite numbers of concentric circles since every time you try to draw the universe, the universe includes the drawing, and the next one would include both drawings, etc.\n\nThere was no 'before'. Time starts with the big bang. Before that, time could be considered infinite and non-existent simultaneously. Which makes no sense, and is why it didn't last very long. Or maybe it lasted forever. Its hard to tell." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "c9kvo8r" ], "score": [ 7 ], "text": [ "The diameter of the Milky Way is 100000-120000 light years (_URL_1_). The diameter of the observable universe is about 28 billion parsecs (_URL_0_). So we're scaling down by a factor of about 10^(6), and the scaled diameter of the Earth is around 15 meters." ] }

[]

[]

[ [ "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observable_universe", "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milky_Way" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "el0qfny" ], "score": [ 5 ], "text": [ "Similar in principle to what happens when a wire starts loosing its insulation. \n\nThe electrical signal carried in a myelinated axon jumps between the small gaps in the myelin sheath. This dramatically speeds up the rate of conduction. When the sheath gets damaged, the signal has to travel along the length of the axon the slow way, where the signal can diffuse and degrade and can simply not be strong enough to perpetuate." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "c68wmsq" ], "score": [ 7 ], "text": [ "It's the force provided by gravity that turns the matter into \"neutronium\", so anything that gets ejected from a collision would no longer be under an immense gravitational force. With the loss of this force, the matter would likely return to a more normal state." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "c2g3g0m", "c2g3kei", "c2g3g0m", "c2g3kei" ], "score": [ 10, 4, 10, 4 ], "text": [ "To put it simply, one (adult) is already more differentiated, meaning it has already undergone some changes that make it more like the normal adult cells in your body and less like the pluri potent stem cells that can turn into anything (if they get the right signals to do so)\n\nedit: see ren5311's comment below", "Embryonic stem cells are the more exciting type, because they can and do grow into literally every possible cell in your body. Adult stem cells are not so flexible, because they have a much narrower range of possible end-points. For example, a common adult stem cell is found in the bone marrow. It can differentiate into 5 types of white blood cells, platelets, or red blood cells. However, it can't become a liver, because it is already partially differentiated. \n\nEmbryonic stem cells are the ones with unlimited potential for the cells they make. For example, a single cell can be extracted from an 8-cell embryo, and it can grow into a complete human. \n\nPractically, it appears embryonic stem cells are better for growing limbs because they can start from scratch and make all the different types of tissue that you need in a limb - bone, skin, muscle, blood vessels, etc. It is likely that they would do better at organ repair because you could grow an entire healthy organ for transplant. Adult stem cells could be used to grow a section of tissue to repair an organ. For example, using skin stem cells, you could grow a section of skin that could be patched over a burn. ", "To put it simply, one (adult) is already more differentiated, meaning it has already undergone some changes that make it more like the normal adult cells in your body and less like the pluri potent stem cells that can turn into anything (if they get the right signals to do so)\n\nedit: see ren5311's comment below", "Embryonic stem cells are the more exciting type, because they can and do grow into literally every possible cell in your body. Adult stem cells are not so flexible, because they have a much narrower range of possible end-points. For example, a common adult stem cell is found in the bone marrow. It can differentiate into 5 types of white blood cells, platelets, or red blood cells. However, it can't become a liver, because it is already partially differentiated. \n\nEmbryonic stem cells are the ones with unlimited potential for the cells they make. For example, a single cell can be extracted from an 8-cell embryo, and it can grow into a complete human. \n\nPractically, it appears embryonic stem cells are better for growing limbs because they can start from scratch and make all the different types of tissue that you need in a limb - bone, skin, muscle, blood vessels, etc. It is likely that they would do better at organ repair because you could grow an entire healthy organ for transplant. Adult stem cells could be used to grow a section of tissue to repair an organ. For example, using skin stem cells, you could grow a section of skin that could be patched over a burn. " ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "d4mspqi" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "As cool as that would be, there's no record of the Puckle gun being used by either side. From the [Long 18th Century Blog Series](_URL_0_): \n > \"Although John Montagu, 2nd Duke of Montagu (1690-1749) purchased several pro-type models of the gun in 1722, the British army and Royal Navy never placed a major production order. Consequently, no historical record of the Puckle Gun fired in combat exists.\"\n\nJames Puckle actually demonstrated the weapon to the English Board of Ordinance several times: in 1717, while the design was still being developed, several times between 1719 and 1721, and, famously, at a public trial in 1722. The gun impressed the audience by firing 63 shots in seven minutes in a heavy rain. However, it seems to have been treated as a hyper-specialized novelty by both its audience and its inventor. Puckle advertised its speed and rapid-fire ability, and added in the same breath that it could shoot square bullets at the Turks (while round bullets would be reserved for Christians) (Willbanks 2004). \n\nSources: \n\nMichael Burgan, *Weapons, Gear, and Uniforms of the American Revolution.* Capstone Press, 2012. \nGeorge D. Moller, *American Military Shoulder Arms, Vol. 1: Colonial and Revolutionary War Arms.* University of New Mexico Press, 2011. \n\nGeorge C. Neumann, *Battle Weapons of the American Revolution.* Andrew Mowbray Inc, 2011. \n\nJames H. Willbanks. *Machine Guns: An Illustrated History of Their Impact.* ABC-CLIO, Weapons & Warfare Series, 2004." ] }

[]

[]

[ [ "https://historywriterblog.wordpress.com/2014/11/24/the-puckle-gun-the-marvel-gun-that-never-was/" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dqft23d", "dqftvo3" ], "score": [ 20, 37 ], "text": [ "This comes from how verbs were conjugated in Middle English. -eth was a common marker of the 3rd person present tense singular. I'm sure you could get a more in depth answer about how this in particular became culturally associated with \"Middle Ages speak\" in general, however.\n\n\nSource: Thomas Pyle's and John Alego's *The Origin and Development of the English Language*", "r/AskHistorians probably isn't the best sub for this question, but the answer is conjugation. Before answering your question in more detail, I would point out that what you heard on the radio was not representative of language during the Middle Ages (moreover the Middle Ages covered a very long period and language was not consistent throughout). What you heard would be more consistent with the 15th or 16th century. One of the most common places people encounter this kind of language would the King James Bible. The explanation below is for that era of language, and although the gist of it applies to the Middle Ages--i.e. \n\"conjugation,\"--the details would be different.\n\n \"-eth,\" and \"-est,\" (and its variations) are suffixes to conjugate verbs. \"-eth\" and \"-th\" for irregular verbs are used for third person: \"She *shareth* her wealth.\" \"He *hath* one goat.\" \"-est\" (also sometimes \"-st\" or \"-t\" for irregular verbs) is used for second person: \"Thou *sharest* thy wealth.\" \"Thou *art* a true friend.\" Conjugation gets more complicated when you introduce tense and plural verbs. If what you heard on the radio put the suffix on anything other than a verb, it was just wrong, and would explain why it sounded like nails on a chalkboard. This has become popular lately as a form humor, kinda like \"DoggoLingo.\"" ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "d0rjc89" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "_URL_0_ \n\nThis is more of a search for the answer than simplify a complex subject. \n\nMilitary is about twice welfare, but subsidizes other countries in a way. \"Welfare\" draws from other programs in loosely related ways as well. " ] }

[]

[]

[ [ "http://www.usgovernmentspending.com/current_spending" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "c1mdn7l", "c1mdwo4", "c1me2yl" ], "score": [ 2, 3, 3 ], "text": [ "NaCl has a BP of 2575 F. No nuclear scientist, but I think getting that hot would be pretty damned difficult. I'm sure there are other materials in the reactor that would succumb before the salt would.", "I would think they flush it out while its just very salty water. I doubt they let it evaporate until solid before putting new water in.", "You mean like [this?](_URL_0_)." ] }

[]

[ "https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nisa.meti.go.jp%2Fenglish%2Ffiles%2Fen20110325-3-2.pdf", "https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/Seawater" ]

[ [], [], [ "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molten_salt_reactor" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cseze5l", "csf00wr", "csf0prb", "csf3qdg", "csf54ni", "csfafzs", "csfp2yq" ], "score": [ 8, 9, 4, 6, 2, 17, 2 ], "text": [ "I don't think there's really an ELI5 answer to this one. There are lots of complex reasons for the way things have developed geopolitically. One thing i've heard was that, in the Middle East particularly, every form of government has been tried. Capitalism, socialism, democracy, secular dictatorship... and they've all failed. Islamism is the fashion now in some places (but not everywhere). It won't last, I expect.", "I'm going to agree with /u/lord_hoot in that there is not a good eli5 answer. However, it is extremely important to note that there are over a billion Muslims on the planet and we, in the West, do a very bad job of not thinking of them as one, big, monolithic group. Many, many Muslims still want secular government today and many, many Muslims wanted a more Islamic government back when most Muslim states were trying hard to secularize. ", "In general?\n\nBecause these secular regimes were often extremely repressive, incompetent, and/or puppet regimes installed/propped-up by the West. That, and many of their attempts at, \"Westernization\" were ran counter to the values of their respective peoples. ", "(1) Because a lot of the secular regimes brutally repressed/still repress religionists, which has led to an ongoing backlash. \n\n(2) Because a lot of the secular regimes were just generally corrupt and viewed as illegitimate.\n\n(3) Because Western backing for these same regimes meant that a transition to Democracy was and still is viewed with suspicion.", "tl;dr - fundamentalist groups give people power that didn't have it and are usually have the support of the government. then fear took over and people didn't/don't fight back from the brutality of said groups.\n\nThere are some arguments that state the rise of the fundamentalist and militant groups (Taliban, ISIS) were initially supported because they placed power in the hands of the common people where they previously had none.\n\nA quote from I Am Molala regarding this:\n\"We Pashtuns love shoes but don't love the cobbler; we love our scarves and blankets but do not respect the weaver. Manual workers made a great contribution to our society but received no recognition, and this is the reason so many of them joined the Taliban—to finally achieve status and power.\"\n\nThese groups also relied on ignorance of common people - suggesting bad events were happening due to lack of faith (2005 earthquake that register 7.6 for example). To reinforce that ignorance, these groups also started forcing closure of schools. Add in support from senior governmental officials and it became a dangerous mix of fundamentalism and state-supported militancy. \n\nAs simple as I can make it with what I know, which I'm sure is only the tip of the iceberg.", "Here's an extremely simplified bullet point explanation:\n\n* Most Middle Eastern nations are relatively new nation states (i.e., less than 100 years old) with very artificial borders that are a holdover from the colonial era. As such, most Middle Eastern nations are insanely divided along ethnic/sectarian/tribal lines, and they don't have very strong national identities.\n\n* During the 20th century, many Western governments effectively propped up or supported authoritarian, secular governments in the region. \n\n* These authoritarian regimes did a terrific job of keeping sectarian/tribal conflicts to a minimum, at the terrible expense of human rights to free expression and assembly. \n\n* Most Middle Eastern nations are insanely resource rich with oil. This means a shortcut to wealth for those nations' elites, often at the expense of properly developing their nations' infrastructure, education and economies. \n\n* There has been rapid economic development in the region over the past 50 years, and with that has been Western influence and culture. That bred resentment toward the Western-friendly regimes.\n\n* While we often think poverty is what leads to religious extremism, that's not necessarily the case here. The real culprit is lack of opportunity for people who are decently educated and who come from lower-middle to middle class families. Due to the corrupt and nepotistic nature of the authoritarian regimes in the nation, good jobs are only available to those with connections.\n\n* One of the most critical points: Due to the lack of freedom of expression in many of these nations, Islam became a vehicle for political expression. You couldn't go into the street and protest, but you could generally voice your opposition to the regime in the context of Islam inside of a mosque. \n\n* Mosques became breeding grounds for political activity because they were the only safe space for dissidents to congregate. \n\n* As in any ideological battle, the loudest and most extreme voices either drown everyone else out or outright kill any moderate voices off. \n\n* So, many Muslims were faced with a choice: either siding with their weak national identity or their strong religious identity. \n\n* That's more or less why Islamic fundamentalism exists.\n\nObviously that is a very simplified explanation and there are other factors I didn't go into. ", "Being from Pakistan i can safely say that Pakistan is much more secularized than it was in the 80's. You will hardly see women wearing burqas especially in the bigger cities. Women education is at its highest percentage ever and the number of Universities has increased manifold in the last decade. \nIts just that the media has been portraying it as a fundementalist state (biggest example is Homeland) and building the image that its a land of savages (like they did with the arabs when they went to war against them). It is a simple trick to justify the loss of innocent lives that the war against these countries bring with them. Its like in movies when we cheer the bad guy being beaten up or something. " ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [], [], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "e668ohd", "e669it0" ], "score": [ 2, 4 ], "text": [ "An Ad Valorem tax is a flat percentage tax based on the sale price of an item. For a 20% tax, if the item sells for $100, you pay $20; $1000 pay $200, etc. \n \nCapital Gains tax is only assessed on the appreciation of an asset during the time you own it. So if you bought it for $80 and sold for $100, you only pay taxes on the $20 profit you realized from the sale.", "You've got some of your vocabulary mixed up, and it's like you're asking *what's the difference between asphalt and I-95.*\n\nCapital-gains tax is basically a tax on your profit from buying something for a low price and selling it for a higher one. In a little bit more detail, it's a tax on the difference between your sale price and your cost to acquire and improve (but not maintain) the asset.\n\nAd-valorem is an adjective to describe taxes that are assessed on the (estimated) value of a property. The Latin just means according-to-value. Many cities and counties have a property tax where homeowners must pay a certain percentage (1%-2% is pretty typical, but there are high-tax cities out there) of the assessed value of their house & land." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "czvq0a3", "czw98by" ], "score": [ 3, 3 ], "text": [ "Samsung pay can use magnetic secure transmission, to basically send the information to the magnetic reader on almost all card readers wheras apple pay and google wallet use nfc to process payments\n\nThe added capability of samsung allow it to truthfully make claims that it is accepted in more places", " > Aren't they all NFC?\n\nSamsung bought a company called LoopPay so Samsung Pay is NFC or MST (magnetic secure transmission, basically faking a magnetic stripe). \n\n > If so, why aren't all of them accepted everywhere?\n\nBecause NFC is currently still accepted at only a minority of places in the United States. \n\n > Seems like most machines have that capability.\n\nIn absolute terms, at this point, a majority probably do have the capability, but it's not actually turned on at many places.\n\n > Can businesses block one kind but not another? \n\nThey can either block all NFC payments or none at all, but they can't block only *some* NFC payments. They can also just not have the terminal accessible to the customer, which pretty definitively blocks everything. \n\nBacking up though: \n\n > How are Apple Pay, Samsung pay, Google wallet different?\n\nSamsung Pay and Android Pay work exactly like Apple Pay except that Samsung Pay also has MST. Google Wallet was replaced by Android Pay (and the name reused, again), but worked in a different way. With Apple Pay (and later Samsung/Android Pay, but to keep it simple I'll just refer to Apple Pay here), your issuing bank must be signed up for the service. When you add a card to your device the issuer generates a token, which looks like a normal card number but is used only for Apple Pay. When you pay, your device sends the token (plus other stuff for security that I'm skipping) to the merchant who sends it to their processor who sends it to the issuer who maps it back to your real account. Note that Apple is *not* part of the transaction and doesn't know what you're buying. The old Google Wallet (confusingly also grandfathered in for Android Pay) worked in a different manner. You stored your actual card number directly with Google, who issued you a virtual prepaid MasterCard. All transactions in the store were then charged to this MasterCard and Google then charged your real card. Every transaction was thus two transaction with information about every purchase going directly to Google, an advertising company. " ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cj7165z", "cj7830c" ], "score": [ 5, 3 ], "text": [ "The Japanese language has no *L* sound. It doesn't have a true *R* sound either. The sound that comes closest to both is actually the same sound - it's a sort of blend between the English L and the English R. It's always transliterated as an R sound because the sound is a lot closer to our R than it is to our L.", "Say \"lah\".\n\nNow say \"rah\".\n\nNote the movement your tongue makes.\n\nNow try to say the same syllable, but with your tongue kinda in-between those two movements. \n\nThere, you have ら." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "co4i1t1", "co4ku74" ], "score": [ 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Because of Newton's third law. Water is pushed out the hose, so conversely, the hose is also pushed away from the water. This means that, as long as the water in the hose is under pressure, there will be a 'recoil' force acting on the tip of the hose, making it move around.", "Momentum. Water will try to travel in a straight line, applying a force to straighten bends. However, a leftward bend is forced rightward and even after it straightens, momentum carries it further. This repeats over and over. Eventually the hose would straighten out, but the water also applies a recoil force as the opposite reaction to its motion to compress the hose. Since it is easier to bend than compress, the hose keeps creating new bends." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cqu5yvv", "cqu7kjt", "cqu8uzx" ], "score": [ 17, 18, 8 ], "text": [ "There's also more craters on the far side of the moon. This is because the near side of the moon has more volcanic eruptions resulting in the [lunar maria](_URL_0_). This is because the crust on the near side is thinner. I can't seem to find out why the crust on the near side is thinner.", "Possibly because of sheer probability. One hemisphere of the moon is always blocked by the entire mass known as the Earth, and the other is sometimes blocked by the rest of the solar system, while the poles aren't blocked by anything.", "I was actually watching an interesting video on that just recently from the folks over at the Crash Course.\n\n[check out this video](_URL_0_)\n\nIt's fairly short, but concise and to the point, plus really interesting, it does go into detail about your question as well." ] }

[]

[ "http://farm8.staticflickr.com/7057/6817466372_e3ed4aa781_o.jpg" ]

[ [ "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_mare" ], [], [ "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mCzchPx3yF8" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "djopg9q" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Sports are big money: the NFL made more than $13 billion last year, MLB $10 billion. Teams have to compete for top talent and better representation for players such as the NFL's Players Union mean that more of the total revenue of the league goes to players instead of owners." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cpm5zj2" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "A warrant canary works because you cannot be compelled to lie.\n\nI can be under a gov't warrant cooperate in some way, and I can be barred from revealing the existence of that warrant. If someone asked me directly, I can either lie, or refuse to answer without violating the warrant.\n\nThe warrant canary is basically a trick that makes the refusal to answer a positive answer. If I create a policy where I always truthfully say no when there is no warrant, not saying no becomes a yes. I don't violate the terms of the warrant, but at the same time I am able to confirm it exists." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "c9wpnpw" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "Most Middle Eastern countries have been secular since the end of colonialism, such as Algeria, Tunisia, Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, and Iraq. In the more homogenous countries (basically all of them except Lebanon, Syria and Iraq), the primary political struggle was between secular military dictators and Islamists. That's changed in the past decade or so as the relatively new university-educated class has demanded liberal democracies, and the old order has been pretty well destroyed by the \"Arab Spring\" that the liberals championed. Nonetheless, secularists (autocrats that often preached some sort of \"Arab socialism\") have been in power for most of the second half of the 20th century." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "exs61iy" ], "score": [ 4 ], "text": [ "It's actually somewhat of a mystery. There are 2 main theories. The first is that some ancestral seals from the Paratethys Sea, (a large, shallow inland sea covering much of Eurasia millions of years ago) could have gotten there by moving north, although this would have required the seals hopping through multiple rivers and lakes across a long distance. The other theory is that they could have moved south from the Arctic through the Yensei and/or Angara Rivers, which connect the present day Kara Sea to the present day Lake Baikal." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "d4wsl8a", "d4wzng6" ], "score": [ 98, 27 ], "text": [ "I can't comment too much on Jefferson's wider moral and political philosophy because I'm someone who studies slavery in comparative contexts rather than the history of the United States itself, but I wrote an answer to a follow-up in [this thread](_URL_0_) a few months ago that a lot of people seemed to find really helpful in getting their head around how Jefferson could reconcile his slave ownership with his political philosophy emphasising freedom and self-determination. It's a very long answer that runs to the character limit so I can't reproduce it in quote form below, I'm afraid. One key takeaway I would say to be aware of is that Jefferson is by no means unusual of slave owners in his life time, it's just that his particular historical significance as an individual and lasting impact of his political ideas in American political culture that makes him seem somehow uniquely problematic and hypocritical as a figure.", "Hey there. This is incredibly similar to this question which I answered not long ago: [How could american founding fathers fight for freedom of all men and allow slavery?](_URL_4_)\n\nSo I will copy and paste this answer here. If you have any follow up questions, please let me know!\n\nThis is a great question, one that has been debated by historians for decades, but I'll try and explain some of the over-arching themes. \n\n**Context** \nSo I like to try and explain a few things right from the very beginning. In 1776, the year the declaration was penned and endorsed, slavery existed in the north as well as the south. The first state to ban slavery was Vermont, in their 1777 constitution (but this state was so new and so small that hardly any slaves existed and thus were freed). Next, in 1780, Pennsylvania passed a law saying that the Children of slaves would be free once those children reached 28 -- but this freed no slaves immediately because children born in 1780 would have to wait until 1808 for their freedom. Massachusetts' Supreme Court ended slavery in 1781 when two slaves sued for their freedom (and won). And while this appears to be rather radical, it was rather slow. By 1810, there were still 30,000 slaves in the North because several still allowed slavery past this time period (Slavery was abolished by these states in these years: Maine 1820, NY: 1827, NJ: 1846, CT: 1848). \n\nSo why bring all this up? Because we often times believe that slavery was a Southern issue that barely, if at all, affected the North and this is a complete fantasy. It *became* a northern issue, but at the time of the Revolution, many in the north were not keen on freeing slaves. Let me be clear though, unlike the South, the North's economy did not rely on slavery to thrive, so it was a more pressing issue for the South than the North because of this. \n\nBut also keep in mind, that it was the invention and adoption of the cotton jin in the 1790s that made slavery skyrocket in the south, therefore greatly increasing their need for more slaves. So just be aware that the way Americans viewed slavery in the 1770s was very different than how they would view it decades later.\n\n**Answer** \nSlave owners, who were mainly the gentry since slaves were expensive to buy and even more costly to pay for their food, clothing etc. over time, saw slavery as a necessary evil. The blatant hatred for African Americans and slaves that we see in pop-culture hits featuring the 1800s or Civil War era hadn't quite hit yet. This was still a period of the enlightenment, so the Founding Father's claimed that their actions for keeping people enslaved were justified for one reason or another. What did they say themselves, well, let's look at their words together:\n\n\n[George Mason of Virginia, who owned hundreds of slaves.](_URL_1_): \n\n > \"Slavery discourages arts and manufacturers. The poor despise labor when preformed by slaves. Every master of slaves is born a petty tyrant. They bring the judgment of heaven on a country.\"\n\n\n[George Washington:](_URL_3_)\n\n > **I can only say that there is not a man living who wishes more sincerely than I do, to see a plan adopted for the abolition of [slavery]**—but there is only one proper and effectual mode by which it can be accomplished, & that is by Legislative authority: and this, as far as my suffrage will go, shall never be wanting.\n\n > But when slaves who are happy & content to remain with their present masters, are tampered with & seduced to leave them; when masters are taken at unawar[e]s by these practices; when a conduct of this sort begets discontent on one side and resentment on the other, & when it happens to fall on a man whose purse will not measure with that of the Society, & he looses his property for want of means to defend it—it is oppression in the latter case, & not humanity in any; because it introduces more evils than it can cure.\"\n\nAs you can see here, both of these men, who owned many hundreds of slaves together, speak very harshly of slavery. Even more noticeable is that Washington says he would be in favor of the abolition of slavery himself if it can work its way through the necessary legal means to do so -- which he knows is nearly impossible. And this is sort of at the heart of the answer to your question. There is a paradox here, where slave owners (for the most part) seem to recognize that slavery is a bad thing, yet they seem unwilling to take any steps to fix it. \n\nI would also be remiss if I did not talk about the reasonings of some slave owners who advocated to keep slavery because they believed that it was a benefit to the slaves themselves. It is likely shocking that Jefferson (who is known as one of the most revolutionary minds of the era) was one of these people. Again, let's pull up some of his own words. \n\nFolks like Jefferson will often give multiple reasons why they believe slavery should not be abolished. First, is their own self preservation. He believed that if slaves were granted freedom, they would likely revolt and kill the one's who once owned them. [Here, take a look:](_URL_0_)\n\n > Ten thousand recollections, by the blacks, of the injuries they have sustained; new provocations; will… produce convulsions which will probably never end but in the extermination of the one or the other race.\n\n > But as it is, we have the wolf by the ears, and we can neither hold him, nor safely let him go. Justice is tin one scale and self preservation in the other.\n\nThere is a very real sense of fear here, one that, in Jefferson's mind justifies the existence of slavery at at time where white Americans are fighting for their own freedom.\n\nThe other reason is, in my opinion, a much darker one. It's one where African-Americans who are enslaved are then said that they are north worthy of freedom because they are either unintelligent or somehow inferior to whites. [Again, here are Jefferson's own words:](_URL_2_)\n\n > But the slaves of which Homer speaks were whites. Notwithstanding these considerations which must weaken their respect for the laws of property, we find among them numerous instances of the most rigid integrity, and as many as among their better instructed masters, of benevolence, gratitude, and unshaken fidelity. -- **The opinion, that [black slaves] are inferior in the faculties of reason and imagination, must be hazarded with great diffidence**... the blacks, whether originally a distinct race, or made distinct by time and circumstances, are inferior to the whites in the endowments both of body and mind... I think one could scarcely be found capable of tracing and comprehending the investigations of Euclid; and that in imagination they are dull, tasteless, and anomalous.\n\nSo what does all this show? Well, it shows that the very man who penned the Declaration of Independence believed that enslaved people would kill their masters if freed and that they were physically inferior to white people. There are other reasons I could dive into, but these really are he most pressing ones that he founders typically gave. This is the real start among southerners to start justifying slavery due to differences in race, and it is something that will escalate throughout the 19th century.\n\n" ] }

[]

[]

[ [ "https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/48p4tp/did_the_british_royal_family_ever_own_slaves/d0lw1z4" ], [ "http://www.virginia.edu/woodson/courses/aas-hius366a/tj.html", "http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/debates_822.asp", "http://xroads.virginia.edu/~hyper/jefferson/ch14.html", "http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/04-04-02-0019", "https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/4o0uu9/how_could_american_founding_fathers_fight_for/d48ticd" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dcms20q", "dcms3gj", "dcms4tw", "dcmsb1b", "dcmt7zr", "dcmtnbb" ], "score": [ 15, 6, 7, 3, 8, 2 ], "text": [ "If I remember correctly, you're not buying the game per se, but a license to play that game on whichever system you buy it for, which makes playing same game technically illegal on an emulator. Hopefully someone else can verify/expand on this. ", "Generally, no.\n\nThe terms of service you agreed to when you purchased the game only allow you to use the game in the medium that you purchased it on - you are not allowed to utilize it on other platforms.", "No, that's not legal. Owning a legitimate copy doesn't give you the right to download a copy from an illegitimate source.\n\nHowever, you are allowed to make a backup of your own copy. So it's legal to rip your own iso from your own discs.", "its a gray area but generally speaking it wouldnt make sense to prosecute unless you were distributing copies as that is what takes away from sales. The fact that sony discontinued the earlier playstations is not fair to you as a consumer of their games and I think theyd agree with you as a company as the cost of producing those consoles to too high compared to the value theyd provide. if you bought the games thats as good as you can do\n", "I'm assuming you're in the US. There are two things that govern the law on this issue: US law and the agreement you have with the software publisher.\n\nFirst, let's talk about US law. US copyright law generally assumes you bought a copy of the program. As the owner you can keep and use the program or you can sell the program. If you keep the program, you can make an archival backup of it, but that's it. If you sell the program you have to destroy the backup. Emulators aren't necessarily illegal under copyright law. You can't copy the code directly from a system, but if someone makes their own system to play the games then that's fine. I don't actually know how most emulators are made, so I couldn't say if they're legal or not. Given all of that, you should be able to play your game on an emulator since you paid to run the program and you can run the program on whatever system you like. I also don't know if you can say that the disc the game is on is your \"backup\" and the ISO you use on the emulator is your main copy - there hasn't been a court case on that as far as I know.\n\nSo that's all and good for US law, but most software publishers also include an End User License Agreement (EULA) with additional restrictions. They typically say that you are actually buying a \"license\" to play the game, so you can't resell it or back it up or anything like that. US courts have been split on whether EULAs that force you to buy a \"license\" instead of outright buying a copy of the program are effective. Some circuits have said yes, others have said no. \n\ntl;dr US Courts are split on how much they will enforce an EULA. If an EULA is completely enforceable, it would be illegal for your to pirate your own game. If the EULA is not enforceable, it's legal for you to make a backup copy of your game. Whether you can play your backup copy on another system is a legal gray area.", "\"It depends\". It is legal to own a physical back up of disk you physically own and have not resold or otherwise transferred to another party. If that back up was derived from the physical disk you owned, that's 100% cool. Downloading a copy of someone else's back up (the ISO) and mounting it to a physical disk you own is arguably legal. \n\nUsing that backup on anything other than it's originally intended system gets into a world of grey areas that depend on how the specific EULA's and purchase agreements are written. Generally, it's against the rules to use software outside of it's intended purpose, so loading your PS1 \"backups\" into an emulator on a windows machine is likely not kosher by the EULA. So long as you're not using these systems to make money, you're still mostly legal, but at risk for a civil suit by the developer. \n\nOnce you start selling your \"backups\" and alternative systems to use it, you're 100% violating intellectual property laws. Actively redistributing and supporting the redistribution of illegal copies is also violating IP laws. \n\nAlso, modern systems like Steam are no longer selling games. Instead, they sell you a subscription to the game with a one-time payment. That means you never actually own the game, and therefore are not entitled to a backup. I'd wager PS4 & XBox online stores have similar agreements. " ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "c7928cx" ], "score": [ 6 ], "text": [ "Congratulations! You have actually stumbled upon the same train of thought that led Einstein to develop his [Theory of Special Relativity](_URL_3_).\n\nEssentially, Special Relativity states that no matter what speed you are traveling, the laws of physics will be thee same. Since the speed of light is set by the laws of electromagnetism (specifically, [Maxwell's Equations](_URL_0_)) you will always measure the speed of light to be the same.\n\nThe theory also states that there is no \"absolute reference frame\". So yes, you are correct that in space (and everywhere, really) the velocity of one object must be measured in relation to another object.\n\nWhile you can't travel at the speed of light, you can travel arbitrarily close to it. But let's say you were traveling away from Earth at 99% the speed of light. The fact is: *you would still measure a beam of light sent from earth as traveling at the speed of light*. And if you shot a bullet out in front of you at 99% the speed of light compared to your spaceship, an observer on earth would still see that bullet traveling at less than the speed of light!\n\nNow, this may seem strange and full of contradictions, but there actually are no contradictions (though there is *a lot* more strangeness: [length contraction](_URL_4_), [time dilation](_URL_2_), [relativity of simultaneity](_URL_1_) all come into play). I suggest you read the article I linked in the first paragraph if you're still curious. But if you have any specific questions I'd be glad to take a crack at them!" ] }

[]

[]

[ [ "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell%27s_equations", "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativity_of_simultaneity", "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_dilation", "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction_to_special_relativity", "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Length_contraction" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "eauzmh4" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Releasing strain on one section of a fault can increase strain on another section. See the Anatolian fault earthquake dates as an example. Spoilers: Istanbul is in a tough place.\n\nThat said, the PNW is a complex area with a variety of slip types ranging from constant slow slip which isn't a significant danger, to the more classic type of slip in which stain builds up over time until the rocks rupture." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]